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LUCY’S CHOICE
By

Paige Engelhardt Smith

A Thesis Presented to the
FACULTY OF USC ANNENBERG SCHOOL FOR COMMUNICATION AND
JOURNALISM
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF ARTS
(SPECIALIZED JOURNALISM)
December 2020

Copyright 2020 Paige Engelhardt Smith
ii
Acknowledgements
I’d like to thank, first and foremost, my family for supporting my venture back to school
to get my graduate degree. Garrett, thank you for your long-suffering role as my husband and
partner, your patience, support, encouragement, and care. There were many long nights and even
longer days spent taking the lion’s share of work in and out of the home. Gabe, thank you for
forgiving my absence and encouraging my hard work and resilience. Thanks for empathizing
with my nights of tedious work and stressful deadlines. Alta, thanks for being up for anything
and tagging along on my biggest and best adventures. Thanks for keeping me in your loop and
being understanding when I wasn’t.
Thank you to my thesis advisor, Diane Winston, for being my first and biggest champion
in pursuing my dream story. She supported me jumping through hoops and over hurdles to make
it happen. Her support and encouragement made this project a reality.
Thank you to Bill Yahraus for telling me I was crazy and still pushing me to do my very
best. Thank you for inspiring me with your work and for teaching me the art that goes into this
craft. Thank you for watching countless clips and edits and helping me hone my own vision.
Thank you to Afua Hirsch for finding time in her busy schedule during a crazy year to
offer feedback on a topic near and dear to both of us.
Thank you to Dan Birman for encouraging my creativity and spending hours and hours
offering specific feedback and inspiration. Thank you for teaching me how to tell stories with
video. I owe a lot to your dedication and commitment to teach.
Finally, thank you to Lucy, Gladys, Alice, Nelly, Christopher, Kim, Compaishe, and
countless others who opened their homes and their hearts to me and my camera. I can only hope
I did your beautiful story justice.
iii
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements…………...………………………..………………………......ii
Abstract…………………………………………………………...…..……………iv
Chapter 1: Background…………………………………..…………………………1
Structure and Intention………………………...……………….……...…….6
Conclusions……………………………………………….…………………7
Chapter 2: Documentary Script…..…………………….............................……......9
References…………………………………………………………...………...….15

iv
ABSTRACT

Lucy doesn’t want her daughters to be circumcised. Her own circumcision at age 20 in the rural
countryside of southwestern Kenya over 30 years ago was a harrowing experience. But her
culture demands obedience to ritual and subservience to the patriarchy, so three of her four
daughters are initiated into adulthood by the cut. By the time her youngest daughter comes of
age, Lucy is a widow who listens to her own conscience and rejects the pressure from outside.
She risks her life doing so, and in return, paves a way for her daughters to go to school and avoid
childhood marriage.
1
Chapter 1: BACKGROUND

From a distance, all I could see was her smile. It made her cheeks go taut and her eyes almost
disappear. She stretched out her arms to give us strangers the warmest of embraces and touch
cheek to cheek as is the customary greeting in Kenyan Maasailand. Her cheeks were whisper soft
and I immediately felt at home.

Her Christian name is Lucy, which is also the only name I could remember and pronounce
accurately. As a widowed mother of ten living in rural Kenya amidst her fellow Maasai people,
her life has been a practice in patience and long-suffering. Lucy raised four daughters and six
sons in southwestern Kenya along the Tanzanian border. Of her four daughters, two are married
with children, having never been to school, two attend school and three have been circumcised
per Maasai tradition. According to Kenyan law
1
, Lucy is liable to three years of imprisonment or
a fine no less than 200,000 Kenyan shillings (or $2,000, equivalent to around two years’ salary)
for participating in the circumcision of her daughters. Though female circumcision has seen a
rise in Western countries
2
, it remains concentrated in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The

1
National Council for Law Reporting. “Prohibition for Female Genital Mutilation Act.” Kenyalaw.org. No. 32 of
2011. PDF. 2012 revised edition.
2
Michelle Krupa. “The alarming rise of female genital mutilation in America.” CNN.com. CNN Health. Web. 14
July 2017.
2
practice has been demonized by the international community
3
and largely approached from an
activist perspective
4
by the Western media.

In a report by the Hastings Center, a nonpartisan, nonprofit bioethics research organization based
in New York, the Public Policy Advisory Network on Female Genital Surgeries in Africa
contends that media coverage of the practice is “hyperbolic and one-sided.”
5
The advisory
network, which includes doctors, anthropologists, legal scholars and feminists, argue that the
media “must ‘cease using violent and preemptive rhetoric’ that paints a sensational image of
African parents mutilating their daughters and damaging their reproductive and sexual health.”

The practice of cutting, or “any procedure that intentionally alters or causes injury to the female
genital organs for non-medical reasons”, has disturbing statistics accompanied by evidence of
bodily mutilation in many parts of the world, in some cases preventing women from leading
productive, healthy lives, and in extreme events, causing hemorrhaging and death. There are
several ways traditional groups practice female genital cutting (FGC), however, the most
common is the removal of flesh or “the cap” off the clitoris. The most extreme and least common

3
World Health Organization. “Female Genital Mutilation.” WHO.int. World Health Organization. Web. 3 Feb
2020.
4
The Public Policy Advisory Network on Female Genital Surgeries in Africa. “Seven Things to Know about
Female Genital Surgeries in Africa.” JSTOR.org. The Hastings Center. PDF. 10 Jul 2015.
5
The Hastings Center. Press Release, “Western Media Coverage of Female Genital Surgeries in Africa is
‘Hyperbolic’ and ‘One-sided,’ says International Policy Group.” thehastingscenter.org. The Hastings Center. Web.
13 Nov 2012.
3
is infibulation, or the narrowing or sealing of the vaginal opening. All types have been labeled a
human rights abuse
6
by the UN.

The female circumcision, similar to male circumcision, carries deep anthropological roots
grounded in centuries-old traditions. In Lucy’s case, it is practiced within a patriarchal society
that demands obedience to ritual.

“He told me, if you’ve never seen a woman beaten, you’ll see it today,” Lucy tells me through an
interpreter in her small mud hut on the edge of the community she’s lived within her entire life
7
.
Her brother was adamant that her third daughter be married, against Lucy’s and her then-8-year-
old daughter’s will. She couldn’t stop the circumcision that must occur before marriage to
initiate a girl into womanhood, but she did prevent the marriage by encouraging her 8-year-old to
run the 17 kilometers to the nearest boarding school.

Lucy never went to school and married a man twice her age. She can’t change the system, but
she can do her part to fight against it. Her youngest daughter was never circumcised and neither
she nor her daughter have any intentions of changing that fact.

Lucy’s own circumcision as a young girl was a harrowing experience. She cringes when retelling
me the details and the pain she endured during the event so many years prior. When asked if she

6
World Health Organization. “Female Genital Mutilation.” WHO.int. World Health Organization. Web. 3 Feb
2020.
7
Naitiku ‘Lucy’ Moniko. Interview by Paige Engelhardt Smith. Olderkesi, Kenya, 21 Nov 2019.
4
wishes her daughters to experience the same, she responds with an adamant, “No!” almost
laughing at the suggestion. The reality of her situation is that three of her four daughters were
circumcised, despite her hatred of the practice. When her husband passed away, she began taking
matters into her own hands and rejecting the threats and intimidation of the males in her family
who wanted to benefit from the price of a bride.

To gain a better understanding of the male contribution to the practice, I talked with a local
patriarch who is considering taking on a fourth wife and asked him if he would consider
marrying a girl who has not been circumcised.

“Sure!,” he tells me with a wide smile and laughing eyes, “So long as she can contribute
financially to the family, I’ll marry an educated girl!
8
”

A girl not being circumcised has come to be associated with having an education in Lucy’s
community. Every subsequent meeting I have with this village elder is accompanied by laughing
and joking about him marrying an educated girl.

“Ironically, the effect of some anti-mutilation campaigns in Africa is to bring women’s bodies
and lives under the hegemonic control and management of local male religious or political
leaders. We see it as preferable that any changes that may be made are led by the women of these

8
Village elder. Interview by Paige Engelhardt Smith. Olderkesi, Kenya, 23 Nov 2019.
5
societies themselves,” says the Hastings Report, ‘Seven Things to Know About Female Genital
Surgeries in Africa.’
9

Lucy’s two youngest daughters are currently pursuing their educations and have successfully
skirted childhood marriage.

“I don’t care about tradition,” says Gladys, Lucy’s third daughter, the one who escaped marriage
by running 17 km away from her village as an 8-year-old
10
.

She and her younger sister, Nelly, have no intention of perpetuating the custom of circumcision
among their future families.

9
The Public Policy Advisory Network on Female Genital Surgeries in Africa. “Seven Things to Know about
Female Genital Surgeries in Africa.” JSTOR.org. The Hastings Center. PDF. 10 Jul 2015.
10
Gladys Moniko. Interview by Paige Engelhardt Smith. Olderkesi, Kenya, 25 Nov 2019.
6
STRUCTURE & INTENTION

The Maasai people of Southwestern Kenya have a rich culture that is visually stimulating and
audibly arresting. While I have written papers on the Maasai culture and people, nothing quite
tells their story like a moving image with the character’s own language and voice. The stories
and history I’d heard about FGM that preceded my visit were ripe with oversimplification and
blame. Many humanitarian documentaries seemed to present these people and their rich culture
as “backwards” or at best, completely foreign. I saw little attempt to empathize with their day to
day and the difficult decisions mothers, in particular, have to make with regards to circumcising
their daughters. I wanted to paint a portrait of life in Maasailand with special emphasis given to
the context in which a mother decides to cut or not cut her children. Lucy and Gladys’ story was
the perfect jumping off point.

I loved using video to tell this story as it gave me permission to revel in the rich colors and stark
contrasts in their environment. My sequences were built relying on combining wide angle shots
with close-ups to invite the viewer into the scene. Audio was a challenge, but one that reminded
me to constantly consider this important fourth dimension in storytelling. By combining these
visually stimulating scenes with compelling interviews, natural sound, on camera dialogue, and
lower third subtitles, I was able to introduce a Western audience to a completely different way of
life via the personal story of Lucy’s life. I hope viewers walk away having greater empathy for
the challenges faced by a people whose similarities outweigh their differences. The struggle to
accomplish all of this in 15 minutes was real. I did end up taking out some of the smaller details
of Lucy and Gladys’ story to keep the focus on the visual storytelling rather than the interviews
7
or title cards. I was aiming for a cinema verité approach to a nuanced subject in a short amount
of time. Because of this, some details, characters, and story elements were cut from the final
piece to preserve simplicity and focus.

CONCLUSIONS
Female circumcision is a complex issue with cultural and historical roots. Its recent
condemnation by the international community and local activists speaks to the changes
happening as modernity encroaches on ancient ways of life and tradition. As tribes adapt to
changes in land ownership, climate change, resource management, conflict management, law
enforcement, and more, traditional ways of living are forced to change and adapt to an evolving
world. While my film in no way dives into the rich complexities of these push and pull
mechanisms at work in East Africa, I hope it at least opens up a fragment of this world in a way
to present new and compelling story lines for the discerning viewer. Stepping into the life of
Lucy and Gladys affords the viewer an opportunity to engage in an intimate familial setting.
While the environment and way of life may be entirely foreign, the maternal bonds are close to
home.

8
Chapter 2: “Lucy’s Choice” Script
[https://youtu.be/gIwvAKxrnZI]

Visual Audio
Title card: Olderkesi, Kenya
Morning scene in Maasailand with sheep
NAT sound
Images of Maasai men and boys chatting and
playing and jumping in the boma
Alice: “The men are very strong.”
Christopher: “Very strong and very brave.”
Image of Compaishe washing clothes in the
boma
Christopher: “But most ladies, they are very
coward when you try and compare them with
men. They are cowards.”
Title card: Lucy: A Maasai Mother
Lucy from behind as she walks through her
village
NAT sound
Lucy walking through village Alice: “She’s a very brave and very loving
mother.”
Lower third: Lucy, family matriarch, mother
of ten
Lucy sitting and smiling at the camera and the
people around
Lucy milking goats
Lucy talking with Alice
Lucy: “We grew up when circumcision was a
normal thing.”
Alice talking to the camera, lower third title
card with Alice, Lucy’s friend.
Enter the mud hut with a white dog
Alice: “In Maasai culture, they say a girl who
is not circumcised, she’s not supposed to give
birth.”
Nelly entering the dark mud hut
Image of wood burning on fire
Background conversation:
Nelly: “Emily, did you milk the goats?”
Emily: “The goats?”
Nelly: “Yes.”
Emily: “No.”
Burning fire in mud hut. Lucy: “I was circumcised when I was 20
years old.”
9
Cooking over a fire in the mud hut
Preparing pancake mix
Mixing ingredients

Background conversation:
“How are you?”
“I am fine.”
“Are you going to town?”
“Hello. How are you?”
“I’m fine.”
“Should we let them pick for themselves or
serve on separate plates?”
“Just serve on one plate and they can pick for
themselves.”
[singing]
Gladys: “There was this one time I was
singing this song and a lady laughed at me!”
Lucy and Alice talking
Mixing pancakes
Lucy: “During that circumcision period, you
are taught how to be a wife. And it was the
only thing that will make them consider you
for marriage. After that, they will start
looking for a husband to marry you.”
Shot of Lucy in the dark hut.
Batter hits the hot pan.
Background conversation:
“That first pancake is mine!”
Cooking batter
Lucy talking to Alice and touching her
earrings
Lucy: “On the day you are fully healed and
trained for motherhood, tree leaves are put on
the bed. And you sit on them while your head
is shaved. And your ears are pierced and a
traditional earring is put in with black beads
showing you are ready for marriage.”
Lucy pouring tea
Nelly leaving mud hut and dancing
NAT sound
Lucy and Alice talking, smiling, Lucy
shaking her head and waving her hand no.
Alice: “Did you want your daughters to be
circumcised?”
Lucy: “No…no…no…I was tied by a rope!”
10
Lucy’s grandson and daughter-in-law sing
and clap. Lucy sits watching in the
background.
Lucy: “I was married to a very old man who
sold all the cattle and misused the money.”
Alice and Lucy talking
Daughter-in-law nursing baby
Alice: “Because the husband was old, he
cannot even get food to eat. He cannot even
get anything for the children, so she was the
one to struggle for these kids.”
Daughter-in-law playing and singing to baby. Background conversation:
“I heard Nasieku was married off to an old
man.”
“Yes.”
“Is she the youngest daughter in their
family?”
“No. The youngest is that girl coming here.”
Shot of Lucy from below
Dung beetle pushing a ball of dung
Lucy: “The problems I have gone through are
so hard, I can’t even sleep day or night.”
Alice and Lucy talking Alice: “What do you want for your children?”
Lucy: “I want them to grow up to be pilots,
drivers, and engineers and to be able to
choose their own husbands.”
Lower third: Gladys, Lucy’s second youngest
daughter
Gladys grabbing mud from a pile of
mud/dung
NAT sound
Gladys putting mud on house exterior Alice: “The first one was not in school there
before. Gladys.”
Gladys putting mud on house exterior Background conversation:
“Where are the girls? We are going to fetch
water.”
“I’ve sent them to bring containers.”
“Ok. Let’s wait for them to come back.”
11
Image of Gladys playing with her nephew
with her muddy hands
Shot moves to focus on her uncle in the
background
Alice: “The father, he wanted the girl, Gladys,
to be married to get alcohol to drink.”
Title card: Gladys was circumcised at age 8,
against her mother’s wishes, to prepare her
for marriage.
Close up of Gladys working on the mud
walls.
NAT sound
Gladys working on the mud hut.
Lucy and Alice talking.
Alice: “She [Gladys’ mother, Lucy] called me
during that time and she told me, ‘What shall
we do with this child?’ You have to make her
run away to school where we can find,
procure some money, where we can help her.
So we decided, she’s not going to be married.
So she decided to go to school.”
Gladys finishing work on house.
Sister doing laundry behind the house.
Gladys sitting with nephew on her lap while
sister hangs laundry.
NAT sound
Carpenter ants moving across the ground in a
huge group.
Background conversation:
“What are you looking at?”
“These carpenter ants!”
Gladys and Nelly walk to fetch water from
river.
Background conversation:
“Where did the boys go to herd sheep?”
“They should be on their way to the river.”
“I don’t know.”
Dry river basin
Lucy talking to Alice
Lucy: “I was [afraid] because I was told my
daughter and I would be beaten. Luckily, she
was already gone. The chief asked me to
bring Gladys so the men involved could be
12
arrested and prosecuted. But I told them to
leave her where she is. I will fight on her
behalf and God will help me.””
Nelly cleaning water canister NAT sound
Nelly filling canister with water, Gladys in
foreground.

Close-up of Nelly filling canister with water.
Lucy: “I prayed to God to protect Gladys and
not let her be hurt. But if it is His will, let it
be done.”

Background conversation:
“Let me hold the container for your while
you’re pouring water.”
Gladys getting ropes ready to carry water. NAT sound
Lucy talking to Gladys.
Close up of Gladys’ face at river
Lucy: “Now you see we are together and it is
God’s will.”
Girls carry water canisters back home through
bushes and acacia trees
Background conversation:
“You’re walking slow.”
“I have a bigger container than you so it’s
heavy.”
Lucy walking through bush with big knife NAT sound
Neighbor man talking to camera
Lower third: Lucy’s neighbor/friend
“You can never be ahead of your husband.”
Lucy talking while carrying big knife. Sheep
wandering among the shrubs. Little shepherd
boys watching through the trees.
Background conversation:
“Where are we going to collect firewood?”
“We will collect it on the other side of the hill
or we can collect along this shrub.”
“Let’s collect here instead of going to the
hill.”
“There is more firewood here compared to the
hill.”
Lucy looking for firewood in the bushes.
Lucy talking to Alice.
Lucy: “I told my husband, ‘It is me who has
spoken against you.’ He told me, if you have
13
Lucy hacking away at the wood. never seen a woman beaten by men, you will
see it today.”
Lucy cutting wood, putting it in a pile, tying
up the bundle of wood to put on her back and
carry home.
Friend talking to camera.
Friend: “A husband has mandate to tell the
wife, ‘Give birth to more than 10 children.’
Those who are educated can talk and agree
with the husband. Those who are illiterate,
they can’t.”
Lucy picking up bundle of wood, putting it on
her back, and walking away.
Lucy: “You see the life I have gone through?
I want my children to be successful so they
can avoid the problems I have had.”
Scene of sheep in the countryside. People
walking to church, little girl running.
NAT sound
Line of women and kids sitting down at
church, Lucy joining them.
Lucy: “Many people advise me [what to do
with my children]. But ultimately, I have to
make my own decision and ignore my
brothers.”
People singing songs and dancing at church. Sound of people singing and dancing during
Christian worship service.
People singing and dancing at church. Lucy: “If a girl is to be circumcised or go to
school, getting education is the better choice.”
Lucy’s son making a car and person out of
clay while she sits close by and watches.
Lucy: “I want my children to have an
education. Even when I’m old, I can look
after the cattle on their behalf so they can go
to school.”
Sheep, Lucy cutting wood in the boma while
her youngest son stands nearby.
NAT sound
Lucy collects bundle of wood she just cut and
carries it off.
Lucy talking to group.
Background conversation:
“Give me the rest of the sugar and tea leaves
so I can drink tea at home.”
Men making a fire by rubbing sticks together,
the traditional way.
Background conversation:
“Spin the stick really fast ten times!”
14

“Help him out, he’s tired!”
Close up of small pile of kindling with smoke
coming from it.
Alice: “Nowadays we are fighting. As we are
learning, we are fighting.”
Title card: Lucy’s husband passed away,
leaving her a widow with ten children. While
generally a misfortune, this has meant she can
now send her children to school without
undue pressure to marry off her young
daughters.
People standing around fire and plume of
smoke.
NAT sound of people talking, making fire
Title card: While her oldest children now
have families of their own, all of Lucy’s
young children go to school.
Fire is burning and the sun has set.
NAT sound of people talking around bonfire.
Title card: Gladys wants to grow up to
become a pilot and buy a nice house for her
mother.
Lucy’s youngest son sits by fire and balances
on his seat in the dark.
NAT sound of people talking around bonfire.
Lightening and clouds in the dark night NAT sound
15
REFERENCES
National Council for Law Reporting. “Prohibition for Female Genital Mutilation Act.”
Kenyalaw.org. No. 32 of 2011. PDF. 2012 revised edition.
Michelle Krupa. “The alarming rise of female genital mutilation in America.” CNN.com. CNN
Health. Web. 14 July 2017.
World Health Organization. “Female Genital Mutilation.” WHO.int. World Health Organization.
Web. 3 Feb 2020.
The Public Policy Advisory Network on Female Genital Surgeries in Africa. “Seven Things to
Know about Female Genital Surgeries in Africa.” JSTOR.org. The Hastings Center. PDF. 10 Jul
2015.
The Hastings Center. Press Release, “Western Media Coverage of Female Genital Surgeries in
Africa is ‘Hyperbolic’ and ‘One-sided,’ says International Policy Group.” thehastingscenter.org.
The Hastings Center. Web. 13 Nov 2012.
Naitiku ‘Lucy’ Moniko. Interview by Paige Engelhardt Smith. Olderkesi, Kenya, 21 Nov 2019.
Gladys Moniko. Interview by Paige Engelhardt Smith. Olderkesi, Kenya, 25 Nov 2019.
Village elder. Interview by Paige Engelhardt Smith. Olderkesi, Kenya, 23 Nov 2019.

Abstract (if available)

Abstract Lucy doesn’t want her daughters to be circumcised. Her own circumcision at age 20 in the rural countryside of southwestern Kenya over 30 years ago was a harrowing experience. But her culture demands obedience to ritual and subservience to the patriarchy, so three of her four daughters are initiated into adulthood by the cut. By the time her youngest daughter comes of age, Lucy is a widow who listens to her own conscience and rejects the pressure from outside. She risks her life doing so, and in return, paves a way for her daughters to go to school and avoid childhood marriage.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Smith, Paige Engelhardt (author)

Core Title Lucy's choice

School Annenberg School for Communication

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Specialized Journalism

Publication Date 09/19/2020

Defense Date 09/17/2020

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag circumcision,documentary,female circumcision,female genital mutilation,film,Kenya,maasai,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Winston, Diane (committee chair), Hirsch, Afua (committee member), Yahraus, Bill (committee member)

Creator Email paige123@gmail.com,paigeesm@usc.edu

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c89-375098

Unique identifier UC11666395

Identifier etd-SmithPaige-8984.pdf (filename),usctheses-c89-375098 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier etd-SmithPaige-8984.pdf

Dmrecord 375098

Document Type Thesis

Rights Smith, Paige Engelhardt

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the a...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA