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Strength-Based Reporting: a trauma-informed practice for mandated reporters, to address behavioral health concerns in children at risk of child welfare involvement
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Strength-Based Reporting: a trauma-informed practice for mandated reporters, to address behavioral health concerns in children at risk of child welfare involvement
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Content
Running Head: STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING
Strength-Based Reporting:
A Trauma-Informed Practice for Mandated Reporters, to address Behavioral Health
Concerns in Children at Risk of Child Welfare Involvement
Joycelyn D. Wormley
Doctoral Capstone Project
Presented in Partial Fullfillment of
the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Social Work
Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
University of Southern California, (USC)
May 2020
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 2
Table of Contents
Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... 3
Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................................................. 8
Research around problem ......................................................................................................................... 8
Reforming Social Norms ......................................................................................................................... 10
Current Environmental Context .............................................................................................................. 11
Social Significance .................................................................................................................................. 12
Theory of Change .................................................................................................................................... 13
Problems of Practice and Solution (s)/Innovations ................................................................................ 15
Connection to Grand Challenge ............................................................................................................. 16
Stakeholder Review ................................................................................................................................. 17
Current Trends in Child Welfare ............................................................................................................ 19
Logic Model ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Project Structure, Methodology and Action Components .................................................................... 22
Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Financial Plan ........................................................................................................................................ 29
Assessment of Impact .............................................................................................................................. 32
Stakeholder Involvement ......................................................................................................................... 33
Conclusion, Actions, Implications ........................................................................................................... 34
Conclusion contextualized within the field ............................................................................................. 35
References .................................................................................................................................................. 39
Appendix A – Theory of Change (infographic) ...................................................................................... 43
Appendix B – Logic Model ....................................................................................................................... 44
Appendix C – Pre & Post Test ................................................................................................................ 45
Appendix D – SBR Version #1 ................................................................................................................. 46
Appendix E – SBR Version #2 ................................................................................................................. 47
Appendix F – SBR Version #3 ................................................................................................................. 48
Appendix G – Line Item Budget .............................................................................................................. 49
Appendix H – Infographic #2 ................................................................................................................... 50
Appendix I - Infographic #3 ..................................................................................................................... 51
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 3
Executive Summary
The protection of children is a social construct deeply rooted in our country’s values and
moral fabric. Children are considered one of the most vulnerable groups in our society, given
their impressionable minds, innocence, and undeveloped cognitive abilities. Their development
depends on an emotionally, psychologically, and physically healthy environment. Unfortunately,
nearly 5 million children across the United States (Children’s Administration, 2018) will
experience child maltreatment during these vulnerable years and subsequently suffer lifelong
consequences that transcend throughout adulthood.
Child maltreatment is one of several examples of Adverse Childhood Experiences (CDC,
2019) known to cause psychological impairments. Longstanding research suggests that a child’s
exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences can increase their likelihood of developing
behavioral health conditions and decrease their chance of success in adulthood. For this reason,
the Child Welfare System, commonly referred to as Child Protective Services (CPS), has the
goal of ensuring the safety, permanency, and wellbeing of children through intervening on issues
affecting the protection of children.
The government’s responsibility to the prevention, intervention, and treatment of child
abuse was established through the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA),
initially enacted in 1978 (Child Information Gateway, 2019). This legislation provides federal
funding to public agencies in efforts to ensure the protection of children. CPS is therefore
mandated to receive and address allegations of child abuse. While the role of CPS is crucial, this
entity is continuously scrutinized for making decisions that have harmful consequences to
children. Research shows, behavioral health concerns in children are most prevalent in those who
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 4
enter the Child Welfare System, also known as foster care (NCSL, 2019). Unfortunately, this
results in a stigmatized view of the Child Welfare System.
Given the importance of protecting children’s wellbeing, Ensuring the Healthy
Development of all Youth is among the 12 Grand Challenges of Social Work established by the
American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare (AASWSW). Professionals addressing
this Grand Challenge aim to decrease behavioral health concerns in children by implementing
and supporting prevention programs that support a child’s wellbeing.
Prevention has been a critical component in tackling this Grand Challenge. Over the last
few decades, behavioral health in children has become a public health concern due to the rising
costs of behavioral health services among children in the foster care system (Becker et al., 2006).
Rising concerns related to worsening behavioral health conditions in foster care children
influenced policymakers, practitioners, and researchers to improve response to this population.
These steps were essential and socially significant due to rising behavioral health treatment costs
and the residual impact on society when these concerns are left untreated.
Given the positive correlation between behavioral health concerns and CPS involvement,
this Capstone Project will examine ways to reduce negative results – such as poor behavioral
health - that stem from CPS investigations. This project will explore an innovative process
called Strength-Based Reporting that aims to improve information dissemination to CPS by
incorporating strength-based practices when reporting child abuse.
Mandated Reporters are the primary actors targeted to test this innovative practice
because they provide critical information that initiates CPS intervention when a Suspected Child
Abuse Report (SCAR) is submitted. It is hypothesized that improving the way this information is
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 5
disseminated will likely enhance CPS investigations and subsequently improve children’s
outcomes. This practice was named Strength-Based Reporting (SBR) because it allows
Mandated Reporters to gather and report family strengths such as support systems and other
known protective capacities when reporting child maltreatment.
Strength-Based Reporting encompasses a policy, practice, and training program. This
project primarily focuses on how Strength-Based Reporting was tested in practice. The findings
were summarized using qualitative analysis.
This project’s primary goal is to spread awareness on the importance of identifying and
reporting family strengths when making a SCAR. While anyone can initiate a CPS investigation
by merely writing their concerns, research shows more than half of all reports stem from
Mandated Reporters (DHHS, 2018). Therefore, Mandated Reporters are the target population in
this project due to their vital role in initiating a CPS investigation.
The SBR process consists of the following three tools: trauma-informed practice,
organizational policy, and a training program. This project will primarily concentrate on how the
trauma-informed approach was developed, refined, and implemented by analyzing this iterative
process through qualitative analysis that examines the potential benefits and limitations of this
concept.
To test this process, seven Mandated Reporters utilized this practice by using the
Strength-Based Reporting Form (SBR Form) in their practice. Mandated Reporters were asked to
gather information on family strengths when making a CPS report and provide CPS with the
SBR Form when submitting a Suspected Child Abuse Report. Mandated Reporters were trained
remotely and received consent from proper management before using this process.
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 6
The SBR Form was derived from the following evidence-based practices: Safe, Stable,
Nurturing Relationships (SSNR) utilized by the Center of Disease Control to prevent and address
child maltreatment, Strengthening Families Approach from the Center for the Study of Social
Policy, and Safety Organized Practice – a trauma-informed approach utilized by professionals in
the Child Welfare System. Each of these practices is known to strengthen families and improve
the development of youth. The SBR Form can be considered a trauma-informed and evidence-
based approach to mandated reporting by incorporating these approaches. The SBR Form was
reviewed and refined in an iterative process via purposeful collaboration with vital stakeholders
to ensure feasibility and ethical compliance.
While the policy and training program are additional components that ensure this new
practice is adequately supported, these segments were not included in this Capstone Project’s
assessment. Therefore, future steps will consist of conducting a full pilot program that examines
the impact of the policy and training program. The pilot program will reach constituents locally
and aims to shift the attitudes of mandated reporters. The pilot program’s impact will be assessed
using an attitudinal survey before and after implementing the program. To assess how these
practices influence the Child Welfare System, Strength-Based Reporting will be disseminated
countywide and statewide. For this reason, word of mouth and other communication tactics will
be used to spread awareness of the new trauma-informed practice.
Future steps include raising awareness of the problem and proposed solutions through a
social change campaign for wide dissemination. This Capstone Project will lead the Strength-In
Families Campaign and raise awareness of the importance of identifying family strengths as a
method of reducing the negative consequences associated with Child Welfare Services and
behavioral health conditions known to follow. This campaign coincides with various child
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 7
welfare initiatives launched by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The Strength-In-
Families campaign hopes to disseminate the Strength-Based Reporting concept to organizations
across the nation, providing direct services to children.
Legislative reform is the final future step for the implementation of the SBR process.
Reforming the laws around mandatory reporting of child abuse, including reporting on family
strengths and other protective capacities, would be an appropriate step in changing mandated
reporting norms. It is hypothesized that if the laws and policies governing mandated reporting
are restructured to require documentation of known protective capacities, children may
experience fewer negative consequences following a CPS investigation.
This is an innovative step forward as previous reformative efforts have not targeted all
mandated reporters. This approach provides trauma-informed training across disciplines and
emphasizes known tactics to reduce Adverse Childhood Experiences for children faced with CPS
investigations. There are no other reporting methods that incorporate an inquiry of strengths by
utilizing an evidenced-based approach such as this one. Strength-Based Reporting can ensure the
healthy development of youth by teaching trauma-informed approaches to mandated reporters on
a local level, statewide, and across the nation.
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 8
Conceptual Framework
Child Welfare involvement, including actions taken during a Child Protective Services
(CPS) investigation and entry into foster care, are linked to poor behavioral health concerns in
children (Kaplan et al., 2019). Research shows that up to 80% of foster care children suffer from
behavioral health problems compared to only 18 to 22% of children in the general population
(National Conference of State Legislatures, 2019). Behavioral health concerns arise when
children experience parent-child separation and are placed with unfamiliar adults when entering
the foster care system. In California, 66% of children entering the foster care system are placed
with unfamiliar adults (USDHHS, 2018) and, therefore, are at a higher risk of behavioral health
issues evident by severe mental illness and lifelong chronic conditions (Seijo et al., 2016).
Longstanding research depicts a positive correlation between foster care placements with non-
related adults and poor behavioral health conditions (Rafeedi et al., 2019) in children. This issue
became a public health concern when the rising costs of mental health care incited a robust
discussion with legislators, policymakers, and a variety of stakeholders, on the impact of
traumatic experiences on children entering the foster care system and the need to provide reforms
to help keep children safe with their families (FamilyFirstAct.org)
Research around the problem
A wealth of research discusses the negative consequences of Child Welfare involvement
and subsequent parent-child separation. Behavioral health conditions are often linked to Adverse
Childhood Experiences (ACES) known to negatively impact a child’s development (CDC,
2019). The Center for Disease Control describes ACEs as “potentially traumatic events that
occur in childhood (0 to 17 years) such as experiencing violence, abuse or neglect; witnessing
violence in the home; or have a family member attempt or die by suicide” (CDC, 2019). Children
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 9
who experience ACES are more likely to develop chronic health conditions, poor behavioral
patterns, and experience decreased life potential (e.g., low graduation rates and high
incarceration rates) (CDC, 2019).
Behavioral health in concerns childhood has been researched for decades. The American
Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare aimed to address the staggering number of youth
experiencing behavioral health concerns (AASWSW, 2018) by utilizing scientific advances and
evidence-based strategies to ensure youth’s healthy development. To achieve this goal, key
stakeholders worked to “increase infrastructure to support the high-quality implementation of
preventative interventions” and implement evidenced-based preventative interventions that target
prioritized factors such as risk and protective factors.
Children involved in the Child Welfare System are significantly more likely to develop
long-lasting behavioral health conditions due to the results of a Child Protective Services (CPS)
investigation. Well established research indicates maltreatment often leads to psychosocial
disruption in the lives of children and families. Especially for those in vulnerable conditions, out-
of-home placements often place the child at risk of behavioral and social problems (Washington
et al., 2018). In comparison to children who do not experience adversity, which leads to parent-
child separation, research shows “children in out-of-home care have disproportionate rates of
behavioral problems, posing a significant public health concern that exacts a toll on children,
families, and communities” (Washington et al., 2018). Due to the results of a CPS investigation,
removing children from home is a detrimental and egregious intervention strategy linked to long-
lasting consequences.
Decades of research point to the disproportionate rate of behavioral and mental health
issues in children placed in the foster care system compared to children in the larger population.
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 10
Specifically, studies show “behavioral and/or mental health issues occur in approximately half of
the foster care youth compared to one in five youth in the general population” (Ogg et al., 2015).
Common behavioral health problems are displayed in a combination of externalized and
internalized symptoms such as aggression, physical violence, property destruction, or
internalized behavioral concerns such as depression, anxiety, or post-traumatic stress disorder
(McDonald, 2016). Mental health concerns are a growing concern for affecting children in foster
care.
Behavioral health issues worsen when children are placed with unfamiliar and unrelated
adults. According to Child Welfare Indicators Project (CWIP), 2 out of 3 children involved in a
CPS investigation are placed with unfamiliar adults when the parent or caregiver cannot provide
adequate care and support. Research suggests children placed in foster care, with unfamiliar or
unrelated adults, are at an increased likelihood of developing mental health difficulties indicated
by “higher rates of depression, poorer social skills, lower adaptive functioning, and more
externalizing behavioral problems, such as aggression and impulsivity.” Such conditions are
often lifelong and negatively impact the duration of the child’s life.
Reforming Social Norms
Reporting child abuse and neglect has been a federal mandate since 1962 following the
publication of “The Battered Child Syndrome,” which transformed societal views on child abuse.
Since then, reporting, intervening, and addressing suspected abuse has become a social norm
across the globe. Although any person who reasonably suspects child maltreatment can report to
CPS, but research shows, more than half of these reports stem from professionals mandated to
report the abuse (USDHHS, 2018). Therefore, mandated reporters hold an influential position,
given their ability to directly impact children’s health, safety, and wellbeing by making a report
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 11
to CPS. While research shows CPS involvement is an indicator of poor behavioral health
conditions in children, unraveling how this involvement is initiated is a primary focus of this
Capstone Project. In efforts to ensure the healthy development of all youth, this project aims to
reform the mandated reporting process.
Current Environmental Context
Due to research connecting children’s behavioral health to CPS involvement,
professionals in the Child Welfare System (CWS) utilize preventative and trauma-informed
approaches to address child maltreatment. The elements in trauma-informed practice include, in
part, “achieving behavioral control, addressing cognitive distortions, and building or sustaining
healthy attachments” (Strand, 2018) by making strategic efforts to identify “social networks and
family support, during the [CPS] investigative process” (Font et al. 2018). Therefore, the
solution to addressing behavioral health concerns in children can theoretically begin with a
trauma-informed CPS investigation. Given known psychological risks, which stem from actions
taken during the CPS investigation (such as parent-child separation) and current knowledge on
trauma-informed practice, future steps should include ways to improve the investigative process.
All CPS investigations begin with a CPS report. In California, there are over 200,000
calls made to Child Protective Services (CPS) due to concerns of suspected child abuse. Of this
number, 175 000 - approximately 57%, of calls lead to an open CPS investigation. According to
the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System in 2018, professionals mandated to report
child abuse to submit 67.3 percent of the reports, which successfully leads to CPS investigations
(USDHHS, 2018).
The purpose of a CPS “investigation is twofold: (1) to determine whether the child was
maltreated or is at-risk of maltreatment and (2) to determine if services are needed and which
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 12
services to provide.” (USDHHS). The CPS investigation is initiated by a Suspected Child Abuse
Report, which identifies the victim, perpetrator, and alleged abuse. Therefore, information
reported in the SCAR is an essential variable in the inception of a CPS report. Emergency
Response Social Workers are responsible for investigating these concerns. This includes
identifying protective capacities and assessing the risk of future maltreatment. It also includes an
assessment of services and future next steps. Sometimes, determining the best way to stabilize
the family can be cumbersome and, unfortunately, lead to parent-child separation.
Research shows that parent-child separation often leads to behavioral health concerns in
children. Additionally, those children are more likely to experience psychosocial problems as
adults due to adversities resulting from this decision (Bruskas et. a., 2013). Reducing parent-
child separation and the negative consequences associated with this practice is an essential next
step for the Child Welfare System.
Social Significance
Families involved with the Child Welfare System typically represent the most vulnerable
part of the population. These families are more likely to struggle with poverty, homelessness,
intergenerational transmission of violence, and other obstacles (DePanfillis & Salus, 2003).
Ineffectively working with vulnerable populations is a significant social problem that affects the
social wellbeing of citizens in society. Children who experience parent-child separation are more
likely to have behavioral health issues, drop out from high school, become incarcerated, and
suffer from a substance abuse problem (Van Dulmam & DeLuca, 2017). Subsequently, it
impacts neighborhoods’ safety, crime rates, adequate education, and even property values.
Vulnerable populations are often those who identify as ethnic backgrounds. According to
the US Department of Health and Human Services, African American children account for
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 13
22.4% (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2016) of the foster care system children. According
to the Racial Disparity Index, which compares the percentage of youth in the child welfare
system, African American children make up only 13.8% of the population. Still, they account for
22.6 % of children in the child welfare system. Research shows children placed in foster care
“are among a socially disadvantaged group” whose adverse life experiences are likely to affect
“biological mechanisms through which adversity exposure cause strain, dysregulation,
maladaptive stress response habits and poorer physical and mental health” (Rebbe et al., 2017).
While circumstances that lead a child to foster are detrimental, placement in foster care equally
damaging. Therefore, these negative consequences, such as behavioral health outcomes, will
cause more detriment to an already disadvantaged community.
Theory of Change
This project aims to improve social welfare policies by reforming how mandated
reporters communicate concerns of maltreatment and, subsequently, eliciting CPS involvement.
Unfortunately, CPS involvement has been described as a highly scrutinized system composed of
laws and regulations that do not always work in the child’s best interest. To improve families’
outcomes, this project seeks to reform the practices of professionals mandated to report child
abuse.
Strength-Based Reporting is the proposed method theorized to improve how CPS
investigations are initiated by incorporating trauma-informed models and strength-based
approaches in the child abuse reporting process. The integration of strength-based practices is
projected to improve the inception of CPS investigations by increasing the detection of
protective capacities. Professionals mandated to report child maltreatment are often trained to
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 14
identify family strengths, but this information is often negated when making a Suspected Child
Abuse Report is submitted.
A variety of theories support this idea. Theory of Positive Psychology asserts proactive
thinking and interpersonal relationship skills can improve the psychosocial wellbeing of children.
This project utilizes this concept as it emphasizes “positive social support of high quality can
enhance resilience to stress, help protect against developing trauma-related psychopathology, and
decrease the functional consequences of trauma-induced disorders, such as post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD)” (Ozbay et al., 2007). When a Suspected Child Abuse Report (SCAR) is
submitted to CPS, this new practice will initiate a critical conversation between the parent and
Emergency Response Social Worker on the positive aspects of their situations, which reduce
harm and safety threats to children.
Additionally, Systems Theory also serves as a fundamental theory to change the
behaviors and norms associated with mandated reporting. System Theory describes families in
terms of large systems where each entity contributes to another. According to Systems Theory,
“The individual is theoretically supported by multiple agencies who all work together to solve
rooted and surface area issues. [This includes] immediate family who reside in the home,
extended family who reside out of the home and then agencies who work to support the family
all contribute to the resolution of problems which need to be solved” (Navarro, 2014). Systems
Theory is often used to address areas of concern in Social Work in the Child Welfare System.
While the identification of family support systems was an approach suggested through
Systems Theory, it also aligns with Strength-Based practice in social work practice theory.
According to Social Care Institute, “This approach can focus on individuals’ strengths as well as
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 15
wider social and community networks” (Social Care Institute, 2019). The Children’s Bureau
tested the strength-based approach as a method for improving the outcome for children and
families involved in the Child Welfare System (CWS) in efforts to address issues with policy,
practice, and cross-systems collaboration (Child Information Gateway, 2008). One outcome of
this study was the importance of policy to drive the direction of social work practice. Social
workers were more apt to inquire about family strengths when a policy, training, and practice
supported this effort (Child Information Gateway, 2008). For this reason, Strength-Based
Reporting includes a policy, evidence-based practice, and training program.
Problems of Practice and Solution (s)/Innovations
Strength-Based Reporting (SBR) is the proposed solution. SBR is an innovative practice
for professionals mandated to report child abuse and neglect, which aims to ensure youth’s
healthy development and wellbeing by improving the dissemination of information in the
inception of a CPS report.
Strength-Based Reporting was founded on an evidence-based practice known to prevent
and reduce child maltreatment presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s
(CDC) work in child maltreatment (CM) prevention. According to CDC, “The overall strategy in
preventing child maltreatment is to promote safe, stable, and nurturing relationships (SSNRs)
between children and their caregivers” (CDC, 2019). The Strength-Based Reporting form was
built in part with the SSNR concepts due to the importance of social support in preventing and
addressing child maltreatment.
The current practice for Mandated Reporters requires that a SCAR is submitted to CPS
when child abuse is suspected. The present document inquiries about the victim, perpetrator, and
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 16
incident and does not elicit information on family strengths. Given research that links
documentation of protective capacities as a method of negative consequences associated with
CPS investigations, such as parent-child separation, documenting this information in the
inception of the report is crucial. Timely reporting of protective capacities is likely to assist in
the Grand Challenge of Ensuring the Healthy Development of Youth.
Connection to Grand Challenge
The purpose of this innovation is to ensure the healthy development and wellbeing of
children at risk of entering the foster care system by using a trauma-informed approach to
reporting child abuse. It is hypothesized that early reporting of family strengths will increase the
number of children who remain intact with their family or with members of their support system,
following a CPS investigation. Research suggests that families are less likely to experience
negative consequences such as parent-child separation when there is evidence of protective
capacities (DePanfilis & Salus, 2003). Additionally, when parent-child separation is in the
child’s best interest, early identification of family strengths can result in the child being placed
with his/her relative or extended family member instead of an unfamiliar or non-related adult.
Thereby decreasing the likelihood of behavioral health concerns that result from foster
placements
According to the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare, one of the
societal goals is to “reduce the incidence and prevalence of behavioral health problems in the
population of young people” (AASWSW). Based on this goal, it was recommended that
professionals work to “increase local and state capacity to support the high-quality
implementation of effective preventative interventions…via new policies and organizational
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 17
structures [which are] needed to foster the cross-sector implementation of effective prevention
programs.”
Strength-Based Reporting is a new policy and practice which was developed in response
to the Grand Challenge of ensuring the healthy development of youth. The purpose of strength-
based reporting is to utilize trauma-informed and evidence-supported methods to improve
mandated reporting in efforts to ensure reduce results of adverse experiences that occur as a
result of Child Welfare involvement. While the Child Welfare Systems is responsible for
ensuring children’s safety, permanency, and wellbeing, egregious intervention strategies are
utilized too often and cause life-long, psychological damages to children.
Strength-Based Reporting is a new policy, practice, and training, which was created in
response to the widespread behavioral health issues in children resulting from foster care
placements. Strength-Based Reporting consists of a policy for local organizations providing
direct practice to families (e.g., schools, hospitals, counseling centers, etc.) and primarily staffed
with professionals mandated to report child abuse or neglect. The policy requests required
reporters to complete and submit a Strength-Based Reporting form when making a Suspected
Child Abuse Report (SCAR) to Child Protective Services (CPS). The suggested practice is
preceded by training on Strength-Based Reporting and evidenced-based engagement styles to
elicit offered information.
Stakeholder Review
Given the evidence-based approach to Strength-Based Reporting, this process can be
implemented as a policy and practice for an organization primarily staffed with mandated
reporters. This process was examined by various stakeholders who employ vital users, such as
mandated reporters and CPS social workers.
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 18
Honorable Judge Michael Nash reviewed the initial concept of Strength-Based Reporting
in April 2019. According to retired Juvenile Court Judge Michael Nash, “We want the social
workers to be thinking, foster care with non-relative is the last priory instead of a priority. The
form can help.” Mr. Nash recommended implementation to the local level.
In January 2020, Yolo County Superintendent of Schools Garth Lewis stated, “This
process has the potential to change the mindsets of reporters all across the Nation.” Mr. Lewis
believed that Strength-Based Reporting could be implemented as a practice in the Yolo County
Unified School District. While he expressed concern with the laws regarding “information
sharing” between the school and social services, which could prohibit this type of reporting, Mr.
Lewis has remained in support of the SBR process. He has agreed to work collaboratively
towards implementation. Mr. Lewis provided a Letter of Support to illustrate his commitment.
In February 2020, Strength-Based Reported was reviewed by Norma Cardona, Program
Manager and Foster Youth Liaison for Merced Union School District. Ms. Cardona is
responsible for managing programs that serve the homeless and foster youth population. Ms.
Cardona said, “I would like to train our staff in this process. It solely focuses on identifying
family strengths and dispels the notion that reporting has to be so deficit-based.” Ms. Cardona
further stated, “If there is anything we can do to improve the outcome of our families, then we
should do it.” Ms. Cardona discussed a desire to implement SBR practices in the upcoming
school year. Ms. Cardona wrote a letter of support to express her willingness to participate in
ongoing collaboration.
An anonymous survey was distributed to multiple constituents within Sacramento
County, Department of Child, Family and Adult Services, which included program managers,
supervisors, and other program administrators to elicit additional stakeholder feedback. While
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 19
their responses varied, the universal consensus expressed the importance of documenting
protective capacities early in the investigative process. Thoughts on how to do this varied, but
the majority believed this process was needed.
Current Trends in Child Welfare
Over the last five years, the Child Welfare System has made significant progress in
addressing inadequate approaches when serving children and families. The Child Welfare System
has shifted from a focus on deficits and institutional placement to strength-based and family
engagement through the implementation of new innovative practices, policy initiatives, and
trauma-informed interventions.
In 2012, California enacted the Child Welfare Core Practice Model to support social
workers in “service delivery and decision making at all levels in Child Welfare” (California Child
Welfare Core Practice Model, 2016). The purpose of the Core Practice Model (CPM) is to educate
social workers on trauma-informed to increase understanding of how trauma and other stressors
can lead to maltreatment of children, promote family connections, and assist parents with
challenges associated with transitions and/or milestones (California Child Welfare Core Practice
Model, 2016). The CPM serves as a guide to educating social workers and ultimately improving
the outcome of how families are serviced while involved in the system.
The latest trend has been in serving families at risk of child welfare involvement. In March
2018, The Family First Prevention Services Act was signed. This act aimed to “reform federal
financial streams” in order to “serve children at risk of entering the foster care by allowing federal
reimbursement for mental health services, substance abuse treatment, and in-home parenting skill
training. The Family First Prevention Services Act requires that states maintain a “prevention plan
for children to remain safe or live with kin” (Buchanan, 2017).
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 20
There are existing opportunities for innovations that create trauma-informed policies such
as Strength-Based Reporting. The Campaign for Trauma-Informed Policy and Practice (TIPP) is
currently tackling policies that directly adhere to the Family Frist Prevention Services Act. The
Strength-Based Reporting Project is a potential policy that can be proposed to the CTIPP to
disseminate new evidence-supported and trauma-informed practice for mandated reporters.
Logic Model
To further the understanding of how this Capstone Project can be implemented including
the resources required, suggested activities, expected outputs and hypothesized outcomes, this
innovative concept is presented in a step by step guide to help the reader understand the theory of
change and intended measures of success (see Appendix A).
Given the multilayered steps to implementation, the inputs, activities, outputs, and
outcomes will be described in three categories. The first category is the Strength-Based
Reporting Form. The second category is the Training Program. The third category is the
Strength-Based Reporting policy. The logic model components will be applied to each of these
categories separately. The Logic Model (see Appendix B) provides a clear depiction of
theorized changes over time.
Strength-Based Reporting aims to change the norms associated with mandated reporters
by using trauma-informed practices to ensure children are connected to their support system
when stabilizing a family crisis and when safety concerns raise the level of parent-child
separation. Strength-Based Reporting is expected to increase the likelihood that children remain
with their support system. As stated in the Conceptual Framework, Strength-Based Reporting is
a new process that should be enforced via policy reform. Once the policy is adopted, mandated
reporters can be trained, and Strength-Based Reporting can be initiated.
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 21
The likelihood of success is high given the evidence that the Child Welfare System has
continually moved toward a more strength-based approach. This Capstone Project’s success
depends on the number of organizations that adopt the policy for Strength-Based Reporting for
mandated reporters. As of this writing, two school districts express interest in adopting this
policy. The current barrier to dissemination is the lack of funding to support the key users’
training program.
The likelihood of success is determined by the number of practitioners who adopt the
strength-based reporting policy and practice and improve engagement practices with families.
These behaviors will transcend across the system when/if they are required to make a Suspected
Child Abuse Report. Improved engagement with families where family strengths become the
focus, then communication with CPS becomes less deficit-based. In doing so, it captures the
aspects that work well for the family in efforts to reduce behavioral health concerns that stem
from egregious intervention from CPS.
Success will be determined in two ways. First, there is a pre and post attitudinal survey
(see Appendix C), which will show the likelihood of reporting on family strengths when making
a CPS report. The second-way success will be determined by reviewing the Child Welfare
Indicators Project (CWIP). The purpose of the CWIP is the gather information from all CWS
counties and organize data to reflect current numerical trends in the child welfare system. The
CWIP gathers information on the number of children placed with relatives and the number of
children entering foster care due to substantiated allegations. For this reason, success can be
determined by a decrease in the number of kids entering the system and also by the number of
children placed with their support system. This process is likely to be successful given the
knowledge known about trauma-informed practices.
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 22
Project Structure, Methodology, and Action Components
Strength-Based Reporting (SBR) is a new process that encompasses policy reform,
evidence-based practices, and a training program. This Capstone project is a policy reform
strategy that recommends mandated reporters utilize the SBR Form when submitting a Suspected
Child Abuse Report (SCAR). The SBR Form was the tested prototype in this project. This
project aims to increase the use of strength-based approaches in mandated reporters and therefore
altering the inception of a CPS investigation. Previous practice focuses on the victim,
perpetrator, and abuse; this new process recommends that mandated reporters also focus on
family strengths.
This is significant for child welfare because of the research, which points to a rise in
behavioral health conditions when children and families experience parent-child separation. The
Strength-Based Reporting process encourages mandated reporters to reduce these adverse
outcomes for children by using an evidenced-based tool called the “Strength-Based Reporting
Form” when making a Suspected Child Abuse Report. The goal is to reduce the number of
children who experience behavioral health conditions due to Child Welfare involvement.
Market Analysis
Efforts to improve the Child Welfare System have been mobilized due to worsening
behavioral health concerns in children removed from their families, loved ones, and communities
and by adverse experiences in foster care (Williams-Mbengue, nd). In a Legislative Report
analyzing the cost of children’s social and emotional wellbeing of children in foster care, it was
reported that “The total annual cost of child abuse and neglect in the US in 2012 has been
estimated to be $80.2 billion” (Williams-Mbengue, nd.).
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 23
According to the Mental Health and Foster Care report published by the National
Conference of State Legislatures, roughly 80% of foster care children have increased mental
health issues than approximately 20% of children in the general population (NCSL, 2019). As a
result, when foster youth transition to adulthood, they are five times more likely to engage in
substance abuse, drop out of high school and become incarcerated.
Due to behavioral health concerns resulting from CPS involvement, trauma-informed
responses begin at the inception of the CPS report. When a report is made, an Intake Social
Worker is responsible for documenting the concerns from reporters. Intake social workers are
trained in Safety Organized Practice (SOP). California Social Work Education Center
(CALSWEC) defines SOP as a “trauma-informed child welfare practice model that utilizes
skillful engagement, meaningful partnerships with families and their networks, and development
of plans that foster behavior change within a family system to ensure child safety, permanency,
and wellbeing” (calswec.berkley.edu). SOP is practiced by Child Welfare social workers across
the State of California. SOP utilizes a tool called “mapping” which inquiries about strengths,
worries, and next steps. Intake and Emergency Response Social Workers often use this tool when
engaging with families and service providers.
Due to SOP, probing for information on family strengths has become the norm for Child
Welfare Social Workers. Social workers across the nation are being trained on this practice.
Unfortunately, this practice does not transcend across disciplines. Inquiring on family strengths
when dealing with issues of child maltreatment is not the norm. Therefore, knowing how to
identify family strengths and other protective capacities is not a typical task for practitioners and
service providers working with vulnerable families. Strength-Based Reporting aims to train all
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 24
organizations, who provide direct services to families with tools to identify strengths when
making a child abuse report.
In addition to SOP, the California Department of Social Services (CDSS) utilizes
evidence-based practices to assist California’s CWS workers in making these critical
assessments and decisions. The California Department of Social Services (CDSS) initiated the
Structured Decision Making (SDM) Project in 1998 to ensure adequate safety and risk
assessment. CPS uses various assessment tools to achieve standardized and consistent
evaluations of behaviors contributing to child safety. The SDM model combines research with
best practices, offering workers a framework for consistent decision making, and offering
agencies a way to target in-demand resources toward those who can benefit most” (National
Council for Crime & Delinquency, 2018). For family violence situations, the SDM outlines
specific reasons children would be considered at risk of abuse or neglect. The SDM provides an
objective decision on how to address the safety concerns presented in the investigation. The
SDM is a tool primarily used by CPS Social Worker working in the Intake and Emergency
Response. The purpose of SDM is to assess the needs, safety risks, and possible protective
capacities.
Identifying protective capacities is an essential piece of the SDM tool. Intake and
Emergency Response Social Workers are trained in identifying areas of protection. While this
training has been vital in exerting a harm-reduction strategy to intervention, this information is
often not identified at the time of reporting. A study that correlated mental health and behavioral
health problems to Child Welfare Involvement found that gathering data on protective capacities
such as support networks can improve the investigative process (Font et al., 2018). Intake Social
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 25
Worker can inquire of protection areas when a CPS report is made; however, Mandated
Reporters are sometimes unaware of these characteristics.
Evidenced-based models such as Safety Organized Practice and Structured Decision
Making teach the social worker how to identify strengths in the most tumultuous times. Evidence
shows that identifying protective capacities can improve the outcome for children. Strength-
Based Reporting was created in efforts to transcend this model across disciplines. Mandated
Reporters consist of varying professionals who provide direct services to children and families
but are not trained in social work or strength-based practices. Strength-Based Reporting,
therefore, fills a critical gap in the Child Welfare System.
Methodology
Before creating the Strength-Based Reporting form, an attitudinal survey was distributed
to 101 mandated reporters from varying disciplines. They were asked if they currently provide
information on a family support network when making a SCAR. 80% of respondents said yes,
and 20% of respondents said no. The attitudinal survey showed most mandated reporters were
willing to provide additional information on the family support system when making a SCAR.
Following the attitudinal survey, the first version of the form was created. This form was
created using several evidence-based practices known to reduce child maltreatment and
strengthen family systems. The Strength-Based Reporting Form consists of the Strengthening
Families Approach, Protective Factors Framework, and Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships
(SSNR) approach. A variety of family strengths were identified and placed categorically on a
form that allowed the reporter to select the category with ease.
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 26
Version 1 of this prototype (see Appendix D) was reviewed by 18 mandated reporters.
The reviewers were asked to watch an 8-minute training video on how to use the form and then
complete a Likert Scale Survey to reflect their thoughts on using the document. The 18
respondents were mostly from education and social services. The feedback was mixed.
Approximately 50% reported they were likely to use this form the next time they made a child
abuse report. 30% said they were somewhat likely, 10% said neither unlikely nor likely, and 10%
said not likely to use it at all. Additionally, respondents were asked how satisfied were they with
the look and feel of the form. 70% said very satisfied, 10% said neither satisfied nor not satisfied,
and 10% said not satisfied at all. The final question inquired on their thoughts for improvement.
The respondents provided a qualitative response on their ideas to improve the SBR Form. Based
on this feedback, the Strength-Based Reporting Form was revised once more.
A significant revision and obstacle were related to Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (HIPAA) and Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
constraints. Constituents reported their concerns with violating privacy rights by disclosing
information such as specific agency names, family members, and other information without
consent. Mental health professional respondent #10 reported:
“Your strength Based reporting is a great way to help at-risk children remain with a
support system. The only problem I see with this reporting form is that I would not like to
potentially break any HIPAA laws. I reviewed HIPAA laws regarding privacy during
emergency situations or imminent danger, and it read that as a provider, I may be able to
disclose information such as an emergency contact or the minimum necessary to assist
my client. The only problem is that if the alleged abuse is unfounded, it would be a
HIPAA violation.”
Educational professional, respondent #2, expressed concern with FERPA. This
respondent recommended that the laws authorizing this type of information sharing were added
to the bottom. Additionally, this respondent said, “I’m willing to use the form, but will not
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 27
include the name/contact information of adults. I need to be careful around following FERPA”
(Respondent #2).
Due to these constraints, Version 2 of the SBR Form (see Appendix E) eliminated
specific names and agencies’ requests. Version 2 was also reviewed by an attorney to ensure this
process and requested information would not violate HIPPA and or FERPA guidelines.
To ensure the form was HIPPA and FERPA compliant, Version 2 was reviewed by an
attorney from Parker Stanbury LLP who specializes in several areas, including education,
general law, copyright, and trademark. This attorney confirmed, Version 3 was FEPA compliant,
given “FERPA allows schools to disclose those records, without consent, to the following parties
or under the following conditions (34 CFR § 99.31): Appropriate officials in case of health or
safety emergencies. Additionally, he confirmed this version was HIPPA compliant as the law
allows the reporter to provide any information for a CPS investigation. The law states the
following:
“Section 164.512(f) places limitations on the information released to law enforcement
but not to CPS agencies. The pediatrician may disclose all protected health information
important to the investigation without legal guardian authorization.”
Version 3 of the SBR Form (see Appendix F) is a product of revisions and incorporates
suggested feedback from key users. This version Eliminates the request for personal information
(i.e., names/organizations), includes HIPPA and FERPA laws on the second page and provides a
disclaimer above the narrative box to inform the user responsibility to abide by HIPPA and
FERPA when submitting this form.
Version 3 was tested for one month. There were seven users, primarily from the
education field, who utilized Strength-Based Reporting when making a SCAR. A small number
of participants was selected due to reducing possible ethical consequences associated with this
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 28
new practice. Each participant received consent from internal stakeholders before submitting this
information to CPS.
Each of the seven participants previewed the Strength-Based Reporting Training Video
and used the form when making a SCAR. After completing the Strength-Based Reporting Form,
participants were asked to answer four questions. The first question inquired about the
practicality of the process. Issues concerning mandatory reporting have been debated due to
reports of increased workloads that hinder service delivery to children and families (Melton, GB,
2005). Therefore, participants were asked if this form was practical and easy to use. The results
revealed, 100% of participants believed Strength-Based Reporting was reasonable and did not
complicate an already strenuous process.
The second question asked if participants would be interested in receiving Strength-
Based Reporting training. The purpose of this question was to assess the overall willingness of
mandated reporters to attend additional training pertaining given the new process would require
their participation in at least one further activity. Out of seven participants, 71% expressed a
willingness to participate in training regarding Strength-Based Reporting. The other 29%
opposed the idea of receiving further education or guidance on this new practice.
The third question inquired about the user’s willingness to use this process more than
once. This question was used to predict future utilization from the target user. Research on
dissemination and implementation of social change emphasizes, when utilization by the users is
achieved, new practices and innovative processes can impact social change (pp.54). Assessing
participants’ willingness to adapt to this process was, therefore, an essential factor to uncover. It
was determined, 85% of participants were willing to use this process again. The other 15%
expressed a disinterest in the utilization of the Strength-Based Reporting process.
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 29
The final question asked participants to discuss how it would impact the way Suspected
Child Abuse Reporters were conducted. While each response varied, participants consistently
reported that Strength-Based Reporting would provide a more well-rounded assessment of the
family, include essential information, improve engagement with the family, and is a necessary
practice that many professionals should practice.
Each participant believed Strength-Based Reporting improved the way a SCAR is
submitting to CPS. The majority (42%) believed Strength-Based Reporting elicits essential
information, and 28% thought Strength-Based Reporting made the process more well-rounded.
Lastly, 15% believed this process would improve communication and engagement with families,
and another 15% said more professionals should do this practice overall. This final question
revealed collective support for the Strength-Based Reporting process.
Financial Plan
The initial pilot phase of the SBR Pilot will take place in Merced County or Yolo County to
see the impact. Merced Unified High School District and Yolo County Office of Education
expressed interest in implementing the SBR practice. Merced County was chosen as a potential
location given “10% of the population in this district are in foster care and experienced
homelessness while 80% of the overall student population come from socio-economically
disadvantaged households” (Cardona, 2020) are at risk of Child Welfare involvement. Yolo
County was chosen because the values align with its overall mission of providing a model of
excellence in educational service, innovation, and impact (Lewis, 2020).
The pilot program will run for the duration of one school year, which is approximately nine
months. During this pilot phase, about 200 Mandated Reporters utilize SBR practices. Each
Mandated Reporter will complete a pre-test and post-test to assess their attitudes and willingness
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 30
to use this practice. Mandated Reporters will also participate in a training 6-hour training
program. During this training, Mandated Reporters will learn the concepts and evidence-based
approaches to inform the new method and additional family engagement tools to improve family
strengths assessment. During the school year, Mandated Reporters will use SBR practices and
document their experience. Mandated Reporters will receive incentives to encourage continued
use and ensure sustainment.
At the beginning of the school year, Mandated Reporters will complete a pre-test and
post-test to assess their attitudes on strength-based practices. A recent study on Mandated
Reporters’ experiences with reporting maltreatment found that many reporters found reporting
child abuse did more harm than good (McTavish et al., 2017). Implications for future research
suggested practices in mandatory reporting are improved. Additionally, a study on Mandated
Reporters’ attitudes found that professionals were concerned with reporting due to fear of
damaging rapport with their families (Tufford & Lee, 2020). The pre-tests and post-tests surveys
aim to assess how strength-based practices improve the process of mandatory reporting.
Implementation of the SBR Pilot would consist of training Mandated Reporters on family
engagement, CPS communication, and family strengths documentation. Training would require
developing training materials (e.g., presentation, training guides, various training activities).
Implementation would require securing appropriate facilities to provide the training.
The training program will be approximately $25,000 for each pilot site. The line-item
budget (see Appendix G) provides an itemized list of projected costs associated with
implementation. The cost to implement the training program will also consist of professional
leadership fees, supplies, and facilities. Leadership fees include time spent developing the
program, creating tangible learning guides, and assessing the outcome. Supplies will consist of
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 31
the costs of training guides, incentives, computers, and internet. The cost of stores will be
reduced by implementing electronic resources such as online PowerPoint presentations and
electronic training guides. The SBR Form will also be available electronically and should only
be printed on an as-needed basis. The costs associated with the training mostly include
leadership fees and the cost of facilities.
Implementation during the pilot program and word of mouth, SBR practices will reach
families at the local level. Reaching a wider population would be essential to assess this
process’s impact in ensuring youth’s healthy development. To spread awareness to mandated
reporters statewide and across the nation, the implementation plan includes launching a Strength-
In-Families Campaign. This will consist of partnering with national organizations currently
receiving funding from the Family First Act enacted in February 2018. The Strength-In-Families
Campaign is expected to be the largest expenditure. Launching and leading a successful
campaign is expected to cause approximately 1 million dollars. This venture would include
staffing costs, and details on campaign expenditures are reflected in the line-item budget.
Given the local, statewide and national implementation plan, the SBR process will
require various revenue streams consisting of State and Federal grants, donations, and
fundraising. Initially, the primary revenue strategy would be local grants and donations. All
revenue will be collected by The Stephens Foundation who has agreed to be a fiscal sponsor for
the SBR training program called Strength-In-Families. TSF provides this service to various
community programs that share the mission “Communities United can Revitalize and Empower
(CURE).” In an unpublished essay discussing Large Systems Program Design, Wormley (2018)
stated, “The Stephens Foundation as a Lateral Organization where the leaders are directly
involved in “creating, staffing, funding, and setting goals to accomplish the organizational
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 32
mission. The Stephens Foundation (TSF) is the SBR training program’s fiscal sponsor and
identifies potential funding sources.
Assessment of Impact
To assess the level of impact, there will be various benchmark assessments. During the
pilot phase, Mandated Reporters will complete a pre and post-test to scale their disposition on
providing supplemental information about family strengths when making a SCAR in addition to
their perception of communication with CPS. Studies show that improving contact between the
reporter and CPS is linked to enhanced investigation outcomes (McTavish et al., 2017). The
survey hopes to reveal that SBR training and practices improve the Mandated Reporters’
likelihood of using trauma-informed practices when making a CPS report. This practice will be
provided to organizations Statewide. Each organization will be asked to conduct a 9-month pilot
and utilize the pre and post-test to assess Mandated Reporter attitudes on the process.
Secondly, the SBR process will utilize the Child Welfare Indicators Project (CWIP) to
assess how Strength-Based Reporting improves CPS investigations’ outcome. Improvement will
be indicated by the number of children entering the system and the percentage of children placed
as non-related adults when entering foster care. The Child Welfare Indicators Project is s a
collaborative venture between the University of California at Berkeley (UCB) and the California
Department of Social Services (CDSS). The project is housed in the School of Social Welfare
and provides policymakers, agency staff, researchers, and the public with access to critical
outcome information on California’s child welfare system. The CWIP provides quantitative data
regarding child welfare statistics in California. Data is broken up by region, race, age, abuse
category, and much more. CWIP can provide the number of children placed with non-related
adults in a specific period. The goal is to see the number decline with the use of Strength-based
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 33
Reporting. This information will be reviewed quarterly and yearly in the participating regions
(e.g., Merced County and Yolo County).
Given the audacious goal of seeing a reduction in children entering the system, it is likely
that the impact may not immediately be visible. Utilizing the pilot study surveys will provide an
accurate picture of how this program impacts social change. The importance theory of change,
which claims communication between Mandated Reporters and CPS is a catalyst to improved
investigations improvement, directly correlates with improved outcomes for children. This
process is only useful when Mandated Reporters are willing to use it. Assessing the likelihood
for Mandated Reporters will implement the SBR process is a crucial indicator of success.
The impact can also be assessed by partnering with CPS in the participating county.
Emergency Response Social Workers, will be significantly impacted by the new process, can
provide information on how Strength-Based Reporting affects the decision making during
investigations. Emergency Response Social Workers are a primary user as their decisions
directly determine a child’s entry into the foster care system in addition to their initial placement.
Stakeholder Involvement
The SBR practice, policy, and training program will be continuously reviewed and
refined by essential stakeholders. This is an iterative process that allows critical internal and
external stakeholders to advise program developers on strategies and methods to increase
success. To ensure the process continues to improve, feedback will be gathered quarterly via
virtual or in-person debriefings. During the pilot program, the stakeholders will include the
Principal, Vice Principal, Foster Youth Liaison, School Counselor, and two teachers.
The SBR practice will be shared with stakeholders locally, Statewide, and Nationally to
communicate with a broader audience. Communication products will include infographics that
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 34
describe the problem (see Appendix H) and how to get involved in a social change movement
(see Appendix I).
Ultimately, the goal is for the SBR practice to transcend disciplines and address multiple
areas of mandated reporters (e.g., medical, educational, and social service professionals) to
change the norm associated with mandated reporting. It will encompass policy, training, and new
practices that improve communication between Mandated Reporters and CPS and improve the
CPS investigation and subsequent family outcomes. It will address the stated problem by altering
reporters’ perspective where they no longer solely focus on family deficits but family strengths.
This approach is expected to improve CPS investigations’ by providing Emergency Response
social workers with information on the family strengths rather than maltreatment alone. CPS
investigations that highlight family strengths are likely to utilize harm-reduction strategies that
decrease practices known to cause harm, detriment, and result in behavioral health conditions
and, therefore, make efforts to ensure children’s healthy development and wellbeing.
Given the layers of ethical and legal concerns related to mandatory reporting of child
abuse, this Capstone Project has carefully considered how altering this requirement could impact
the user. For this reason, the SBR form and practice were reviewed by several key stakeholders
such as an attorney, superintendent of schools, program director, and a variety of program
managers who could identify potential ethical issues associated with this practice. Each
stakeholder addressed the consequences associated with violating HIPPA and FERPA guidelines
related to information sharing.
Conclusion, Actions, Implications
This project aims to inform potential future decisions and actions about the Child Welfare
System. The Family First Act, which was enacted on February 18, 2018, aims to “keep children
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 35
safely with their families and avoid traumatic experience of entering foster care”
(FamilyFirstAct.org). This law gives states the ability to target their existing federal resources
into an array of prevention and early intervention services to keep children safe, strengthen
families and reduce the need for foster care whenever it is safe to do so” (FamilyFirstAct, 2018).
The SBR process is aligned with these goals and hopes to be an exemplary prevention method
targeting children at risk of CPS involvement.
The Strength-Based Reporting Process can impact the Child Welfare System by joining
the Family First Act’s collaborative effort. Many organizations share the mission of improving
children’s lives and prospects by strengthening families, influencing policies, and improving
how practitioners serve vulnerable families. The Family Frist Act provides “resources to promote
innovations and flexibility in reform efforts thanks to federal reimbursement for prevention
services” (Family First Act, 2018). In efforts to participate in the movement towards a more just
Child Welfare System, the Strength-Based Reporting Process will be introduced to a Family First
Act partner to mobilize future progress.
While the Strength-Based Reporting process is a new effort introduced to mandated
reporters in 2020, results indicate there is an opportunity to continue to improve the outcome of
children by implementing this process. Of the 101 mandated reporters who discussed their
attitudes on mandated reporting, 80% expressed a desire to see this process improve to benefit
children and families.
Conclusion contextualized within the field
For a greater understanding of the project’s impact, it is crucial to contextualize the
project’s conclusion within the field of practice. While the Strength-Based Reporting process has
three categories: Practice, policy, and training, this project focused on testing the Strength-Based
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 36
Reporting form in practice. This capstone project examined how the Strength-Based Reporting
form could improve the process of mandated reporting by utilizing trauma-informed and
evidence-based practices when making a CPS report.
Seven mandated reporters put this process into practice. Each reporter was asked to watch
a Strength-Based Reporting video, complete the Strength-Based Reporting form and submit it to
the Emergency Response Social Worker when making a Suspected Child Abuse Report. After
using the Strength-Based Reporting Form, the mandated reporter was asked to complete a four-
question qualitative survey that inquired about their perspective on the practicality of the form,
desirability for training, and willingness to use it again felt this process was useful.
A review of the seven mandated reporters’ qualitative responses showed this concept is
favorable amongst the primary user. The results revealed that this process was practical and
could easily be replicated. The majority of participants disclosed this practice should be included
in part of the regularly practiced policy. While there were a small number of users, 85% of
participants believed there should be professional training on this process. These results support
the existing literature that points to the importance of using strength-based approaches when
working with vulnerable populations at risk of Child Welfare involvement.
While the results appear favorable, a significant limitation in this project is the small
number of users. For this reason, the results have low external validity. The results are not
representative of the larger population due to the low number of participants. In order to increase
validity and reliability, Strength-Based Reporting should be implemented on a larger scale.
This project was limited due to financial and legal barriers. The Strength-Based
Reporting process attempts to alter the function of mandated reporting by implementing a more
strength-based approach. Professionals working directly with children are mandated to report and
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 37
are required to complete annual mandated reporting training. The rules and guidelines for
mandated reporting are clearly defined and adhere to federal laws and mandates outlines in the
Welfare and Institutions Code (WIC). Some professionals were cautious of altering this process
because they were unsure if this Strength-Based Reporting was permitted. Therefore, this project
was limited by having a small sample size; however, testing this prototype on a small scale
decreased ethical risk and liability issues.
As to finances, this project was unable to reach many reporters due to the lack of funding.
Some stakeholders were unwilling to encourage their mandated reporters to utilize a new process
without formal training. Although professionals were provided with a quick 8-minute training
video, several management teams felt this was not an acceptable way to train reporters on such
an important topic. Funding would have provided an opportunity to invest in the required
training materials and cover facility fees (amongst other requirements.)
Despite limitations, this project can be shared with relevant practitioners and external
constituencies through word of mouth. The capstone project leader will encourage public
discourse in communities with high Child Welfare involvement to raise awareness of the
importance of utilizing strength-based approaches when working and discussing this process as
an innovative step to improving vulnerable families’ outcomes. To raise awareness, this project
will participate in speaking engagements, conferences and lead community meetings to discuss
the innovative solution to reducing behavioral health challenges in youth by improving the
mandated reporting process.
Partnering with policymakers and legislators is an essential next step in furthering the
project. Due to current legislation aligned with this project, the Strength-Based Reporting
process can be pitched to organizations funded by the Family First Act. Due to the Federal
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 38
funding to assist with Child Welfare prevention programs, the SBR process can be launched with
an organization already partnering with the Family First Act.
This project will seek funding to cover expenses associated with implementing the
policy, practice, and training and implement a pilot program to advance in the next steps.
Dependent on the results of the pilot program, data gathered during this period can support new
legislation. Therefore, the last step is to propose legislation to reform the mandated reporting
laws federally.
The mission of SBR Practice is to ensure the healthy development of youth at risk of
Child Welfare involvement by creating a trauma-informed approach to mandated reporting.
While trauma-informed approaches and evidence-based models have been used to improve
multiple Child Welfare System phases, little is done to improve what happens at the inception of
a report. Therefore, SBR practices incorporate evidence-supported practices known to enhance
families involved with the Child Welfare System. By targeting mandated reporters, these
practices can transcend across disciplines and alter the norm associated with reporting child
abuse to ensure the healthy development and wellbeing of all youth.
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 39
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STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 43
Appendix A – Theory of Change (infographic)
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 44
Appendix B – Logic Model
Item Inputs Activities Outputs Outcomes
SBR Practice Time
Expert feedback
Revisions
Evidenced-Based
Evaluation
Validate legal
ramifications
Create a trauma-
informed form
which includes
evidenced-based
practices
A form which
abides by
information
sharing
guidelines and
reflects
evidenced-based
practices
Improved method
of reporting family
strengths
Training Money
Facilities
Supplies
Create a training
for mandated
reporters which
transcends across
professions (e.g.
education,
medical,
behavioral health,
etc)
500 trained
mandated
reporters who
have enhanced
knowledge of
strength-based
practices which
improve
engagement
with families
and
subsequently
improves the
information
reported to CPS
Mandated
Reporters improve
how they engage
with families.
Mandated reporters
become more
likely to discuss
strengths when
reporting abuse
Policy Ideas
Time
Collaboration
Collaborate with
stakeholders to
develop a policy
that incorporates
Strength-Based
Reporting in their
practices for
Mandated
Reporting
A unique policy
which allows
mandated
reporters to
gather and
report
information on
family strengths
when making a
Suspected Child
Abuse Report
Organizations
notice more
children are placed
with relatives or
with support
systems when
faced with a child
welfare
investigation.
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 45
Appendix C – Pre & Post Test
1. On a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 being not likely at all, and 10 being extremely likely,
how likely are you to gather information on family strengths and protective capacities
when concerned about child maltreatment?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2. On a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 being not likely at all, and 10 being extremely likely,
how likely are you to provide information on Family Strengths when making a
Suspected Child Abuse Report?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3. On a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 being not likely at all, and 10 being extremely likely,
how likely are you to use this method when submitting a Suspected Child Abuse
Report?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4. On a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 being not important at all and ten being extremely
important, how important is it to provide information on strengths when making a
Suspected Child Abuse Report?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5. On a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 being not practical at all and ten being extremely
practical, how practical is it for you to provide information on family strengths when
making a Suspected Child Abuse Report?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6. On a scale from 0 to 10, with 0 being not likely at all and 10 being extremely likely,
how likely are you to recommend this method to other mandated reporters?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 46
Appendix D – SBR Version #1
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 47
Appendix E – SBR Version #2
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 48
Appendix F – SBR Version #3
Page 2
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 49
Appendix G – Line Item Budget
Revenue Amount Total
Private Donors $30,000
Fundraising $50,000
Grant: Family First Act $100,000
Social Media Donations $10,000
Speaking Engagements $10,000
Total Projected Revenue $200,000
Campaign Expenses Amount
Salaries
Program Director
Marketing Director
Research Analysts
$50,000
$50,000
$50,000
150,000
Marketing
Media advertisements
Social Networking
$10,000
$5,000
$10,000
Facilities $5,000 $5,000
Tech support
Website development
$1,500
$1,500
Campaign Total: $166,500
Pilot Program Expenses
Mileage $3,000 $3,000
Program Supplies
Printing
Paper
Pens
Computer
$5000
$5000
$100
$1,000
$12,000
Training Program Director
Stipend.
Covers: Time spent developing
and implementing the training
program
$7,000
$7,000
Pilot Program Total: $25,000
Projected Expenditures 191,000
(+$9,000)
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 50
Appendix H – Infographic #2
STRENGTH-BASED REPORTING 51
Appendix I - Infographic 3
Abstract (if available)
Abstract
Ensuring the Healthy Development of all Youth is among the 12 Grand Challenges of Social Work established by the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare (AASWSW). Professionals addressing this Grand Challenge aim to decrease behavioral health concerns in children by implementing and supporting prevention programs that support a child’s wellbeing. This Capstone project analyzes a new policy and practice, which aims to address residual behavioral health in children due to parent-child separation resulting from child maltreatment and subsequent intervention from the Child Welfare System. This study examines how mandated reporting practices can negatively affect families due to the omission of facts related to family protective capacities. Strength-Based Reporting is proposed as the solution to harmful mandated reporting practices affecting children. This study provides a qualitative analysis of 101 mandated reporters who discussed their attitudes on mandated reporting and seven professionals who utilized Strength-Based Reporting when making a Suspected Child Abuse Report. Out of the seven professionals who utilized this new practice, 85% of participants believed this process should be implemented as part of standard practice. This study confirmed the importance of using strength-based practices in social work and revealed the need for improved child welfare policies.
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Asset Metadata
Creator
Wormley, Joycelyn Diane
(author)
Core Title
Strength-Based Reporting: a trauma-informed practice for mandated reporters, to address behavioral health concerns in children at risk of child welfare involvement
School
Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
Degree
Doctor of Social Work
Degree Program
Social Work
Publication Date
02/02/2021
Defense Date
04/17/2020
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
child protective services,child welfare system,families,mandated reporter,OAI-PMH Harvest,protective capacities,strength-based
Language
English
Contributor
Electronically uploaded by the author
(provenance)
Advisor
Blonshine, Rebekah (
committee chair
), Enrile, Annalisa (
committee member
), James, Jane (
committee member
)
Creator Email
DrJoycelynWormley@gmail.com,Jwormley@usc.edu
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c89-419156
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etd-WormleyJoy-9260.pdf (filename),usctheses-c89-419156 (legacy record id)
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etd-WormleyJoy-9260.pdf
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419156
Document Type
Capstone project
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Wormley, Joycelyn Diane
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texts
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(contributing entity),
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Tags
child protective services
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families
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protective capacities
strength-based