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The relation between high and low social service interest measured by the Kuder, and adjustment, as indicated by the MMPI
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The relation between high and low social service interest measured by the Kuder, and adjustment, as indicated by the MMPI
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THE RELATION BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW SOCIAL SERVICE INTEREST MEASURED BY THE RUDER, AND ADJUSTMENT, AS INDICATED BY THE MMPI A Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of Education The University of Southern California In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Education by Edward Tavris August 1949 UMI Number: EP46092 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Disamtation ftiblishing UMI EP46092 Published by ProQuest LLG (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLG. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Gode ProQuest LLG. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ' This project report, written under the direction of the candidate's adviser and approved hy him , has been presented to and accepted hy the Faculty of the School of Education in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements fo r the degree of M aster of Science in Education. Date .. Adviser ( C L ^ ( R . ^ U ^ Dean TABLE OP CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION..................... 1 The problem................ 2 Statement of the problem............ 2 Definitions of terms used .................. 2 Description of the Instruments used ........ 3 The MMPI................................... 3 The K u d e r ................................. 8 Procedure and subject ..................... 11 II. REVIEW OP THE LITERATURE..................... l4 Summary................................... 26 III. OBJECTIVE RESULTS ........................ 30 Hypochondriasis Scale ..................... 30 Depression Scale ........................... 30 Hysteria Scale ............................. 31 Psychopathic deviate Scale ................ 33 Mascullnlty-Pemlnlnlty Scale ............... 33 Paranoia Scale.............. 3^ Psychasthenla Scale ....................... 36 Schizophrenia Scale ....................... 39 Hypomanla Scale ........................... 39 IV. SUMMARY............................. 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................... 54 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. Bell Adjustment Inventory. Critical Ratios Between Mean Adjustment Scores Made by Men with Different Interest Patterns ........ 24 LIST OP GRAPHS GRAPHS PAGE 1. T-Score Frequencies of High and Low Social Service Interest Groups on Hs Scale of MMPI .......................... 30 2. T-Score Frequencies of High and Low Social Service Interest Groups on D Scale of MMPI . . . . . . . . ............ 32 3. T-Score Frequencies of High and Low Social Service Interest Groups on Hy Scale of MMPI ............................... 34 4. T-Score Frequencies of High and Low Social Service Interest Groups on Pd Scale of MMPI ................ 35 5. T-Score Frequencies of High and Low Social Service Interest Groups on ^ Scale of MMPI ........................... 37 6. T-Score Frequencies of High and Low Social Service Interest Groups on ^ Scale of MMPI ............................... 38 GRAPHS PAGE 7. T-Score Frequencies of High and Low Social Service Interest Groups on Ft Scale of MMPI .............. 40 8. T-Score Frequencies of High and Low Social Service Interest Groups on ^ Scale of MMPI . . . . .• ...... . . .... 41 9. T-Score Frequencies of High and Low Social Service Interest Groups on Ma Scale of MMPI . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 43 10. Mean T-Scores on Clinical Scales of MMPI for High and Low Social Service Interest Groups ........ ............... 44 11. Number of Persons in High and Low Social Groups Scoring Above the Clinically Significant Point of 70 on the Clinical Scales of the M M P I .......... 49 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION For some time there have been misconceptions regarding the personality characteristics of persons engaged In certain occupations. Some of these misconceptions are as follows: (1) All psychiatrists and psychologists are mentally unbalanced, They have to be this way in order to understand their patients the way they do. (2) Most women school teachers are frustrated old maids who want to make children unhappy. (3) Doctors are for the most part sadists who have found socially approved methods of satisfying their impulses. (4) Men who engage in women’s professions, such as hair styling, window dressing and secretarial work, have homosexual tendencies. These beliefs have not been limited to expressions of opinion. In many Instances they have been Included in the literature of witticisms or maxims. "You don’t have to be crazy to be a psychologist, but It helps." "He who can, does. He who can’t, teaches. He who can’t teach, teaches others to teach." A comprehensive list of similar beliefs and expressions would fill a book. While It can be seen that for the most part these expressions are projections of the individual’s own tendencies, or are based upon Isolated instances or hearsay, the question remains as to whether any of these or similar beliefs have some basis in fact. THE PROBLEM Statement of the problem. It is impossible, in a paper of this limited scope, to examine adequately the per sonality characteristics of persons In many occupations. With detriment, then, to the generality and inclusiveness of these findings, the object of this work is to determine the relationship between high and low interest in the field of social service as shown by the Kuder Preference Record, and maladjustment as Indicated by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory^ is the criterion for measuring personality maladjustment. It Is a test composed of nine scales, each of which measures a separate and distinct aspect of the personality. The ana lysis of these scales will be discussed later In this work. Hereafter this test will be referred to as the MMPI. The Kuder Preference Record^ is the test used in this study to ^ Manual for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Published by the Psychological Corporation, New York, Copyright 19^3 by the University of Minnesota. Revised Edition, Starke R. Hathaway and J. ChanâLey McKinley. ^ Revised Manual for the Kuder Preference Record. Published by the Science Research Associates, 228 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago 4, Illinois. Copyright 1946, by G. Frederick Kuder. measure the degree of Interest shown In nine different occupational categories. This test will be referred to as the Kuder. The degree of Interest In the various occupa tional groups as indicated by the Kuder is expressed in terms of centlle scores. Gentile scores are numerical indexes which express a person's relative position, by hundredths, in respect to any measurable characteristic, with other persons chosen at random. In the MMPI the ratings are expressed in terms of T-scores. T-scores, unlike the centlle rankings, are equal units of measurements, and the data can be more easily illustrated dlagramatically. DESCRIPTION OP THE INSTRUMENTS USED The MMPI. The norms and deviations from the norms are expressed In T-scores. The T-scores for each scale (aside from the validity check scales) are standard scores, with a mean of fifty and a standard deviation of ten T-score units.3 The critical point for abnormality or maladjustment in this test is two standard deviations above the mean; that Is to say, seventy; while a single score, or even several scores above seventy does not prove maladjustment without supporting evidence, the authors of the MMPI feel that it is unusual for ^ MMPI, op. clt., p. 8. normal persons to score above seventy very often.^ The test is more reliable in a strictly positive sense. That is, most abnormal subjects score above seventy on one or more of the scales. Clearly abnormal subjects score above seventy on two or more of the scales. This is more than an additional factor because very high scores on some scales tend to be accompanied by high scores on other scales. In other words, high scores on some scales are causative factors which in fluence other scores. To treat multiple high scores as parallel factors in the expression of maladjustment would be Invalid. Particular combinations of high scores often go together and are used as checks on validity. Maladjustment is indicated in other ways than by high T-scores. When most of the T-scores are at fifty or below, with a single point reaching above sixty, it is safe to interpret this point as if it had reached above seventy. Again, when all the T-scores are below fifty except for the Pd {psychopathic deviate) scale, maladjustment is indi cated. The pattern of scores is more important in diagnosis than the individual scores. Scores on this test are made on the basis of responses to the questions asked. High scores on a particular scale of the test are made when the responses to a question or set of ^ Ibid., p. 9- questions corresponds rather closely to the responses made by persons upon whom the scales were standardized. These cri teria groups were persons being treated at the Department of Neuropsychiatry in the University of Minnesota Hospital^ for various mental distrubances. Twenty-five to fifty persons was the usual size of the groups upon whom the scales were standardized. The questions themselves were adopted solely on the basis of whether there was a differential between the way normal and abnormal persons responded to them. In many instances no reasons could be given why there should be a differential of response. Only the clinical scales of the MMPI were included in this study. There are four other scales, the interpretation 6 of which is different from that of the clinical scales. The 2 . scale indicates the number of questions left unanswered by the subject. Since the significance of this response is not known it was not included in this study. The L scale indicates the number of questions lied about by the subject. The number of high L scores are very few, and again, the significance of this response is not known. The K scale is a measure which takes its importance from its effect upon the other scales. In other words it tends to be a correction 5 Ibid.. p. 3. ° Ibid., p. 8. for the other scales. This scale was incorporated into the MMPI in 1946. This study includes the K scale although it is not listed separately as such. The last scale is the validity or P scale. Its effect is to determine whether the responses made by the subject tend to be valid. High P responses were about equal for both groups. The following is a description of the scales used in the MMPI for measuring personality maladjustment;? the parenthetical insertions are for the reader's benefit. The Hs (Hypochondriasis) scale is a measure of the amount of abnormal concern about bodily functions. Persons with high Hs scores are unduly worried about their health. They frequently complain of pains and disorders which are difficult to identify and for which no clear organic basis can be found. . .the hypochondriac . .frequently has a long history of exaggeration of physical complaints and of seeking sympathy. ... The D (Depression) scale measures the depth of the cli nically recognized symptom or symptom complex, depression; A high D score indicates poor morale of the emotional type with a feeling of uselessness and inability to assume a normal optimism with regard to the future. In certain cases the depression may be well hidden from casual observation. This is the so-called "smiling depression". The Hy (Hysteria) scale measures the degree to which the subject is like patients who have developed conversion type hysteria symptoms. . .subjects with high Hy scores are especially liable to episodic attacts of weakness. Definite symptoms may never appear in a person with a high Hy score, but under stress he is likely to become overtly hysterical and solve the problems confronting him by the development of symptoms. . . . ? Ibid., pp. 4-6. 7 The Pd (Psychopathic deviate) scale measures the simila rity of the subject to a group of subjects whose main difficulty lies in their absence of deep emotional re sponse, their inability to profit from experience, and their disregard of social mores. . .their trend toward the abnormal is frequently not detected until they are in serious trouble. The Mf (interest) scale measures the tendency toward masculinity or femininity of interest patterns. . . . A high score indicates a deviation of the basic interest pattern in the direction of the opposite sex. Every item finally chosen for this scale indicates a trend in the direction of femininity on the part of male sexual inverts. However, homosexual abnormality must not be assumed on the basis of a high score without confirmatory evidence. Among females, high scores cannot be assumed to have similar clinical significance. The Pa (Paranoia) scale was derived by contrasting normal persons with a group of clinic patients who were charac terized by suspiciousness, oversensitivity, and delusions of persecution, with or without expansive egotism. . . . The Pt (Psychastenia) scale measures the similarity of the subject to patients who are characterized by phobias or compulsive behavior. Compulsive behavior. . .includes such things as excessive hand washing, or the inability to escape certain ideas. The phobias include such things as unreasonable fear of things or situations. The Sc (Schizophrenia) scale measures the similarity of the subjects responses to those patients who are charac terized by bizarre and unusual thoughts or behavior. There is a splitting of the subjective life of the schizo phrenic person from reality so that the observer cannot follow rationally the shifts in behavior. The Ma (Hypomania) scale measures the personality factor characteristic of persons with marked overproductivity of thought and action. The word hypomania refers to a lesser state of mania. . . .Some of the scale items are mere accentuations of normal responses. A principle difficulty in the development of the scale was the differentiation of clinically hypomanie patients from normal persons who are merely ambitious, vigorous, and full of plans. . . . The chief deficiency of this test as a means of measuring 8 maladjustment In the individual (aside from the ever changing definitions of maladjustment) is the absence of large groups to standardize the scales. Twenty-five to fifty persons was the normal size of the criterion groups. Further, although there are validity and lie checks to measure the significance of a person's responses to the tests, a conscious effort to appear in a socially approved manner will significantly affect the results. Diagnosis will not always signify the direction of these distorted responses. A careful and intelligent observer can detect socially approved responses to the questions by an examination of the cards.^ The Kuder. This is a much more direct test with respect to interpretation of its scales than is the MMPI. For one thing the question of occupational interest is much less complex than is that of personality maladjustment. Maladjustment is a relative term which takes its implications from the mores of society. As such it is constantly changing, and deviations from the norm as expressed in test scores do not always have the absolute significance claimed by the adherents of these personality tests. The aim of the Kuder is more direct and is less liable to misinterpretation. The purposes for which the Kuder is given are:^ ® H. Bernett Hovey, "Detection of Appropriate Responses on the MMPI," Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4:97, 1948. 9 Kuder, op. cit., p. 3. 1. To point out vocations. . .which involve activities of the type for which (the person) has expressed preference. 2. To check on whether a person's choice of an occu pation is consistent with the type of thing he ordinarily prefers to do. There are nine broad occupational categories in the Kuder. If, on the basis of scores on this test, one of the scales shows a sufficiently high degree of interest it should receive careful attention as regards considering its possi bilities for a vocational choice or substantiating ones present occupational work. If more than one occupational category shows sufficient interest these categories can be combined into occupations which are more individual to the person's own interests. If, for example, scale number one (mechanical interest) and scale number five (artistic) were both above the critical point for interest, the combination of these interests (15) would include such occupations as architec tural engineer, bookbinder, and cabinet maker, to mention only a few of the possible occupational combinations of these interests. If more than two occupational categories are scored above a certain degree of interest the possible com binations must be broken up into pairs, as a comprehensive listing of three occupational combinations would consist of thousands of occupations. The critical centlle score for indicating interest in the occupational groups is more arbi trary than the MMPI is for classifying maladjustment and 10 abnormality, because in the case of the Kuder there are no clinical criteria groups with which to compare results, except for some occupational norms. The scales in the Kuder are self explanatory and do not have to be interpreted in the light of rationale and significance. As has been stated before the Kuder is a more direct instrument than the . Its purpose is to point out the activities for which the person has expressed interest. There is little hidden significance in the questions In order for the test to be a valid indication of true interest the honesty of the persons taking the test must be assumed. The test is valid only insofar as this premise is correct. It is assumed that persons who take the Kuder are, for the most part voluntary clients who have a desire to find out what the test will say in regard to their present or planned occupation. The Kuder scales are as follows: (1) Mechanical, (2) Computational, (3) Scientific, (4) Persuasive, (5) Artis tic, (6) Literary, (7) Musical, (8) Social Service, and (9) Clerical. Within these general areas there are many specific occupations. In the field of social service, for example, the area in which the Kuder has been used in this study, are such occupations as adult education director, camp counselor, case worker, psychiatrist, teacher, and welfare worker. 11 10 Procedure and subject. The data for this study were secured at the Veteran's Guidance Center on the campus of the University of Southern California. All of the subjects Included in this study were veterans, males, and Caucasians. It was not possible to separate the subjects on the basis of ethnic groups as this information was not available. The ages of the subjects represented in the study varied from nineteen to forty-one, while the majority were in their middle twenties. All of the persons receiving counseling at the Veteran's Guidance Center were volunteers, although some soliciting has been done. Persons come to the Center for various reasons. Some are in need of personal and vocational counseling, while others are seriously maladjusted. The procedure is for these persons to take a series of tests, depending upon the nature of their problem, and then to receive counseling on the basis of the results of these tests. If the problem is that of vo cational guidance the tests serve a dual purpose of (1) deter mining whether their personality tendencies and intellectual abilities are in line with their expressed occupational pre ferences, and (2) finding occupations for which these persons Ibid., p. 6. 12 are best suited. On the basis of the tests and the counseling interviews the counselor is often called upon to accept or reject the person's application for training in an occupa tional field. In the case of serious adjustment difficul ties the case is usually referred to other institutions. The particular battery of tests which the person takes depends upon the particular problem of the individual. If the problem is only that of vocational advisement the Kuder or the Strong tests will usually suffice, along with a personality test. For more serious problems it is usually necessary to give the entire battery of tests. The persons who come to the Center for counseling are not a random sampling of veterans with personal problems. The proximity of the Center to the University of Southern California is responsible for the fact tha many of those tested are students. A station of the Los Angeles Police Department is also located near by, and part of its program consists of having its trainees tested at the Center. The criterion for personality adjustment in this study was scores on the MMPI. The criterion for high interest in the Social Service field on the Kuder was centile rankings at the 75th centile or higher. Low interest in social service was indicated by scores at the 25th centile or lower. Kuderuses the 75th centile as the cutting off Ibid., p. 4. 13 point for expressing strong Interest. He writes: The 75th percentile point was chosen because it is a convenient point which lies between the 1 per cent and 5 per cent points of significance for normally dis tributed scores from tests having a reliability of .90. . . .Scores well above the 75th percentile can be regarded with greater confidence. Those somewhat below it may deserve some consideration but must be regarded as less likely to be an expression of a true interest in the field. The procedure for this study consisted of looking through the files for subjects who had taken both the Kuder and the MMPI tests, and who had scored either at the 75th centile or above, or the 25th centile or below for social service interest on the Kuder. The crucial comparisons between the two groups were their scores on the MMPI. If the scores on the MMPI were significantly higher for those who showed high interest for social service occupations on the Kuder than for those who scored low in social service on the Kuder one could assume the truth of the statement that high scores in social service on the Kuder tend to be associated with maladjustment as indicated by the MMPI. There are two groups of sixty-one persons each re presented in this study. Of these two groups one groups scored high in social service and one group scored low in social service. CHAPTER II REVIEW OP THE LITERATURE In comparing the relationship between vocational interest patterns and personality characteristics it is important to distinguish between expressed interest and measured interest. Expressed interest may neglect many important factors. Occupational interest which is merely expressed may be motivated by prestige considerations, a romantic attachment to the name of the occupation, or other considerations which have little relation to a genuine interest in the occupation itself.12 A measured interest, on the other hand, implies an underlying agreement with the basic characteristics of the occupational field in all its phases. A comparison of Interest with personality will almost always show greater agreement when interest is measured rather than expressed. It is often difficult to obtain a valid measure of interest unhampered by irrelevant factors. 1*2 Strong's criterion for measuring occupational interest is that which he calls differential interests: Occupational-lnterest scores are customarily determined by contrasting the interest of the men in that occupation with a men-in-general group. . . .The interests which 12 Edward K. Strong Jr., Vocational Interests of Men and Women (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, iWSTTpT 17. ^3 Ibid., p. %5. 15 are significant for men in a given occupation are the interests which set that occupation off from the general run of men. Kuder's criterion, too, for measuring occupational interest, is that of differential interest (although not stated as such), but he emphasizes the things done in the occupational field rather than individual differences per se. Although it seems probable that Strong's criterion would show a higher relation between occupational interest and personality it is a highly controversial question as to which test is the best indicator of occupational interest Expressed and measured Interest are relative terms which approach each other from the poles of a continuum. At one end of the continuum expressed interest is shown by the small boy who is 'interested' in aviation because he is awed by the sight of an airplane flying across the sky. At the other extreme the criterion of measured interest is based upon the personally well adjusted individual who has spent many successful years in a particular occupation. This paper will outline some of the studies showing the relation between personality and interest at various stages of the continuum. Carter and *^ones^^ measured the relationship between Harold D. Carter and Mary Cover Jones, "Vocational Attitude Pattern In High School Students," Journal of Edu cational Psychology, 29:321-334, 1938. 16 the expressed occupational interest of 17I tenth grade pupils and their ratings on the Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Only 33 per cent of the pupils who took this test scored high enough to be considered as having a real interest in the occupations for which they expressed preference, accor ding to the Strong criterion. Another 35 per cent of the pupils showed no interest in their 'preferred' occupations according to the test, while the rest showed 'possible' interest. Rose^3 found highly similar results in a study of the frequency of correlations obtained between Kuder scores and the occupational preferences of sixty veterans. Only 25 per cent of the subjects correlated .75 or higher, while 15 per cent correlated less than .25 between these variables. Stubbins,!^ in a study participated in by 208 veterans who expressed their interest in a particular occupation on the basis of the kind of work their fathers were doing, clas sified these preferences as to whether they were appropriate, inappropriate, or uncrystallized. It was found that approxi mately 35 per cent of the subjects expressed occupational Wallace Rose, "A comparison of Related Interest in Occupational Groupings and Activities Interest as Measured by the Kuder Preference Record," Occupation, 26:303-307, 1948. Joseph Stubbins, "Lack of Realism in Vocational Choice," Occupation, 26:410-418, 1948. 17 preferences that were either unreal or uncrystallized. Among four different groups of veterans tested in a similar manner, it was found that differences in age made no significant differences in the results. Lough^? used as the criterion for interest pattern the curricula chosen by 300 unmarried female students in their first year of university work at a small college close to New York City. The four criteria groups were: (1) The nursing curricula, (2) the general curricula, (3) the music curricula, (4) the liberal arts curricula. These criteria groups were measured for personality traits as measured by the MMPI, and the differences between the groups were noted. The mean scores in all the MMPI scales for the four groups were very similar, and no significant differences were found. It would seem that the objections to this study as indices of relationship between interest pattern and personality are related to the validity of assuming that the criteria groups express real interest in their respective fields. Prestige, family influence, economic status, and particular objectives are extremely important factors in the choice of college curricula of such a young group. The age range of ^7 Orpha Maust Lough, "Women Students in Liberal Arts, Nursing, Music and Teacher Training Curricula and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, ^ Journal of Applied Psycho- logy. 31:417-444 i 1947. 18 the subjects in this study varied from sixteen to twenty- three. Lough concluded that the choice of curricula had little relationship to personality characteristics. The conclusions reached by Lough were not confirmed 1 f t in the study made by Nelson and Nelson^^ who found some interesting differences between the vocational choices of 3,752 students on their scores on the Lentz Opinionaire on Radicalism. The mean radicalism scores ranged from 36.92 (standard deviation 6.75) for those who chose banking as their profession, to 29.25 (standard deviation 7.95) for those who wanted to be Journalists. The authors concluded: Students who have chosen banking, . . .dentistry, music, and government service are more conservative, whereas the liberal attitudes are found among those planning Journalism, social work, law, and agriculture. The differences found in the studies between Lough and Nelson and Nelson are more apparent than real. The sphere of personality characteristics measured by the Lentz Opinionaire c is exceedingly narrow when compared with the variety of per sonality differences measured by the MMPI. It is difficult to place an attitude like radicalism within the framework of personality as measured by most tests, but it would seem that a measure of radicalism is not as inclusive a term as is Erland Nelson and Naida Nelson, "Student Attitudes and Vocational Choices," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psy chology, 30:279-282, 1940, 19 aggressiveness, depression, or inferiority feeling. It is entirely possible that various degrees of radicalism can be found within homogeneous groupings of personality characte ristics as measured by the MMPI. The Rorschach workers are extremely ambitious in regard to the personality characteristics they look for in occupational and occupational seeking groups. Kaback,^^ in a study of the personality traits of students planning for different occupations, administered the Rorschach Group Method to I50 males in the schools of pharmacy and business at the University of Buffalo, Columbia University, New York University, and the College of the City of New York. The students had all completed at least one year's study in their chosen field. The average age of the pharmacy students was twenty years; that of the accountancy students was eighteen. The following personality characteristics were found by Kaback: Pharmacy students: Superior adults. In general, well functioning, impulsive. Control within the normal range. A spread of interests: More inclined to prompting from within than without; use inner promptings productively; a minimum amount of anxiety. Accountancy: Superior young adults who have a well balanced impulse control and inner stability which func tions smoothly in emotional situations. They are Goldie Ruth Kaback, "The Vocation Guidance Process and the Rorschach Method,” Occupation, 24:203-207, 1946. 20 sensitive and respond to conditions outside. Have a minimum amount of anxiety; a very healthy approach to reality. Interests are well spread; a very well adjusted group. Comment: No Rorschach patterns common to either group to indicate why they have selected the profession they are preparing for. No common patterns that indicate common interest. The Rorschach technique, then, finds the relation between occupational interest and personality characteristics of university students much the same as the studies made by Lough and Nelson and Nelson. When personality characteristics and interest patterns are related for persons who have actually spent some time in the occupational field the differences between groups become more significant than the studies so far cited where the interests were, to a large degree, only expressed. PO Verneaud, in a study of the performances of three different occupational groups on the MMPI, found some inter esting results. While the mean T-scores for the three occu pational were nearly similar there were some important dif ferences. Mean score differences of eleven T-score units separated the saleswomen from the optical workers on the Pa scale , while eight, seven, and six units separated these Willie Maude Verniaud, "Occupational differences in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory," Journal of Applied Psychology, 30:604-bl4, 1946. 21 two groups on the Ft, Sc, and ^ scales respectively. Between the clerical and optical workers seven T-score units separated their performance records on the Pd and Pa scales, while six units separated their mean scores on the Pt and ^ scales. The critical differences were not given on these scores. Pre sumably this was due to the fact that the small samples taken for this study do not warrant generalizations. Forty clerical workers, twenty-seven saleswomen, and thirty optical workers comprised the groups in the study. All of the workers were women. The age range was from under twenty to over forty. John A. Lewis,in a study of the relation between high and low social service interest scores on the Kuder, of two groups of twelve social workers, and personality charac teristics as measured by the MMPI, found that there were no important personality differences between these two groups. Subjects were included in this study on the basis of whether they were among the highest or the lowest twelve social service interest scores of the fifty social service workers who took the test. The differences in the Kuder scores between the two groups of social workers, however, were not very great. The centile score in social service interest John A. Lewis, "Kuder Preference Record and MMPI scores for two occupational groups," Journal ot Consulting Psychology, 11:199-209, 1947. 22 for the low scoring group was about ninety-one, while the median score for the high scoring group was about ninety-six. Both groups show high interest in social service, however, and it is not valid to assume that the differences between these two groups represent the differences between high and low social service interest. Lewis made a similar study of two groups of life insurance salesmen. The Kuder criterion was the scores made by the salesmen on the persuasive scale of the Kuder. The highest and the lowest twelve scores on the Kuder were chosen, and their scores on the M^pi were compared. While the personality differences were greater than those found between the social workers, the differences were sta tistically inconclusive. k more complete study was made by Darley^^ who studied the relationship between occupational groups and personality by measuring the relative degree of adjustment between pairs of occupational categories as conceived by Strong's criterion. The criterion of adjustment was the Bell Adjustment Inventory. The Bell Adjustment Inventory measures the degree of adjust ment one maintains with respect to four different aspects of the environment. These aspects are: Home adjustment, health 22 John G. Barley, "Preliminary Studies of Relations Between Attitudes, Adjustment, and Vocational Interest Trends," Journal of Educational Psychology, 29:467-473, 1938» 23 adjustment, social adjustment, and emotional adjustment. The Strong groups are divided into seven categories. Only six of these groups were represented in the study. The seven classifications were as follows: I. Technical - Chemist, engineer, scientific farmer, mathematician, physicist, psychologist, artist. (30 subjects represented) II. Verbal - Lawyer, editor, advertising agency man. (34 subjects represented) III. Business contact - Life insurance salesman, real estate salesman. (33 subjects represented) IV. Social Service A - Minister, teacher. (I8 subjects) V. Social Service B - Personnel manager, city school superintendant, Y.M.C.A. general secretary, Y.M.C.A. social secretary, Y.M.C.A. physical director. (35 subjects represented) VI. Business detail - Accountant, office clerk, pur chasing agent, specialty salesman. (103 subjects) VII. C.P.A. - Not represented in this study. The comparisons between the groups were expressed in terms of critical ratios. No sign before a critical ratio indicates a tendency toward poorer adjustment for the first group of each pair. When a negative sign precedes the critical ratio the tendency toward poorer adjustment is indicated for the second of each pair. The data for this study are given in Table I. Reliably significant differences are found in the sphere of social adjustment as measured by the Bell Adjustment Inventory. All of the adjustment groupings show interesting 2k TABLE I BELL ADJUSTMENT INVENTORY. CRITICAL RATIOS BETWEEN MEAN ADJUSTMENT SCORES MADE BY MEN WITH DIFFERENT INTEREST PATTERNS Strong Vocational Home Health Social Emotional N Technical vs. Verbal -2.03 -1,09 3.05 -2.32 30 vs. 34 Technical vs. Business Contacts -1.63 -0.94 4.54 -1.53 30 vs. 33 Technical vs. Social Service 'A' -0.78 -0.79 2.46 -1.19 30 vs. 18 Technical vs. Social Service 'B' -1.41 -0.38 4.44 -.025 30 vs. 35 Technical vs. Business Detail -0.79 -0.53 2.52 -0.53 30 vs. 103 Verbal vs. Business Contact 0.41 0.16 1.68 0.62 34 vs. 33 Verbal vs. Social Service *A* 1.14 0.25 0.11 0.67 34 vs. 18 Verbal vs. Social Service *B' • 73 .78 1.74 1.48 34 vs. 35 Verbal vs. Business Detail 1.64 .82 -1.00 2.23 34 vs. 103 Business Social Contact vs.Service 'A' .76 .09 -1.02 .12 33 vs.:18 Business Social Contact vs. Service ’B’ .31 .62 .20 .82 33 vs. 35 Business Business Contact vs. Detail 1.18 .65 -3.00 1.31 33 vs. 103 Social Social Service 'A’ vs. Service 'B' -.50 .48 1.18 . 60 18 vs. 35 Social Business Service 'A' vs. Detail .22 .50 -.78 .95 18 vs. 103 Social Business Service •B' vs. Detail .91 -.06 -2.88 .29 35 vs. 103 A preliminary Study of Relations between Attitude, Adjustment, and Vocational Interest Tests. John G. Darley 25 tendencies in one or more of the occupational pairs. There Is an indication that the grouping of the Strong Occupational Groups into the broader divisions of the study cited is a more valid index of distinct differences than the individual occupations. Alteneder,^^ in a study similar to that of Darley, correlated the original Strong groupings with adjustment as measured by the Bell Adjustment Inventory. Significant correlations were conspicuously absent in this study. The highest correlation was .38 between social workers (Strong Occupational Inventory) and social adjustment (Bell Adjustment Inventory). Social adjustment, it seems, is more easily compared with interest patterns than is some other aspect of the per sonality. Social adjustment concerns itself with overt responses to the environment, and deviations from the norm can be relatively more easily detected than can more abstract and covert characteristics. Dodge^^ compared the dominance of clerical workers and sales persons as measured by the Bernreuter Personality Inventory. Representing these broad occupational classes ^ Louise E. Alteneder, "The Value of Intelligence, Personality, and Vocational Interest Tests in a Guidance Program," Journal of Educational Psychology, 30:449-459, 1939* Arthur P. Dodge, "Sales Dominance of Clerical Workers and Sales Persons as Measured by the Bernreuter Personality Inventory," Journal of Educational Psychology, ^ 771:7371937:------ ----------------------------------- ------- 26 were traveling salesmen, retail salesmen, accountants, (men), stenographers (women), office clerks (women), secretaries (women), bookkeepers (men), bookkeepers (women). The cri terion for including any subject in the study was as follows: a) At least three years experience in the occupation. b) At least one year with a single employer. c) Longer experience in given occupation than any other. The results cut completely across sex differences in the occupations, with bookkeepers, both men and women scoring lowest (0 and -2 respectively). Retail saleswomen were the third highest group in the study (/45), scoring higher in dominance than men accountants (/S8) and men bookkeepers (0). The writer believes that this study was the most valid as regards the criterion groups for occupational interest. The subjects all had long experience in their respective occupations, they were presumably relatively secure in their present position, having been with their employer for at least a year, and were probably free from competitive interests as they had spent more time in their present occupation than any other. While exceptional cases can be shown where persons in similar situations do not have a real interest in the occu pation, the criteria cited are the most valid the writer has found. What is more they work, and that is the final test. Summary. There is a relationship between interest patterns and personality tendencies. This relationship becomes 27 more pronounced as the persons concerned acquire more know ledge concerning the occupation for which they profess interest. When there is no knowledge there can be no interest. Conversely, when a person acquires knowledge concerning a certain occupation he is faced with the ques tion of whether this knowledge is in harmony with his likes and dislikes, needs and habits. When persons are found who have spent long periods of time in given occupations it is assumed that their knowledge of the occupation is in harmony with their personality; therefore they show interest in the occupation. Needless to say, this criterion for interest is not infallible. The studies cited have indicated that there is very little relationship between expressed interest and measured interest of high school pupils. Similarly, the curricula chosen by college students do not indicate strong interest in any particular direction, but are dependent upon economic and social considerations. Choosing an occupation because the father is engaged in a particular line of work is not an indication of occupational interest, according to the study cited. When interest patterns and personality tenden cies are related for persons who are in the occupational field there are strong indications that personality and interest go hand in hand. One study cited pointed to the assumption that certain occupational categories tend to 28 include persons who are generally better adjusted than are persons in other occupations. This finding, however, was not substantiated by other studies. The review of the literature has not uncovered any previous study pertaining to the purpose of the present investigation; namely, how are high and low interests in social service related to adjustment. CHAPTER III OBJECTIVE RESULTS The two groups of subjects (those who showed high and low interest in social service) were given the MMPI and their patterns of response were noted. The following descriptions of the test scores made by the two groups are interpreted in the light of two criteria: (1) Their scores compared with the scores drawn from a normal population, and (2) their scores compared with each other. The test scores for each of the nine scales on the MMPI are as follows: Hypochondriasis Scale. While the mean T-scores for the two groups are somewhat higher than those of the normal population, the scores are not sufficiently high to Justify any generalization regarding the personality characteristics of these groups. The mean T-scores for the two groups on this scale are almost identical. For the group which scored high in social service the mean T-score is 54.09, while for the group which scored low in social service the mean T-score is 53*58* %e critical ratio is only .27 (Graph 1). Depression Scale. This scale shows the closest ap proach to significant differences between the two groups, although the differences are well within the realm of chance variations. It is an interesting tendency, and one might conjecture that larger samples of subjects might show greater 30 •« 00 W LTV oô O LTV # 4 0\ CO o O l f \ h s r4 ^ s; ( D ^ s a c 0 > C M Ü i r \ •H o\ •H & •H S o\ l f \ o\ m r o m o\ i f \ O N O O t — V O l f N - ^ O O C M H O lf \ -4- on C M H H pH I—I ê t 31 differences between the two groups on the D scale. Social workers are generally more sensitive to social stimuli than are other persons, and it might be thought that they would tend to be more depressed than the other group. On the other hand, their interest in persons makes it plausible that they would tend to avoid the unpleasant personality characteristics that they find in other persons. Both theories are extremely speculative, however, when it is seen that both groups tend to score fairly high on the D scale. This high D-score is probably related to the conditions which prompted the persons to come to the counselling center in the first place. The mean T-score for the group which scored high in social service is 55.13, while for the group which scored low in social service it is 57-65. The critical ratio between the two groups is 1.25. (Graph 2) Hysteria Scale. No important differences are found between the two groups on the scale. As in the case with the other two scales mentioned, the mean T-scores tend to be somewhat higher than in the general population. Since the MMPI is taken almost immediately upon coming to the Center for guidance, it would be interesting to know what the effects of temporary emotional state has upon the responses to the test. It would seem that this effect of temporary emotional state would be considerable. The mean T-score for the group 32 0 3 KO o\ o lf\ A % H ^ s Q ) < ü -P O -P ri CO m c ô - H i f N o KO o i r \ •H 0 3 O -P -P ON 0 3 on ü u - \ •H t O 0 3 0 3 m S r c J ü 0 3 O C r 3 0 0 O N ITN IfN COt^- 'vD ITN-4-OOOJ H O O N C O t - on Al H OJ a i % i g O I 33 which scored high in social service is 57.11, while that for the group which scored low in social service is 56.57* The critical ratio between the groups is .33* (Graph 3) Psychopathic deviate Scale. While again, in this scale, no important differences in mean T-scores are found between the two groups, the scores themselves are notably high, and for the group which scored high in social service the mean T-score is almost one standard deviation higher than the mean of the normal population. Of the 122 persons re presented in this study only twenty-three scored below the mean of fifty for the normal population. The mean T-score for the group which scored high in social service is 59*50. The mean T-score for the group which scored low in social service is 57*93* The critical ratio is .71* (Graph 4) Masculinity-Femininity Scale. It is difficult to postulate a logical reason for both groups to score so high above the average on the ^ scale, unless persons in a highly emotional state tend to score high on all scales. On the other hand the subjects in this study tend to have more education, and Terman^^ has shown that males with broader experience and education tend to have more feminine interests ^ Lewis M. Terman, and Catherine Cox Miles, *Sex and Personality* Studies in Masculinity and Femininity (New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1936), pp. 109?T11. < ü VO o ir \ •H M-ri X id Ü 4) O O h t o A 09 C O p\ o\ LTV q\ m O N ON C O b - VO U \ ^ CO C V IH O ON 00 b - V O U N - s t m i — \ rHr-l p H f H r H r H iHrH r4 34 cn S I g 35 • • o ( Q I T \ l à k I 'â-p ü a t a < ü gag. •• co t a o\ I k i) I > to g H 2 il a>a "sap 0) i r v ü i s\ •H 0 ) lA ü lA •H l ù Q ) O ( 0 ON •d S •H O a > o « c o ON lA lA LA LA U N CO C30t^VÛUN-=J- r O C J H O OO C V J îS I o I I 36 The mean T-score for the group which scored high In social service Is 59-59* The mean T-score for the group which scored low In social service Is 58.72. These are the highest means obtained In this study. The critical ratio between the two groups Is .60. (Graph 5) Paranoia Scale. This Is the first scale In which the mean T-score for the two groups Is not definitely above the mean T-score of the normal population. Both groups seem to be well adjusted on the Pa scale according to the test results. The writer can think of no rational explanation to account for the drop In mean T-scores for the two groups, although a thorough acquaintanceship with the mechanics of the ^MPI would probably reveal the reason. The mean T-score for the group which scored high in social service Interest Is 51*^6, while for the group which scored low In social service the mean T-score Is 52.13* The critical ratio is .39* (Graph 6) Psychasthenla Scale. The two groups score somewhat higher than the normal population on the Pt scale while their mean T-scores are very similar. The construction of the MMPI scales gives the appearance, for the scores of the two groups, of a blmodal curve where one does not exist. The nature of the scoring of the MMPI causes certain scores to appear more often than others. This does not seriously affect the results, however. The mean T-score for the high social service scoring 37 (0 M C V J g"^ o 00 VO o • O 0\ •H LTV CO • Ü o\ r* Q ( 0 0\ ir\ i r \ i f \ i f \ 0\ ON CO CO o UN ^ CO CO C Vl iH UN UN & ! I ■s s 5 Id k 'â+> g •H 1 0 a I l s i l » c o U H rH a§ A m I * # co K 6 > ra O û) o -p ü • H Û J I a (0 (D ü Q ( 0 3 H @ : 3 g 0) o % co 38 vo I S R I f N L f \ â- 3 UN CO - s f co cS CO s t P L , C O C J H O O V C O t - " V Û U N - 4 - C O O J H H r-t H H 39 group is 56.59, while for the group which scored low in social service the mean T-score is 57.40. The critical ratio between the two groups is .44. (Graph 7) Schizophrenia-Scale. Both groups score notably higher on this scale than does the normal population. In agreement with the pattern for the other scales the Sq_ scales mean T-scores for the two groups approach identity. The mean T-score for the group high in social service is 57.39- For the group low in social service the mean T-score is 57-08. The critical ratio is .21. (Graph 8) Hypomania Scale. The mean T-scores for both groups are somewhat higher than those of the normal population. The T-score results on this scale are peculiar in that they are bi-modal and tri-modal. For those who scored high on social service interest the following list gives the T-scores together with frequencies: 53-5> 55-7, 58-3, 6O-8, 63-7, 65-9 (the mode). For those who scored low in social service the T-scores and frequencies are: 48-5, 50-7, 53-9 (the mode), 55-6, 58-7, 60-I, 6I-I, 63-2, 65-6, 68-1. The modes for the two groups are very different. The critical ratio of dif ference shows an interesting tendency although it is not significant. The mean T-score for the group which scored high in social service is 56.88. The mean T-score for the group which scored low in social service is 54.63- The 40 H ë •H 0 3 O < U 0 3 0\ OS o\ A < a C O H I O N W V O a I ë a Q LfN O E 4 o\ ro t- S I I 41 î o c\ O D- c a m g*® o t- LTV ITN > CD r i O < ü 3 H < ü < ü s : +3 .p r i r i m ë 0> KO O l f \ t o ( U Q) CO OS Q CO OS H OS ë > § I @ M ë o O’ ifs i m co î — vû ir\ p- co C V i H ^ b— vo ir\ ^ ( V " ) S I 42 critical ratio between the two groups Is 1.25. A very un usual circumstance Is that the only other scale where the difference between the two groups approached significance was the scale at the opposite end of the continuum from Hypomania, which Is Depression. Oddly enough the critical ratio is the same In both scales and the direction of the higher T-scores coincide for both scales. (Graph 9) The mean T-scores for all nine scales of the MMPI are shown In a separate graph. (Graph 10) Statistically, the conclusions drawn from this study are negative. Logically, however, there are some Interesting tendencies which tell a great deal about the pattern of scores The D and Jîa scores, which are the logical ends of the con tinuum from quiescence to activity, are the only scales In which the differences in the T-scores of the two groups approach significance. To say that one group tends to be depressive and one group tends to be active does not tell the complete story, as both groups are more depressive and more active than the normal population. There are sugges tions that the answer can be found In the testing situation since both groups tend to respond in a manner unlike most groups tested on the MMPI. It would be Interesting to see what retesting some of these persons would show. Another way to look at the MmPI scores for the two groups Is to consider the number of persons In each group o a 00 •• C O W VO 9'J O IfN 43 0) 00 o i r \ •H « ( Û O N IfN V O I T \ l f \ IfN O N UN CO CO O N O 44 H U 0 ) 0 ) Q M ü CQ S & O m ! S A C Q M 45 who score above the clinically significant point of 70 for each of the MMPI scales. There were some results shown by this method that were not indicated by comparing mean T-scores of the two groups. The D and scales which showed inter esting tendencies toward differentiating the two groups on the basis of their mean T-scores found very small differences in regard to the number of persons in each of the gr ups who scored above the clinically significant point of 70. On the D scale eight persons showing high Interest in social service scored above JO on the MMPi, while nine persons who showed low interest in social service scored above the criterion on the MMPI. Objectively the number of persons scoring above 70 on the ^MPI does not seem unduly high. Approximately 14 per cent of the persons in this study made clinically sig nificant scores on the ^%PI. If the effect of the emotional state of the subjects were reduced the number of persons scoring above 70 would probably be reduced. On the Ma scale four persons showing high interest in social service also scored significantly high on the %PI, while six persons who showed low interest in social service reached this criterion. Only 5 per cent of the persons in this study reached the clinically significant score of 70 on the ^ scale. The Pa scores for the two groups showed similar com parisons to those found when the mean T-scores were compared. 46 For those persons who showed high interest in social service only three scored above 70 on the MMPI. Not one person who showed low interest in social service scored above the clini cally significant point of 70. The Sc_ comparisons of the high and low scoring social service interest groups were similar to the comparisons made for the ^ scales. Four persons scoring high in social service interest also scored significantly high on the Sc_ scale, while five persons who scored low in social service reached the clinical criterion. The number of persons scoring above 70 does not seem very high when compared with a normal population. On the P^ scale seven persons scoring high in social service interest scored above 70 on the Sc^ scale of the MMPI. For the low social service interest scoring group ten persons made clinically significant scores. Approximately l6 per cent of the low social service interest scoring group made signi ficantly high scores on the Pt scale of the MMPI. While these figures seem somewhat high, the clinical interpretation of these results can not be assumed. The percentage of persons scoring above 70 would probably be reduced if the effect of emotional strain were negated. The results for the two groups on the Hy scale are • similar. Of the persons scoring high in social service five also scored significantly high on the Hy scale. Of the persons 47 who showed, low interest in social service six scored above 70 on the Sc^ scale. The Hs scale follows a similar pattern to the D, Hy, Pt, Sc, and Ma scales. Of the high social service scoring group, five persons scored above 70 on the Hy scale, while for those who showed low interest in social service, seven persons made clinically significant scores. The interpretation of the Pd and Mf scales are best treated together in this particular study. Aside from the Pa scale, in which neither group showed a tendency to score above 70, the Pd and Mf scales are the only scales in which the high scoring social service interest groups scored more frequently than the low scoring social service interest groups above the clinically significant point of 70. For the group which showed high interest in social service thir teen and fourteen persons respectively scored above the cli nically significant criterion of 70 on the Pd and ^ scale. Only seven and eight persons respectively, for those persons who showed low interest in social service, scored significantly high on the Pd and Mf scales. On these two scales approximately 22 per cent of those persons showing high interest in social service made clinically significant scores. This Is a con siderable proportion of the persons represented. Taking into account the effect of emotional strain, it is not altogether certain that the performance record of this group on the Pd 48 and Mf scales of the MMPI can be explained in this way. An interesting sidelight is Terman*s statement (previously mentioned) that feminine traits for males is correlated with experience and education. In this particular study the high social service interest scoring group tends to have more education than the group which showed low interest in social service. While little is known about the degree*of ex perience of the two groups the high social service interest scoring group is about three years older, on the average, than the group which showed low interest in social service. The results obtained by comparing the number of clinically significant scores for the high and low social service interest groups seem to be more significant than that of comparing the mean T-scores for the two groups. Whether the method of comparing significant scores is really a more valid criterion is another question. By comparing clinically significant scores, attention is focused on one particular part of the problem, where a few particularly maladjusted persons tend to give the results an importance it does not possess. Also, by calling a particular point clini cally significant, all scores under this point tend to be negelcted. The construction of the MMPI scales cause scores of 68 and 69 to appear relatively frequently in the results. By ignoring these scores the true importance of the clinically significant scores suffer. (Graph 11) 49 « CO CQ . § • §• 2 2 s ? S) _ p «r| t o ^ « A o; O 0 rH h 0) 0) < D •p -p <DP cs d p rt o * a <d*H ^ < D Ü H ® SiH t o ^ Q ) u (Û Q ) Q t o H t H 5 h M -H iH a , *H u u fd Ü a o 4) 0 . A 0 0 « « CO #H O o\ l { \ C O V O CHAPTER IV SUMMARY The object of this study was to determine the relation ship between high and low interest in the field of social service and maladjustment. While the result of the study can not answer the question in a word, the implications and tendencies shown by the data are not without value. In the chapter on the review of related literature it was shown that while many studies failed to find a relation ship between personality tendencies and interest patterns, this was the fault of the criteria involved in the study. Specifically, it was shown that when the criterion for in terest was taken as the expressed interest of the subject the relation between interest and personality is little better than one might expect by chance. The age of the subjects did not materially affect these findings, except insofar as the older subjects tend to have more information about the vo cation for which they express preference. The reason that expressed interest has little relation to personality ten dencies is that expressed interest is often based upon factors which have little relation to the actual nature of the vocation. Glamour is associated with many occupations, but as persons who are actually in the occupations know, glamour is restricted to long hours of work and boring details. 51 When personality tendencies and interest patterns are related for those persons who have had experience in the field, there are almost universal positive results. The MMPI and the Kuder were chosen as the criteria for measuring interest in social service interest and mal adjustment. The criteria groups were chosen on the basis of whether or not they showed either high or low interest in social service on the Kuder. These two groups were then compared on the basis of the scores they made on the MMPI. Two methods were used in this study to compare the two groups. On the one hand the mean T-scores for the two groups were compared on each of the nine scales of the MMPI and the differences between the groups were treated statistically to determine whether the differences were significantly valid to make generalizations concerning the personality characte ristics of the two groups, or whether the differences in T- scores could be attributed to chance. While statistically one could attribute the differences in mean T-scores in this study to chance, the particular combinations of T-scores on the MMPI scales raised some doubts in the mind of this writer as to the validity of this view. The D and scales of the MMPI showed interesting tendencies toward approaching signi ficant differences between the mean T-scores for the two groups. While the mean T-scores for the two graaps were notably higher than would be found in a normal population. 52 It Is felt that the results were due in a large measure to the emotional state of the persons taking the test. Persons receiving counselling in this study tended to be somewhat disturbed, as personal guidance is an important reason for coming to the guidance center. The results of this study would probably be more valid if the subjects would take the MMPI again upon termination of the counselling interviews. The second method for comparing the performance of the two groups was to compare the number of persons in each group who scored above the clinically significant point of 70. The results of this method differed sharply, in some respects, from the results obtained by the method of com paring mean T-scores. The D and ffe scales, which showed some interesting tendencies toward differentiation between the two groups by the first method, showed no such tendencies by the second method. There were some interesting comparisons, however, between high and low T-scores for both methods. The Pa scale, for example, in which both groups made low mean T-scores and a small number of critically significant scores. In the scale the group which made a mean T-score of 59*59 also made the largest number of critically significant scores. In the final analysis it must be concluded that neither of the groups shows more maladjustment than the other group on the basis of the MMPI T-scores. While both groups tend 53 to score notably higher on the MMPI scales than the normal population it is entirely possible to account for this result on the basis of the particular situation with which the subjects in the study were faced. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alteneder, Louise E., "The Value of Intelligence, Personality, and Vocational Interest Tests in a Guidance Program," Journal of Educational Psychology, 30:449-459, 1939- Carter, Harold D., and Mary Cover Jones, "Vocational Attitude Patterns In High School Students," Journal of Educational Psychology, 29:321-334, 1930. Barley, John G., "Preliminary Studies of Relations Between Attitudes, Adjustment, and Vocational Interest Trends," Journal of Educational Psychology, 29:467-473, 1930. Dodge, Arthur P., "Sales Dominance of Clerical Workers and Sales Persons as Measured by the Bernreuter Personality Inventory," Journal of Educational Psychology, 20:71-73, 1 9 3 7- -------------------------------------- Hovey, H. Bernett, "Detection of Appropriate Responses on the MMPI," Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4:97, 1948. Kaback, Goldie Ruth, "The Vocation Guidance Process and the Rorschach Method," Occupation, 24:203-207, 1946. Lewis, John A., "Kuder Preference Record and MMPI scores for occupational groups," Journal of Consulting Psychology, 11:199-209, 1947. Lough, Orpha Maust, "Women Students in Liberal Arts, Nursing, Music, and Teacher Training Curricula and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Journal of Applied Psychology, 31:437-444, I W T ^ Manual for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Published by the Psychological Corporation, New York. Copyright 1943 by the University of Minnesota. Revised Edition, Starke R. Hathaway, and J. Charnley McKinley. Nelson, Erland, and Naida Nelson, "Student Attitudes and Vocational Choices," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 30:279-282, 1940. Revised Manual for the Kuder Preference Record. Published by the Science Research Associates, 228 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago 4, Illinois. Copyright 1946, by G. Frederick Kuder. 55 Rose, Wallace, "A Comparison of Related Interest in Occupa tional Groupings and Activities Interest as Measured by the Kuder Preference Record," Occupation, 26:303-307, 1948. Strong, Edward K. Jr., Vocational Interests of Men and Women, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1943. P. 17. Stubbins, Joseph, "Lack of Realism in Vocational Choice," Occupation, 26:4lO-4l8, 1948. Verniaud, Willie Maude, "Occupational Differences in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory," Journal of Applied Psychology, 30:504-614, 1946. Terman, Lewis M., and Catherine Cox Miles, 'Sex and Perso nality* Studies in Masculinity and Femininity. New York and Xondon: MeGraw-Hi11 Book Company, Inc., 1936. APPENDIX 56 MMPI T-SCORES Iæ> w Social Service Interest Group No. Age Education Kuder Gentile Score Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma 1 27 4 years high school 0 36 39 44 34 63 38 42 44 58 2 24 2 years college 0 39 51 51 53 53 47 54 63 68 3 21 1 year college 0 52 70 55 69 67 47 75 63 53 hr 23 7 years grammar school 1 67 75 71 90 63 67 77 88 65 5 29 1 year college 1 47 65 51 55 65 38 52 44 58 6 21 4 years high school 1 52 48 51 60 57 47 56 59 65 7 24 2 years college 1 59 60 56 50 57 62 54 61 38 8 28 4 years high school 2 4l 58 57 57 65 50 62 48 50 9 25 3 years high school 2 49 48 58 41 43 47 48 46 58 10 24 1 year college 3 4l 48 51 60 71 44 38 53 53 11 27 1 year college 4 54 46 55 55 51 47 46 48 48 12 24 1 year college 4 44 48 56 48 57 50 46 44 55 13 23 2 years college 4 44 46 42 60 ^5 4l 4o 51 50 14 20 4 years high school 4 52 53 56 67 59 62 56 61 60 15 30 4 years high school 5 52 70 55 57 55 56 54 57 45 l6 34 4 years high school 5 36 63 36 55 4l 35 50 38 50 17 4 years college 5 72 68 71 71 74 67 81 80 88 18 21 1 year high school 5 52 56 51 60 47 56 56 61 65 19 29 1 year college 7 57 65 65 64 59 62 60 65 50 20 21 1 year college 7 54 46 56 50 61 53 50 55 58 21 22 4 years high school 8 57 51 56 64 69 53 52 55 50 22 24 4 years high school 8 * 52 51 56 69 49 47 54 61 38 23 22 2 years college 8 41 53 47 48 78 65 58 73 50 24 22 4 years high school 8 49 57 65 62 61 62 62 59 53 25 31 4 years high school 8 49 58 53 55 63 44 46 53 65 26 32 2 years high school 8 49 44 56 60 51 44 48 55 63 27 21 1 year college 8 47 58 49 50 51 62 64 53 55 28 28 4 years college 9 80 65 75 53 86 68 64 55 58 29 34 3 years college 9 34 51 28 48 49 47 60 48 75 30 29 2 years college 9 59 63 60 69 57 44 60 59 48 31 25 4 years high school 9 34 52 49 53 49 44 4o 34 43 32 27 2 years graduage school 9 47 39 53 48 71 53 38 4o 70 33 27 3 years college 9 59 72 62 60 59 44 60 59 53 34 25 3 years college 10 52 56 49 43 67 50 54 57 50 35 26 4 years high school 10 52 57 56 4l 59 47 50 55 65 36 35 1 year high school 12 54 70 65 71 63 53 62 69 65 37 29 1 year liigh school 1 67 46 62 64 59 53 54 65 73 57 MMPI T-SCORES (Continued) Lov Social Service Interest Group Kuder Gentile go. Age Education Score Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma 38 21 1 year college 12 54 80 64 69 80 62 81 73 48 39 25 2 years college 13 54 63 56 55 74 53 81 69 53 40 19 3 years high school 13 59 6o 65 50 55 56 62 55 58 41 23 1 year college 15 65 70 62 4l 59 56 58 59 38 42 34 4 years college 16 70 68 82 60 61 62 71 53 63 43 22 4 years high school 17 57 48 56 57 67 50 58 57 61 44 30 2 years college 18 70 68 64 60 67 59 62 55 55 45 19 3 years high school 18 49 46 53 57 4l 47 52 51 40 46 27 6 years grammar school 19 47 56 51 46 51 47 38 42 48 47 32 4 years high school 19 47 56 60 62 39 44 52 50 55 48 23 2 years college 19 62 70 64 67 67 53 71 63 4o 49 23 4 years high school 19 50 51 64 57 63 50 50 50 53 50 20 4 years high school 19 70 53 62 57 59 59 56 57 43 51 4l 3 years graduate school 20 54 56 49 4l 51 59 52 57 48 52 24 1 year college 20 75 51 67 58 59 65 71 63 73 53 23 2 years college 20 54 60 49 68 53 50 54 53 55 54 24 1 year college 20 57 48 56 60 47 44 62 63 43 55 24 2 years college 21 44 46 49 53 51 38 52 46 58 56 22 1 year college 22 44 51 58 86 43 65 54 50 53 57 24 3 years college 24 52 56 47 48 57 38 60 61 38 58 28 4 years high school 24 : 65 50 56 62 71 47 56 59 55 59 30 3 years college 24 67 65 62 74 67 67 75 65 70 6o 30 2 years high school 24 106 116 86 j 69 53 56 97 97 53 6i 19 2 years high school 25 52 53 60 63 53 56 54 55 53 58 MMPI T-SCORES High Social Service Interest Group No. Age Education Kuder Gentile Score Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma 1 38 4 years high school 75 75 72 73 71 61 65 73 80 63 2 28 4 years college 75 47 53 53 55 59 47 64 63 63 3 24 4 years high school 75 49 48 51 46 61 59 4o 55 55 4 37 1 year college 76 4i 48 49 46 69 59 42 42 40 5 22 2 years college 76 54 53 51 50 45 50 56 67 55 6 27 4 years high school 77 39 63 45 57 71 53 69 53 60 7 23 2 years high 78 57 60 60 62 51 47 56 62 48 8 29 4 years high school 78 44 46 49 68 62 44 62 65 73 9 24 4 years college 78 57 44 64 60 51 62 60 65 60 10 29 4 years college 79 52 58 45 67 61 50 56 51 65 11 23 3 years college 80 59 63 60 79 63 59 83 59 50 12 4 years high school 81 49 48 51 53 47 4l 44 51 55 13 24 4 years high school 82 41 75 56 74 74 62 73 63 65 l4 26 3 years high school 82 49 51 58 57 30 44 52 50 60 15 27 4 years high school 83 49 51 58 48 63 38 4o 46 55 16 22 2 years college 83 57 51 62 64 45 49 54 59 53 17 1 year graduate school 84 49 70 70 50 72 47 75 61 60 18 22 1 year college 85 47 48 42 55 37 50 46 46 58 19 22 2 years college 85 59 48 64 76 74 67 6 55 48 20 21 2 years college 85 4l 39 49 55 4l 47 56 59 83 21 21 4 years high school 85 44 53 47 55 51 47 52 53 65 22 35 3 years high school 85 62 51 64 50 49 35 54 59 45 23 26 4 years high school 85 59 82 65 76 82 62 75 76 60 24 29 2 years high school 85 72 70 76 76 49 50 58 50 63 25 34 1 year high school 86 54 36 51 71 53 56 54 50 65 26 24 2 years college 86 49 58 55 69 51 62 66 67 75 27 21 2 years college 89 49 53 51 62 57 62 56 51 65 28 29 2 years college 89 59 36 55 60 73 70 50 55 60 29 30 4 years college 89 62 63 60 57 65 62 60 67 63 30 26 4 years graduate school 89 26 51 35 29 57 33 54 32 28 31 28 4 years college 90 56 44 58 53 47 44 48 55 55 32 26 4 years high school 91 49 60 58 71 63 62 56 53 48 33 28 2 years college 92 62 51 65 48 65 70 62 57 43 34 29 4 years high school 93 49 77 62 81 73 67 81 61 50 35 22 4 years high school 93 54 58 60 67 57 59 60 55 48 36 37 4 years high school 93 47 46 42 55 55 44 60 55 65 37 27 4 years high school 93 49 51 53 39 4l 38 4o 44 28 38 26 2 years college 93 70 65 73 46 63 4l 56 56 58 59 MMPI T-SCORES (Continued) High Social Service Interest Group Kuder Gentile No. Age Education Score Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma 39 28 2 gears graduate school 93 57 48 55 50 57 47 44 59 55 40 25 1 year college 94 49 4l 55 39 53 45 44 50 60 4l 24 3 years college 94 57 60 71 81 84 67 73 69 63 42 24 3 years college 94 52 48 56 53 53 53 48 50 53 43 31 2 years high school 94 4i 46 45 60 49 38 40 4o 60 44 29 3 years college 94 65 53 65 46 57 47 54 46 50 45 35 2 years college 95 52 53 65 73 84 62 60 69 55 46 22 1 year college 96 59 41 55 64 59 35 58 61 70 47 30 2 years college 96 4l 70 53 50 74 4i 58 51 50 48 30 1 year high school 96 72 65 58 62 53 38 56 65 68 49 23 4 years college 97 49 65 65 43 59 50 54 57 53 50 25 4 years high school 97 49 53 55 46 67 50 42 56 48 51 28 2 years high school 97 52 56 47 55 67 62 56 55 63 52 31 4 years high school 97 49 56 53 57 53 50 52 53 63 53 23 4 years college 98 65 51 65 74 63 59 58 63 53 54 28 4 years college 98 54 53 53 55 45 38 58 57 53 55 24 3 years college 99 54 60 58 64 53 47 54 63 45 56 27 4 years college 99 65 51 62 67 74 56 58 65 65 57 27 4 years college 99 52 44 62 64 71 53 52 53 50 58 27 4 years college 99 52 56 49 57 71 50 48 50 52 59 28 3 years college 99 98 92 87 74 59 73 64 74 65 6o 32 2 years college • 100 47 51 51 67 71 53 56 53 65 6l 34 2 years college 100 54 56 65 69 65 56 60 63 58 of Southern C m l l t t ^ r n l s
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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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Tavris, Edward
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Core Title
The relation between high and low social service interest measured by the Kuder, and adjustment, as indicated by the MMPI
School
School of Education
Degree
Master of Science
Degree Program
Education
Degree Conferral Date
1949-08
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
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education,OAI-PMH Harvest
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Meyers, C.E. (
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The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...
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