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A score card for evaluating the health, sanitation and safety aspects of organized camps

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A score card for evaluating the health, sanitation and safety aspects of organized camps

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Content A SG O IÜ S CjU&D 5 \ ) R ï n T A I I L i T l lK l TBÜS B 3& & 1T B , SUUSIÏVLTICHÜ
j & J S l) 8 .6 :5 1 2 0 7 5 : i.S])]2(3TS; Q ] P (ïltG k A J K I iS I G I ) C L A J M O P S y
A Th.es ia
Presented to
the Facility of the School of Education
The U niversity of Southern C a lifo rn ia
In P a r tia l F u lfillm en t
of the Requirements fo r the Degree
Master of Science in Education
by
G ilb ert A. Magida
June 1945
UMI Number: EP55275
All rights reserved
INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
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D issaftailon PyblisM ng
UMI EP55275
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uesf
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This thesis, written under the direction of the
Chairman of the candidate's Guidance Committee
and approved by all members of the Committee,
has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty
of the School of Education of The University of
Southern California in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science
in Education.
H
Dean
Guidance Committee
Wm. R. LaPorte
Chairman
Lenore C. Smith
D. Welty Lefever
TABIE O F CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 1
The p r o b l e m .............................................................. 1
Statement of the p ro b le m ............................... 1
Scope of the study ........................................ 1
Importance of the s t u d y ............................... 2
R elated in v e stig a tio n s ........................................ 3
Standards in organization camps fo r
g i r l s .................................... 1 ..................... 3
P hysical education program fo r
handicapped children ................................... 4
A survey and evaluation of the D allas
c ity s c h o o l s .................................................... 4
Minimum standards for Boy Scout camps . 5
Safety and h ealth in c a m p s........................... 5
Standards fo r camping ................................... 6
Guides fo r cam p in g..................... 6
Camp s t a n d a r d s ..................................................... 7
Evaluation f o r m ................................................. 7
Method o f procedure ............................................ ?
Organization of remaining chapters . . . . 9
I I . FORM ULATING A SCORE C A R D FR O M BIBLIO-
GRAPHICAL SOURCES................................................. 10
CHAPTEE PAGE
Gamp S i t e .............................................................. 10
Dining Room and K i t c h e n ............................... 12
Sleeping Q u a r t e r s ............................................ 18
L atrin e and Wash H o u s e ................................... 22
F ire P r o t e c t i o n ................................................ 24
Water S u p p ly ......................................................... 26
W a te r f r o n t.............................................................. 28
P r o g r a m .................................................... 34
Medical D ep artm en t............................................ 37
S t a f f ...................................................................... 40
Individual Hygiene ............................................ 41
Method of S c o r i n g ........................................... 43
Score card sent to lo c a l j u r y .................. 44
I I I . CRITICISMS BY M EM BER# OF THE IX X L U L JL H O T . (% 3
Camp S i t e .................................................................. 64
Dining Room and K i t c h e n ............................... 64
Sleeping Q u a r t e r s ............................................ 65
L atrine and Wash H o u s e ................................... 66
F ire P r o t e c t i o n ...................... 66
Water S u p p ly ......................................................... 66
W a te r f r o n t.............................................................. 66
P r o g r a m .................................................................. 67
Medical D ep a rtm en t............................................ 67
CHAPTER
S ta ff . 68
Individual Hygiene ................................................. 68
Method of Scoring . .............................. 68
ITT. CmiT0IS%[8 B T T M I& IBSES C R T 1 5 B 3 3U L T IC IN A JL JIBCf . . 70
Gamp S i t e ...................................................................... 70
Dining Room and Kitchen . ............................... 71
Sleeping Q uarters . ............................................ 75
L atrine and Wash H o u s e ........................................ 76
F ire P ro tectio n ............................................ 77
Water S u p p l y .............................................................. 78
W a t e r f r o n t .................................................................. 79
P ro g ra m ........................................................................... 80
Medical D e p a r tm e n t................................................ 81
S t a f f ............................................................................... 82
Individual Hygiene ................................................. 82
F in al score c a r d .............................. 84
T F . SlR B & A IO r, C K H SC IIISIC W T S A JH ) IüS00% Q I8N IU LTI03n3 . . 100
BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................... 108
APPENDIX A. L e tte r to Local J u r y ................................ 114
APPENDIX B. T entative Score Card Sent to N ational
J u r y ............................................................. 115
APPENDIX G. N ational J u r y ................................................. 126
APPENDIX D. L e tte r to N ational J u r y ........................... 101
, CHAPTER I
lOTRODUOTIOIT
The promotion of c h ild h e a lth i s one of the f i r s t aims
of a l l camps. Due to the in creasin g p o p u larity of c h ild re n s'
caa^s, h e a lth problems are becoming more complex. Measurement
of the adequacy of h e a lth , s a n ita tio n and safety standards and
p ra c tic e s i s necessary to insure proper p ro tec tio n for ch ild ren .
I . THE PROBLEM
Statement of the problem. The puipose o f th is study i s
to s e t \J iÿ a group o f o b jectiv e standards and compile them into
the form of a score card fo r evaluating the h e a lth , sa n ita tio n
and safe ty aspects of organized camps for c h ild re n .
Scope of the study. There are many organized camps fo r
boys and g i r l s in the United S ta te s . Any type of camp one may
consider, i.e ., p riv a te , p u b lic, c h a rity , re lig io u s , e t c .,
should meet c e rta in standards which are e sse n tia l fo r success.
However, d ire c to rs are confronted w ith the problem o f obtaining
a set of objective standards which may be used to evaluate the
h e a lth , s a n ita tio n and safe ty phases of camps. This score card
is formed fo r such a purpose. I t is so constructed to be f le x
ib le enough to apply to a l l types of c h ild re n s' camps through
out the country. A ll phases of camp r e la tin g to the h ealth ,
s a n ita tio n and safety aspects are included.
Taken up in d e ta il are: (1) the camp s i t e ; (2) the
dining room and kitchen; (3) sleeping q u a rte rs; (4) la tr in e
and wash house; (5) f i r e p ro tec tio n ; (6) w ater supply; (7)
w aterfro n t; (8) the program; (9) medical department; (10) th e
s ta f f ; and (11) in d iv id u al hygiene. The section on Individ
u al Hygiene was la t e r changed to Campers to comply w ith the
recommendations of the n a tio n a l jury.
Importance of the stud y. The l a s t f if te e n years have
shown an increased in te r e s t in the development of standards
fo r c h ild re n s' camps. Various o rganizations have developed
suggested minimum standards. Special a tte n tio n has been devo
ted to the h e a lth , s a n ita tio n and safe ty asp ects of camps,
because these aspects are fundamental in p ro te c tin g and pro
moting the h ea lth of the c h ild . Furtherm ore, any a c tiv ity or
phase of camping is re la te d to h e a lth , sa n ita tio n or sa fe ty .
The physical s ite of the camp, the program, the w a te rfro n t,
and a l l o th er aspects may be analyzed as to the co n trib u tio n
made to the h e a lth of the child •
However, a l l of the standards presented to date are
merely l i s te d as suggestions to camp d ire c to r s . These sta n
dards do not o ffe r a concrete measuring device. I t is much
more meaningful to a camp d ire c to r to grade the adequacy or
inadequacy of his camp, than to study a l i s t of suggested
standards. Such a grading device can be found in the form of
a score card presented in th is study. The score card w ill
enable the oaiip d ire c to r to see h is a c tu a l sco re. The r e s u l
ta n t score w ill in d icate the s p e c ific aspects of the camp th a t
are below p a r, thus giving some idea of step s th a t should be
takoa fo r improvement. Standards used as a measurement serve
as a means of ap p raisal and should lead to improvement o f con
d itio n s .
I I . RELATED INVESTIGATIONS
Standards in organization camps fo r g i r l s . Poote^ se t
up a l i s t of minimum standards fo r organization g i r l s camps.
A b ib lio g ra p h ic a l study was made, and a q u estio n n aire was sen t
out to one hundred a u th o ritie s on camping, out of which six ty
were retu rn ed . R esults were ta b u la te d in the form of id eal
stan d ard s. Foote concluded th a t there should be one counselor
to every eight campers, and th a t counselors should be a t le a s t
of ju n io r college or college age, and have had some camping
experience and tra in in g . This study was re la te d to the in
v e s tig a to r 's in th a t standards were s e t up fo r the purpose of
improving camps.
Doreen H. Foote, "Minimum Standards in Organization
Camps fo r G irls ," (Unpublished M aster's th e s is , The U niversity
of Southern C a lifo rn ia , Los Angeles, 1936).
Phya io al education program for band!capp ed c h ild re n .
p
Landers^ conducted a study to discover the needs of the han
dicapped child ren in the f ie ld of p h y sical education, and to
evaluate the program in the Los Angeles schools. Standards
were s e t up from a l l av a ilab le l i t e r a t u r e , and were lis te d in
the form o f a questionnaire and checked by leading a u th o ritie s
in the f ie l d . A score card was form ulated from the r e s u l t s .
The Los Angeles c ity school program was evaluated, and scored
n in e ty -th re e and fiv e -te n th s out of a possible one hundred and
two p o in ts . This showed adequate care and su p erv isio n . This
was p e rtin e n t to the in v e s tig a to r 's study in th a t a score card
was s e t up fo r evaluation purposes.
A survey and evaluation of the D allas c ity schools.
Miller® form ulated a score card in order to evaluate the h ealth
serv ice program of the D allas c ity school system. All l i t e r a
tu re re la te d to the problem was examined as a background fo r
form ulating standards. From t h i s , a score card was compiled
and sent to a jury of ten outstanding men in th e f ie ld f o r
J u lia P artin gton Landers, "An Evaluation of the Phy
s ic a l Education Program fo r P hysically Handicapped Children
in the Los Angeles C ity Schools," (Unpublished M aster's th e s is .
The U niversity o f Southern C alifo rn ia, Los Angeles, 1945).
® Eurice M ille r, "A Survey and Evaluation of the Health
Service Program of the D allas City Schools," (Unpublished Mas
t e r 's th e s is . The U niv ersity of Southern C a lifo rn ia , Los An
g e le s, 1939).
t h e i r c ritic ism s and approval. The score card was also sent
to fourteen school h ea lth d ire c to rs , and re v isio n s were made
from the answers received. This study was h elp fu l in th a t a
score card was designed which i s s im ila r to th a t which the
in v e s tig a to r is compiling.
Minimum standards fo r Boy Scouts camps. Taylor^ con
ducted a study in which he described the troop camping plan
and the minimum standards to be re a liz e d . An e f f o r t was made
to determine by use of a q u estio n n aire, whether the standards
are being s a tis f ie d . Taylor found th a t the troop camping plan
received an approved vote of seventy p er cent which was an ex
c e lle n t grade. This study was re la te d to the p resen t one in
th a t minimum standards fo r camps were suggested.
Safety and h ealth in camps. A study was made by San
ders^ in which he attem pted to get a record of in ju rie s and
illn e s s e s which occur in camps. He form ulated record blanks
which were sent out to a group of camp d ire c to rs fo r th e ir
use. Reports were then analyzed and the findings were fo r
mulated into a code covering h e a lth and safe ty in camps. The
James E. Taylor, "A Study o f the Troop Camping Plan
and I t s Success in R ealizing the Minimum Standards fo r Boy
Scouts Camps," (Unpublished M aster's th e s is . The U niversity
of Southern C a lifo rn ia , Los Angeles, 1937).
^ J . Edward Sanders, Safety and H ealth in Organized
Camps (Hew York; N ational Bureau o F ^ a su a lty and Surety
U nderw riters, 1931).
conolasions showed th a t inadequate s a n ita tio n is equally as
dangerous in a oamp as i t is in a c ity , and th a t h e a lth and.
safe ty problems must be corrected in order to make camps
b e n e fic ia l. This study was re la te d to the p re se n t one in
th a t i t surveyed the h e a lth , s a n ita tio n and safety of camps,
and offered suggestions fo r improvement in these a re a s.
Standards fo r camping. A group o f t h i r t y - f i v e camp
d ire c to rs and a sso c ia te s met and set up a group of standards
fo r the improvement o f camps. The standards were broad in
form, and attem pted to cover the whole camp. These standards
were presented in the booklet Marks o f Good Camping Al
though t h i s was not a research study, the booklet shows the
work of a re p re se n ta tiv e group of w ell experienced persons.
This work was sim ila r to the in v e s tig a to r's in th a t a group
of standards were compiled fo r camps.
Guides fo r camp in g . This booklet was sim ila r to the
Marks of Good Camping booklet in th a t a group of ninety-one
people worked over a year to form camp standards fo r a l l types
of camps. The r e s u lts were published in Camping Aims and
Guides’ ^. This was p e rtin e n t to the in v e s tig a to r 's study in
^ American Canning A ssociation, Marks of Good Camping
(Hew York: A ssociation P ress, 1941).
^ Camping Aims and Guides (Hew York: Committee on
Camping, The C hildren' FUFe i f are F ederation of New York C ity,
1942).
th a t minimum standards were form ulated.
Oamp stan d ard s. A group of general standards were
compiled by the P a c ific Camping A ssociation,® and published
fo r oamp d ire c to rs to use. This work was not a research
study, but was sim ila r to the p resen t study in th a t minimum
standards were compiled.
Evaluation form. The P a c ific Camping Association®
made a score card fo r a l l phases of organized camping. This
was not a research study, but inform ation was supplied by
many experienced camping people. The s im ila r ity to the p re
sent study is noted in the fa c t th at both are score cards
fo r evaluating camps.
I I I . M ETH O D O F PROCEDURE
F i r s t , a l l av ailab le books, p e rio d ic a ls and pamphlets
were examined, and a te n ta tiv e score card was formed.
Second, a lo c a l jury of ten competent camping men and
women d ire c to rs , re p re se n ta tiv e of d if f e r e n t types of camps,
were chosen to o ffe r suggestions fo r improvement, and modify
8
P a c ific Camping A ssociation, C odification of Oam p
S tandards.
9
P a c ific Camping A ssociation, Camp Evaluation Form
(Alisomar, C a lifo rn ia; P a c ific Camping A ssociation, 1941).
8
any of the standards l i s t e d in the te n ta tiv e score card.
Personal interview s were held w ith each o f the lo c a l ju ry .
Changes were made on the b asis of c ritic ism s suggested dur
ing the conferences.
Third, copies of the rev ised score card were sent to
forty-one oamp ad m in istrato rs who were re p re se n ta tiv e of
every section of the United S ta te s . Three score cards were
sent to a u th o ritie s in Canada. Out of the t o t a l of fo rty -
fo u r cards sen t, tw enty-eight, or a t o t a l o f s ix ty -fo u r per
cent were retu rn ed .
The score card was rev ised again to conform to the
c ritic is m s suggested by the n a tio n a l ju r y . I f a m ajority of
the ju ry recommended th a t a s p e c ific change be made in a
standard, the change was made. However, because the score
card is a new th in g , p o ssib le changes could have been over
looked by many o f the ju ry . Therefore, i f a m inority c r i t
ic iz e d a sp e c ific standard, and the c r itic is m s were s ig n if
ic a n t in the opinion o f the in v e stig a to r, the change was
made. Because such changes do not rep resen t the opinion of
a m ajo rity of the ju ry , the standards which were rev ised by
a m inority were sta rre d in the f in a l score card. Such
s u b je c tiv ity can be elim inated by sending the f in a l score
card to another jury to check on a l l changes made.
? . ORGANIZATION O F REMAINING CHAPTERS
Chapter two d eals with the form ulating of the score
card from m a te ria l procured from b ib lio g ra p h ic a l sources.
Chapter three p re se n ts the various c ritic is m s received
from a lo c a l jury co n sistin g o f ten experienced camping p e r
sona. The score card was then presented in rev ised form.
Chapter four co n sists pf the c ritic is m s received from
a d m in istrato rs in the fie ld of camping. The score card was
then rev ised in to i t s fin a l form.
Chapter fiv e discusses the summary, conclusions and
recommendations made from the study.
OHAPfSR I I
FORM ULATING A SCORE C A R D FR O M BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
The purpose of th is chapter is to form ulate the p re
lim inary soore card on h ea lth , sa n ita tio n and safety aspects
of camping from a l l a v a ila b le l i t e r a t u r e . A ll l i s t s of
standards and com pilations implying standardized procedures
p e rtin e n t to the problem were obtained from books in the
camping f i e l d , p ro fe ssio n a l magazines, pamphlets, stu d ie s of
p ro fe ssio n a l camping s o c ie tie s , n a tio n a l youth o rg an izatio n s,
and graduate stu d ie s. A fter the l i t e r a t u r e from a l l a v a ila b le
sources was examined, in d iv id u al items were c la s s if ie d and
arranged under appropriate headings. These main headings de
termined the areas under which a l l of the standards o f h e a lth ,
s a n ita tio n and safe ty were c la s s if ie d . C la s s ific a tio n of
standards was made in the follow ing headings: (1) the camp
s i t e ; (2) dining room and kitchen; (3) sleeping q u a rte rs; (4)
l a tr in e and wash house; (5) f i r e p ro te c tio n ; (6) water supply;
(7) the w aterfro n t; (8) the program; (9) m edical department;
(10) the s ta f f ; and (11) in d iv id u al hygiene.
I . C A M P SITE
I . Drainage. One of the most im portant p o in ts to look
fo r in choosing a oamp s i t e is adequate drainage. The
11
camp should be located on high ground so as to allow water to
run o ff r e a d i ly .1 A sandy su b so il which is absorbent is
h e lp fu l.^ I f the s o il does not absorb w ater, and the camp is
not on high ground to allow the water to run o ff, then a good
drainage system should be in stalle d .®
2. Inspection fo r h azard s. B uildings, grounds, w ater
fro n t, and a l l o th er camp areas should be inspected fo r pos
s ib le hazards before the campers a r riv e . The grounds should
be checked fo r poison ivy, p ro je c tin g ro o ts and loose rocks.^
The grounds and equipment should be kept in o rd er, so th a t
accid ents w ill be reduced to a minimum.^ A p e rio d ic a l in
spection w ill help accomplish th is .^
3 . Highways and drivew ays. Camps should be at a
Camp D irectors A ssociation, P a c ific S ection. Hand
book fo r Oamp Counselors (Oakland, C alifo rn ia; Mr. Homer
Bemiss , 10^5] , p . 24 .
2
Hazel K m A llen, Camps and Their Modern Adm in is t r a t ion
(New York: The Womens P re s s , 1 9 3 0 ) , .
3
Abbie Graham, and o th e rs, Appraising the Summer Camp
(C haracter Education in the Summer damp V. New York; A ssbcl-
atio n P re ss, 1937), p . 12.
^ Mary L. Northway, e d ito r. Charting the Coimsel o r 's
Course (New York: Longmans, Green and Company, l(^4Ù) , p .41.
^ P a c ific Camping A ssociation, Camp E y a l^ tio n Form
(Alisomar, C alifo rn ia: P a c ific Camp ing A ssociât io n , 1941) . p. 7'.
6
Graham, lo o , c i t .
12
considerable distance from a l l main r o a d s . 7 The camp lanes
and drivev^ays should be posted w ith warning signs to cars
and campers.®
4. Smooth ground. A ll games and co n tests should be
played on smooth, even ground, c le a rly marked.®
I I . DINING R O O M A N D EUCEEN
5. Dining room. The dining room should be w ell
lig h te d and v e n tila te d , and should have a high c e ilin g . The
dining room should be clean and a t t r a c t i v e , and larg e enough
to prevent crowding.^® The dining room should-be exposed
to the outside on at le a s t two sid es.
6. Floor space. There should be a t le a s t ten to
fourteen square fe e t of flo o r space per person to be seated
in the dining room.
7. Table seat ing. Most authors agree th a t there
7
A llen, lo c . c i t .
^ Wilbur S. R ussell, "Camp S afety ," The Camping Maga
zine . 11:10, October, 1939.
9
Northway, op. c i t ., p . 42.
ing Aims and Guides (New York; Oommittee on
Camping, The C h ild ren 's Welfare Federation of New York C ity ,
1942), p . 12.
11
A llen , 0£ . c i t ., p . 90.
^ l o c . c i t .
13
should he not more than eight campers and a counselor a t one
ta b le in the dining room.^^*^^ Chairs are p re ferred over
benches, but the l a t t e r may be used.^^
8. K itchen. The kitchen should be w ell lig h te d ,
v e n tila te d , and screened, and should have the necessary equip
ment, such as r e f r ig e r a tio n , d ish washing f a c i l i t i e s , e tc .
The w a lls, c e ilin g s , and flo o rs should be kept clean constant-
17
ly . Metal sinks are good# I f wooden sinks are used, they
should be covered w ith galvanized iro n , as th is substance Is
non-poisonous.^^ In sec ts should be co n tro lled with in se c t
sprays, supplemented w ith fly tra p s , which are placed near
the c e il i n g .1®
9. Dish washing. Washed dishes should not be stacked.
American Camping A ssociation, Marks of Good Camping
(Hew York: A ssociation P ress, 1941), p.2UI
Gamping Aims and Guides, lo c . c i t .
15
Doreen H. Foote, "Minimum Standards in O rganization
Camps fo r G irls ," (Unpublished M aster's th e s is , The U niversity
of Southern C a lifo rn ia , Los Angeles, 1936), p .62.
16
Camping Aims and Guides, op. c i t . , p. 11.
17
V etter, Ray A. and Solomon, J . H., Digest of Laws
A ffecting Organized Camping. (Chicago, I l l i n o i s : UniTi*d S ta te s
Depariment of the In ie rlo r^ N ational Park Service, 1939),
p . 108.
18
A llen, c i t . , p . 68 .
Oamp D irecto rs A ssociation, P a c ific Section, op.
c i t . , p . 21.
14
Dishes should be placed in containers standing on end.^® i t
is advisable to have the d ish es, g lasses and silverw are put
in to wire baskets and l e f t to dry without w iping.^^ Dishes
should f i r s t be washed in soapy water as hot as the hands can
bear, and then rin sed in water of a much higher tem perature,
a t le a s t 13Q0F.®^ Dish towels should only be used fo r wiping
silverw are. These towels should be boiled d aily
10. D ie tic ia n . Each camp should have a d ie tic ia n
a v a ilab le fo r preparing a l l menus.24 The in v e stig a to r fe e ls
th a t th is duty may be incorporated along w ith the main cook's
o ther d u tie s , in order to cut down on expense.
11. D ie t. The basic d ie t fo r each camper should be;
one quart of milk d a ily ; two servings of f r u i t , two servings
of green vegetables d a ily ; four eggs per person a week; one
or two servings of meat, fis h , and cheese d a ily ; bread at
every meal; one cereal a day; and adequate sugar and b u tte r.
pn
A llen, 0£ . c i t .. p . 68.
I b id . , p .68.
22
Camp D ire c to r's A ssociation, P a c ific Section, op.
c i t . . p . 20.
^ l £ 0 . P i t .
24
American Camping A ssociation, op. c i t . , p . 61.
Gamping Aims and Guides, op. c i t . , p p .32-32.
15
At le a s t one quart of drinking water should be consumed by
each camper each d a y . 26 Food should always be served a t t r a c
tiv e ly to stim u late a p p e tite s ,2?
12. Meals. The la rg e s t meal of the day should come
in the evening. B reakfast should also be large and comfor
tab ly slow. The noon meal should be adequate and not over
loading.?®
13. M ilk. A ll milk and cream should be bought from
authorized dealers.^® I f obtained elsewhere, the purchaser
should be c e rta in th a t the herd from which the milk is ob
tain ed is tu b erc u lin te s te d . I t i s also advisable to pur
chase only p asteu riz ed milk.®® The United S tates Department
of the I n te r io r suggests th a t;
P asteurized milk must be used i f obtainable anywhere
w ithin a reasonable distance of the oamp, and should be
so d eliv ered and m aintained a t a tem perature of not more
than 60 degrees F. I f p asteu riz ed milk is not o b tain ab le,
evaporated or powdered milk or milk th a t i s c e r tif ie d as
meeting a l l standards required by th e lo c a l and s ta te
26
Oamp D irectors A ssociation, P a c ific Section, op.
c i t . , p. 19.
27
Hedley S. Dimock, e d ito r, Ohara c te r Education in
the Summer Camp I I (New York; A ssociation ^Press, 1931), pT36.
28
Camp D irecto rs A ssociation, P a c ific Section, op.
c i t . , p . 22.
29
American Camping A ssociation, op. c i t . , p . 75.
A lle n , 0£ . c i t . , p . 67.
16
department of h e a lth mast he used.®!
Allen suggests the following regarding d airy products:
In some p laces the law req u ires th a t b u tte r and milk
be kept in a separate r e f r ig e r a to r and th a t no o th er food
should be sto red with i t . In most s ta te s th ere are laws
o u tlin in g an acceptable procedure, so i t is necessary to
know these laws. Inform ation can be obtained from the
s ta te board of health.®®
14. L eft- over foods. Any foods th a t are le ft-o v e r
should be kept in non-poisonous and non-rustable covered
containers.®® When returned from the ta b le , milk may be used
fo r cooking purposes only, as the heat w ill destroy any bac
t e r i a i t may contain.®4 From th is i t may be assumed th a t
le ft-o v e r milk should not be poured into the o rig in a l con
ta in e r to be served again.
15. R efrigeraction. R efrig e rato rs should not be kept
a t more than 45^F. a t a l l tim es.
16. Storeroom. The storeroom should be f a r enough
from the kitchen ranges and p ro te c te d from the sun so as to
be kept a t a low tem perature a t a l l tim es. P rovisions for
« % * 1
V e tte r, o^. c i t .., p .3, Appendix 1.
3 2
A llen, lo c . c i t .
54
American Camping A ssociation, l o c . c i t .
Camp D irectors A ssociation, P a c ific S ection, l o c .
c i t .
17
v e n tila tio n and ra t-p ro o fin g should be made.®® I f oaves or
p i t s are used, they should be p ro tected from surface w ater
by p ro te c tiv e sheathing and d itc h e s. Food should then be
placed in covered containers of glassware or crockery.®'^
17. Garbage d is p o s a l. Garbage should be placed in
cans with tig h t lid s , and should r e s t on ra is e d cement p l a t
forms which can be e a s ily w a s h e d . 38 Garbage should be d i s
posed of every day, p re fe ra b ly by burying. Burning may be
used, but burying i s better.®® I f the garbage is burned in
a p i t , each d a y 's d ep o sit should be covered w ith fre sh e a r th .4®
I t is advisable to dispose of garbage by methods which are ap
proved by county h ealth a u th o ritie s in the oamp t e r r i t o r y . 41
18. Domesticated anim als. Horses, p ig s, e t c ., should
be quartered not le ss than fiv e hundred fe e t from the dining
room and k itc h e n .4®
A llen, op. c i t . , p . 91.
I b id ., p . 67.
28
09
Gamp D irectors A ssociation, P a c ific Section, op.
c i t . , p . 21.
A llen, 0£ . c i t . , p . 68.
American Camping A ssociation, o£^. c i t . , p. 78.
P a c ific Camping A ssociation, C odification of Camp
S tandards, p . 10.
American Camping A ssociation, l o c . c i t .
18
I I I . SLEEPING QUARTERS
19. Air space. Many opinions were expressed as to
the amount o f a ir necessary in sleeping q u a rte rs. One author
suggests th a t there should be fiv e hundred cubic fe e t of a i r
space in the sleeping q u a rte rs fo r each p e r s o n . T h e United
S tates Department of the I n te r io r , which has compiled camping
laws of d iffe re n t s t a t e s , show the s ta te s as varying from be
tween three hundred^^ to fiv e hundred^^ cubic fe e t of a i r per
occupant.
20. Floor space. Many d iffe ren ce s of opinion r e l a t
ing to the flo o r space measurements in sleeping areas were
expressed. In the monograph, C haracter Education in the
Summer Camp I I I ,^® i t was suggested th a t there should be an
average of fo rty square fe e t of flo o r space allowed fo r each
camper in te n ts , cabins, or houses. A study made of one
hundred and seven camps revealed th a t th ir ty square fe e t per
Playground and R ecreation A ssociation of America,
Camping Out (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1924), p .425.
44 F e tte r, op. c i t . p .36.
I b i a . . p . 14.
Chicago Council of S ocial Agencies and George
Williams College, C haracter Education in the Summer Camp I I I
(New York: A ssociation P r e s s , 1936), pTE2.
19
person fo r tentage or housing is adequate.4? Two o th ers, in
tu rn , suggest th a t th ir ty square feet48 and tw enty-four
Square fe e t are adequate.
A u th o rities agreed th a t flo o rs should be ra ise d at
le a s t eighteen inches above the ground. There should be
space l e f t open underneath the flo o r on a t le a s t two opposite
sid e s.
21. Window space. Adequate window space for the pur
pose of a d ju stin g v e n tila tio n and lig h t should be p re se n t in
cabins and t e n t s . " T h e area of window space in each sleep
ing room s h a ll be equal to a t le a s t one-eighth of the flo o r
area o f the room."®®
22. Screening. Sleeping q u a rte rs should be w ell
screened to keep out a l l insects.®® I f cabins do not have
windows, canvas c u rta in s or s h u tte rs should be used as a
47
Hedley S. Dimock, P u ttin g Standards Into^ the Summer
Oamp (C haracter Education in the Summer Camp, New York: Asso-
c ia tio n P re ss, 1926), p . 9.
48
Camping Aims and Guides, op. c i t . , p .45.
49
American Camping A ssociation, o£. c i t . , p . 66.
50
51
V e tte r, c i t . , p . 14
P a c ific Camping A ssociation, Camp Evaluation Form,
op. P i t . . p . 7.
52
V etter, lo c . c i t .
Northway, op. c i t . , p#41.
20
p ro te c tio n from the w e a t h e r . T h e s h u tte rs o r c u rta in s
should be kept open or ro lle d up a t n ig h t except In the most
inclement w e a t h e r . 55
Occupancy. In general, the authors agreed th a t
th ere should not be more than eight persons to a c a b in .5^» 57
The in v e s tig a to r fe e ls th a t the number of persons to a cabin
should be judged by the amount of flo o r space and a i r space
in the sleeping room. Some cabins may be larg e enough to hold
f ifte e n campers, and meet th e requirem ents fo r flo o r and a ir
space. However, there should be a lim it as to the number of
occupants in any cabin. The United S ta te s Department of the
I n t e r lo r 55 suggests th a t th ere should not be more than twenty
persons in a dorm itory.
24. Beds. Beds should be placed w ith head and fe e t
a lte r n a tin g .59 The beds should also be separated from each
54
A llen, 0£ . c i t . . p . 88.
55
Camp D irecto rs A ssociation, P a c ific S ection, lo o .
c i t .
Chicago Council of S ocial Agencies and George Wil
liams College, loG. c i t .
American Camping A ssociation, l o c . c i t .
58
V etter, o^. c i t . , p . 6, Appendix 2.
59
Playground and R ecreation A ssociation of America,
lo o . c i t .
21
o th er by th ree feet.GO Beds should be b u ilt of strong mat-
e r i a l , and should be.so constructed th a t the head and fe e t
are e a s ily detached, o r w ill fold under the sp rin g s. For
ju n io r campers, beds two f e e t- s ix inches by six fe e t are s u f
f i c i e n t . A bed three fe e t wide by six fe e t-fo u r inches long
is adequate for senior campers.51 Some camps have double
deck cots as w ell as sin g le c o ts. To t h i s , Drought^â says,
"Single cots are p re fe ra b le to double deckers, fo r double
deckers are not usually conducive to good sleeping h a b its , or
to sound s le e p .” I f a cabin does have double deck bunks,
th ere should be a t le a s t one window which can be opened, the
top of the window being higher than the top r a i l of the double
deck bunk. There should be a t le a s t twelve inches sep aratin g
the lower sp rin g from the flo o r. A minimum of th ir ty ^ s ix in
ches of space should separate the lower and upper sp rin g . The
double deck bunks should be a t le a s t t h i r ty inches wide and
seventy-eight inches long. Ladders should be provided, and
should be fastened to the end or s i d e .50
Camp D irecto rs A ssociation, P a c ific S ection, lo o .
c i t .
A llen, o£. c i t . , p . 52.
R. A lice Drought, A Camping Manual (New York: A. S
Barnes and Company, 1943), p .32.'
63
V e tte r, lo c. c i t .
22
25. Bedding. Beds and m attresses should be aired at
le a s t once every two weeks, and bedding should be aired d a ily .54
The P acific Section of the Gamp Directors Association^^ says
th a t bedding should be exposed to sunlight for two hours twice
each week. Of th is bedding, blankets should be aired a t least
three hours each morning outside the sleeping quarters. I t was
Allen*s55 opinion that mattresses should not be less than th ir ty
pounds in weight, and should be made of cotton f e l t , covered with
durable tick in g . Three single blankets, four sheets and two p i l
low cases are minimum bedding requirements.
IV. LATRINE A N D W A SH HOUSE
26. T oilet f a c i l i t i e s . T oilets should be located with
Some degree of iso la tio n , yet convenient to housing.57 They
should not be more than one hundred-fifty fe e t from the sleep
ing quarters.G8 The t o i l e t s should be well lighted at a l l
64
P acific Camping Association, Camp Evaluation Form,
lo c . c i t .
65
Camp D irectors Association, P acific Section, lo c .
c i t .
Allen, 0£. c i t . , p p .50-53.
67
Gamping Aims and Guides, op. c i t . , p .12.
68
American Camping A sso c ia tio n , 0£^. c i t . , p . 73.
23
times, as should the path leading to the t o i l e t s . 59 There
should he adequate provision made for p r i v a c y . T o i l e t s are
fly proof and should comply to standards set up by the s ta te
department of h e a lth .? ! Latrines should be scrubbed each
day.?% There should be a t le a s t one t o i le t seat to every ten
or fifte e n campers.?0
27. Construction and m aterials. P a rtitio n s of imper
vious m aterials should separate t o i l e t s e a ts . P orcelain, mar
b le, glass or b akelite are v alid . Under no conditions should
wood be used. T oilets should be made of vitreous china, and
the seats of impervious m aterial. Glass, bakelite and hard
rubber are good for se a ts. Vitreous china, porcelain or glass,
are the most desirable types of m aterials to be used for urin-
7 4*
a ls . Seats and boards of la trin e s should be scrubbed daily
p .22.
c i t .
69
Camp Directors Association, P acific Section, op. c i t .,
70
Allen, op. c i t . , p .89.
71
Camping Aims and Guides, op♦ c i t ., p . 43.
72
Gamp D irectors Association, P acific Section, lo o .
73
Ib id .. p .21.
Clair V. Langton, Orientation in School Health (New
York: Harper and Brothers, 1941) , pp.W 2^9TI
24
with hot soapy water, or a su itab le d is in fe c ta n t. ?5 v is ito r s
and cooks should each have separate la trin e s .? 5
V. FIRE PROTECTION
28. Fire procedures, equipment and f a c i l i t i e s .
Campers as well as s ta f f members should be instructed in pro
cedures to be followed in case of f i r e . Fire fighting equip
ment such as sand and water should be available at a l l times.??
A f ir e alarm system should be established as well as a f i r e
brigade.?8 Each main building should have a f ir e extinguisher
and outside hose connections with enough hose to reach every
part of the camp. ?^ Fire extinguishers should be placed a t
stra te g ic points and inspected re g u la rly . I f extinguishers are
not av ailab le, barrels of water with p a ils should be kept in
r e a d i n e s s . 80 is suggested in The Camping Magazine th a t:
75
Drought, op^. c i t . , p .40.
76
Camp D irectors Association, P a c ific Section, lo c . c i t .
77
Northway, lo c. c i t .
78
Charles B. Scully, "Protecting Summer Camps From F ire ,"
The Camping Magazine. 10:12, June, 1938.
79
Ray E. B assett, "Physical Plant Problems in Camping,"
The Camping Magazine. 15:8, December, 1943.
80
American Camping A sso c ia tio n , 0£. c i t . . p . 69.
25
In places of assembly i t i s recommended there be an
extinguisher within twenty-five feet of trav e l from any
point. If there are cabins located at some distance from
each other, an extinguishing unit should be provided for
each. . . .81
One or more two and one-half gallon extinguishers of
the chemical solution type should be provided for general
camp p rotection. The number of extinguishers depends upon
the size of the camp. Foam type extinguishers should be used
in kitchens and garages. Each camp car, truck, and motorboat
should carry a pump action vaporizing liquid extinguisher.
Extinguishers approved by the Underwriters* Laboratories
should only be u s e d . 82
29. Water, e le c tr ic ity and gasoline. Oil drums f i l l e d
with water, or sand boxes should be on hand, close to each
cabin.83 Defective switches, poorly insulated wires, storing
of lumber under cabins, e tc ., are f i r e hazards and should not
be a l l o w e d . 84 j f gasoline or kerosene are used for lig h ts or
fu el purposes, they should be kept under look and key and be
d is trib u te d by an authorized person only. These substances
should not be used fo r kitchen fuel except when approved by
Scully, lo c . c i t .
82
Ib id . , p p .11-12.
82
B a s s e tt, l o o , c i t .
84 ^ ..
Loc. c i t .
26
the Underwriters. Gasoline cans should be painted red to
identify th e ir contents.85
VI. W A TER SUPPLY
30. Water a n a ly sis. All drinking water should be
approved by the c ity , county or s ta te board of health. An
analysis should be taken p rio r to the opening of camp and
every second week th e r e a f te r .85
31. Drinking fo untains. There should be a su ffic ie n t
number of drinking fountains situ ated in a l l areas of the
caizg>.87 M aterials used in drinking fountains should be of
vitreous china or porcelain. The nozzle should be protected
by guards through which the water may project without touching
The water should sla n t upward so as to avoid contact with the
fountain. The bowl should be large enough to handle the flow
of water and be easy to c l e a n . 88 when pumps are used fo r
drawing water, a fountain can be a t t a c h e d . 89
Gamp Directors Association, P acific Section, op.
c i t . , p . 25.
86
Ib id .. p . 19.
87
Gamp ing Aims and Guides. op . c i t .. p .44.
88
Langton, o£. c i t . , p . 289.
Gamp D irectors Association, P a c ific Section, op.
c i t .. p . 20.
27
02. T oilet water supply. Where flush t o i l e t s are
in operation, at le a s t f if ty gallons of water per person
must be a v a ila b le .80 The sewage disposal system should not
be near the drinking water supply.91 Concerning th is .
Drought remarks:
Latrines and septic tanks should be located below
the source of water supply fo r drinking and washing pur
poses, o r fa r enough away to prevent any possible con
tamination. All such stru ctu res should be placed a
minimum of one hundred fe et away from water areas used
fo r domestic purposes and swimming.92 ,
33. Water used in wash house. Wash houses should
be equipped with showers and washing f a c i l i t i e s , with hot and
cold running water provided a t a l l tim es.83 Washing f a c i l i
t i e s should be provided near the t o i l e t s , and be complete
with liq u id or powdered soap dispensers and paper tow els.84
The water should be placed near the door of the l a tr in e .
Running water should be used in place of wash basins. I f
wash basins are used, they should be scrubbed d a ily .85
34. Showers. There is a variance of opinion as to
Ib id . . p .19.
91
Allen, 0£ . P i t ., p .82.
92
Drought, og^. P i t . , p. 22.
93
Camping Aims and Guides, op. c i t . , p. 12.
94
Langton, lo c . c i t .
95
Gamp Directors Association, P a c ific Section, lo o .
c i t .
28
the number of shower heads required per person in a oamp.
One author suggests that there be one shower head to every
ten or fifte e n p e r s o n a . 86 Another suggests th at there should
be one shower head for every twenty campers.87
35. Waste w ater. Waste water should be disposed of
through an underground disposal system. This system should
be checked regularly to insure e ffic ie n t o p eratio n .88
VII. W ATERFRONT
All swimming areas should be under the supervision of
a person holding a waterfront safety in s tru c to r’ s c e r tif ic a te
from the American Red Gross, or i t s equivalent.89 American
Red Cross standards should be used on a l l phases of the water
f r o n t . S w i m m i n g water should be te ste d for b a c te ria l
count.101
96
Playground and Recreation Association of America,
op. c i t . , p p .418-419.
97
P acific Camping Association, Gamp Evaluation Form,
op. c i t . , p .10.
98
Camp D irectors Association, P a c ific Section, lo o *
c i t .
99
American Camping Association, op_. c i t ., p .67.
100 Chicago Council of Social Agencies and George Wil
liams College, op. c i t ., p . 12.
101
Loo. 01t .
29
36. R ales. D efinite ru les should he developed and
posted advising v is ito rs of the proper use of w aterfront
f a c i l i t i e s , 102
37. Equipment. All types of li f e saving equipment
should be immediately av ailab le. This equipment should be
kept in good order a t a l l tim e s.100 "Bamboo poles, l i f e
buoys, and an emergency boat should always be ready and ac
cessible. A f i r s t aid k it should be placed near the swimming
a r e a . "104 Waterfronts or pools should be equipped with essen
t i a l m aterials such as ring buoys, heaving lin es, grappling
iron s, and a p o le .10^
38. Life guards. One li f e guard to every ten swimmers
is adequate supervision.105, 10 7
39. Swimming period. Every author consulted agreed
th at the swimming period should not exceed th ir ty m inutes.100
102
Northway, 0£ . c i t . , p .44.
Vetter, op. c i t . , p .3, Appendix: 1.
104
Northway, op^. c i t . , p .46.
105
American Red Gross, Life Saving and Water Safety
(Philadelphia; P. B lakiston’s Son an d üo rap any, 193 7) , ~ pp .4'2-44
Gamp Directors Association, P acific Section, op.
c i t ., p .24.
1 0 7
Northway, o£. c i t . , p .44.
108
American Camping A sso c ia tio n , lo o , c i t .
30
Soap baths should not be allowed where campers s w i m . 109
least two hours should elapse a fte r a meal before campers
are allowed to go swimming. HO
40. Swimming area. The bottom of the swimming area
should have a gentle slope, with no holes or sudden drops,
and no rocks, glass, logs or other hazards. The bottom
should be composed of firm sand, gravel or s h a l e . m
41. Classifying swimmers. All campers and s ta f f mem
bers should be c la s s ifie d as to swimming a b ility , and should
be confined to specific clearly marked areas in the w ater.H 2
Beginning swimmer area, shallow swimmer area, deep swimmer
area, and open water swimming area are valid c la s s if ic a
t i o n s . H3 Pools and tanks should lim it bathing to certain
areas by plain markings in inset t i l e or p rin ted l e t t e r s ,
such as "Shallow End," "Deep End." The maximum and minimum
depths should also be indicated in the same way.H4
Camp D irectors Association, P acific Section, op.
c i t . , p .20.
Allen, op. c i t . , p .97.
111
American Red Cross, Life Saving and Water Safety,
op. c i t . , p p .28-29.
112
V etter, lo o . c i t .
113
Northway, op. c i t . . pp.43-44.
114
American Red Gross, Life Saving and Water S afety,
op. P i t . , p .31.
31
42. Qheeking the swimmers. Many d iffe re n t systems
are used to check on the swimmer while he is in the water.
The buddy system has proven to be the most effective for the
control of large or small organized groups. A system of
checking bathers in or out may also be used. A check board
with d iffe re n t checks, which the swimmer turns over as he
enters the water, and then turns again as he leaves the water,
is known as the checking system. Colored caps are often
found h e lp fu l.H b
The investigator fe els that the check system is inad
equate when used alone, as there is no check on the swimmer
while he is in the water. The check system, supplemented by
the buddy system is excellen t. The cap system is good only
fo r the purpose of checking on swimmers in certain areas. Its
main purpose is to see th at swimmers do not leave th e ir desig
nated areas. This f a lls short of an actual check.
43. Distance swimming. Distance swimmers should be
accompanied by a boat manned by a Red Cross Senior Life Saver
and an experienced o a r s m a n . ^^5
44. Diving depth of w ater. There should be a minimum
1 1 5
I b id . , p p .53-54.
1 1 6
V e tte r, lo c . c i t .
32
depth of eight feet of water for platforms which are three
fe et above the water le v e l. For a diving board ten feet
high, there should be a minimum depth of ten fe et of w ater.H ?
If there are two spring boards, the point a t which divers
enter the water should be at le a s t ten fe et a p a rt. H8
Diving boards and platforms should not be placed on
flo atin g stru ctu re s, but on firm, rig id stru c tu re s. Cocoa
matting should cover the diving platform and boeirds to do
away with slip p e rin e ss .H 9 Diving platforms which have
spring boards on them should be put together with galvanized *
iron bo lts because of the constant v i b r a t i o n . H i g h diving
boards over ten feet above the water should be elim inated.121
45. Boating. All boating should be handled by an
American Red Gross Water Safety In stru cto r, or someone with
117
American Red Cross, Swimming and Diving (Philadel
phia: B. B lakiston’ s Son and Company, 193$), pp7246-249.
118
American Red Cross, Life Saving and Water Safety,
op. c i t . , p .36.
119
American Red Cross, Swimming and Diving, op. c i t .,
p p .252-255.
120
American Red Cross, Life Saving and Water Safety,
lo c . c i t .
121
J . Edward Sanders, Safety and Health in Organized
Camps (New York: National Bureau of Casualty and“ §’ urety
Underwriters, 1931), p . 126*
23
equivalent training.122 Swimming te s ts should be given for
those who are to use boats and canoes. Instructions should
also be given in handling and care of boats, how to change
p o sitio n s, e t c . , 123
46. Type of b oats. F lat bottomed boats should be
used in place of round bottomed b o a ts .124 Wooden or ste e l
boats with a i r chambers are very safe. At le a s t two-thirds
of the boat’ s occupants should be able to swim.125
47. Capacity of b o a ts. The water line of boats
should not be le ss than six inches from the gunwale when the
boat is l o a d e d . T h e capacity of the rowboat should be
painted o n .12? Before being allowed to use canoes, a rig id
canoe t e s t should be adm inistered.123
48. The p ie r. F loats, docks and other apparatus
122
Camping Aims and Guides, op. c i t ., p .49.
123
American Red Gross, Life Saving and Water Safety,
op. c i t . , pp.56 f f .
124
Foote, c i t . , p . 69.
125
Allen, og^. c i t ., p . 98*
126
American Red Cross, Life Saving and Water S afety,
op. p i t . , p . 66.
127
R ussell, 0£. c i t . , p . 12.
128
Loo. c i t .
34
Should he checked frequently fo r d e te rio ra tio n .129 Runways
and docks should he cross-planked and la id with open seams
so as to allow for good drainage. These stru ctu res should he
covered with canvas or painted. The p ie r should be low
enough to the water so that no one w ill be injured when jump
ing into the water. Frequent ladders a t varied spots on the
p ie r should be su p p lied .103
V III. PROG RA M
The program should be regulated so that campers w ill
have time for leisu re and can p a rtic ip a te in a c ti v i t i e s at
w ill. I t should also be so planned that i t is in harmony
with the energy level of the camper.1^1 Individual d i f f e r
ences should be recognized and provided fo r by choice of
a c t i v i t i e s . 1^2
49. Safety program. A good safety program should be
carried on with the te r r ito r y surrounding and including the
129
Northway, op. c i t . , p .43.
130
American Red Gross, Life Saving and Water S afety,
op. c i t ., p .29.
American Camping Association, o^. c i t . , p p .25-26.
132
Chicago Council of Social Agencies and George
Williams College, ojp_. c i t ., p . 9.
35
camp grounds as the main theme. Rock s lid e s , poison ivy,
snakes, underwater ro ots, e tc ., are safety hazards that
should be discussed in safety programs.100 F irs t aid tr a in
ing for in ju rie s and b ite s should be given a l l campers and
s t a f f .104
50. A c tiv itie s . I f horseback riding is permitted, a
trained horseman should be in charge at a l l times. No solo
rides should be a l l o w e d . I f a camp has r if le r y , the range
should be designed to insure safety. The in stru c to r should
be a q u alified member of the National R iflery Association.
All guns and ammunition should be locked a t a l l times, except
when in use. The range should only be used when the in stru c
tor is in charge.103 A twenty-two ca lib e r bolt action r i f l e
is recommended.10? Archery ranges should be well iso lated
and marked, and d efin ite ru les should be formulated govern
ing th is a c t i v i t y . 103
133
Graham, lo c . c i t .
134
Camping Aims and Guides, op. c i t . , p .46.
135
P acific Camping Association, Camp Evaluation Form,
op. c i t ., p .8.
136
R ussell, op. c i t . , p . 10.
137
Camp Directors Association, P acific Section, op.
c i t .. p . 25.
138
Northway, op. c i t . , p . 42.
36
51. Pamper fa tig u e . Physical a c tiv ity should be
controlled to the extent th a t no one reaches the point of
undue fatig u e. Prolonged competition often brings on n e r
vous and emotional s tra in . Such a c tiv itie s should be gov
e r n e d . 108 During the l a s t week of camp a c tiv i t ie s , the
program should not be strenuous because of the excitement
of going home. A minimum scheduled program is advised.
The la s t night of camp should be devoted to clean up and
r e s t before going h o m e .140
52. Campfire. Ghost s to rie s and frig h t programs
should be eliminated a t the campfire. Soothing, ra th e r than
exciting atmosphere should p r e v a i l . 141
53. Out of camp a c t i v i t i e s . D is tric ts to be v isite d
on hikes or other trip s should be inspected in advance to
insure health and safety of the adventurers.142 The factors
of nearness to drinking water, available s h e lte r and accessi
b i l i t y to telephone should govern a l l t r i p s .H 0
139
Sanders, p£. c i t . , p p .127-128.
140
Northway, o£. c i t . , p .33.
141
Camp D irectors Association, P acific Section, op.
c i t ., p . 21.
142
Sanders, og^. c i t . , p. 124.
143
Herbert J. Stack, "Setting the Stage for Camp
Safety," The Camping Magazine, 11:13, March, 1939.
37
IX. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
5 4 . Medical examination. Campers should have a th o r
ough organic examination within two weeks before a rriv a l at
camp.H^ The re s u lts of the examination should be turned
over to the camp doctor before the campers’ a r r i v a l . 1 4 5 ^
stripped examination on the day of a rriv a l should be conduc
ted by the camp doctor to detect any signs of disease which
may have arisen between the physical examination and a rriv a l
at camp.146 All s ta f f members should be required to present
a sa tis fa c to ry health history and medical repo rt.
Food handlers should have a medical examination, which
should s ta te th at they are free from a l l communicable d is
eases. This examination should be made within one week of
the camp season.14? Those who have a past history of amoebic
dysentery or typhoid fever should show proof th at they are
not c a r r i e r s .143
1 4 4
Dimock, Character Education in the Summer Camp I I ,
op. c i t ., p . 3 7 .
^40 Sanders, o£. c i t . , p . 1 2 3 .
1 4 6
Loc. c i t .
1 4 7
American Camping Association, o£. c i t . , p . 6 5 .
1 4 8
Camp D irectors Association, P acific Section, op.
c i t . , p . 18.
38
55. Doctor and n urse. There should be a reg istered
nurse or a graduate physician on the camp s t a f f . 149 ^f the
physician is not on the s ta f f , one should be available
within one hour.1^3
56. Infirm ary. There should be separate quarters to
house i l l or injured campers. This unit should include a
f i r s t aid room, an iso latio n room, bathroom and sleeping
quarters fo r the nurse or d o c to r.1^1 The infirmary should
be away from the center of camp a c t i v i t i e s , but should not
be too fa r from the k itc h e n .1^2 «Beds, in the infirmary
should not be closer together than six fe e t from side to
side and four feet from end to end. " All drugs should be
p lain ly marked and kept under lock and key. Poisons should
be placed in d iffe re n t shaped b o ttle s so th e ir contents can
be easily n o t i c e d . ^^4
149
Chicago Council of Social Agencies and George Wil
liams College, 02* o i t ., p . 12.
P acific Camping Association, Camp Evaluation Form,
op. P i t . , p . 6.
151
American Camping Association, op. c i t . , p p .55-56.
152
Elna Erving Williams, Keeping Campers F it (Hew
York: E. P. Dutton and Company, l9'34) , p.2T. ^
153
American Camping Association, o£. c i t . , p . 62.
154
W illiam s, £2* c i t . , p . 60.
39
57. F ir s t aid equipment. F irs t aid equipment should
be located at a l l s tra te g ic points in the camp, and should
be administered only by competent p e r s o n s . B o o r m a n 156
suggests that every tent or cabin should have a small f i r s t
aid k it with band-aids and a n tise p tic .
58. Records. Records of a l l accidents, individual
health, personnel, tr ip s and repair should be kept for plan
ning, adm inistration and re se arc h .15? Accident forms are
also helpful in securing suggestions fo r the prevention of
ac c id e n ts.158 Weekly weight recordings provide a valuable
index of n u tritio n a l sta tu s and h e a lth .158
5,8. Necessary f a c i l i t i e s . Arrangements for a t e l e
phone should be made i f the camp does not have one. Trans
po rtatio n should be available at a l l times in case of emer
gency, 166
155
American Camping Association, loc « c i t .
156
Dimook, Character Education in the Summer Camp I I ,
op. c i t ., p .33.
157
P acific Camping Association, Camp Evaluation Form,
op. c i t ., p . 11.
158
American Camping Association, op^. c i t . , p . 66.
159
Sanders, o^. c i t . , p .128.
P a c i f i c Camping A sso c iatio n , Camp E valuation Form,
op. c i t . , p . 8.
40
X. STAFF
S taff members should have a s ta f f cabin, and should be
allowed ample time o ff each w e e k . 1 6 1 s ta f f members should
have a period of twenty-four consecutive hours each week free
from re sp o n sib ility . I t is also recommended that an addi
tio n a l free evening weekly be g i v e n . 162 Each counselor
should have one free hour d aily fo r re s t and relaxation in
addition to the r e s t ho ur.160
6 0 . S taff cabin or room. A room should be set aside
for counselors for relaxation purposes and seclusion from
c a m p e r s . 1 6 4 An evening snack fo r the s ta ff is good as i t
provides p ro fita b le so cial contacts and frie n d lin e s s .165
6 1 . Special counselling. A s ta f f member should be
in charge of the guidance program. He must have had t r a i n
ing and experience in behavior problems and child psychology
from the standpoint of mental h y g i e n e . 1 6 6
1 6 1
Chicago Council of Social Agencies and George
Williams College, £p. c i t ., p . 19.
162
Camping Aims and Guides, op. o i t ., p . 22.
1 6 5 _
Loc. P i t .
1 6 4
American Camping Association, o£. c i t . , p . 55.
1 6 5
Camp ing Aims and Guides, op . c i t ., p. 22.
P a c i f i c Camping A sso c ia tio n , Camp E valu atio n Form,
op. c i t . , p . 3.
41
62. V ehicles. Only o f f ic ia lly designated persons
should he allowed to handle vehicles, and they should have
chauffeurs l i c e n s e s . 167
63. Campers per counselor. There should not be more
than eight campers to a counselor.168 staff members should
eat with the campers.169
64. Separate q u arte rs. Separate quarters should be
maintained for the kitchen and maintenance s t a f f to provide
re s t and privacy.1?6
XI. INDIVI3XJAL HYGIENE
65. Sleep and r e s t . Each camper should have the re
quired amount of sleep necessary to maintain health . The
booklet, Marks of Good Camping suggests:
There should be opportunity fo r s u ffic ie n t sleep and
re s t to meet the individual needs of campers, taking into
account t h e ir ages and energy le v e ls. In addition to
sleep at night, there should be provision for r e s t periods
during the day, during which no a c ti v i t i e s should be in
progress.1?1
167
Caoping Aims and Guides, o£. o i t . , p . 17.
163
American Camping Association, op^. c i t ., p . 31.
169
Camping Aims and Guides, op.■ c i t . , p . 22.
170
Ib id . , p . 11.
171
American Camping A sso c iatio n , o£. c i t . , p . 25.
42
Campers should have nine hours of sle e p ,1?^ and a
re s t period of sixty minutes every day.1 ?0
66. Daily in spectio n. The counselor should conduct
a daily inspection of his group. Observance of general ap
pearance and behavior and in q u iries regarding daily elim in
ation should be made. The counselor should report any
abnormality in the ch ild ’ s appearance. All accidents and
in ju rie s should also be reported to the camp doctor. The
174
counselor should/ not try to take the place of a doctor.
67. Sunburn. To prevent bad burns, care should be
taken to prevent an overdose of sun.l?5
68. Clothing. The campers clothing should be subject
to constant change.^?6 g}ue investig ato r recommends that the
counselor keep a daily check, especially on the younger camp
ers, concerning cleanliness of socks and underwear. Such a
check can be made educational as well as p ro te c tiv e .
69. Bathing. Each camper should have a soap bath
172
Camp D irectors Association, P a c ific Section, op.
o i t ., p . 21.
172
American Camping Association, o£. c i t . , p . 64.
174
Northway, 0£. c i t ., pp.35-27.
Ib id . , p .38.
176
Camp D irectors Association, P acific Section, op.
c i t . , p .20.
43
three times each week.^??
70. Drinking cups. Common drinking cups and common
towels should be prohibited.^?® Paper cups are advisable as
they are inexpensive and sanitary.^?8
71. Food from outside sources. Regulations, as well
as educational measures should be used to discourage between
meal eating of food received from outside s o u r c e s . 180
XII. M ETH O D OF SCORING
The scoring of th is score card is sim ilar to the score
card formulated by Professor William Ralph L a P o r t e . 1 8 1 i f
the standard being scored is fu lly met, a to ta l of three
points is recorded. If the standard is approximately met,
two p o ints are given. If fa ir ly met, the standard receives
only one po in t. A score of zero is given i f the standard is
not met a t a l l .
Some standards are e ith e r fu lly met, or not met at
a l l . Therefore, a score of three is given i f the standard
is met, and zero i f i t is not m e t..
l£C. c i t .
178
Sanders, o£. c i t . , p .124.
179
oit
Camp D irectors Association, P acific Section, lo c .
180
Sanders, o£. c i t . , p . 127.
181
William Ralph LaPorte, The Physical Education
Curriculum (Los Angeles, C alifornia: Univ e rsity o f SoutÜern
TJaTifornîa P ress, 1942), p . 71.
44
X III. SCORE CARD SENT TO LOCAL JURY
Following is the ten ta tiv e score card which was sent
to the local jury of ten persons for th e ir criticism s and
suggestions.
A SCORE C A R D COMPILED FRO M BIBLIOCRAPHIOAL SOURCES
FOR EVALUATING TH E HEALTH, SANITATION A N D
SAFETY ASPECTS O F ORGANIZED CA M PS
I. Camp Site
1. The camp is located on high ground, or on absorbent
sandy subsoil, or equipped with an adequate drainage
system.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
2. All areas of the camp are inspected for hazards previous
to the a rriv a l of campers, and at frequent in te rv a ls
th e re a fte r.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
3. Drinking and swimming water are tested by sta te labora
to rie s and meets the requirements set up by the s ta te .
(Yes—3)
Comments;
4. Camp s ite is not close to main roads, and a l l driveways
are posted with warning signs.
45
(Standard fu lly met—S; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
5. Smooth ground, clearly marked, is available fo r a l l games
and contests,
(Yes—2)
Comments:
I I . Dining Room and Kitchen
1. Dining room and kitchen are well lig h ted and v en tilated ,
with two outside exposures.
(Standard fu lly met—S; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
2, Dining room and kitchen are adeq.uately screened, kept
clean and well protected from a l l rodents and in sects.
(Yes—2)
Comments:
2. A minimum of ten fe et of floor space is allowed for each
person in the dining room..
(Standard fu lly met—2; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
4. Not more than eig h t campers and one counselor are a t one
ta b le . Campers and counselors eat together.
(Standard fu lly met—2; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
46
5. Chairs are used in the dining room.
(Chairs—2; benches—E; sto o ls —1)
Comments:
6. A ll sinks are of metal, or of wood covered with galvan
ized iron.
(Yes—2)
Comments:
7. Dishes are washed in hot soapy water, and then rinsed in
water not less than 180of.
(Yes—2)
Comments:
8. Dishes, glasses and silverware are stacked in wire bas
kets and l e f t to dry without wiping. If dish towels
are used, they are boiled d aily .
(Left to d ry --2; p a rt l e f t to dry-—E; wiped with boiled
tow els--l)
Comments:
9. A q u alified d ie tic ia n supervises the preparation of a l l
meals and sees that a l l foods are served a ttra c tiv e ly .
(Yes—2)
Comments:
10. Basic d iet for each camper is: one quart of milk, two
servings of f r u i t and two servings of vegetables daily;
four eggs per person weekly; pne or two servings of
47
meat or fis h or cheese. Bread at every meal; one
cereal a day; an adequate amount of sugar and b u tter;
and one quart of drinking water per day per person.
{Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—S or 1)
Comments:
11. Largest meal of the day is in the evening. Breakfast
is also large and eaten le is u re ly . Lunch is smallest,
meal of the day.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—S or 1)
Comments:
12. All dairy products are bought from authorized dealers
who handle only tuberculin tested herds and p asteu r
ized milk. If pasteurized milk i s unobtainable, evap-
porated or powdered milk, or c e rtif ie d milk is used.
(Yes— — 3)
Comments:
13. Milk is delivered at 50., or le s s.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
14. All le ft-o v e r foods are kept in non-poisonous, non-
rustable covered containers. Milk returned from the
table is only used for cooking purposes.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met--2 or 1)
Comments:
48
15. R efrigerators are kept at 45op., or le ss.
( Y e s -" » 3 )
Comments:
16. Storeroom is kept very oool, has provisions for v e n til
ation; is r a t proofed and measures are made to elim
inate dampness.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met--2 or 1)
Comments:
17. Garbage is kept in cans with tig h t lid s . The cans are
placed on rasied cement platform s.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
18. Garbage is disposed of each day by burying in a p i t ,
each day^ s deposit being covered with fresh earth.
When bifrying f a c i l i t i e s are not available, garbage is
burned, or disposed of by methods recommended by the
board of health.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
19. Horses, pigs and other animals are quartered not le ss
than five hundred feet from the kitchen and dining
room.
( Y e a — 3 )
Comments:
49
I I I . S leep in g Quarters
1. A minimum of four hundred oubio fe et of a i r per occupant
is in sleeping q u arters.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
2. No more than twenty persons are in a te n t, cabin or room.
(Yea—3)
Comments:
3. A minimum of th irty -th re e square fe e t per person is a l
lowed in sleeping qu arters. Floors are eighteen inches
o ff the ground.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
4. Each sleeping room has window space equal to one-eighth
the flo o r area. Windows are screened, when necessary.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met— 2 or 1)
Comments:
5. Glass windows, canvas or sh u tters are provided for pro
tection from inclement weather.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
6. Beds a lte rn a te with head and fe e t and are separated from
each other by three fe e t.
(Standard fu lly met--3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
50
7. Single cot beds, three fe et wide by six fe e t, four inches
long are used. Double deck bunks are th ir ty inches wide
and seventy-eight inches long. Twelve inches separates
the lower spring from the flo o r, with a minimum of t h i r
ty -s ix inches of space separating the lower and upper
spring. Fastened ladders are supplied. One window which
can be opened is higher than the top r a i l of the bunk.
(Single cots—3; double deck bunks standards fu lly met—2;
double deck bunks standards approximately met—1)
Comments ;
8. Beds.and m attresses are aired once every two weeks. Bedding
is aired daily, fo r two hours.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met--2 or 1)
Comments;
9. Each camper is provided with at le a s t three single blankets,
four sheets and two pillow cases.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2. or 1)
Comments;
IV. Latrine and Wash House
1. Latrines are somewhat isolated and yet not more than one
hundred fe et from sleeping quarters.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
2. Latrines and paths leading to them are well lighted at a l l
51
times,
(Yes—3)
Comments:
3. Latrines are fly proof and scrubbed d aily . Seats and
boards are scrubbed daily with hot soapy water or a
suitab le d is in fe c ta n t.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
4. At le a st one t o i l e t seat is provided for every th irte e n
campers,
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
5. P a rtitio n s of porcelain, marble, glass or b ak elite separ
ate the t o i l e t se a ts.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
6. T oilets are made of vitreous china, and the seats are
composed of g lass, b ak elite, hard rubber or other im
pervious m aterial. Vitreous china, porcelain or glass
are used for u rin a ls.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
7. Cooks have a separate la tr in e , as do v is ito r s .
(Yes—3)
Comments:
52
V. F ire Protection
1. Campers and s t a f f members are in stru cted in procedures
to follow in case of f i r e . A f i r e alarm system and
f i r e brigade has been establish ed.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met-~2 or 1)
Comments:
2. Each building has a f ir e extinguisher and is within twen
ty -fiv e fe e t of outside hose connections with enough
hose to reach every.part of^the camp. I f such equipment
is not on hand, o il drums f i l l e d with water and sand
boxes are close to each building.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met--2 or 1)
Comments:
3. Camp cars, trucks and motorboats carry pump action vapor
izing liq u id extinguishers.
(standard fu lly met—3; approximately met-^2 or 1)
Comments:
4. Underwriter approved f i r e equipment is used and inspected
re g u la rly .
(Standard fu lly met--3; approximately met—2)
Comments:
.5. Switches, wires and other e le c tr ic a l appliances are in
spected regularly.
(Yes--3)
Comments:
53
6. Gasoline and kerosene are kept under look and key and
d is trib u te d only by an authorized person. Gasoline
cans are painted red.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
VI. Water Supply
1. Drinking water is analyzed by the board of health p rio r
to the opening of the camp and every second week
th e re a fte r.
(Standard fu lly met--»3; appxomately met--2 or 1)
Comments;
2. S ufficient -drinking fountains are in a l l areas of the
camp. They are made of vitreous china or porcelain,
and the mouthpiece is protected by guards through
which the water slan ts without touching.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments;
3. F ifty gallons of water per person is available when
flush t o i l e t s are in use.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
4. Underground sewage and waste disposal systems are loca
ted a t le a s t one hundred fe e t away from water supply
fo r drinking and washing purposes, and are checked
reg u larly .
54
(Yes— — 3)
Comments:
5. Latrines are equipped with washing f a c i l i t i e s with hot
and cold running water, and liquid or powdered soap.
When wash basins are used they are washed daily .
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met--2 or 1)
Comments:
6. Showers of hot and cold running water are provided, with
one shower head for every fifte e n persons.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
VII. Water Front
1. Person in charge of swimming and boating i s a q u alified
Red Cross Water Safety In stru c to r, or i t s equivalent.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
2. Rules governing swimming and boating are p lain ly posted.
Equipment such as ring buoys, heaving lin e s , grappling
irons and poles are placed, ready for use, at the swim
ming area.
(Standard fu lly met--3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments;
3. One l i f e guard is on duty for every ten swimmers. Dis
tance swimmers are accompanied by a Red Cross Senior
Life Saver and an experienced oarsman.
.55
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—1)
Comments:
4. Soap baths are not allowed in swimming area.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
5. No swimming u n til two hours a fte r meals.
(Yes--3)
Comments:
6. Swimming periods are th ir ty minutes in length.
(Standard fu lly met--3; approximately met—2 or 1|
Comments:
7. Bottom of swimming area has gentle slope, no holes or
sudden drops, no logs, glass, rooks or other hazards.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
8. Campers and s ta f f members are c la s s ifie d as to swimming
a b ility and re s tr ic te d to sp e c ific areas in the water,,
which are clearly marked.
(Yea—3)
Comments:
9. "Buddy" system is used to check on swimmers in the water.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
10. Diving boards and platforms are covered with cocoa matting
or i t s equivalent, and are placed on firm, rig id
stru ctu re s and-put together with galvanized iron b o lts .
In case of two platform s, point of entry into the water
is ten fe e t apart.
(standard fu lly met--3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
11. Eight feet of water is provided for diving boards up to
three fe e t in height; ten feet of water fo r boards ten
fe et high. No boards are higher than ten fe e t.
(Standard fu lly met--3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments.
12. F lat bottomed row boats are used with capacity designated
on each boat. No boats go out unless tw o-thirds of oc
cupants are swimmers.
(Standard fu lly met^-3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
‘13. -Floats and docks are cross-planked, laid with open seams
and are covered with canvas, cocoa matting or i t s
equivalent, or painted. Ladders are supplied at f r e
quent in te rv a ls .
(Standard fully met--3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
14. Instru ctio n is given on handling of boats and canoes.
Only swimmers passing a rig id te s t are allowed to use
canoes.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
57
Comments:
15, Equipment and apparatus are cheeked frequently for
d e te rio ra tio n .
(Yes—3)
Comments:
VIII. Program
1. Individual differences are taken into account in plan-
!
ning the program. Campers have free time to p a r t i
cipate in a c tiv itie s of th e ir own choosing.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2)
Comments:
2. Program is planned to keep in harmony with the energy
level of the campers. The l a s t week of camp is not
strenuous, allowing plenty of time for re s t and
packing.
(Standard fu lly met--3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
3. Instruction is given to a l l campers and s ta ff members
on safety and f i r s t aid procedure.
(Yes—3; only to s ta f f members--2)
Commentë:
4. A c tiv itie s are supervised by e f fic ie n t counselors.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
58
5. Rifle and archery ranges are designed to insure safety.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
6. R iflery in stru c to r is q u alified by the National R iflery
Association. Only twenty-two ca lib er b o lt action guns
are used.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—Z)
Comments:
7. Soothing s to rie s , ra th e r than ghost sto rie s and fright'
programs are told a t camp f ir e s .
(Yes—3)
Comments:
8. Out-of-camp d i s t r i c t s to be v is ite d are inspected in ad
vance to check for nearness to drinking water, sh elter
and a c c e s sib ility to telephone.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
IX. Medical Department
1. Campers and s ta f f members have a thorough medical examin
ation two weeks before a rriv a l at camp, proof of which
is turned over to the camp doctor.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
2. Campers have a stripped examination on day of a r riv a l,
and a t frequent in te rv a ls th e re a fte r.
59
(Standard fu lly met--2; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
3. Food handlers present medical statements showing fre e
dom from communicahle diseases and no past histo ry of
amoebic dysentery or typhoid.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
4. Registered nurse or graduate physician is on camp s ta f f
or available within one hour.
(Nurse or doctor on grounds—3; available within one
hour—2)
Comments;
5. Separate quarters are maintained to house i l l campers,
which includes a f i r s t aid room, an iso la tio n room, a
bathroom, and sleeping quarters fo r nurse or doctor.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met— 2 or 1)
Comments:
6. Infirmary is away from center of camp a c tiv itie s and not
too fa r from the kitchen.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2)
Comments;
7. Beds in the infirmary are not closer than six fe e t from
side to side and four fe e t from end to end.
(Yes—3}
Comments:
60
8. B ottles are p lain ly marked and kept under lock and key.
Poisons are kept in odd shaped b o ttle s .
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2)
Comments:
9. F irs t aid equipment is located in a l l cabins and s t r a t e
gic camp points, and administered by competent persons.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comments:
10. Weekly weight recordings are taken.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2 or 1)
Comment s :
11. Records of accidents, t r i p s , re p a irs, e t c ., are kept.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—2)
Comments:
12. Telephone and tran sp o rtatio n are accessible at a l l times.
(standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—1)
Comments:
X. S taff
1. S taff members have twenty-four consecutive hours free
time weekly, in addition to one evening. One free hour
d aily, is provided besides the regular r e s t hour.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met--2 or 1)
Comments:
2. S taff members have s ta f f room or cabin. Evening snacks
are held to promote harmony.
61
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met--2)
Comments:
3. À well q u alified s t a f f member, train ed in behavior prob
lems and child psychology, is in charge of the guidance
program.
(Yes—3)
Comments:
4. O ffic ially designated and licensed persons handle vehicles
(Yes— — 3)
Comments;
5. One counselor does not have charge of more than eight
campers,
(Yes—3; nine campers—2; ten campers—1)
Comments:
6. Kitchen s t a f f has separate quarters, as does maintenance
s ta f f .
(Yes—3)
Comments:
ZX. Individual Hygiene
1. Each camper has nine hours sleep each night in addition .
to one hour r e s t period during the day.
(Standard fu lly met--3; approximately met—1)
Comments:
62
2. Campers are inspected daily as to general appearance,
behavior and daily elim ination. Abnormalities, in
ju rie s or accidents are immediately reported to doctor.
(Standard fu lly met—3; approximately met—1)
Comments:
3. Campers are watched to prevent an overdose of sun.
(Yes— -3) /
Comments:
4. Counselors check on frequency of clothes changes of
campers.
(Yes—35
Comments:
5. Campers have soap baths three times each week.
(Yes--3; twice weekly—2; once weekly—1)
Comments:
6. Common drinking cups and towels are prohibited,
(Yes—3)
Comments:
7. Food from outisde sources is discouraged,
(Yes—3)
Comments:
FURTHER SUGGESTIONS
CHAPTER I I I
CRITICISMS BY M EM BERS OF THE LOCAL JURY
The purpose of th is chapter is to present the c r i t i
cisms received from the local jury of ten camping persons,
and to summarize the changes made in the score card compiled
from bibliographical sources.
Personal interviews were held with each jury member,
at which time the proposed score card items were discussed.
A fter a l l ten,people were interviewed, changes were made in
the score card on the basis of the strength of the c ritic ism s
offered. Those interviewed were: Mrs. B. Childs, D irector of
Los Angeles Y. W . C. A. Camps; Mr. M. Goldberg, Executive Di
re c to r of Jewish Big Brothers* Association, Camp Max Btraus;
Mr. R. Gould, Executive Secretary of Woodcraft Rangers, and
President of the Southern C alifornia Camping Association; Mr.
Fred Johnson, D irector of Big Bear Boys* Camp ; Mr. J. McGif-
f in . Camp D irector of Methodist Church Camps in Southern Cal
ifo rn ia and Arizona; Mrs. E. C. Morgan, Executive Secretary
of Camp Fire G irls, Los Angeles Council; Mr. L. E. N orrie,
Executive Secretary, P a c ific Southwest Area of the Y. M. 0. A .;
Mrs. R. Prouty, Camp Supervisor and D irector of Camp Osito,
G irl Scout Camp; Mr. M. Staub, D irector of Staub Boys* Camp;
and Miss E. Tweedy, Executive Secretary of Glendale Girl Scout
64
Council, and Vice President of the Southern C alifornia
Camping Association.
The following changes made were based upon the c r i t i
cisms offered by members of the lo cal jury;
I. CA M P SITE
Item 1 - Drainage. The word "sandy" was elim inated,
as there are also other types of s o il which are absorbent.
Item 3 - Water t e s t . This item was divided, the sec
tio n on drinking water being moved to Water Supply, and the
section on swimming water being moved to Waterfront.
Item 4 - Roads and driveways. The phrase "well
lighted" was added to make th is standard more complete.
I I . DINING R O O M A N D KITCHEN
Item 1 - Lighting and v e n tila tio n . The wording was
changed to c la rify the standard.
Item 2 - Screening. The phrase "screening when necess
ary" was added as there are some sections o f the country th at
are free from insects. This is p a rtic u la rly true in high
mountain camps.
Item 6 - Sinks. "Food work tables" was added to make
th is standard more complete.
Item 2 - Dish washing. "Eating u te n sils" was added
to c la rify th is standard.
65
Item 8 - Drying kitchen u te n s ils . The jury f e l t that
i t would he permissable to dry silverware with boiled towels,
but not dishes or glassware.
Item 10 - Basic d i e t . The word "green" was added to
"two servings of vegetables" to describe the type of vege
tab les to be served.
Item 15 - R efrig e rato rs. The phrase "ice box" was add
ed, as some camps have ice boxes instead of e le c tr ic r e f r i g
eration .
I I I . SLEEPING QUARTERS
Item 2 “ Occupancy. The word "dormitory" was su b sti-
tutued for "ten t, cabin or room" as th is word conveyed the
desired meaning.
Item 3 - F lo o rs. Only when cement floors are used, is
i t perm issible for floo rs to be raised less than eighteen in
ches off the ground.
Item 2 - Beds. The jury f e l t th a t double deck bunks
did not make fo r good sleeping h ab its. Knowing th at many
camps use them, and th a t a standard fo r them is necessary,
the jury agreed to include i t , but suggested the scoring be
lowered.
Item 2 - Airing of bedding. The jury decided th at
airing bedding twice a week would be adequate. In addition.
66
the suggestion was made th a t bedding be changed once each
week.
Item 2 - Bedding su p p lies. The jury f e l t that th is
item was too d i f f i c u lt to standardize because of clim atic
d ifferen ces. Therefore, th is standard was omitted.
IV. LATRINE MD W A SH HOUSE
Item 4 - T oilet s e a ts . The jury f e l t th a t there
should be one t o i l e t seat for every ten campers.
Item 2 - P a r t it io n s . Most of the jurors f e l t th at
wood was adequate m aterial for separating t o i l e t booths.
Wood may be used, providing the base is made of an impervious
m aterial.
V. FIRE PROTECTION
The jury agreed with a l l the standards presented.
VI. W A TER SUPPLY
Item 1 ^ - Drinking w ater. The general opinion of the
jury was i f an established pipe system is used, the water
need only be checked at the beginning of the season.,
VII. W ATERFRONT
Item 3 - Distance swimming. The phrase "or i t s
67
equivalent" was added to "Red Gross Senior Life Saver" to
make th is standard more fle x ib le .
ïtem 6 _ ~ Swimming p erio d . The phrase "no more than"
was included to c la rify th is standard.
Item 12 - Boating. The jury decided th at a counselor
should be present in every boat.
It'em 14 - Boating t e s t s . The term " s a il boats "was
added to make th is standard more fle x ib le .
TTIIji. JP R D G B U Ü K
Item 4 - Counselors. The jury f e l t the words "mature
and responsible" should be added to strengthen th is standard.
Item 2 - R ifle ry . The phrase "or i t s equivalent" was
added fo r f l e x i b i lit y .
IX. MEDICAL DEPARTM ENT
Item 1 - Medical examination. The jury f e l t that a l l
examinations should be held within one week before a r riv a l
at camp.
Item 3 - Communicable d ise a se s. Some of the jury f e lt
th at there are other diseases besides amoebic dysentary and
typhoid that food handlers should not have had. Therefore,
"c a rrie rs of disease" was su b stitu ted .
Item 4 - Doctor or n u rse . The wording of this stan
dard was changed to c la rify i t s meaning.
68
Item 2 " Drags. The jury f e l t th a t i f b o ttle s of
poisons are p lain ly marked, i t would not be necessary to have
poisons in odd shaped b o ttle s . They also f e l t th a t a l l drugs
should be clearly marked.
Item 2 - F ir s t aid k i t s . The jury believed that f i r s t
aid k its should not be in the cabins. They also f e l t th at
provisions be made fo r out-of-camp t r i p s .
X. STAFF
Item 1 - Free time for counselors. The jury suggested
th a t time off for counselors be reduced s lig h tly , as the pro
posed standard was im practical.
XI. INDIVIDUAL HYGIENE
Item 2 - Hours of sle e p . The jury f e l t th at nine hours
of sleep was not adequate fo r younger campers. Therefore, the
standard was changed, se ttin g up d iffe re n t schedules of sleep
ing time for d iffe re n t age groups.
XII. M ETH O D OF SCORING
In order to make the score card more fle x ib le , the
method of scoring was slig h tly changed. Instead of l i s ti n g
the scoring under each standard, a general method of scoring
a l l standards was set up a t the beginning of the score card.
69
There are a few exceptions -to th is method. Where these ex
ceptions occur, a separate method of scoring is placed under
th at p a rtic u la r standard. However, the essence of the
scoring remains the same.
Revised score card. The score card which was revised
from the suggestions received from the local jury can be
found in Appendix B.
OBAPïER ]nr
ORITIOISMS BY M EM BERS 0? TEE EATIOmi JURY
The purpose of th is chapter is to present the c r i t i
cisms received from the national ju ry , and to summarize the
re su ltin g changes made in the score card. The forty-four
people to whom the score cards were sent were representative
of every p art of the United S tates, and sections of Canada.
Twenty-eight, or a t o ta l of six ty-four per cent of the score
cards were returned. The score card was revised on the
basis of the criticism s offered, and was then presented in
i t s fin a l objective form.
Only those standards which were changed in some form,
w ill be discussed in th is chapter.
I. C A M P SITE
Item 2 - Hazards. The m ajority of the jury f e l t th at
the content of th is standard was good. However, a few be
lieved th at some examples of the word "hazards" should be
given. Therefore, to elim inate misunderstandings, a few
examples were included in the fin a l score card.
Item 3 - Roads. Many comments were received regarding
th is standard. A majority of the jury f e l t th a t even though
a camp is near a main road, danger could be o ffs e t by good
management. A few of the jurors mentioned such camps. The
71
opinion was almost unamimous concerning the lig h tin g of camp
roads. For example, one ju ro r wrote, "W hy lig h t up the
woods? That defeats one of the purposes of camping." Anoth
er juror remarked, "Well lighted drivev/ays are certain ly not
adjuncts of the usual camp." Therefore, the item on lig h tin g
was excluded.
Item 4 - Smooth ground. The opinion was expressed by
the majority of the jury th a t some aspects of th is standard
were desirable instead of minimum. Clearly marked ground fo r
games was mentioned sp e c ific a lly . One member of the jury
brought up the suggestion th at the word " a ll" be elim inated,
as some games may be played on h i l l s , Â few of the ju rors
also commented on the ground being "smooth", and suggested
th a t the word "level" be s u b stitu te d .
I I . D I N im ROOM M D KITCHEF
Item 1 - Lighting and v e n tila tio n . A few of the
ju ro rs f e l t that th is standard was not worded c le a rly . They
suggested th at the words "at le a s t" be added to c la rify th is
statem ent. The in vestigator f e lt that such an addition
would not change the meaning of the standard, so the words
were added.
Item 2 - Screening and c le a n lin e ss. Most of the jury
f e l t th a t a separate standard for cleaning the kitchen and
72
dining room should be set up, instead of merely mentioning
that they should be kept clean. A new standard was formu
lated according to the ju ry ’ s suggestions.
A few of the jury remarked th a t screens were necessa
ry at a l l times. There is an exception to th is statement,
as high mountain camps need not have screens. This aspect
of the statement was l e f t as i t was, to keep the score card
f le x ib le .
Item 3 - Floor space. Due to a typographical error,
the word "sq^uare" was omitted. The jury commented on th is
and suggested the standard be altere d to include th is word.
Item 4 - Table se a tin g . A majority expressed the
view th at th is standard was not c le a r. As one juror remarked
concerning the statement th a t eight campers and one counselor
are at a table, " A second counselor a t a table would not
n ecessarily be a detrim ent." The other ju ro rs were also of
the opinion th at the number of persons a t . a tab le be raised
to ten. The l a t t e r h alf of th is standard concerning counse
lo rs and campers eating together was excluded, as a few of
the jury f e l t there was no connection between the statement
and the topic of the score card.
Item 5 - C hairs. Most jurors f e l t th a t the main issue
involved in th is standard was not whether ch a irs, benches or
stools should be used, but rath er th a t seat height and table
78
height be f i t t e d to the Individual campers need.
item _ 6 - Sinks and food work ta b le s . There were many
varied opinions expressed on th is standard. A few of the
jurors remarked th a t, "Sinks could be porcelain and s t i l l be
s a n ita ry ." Others mentioned reg^uirements for eating ta b le s .
Because of the difference in m aterial th at is used in sinks,
food work tables and eating ta b le s, separate standards were
formulated. A majority of the jury mentioned that tab les be
free of cracks, and constructed of hard wood. These sugges
tions were u tiliz e d in reconstructing the standard.
Item 2 ~ ])i8h washing. A majority of the jury f e l t
th a t i t would be advisable to mention th at a suitable d is in
fectan t be used where a temperature of 180op. could not be
kept at a l l tim e s .,
■ I'bsoi £ * • Drying kitchen u te n s ils . A few jury members
f e l t that th is standard could be m isinterpreted as i t was
worded, and suggested the wording be changed for c la r ity
purposes.
Item 9 - D ie tic ia n . Most of the jury f e l t th a t this
standard was highly desirable instead of minimum. One
authority made a g o o d suggestion, which was u tiliz e d , when
he said, "Proposed camp menus might be prepared by a d i e t i
cian before camp opens."
74
Item 11 - Meals. P ra c tic a lly a l l of the jury q.u.es-
tioned th is standard. Some mentioned th at the weather was
a determining fa cto r while others remarked i t was s c ie n tif
ic a lly wrong. Due to the great disagreement expressed
amongst the ju ro rs, th is standard w%s omitted.
Item 12 - M ilk. The jury agreed th at two changes be
made in th is standard. F ir s t, th at the wording be changed
fo r c la r ity , and second, th at c e rtif ie d milk be excluded.
One of the jurors remarked on the high ra te of Undulant
Fever which a rise s from milk not pasteurized. "Milk which
is not pasteurized should not be used," remarked one ju ro r.
Item 13 - Delivery of milk. Besides being delivered
at a certain temperature, the jury f e l t th a t milk should be
kept a t th is temperature u n til used. A few jurors also re
marked th at the scoring be changed on t h i s standard to a
yes or no decision.
Item 15 - R efrig eratio n . Similar to item th irte e n ,
the jury suggested the scoring be changed to a stra ig h t yes
or no answer.
Item 17 - Garbage cans. Â majority of the jury sug
gested th a t garbage cans be fly-proof. A few ju rors recom
mended th at garbage cans be cleaned d a ily . Though th is
suggestion was made by only a few ju ro rs, the in v estig ato r
f e l t i t important enough to be included.
75
Item 18 - Garbage d isp o sa l. There were so many other
methods of disposing of garbage mentioned by the jury, that
the standard was sim plified by saying th a t garbage should be
disposed of by methods recommended by the board of health.
One ju ro r mentioned that some s ta te s required garbage be
dumped fa r out into a la k e ,
Item 20 - Bining room ta b le s . A few members of the
jury f e l t that something should be said concerning the r i n
sing of tab les a f te r they are washed.
Additional standards. The jury suggested th a t addi
tio n a l standards should be included. Suggestions concerning
the.sweeping of the dining room and kitchen, the storing of
dishes and'silverw are between meals, and the use of cracked
dishes were made into standards.
I l l . SLEEP m o QUARTERS
Item 1 - Air in sleeping q u a rte rs. The majority of
the jurors f e l t that th is standard was obsolete, due to the
various types of sleeping q u arters. "Some cabins with flo o rs,
sides, and roof only, do not need th is much a ir space," re
marked on ju r o r . Another juror remarked th a t the number of
square feet needed be the only necessary measurement for ade
quacy of sleeping quarters.
Item 2 - Dormitories. Most jurors questioned th is
76
standard. The general opinion was th at dorm itories are not
consistent with camping. The jurors suggested that there
he no more than ten persons in any sleeping u n it. "Ten p er
sons are the maximum for any tent or cabin," remarked one
ju ro r.
Item 3 - Space in sleeping q u a rte rs. The majority of
the jury remarked that the number of fe et per person in
sleeping quarters was not important, i f the standard on the
distance between beds is met. The remark of one juror is
ty p ic a l of the m ajority, "This is not necessary i f number
six (three feet between beds) is met."
Item 2 - Beds. The jury suggested th a t the measure
ments for double deck bunks be omitted, as a l l beds need
not be the same size. "The important th in g ," remarked one
juror, "is that individual differences be taken into con
s id e ra tio n ."
Item 2 - Airing of bedding. A few ju ro rs f e l t that
th is standard should be more d e fin ite , due to the fact that
many beds are aired indoors. One member of the jury sugges
ted th at the phrase "out of doors" be added.
IV. LATRIEE AED W A SH HOUSE
Item 2 - Paths to l a t r i n e s . Most of the jury remarked
th a t lighting a l l paths would be d i f f i c u l t , as many camps do
not have e l e c tr ic i ty . The suggestion was offered by a few
77
members of the jury th at instead of mentioning the lig h tin g
of paths, i t should be made clear th a t paths should be
cleared of a l l o b stacles. This idea was incorporated with
item one of the same category.
Item 2 - Scrubbing of l a t r i n e s . A few of the ju rors
suggested that the scrubbing of urin als and flo ors be added
to make th is standard more comprehensive.
Item 4 - Toilet s e a ts . Most of the jury f e lt th a t
boys do not need as many t o i le ts as g i r l s . A few jurors
suggested the ra tio of one to ten fo r g i r l s , and one to twelve
for boys.
Item 2 " P a r titio n s . Many of the jurors believed th a t
th is standard was desirable and not minimum. "This seems more
elaborate than necessary," remarked one au th o rity . Another
wrote, " P a rtitio n s need not extend to the flo o r." Many sug
gested th at p a r titio n s be at le a s t twelve inches off the
flo o r and that supports be made of an impervious m aterial.
Item 6 - Construction of t o i l e t s . Most of the author
i t i e s f e l t th at th is standard was inadequate as no mention
was made of chemical t o i l e t s , or other types. The opinion
was stressed that the standard be changed to say th at t o i l e t s
meet s ta te requirements.
V. FIRE PROTECTION
Item 2 - Fire equipment. A few jury members noticed
78
that provisions were made fo r water b a rre ls, but buckets
were not included. The standard was revised to include th is
item.
Item 2 - Gasoline and kerosene. The jury f e l t that
the storage place for inflammable m aterials should be a t a
distance from other buildings. Also, gasoline cans should
meet the requirements set up by the local f i r e control laws.
Additional standards. ..The need for a standard on
high tension wires was suggested. The storing of matches
and the in s ta lla tio n of lightning rods were considered very
important additions by some members of the ju ry . The inves
tig a to r f e l t th at these suggestions were sig n ific a n t enough
to be added to the score card.
VI. W ATER SUPPLY
Item 1 - Drinking w ater. The jury f e l t th at a l l water,
even th at which comes from an established pipe,system , should
be checked p rio r to the opening of camp and every second week
th e re a fte r.
Item 2 - Drinking fo u n tain s. The m ajority of jurors
were of the opinion th at the construction of the fountains
should be excluded. "The main thing is th at there are enough
fountains in a l l areas of the camp, and th at common drinking
cups are not used," remarked one au th o rity .
79
Additional standards. The suggestion was made th a t
some p ro tection he established to prevent possible contam
ination of wells and springs.
VII. W ATERFRONT
Item 3 - Life guards. This standard was divided into
two standards in accordance with the ju ry ’ s suggestion.
Item £ - Swimming a f te r meals. Most of the jury f e l t
th a t one and one-half hours is a minimum time to wait a f te r
meals in order to go swimming.
Item 13 - How b o a ts. This standard was divided into
two standards. F lat bottomed row boats were omitted, as the
jury f e l t th at there were other types of boats which were as
safe, depending upon the body of water on which they were
used. The jury also recommended that each non-swimmer be ac
companied by a senior l i f e guard while in boats.
Item 14 - BoatIng t e s t s . The type of te s t that was
meant by " te s t" was questioned by the jury. "Boating and
swimming te s ts " was su b stitu ted .
Item 15 - Checking of equipment. Many of the jury
recommended that a record of a l l re p airs made on the water
front be kept.
Item 16 - Testing of swimming w ater. The opinion was
almost unanimous th a t swimming water should be tested
80
p e rio d ica lly a f te r the pre-camp opening t e s t .
V III. PRCGIUM
The jury f e l t th at the section on Program was weak,
as i t was d i f f i c u l t to set up standards on health , s a n ita
tion and safety re la tin g to program planning. However, they
suggested that some items were suited to other sections of
the score card and should be placed accordingly.
Items 1 and 2 - Individual d iffe re n c e s. Both of these
standards were condensed and added to the sections on Campers,
formerly t i t l e d Individual Hygiene.
Item 3 - F irs t aid procedures. This item was tra n s
ferred to MedicaL Department.
Item 2 - Counselors. This item was tran sferred to
S ta ff.
Item b - R ifle and archery ranges. This standard was
tran sferred to Camp S ite .
Item 2 - R iflery in s tr u c to r . This standard was tra n s
ferred to S ta ff. The jury f e l t th at the guns used should be
of single shot type and th a t the r if le r y in stru c to r have
charge of a l l f ir e arms in camp.
Item 2 - Soothing s t o r i e s . This standard was changed
to include a l l a c ti v i t i e s before bedtime, and was tran sferre d
to the d ivisio n Campers.
81
Item 2 - Out- of-camp d i s t r i c t s . The jury f e l t th at
th is standard should be omitted as the score card deals only
with the camp proper. In order to include a l l out-of-camp
a c ti v i t i e s , th is study would have to be much more compre
hensive .
IX. MEDICAL DEPARTM ENT
Item 2 - Stripped examination. Most of the jury f e l t
th at if campers received a thorough health examination with
in one week p rio r to th e ir a r r iv a l a t .camp, a stripped ex
amination on the day of a rriv a l would be unnecessary. The
jurors were of the opinion th at the procedure of stripped
examinations was not p ra c tic a b le , and recommended a simple
inspection by the nurse or doctor shortly a f te r the a r riv a l
of the campers.
Item 10 - Weight recordings. The jury did not agree
with the standard on weekly weight recordings. One author
ity remarked, "As a minimum, bi-monthly weight recordings
are s u ffic ie n t." The other juro rs expressed sim ilar views.
Item 11 - Records. Most of the jury suggested th at
records should be kept of a l l consultations made by the
camper with the nurse or doctor.
Additional standards. The jury suggested th at a
standard be added concerning arrangements for emergency
82
h o s p ita liz a tio n . A standard concerning p riv a te p re sc rip tio n s
of campers was also added according to the suggestions o ffe r
ed by the jury.
X . THE STAFF
The jury suggested th at th is category be placed a f te r
the category on Individual Hygiene, now t i t l e d Campers.
Item 2 - Evening snacks. The jury decided th a t the
reference to evening snacks held for counselors was a d e s ir
able standard, not minimum. This standard also did not have,
d ire c t bearing on the h ealth , san itatio n or safety aspects
of camps.
Item 2 - Behavior problems. This standard was con
sidered d esirab le, not minimum. Most a u th o ritie s f e l t that
a l l counselors should have some degree of knowledge of be
havior problems.
Item 2 - Camper-Counselor r a tio . Most of the jury f e l t
th at th is standard was not d e fin ite in i t s meaning, and sug
gested th at i t be changed to include camper-counselor r a tio .
Additional standards. Two standards, dealing with
mature counselors, and r i f l e r y in stru c to r, were tran sferre d
from the section on Program.
XI. INDIVIDUAL HYGIENE
The jury f e l t th a t because of ambiguity, the t i t l e of
88
th is category should be changed to Campers. The reason fo r
this change was that much of the score card was individual
hygiene, and that a separate heading of th is type would have
to include the many standards which were under more appro
p r ia te headings.
Item 2 - Sunburn. The jury f e l t that instead of
"watching" campers to prevent an overdose of sun, the process
should be made educational, and suggested they be counselled
and aided in caring for themselves. As one juror remarked,
"Let’ s not get the children into the habit of depending on
the counselor to such a large degree. One of the purposes
of camp is to teach re s p o n s ib ility ."
Item 5 - Baths. Although this item was agreed on by
most of the jury members, some good comments were offered,
which in the opinion of the in v estig ato r were sig n ifican t
enough to change the standard. "Let’ s, keep the same health
habits at camp as you would at home," remarked one of the
jury. Another said, "Why not a bath or shower every day?"
A th ird juror remarked that some camps have two swimming per
iods a day, and f e l t i t would be im practical to take three
showers or baths in addition to the swimming. These sugges
tions were taken into account when the standard was changed.
Item 2 ~ Common drinking cups. This item was tra n s
ferred to the section t i t l e d Water Supply.
84
A SCORE CA RD FOR EVALUATING TEE HEALTH, SANITATION
A N D SAFETY ASREOTS OF ORGANIZED G A M PS
Name of ca m p ................................... L o c a tio n ...............................................
Type of cam p ....................................D i r e c t o r ...............................................
Rating for season . . . . Number of campers . . . Date . .
Maximum Total
Score Card Summary Score Score
I . Camp Site .............................. 15
I I . Kitchen and Dining Room . . . . . . . 66
I I I . Sleeping Quarters...... ............. . . . . . . 18
IV. Latrine and Wash House ...............................18
V. F ire P rotection . . . . . . . . . . . 24
VI. Water Supply .................................. 18
VII. Waterfront ......................... 54
V III. Medical Department ............................42
IX. Cam pers...................................................... ........... 24
X. S taff ..............................................................21
Total Maximum Score 300 Total
Actual
Percentage Score (Actual 7 3 )»_______
TO THE CAM P DIRECTOR
Purpose of the score card. This score card is to help
evaluate the health, san itatio n and safety aspects of your
85
camp. Regardless of the type of camp, i . e . , long term,
short term, hoys’ or g i r l s ’ , th is score card can be used, as
i t is flex ib le enough to apply to a l l types of camps.
An outsider, or some other im partial person should
a s s is t you in scoring your camp to get as objective a score
as po ssib le.
If the camp does not have such equipment as a r i f l e
range or an archery range, score three on th is standard, and
any other sim ilar ones. Thus, your score w ill not be lowered
u n fa irly . The same process applies to short term camps. For
example, certain items, such as the standard which requires
th at bi-monthly.weight recordings be kept, obviously cannot
be met by short term camps.
Method of sco rin g . All items, unless otherwise speci
fied , are scored as follows: three points are allowed i f the
standard is fu lly met; two points i f the standard is two-
th ird s met; and one p oint when the standard is one-third met.
I f the standard is not met at a l l , the score is zero.
Using the maximum scores l i s te d on the preceding page
as a comparison with your to ta l score, you can easily judge
the areas where your camp needs improvement.
Starred standards. A few changes or additions were
made on the recommendation of a minority of the ju ry . Stan
dards changed or added as suggested by a minority, were s t a r
red (*), to indicate su b je c tiv ity .
86
I. Camp Site (Maximum Score 15)
1. The camp is located on high ground, or on an
absorbent subsoil, or equipped with an
adequate drainage system.
Score
2. All areas of the camp are Inspected fo r hazards
(poison oak, loose boards, e t c .,) p rio r to
the a rriv a l of campers, and at frequent in
tervals th e re a fte r.
Score
3. The camp is well protected from nearby roads,
and a l l driveways are posted with warning
signs.
Score
4. Levelled playing space is av ailab le for games.
Score
5. Rifle and archery ranges are designed to insure
safety.
Score
Total Score
I I . Dining Room and Kitchen (Maximum Score 66)
1. Dining room and kitchen are well lighted and
v e n tila te d , and have at le a st two outside
exposures.
Score
87
2. Dining room and kitehen are screened, when
necessary, and are well protected from
rodents and in se c ts.
Score
3. Dining room and kitchen are swept thoroughly
a f te r each meal, and scrubbed frequently.
Score
4. A fter each meal, the dining room ta b le s 'a re
washed with hot soapy water, and rinsed.
Score
5. A minimum of ten square feet of flo o r space is
allowed for each person using the dining room.
Score
6 . Not more than ten persons eat at one ta b le .
Score
7. Table height and sea t height are adjusted to
f i t the needs of the campers.
Score
8 . All sinks are of metal, or are covered with
galvanized iron, or composed of other non-
ru stab le, impervious m aterials.
Score
9. .Food work tab les are of hard wood, free of
cracks, or of impervious m aterials. Eating
tables are varnished.
Score
88
10. F a c ilitie s for storing or covering dishes,
glassware and silverware between meals are
provided. Cracked dishes, po ttery and
glassware are not used."^
Score
11. Dishes and eating u te n sils are w ashd in hot
soapy water, and then rinsed in water not
less than 180op., or water containing a
suitable d isin fe c ta n t.
Score
12. Dishes, glassware and silverware are stacked
in wire baskets and l e f t to dry without
wiping. If silverware is wiped, only clean
boiled towels are used for each dishwashing.
Score
13. All menus have been approved by a q u alified
d ie tic ia n .
Score
14. Basic d ie t for each camper is : one quart of
milk, two servings of f r u i t and two servings
of green vegetables daily; four eggs per p er
son weekly; one or two servings of meat or
fis h or cheese d a ily . Breat at every meal;
one cereal a day; an adequate amount of sugar
and b u tter; one quart of drinking water per day.
Score
89
15. All dairy products are bought from authorized
’ dealers. Only pasteurized milk from tuber
culin te ste d herds is used. I f pasteurized
milk is unobtainable, evaporated or powdered
milk is used.
Score
16. Milk is delivered at 50o p ., or le ss, and is
kept a t the same temperature, or below, u n til
used.
(Yes—8; No—0)
Score
17. All le ft-o v e r foods are kept in non-poisonous,
non-rustable covered containers. Milk re
turned from the table is used only for cook
ing purposes.
Score
18. R efrigerators or ice boxes are kept at 45°?.,
or le s s .
(Yes—3; No—0)
Score
19. The storeroom is kept very cool, has adequate
v e n tila tio n to avoid dampness, and is ra t
proofed.
Score
90
20. Garbage is kept in fly proofed cans with
tig h t lid s . Garbage cans are cleaned
daily , and are placed on raised cement
(or other non-absorbent) platform s.
Score
21. Garbage and waste paper are disposed of daily
by methods recommended by board of health. •
Score
22. Horses, pigs and other animals are quartered
not less than five hundred fe e t from the
dining room and kitchen.
Score
Total Score
I I I . Sleep ing Quarters (Maximum Score 18)
1. Each sleeping room, has window space equal to
one-eighth the floo r area. Windows, which
t ^
are screened, when necessary, have glass,
canvas or sh u tters for protection from in
clement weather.
Score
2. No more than ten persons sleep in any te n t,
cabin or room.
Score
0. Floors are eighteen inches off the ground.
91
except when made of cement.
Score
4. Beds a lte rn a te head with fe e t, and are separ
ated from each other by three fe e t.
Score
5. Sturdy beds, meeting individual needs are used.
(Single cots used--3; double deck bunks—1)
Score
6. Beds and m attresses are aired out of doors once
every two weeks. Bedding is changed once a
week, and aired twice weekly.
Score
■ Total Score
IV. Latrine and Wash House (Maximum Score 18)
1. Latrines are somewhat iso lated, and yet not
more than one hundred-fifty fe e t from sleep
ing q u arters. Paths leading to them are
unobstructed.
Score
2. Latrines are fly proof and are scrubbed daily .
Seats, boards, u rin als and flo ors are scrubbed
daily with hot soapy water, or a su itab le d is
in fe c ta n t.
Score
92
3. Latrines are equipped with hand washing f a c i l i
tie s and liquid or powdered soap. When wash
basins are used, they are scrubbed d aily .
Score
4. One t o i l e t seat is provided fo r (a) every ten
g i r l s , and (b) every twelve boys. Mainten
ance s ta f f have separate la tr in e s , as do
v i s i t o r s .
Score
5. P a rtitio n s are twelve inches off the flo o r, and
supports are of impervious m aterial.
Score
6. Flush t o i l e t s , chemical to i le ts or p i t p riv ie s
are constructed according to requirements set
up by the board of h ealth.
Score
Total Score
T. Fire Protection (Maximum Score 24)
1. Campers and s ta f f members are in stru cted in
procedures to follow in case of f i r e . A f ir e
. alarm system and f i r e brigade are organized.
Score
2. Each building has at le a s t one extinguisher and
is within twenty-five feet of outside hose
connections, with an adequate amount of h o se ..
98
I f such equipment is not p ossib le, o i l drums
f i l l e d with water, and buckets, plus sand
boxes are close to each building.
Score
3. Underwriter approved f i r e extinguishers,
switches, wires and other e le c tr ic a l ap p li
ances are used and inspected regu larly .
Score
4. Gamp cars, trucks and motorboats carry pump
action yaporizing liq u id extinguishers.
Score
5. High tension wires are located in iso lated areas.
.Score
6. Gasoline and kerosene are kept under lock and
key at a storage place away from buildings,
and d istrib u te d only by an authorized person.*
Gasoline cans are painted red and meet the
requirements of local f i r e control laws.
Score
7. Campers are in stru cted in risk s of lightning.
Where appropriate, lightning rods are on
enough large buildings to house a l l campers
during severe storm s.*
Score
94
8 . Loose matches are kept in tin boxes. Only
authorized persons have access to matches,
o i l lanterns and lamps. *
Score
Total Score
VI. Water Supply (Maximum Score 18)
1. Drinking water is analyzed by the board of
health p rio r to the opening of the camp, and
every second week th e re a fte r.
Score
2. Weils or springs are located and constructed
to preclude th e ir pollution by seepage or
drainage from any source.*
Score
3. . S u fficient drinking fountains are on a l l areas
of the camp. Common drinking cups are pro
h ib ite d .
Score
4. F ifty gallons of water per person per day are
available when flush t o i l e t s are in use.
Score
5. Underground sewage and waste disposal systems
are located at le a s t one hundred fe e t away
from the water supply for drinking and wash
ing purposes, and are checked reg u larly .
Score
95
6 . Showers of hot and cold running water are
provided, with ore shower head for every
fifte e n persons.
Score
Total Score
VII. Waterfront (Maximum Score 54)
1. Person in charge of swimming and boating is
a q u alified Red Gross Water Safety Instruc
to r, or i t s equivalent.
Score
2, Rules governing swimming and boating are
p lain ly posted. Equipment such as ring
buoys, heaving lin e s, grappling irons and
poles are placed, ready for use, at the
swimming area.
Score
3. A properly equipped boat is specified and used
fo r p a tro llin g and l i f e saving purposes only.
Score
4. One l i f e guard is one duty for every ten swim
mers.
Score
5. Distance swimmers are accompanied by a boat
carrying a Red Gross Senior Life Saver, or
equivalent, and an experienced oarsman.
Score
96
6. M o swimming is perm itted u n til one and one-half
hours a f te r meals.
Score
7. Swimming periods are no more than th ir ty min
utes in length.
Score
8 . Bottom of the swimming area has gentle slope,
no holes or sudden drops, no logs, glass,
rooks or other hazards.
Score
9. Campers and s t a f f members are c la s sifie d as
to swimming a b ility and re s tr ic te d to speci
f ic , clearly marked areas in the water.
Score
10. Buddy system is used to check on swimmers.
Score
11. Diving boards and platform s are covered with
cocoa matting, or i t s equivalent; are placed
on firm rig id stru c tu re s, and put together
with galvanized iron b o lts . In ease of two
platform s, points of entry into the water are
ten fe e t apart.
Score
IE. A water depth of eight fe e t is provided for
diving boards up to three feet in height;
97
ten fe e t of water fo r "boards ten fe et high.
M o hoards are higher than ten fe e t.
Score
13. Row boats have capacity designated on each
boat.
Score
14. M o boats go out unless tw o-thirds of the occu
pants are swimmers, each non-swimmer being
accompanied by a Senior Life Guard. lo boats
go out unless accompanied by a counselor.
Score
15. In struction is given on handling of boats and
canoes. Only swimmers passing a rig id swim
ming and boating t e s t are allowed to use
canoes and s a i l boats.
Score
16. F loats and docks are cross planked, laid with
open seams and are covered with canvas,
cocoa matting, or i t s equivalent,, or painted.
Ladders are supplied at frequent in te rv a ls.
Score
17. Equipment and apparatus are checked frequently
for d e te rio ra tio n , and records are kept of
a l l re p a irs.
Score
98
18. Swiming water is tested by the board of
health p rio r to the a rriv a l of the camp
ers, and at frequent intervals th e re a fte r.
Score
Total Score
VIII. Medical Department (Maximum Score 42)
1. Campers and s ta f f members have a thorough
health examination within one week before
a rriv a l at camp, proof of which is sub
mitted to camp nurse or doctor. Food
handlers present statements showing freedom
from communicable diseases.
Score
2. Campers are given a health inspection by the
camp nurse or doctor on day of a r r iv a l and
at frequent in te rv a ls during the season.
Score
3. A graduate physician is on the camp s t a f f .
I f only a nurse is presen t, a doctor is
available within one hour.
Score
4. The infirmary is away from center of camp
a c t i v i t i e s , and not too fa r from the kitchen.
Score
99
5. The infirmary provides a f i r s t aid room, an
iso la tio n room, a bathroom, and sleeping
quarters for the nurse or doctor.
Score
6 . Arrangements are made for emergency h o s p ita l
ization of campers. Parents are informed
of such arrangements p rio r to the opening
of the season.
Score
7. Beds in the infirmary are not closer than six
fe et from side to side and four fe e t from
end to end.
Score
8 . All drugs are p la in ly marked and kept under
lock and key.
Score
9. All campers’ personally prescribed medicines
are administered under supervision of the
camp nurse or doctor.*
Score
10. F irs t aid equipment is located at s tra te g ic
camp points.and administered only by compe
te n t camp persons. All out of camp groups
are supplied with adequate f i r s t aid equipment.
Score
100
11. Instruction is given to a l l campers and s t a f f
members on safety and f i r s t aid procedures.
Score
12. Bi-monthly weight recordings are taken.
Score
13. Records are kept of each consultation made by
the camper and nurse or doctor. W ritten
accident reports are kept.
Score
14. Telephone and emergency transpo rtatio n are
available a t a l l times.
Score
Total Score '
1%. Pampers (Maximum Score 24)
1. Only those a c ti v i t i e s which are not emotionally
or physically stim ulating are conducted before
bedtime.
Score
2. .Campers under the age of eleven years have a
minimum of ten hours of sleep. Those over
eleven have a minimum of nine hours of sleep.
In addition to the above, a daily one hour
r e s t period is provided.
Score
101
3. The campers program is planned in accordance
with the re s u lts of the h ea lth examination.
Score
4. Campers are checked daily as to cleanliness
and h e a lth h a b its, and are continuously ob
served for indication of sig n ifican t symptoms.
Abnormalities, in ju rie s , and accidents are
immediately reported to the nurse or doctor.
Score
5. Campers are counselled and aided to prevent an
overdose of sun.
Score
6 . Counselors.check on frequency of clothes changes
of campers.
Score
7. A shower, bath or swim is taken by each camper
d a i l y .*
Score
8 . Food for individual campers from outside
sources is discouraged.
Score
Total Score
X. S taff (Maximum Score 21)
1. The counselor’ s free time consists of a weekly
■ I
10 E
period of twenty-four oonseoutive hours.
In addition, two free hours daily are
arranged.
Score
E. S taff members have a s ta f f room, ten t or
cabin for th e ir use only.
Score
3. All camp a c tiv itie s are supervised by mature,
responsible and e ffic ie n t counselors.
Score
4. E iflery in stru c to r i s q u alified by the Rational
R iflery Association, or i t s equivalent, and
is in charge of a l l f ir e arms in camp. Only
twenty-two calib er, single shot, b o lt action
guns are used.
Score
5. The ra tio of campers to counselors is no more
than eight to one.
Score
6 . Only o f f ic ia lly designated and licensed persons
handle vehicles.
Score
7. Kitchen s ta f f have separate q u arte rs, as does
the maintenance s t a f f .
Score
Total Score
GHAPTER 7
S r O M & L A J B D T , G ()I50:L T ]S ]O ]& E ; j & J B ] ) I lE X ]()5 I W 0 E % K I )jL T :[(} B : 3
I .
The purpose of th is study was to formulate a score
card for evaluating the health, sanitation and safety aspects
of,organized camps. After a te n ta tiv e score card was com
piled from b ibliograp hical sources, personal interviews were
held with ten lo cal camping people to get th e ir views and
criticism s on the proposed standards. The score card was
then revised according to the suggestions received from the
local ju ry . The score card was then sent to a national jury
of forty-four camping a u th o ritie s in the United S tates and
Canada for fu rth e r c ritic ism s. Twenty-eight, or a to ta l of
six ty -fo u r per cent of the score cards were returned. The
fin a l score card was then formulated into i t s fin a l form to
conform with the suggestions of the n atio n a l jury.
The suggestions offered by the tw o,juries were very
s ig n ific a n t, as ninety per cent of the o rig in al standards
were revised or changed in some form. These changes helped
increase the f l e x i b i l it y of the score card to permit i t s
use in any section of the United S tates and Canada. The
score card can be used to evaluate a l l d iffe re n t types of
organized camps.
104
I I . COROLUSIORS
The comments of the jury members concerning the study
indicate the need fo r the type of measuring device formulated
in th is study. The investigator fe e ls that the score card
compiled in th is study may he the beginning of sim ilar stud
ies covering other phases of camping. The point of primary
importance, however, i s th a t a measuring device be used in
determining the adequacy of the health, san itatio n and safety
aspects of camps.
So f a r as the in v estig ato r can determine, th is score
card is the f i r s t type of objective measuring device ever set
up in the camping f ie ld . Such a device can be of value in
many ways. The experienced camp d ire c to r can score his camp
to see the existing d efic ie n cies. With these d eficien cies
exposed, the d irecto r knows exactly which p a r tic u la r area or
aspect of his camp needs immediate a tte n tio n .
The new camp d ire c to r preparing to open a camp, can use
the score card as a guide in se ttin g up the h e a lth , san itatio n
and safety aspects of his camp. For example., the score card
would suggest th at the d ire c to r choose a s ite which is reason
ably high ground or on an absorbent subsoil, to insure good
drainage; has level playing space for games; is protected from
nearby roads and n atu ral hazards such as poison ivy and pro
jecting ro o ts. If a new kitchen and dining room were to be
10 5
constructed, such factors as lig h tin g , v e n tila tio n , size,
equipment and f a c i l i t i e s would have to be taken into account.
If the kitchen and dining room were already constructed,
changes could be made to meet the necessary requirements as
set up in the score card.
The same procedure could be conducted, on arranging
f a c i l i t i e s for sleeping quarters and the l a t r i n e and wash
house. The size of each structure; the re la tio n of the l a
trin e to the wash house; the adequacy of running water and
sewage disposal should be taken into consideration.
The necessary equipment for p rotection from f i r e is
an important point to consider. High tension wires should
be at a safe distance from camp.
k good water supply for drinking and swimming purposes
is necessary, and the a v a ila b ility of such water should be
checked by the prospective d ire c to r. Proper equipment for
l i f e saving purposes should be purchased, to insure safety on
the waterfront or swimming pool.
Many camp d irec to rs may not re a liz e the importance of
having an infirmary, equipped with necessary medical supplies,
and a nurse or doctor.
An equally important item to be considered is the camp
er and his counselor. Many d irec to rs may have no idea of how
many campers there should be to each counselor, or what the
106
d uties of the counselor should be in protecting the health
of the campers.
Considering these various po ints, the d irec to r can
assume th at his camp w ill be safe in respect to the health,
san itatio n and safety aspects.
I I I . RECOMMERDATIOMS
1. The in v estig ato r fe e ls th at the score card should
now be put to p ra c tic a l use in order to determine scoring
averages. This may best be done by having as many camps as
possible grade themselves. By taking the average score of
a l l camps, a certain number of p oints, or percentage, can be
formulated to designate what would co n stitu te a f a ir , good,
excellent or superior camp.
2. Similar score cards involving d iffe re n t aspects
of camping, such as program, personnel, adm inistration, e tc .,
should be constructed. These various studies could be com
bined and formed into one score card. This to ta l score card
could then be used to evaluate a l l phases of ch ild ren s’ camps.
3 . Due to the varied types of camps, individual stud
ies could be devoted to each separate type of camp. Standards
could then be more d ire c t, as the range of f le x i b i l it y would
be diminished. The less f l e x i b i l i t y the standards would have
in such a study, the more value i t would be to the camp
d ire c to r.
107
4. The score card can be used by local sta te health
a u th o ritie s , boards of education, or sections of the Ameri
can Camping Association, to evaluate the camps under t h e i r
supervision.
5. The American Camping Association could use the
score card as a requirement for admission to th e ir organi
zation. The Association could publish the score card, and
d is trib u te it to prospective members, as well as th e ir own
members, and require th a t each camp t o t a l a desirable mini
mum score to be e lig ib le for admission.
BIBLIOGRiPHY
109
A . BOOKS
Allen, Hazel K., Gam ps and Their Modern Adm inistration. M ew
York: The Womans Press ,"T9BÜ*. lEüpp ,
Discusses the various phases of camp adm inistration,
such as the camp s i t e , food, business procedures, fees,
s ta f f , san itatio n and other aspects.
American Camping Association, Marks of Good Camp ing . M ew
York: Association P ress, l911. ül^pp.
A monograph which gives standards set up by the Workshop
on Gamp Standards in cooperation with the W . K. Kellogg
Foundation. Covers various phases of the camp.
American Red Gross, Life Saving and Water S afety. P h ilad el
phia: P. B lakiston’ s Son and Company, In c ., 1937. £67pp.
Discusses a l l types of safety measures to be used in the
water, how to use small c ra ft, and how to execute the
various methods of l i f e saving.
_______ , Swimming and Diving. Philadelphia; P. B lakiston’s
Son and Company, In c ., 1938. S71pp.
I l l u s t r a t e s d iffe re n t types of swimming and-the correct
ways to swim. Diving is also discussed along with the
safety measures to be followed.
Camp D irectors Association, P acific Section, Handbook for
Gamp Counselors. Oakland, C alifornia; Mr. Homer Bemiss,
T93ÏÏ. T4pl":-----
Deals with a l l phases of camping, with emphasis on health
and safety. Such topics as adm inistration, the child,
and q u a lific a tio n s of camp counselors are fu lly discussed.
Camping Aims and Guides. M ew York; Committee on Camping,
Chlldreli’ s Welfare Federation of M ew York City, 1942.
63pp.
Discusses personnel, program, health, s ite and equipment,
and other aspects of the camp, se ttin g up desirable guides
for each phase of the camp.
Drought, R. Alice, A Camping Manual, lew York:'A. S. Barnes
and Company, 19431 léVpp.
110
Supplies information on various subjects re la tin g to
camping, explaining the whys and hows of camp procedures
and ad m inistration ,
Langton, C lair V ., O rientation in School Health, lew York:
Harper and Brothers, 1941. "T’ SOpp.
Written fo r healthfu l school liv in g , but gives basic
fa c to rs on san itatio n and safety which can be applied to
camping.
LaPorte, William Ralph, The Physical Education Curriculum.
Los Angeles, G alifo rn ia; ÿhe Univ e rs ity of Southern Gal-
if o m ia P ress, 1942. 98pp.
A thoroughly graded curriculum, flex ib le enough to apply
to the ordinary type of school. Elementary and secon
dary score cards are included.
lorthway, Mary L ., e d ito r, Charting the Counselor’s Course,
lew York; Longmans, Green and Company , 1940. IlBpp.
P resents tip s and h in ts to counselors on a l l phases of
camp l i f e . A section i s devoted to the health and safety
aspects of camping.
P a c ific Canning Association, Camp Evaluation Form. Alisomar,
C alifornia; P acific Camping Associaiio n , 1941. 12pp.
Sets up desirable standards for camping in a form which
may be used as a device to evaluate camps.
, Codification of Camp Standards. P acific Camping
Association T ïp p .
L ists desirable standards for camps.
Playground and Recreation Association of America, Camping Out,
lew York; The Macmillan Company, 1924. 636pp.
A study of camps which can be used as a source of informa
tion for persons conducting camps. Also good f o r college
Courses train in g camp leaders.
Sanders. J . Edward, Safety and Health in Organized Camps, lew
York; Rational Bureau of 'Casualty and Surety Underwriters,
1931. 133pp.
A research study showing figures received from many camps
I l l
on safety and health . Remedial measures are suggested.
Williams, Elenà Irving , Keeping Campers F i t , lew York:
E. 0. Dutton and 0o m p a n y in o ., 1934. 227pp.
Acts as a nurse’ s handbook, te llin g amount of medical
supplies needed, types of supplies, and furnishings for
infirmary. Hints are also given fo r the treatm ent of
simple eases.
B. PERIODICAL ARTICLES
B assett, Ray E ., ’’Physical Plant Problems in Camping," The
Camping Magazine, 15:7-8, December, 1943.
R ussell, Wilbur S., "Camp S afety," The Camping Magazine,
11:10-13, October, 1939.
Scully, Charles B ., "Protecting Summer Camps From F ire ,"
The Camping Magazine, 10:11-12, June, 1938.
Stack, Herbert J . , "Setting the Stage fo r Camp Safety," The
Camping Magazine. 11:11-16, March, 1939.
C. PARTS OF SERIES
Chicago Council of Social Agencies and George Williams Col
lege, Character Education in the Summer Camp I I I . M ew
York: Association P ress, 1935. 50pp.
Reports of the six th annual Camp I n s titu te , dealing
with standards in the summer camp, and the need fo r
camp in g .
Dirnock, Hedley S ., ed ito r. Character Education in the Sum
mer Camp I I . Report of I n s t i t u t e h e l d at Y. M. 'C. A.
College, Chicago. M ew York; Association P ress, 1931.
47pp.
Report of an in s titu te on camping, discussing i t in i t s
various aspects. Guidance and supervision are dealt
with.
> Flitting Standards Into the Summer Camp. Character
Education in the Summer Camp. M ew York: Association
Press, 1936. 64pp.
112
Report of the seventh annual Camp -In stitu te, presenting
oase studies of various camps, and the community aspects.
Graham, Abbie, and others, Appraising the Summer Camp. Char-
• a c te r Education in the Summer Camp 7. M ew York: Associa
tion Press, 193 7. 52pp.
Report of the eighth annual Camp In s titu te , which sets up
a group of standards to be followed by camps. Assets of
camp in l i f e are also discussed.
D. PUBLICATIOMS OF lEARM ED ORGÆIEATIOMS
7 e tte r, Ray A., and Solomon, Julian H ., Digest of Laws Affec-
tin g Organized Camping. Chicago: Uniteà StâTes Depart
ment of the I n t e r io r , natio nal Parks Service, 1929.
113pp.
Gives laws used in various s ta te s which apply to the
various phases of camping#
E . UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Foote, Doreen H ., "Minimum Standards in Organization Gamps
For G irls ." Unpublished Master’ s th e s is . The U niversity
of Southern C alifornia, Los Angeles, 1936. 111pp.
Landers, J u lia Partington, ’’An Evaluation of the Physical
Education Program for Physically Handicapped Children in
the Los Angeles City Schools." Unpublished Master’ s
th e s is . The University of Southern C alifornia, Los An
geles , 1945. 124pp.
M iller, Eurice, "A Survey and Evaluation of the Public
Health Service Program of the Dallas City Schools." Un
published Master’s th e sis. The U niversity of Southern
C alifornia, Los Angeles, 1939. 207pp.
Taylor, James S ., ’’A Study of the Troop Camping Plan and I ts
Success in Realizing the Minimum Standards for Boy Scout
Camps." Unpublished Master’ s th e s is . The University of
Southern C alifornia, Los Angeles, 1937. 78pp.
APBEHDICES
114
Appendix A.
L etter to Local Jury
3624 S. McOlintoek Avenue
Los Angeles 7, C alifornia
March 29th, 1945
Mr. Fred Johnson
2046 Ridge View
Los Angeles, C alifornia
Dear Mr. Johnson:
Enclosed is the research camp m aterial discussed in
our telephone conversation of one week ago.
This information has been gathered from b ibliog raphical
sources and compiled into a score card. The purpose of
th is score card is to formulate a measuring device for
evaluating the health, sa n ita tio n and safety of camps.
Ah e ffo rt was made to keep th is score card fle x ib le
enough to apply to d iffe re n t types of camps.
Your suggestions concerning the already set up standards
would be greatly appreciated. Space beneath each stand
ard.has been a llo tte d for th is purpose.
I am looking forward to discussing th is fu rth e r with you
during our appointment on Saturday, March 21st, 1:00 P.M.,
at your o ffic e .
Thank you for a l l considerations.
Yours very tru ly ,
G ilbert A. MagIda
Appendix B. '
Tentative Score Card Sent to R ational Jury . • # * '*
Name
Position
A SCORE CA RD FOR EVALUATING THE. HEALTH, SANITATION
AND SAFETY ASPECTS OF ORGANIZED CAM PS
Method of scoring. All items, unless otherwise specified, are scored
as foTTows; three points are allowed i f the standard is fu lly met;
two points i f the standard is two-thirds met; and one point when
standard is one-third met. If standard is not met at all^ the score
is zero.
I Camp Site (Maximum Score 12) Actual Score_______
1. . The camp is located on high ground, or on absorbent suhsoil,
or equipped with an adequate drainage system.
Comments: Score
2. A ll areas of the camp are inspected fo r hazards p rio r to
the a r r iv a l of campers, and at frequent in terv als
th e re a fte r.
Comments: .. Score
3. Camp site is not close to main roads, and a l l
driveways are posted with warning signs and
well lig h ted .
Comments: Score
4. Smooth ground, c le a rly marked, is available fo r
a l l games and contests.
Comments: Score
II Kitchen and Dining Room (Maximum Score Actual 8core_
1. Kitchen and dining room are well lighted and
ven tilated , and have outside exposures on
two sides*
Comments: Score
2. Kitchen and dining room are screened, when
necessary, kept clean, and well protected
from rodents and in se c ts .
Comments: Score
3. A minimum of ten f e e t of flo o r space i s allowed
fo r each person using the dining room.
Comments: Score.
116
4. Not more than eight campers and one counselor are at
one ta b le , Campers and counselors eat together.
Comments: Score
5. Chairs are used in the dining room.
(C hairs--3; benches--2| s to o ls --1) (Do you agree
with this grading sequence?)
Comments; Score
6 . All sinks and food work tables are of metal, or of
wood covered with galvanized iron.
Comments; , Score
7. Dishes and eating u te n sils are washed in hot
soapy water, and then rinsed in water not
less than 180 degrees Parenheit.
Comments ; Score
8 . Dishes, glasses and silverware are stacked in wire
baskets and le f t to dry without wiping. If
silverware is wiped, only boiled towels are used.
Comments: Score
9. A q u alified d ie tic ia n supervises the preparation
of a l l meals and sees that a l l foods are served
a ttra c tiv e ly .
Comments; Score_
10. Basic d ie t fo r each camper is: one quart of milk, two
servings of f r u i t and two servings of green
vegetables, four eggs per person weekly, one or two
servings of meat or fis h or cheese d aily . Bread at
every meal; one cereal a day, an adequate amount of
sugar and b u tte r, and one quart of drinking water
per day.
Comments: Score
11. Largest m eal'of the day is in the evening.
Breakfast is also large and eaten le isu re ly .
Lunch is sm allest meal of the day.
Comments: Score_
12. All dairy products are bought from authorized dealers
who handle only tuberculin tested herds and
pasteurized milk. If pasteurized milk is unobtain
able, evaporated or powdered milk, or c e rtif ie d
milk is used.
Comments; Score
13. Milk is delivered a t 50° P ., or le ss.
Comments: Score
117
14. All le ft-o v e r foods are kept in non-poisonous,
non-rustable covered containers. Milk r e
turned from the table is only used for
cooking purposes.
Comments: 8c ore
15. Regrigerators or ice boxes are kept at 45® P., or
le ss.
Comments; Score^
16. Storeroom is kept very cool and has provisions
for v e n tilatio n ; is ra t proofed, and measures
are made to eliminate.dampness.
Comments; Sc or e_
17. Garbage is kept in cans with tig h t lid s . The
cans are placed on raised cement platforms.
Comments; Score^
IS. Garbage is disposed of each day by burying in
a p it, each day’s deposit being covered with
fresh earth. When burying f a c i l i t i e s .are not
available, garbage is burned, or disposed of
by methods recommended by board of health.
Comments; Score
19. Horses, pigs and other animals are quartered not
less than fiv e hundred fe e t from the kitchen
and dining h a ll.
Comments; , Score
2 0. Dining room tables are washed with hot soapy
water a f te r each meal.
Comments: 8core_
I I I . Sleeping Quarters (Maximum Score 24) Actual 8core_
1. A minimum of four hundred cubic fe e t of a ir per
occupant is in sleeping quarters.
Comments; 8core_
2. No more than twenty persons are in a dormitory.
Comments; 8core_
3. A minimum of th irty -th re e square fe e t per person
is allowed in sleeping quarters. Floors are
eighteen inches off the ground, except when
made of cement.
Comments; Score
118 # .
4. Each sleeping room has window space equal to one-*
eighth the flo o r area. Windows are screened,
when necessary.
Comments; Score
5. Glass windows, canvas, or shutters are provided
for protection from inclement weather.
Comments; Score_
6 . Beds a lte rn a te with head and feet and are separated
from each other by three fe e t.
Comments: Score
7. Single cot beds of adequate size are used,
Double deck bunks are th ir ty inches wide and
seventy-eight inches long. Twelve inches
separate the lower spring from the flo o r,
with a minimum of th ir ty - s ix inches of space
separating the lower and upper spring.
Fastened ladders are supplied.
(Single cots used—3; double deck bunks used
with standard fu lly m e t- - l; double deck bunks
used with standard approximately m e t--0 .)
Comments: Score
8 . Beds and m attresses are aired once every two
weeks. Bedding is changed once a week and
aired twice weekly.
Comments: Score
IV. , Latrine and Wash House (Maximum Score 21) Actual Score
1. Latrines are somewhat iso lated and yet not more
than 150 fe e t from sleeping quarters.
Comments: Score_
2. Latrines and paths leading to them are well
lighted at a l l times*
Comments: Score_
3. Latrines are f ly proof and scrubbed d a ily .
Seats and boards are scrubbed d aily with
hot soapy water or a suitable d is in fe c ta n t.
Comments ; 8core_
4. At least one to ile t seat is provided for every
ten campers.
Comments: Score
5. P a rtitio n s of porcelain, marble, glass or baké
l i t e separate the t o i l e t booths. Wood may
be used i f the base of the p a r titio n is made
of impervious m aterial.
Comments: Score
119
6 • Toilets are made of vitreous china, and the seats
are composed of g lass, b ak elite, hard rubber
or other impervious m aterial. Vitreous china,
porcelain or glass are used for u rin als.
Comments : Score
7.
V.
1 .
Cooks have separate la tr in e , as do v is ito r s .
Comments ;
Fire Protection (Maximum Score 18)
Score
Actual Score
Campers and s ta ff members are instru cted in procedures
in case of f i r e . A f i r e alarm system and f i r e
brigade has been established.
Comments; Sc ore
Each building .has a f i r e extinguisher and is
w ithin twenty-five fe et of outside hose
connections with enough hose to reach
every part of the camp. If such equip
ment is not on hand, o il drums f i l l e d
with water and sand boxes are close to
each building.
3.
4.
5.
6 .
V I ,
1.
Comments ;
Camp c a r s , trucks and motorboats carry pump
action vaporizing liq uid extinguishers.
Comments :
Underwriter approved f i r e equipment is
used and inspected reg u larly .
Comments :
Switches, wires and other e le c tr ic a l
appliances are inspected reg u larly .
Comments :
Gasoline and kerosene are kept under lock
and key and d istrib u te d only by an
authorized person. Gasoline cans are
painted red.
Comments :
Water Supply (Maximum Score 18)
Drinking water is analyzed by the board of
health prior to the opening of the camp
and every second week th e re a fte r. If an
established pipe system is used, a check
is taken at the beginning of the season
only.
Comments ;
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Actual Score
Score
120
2 .
3.
4.
5.
6 .
VII
1 .
2 .
S u fficien t drinking fountains are in a l l areas
of the camp. They are made of vitreous china
oil. porcelain, and the mouthpiece is protected
by guards through which water slan ts without
touching.
Comments ;
F ifty gallons of water per person is available
when flu sh t o i l e t s are in use.
Comments;
Underground sewage and waste disposal systems
are located at le a s t one hundred fe e t away
from water supply for drinking and washing
purposes, and are checked reg u larly .
Comments ;
Latrines are equipped with washing f a c i l i t i e s
with hot and cold running water, and liquid
or powdered soap. When -wash basins are used ,
they are washed d aily .
Comments;
Showers of hot and cold running water are
provided, with one shower head for
every f if te e n persons.
Comments ;
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Water Front (Maximum Score 48)
Person in charge of swimming and boating is a
qualified Red Cross Water Safety In stru c to r,
or i t s equivalent.
Comments ;
Actual Score
Score
Rules governing swimming and boating are plainly posted.
Equipment such as ring buoys, heaving lin e s , grap
pling irons and poles are placed, ready for use, at
the swimming area.
Comments; Score
3. One l i f e guard is. on duty for every ten swimmers
Distance swimmers are accompanied by a Red
^ Cross Senior Life Saver, or its e q u iv a le n t,,
and an experienced oarsman.
Comments; Score
4 , Soap baths are not allowed in swimming area.
Comments; Score
121
5. No swimming is permitted u n til two hours a fte r meals.
Comments; Score
6. Swimming periods are no more than th irty
minutes in le n g th .
Comments; Score_
7. Bottom of swimming area has gentle slope, no
holes or sudden drops, no logs, g lass, rocks
or other hazards.
Comments: Score
8 . Campers and s ta ff members are c la s s ifie d as to
swimming a b ility and r e s tr ic te d to sp ec ific
areas in the water, which are c le a rly marked.
Comments; Score
9. Buddy" system is used to check on swimmers.
Comments; Score_
10. Diving boards and platforms are covered with
cocoa matting or i t s equivalent, are placed
on firm rig id structures and put together
with galvanized iron b o lts. In case of two
platforms, point of entry into water is ten
fe e t apart.
Comments; Score_
11. Eight fe e t of water is provided for diving
boards up to three f e e t in height* ten
fe e t of water for boards ten fe e t high.
No boards are higher than ten fe e t.
C omments ; Sc or e^
12. F la t bottomed row boats are used with capacity-
designated on each boat. No boats go out
unless two-thirds of occupants are swimmers
in addition to a counselor.
Comments; 8core_
13. F lats and docks are cross planked, laid with
open seams and are covered with canvas,
cocoa matting, or i t s equivalent, or painted.
Ladders are supplied at frequent in te rv a ls.
Comments; ' Score
14. In stru ctio n is given on handling of boats and
canoes. Only swimmers passing a rig id test
are allowed to use canoes and s a il boats.
Comments; 8oore_
15. Equipment and apparatus are checked frequently
for d e te rio ra tio n .
Comments; Score
122
16. Swimming water is tes ted.by the board of health
prior to the a r riv a l of the campers.
Comments: Score
V III. Program (Maximum Score 24) Actual Score
1. Individaul d ifferences are taken into account
in planning the program. Campers have free
time to p a rticip ate in a c tiv itie s of th e ir
own choosing.
Comments: Score_
2. Program is planned to keep in harmony with the
energy level of the campers. The la s t week
of camp is not strenuous, allowing plenty of
time fo r re s t and packing.
Comments; Score
3. In stru ctio n is given to a l l campers and s ta f f
members on safety and f i r s t aid procedures.
Comments; Score
4. A ctiv itie s are supervised by mature, responsible
and e f fic ie n t counselors.
Comments; Score
5. R ifle and archery ranges are designed to
insure safety.
C omment s ; Score
5 , H iflery in stru c to r is qu alified by the National
R iflery Association, or its equivalent. Only
twenty-two ca lib er bolt action guns are used.
Comments; 8core_
7. Soothing s to rie s , ra th e r than ghost s to rie s and
f r ig h t programs are told a t camp f i r e s .
Comments; ‘ Score
8 . Out-of-camp d i s t r i c t s to be v is ite d are inspected
in advance to check for nearness to drinking
water, s h e lte r, and a c c e s s ib ility to telephone.
Comments; Score
DC. Medical De partment (Maximum Score 36) Actual Score
1. Campers and s ta f f members have a thorough medical
examination one week before a rriv a l a t camp,
proof of which is turned over to camp d o c to r.
Comments; 8core_
2. Campers have a stripped examination on day of
a r riv a l, and a t frequent intervals during season.
Comments; Score
123
3 .
4.
5.
6 •
7.
8.
9.
1 0 .
11.
12.
X.
1 .
Food handlers present m edical■ statements, showing
freedom from communicable diseases and ca rrie rs
of disease.
Comments; Score
Registered nurse or graduate physician is on
camp s ta f f . If only a nurse is present,
then a doctor is available w ithin one hour.
Comments; Score
Separate quarters are maintained to house i l l
campers, which include a f i r s t aid room,
an is o la tio n room, a bathroom, and sleeping
quarters for nurse or doctor.
Comments; Score
o
Infirmary is away from center of camp, a c tiv itie s
and not too fa r from the kitchen.
Comments; Score_
Beds in the infirmary are not clo ser than six
fe e t from side to side and four fe e t from end
to end:.
Comments; Score_
All drugs are plainly marked and kept under lock
and key.
Comments; Score_
F irs t aid equipment is located at a l l s tra te g ic
camp points and administered only by competent
persons. All out-of-camp groups are supplied
with adequate f i r s t aid equipment.
Comments; Score
Weekly weight recordings are taken.
Comments; Score
Records of accidents, tr ip s , re p a irs , e tc .,
are kept.
Comments ;
Telephone and tran sp o rta tio n are accessible
at a l l times.
Comments ;
S taff (Maximum Score 18)
Score
Score
Actual Score
S taff members are allowed out of camp one day
and one night weekly. One free hour d a ily is
provided besides the reg ular re st hour.
Comments ; Score
124
2. S taff members ha^e s ta f f room or cabin. Sveni'ng
snacks are held to promote harmony.
Comments: Score
3. A well q u alified s ta ff member, trained in
behavior problems and child psychology,
is in charge of the guidance program.
Comments: Score
4. O ffic ia lly designated and licensed persons
handle vehicles.
Comments: Score
5. One counselor does not have charge of more
than eight campers. ,
Comments; Score
6. Kitchen s ta f f has separate quarters, as
does maintenance s ta ff .
Comments; . 8core_
XI# Individual Hygiene (Maximum Score Actual Score^
1, Campers under the age of eleven years have a
minimum bf ten hours of sleep; those over
eleven have a minimum of nine hours of
sleep, i@ addition to one hour r e s t period
during the day.
Comments; ^ Soore_
^ . ' Campers are inspected d a ily as to general
appearance, behavior, and d a ily elim ination.
Abnormalities, in ju rie s , or accidents are
immediately reported to doctor or nurse.
Comments; Score_
3. Campers are watched to prevent an overdose of
sun.
Comments; 8core_
4. Counselors check on frequency of clothes
changes of campers #
Comments; Score^
5. Campers have soap baths three times each week.
Comments; ' * Score
6 , Common drinking cups and towels are
prohibited.
Comments; Score
7. Food from outside sources is discouraged.
Comments: Score
FURTHER SUGGESTIONS :
126
Appendix C.
NATIONAL JURY
Allen, Ross L*
Waterman Gymnasium
U niversity of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Aim, Victor L,
Chicago Boy Scout Council
9 West Washington Boulevard
Chicago, I l l i n o i s .
B allatin e , A. Cooper
Gamp Director
Wolfboro, New Hampshire
Barr, Margaret
Physical Education Department
Stanford U niversity
B assett, Hay E.
United S tates Forest Service
343 South Dearborn S treet
Chicago, I l l in o is
Blumenthal, Louis H.
Jewish Community Center
3200 C alifornia
San Francisco, C alifo rn ia
Boorman, Harvie J*
Vice President
American Camping Association
George Williams College
Chicago, I llin o is
Carlson, Reynold E.
D irector of Nature A ctivity Service
National Recreation Association
343 South Dearborn S treet
Chicago, I llin o is
Cohen, Emelita
D irecto r.of Camp Tim bertall
1440 29th Avenue
Oakland, C alifornia
127
Cooper, Marjorie
President Lake Erie Section
American Camping Association
1900 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio
' Cummings, Benton
C in cinatii Public Recreation Commission
Cinth Hall
9th and Plum S treets
C in cin atii, Ohio
C urtis, Catherine
President Southeastern Section
American Camping Association
Brevard, North Carolina
DeMarche, David
Area Program Secretary
North Central Area Council
Young Mens C hristian Association
641 North Fourth S treet
Milwaukee,.Wisconsin
Dibble, Marjorie
Camp Fire G irls
Meir and Frank
Portland, Oregon
Drought, R .'A lice
G irl Scouts
Auer Park
Peewaukee, Wisconsin
Graham, Abbie
Young Womens Christian Association
1710 Prospect
Cleveland, Ohio
G riffin , Ruth H.
D irector, Camp Bureau
Greater Boston Community Council
261 Franklin S treet
Boston, Massachusetts
Handy, Lawrence A #
P resident San Joaquin Section
American Camping Association
Box 1068
V isalia, C alifornia
128
Harper, Tern
Boys Work Secretary
Young Mens C hristian Association
Davenport, Iowa
Hulbert, Mrs. 0. P.
President lew England Section
American Camping Association
One P errin Road
Brookline, Massachusetts
Jackson, Dorothy H.
School of Physical and Health Education
Universiiy of Toronto
Toronto, Canada
Je ffre y , Arthur G.
D irector, Sarah Heinz House
East Ohio and Heinz S treets
North Side
P ittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Joy, Barbara Ellen
P residen t, American Camping Association
343 South Dearborn S treet
Chicago, I l l i n o is
Kirkham, Oscar
Deputy Regional Executive
Boy Scouts of America
47 East South Temple
S alt Lake City, Utah
Klusman, Wes H.
Boy Scouts of America
Two Park Avenue
New York City, New York
Lyle, Betty
Metropolitan G irl Reserve Secretary
Young Womens Christian Association
Chicago, I llin o is
McClure, P a tr ic ia
Executive Secretary.
G irl Scouts
Houston, Texas
129
M iller, Mr. G. F.
Executive D irector
Boy Scouts of America
25 East Tan Buren S treet
Pho en Ix , Ar i zona
M ills, Mr. F. G.
Boy Scouts of America
Two Park Avenue
New York City, New York
Neubauer, John
D irector of San Francisco Boys’ Club
222 Maywood Drive
San Francisco, C alifornia
Northberg, Norma
Field Adviser, Big Tree Region
G irl Scouts
535 Ramona S treet
Palo Alto, C alifornia
Northway, Mary
Department of Psychology
University of Toronto
Toronto, Canada
Osell, Clarence
A thletic Department
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
O tt, Elmer
D irector of Camping, North Central Area
Young Mens C hristian Association
641 North Fourth S treet
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Phinney, Arthur 0.
Past P resident, lew England Section
American Camping Association
26 Temple Place
Boston, Massachusetts
Rosahn, Otto
302 West 12th S treet
New York City, New York
130
Ryland, Gladys
School of Applied Social Science
University of P ittsburgh
P ittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Sharp, Lloyd
D irector, Life Camps Inc.
14 West 49th S treet
lew York City, New Yoik
Sharp, Victor D.
D irector, Boy Scouts
Mount Lassen Area Council
One Morehead Building
Chico, C alifornia
Ward, Arnold H.
P resident Ontario Section
American Canning Association
2938 Dundas S treet West
Toronto, Canada
Welch, Fay
lew York S tate College of F orestry
Syracuse, lew York
Wood, Hal
Young Mens Christian Association
2001 Allston
Berkeley, C alifornia
Wyman, Alfred H.
Executive D irector
Park and Playground Association
613 Locust S treet
S t. Louis, Missouri
2inn, Kenneth
D irector of Camping
Los Angeles Young Mens C hristian Association
715 South Hope S treet
Los Angeles, C alifornia
131
Appendix D.
L e tte r to N ational Jury
2624 S. McOlintock Avenue
los Angeles, C alifo rn ia
A pril 18th, 1945
Mr. Ross L. Allen
U niversity of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Dear Mr. Allen:
Enclosed you w ill find a score card of minimum
standards for the purpose of evaluating the h ea lth ,
s a n ita tio n and safety of organized camps.
This score card was compiled from bibliographical-
sources and then sent to a lo cal jury of ten persons in
the camping p ro fessio n . Revisions were then made
according to the suggestions th a t v/ere o ffered . An e ffo rt
was made to keep the score card fle x ib le enough to apply
to a l l d iffe re n t types of camps.
You have been included in a n a t i o n a l . jury of forty
fo u r selected camping a u th o ritie s to comment on the
proposed standards. Your c ritic ism s regarding the method
of scoring, the value of the standard, e t c ., w ill be most
h elp fu l. Space fo r comments i s provided a f t e r each
standard.
I t w ill be g re a tly appreciated i f you would attempt
to retu rn the score card complete with your suggestions
around the 1st of May, as th a t is when tab ulations w ill be
s ta rte d .
Thank you fo r a l l considerations
Yours very tru ly .
G ilb ert A. MagIda

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Asset Metadata

Creator Magida, Gilbert Asher (author)

Core Title A score card for evaluating the health, sanitation and safety aspects of organized camps

Degree Master of Science

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Education,Health and Environmental Sciences,OAI-PMH Harvest,Social Sciences

Format application/pdf (imt)

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c37-214266

Unique identifier UC11649759

Identifier EP55275.pdf (filename),usctheses-c37-214266 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier EP55275.pdf

Dmrecord 214266

Document Type Thesis

Format application/pdf (imt)

Rights Magida, Gilbert Asher

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA