University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Beyond Beyoncé

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Beyond Beyoncé

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Content Copyright 2020 Mia Hairston

BEYOND BEYONCÉ

by

Mia Hairston

A Thesis Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE USC ANNENBERG SCHOOL FOR COMMUNICATION
AND JOURNALISM
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF ARTS
(SPECIALIZED JOURNALISM)

August 2020

ii
Acknowledgements

I would like to thank all the wonderful people who have made my thesis possible.
Starting it off, I would like to thank Professor Channing Joseph who peer pressured me into
taking intro coding during the program’s summer session. Although our time together was short
and without the pressure to take up coding, I would not have discovered my love for it. Next up
is my thesis panel chair, Professor Peggy Bustamante, who has taught me all I know about
coding and turned this entertainment reporter into a front-end coder and designer. Thanks for
letting me into your office even when you were hiding from other students. The third person I
would like to thank is the second person on my thesis panel, Professor Mary Murphy. In her
class, I was able to explore fandoms and their deeper meanings, and those stories helped me
create what is the backbone of my thesis. Next, I would like to thank the third person on my
thesis panel Professor Sasha Anawalt. Even though I was not a member of her Specialized
Journalism Arts cohort she allowed me into her class and took me under her wing. Without her
teachings and forcing me to dig deep into myself when writing, my thesis would not have the
emotional depth that it currently holds.
My thesis would not be grammatically correct without my friends who I forced to edit my
writing Jamia Pugh, Felica Tapia and Kevinisha Walker. Without these three reading my work
and supporting me through each phase of the writing process, I would still be stuck on the intro
section.
For emotional support when doubting my writing and coding skills, I would also like to
thank Portia Davis, and Alexandria Rice.

iii
Last but not least I want to thank my mom, Lida Hairston, who I am eternally grateful
and thankful for having in my life. She supports my every move, no matter how crazy it may
seem. Thanks to our talks every morning on my walk to classes at Annenberg. Without you, I
would not be the person I am today.

iv
Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ii
Abstract v
Chapter 1: Little Girl in a Country World 1
Chapter 2: The Power in Music 4
Chapter 3: Beyoncé, the Forever Connector 7
Chapter 4: Before the Beyhive 8
Bibliography 13
Appendices 14
Appendix A: Explanation of the Code 14

v
Abstract

Initially when I started the Specialized Journalism program at USC, I wanted to stay clear
of Beyoncé related topics. However, it soon became clear that I would not be able to do so. I
began to brainstorm ideas on how I could write about Beyoncé for my thesis. Beyoncé and her
music have been a part of my life for a long time. I have gathered so much knowledge that many
would deem useless from all my years as a fan and that niche knowledge became the jumping
point of flushing out the idea for my thesis. Initially the plan was to write about the origin story
of the Beyhive, Beyoncé’s fanbase. But throughout the fall/spring semester, it evolved into what
my thesis is now which is a personal essay that divulges into what Beyoncé and her music means
to me and the weight it has held throughout different periods of my life. It then flows into the
origins of the Beyhive and shows the family that has been created around an artist and her
music.
My thesis is a written piece that I coded and designed a website for that can be found at
www.miahairston.com. The thesis itself is in this manuscript with the explanation of the code in
the appendix.

1

Little Girl in a Country World

Do you remember the first time you knew you were different, the first time someone
made you feel different? I do. Even now when I think back to that moment in my life, my throat
tightens, my eyes fill with water and it feels hard to breathe. I don’t like to think about that
period of my life. That period of time when I was a kid having my first life experiences in the
“real world” of elementary school.
I was sheltered as a child. My mom would drop me off and pick me up from school. My
best friends were my cousins. So, when we moved from a cul-de-sac in suburbia into the spaced-
out wildlands of the northern Mississippi countryside, I was in shock. I had to ride the bus to get
to school! What type of life is this? Having a new house where I had unlimited space to play and
collect rocks, one of my favorite past times, was cool, but I wanted to go back to what I knew.
But, as it turns out, I would never go back. My life in suburbia was over and I officially
became a country girl. The bus would not only be the vehicle used to transport me from home to
school, but out of my childhood innocence.
Riding the bus taught me a lot. I heard my first curse word on the bus. I was called a
bitch. I learned that if you tell on someone because they did something mean, you are considered
a snitch. You don’t want to be a snitch. I learned I was shy. I learned that just because you are
nice to someone does not mean they will be nice back. I learned that I talked “white,” whatever
that means. I learned that I was a chunky kid. I learned I was a nerd. I learned that all of these
things are not desirable traits.
2
The bullying was real. In spite of my mother being heavily involved in making sure
nobody messed with her baby, I did not escape the torment of other children. I was at the stage
when you are trying to discover yourself and all I seemed to be discovering was that every aspect
of myself was unlikeable. Extremely unlikable.
Two boys who lived up the street threw rocks at me one day. I don’t remember why they
threw the rocks at me. But I do remember blaming myself for not doing better to make friends. I
remember being confused as to why people could hate me so much.
I had no real friends outside of my cousins, and sadly we did not go to the same school. I
was alone. There was no one there for me. No one to sit next to me on the bus when people
would make fun of me. There was no one but myself and my thoughts. I would sit and stare out
the window waiting to be targeted, preparing for the insults, crafting the ways I could fix myself.
Trying to plot a way to be likeable waiting for my time to get off the bus. I felt alone and I was
alone there on the bus. Until music became my friend.
When I was 11, I remember sitting at my aunt's house and a music video popped onto the
TV screen. My cousin quickly spoke about the woman who was on screen. She said she did not
like her. It was a black girl decked out in a pink outfit with blond and pink hair. How could she
not like her? How could you not like someone who is wearing pink?
I had no clue who that woman was. When I listened to music on the radio I listened to the
song, not the name of the song, not who was singing it. I just listened. But my cousin’s
comments had me intrigued. I wanted to know who this mystery person was. I would soon find
out.
3
Then I saw her again. Watching BET’s Notarized, I saw a video — 03 Bonnie & Clyde. It
featured the woman I was mesmerized by that day at my aunt's house. Her name was Beyoncé.
From that point I was in a trance.
I had recently received my first CD player and during a trip to Walmart, rummaged through the
CD section, and bought my first CD, Jay-Z’s The Blueprint 2: The Gift and the Curse.
Beyoncé! bEYONCé! BEYONCE! from that moment on I wanted to learn everything
about her. She was in a group called Destiny's Child, and then, like the Beatles, they broke up.
Beyoncé was blamed for everything—just like John Lennon and Yoko Ono had been blamed for
the breakup of the Beatles.
I learned so much about Beyoncé from that moment on. She was in a group called
Destiny’s Child, and at one point two members left the group of four. Beyoncé was blamed for
everything. People hated her. Just like me. She had said multiple times that she was a shy kid.
Just like me. She was bullied. Just like me. Unlike me she was strong, she was powerful, she was
a survivor.

“I'm a survivor (what), I'm not gon' give up (what)
I'm not gon' stop (what), I'm gon' work harder (what)
I'm a survivor (what), I'm gonna make it (what)
I will survive (what), keep on survivin' (what)
(Knowles, Rowland, and Williams 2001).”

4
The Power in Music

Through Beyoncé’s music I found my power, I found my strength, I found my voice. I
was no longer alone. I had something, someone there with me on the bus, someone to protect me.
Her music pouring from my headphones became the sounds that drowned out the mean words of
my bullies. I had my armor. I could not be hurt anymore. My music was too loud.
Beyoncé’s music became the backing track to my world — a safe space in my head. It
became a space where I had no issues or insecurities or bullies. I was the boss! I was powerful!
Her music helped provide the strength I needed to get through my grade school years and the
confidence to stand up to my tormentors.
One day a boy named Lee picked up my CD player — while I was listening to it — and
dropped it on the floor causing my Destiny’s Child, Destiny Fulfilled CD to break out of the
player and fall on the ground. Lee was never nice to me; I was one of his favorite targets. I found
myself jumping up out of my seat and rushing to the front. This transgression was not going to
go unpunished. He had to pay. It only took me .2 seconds to reach him trying to make his escape.
I managed to give him a one-two punch. The bus driver even held the door so I could get a few
more licks in. It felt great. That was the first time I stood up for myself. It felt great. And after
that day Lee never tried me again.

“And wasn't it you that said
That I didn't look too good
That I wouldn't do too good,
I want you to know that I’m doing so good...
So good, so good, I'm doin' so good
I know that you hate me, but I'm
So good, so good (Knowles et al. 1999).”

5

By the time I left grade school, I had blossomed. I was not the same person I once was. I
had friends, I was no longer shy, I was not a doormat.
As I grew older and evolved, so did Beyoncé’s purpose in my life. I did not need her to
protect me from my grade school bullies, I needed her to protect me from myself. 2016 was a
hell of a year. I had just finished my second bachelor's degree in journalism from the University
of Memphis, I was rejected by a program that would allow me to work during the Rio Olympics,
I was working at Wal-Mart aka retail hell, and Donald Trump, the orange man, became
president. I was sad. It felt like I would never know happiness again. I would go home and go to
work. That was it, that was my routine.
Days would pass and it felt like a blanket of despair and disappointment engulfed my
body and mind in its warm darkness. I could not escape. Some of those days I thought a lot about
what ending it all would look like. Could it solve all my problems? How would I do it? What
would my family think?
That year I learned that I was good at lying. To the world I looked like I was doing okay
but I was far from okay. The only time I remember being truly happy was when I was at a
Beyoncé concert.
In 2016, she announced her album Lemonade and The Formation World Tour. I went to
four Beyoncé concerts that year— Atlanta, St. Louis, Atlanta again, and Nashville. At the
concerts, I was happy. I was entranced in the moment, caught in the rapture that is a Beyoncé
concert. Right before Beyoncé is about to go onstage there is an electric energy that pulsates
through the air. The crowd is anxious. I am anxious. We are anticipating the drop of the house
lights. When the moment happens, you can feel everyone in the stadium inhale...and it begins.
Instantly my heart floats and my burdens leave my shoulders and float away. At the concerts I
6
sang like no one was watching, it was just me and music. I even smiled, like a real smile. It was
one of those smiles that spreads across your face and you look kind of ugly because when you
are really smiling it's not cute. It had been months since I smiled like that.
But once the concert high wore off, I was down again, back to the real world and back to
my real life dealing with my real issues. Thinking back on that time, I don’t know what I would
have done without her music. Those four concerts were what I was looking forward to. They
were my high. It was the thing that kept me wanting to be here.
Beyoncé is more than just a music artist to me. My love and dedication does not revolve
around how pretty she is or how many albums she has sold. It's because without her music I
don’t know who I would be today or if I would be here.

“I was here, I lived, I loved
I was here, I did, I've done everything that I wanted
And it was more than I thought it would be
I will leave my mark so everyone will know I was here
I just want them to know
That I gave my all, did my best
Brought someone some happiness
Left this world a little better just because I was here (Knowles 2012).”

7
Beyoncé, the Forever Connector

But I am here, and I am me, and I am proud of who I have become. I have done so much
and have met some great people throughout this ride that is known as being a Beyoncé super
fan/stan.
New York, California, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Tennessee, and Texas. Jill, Meghan, Sam,
Lexi, Missy, Kyra, Prince, Jess, Ashley. All of these places and people I have met over my time
being a stan. We have traveled together, run together, sat in the hot sun together. You would
think we have known each other for years, instead of moments based around a Beyoncé event.
The bonds that have been created were instant.
In 2012 I took an impromptu trip to NYC from D.C. where I was doing a legal
internship, just because of a Twitter post about a Beyhive meeting at 5 a.m. in Times Square.
Twenty of us stans came out to the cold, dark NYC streets for what turned out to be the unveiling
of the Beyoncé Live at Revel billboard. I meet sooooo many stans that day. I also met my friend
Jill. In a quick discussion I found out she was from West Memphis, Arkansas, right across the
bridge from Memphis, Tennessee, which is a hop, skip and a jump from where I lived. Since that
meeting, we have gone to every Beyoncé tour together. We are concert buddies.
Everyone has one equal connector: Beyoncé. So even if I only see these people once or
twice every couple of years, we have that shared interest: our love of Beyoncé. It does not
matter that everyone does not see each other on a regular basis.
What has come to be known as the Beyhive has formed into a family. No matter your
location on the globe, there are people with whom you can easily find kinship.

8
Before the Beyhive

The love for Beyoncé was forming bonds amongst her fans before they were named the
“Beyhive”. Inside the living room of then 16-year-old Celesse Rivera in Brooklyn, N.Y. sat a
group of friends trying to come up with a name for themselves, a name to make them stand out
from the crowd of people that normally surround Beyoncé whenever she makes an appearance.
The group filmed mini testimonials about themselves and what Beyoncé’s music had done for
them and turned it into a DVD to give her at the, I Am…World Tour concert in 2008. The only
thing they needed to finish off the gift was a name.
Rivera came up with the name, Beyontourage, but the group was not so impressed. The
alternate name of ‘Fierce Musketeers’ came up, inspired by Beyoncé’s latest album I Am Sasha
Fierce, but ultimately the Beyontourage stuck. A name that let everyone know exactly who they
were: A group of friends passionate about Beyoncé and each other. They were so passionate that
they skipped school to see Beyoncé at a scheduled appearance on BET’s music video show, 106
& Park. In an infamous video you can see the interaction. Inside of a blacked-out SUV sits
Beyoncé, and around her you hear the cries of fans and paparazzi trying to grab her attention.
Over the sounds of chaos and the clicks of cameras you hear the young voices of the
Beyontourage. One member informs Beyoncé they skipped school. She swiftly gave them the
eye of a concerned mother and said, “Don’t do that” which quickly returned with a “We already
did” followed by jovial laughs (YouTube 2010). This was a pivotal moment for the young teens.
Shykeem Smith who can be heard giving Beyoncé his information was sent meet and greet
passes for her upcoming tour stop. Those passes are what led to the group brainstorming names
in Rivera’s home.
9
In the beginning, the Beyontourage was a small group of four, but after meeting more
amazing people the group grew to seven who went everywhere together. In late 2011 at the
premiere of Beyoncé’s concert DVD I Am... World Tour is when the group's name would take on
new heights and become the moniker for all Beyoncé’s fans.
“We were able to get on stage and my friend Shykeem...He was the one that pretty much
announced the name Beyontourage to everyone,” Rivera (2019) said. “He basically thanks
Beyoncé for all that she did. And he let her know you brought some of my best friends into my
life and we're now known as the Beyontourage.”
After the name blew up the group began to get calls and emails from news outlets asking
for interviews wanting to know about the Beyontourage.
“So, Yvette {Beyoncé’s publicist} was like now that we know you guys called yourself
the Beyontourage we can just name the fan base Beyontourage,” Rivera (2019) said. “It started
to get a lot of recognition and I think her web designer at the time, Matthew Siskin…referred to
the fanbase as the Beyontourage.”
What was originally a name created in the living room of a 16-year old’s home was now
a name used to describe millions of fans. Many would assume that the original members of
Beyontourage would love the new exposure. That was not the case. They wanted the name to
only represent their crew, not all fans.
“We called Yvette personally and was like hey the Beyontourage is not something that
we were intending to name a whole fan base,” Rivera (2019) said. “It was kind of just the name
that we wanted for us, for her fans that she knows personally to distinguish ourselves from the
general fan base.”
10
Fans were also not a fan of their new name at first. Melissa Phillips, another member of
the Beyontourage, recalls fans voicing their distaste for the name.
“A lot of people on Twitter were mad at the name,” Phillips (2019) said. “So, they were
on twitter at’ing Ty and Matthew telling them both that oh no and this is what we would rather
be called. And that’s how the Beyhive came about.”
Since then the Beyhive has taken on a life of its own and is known worldwide to describe
Beyoncé’s legion of fans. The Beyontourage has been forgotten by the public and only known as
the origin of the Beyhive by a small few. However, the Beyontourage is still alive for its seven
members. All of them are now adults with their own lives, and although they have grown up,
they have not grown apart. They are a family. They are not the family that they were born with
but one that was created.
“This group of ours, we all have different relationships with each other,” Phillips (2019)
said. “Some people are closer to each other and some people talk more, but collectively we all
still reach out to each other and wish each other the best.”
Before meeting the other members of the Beyontourage, it was hard for Rivera to find
people who understood her. People did not understand why she loved Beyoncé and why she was
a big part of her life. They would just tell her she was obsessed and grow up. They could not
grasp the context of why Rivera gravitated to her.
“Like I was always judged by my friends, and it took a while to understand why they
didn't see what I saw,” Rivera (2019) said. “It was because they couldn't relate to my struggles,
they couldn't relate to my voice, so they never understood why I loved her so much. Whereas
these people that I met through her, they get it. I wasn't judged for loving her because they loved
her.”
11
Rivera feels that the reason why they understand is because they were also trying to fill a
void, a void that Beyoncé was able to fill. Growing up Rivera, had a lot of free time. Her father
was not in the picture and her mom was away from home a lot. In contrast, Beyoncé grew up in a
Christian home with both of her parents in a big house and they were supportive of their
daughter.
Through Beyoncé, Rivera saw the family that she did not have, and she found the
direction she needed that she was not finding in her own family.
“Trying to be like her and emulate her helped me build a work ethic that has helped me
get the career that I’m in now,” Rivera (2019) said. “My mom didn't lead with these examples.
My dad didn't lead with these examples. So literally, Beyoncé was my teacher.”
Rivera believes that the biggest lesson her Beyontourage family taught her was that you
can find family anywhere and that you are never alone.
“I just learned so much from hearing their backstory and learning about their families,
becoming their family,” Rivera (2019) said. “It's seeing that they go through the same things I go
through, we all struggle, or we've all had some type of loss, we've all had moments where we've
gone without, and we've just persevered and made something out of our lives and out of the
disparities that we have. And that alone just made me feel like there are other people who go
through what I go through, and they're able to make something out of it, and they're able to get
out on top.”
Over the years as I have grown older, I have seen the different ways that Beyoncé and her
music has impacted her fans/stans. Her music is still an inspiration to me although I am no longer
the 10-year-old who needs her music to protect me from bullies. I am the 28-year-old who
remembers what her music has done for her life. Her music still works as words of wisdom and
12
encouragement. Although I have grown out of being the fan/stan who will defend her relentlessly
on Twitter, I will never outgrow my love for her, her music, or her concerts. Some of my best
memories stem from a Beyoncé related adventure. Just thinking about them I vividly see the
smiles that erupt on peoples’ faces the moment the first lyric slips from her lips.
Beyoncé is an amazing woman but it's beyond her, it’s the relationships and life lessons that her
fans learn through her and her music.

13
Bibliography
Knowles, Beyoncé, Rowland, Kelly, Williams, Michelle. 2001. Survivor. Columbia Records,
MP3.

Knowles, Beyoncé, Rowland, Kelly, Roberson, LaTavia, Luckett, LeToya 1999. Writing’s On
the Wall. Columbia Records, MP3.

Knowles, Beyoncé, 2012. 4. Parkwood Entertainment, MP3.
Phillips, Melissa. Interview with Mia Hairston. Phone Interview. Los Angeles, CA, November
11, 2019.
Rivera, Celesse. Interview with Mia Hairston. Phone Interview. Los Angeles, CA, November 9,
2019.
YouTube. 2010. “Beyoncé Loves Her Fans! The Haters Are Mad.” YouTube video, 1.25. Posted
October 25, 2010.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QLTHSl375mc&feature=youtu.be

14
Appendixes
A. List of Interactions:
1) The user enters the website and the first thing they see is the title of my thesis “Beyond
Beyoncé scrolling across the screen. Using CSS animations (@keyframes animate) the headline
scrolls horizontally across the screen with the text changing colors from white to black once it
enters the middle of the screen.
2) Swiping up on the title screen revels an overlay div. The overlay features a video
playing in the background using script.js and CSS. The user has to click the button to enter into
the website. The overlay appears and disappears when the user clicks thanks to the
$('.start').click(function(){$('.start').hide(); JavaScript functions.
3) Once the user has fully entered the site at the very top of the webpage is a progress bar
that was initially hidden using. hide(); and .show(); JavaScript functions. As you scroll through
the progress bar fills up with color to indicate where you are in relation to the end of site.
4) The main text for the website sits in a div called container. Inside of the container div I
created individual div classes to create the different sections of text. I broke up the text at the
subheadings titled in the table of contents. Using CSS, I styled the div to have rounded corners,
box shadow and a gradient background color. Inside the CSS I also used to google-font plug-in
to change the font to create a handwritten like aesthetic to the titles and subheading of my
website.
5) As the user scrolls down the background images of the website change to correspond
to what the user is reading. Using waypoints plug-in the background image is able to change to
15
the different images that correspond to the trigger points I created using invisible div’s in the
html. The change is made through JavaScript using if (direction=="down") commands. When the
user scrolls back up us if (direction=="up") the pictures switches to match the original picture for
the section the user was previously on.
6) Inside of the text divs I also insert images and a video to go along with the surrounding
text. To position them in the proper location and around the words I floated the images. Then I
used CSS to create space so the words would go around the images without issue.
7) The last interaction I used parallax scrolling and z-index I created stacking images
showcasing images I took during The Formation World Tour corresponding to the above text.

Abstract (if available)

Abstract Initially when I started the Specialized Journalism program at USC, I wanted to stay clear of Beyoncé related topics. However, it soon became clear that I would not be able to do so. I began to brainstorm ideas on how I could write about Beyoncé for my thesis. Beyoncé and her music have been a part of my life for a long time. I have gathered so much knowledge that many would deem useless from all my years as a fan and that niche knowledge became the jumping point of flushing out the idea for my thesis. Initially the plan was to write about the origin story of the Beyhive, Beyoncé’s fanbase. But throughout the fall/spring semester, it evolved into what my thesis is now which is a personal essay that divulges into what Beyoncé and her music means to me and the weight it has held throughout different periods of my life. It then flows into the origins of the Beyhive and shows the family that has been created around an artist and her music. My thesis is a written piece that I coded and designed a website for that can be found at www.miahairston.com. The thesis itself is in this manuscript with the explanation of the code in the appendix.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Hairston, Mia (author)

Core Title Beyond Beyoncé

School Annenberg School for Communication

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Specialized Journalism

Publication Date 08/02/2020

Defense Date 06/24/2020

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Beyhive,Beyoncé,Music,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Bustamante, Peggy (committee chair), Anawalt, Sasha (committee member), Murphy, Mary (committee member)

Creator Email mhairsto@usc.edu,mlhairst1@gmail.com

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c89-357283

Unique identifier UC11666389

Identifier etd-HairstonMi-8869.pdf (filename),usctheses-c89-357283 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier etd-HairstonMi-8869.pdf

Dmrecord 357283

Document Type Thesis

Rights Hairston, Mia

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the a...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA