University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Mapping heritage justice in the city of Los Angeles

(USC Thesis Other)

Mapping heritage justice in the city of Los Angeles

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Content M A P P I N G H E R I T A G E J U S T I C E I N T H E C I T Y O F L O S A N G E L E S
B y
Z i t ong B a o
A T he s i s P r e s e nt e d t o t he
F A C U L T Y O F T H E U S C S C H O O L O F A R C H I T E C T U R E
U N I V E R S I T Y O F S O U T H E R N C A L I F O R N I A
I n P a r t i a l F ul f i l l m e nt of t he R e qui r e m e nt s f or t he D e gr e e
M A S T E R O F H E R I T A G E C O N S E R V A T I O N
D e c e m be r 2021
C opyr i ght 2021 Z i t ong B a o
i i
A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s
I w oul d l i ke t o t ha nk m y pa r e nt s f or t he i r s uppor t a nd s a c r i f i c e s f or m y dr e a m . A l s o,
t ha nks t o a l l m y pr of e s s or s , t he s i s c om m i t t e e , a nd f r i e nds a t U S C . T hi s t he s i s c oul d not ha ve
be e n f i ni s he d w i t hout a l l your he l p a nd e nc our a ge m e nt .
i i i
T a bl e of C ont e nt s
A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s............................................................................................................................. i i
L i s t o f F i g u r e s....................................................................................................................................... i v
L i s t o f T a b l e s ........................................................................................................................................ v
A b s t r a c t.................................................................................................................................................. v i
I n t r o d u c t i o n............................................................................................................................................ 8
C h a p t e r 1 H e r i t a g e J u s t i c e.............................................................................................................. 1 0
H e r i t a g e J u s t i c e a n d D e m o g r a p h y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0
P r e v i o u s P r o j e c t s : M a p p i n g I n e q u a l i t y a n d M a p p i n g S e g r e g a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
C h a p t e r 2 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n L o s A n g e l e s.......................................................................... 1 5
R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s a n d D a t a R e s o u r c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
C h a p t e r 3 : C o m m u n i t y A n a l y s i s..................................................................................................... 2 7
A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n C o m m u n i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
L a t i n x C o m m u n i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 0
A s i a n A m e r i c a n C o m m u n i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8
W h i t e C o m m u n i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8
C h a p t e r 4 T h e G a p a n d F u t u r e S t u d y........................................................................................... 6 3
F u t u r e S t u d y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4
C o n c l u s i o n........................................................................................................................................... 6 8
B i b l i o g r a p h y......................................................................................................................................... 6 9
A p p e n d i x............................................................................................................................................... 7 2
i v
L i s t o f F i g u r e s
F i gur e i .1 S c r e e ns hot of P l a nni ng D e pa r t m e nt W e bs i t e s ................................................................ 8
F i gur e 2.1 C om m uni t y P l a n A r e a .................................................................................................. 19
F i gur e 2.2 D i ve r s i t y I nde x ............................................................................................................. 20
F i gur e 2.3 S ur ve yL A S i t e s ............................................................................................................ 23
F i gur e 2.4 H i s t or i c C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s ....................................................................................... 24
F i gur e 2.5 M e di a n I nc om e L e ve l ................................................................................................... 25
F i gur e 2.6 R e d L i ni ng M a p ........................................................................................................... 26
F i gur e 3.1 A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n P opul a t i on D e ns i t y ......................................................................... 33
F i gur e 3.2 A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s ......................................................................... 35
F i gur e 3.3 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n W e s t A da m s - L e i m e r t P a r k- B a l dw i n H i l l s ............................... 37
F i gur e 3.4 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n S out h L os A nge l e s ................................................................... 38
F i gur e 3.5 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n S out he a s t L os A nge l e s ............................................................. 39
F i gur e 3.6 L a t i nx P opul a t i on D e ns i t y ............................................................................................ 42
F i gur e 3.7 L a t i nx R e l a t e d H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s .............................................................................. 44
F i gur e 3.8 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n B oyl e H e i ght s ........................................................................... 46
F i gur e 3.9 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n A r l e t a - P a c oi m a ........................................................................ 47
F i gur e 3.10 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n S out he a s t L os A nge l e s ........................................................... 47
F i gur e 3.11 A s i a n A m e r i c a n P opul a t i on D e ns i t y .......................................................................... 50
F i gur e 3.12 A s i a n A m e r i c a n R e l a t e d H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s ............................................................ 52
F i gur e 3.13 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n C e nt r a l C i t y ............................................................................ 55
F i gur e 3.14 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n C e nt r a l C i t y N or t h .................................................................. 56
F i gur e 3.15 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n W i l s hi r e .................................................................................. 57
F i gur e 3.16 W hi t e P opul a t i on D e ns i t y .......................................................................................... 58
F i gur e 3.17 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n B e l A i r - B e ve r l y C r e s t ............................................................ 60
F i gur e 3.18 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n B r e nt w ood- P a c i f i c P a l i s a de s ................................................. 61
F i gur e 3.19 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n E nc i no- T a r z a na ...................................................................... 62
F i gur e 4.1 K e yw or d S e a r c h F unc t i on i n H i s t or i c P l a c e s L A w e bs i t e ............................................. 65
v
L i s t o f T a b l e s
T a bl e 1.1 C om pa r i s on of T hr e e P r oj e c t s ……...…………………………………………………13
T a bl e 2.1 D a t a R e s our c e s ………………………………………………………………………..17
T a bl e 2.2 C om pa r i s on of H i s t or i c R e s our c e T ype ……………………………………………....22
T a bl e 3.1 C om pa r i s on of M i nor i t y G r oup C om m uni t i e s ………………………………………..29
T a bl e 3.2 A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n C om m uni t y A na l ys i s ……………………………………………...36
T a bl e 3.3 H i s t or i c C e ns us of L a t i nx ……………………………………………………………..40
T a bl e 3.4 L a t i nx C om m uni t y A na l ys i s …………………………………………… .…………….45
T a bl e 3.5 H i s t or i c C e ns u s ……………………………… ……………………………………… ..49
T a bl e 3.6 A s i a n A m e r i c a n R e l a t e d H i s t or i c D i s t r i c t …………………………………………… .53
T a bl e 3.7 A s i a n A m e r i c a n C om m uni t y A na l ys i s ………………………………………………..54
T a bl e 3.8 W hi t e C om m uni t y A na l ys i s …………………………………………………………..59
v i
A b s t r a c t
H e r i t a ge j us t i c e i s one i m por t a nt a s pe c t of s oc i a l j us t i c e . E ve r yone s houl d ha ve t he r i ght
t o de s i gna t e t he he r i t a ge s i t e s r e l a t e d t o t he i r ow n c om m uni t i e s a nd hi s t or y r e ga r dl e s s of t he i r
r a c e , e duc a t i on l e ve l , or i nc om e l e ve l . A l s o, e ve r y hi s t or i c s i t e w i t h out s t a ndi ng a nd uni ve r s a l
va l ue s houl d be i de nt i f i e d a nd pr ot e c t e d r e ga r dl e s s of i t s l oc a t i on a nd a f f i l i a t i on.
T he C i t y of L os A nge l e s i s a m e t r opol i s w i t h a va r i e t y of r a c e s , hi s t or y, a nd c ul t ur e . I t
ha s a w e l l - de f i ne d c ons e r va t i on s t r a t e gy t o pr ot e c t i t s r i c h c ul t ur a l he r i t a ge w hi c h c a n pr ovi de a
pl a t f or m f or c ons e r va t i oni s t s a nd hi s t or i a ns t o e va l ua t e t he r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n pl a nni ng a nd
c o n s e r v a t i o n s t r a t e g y . H i s t o r i c p r o p e r t i e s i n t h e C i t y o f L o s A n g e l e s a r e d e s i g n a t e d u n d e r f e d e r a l ,
s t a t e , a nd l oc a l pr ogr a m s ba s e d on t he i r he r i t a ge va l ue .
T hi s t he s i s us e s t he l i s t of H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s t ha t a r e de s i gna t e d by t he C i t y
a nd hi s t or i c r e s our c e s i de nt i f i e d by t he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m t o r e pr e s e nt t he hi s t or i c r e s our c e
r e c or ds of t he c i t y. H i s t or i c r e s our c e s a r e a m i r r or of s oc i a l a nd c ul t ur a l j us t i c e i n t he c i t y, a nd i t
i s i m por t a nt t o a na l yz e t he c ul t ur a l r e s our c e s a t t he c om m uni t y l e ve l . T he s c a l e of c ul t ur a l
he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on va r i e s a c r os s t he c om m uni t i e s of L os A nge l e s . I s t hi s va r i a t i on due t o
bi a s e s i n t he de s i gna t i on pr oc e s s ? O r t he r e s ul t of i ndi vi dua l s i nvol ve d i n t he de s i gna t i on
pr oc e s s ? T o t r y t o a ns w e r t he s e que s t i ons , I us e d G I S a nd T a bl e a u, t w o da t a vi s ua l i z a t i on t ool s
t o s how t he s pa t i a l di s t r i but i on pa t t e r ns of he r i t a ge i n r e l a t i on t o i t s s oc i a l c ont e xt . B y c om bi ni ng
a nd a na l yz i ng a l l t hi s i nf or m a t i on, i t i s pos s i bl e t o c l a r i f y hi s t or i c a nd c ur r e nt he r i t a ge
de s i gna t i on pa t t e r ns a nd i de nt i f y pot e nt i a l ga ps .
v i i
8
I n t r o d u c t i o n
I n t he c i t yw i de s ur ve y pr oc e s s , t he L os A nge l e s D e pa r t m e nt of C i t y P l a nni ng ’ s O f f i c e of
H i s t or i c R e s our c e s ’ S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m c r e a t e d hi s t or i c c ont e xt s t a t e m e nt s , w hi c h i nf or m e d t he
s ur ve y pr oc e s s a nd i de nt i f i c a t i on of pot e nt i a l hi s t or i c r e s our c e s .
1
T he r e a r e e i ght hi s t or i c c ont e xt
s t a t e m e nt s r e l a t e d t o m i nor i t y gr oups t ha t ha ve be e n c om pl e t e d: A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n, C hi ne s e
A m e r i c a n, F i l i pi no A m e r i c a n, J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n, K or e a n A m e r i c a n, T ha i A m e r i c a n, J e w i s h
A m e r i c a n, a nd L a t i no. ( F i gur e 1.1) M os t r e c e nt l y, t he c i t y l a unc he d a ne w A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s P r oj e c t t o f ur t he r i de nt i f y he r i t a ge r e s our c e s r e l a t e d t o A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
c om m uni t i e s w i t hi n t he c i t y.
2
F i g u r e i . 1 S c r e e n s h o t o f P l a n n i n g D e p a r t m e n t W e b s i t e . F i g u r e R e s o u r c e : h t t p s : / / p l a n n i n g . l a c i t y . o r g / .
T he s e hi s t or i c c ont e xt s a i m t o pr ovi de a f r a m e w or k f or i de nt i f yi ng t he i m por t a nt hi s t or i c
r e s our c e s i n t he c i t y w hi c h a r e s i gni f i c a nt f or t he i r a s s oc i a t i on w i t h m i nor i t y gr oups . T he hi s t or i c
1
“ E t h n i c - c u l t u r a l - c o n t e x t s . ” L o s A n g e l e s C i t y P l a n n i n g , a c c e s s e d M a y 2 0 2 0 ,
h t t p s : / / p l a n n i n g . l a c i t y . o r g / p r e s e r v a t i o n - d e s i g n / h i s t o r i c - r e s o u r c e s / e t h n i c - c u l t u r a l - c o n t e x t s .
2
“ L o s A n g e l e s A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r i c P l a c e s , ” T h e G e t t y C o n s e r v a t i o n I n s t i t u t e , a c c e s s e d M a y 2 0 2 1 ,
h t t p s : / / w w w . g e t t y . e d u / c o n s e r v a t i o n / o u r _ p r o j e c t s / f i e l d _ p r o j e c t s / l a _ a f r i c a n _ a m e r i c a n _ h i s t o r i c _ p l a c e s / i n d e x . h t m l .
9
c ont e xt s t a t e m e nt r e por t s i nc l ude a l i s t of pot e nt i a l pr ope r t y t ype s , hi s t or i c c ont e xt s a nd t he m e s ,
e va l ua t i on c r i t e r i a , s i gni f i c a nc e , a nd i nt e gr i t y c ons i de r a t i ons . T he hi s t or i c c ont e xt s t a t e m e nt s
de s c r i be t he e t hni c , s oc i a l , a nd c ul t ur a l hi s t or y of m i nor i t y gr oups w hi c h a r e us e f ul a nd
c om pr e he ns i ve t ool s f or pe opl e s t udyi ng t he l oc a l a nd c om m uni t y hi s t or y.
H ow e ve r , t he hi s t or i c c ont e xt s t a t e m e nt r e por t s l a c k a n a na l ys i s of t he r e l a t i ons hi ps
be t w e e n c om m uni t i e s a nd he r i t a ge r e s our c e s . H i s t or i c r e s our c e s c a n be a m i r r or of s oc i a l a nd
c ul t ur a l j us t i c e i n t he c i t y, a nd i t i s i m por t a nt t o a na l yz e t he c ul t ur a l r e s our c e s a t t he c om m uni t y
l e ve l . W hi c h c om m uni t y ha s t he m os t hi s t or i c c ul t ur a l m onum e nt s i n t he C i t y? H ow m a ny
hi s t or i c s i t e s r e l a t e d t o t he m i nor i t y gr oups ha ve be e n de s i gna t e d a s H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l
M onum e nt s w i t hi n t he a c t ua l c om m uni t i e s w he r e pe opl e l i ve ? W ha t i s t he r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n
t he num be r of H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s a nd r a c e ? W ha t a r e t he di f f e r e nc e s of he r i t a ge
r e s our c e s be t w e e n t he w hi t e c om m uni t i e s a nd t he m i nor i t y c om m uni t i e s ?
E qui t y, f a i r ne s s , a nd di ve r s i t y s houl d be a t t he c or e of a nd pr ovi de i m por t a nt gui da nc e
w he n i de nt i f yi ng he r i t a ge r e s our c e s . B y a ns w e r i ng t he s e que s t i ons , i t i s pos s i bl e t o c l a r i f y
hi s t or i c a nd c ur r e nt he r i t a ge de s i gna t i on pa t t e r ns a nd i de nt i f y pot e nt i a l ga ps . T hi s t he s i s w i l l us e
t he hi s t or i c c ont e xt s t a t e m e nt r e por t s a nd ot he r of f i c i a l doc um e nt s a s t he ba s i c da t a r e s our c e s a nd
us e t he s pa t i a l da t a a na l ys i s t ool t o s e e k t he a ns w e r t o t he s e que s t i ons .
1 0
C ha pt e r 1 H e r i t a ge J us t i c e
H e r i t age J us t i c e and D e m ogr aphy
S oc i a l j us t i c e i s r e pr e s e nt e d i n e ve r y a s pe c t of s oc i e t y, a nd he r i t a ge j us t i c e i s a n
i m por t a nt c om pone nt of s oc i a l j us t i c e . T he c or e c onc e pt of j us t i c e i s f a i r ne s s . C ul t ur a l he r i t a ge
c onne c t s w i t h t he c om m uni t y ’ s pa s t , pr e s e nt , a nd f ut ur e . T he c onc e pt of he r i t a ge s houl d i nvol ve
t he c ons i de r a t i on of e qui t y, pow e r , a nd w e l l - be i ng.
3
E ve r yone s houl d ha ve t he s a m e r i ght t o
i de nt i f y t he i r pa s t a nd c om m uni t y, e xpe r i e nc e he r i t a ge , a nd be ne f i t f r om he r i t a ge . A c c or di ng t o
H odde r ( 2010) , he r i t a ge j us t i c e c a n be de f i ne d a s “ a n e va l ua t i on w i t h r e s pe c t t o s oc i a l j us t i c e a nd
c om m uni t y w e l l - be i ng i s pr e f e r r e d, f or i t he l ps w i t h t he pr ot e c t i on of hum a n r i ght s a nd t he
e s t a bl i s hm e nt of c ul t ur a l he r i t a ge r i ght s . ”
4
C ul t ur a l he r i t a ge s i t e s a r e pr e s e r ve d be c a us e of t he i r gr e a t a nd uni que va l ue . T he r e f or e ,
que s t i ons s uc h a s w ha t va l ue s houl d be i de nt i f i e d a nd w ho i de nt i f i e s i t s va l ue a r e vi t a l t o a n
unde r s t a ndi ng of t he s i gni f i c a nc e of a s pe c i f i c s i t e . T o e ns ur e a nd gua r a nt e e f a i r ne s s i n t he
pr oc e s s of i de nt i f i c a t i on of he r i t a ge s i t e s a nd t he i r c ons e r va t i on, c om m uni t y m e m be r s a nd
s t a ke hol de r s s houl d be t he m os t i m por t a nt pa r t i c i pa nt s . T he i r opi ni ons s houl d be gi ve n t he
pr ope r c ons i de r a t i on a nd pr i or i t y. E a c h gr oup, e s pe c i a l l y a m i nor i t y gr oup, ha s t he r i ght t o
pr e s e r ve t he i r m e m or i e s a nd t he y s houl d ha ve m e a ni ngf ul pa r t i c i pa t i on i n t he de c i s i on- m a ki ng
pr oc e s s . T he voi c e s of di ve r s e gr oups r e ga r dl e s s of r a c e , ge nde r , or r e l i gi on ne e d t o be he a r d.
A c c or di ng t o t he obs e r va t i on of S hr e s t ha e t a l . i n t he i r e xa m i na t i on of di s a s t e r j us t i c e i n
N e pa l f ol l ow i ng a n e a r t hqua ke ( 2019) , t he va l ue s of t he he r i t a ge s i t e s a r e of t e n l i nke d w i t h t he
i nt e r e s t s of t he m os t pow e r f ul gr oups i n t he c om m uni t y.
5
C ul t ur a l he r i t a ge s houl d not be c om e
t he pol i t i c a l t ool or t he e c onom i c t ool t o a ggr a va t e s oc i a l i nj us t i c e a nd w i de n t he ga p be t w e e n
s oc i a l c l a s s e s . T he r e f or e , m a i nt a i ni ng he r i t a ge j us t i c e r e qui r e s e ve r y c om m uni t y m e m be r obt a i n
e qua l i nf or m a t i on a bout he r i t a ge s i t e s a nd e qua l m e a ni ngf ul pa r t i c i pa t i on i n t he de c i s i on- m a ki ng
pr oc e s s . T he r e s houl d not be bi a s i n t he m a na ge m e nt a nd pr e s e r va t i on pr oc e s s .
3
K y n a n G e n t r y & L a u r a j a n e S m i t h , “ C r i t i c a l H e r i t a g e S t u d i e s a n d t h e L e g a c i e s o f t h e L a t e - T w e n t i e t h C e n t u r y
H e r i t a g e C a n o n , ” I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f H e r i t a g e S t u d i e s , 2 5 : 1 1 , 1 1 4 8 - 1 1 6 8 , ( 2 0 1 9 ) D O I :
1 0 . 1 0 8 0 / 1 3 5 2 7 2 5 8 . 2 0 1 9 . 1 5 7 0 9 6 4 .
4
I . H o d d e r , “ C u l t u r a l H e r i t a g e R i g h t s : F r o m O w n e r s h i p a n d D e s c e n t t o J u s t i c e a n d W e l l - b e i n g , ” A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l
Q u a r t e r l y , 8 3 ( 4 ) , 8 6 1 - 8 8 2 ( 2 0 1 0 ) . R e t r i e v e d M a y 3 1 , 2 0 2 1 , f r o m h t t p : / / w w w . j s t o r . o r g / s t a b l e / 4 0 8 9 0 8 4 2 .
5
K . K . S h r e s t h a , B . B h a t t a r a i , H . R . O j h a , & A . B a j r a c h a r y a , “ D i s a s t e r j u s t i c e i n N e p a l ’ s e a r t h q u a k e r e c o v e r y , ”
I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f D i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n , 3 3 , 2 0 7 – 2 1 6 ( 2 0 1 9 ) , h t t p s : / / d o i -
o r g . l i b p r o x y 2 . u s c . e d u / 1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j . i j d r r . 2 0 1 8 . 1 0 . 0 0 6 .
1 1
S oc i a l j us t i c e a nd he r i t a ge j us t i c e i s a c om pl e x i s s ue r e l a t e d t o t he w e l l - be i ng a t t he
i ndi vi dua l a nd c om m uni t y l e ve l . H e r i t a ge j us t i c e c a n be i nf l ue nc e d by m a ny a s pe c t s .
D e m ogr a phy i s a ve r y i m por t a nt a nd ba s i c e l e m e nt t o e xpl or e w he n c ons i de r i ng he r i t a ge j us t i c e
i n s oc i e t y. D e m ogr a phy i s t he ba s i s of m a ny s oc i a l i s s ue s i nc l udi ng s oc i a l j us t i c e .
T he l i nks be t w e e n m e m or y a nd i de nt i t y of t he s pe c i f i c de m ogr a phi c gr oup i s a c or e
c onc e pt of he r i t a ge j us t i c e . D oe s e ve r y de m ogr a phi c gr oup ha ve t he s a m e r i ght a nd oppor t uni t y
t o i de nt i f y t he i r m e m or y? I n a di ve r s e c i t y w i t h r i c h c ul t ur a l he r i t a ge r e s our c e s l i ke L os A nge l e s ,
s houl d a l l he r i t a ge r e s our c e s be w e l l pr e s e r ve d r e ga r dl e s s w hi c h de m ogr a phi c gr oup t he y a r e
a s s oc i a t e d w i t h? T he r e f or e , t he s t udy of he r i t a ge j us t i c e ba s e d on de m ogr a phi c i nf or m a t i on i s
e s s e nt i a l f or t he ur ba n pl a nni ng pr oc e s s a nd s oc i a l j us t i c e m ove m e nt s .
T he r e a r e di ve r s e de m ogr a phi c gr oups l i vi ng i n t he c i t y of L os A nge l e s . E a c h of t he s e
m i nor i t y gr oups ha ve gr e a t i nf l ue nc e on L os A nge l e s c ul t ur e . I n t hi s t he s i s , t he de m ogr a phi c
gr oups i nc l udi ng A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n, L a t i nx, A s i a n A m e r i c a n, a nd w hi t e a r e us e d a s t he c a s e
s t udy de m ogr a phi c gr oups due t o t he i r hi gh popul a t i on de ns i t y a nd vi s i bi l i t y w i t h t he c i t y ’ s
hi s t or y. O t he r e t hni c gr oups s uc h a s J e w i s h A m e r i c a n or R us s i a n A m e r i c a n a l s o c ont r i but e d a l ot
t o t he c i t y ’ s c ul t ur e but t he i r hi s t or y i s m or e c ha l l e ngi ng t o c onf i r m t hr ough publ i c l y a va i l a bl e
da t a . T he r e f or e , i n t hi s t he s i s , onl y A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n, L a t i nx, a nd A s i a n A m e r i c a n gr oups a r e
c hos e n a s t he c a s e s t udy c om m uni t i e s .
P e opl e w i t h A f r i c a n he r i t a ge a r e one of t he i m por t a nt de m ogr a phi c s i n L os A nge l e s
hi s t or y s i nc e t he S pa ni s h C ol oni a l a nd M e xi c a n e r a . T he i r hi s t or y a nd c ont r i but i ons a r e e s s e nt i a l
t o t he s t or y of t he c i t y. T he hi s t or y of L os A nge l e s i s a l s o hi ghl y a s s oc i a t e d w i t h S pa ni s h
C ol oni a l a nd M e xi c a n c ul t ur e . T he t e r m s ‘ H i s pa ni c , ’ ‘ L a t i no A m e r i c a n, ’ ‘ L a t i nx, ’ a nd ‘ M e xi c a n
A m e r i c a n ’ c a n r e pr e s e nt t he pe opl e w i t h L a t i no he r i t a ge . I n t hi s t he s i s , t he a ut hor c hoos e s t o us e
t he t e r m ‘ L a t i nx. ’ A l s o, i n t hi s t he s i s , t he P a c i f i c I s l a nde r A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y w i l l not be
c ount e d a s a pa r t of t he A s i a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y be c a us e of t he l a c k of da t a r e s our c e s .
P r e v i ous P r oj e c t s : M appi ng I ne qual i t y and M appi ng Se gr e gat i on
S oc i a l j us t i c e i s a ve r y pr of ound a nd s e r i ous t he m e i n t he U ni t e d S t a t e s . I t i nf l ue nc e s
e ve r y a s pe c t of s oc i e t y i nc l udi ng hous i ng, e duc a t i on, a nd ur ba n pl a nni ng. T r a c i ng ba c k hi s t or y i s
a n i m por t a nt w a y t o l e a r n how t o a voi d i nj us t i c e i n t he pr e s e nt a nd t he f ut ur e . S c hol a r s ha ve
be e n s t udyi ng r a c i a l i nj us t i c e i n m a ny a s pe c t s . A m ong a l l t he s i m i l a r s t udi e s , t he r e a r e t w o
1 2
r e l e va nt not a bl e pr oj e c t s : M appi ng I ne qual i t y a nd M appi ng Se gr e gat i on . B ot h f oc us on t he
r e dl i ni ng pol i c y a nd pr ovi de a pl a t f or m f or pe opl e t o l e a r n a bout t hi s s oc i a l j us t i c e i s s ue i n
A m e r i c a ’ s hi s t or y.
R e dl i ni ng, c oi ne d i n t he l a t e 1960s , i s a r a c i a l gr a di ng s ys t e m f or r e s i de nt i a l c om m uni t i e s
c r e a t e d by t he H om e O w ne r s L oa n C or por a t i on ( H O L C ) .
6
T hi s pol i c y r e f l e c t s t he e r a of r a c i a l
s e gr e ga t i on a nd di s c r i m i na t i on i n A m e r i c a n hi s t or y w hi c h ha s a gr e a t i nf l ue nc e on t he A m e r i c a n
r e a l e s t a t e m a r ke t a nd t he c ul t ur e .
T he H om e O w ne r s L oa n C or por a t i on w a s c r e a t e d by t he f e de r a l gove r nm e nt t o e va l ua t e
r e s i de nt i a l s e c ur i t y l e ve l s a nd r e a l e s t a t e r i s k i n 239 c i t i e s . T he y c r e a t e d a s e c ur i t y m a p t o gr a de
e a c h c om m uni t y f r om A t o D r e pr e s e nt i ng t he be s t t o t he w or s t . H O L C ' s m a p f or L os A nge l e s
C ount y w a s i s s ue d i n 1939.
7
T hi s now i nf a m ous gr a di ng s ys t e m w a s l a r ge l y t i e d t o t he pr e s e nc e
of m i nor i t y r a c e s i n a c om m uni t y.
T he H O L C di vi de d c om m uni t i e s i nt o f our c a t e gor i e s . T he be s t c om m uni t i e s a r e
r e pr e s e nt e d by c ol or - c ode gr e e n, or A l e ve l , w hi c h m e a nt “ N e w e r , M os t D e s i r e d. ” T he B l e ve l
c om m uni t y i s r e pr e s e nt e d by c ol or - c ode bl ue w hi c h m e a ns “ O l de r , S t i l l D e s i r a bl e . ” T he
c om m uni t y w i t h c ol or - c ode ye l l ow i s t he “ I n D e c l i ne ” c om m uni t y w hi c h i s t he C l e ve l . T he
w or s t c om m uni t i e s a r e r e pr e s e nt e d by c ol or - c ode r e d, or D l e ve l , w hi c h a r e c ons i de r e d
“ H a z a r dous . ”
T he ke y e va l ua t i on s t a nda r d of t hi s m a p gr a de i s r a c e . T he c om m uni t y c om pr i s e d onl y of
w hi t e pe opl e w a s m or e l i ke l y t o ge t a n A gr a de a nd t hos e c om m uni t i e s w i t h A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
r e s i de nt s a nd ot he r e t hni c m i nor i t i e s w e r e m or e l i ke l y t o ge t a “ H a z a r dous ” gr a de . R e a l e s t a t e
a ppr a i s e r s us e d t he a ppa r e nt r a c i a l a nd c ul t ur a l va l ue of a c om m uni t y t o de t e r m i ne i t s e c onom i c
va l ue . T he s e C or D l e ve l c om m uni t i e s w e r e c ons i de r e d a r i s k t o l e nde r s a nd m or t ga ge br oke r s .
8
T he r e s t r i c t i on of t he m or t ga ge a nd l oa ns f or t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y or a ny
c om m uni t y of c ol or m a de i t m or e di f f i c ul t t o buy a hous e a nd t he n r e c e i ve a be t t e r e duc a t i on a nd
a m a s s e qui t y a nd f i na nc i a l s t a bi l i t y. T he s e f a c t or s a c c e l e r a t e d s oc i a l s e gr e ga t i on a nd r a c i s m i n
A m e r i c a n hi s t or y.
6
T e r e s a G r i m e s , “ H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s A s s o c i a t e d w i t h A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n s i n L o s A n g e l e s , ” N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r o f
H i s t o r i c P l a c e s M u l t i p l e P r o p e r t y D o c u m e n t a t i o n F o r m , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . : U . S . D e p t . o f t h e I n t e r i o r , N a t i o n a l P a r k
S e r v i c e , 2 0 0 9 .
7
“ M a p p i n g S e g r e g a t i o n D C , ” P r o l o g u e D C , a c c e s s e d M a y 2 0 2 1 , h t t p s : / / w w w . m a p p i n g s e g r e g a t i o n d c . o r g .
8
G r i m e s , “ H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s A s s o c i a t e d w i t h A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n s i n L o s A n g e l e s . ”
1 3
M appi ng I ne qual i t y i s a pr oj e c t t ha t c ol l e c t s t he r e dl i ni ng hi s t or i c m a ps a t t he na t i ona l
l e ve l a nd pr ovi de s a c c e s s t o t hi s i nf or m a t i on f or hi s t or i a ns , c ons e r va t i oni s t s , a nd pe opl e w ho a r e
i nt e r e s t e d i n t hi s e r a a nd hi s t or y. M appi ng I ne qual i t y i s t he di gi t a l c ol l e c t i on of H O L C ’ s
r e dl i ni ng m a ps . I t r e ve a l s t he N e w D e a l e r a hous i ng pol i c i e s a nd i t s r a c i a l di s c r i m i na t i on s oc i a l
c ont e xt . T hi s pr oj e c t c ont a i ns one of t he c ount r y ’ s m os t i m por t a nt a r c hi ve s a nd m a ke s i t
a c c e s s i bl e i t t o t he publ i c . T he da t a of t he m a ps i n t hi s pr oj e c t i s de r i ve d f r om t he s c a nne d
doc um e nt s of t he H O L C a nd t he ge oda t a s uc h a s s ha pe f i l e s t ha t c a n be us e d t o do s pa t i a l
a na l ys i s .
9
M appi ng Se gr e gat i on i s a pr oj e c t c ol l e c t i ng hi s t or i c m a ps a nd pi c t ur e s t o t e l l t he s t or y of
r a c i a l s e gr e ga t i on a nd how i t i m pa c t s t he s oc i e t y of W a s hi ngt on, D .C . i n t he 1950s . T he c ont e nt
of M appi ng Se gr e gat i on f oc us e s on how r a c i a l s e gr e ga t i on s ha pe d t he s oc i e t y of W a s hi ngt on,
D .C . dur i ng t he f i r s t ha l f of t he t w e nt i e t h c e nt ur y.
1 0
T he w e bs i t e c ont a i ns f our s e c t i ons . T he f i r s t
s e c t i on i s a s pe c i a l e xhi bi t i nc l udi ng t hr e e s t or y m a ps a nd hi s t or i c pi c t ur e ga l l e r i e s a bout t he
r a c i a l c ove na nt s i n W a s hi ngt on, D .C . I t i nt r oduc e s t he r a c i a l ba r r i e r a nd t he r a c i a l c ove na nt s .
P e opl e c a n s e e t he hi s t or y of how w hi t e pe opl e m a de r a c i a l s e gr e ga t i on l e ga l a nd f ought t he
A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y ’ s e f f or t s t o buy hous i ng r e s t r i c t e d t o w hi t e pe opl e .
T he s e c ond s e c t i on i s t he C ove na nt s M a p w hi c h c ont a i ns i nf or m a t i on a bout t he r e s t r i c t e d
hous i ng a r e a a nd de m ogr a phi c s hi f t s f r om 1940 t o 1970. T hi s m a p vi s ua l i z e s how r a c i a l c ha nge s
i n s pe c i f i c a r e a s w a s l i nke d t o hous i ng s e gr e ga t i on i nf or m a t i on. T he n, t hi s pr oj e c t c r e a t e s ni ne
s t or y m a ps us i ng A r c G I S . T he s e s t or y m a ps s how t he l ong hi s t or y of hous i ng di s c r i m i na t i on i n
D .C . a nd how i t c ha nge s ove r t i m e . T he l a s t pa r t of t hi s pr oj e c t i s t he di gi t a l ga l l e r y of t he
hi s t or i c pi c t ur e s of t he m a ps a nd a ds . T hi s pa r t c a n be a s uppl e m e nt a nd e vi de nc e of t he s t or y
a nd hi s t or y. T he M appi ng Se gr e gat i on pr oj e c t s e r ve s a s a di gi t a l l i br a r y a bout t he hi s t or i c
c ont e xt of hous i ng di s c r i m i na t i on i n D .C . T he s t or y m a p i n t hi s pr oj e c t m a ke s t hi s pe r i od of
hi s t or y vi s i bl e a nd br i ngs i t t o t he publ i c .
B ot h t he M appi ng I ne qual i t y a nd M appi ng Se gr e gat i on pr oj e c t s vi s ua l i z e r a c i a l
i ne qua l i t y a nd hous i ng di s c r i m i na t i on. M appi ng I ne qual i t y f oc us e s on t he na t i ona l l e ve l of
H O L C m a ps , w hi l e t he r e i s no s uc h m a p f or W a s hi ngt on, D .C . T he c ont e nt of t he M appi ng
Se gr e gat i on pr oj e c t f oc us e s on t he l oc a l hi s t or y of t he c a pi t a l . C om pa r e d t o t he M appi ng
9
“ M a p p i n g I n e q u a l i t y , ” U n i v e r s i t y o f R i c h m o n d , a c c e s s e d M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ,
h t t p s : / / d s l . r i c h m o n d . e d u / p a n o r a m a / r e d l i n i n g / # l o c = 5 / 3 9 . 1 / - 9 4 . 5 8 .
1 0
“ M a p p i n g S e g r e g a t i o n D C , ” P r o l o g u e D C , a c c e s s e d M a y 2 0 2 1 , h t t p s : / / w w w . m a p p i n g s e g r e g a t i o n d c . o r g .
1 4
I ne qual i t y , M appi ng Se gr e gat i on c om bi ne s a l l t he da t a a nd c r e a t e s s t or y m a ps a nd us e t he
i ns t r uc t i ons a nd de s c r i pt i on t o r e ve a l t he m e a ni ng a nd t he hi s t or i c c ont e xt of t he s e m a ps .
B ot h pr oj e c t s f oc us on s oc i a l j us t i c e a nd i t s r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n de m ogr a phy a nd r a c e
w hi c h c a n he l p s e t a c our s e f or c ont e m por a r y A m e r i c a ns . I t c a n he l p pe opl e l e a r n f r om t hi s
pe r i od of hi s t or y a nd t hi nk a bout t he r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n pove r t y a nd s oc i a l j us t i c e . T he pr oj e c t
i n t hi s t he s i s ha s a s i m i l a r goa l a nd t he s e t w o pr oj e c t s s e r ve a s good pr e c e de nt s f or t hi s t he s i s i n
t he w a ys t ha t t he y di g i nt o da t a a nd us e i t t o e m pha s i z e a nd vi s ua l i z e s oc i a l a nd r a c i a l i nj us t i c e .
M appi ng
I ne qual i t y
M appi ng
Se gr e gat i on
M y pr oj e c t
S t udy
a r e a
N a t i onw i de W a s hi ngt on, D .C . C i t y of L os A nge l e s
T he m e D a t a l i br a r y:
R e dl i ni ng
P ol i c y
S t or y T e l l i ng: H ous i ng
di s c r i m i na t i on i n D .C ., E duc a t i on
s e gr e ga t i on, S pa c e S e gr e ga t i on
H e r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on a nd
s oc i a l j us t i c e
P r oj e c t
C ont e nt
C ol l e c t i on of
R e dl i ni ng M a p
( H O L C
R e s i de nt i a l
S e c ur i t y M a p)
1. S pe c i a l e xhi bi t
2. C ove na nt s M a p
S t or y T e l l i ng:
T he r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n
he r i t a ge r e s our c e s a nd
c om m uni t y
T i m e 1935- 1940 1900s – 1950s ? N ow
D a t a R e dl i ni ng m a p
1. G e o- da t a
( s ha pe f i l e )
2. H i s t or i c
pi c t ur e s
1. H i s t or i c pi c t ur e
2. C ove na nt s M a p
1. C om m uni t y pl a n a r e a
2. D e m ogr a phi c
3. C ons t r uc t i on a ge
4. I nc om e
5. T r a ns por t a t i on
6. H C M
7. S ur ve y L A
D a t a
r e s our c e
H i s t or i c M a p N e w s c l i ppi ngs , P hot ogr a phs
O r a l T e s t i m ony
G I S D a t a ba s e
A na l ys i s
T ool
E r i s G I S M a p E r i s G I S S t or y M a p G I S S pa t i a l A na l ys i s t ool
D a t a vi s ua l i z a t i on: T a bl e a u
T a b l e 1 . 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f T h r e e P r o j e c t s
1 5
C ha pt e r 2 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n L os A nge l e s
R e s e ar c h M e t hods and D at a R e s our c e s
T he f unda m e nt a l ba s i s of t hi s t he s i s i s t he a na l ys i s of da t a . T o gua r a nt e e t he a c c ur a c y of
t he da t a , onl y of f i c i a l i nf or m a t i on i s dr a w n f r om t he N a t i ona l R e gi s t e r of H i s t or i c P l a c e s
da t a ba s e , t he H i s t or i c P l a c e s L A of f i c i a l w e bs i t e , a nd C om m uni t y P l a n A r e a R e por t s .
1 1
T hi s t he s i s a i m s t o m a p t he s oc i a l e nvi r onm e nt of t he c i t y a nd e va l ua t e he r i t a ge j us t i c e
c i t yw i de . T he s t udy a r e a of t hi s t he s i s i s t he t hi r t y- f i ve C om m uni t y P l a n A r e a s ( C P A s ) i n t he
C i t y of L os A nge l e s . D e m ogr a phi c s , t he e c onom i c e nvi r onm e nt , a nd t he hi s t or i c / s oc i a l
e nvi r onm e nt c a n be i m por t a nt e l e m e nt s t ha t i m pa c t s oc i a l a nd he r i t a ge j us t i c e . T he r e f or e , t he
da t a t ha t r e f l e c t s t he s oc i a l c ont e xt ne e ds t o be a na l yz e d.
T he C i t y of L os A nge l e s ha s t he O pe n D a t a P or t a l a nd L os A nge l e s G e oH ub t o pr ovi de a
publ i c pl a t f or m f or a l l of t he i r di gi t a l i nf or m a t i on.
1 2
A l l t he da t a c a n be dow nl oa de d a nd
a na l yz e d a s t he s ha pe f i l e a nd C S V f or m a t w hi c h c a n be i m por t e d a nd pr oc e s s e d us i ng
G e ogr a phi c I nf or m a t i on S ys t e m ( G I S ) . T he s i m i l a r of f i c i a l O pe n D a t a S our c e l i br a r i e s of L os
A nge l e s c ount y i s L os A nge l e s C ount y G I S D a t a P or t a l .
1 3
F or t he hi s t or i c s oc i a l c ont e xt of L os A nge l e s , t hi s t he s i s hi ghl i ght s t he r e dl i ni ng pol i c y
a nd i t s r e l a t e d hi s t or i c da t a s uc h a s t he hi s t or i c m a p a nd pi c t ur e s . T he pr oj e c t M appi ng I ne qual i t y
ha s a l l r e dl i ni ng da t a i n s ha pe f i l e f or m a t , w hi c h i s a pow e r f ul a nd c l e a r e vi de nc e of r a c i a l
di s c r i m i na t i on i n t he c i t y.
1 4
T o e va l ua t e t he va l ue of hi s t or i c r e s our c e s , a l l t he ba s i c i nf or m a t i on s uc h a s t he s pa t i a l
i nf or m a t i on a nd de s i gna t i on r e por t ne e ds t o be a dde d t o t he m a p. T he m a i n da t a r e s our c e s of
H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s i n t he C i t y of L os A nge l e s a r e f r om t he C i t y P l a nni ng D e pa r t m e nt
a nd H i s t or i c P l a c e s L A w e bs i t e .
1 5
T he pl a nni ng a nd he r i t a ge de s i gna t i on r e por t a r e ve r y pow e r f ul
t ool s f or e va l ua t i ng a nd i de nt i f yi ng t he va l ue of t he i ndi vi dua l he r i t a ge r e s our c e s .
1 1
L o s A n g e l e s C i t y P l a n n i n g , a c c e s s e d M a r c h 2 0 2 1 , h t t p s : / / p l a n n i n g . l a c i t y . o r g .
1 2
L o s A n g e l e s G e o H u b , a c c e s s e d J u n e 2 0 2 0 , h t t p s : / / g e o h u b . l a c i t y . o r g / .
1 3
C o u n t y o f L o s A n g e l e s E n t e r p r i s e G e o g r a p h i c I n f o r m a t i c S y s t e m s , a c c e s s e d J u n e 2 0 2 1 , h t t p s : / / e g i s -
l a c o u n t y . h u b . a r c g i s . c o m / .
1 4
“ M a p p i n g I n e q u a l i t y ” , U n i v e r s i t y o f R i c h m o n d , a c c e s s e d M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ,
h t t p s : / / d s l . r i c h m o n d . e d u / p a n o r a m a / r e d l i n i n g / # l o c = 5 / 3 9 . 1 / - 9 4 . 5 8 .
1 5
L o s A n g e l e s C i t y P l a n n i n g , a c c e s s e d M a r c h 2 0 2 1 , h t t p s : / / p l a n n i n g . l a c i t y . o r g .
L o s A n g e l e s H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s I n v e n t o r y , a c c e s s e d M a r c h 2 0 2 1 , h t t p : / / h i s t o r i c p l a c e s l a . o r g .
1 6
I n t hi s t he s i s , G e ogr a phi c I nf or m a t i on S ys t e m ( G I S ) a nd T a bl e a u a r e t he m os t pow e r f ul
a nd us e f ul t ool s t o a na l yz e a l l t he da t a a nd m a ke t he m a ps t o s how t he i nf or m a t i on i n a c l e a r a nd
pe r c e pt ua l w a y. G I S c a n be us e d t o m a na ge a l l t he ge ogr a phi c da t a . F or e xa m pl e , by us i ng t he
i nt e r s e c t t ool i n G I S , i t i s m uc h e a s i e r t o c a l c ul a t e how m a ny H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s a r e i n
e a c h C om m uni t y P l a n A r e a . A l s o, t he s pa t i a l r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n hi s t or i c m a ps a nd t he c i t y
pl a n a r e a c a n be vi s ua l i z e d e a s i l y by us i ng t he s pa t i a l j oi n t ool t o s e e w he r e a n a r e a m a y ha ve
c ha nge d. T a bl e a u c a n be us e d a s t he da t a vi s ua l i z a t i on pr oc e s s .
1 6
F or e xa m pl e , t he he a t m a p
m a de by T a bl e a u c a n s how t he pe r c e nt a ge of e a c h r a c e i n e a c h c om m uni t y.
T he f ol l ow i ng t a bl e s how s t he da t a us e d t o t he c r e a t e m a ps i n t hi s t he s i s .
1 6
T a b l e a u , a c c e s s e d D e c e m b e r 2 0 2 0 , h t t p s : / / w w w . t a b l e a u . c o m / .
1 7
D a t a
T ype / f or m a t
D a t a c ont e nt D a t a s our c e
H C M / s ha pe f i l e L oc a t i on
B ui l di ng t ype
L A G E O hub
ht t ps : / / ge ohub.l a c i t y.or g/ da t a s e t s / l a c ount y: : hi s t or i c -
r e s our c e s ? ge om e t r y= - 119.770% 2C 33.939% 2C -
116.631% 2C 34.732
I ndi vi dua l
hi s t or i c r e s our c e s
by H i s t or i c P l a c e s
L A / s ha pe f i l e
L oc a t i on
B ui l di ng t ype
S a r a D e l ga di l l o C r uz
L os A nge l e s C i t y P l a nni ng
O f f i c e of H i s t or i c R e s our c e s
Z oni ng / s ha pe f i l e L a nd U s e t ype L A G E O hub
ht t ps : / / ge ohub.l a c i t y.or g/ da t a s e t s / z oni ng? ge om e t r y= -
119.980% 2C 33.619% 2C - 116.840% 2C 34.416
2010 c e ns us
t r a c t / s ha pe f i l e
D e m ogr a phi c
I nc om e
L A G E O hub
ht t ps : / / ge ohub.l a c i t y.or g/ da t a s e t s / l a c ount y: : c e ns us - t r a c t s -
2010- 1? ge om e t r y= - 121.438% 2C 33.012% 2C -
115.159% 2C 34.609
2018
de m ogr a phi c /
s ha pe f i l e
D e m ogr a phi c
I nc om e
H om e va l ue
L A G E O hub
ht t ps : / / ge ohub.l a c i t y.or g/ da t a s e t s / l os - a nge l e s -
de m ogr a phi c s - 2018? ge om e t r y
D e m ogr a phi c
r e por t / pdf
D e m ogr a phi c C i t y of P l a nni ng de pa r t m e nt
ht t ps : / / ge ohub.l a c i t y.or g/ da t a s e t s / l os - a nge l e s -
de m ogr a phi c s - 2018? ge om e t r y= - 119.981% 2C 33.622% 2C -
116.842% 2C 34.419
H O L C m a p/
s ha pe f i l e
H O L C m a p
a bout t he r e d
l i ni ng pol i c y i n
t he L os
A nge l e s
M a ppi ng I ne qua l i t y
ht t ps : / / ds l .r i c hm ond.e du/ pa nor a m a / r e dl i ni ng/ #l oc = 5/ 39.1/ -
94.58
T a b l e 2 . 1 T h e s i s D a t a S o u r c e s .
B as i c Soc i al B ac k gr ound of L os A nge l e s
T o unde r s t a nd t he s oc i a l i s s ue i n t he C i t y of L os A nge l e s , i t i s i m por t a nt t o l e a r n t he
ba c kgr ound a bout t he s oc i e t y i nc l udi ng t he de m ogr a phi c i nf or m a t i on, e c onom y i nf or m a t i on, a nd
he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i nf or m a t i on. C om bi ng t he ba c kgr ound i nf or m a t i on w i t h t he he r i t a ge
pr e s e r va t i on c ondi t i on i s t he pr e c ondi t i on f r om w hi c h t o s t udy he r i t a ge j us t i c e i n t he c i t y.
1 8
T he C i t y of L os A nge l e s ha s a m a t ur e s ys t e m t o pr e s e r ve t he he r i t a ge r e s our c e s w i t h
gr e a t s i gni f i c a nc e . T hi s t he s i s w i l l us e t he H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s t ha t w e r e de s i gna t e d by
t he C ul t ur a l H e r i t a ge C om m i s s i on of t he C i t y of L os A nge l e s , a s w e l l a s t he i ndi vi dua l he r i t a ge
r e s our c e s t ha t w e r e i de nt i f i e d i n c i t yw i de hi s t or i c r e s our c e s s ur ve y e f f or t s ( i n H i s t or i c P l a c e s L A ,
or t he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m ) . T hi s c ha pt e r w i l l dr a w a bi g pi c t ur e of t he s oc i a l ba c kgr ound a nd
he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i n L os A nge l e s .
1. C om m uni t y P l a n A r e a s ( C P A s )
I n t he C i t y of L os A nge l e s , t he pl a nni ng de pa r t m e nt di vi de s t he c i t y i nt o t hi r t y- f i ve
c om m uni t i e s w i t h s pe c i f i c l oc a l pl a ns . ( F i gur e 2.1)
1 7
T hos e s pe c i f i c c om m uni t y pl a ns di vi de t he
c i t y ge ne r a l pl a n a t t he l oc a l l e ve l f r om r e s i de nt i a l , t r a ns i t , c om m e r c i a l , i ndus t r i a l us e s a nd s o on.
I n t hi s t he s i s , f or t he he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on a nd s oc i a l j us t i c e i s s ue , t he c om m uni t y pl a n a r e a s a r e
t he s pe c i f i c s t udy a r e a s , a nd a l l t he a na l ys i s a r e ba s e d on t he s e pl a n a r e a s .
1 7
L o s A n g e l e s C i t y P l a n n i n g , a c c e s s e d M a r c h 2 0 2 1 , h t t p s : / / p l a n n i n g . l a c i t y . o r g .
1 9
F i g u r e 2 . 1 C o m m u n i t y P l a n A r e a s . F i g u r e R e s o u r c e : h t t p s : / / p l a n n i n g . l a c i t y . o r g / .
2. D e m ogr a phi c D i s t r i but i on P a t t e r ns
T he c i t y of L os A nge l e s i s a di ve r s e c i t y w i t h m a ny di f f e r e nt r a c e s . B a s e d on t he m a t h
m ode c a l c ul a t e d us i ng T a bl e a u, ne a r l y ha l f of c om m uni t i e s i n t he c i t y ha ve hi gh di ve r s i t y i nde x
s c or e a nd ha ve m i xe d r a c e s l i vi ng ne i ghbor hoods .
1 8
( F i gur e 2.2) W hi l e pr e dom i na nt l y w hi t e
c om m uni t i e s i n L os A nge l e s a r e m os t l y c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he m i ddl e pa r t a nd c oa s t a l a r e a , ot he r
1 8
A d i v e r s i t y i n d e x i s a q u a n t i t a t i v e m e a s u r e t h a t r e f l e c t s h o w m a n y d i f f e r e n t t y p e s ( s u c h a s s p e c i e s ) t h e r e a r e i n a
d a t a s e t ( a c o m m u n i t y ) .
2 0
m i nor i t y gr oups a r e c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he s out he r n a nd c e nt r a l pa r t s of c i t y. T he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
c om m uni t y i s l a r ge l y c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he S out h pa r t of c i t y i nc l udi ng S out h L os A nge l e s ,
S out he a s t L os A nge l e s , a nd W e s t - A da m s - L e i m e r t P a r k- B a l dw i n H i l l s . A r l e t a - P a c oi m a , B oyl e
H e i ght s , a nd S out he a s t L os A nge l e s a r e t he t hr e e c om m uni t i e s w i t h t he t op t hr e e hi ghe s t L a t i nx
popul a t i on. T he A s i a n A m e r i c a n popul a t i ons a r e c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he c e nt r a l pa r t of c i t y
e s pe c i a l l y i n t he C e nt r a l C i t y N or t h, W i l s hi r e , a nd C e nt r a l C i t y.
F i g u r e 2 . 2 C i t y o f L o s A n g e l e s D i v e r s i t y I n d e x . T h e d a r k e r t h e c o l o r , t h e m o r e r a c i a l l y d i v e r s e t h e a r e a . F i g u r e m a d e
b y a u t h o r .
3. H i s t or i c C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s ( H C M ) a nd S ur ve yL A P r ogr a m
I n t hi s t he s i s , t he H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s ( H C M s ) a nd t he i ndi vi dua l r e s our c e s
i de nt i f i e d by t he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m a r e t he c a s e s t udy s a m pl e s . B ot h t ype of t he s e hi s t or i c
pr ope r t i e s c a n r e f l e c t t he c ondi t i on of he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on i n C i t y of L os A nge l e s .
H C M s a r e hi s t or i c a l s i t e s t ha t ha ve be e n de s i gna t e d by t he C ul t ur a l H e r i t a ge C om m i s s i on
of t he C i t y of L os A nge l e s gove r nm e nt f or t he i r s i gni f i c a nt hi s t or i c va l ue . A t t he t i m e of t hi s
2 1
w r i t i ng, t he r e a r e a t ot a l of 1,217 H C M s i n C i t y of L os A nge l e s a nd m os t of t he m a r e
c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he c e nt r a l pa r t of c i t y.
1 9
S ur ve yL A i s a c om pr e he ns i ve pr ogr a m t o i de nt i f y
s i gni f i c a nt hi s t or i c r e s our c e s i n t he C i t y of L os A nge l e s .
2 0
T he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m i de nt i f i e d
pot e nt i a l hi s t or i c r e s our c e s t ha t a r e e l i gi bl e f or l i s t i ng i n t he N a t i ona l R e gi s t e r of H i s t or i c P l a c e s ,
C a l i f or ni a R e gi s t e r of H i s t or i c a l R e s our c e s , a s H C M s , a nd a s H i s t or i c P r e s e r va t i on O ve r l a y
Z one s ( H P O Z s , or “ hi s t or i c di s t r i c t s ” ) . T he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m ha s i de nt i f i e d ove r 30,000
pot e nt i a l hi s t or i c r e s our c e s c i t yw i de . T he s e pot e nt i a l r e s our c e s i nc l ude bui l di ngs , s i t e s , obj e c t s ,
l a nds c a pe s , a nd hi s t or i c di s t r i c t s .
M os t he r i t a ge r e s our c e s a r e c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he c e nt r a l pa r t of c i t y, e s pe c i a l l y i n t he
W i l s hi r e , C e nt r a l C i t y, a nd H ol l yw ood C om m uni t y P l a n A r e a s . I n t he S a n F e r na ndo V a l l e y,
e s pe c i a l l y S yl m a r a nd G r a na da H i l l s - K nol l w ood, t he num be r of H C M a nd S ur ve yL A s i t e s a r e
r e l a t i ve l y l ow e r t ha n ot he r c om m uni t i e s i n t he c i t y.
A c c or di ng t o z oni ng i nf or m a t i on, m os t he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i n C i t y of L os A nge l e s a r e
r e s i de nt i a l pr ope r t i e s w hi c h a r e not ope n t o publ i c . A m ong t he H C M s , t he r e a r e ove r 700 s i t e s
t ha t a r e r e s i de nt i a l pr ope r t i e s . ( F i gur e 2.3, 2.4)
1 9
L o s A n g e l e s C i t y P l a n n i n g a c c e s s e d M a r c h 2 0 2 1 , h t t p s : / / p l a n n i n g . l a c i t y . o r g .
2 0
L o s A n g e l e s H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s I n v e n t o r y , a c c e s s e d M a r c h 2 0 2 1 , h t t p : / / h i s t o r i c p l a c e s l a . o r g .
2 2
H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt ( H C M ) S ur ve yL A
D e f i ni t i on A H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt ( H C M ) m a y be
a bui l di ng, s i t e , s t r uc t ur e , or r e s our c e —
i nc l udi ng, t r e e s a nd pl a nt l i f e — r e c ogni z e d f or
i t s hi s t or i c s i gni f i c a nc e ; a n H C M c a n i de nt i f y
w i t h i m por t a nt e ve nt s ; not a bl e f i gur e s of
na t i ona l , s t a t e , or l oc a l i m por t a nc e ; a nd/ or
di s t i nc t i ve a r c hi t e c t ur a l s t yl e s .
2 1
S ur ve yL A da t a i nc l ude s
i nf or m a t i on on pr ope r t i e s
i de nt i f i e d a s e l i gi bl e f or
l i s t i ng t hr ough t he L os
A nge l e s C i t yw i de H i s t or i c
R e s our c e s S ur ve y.
2 2
I n t hi s t he s i s , t he S ur ve yL A
s i t e s onl y i nc l ude s e l i gi bl e
pr ope r t i e s i de nt i f i e d
t hr ough S ur ve yL A ( F i gur e
2.3) .
A m ount
( by 2020)
1,217
3 3 , 3 2 5
T op 3
c om m uni t i e s ( #
of hi s t or i c
r e s our c e s )
H ol l yw ood
N or t he a s t L os A nge l e s
W i l s hi r e
W i l s hi r e
W e s t A da m s - B a l dw i n
H i l l s - L e i m e r t
W e s t w ood
T a b l e 2 . 2 C o m p a r i s o n o f H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s T y p e . T a b l e M a d e b y A u t h o r
2 1
“ H i s t o r i c L a n d m a r k s ” , L o s A n g e l e s C i t y P l a n n i n g a c c e s s e d M a r c h 2 0 2 1 , h t t p s : / / p l a n n i n g . l a c i t y . o r g / p r e s e r v a t i o n -
d e s i g n / h i s t o r i c - l a n d m a r k s / d e t a i l .
2 2
“ A b o u t d a t a ” , L o s A n g e l e s H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s I n v e n t o r y , a c c e s s e d M a r c h 2 0 2 1 ,
h t t p : / / h i s t o r i c p l a c e s l a . o r g / a b o u t d a t a .
2 3
F i g u r e 2 . 3 S u r v e y L A I d e n t i f i e d S i t e s . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
2 4
F i g u r e 2 . 4 H i s t o r i c C u l t u r a l M o n u m e n t s . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
4. I nc om e L e ve l
T he i nc om e l e ve l i n t he c i t y i s une ve n ove r a l l . ( F i gur e 2.5) T he di f f e r e nc e i n i nc om e
l e ve l s be t w e e n e a c h C om m uni t y P l a n A r e a a r e huge , f r om t he hi ghe s t a t $127,659 t o t he l ow e s t
a t $33,861 pe r ye a r . C om m uni t i e s w i t h hi ghe r i nc om e l e ve l s a r e c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he c e nt r a l pa r t
of c i t y a nd c oa s t a l a r e a s uc h a s B r e nt w ood- P a c i f i c P a l i s a de s , B e l A i r - B e ve r l y C r e s t , a nd
G r a na da H i l l s - K nol l w ood. C om m uni t i e s w i t h l ow e r i nc om e l e ve l s a r e ge ne r a l l y l oc a t e d i n S out h
L os A nge l e s a nd S out he a s t L os A nge l e s , w hi c h a r e a l s o t he m os t e t hni c a l l y di ve r s e C om m uni t y
P l a n A r e a s .
2 5
F i g u r e 2 . 5 M e d i a n I n c o m e L e v e l ( 2 0 1 8 ) . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
5. R e dl i ni ng P ol i c y M a p
T he r e dl i ni ng m a p c a n r e pr e s e nt t he hous i ng r a c i a l s e gr e ga t i on pol i c y i n t he L os A nge l e s
a t 1930s . ( F i gur e 2.6) I n a c om pa r i s on of t he r e dl i ni ng pol i c y m a p w i t h t he c ur r e nt m a p of L os
A nge l e s , t he de m ogr a phi c di s t r i but i on pa t t e r n ha s l a r ge l y s t a ye d t he s a m e . C om m uni t i e s t ha t
w e r e gr a de d a s t he C or D l e ve l w hi c h a r e m os t di s t r i but e d i n t he c e nt r a l a nd s out he r n pa r t s of
c i t y a r e s t i l l c om m uni t i e s w i t h l a r ge pe r c e nt a ge s of c om m uni t i e s of c ol or . F or e xa m pl e , m os t
pa r t s of S out hw e s t L os A nge l e s w e r e gr a de d a s C l e ve l , a nd t oda y i t r e m a i ns a di ve r s e A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n a nd L a t i nx c om m uni t y.
2 6
F i g u r e 2 . 6 R e d l i n i n g M a p F i g u r e M a d e b y A u t h o r
O ve r a l l , gi ve n a l l t he ba c kgr ound s oc i a l c ondi t i on a bove , t he de ve l opm e nt l e ve l of e a c h
c om m uni t y i s hi ghl y a s s oc i a t e d w i t h t he de m ogr a phi c di s t r i but i on pa t t e r n. T he w hi t e
c om m uni t i e s t e nd t o ha ve l e s s hi s t or i c r e s our c e de s i gna t i ons t ha n t he m or e di ve r s e c om m uni t i e s ,
a nd m os t of t he pr e dom i na nt l y w hi t e c om m uni t i e s ha ve hi ghe r m e di a n i nc om e a nd w e r e not
s ubj e c t t o r e dl i ni ng a nd hous i ng s e gr e ga t i on.
2 7
C h a p t e r 3 : C o m m u n i t y A n a l y s i s
T he C i t y of L os A nge l e s ’ O f f i c e of H i s t or i c R e s our c e s ha s publ i s he d hi s t or i c c ont e xt
s t a t e m e nt s ( H C S ) s pe c i f i c t o t he va r i ous e t hni c gr oups i n L os A nge l e s .
2 3
T o da t e , t he r e a r e e i ght
H C S t ha t a r e r e l a t e d t o t he m i nor i t y gr oups t ha t ha ve be e n c om pl e t e d: A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n,
C hi ne s e A m e r i c a n, F i l i pi no A m e r i c a n, J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n, K or e a n A m e r i c a n, T ha i A m e r i c a n,
J e w i s h A m e r i c a n, a nd L a t i no . R e c e nt l y, t he c i t y l a unc he d a ne w A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n H e r i t a ge
R e s our c e s P r oj e c t t o i de nt i f y t he he r i t a ge r e s our c e s t ha t r e l a t e d t o L os A nge l e s ’ A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y.
T he s e r e por t s a na l yz e t he he r i t a ge s i t e s t ha t a r e s i gni f i c a nt be c a us e of t he i r a s s oc i a t i on
w i t h t he s e m i nor i t y gr oups c i t yw i de . H ow e ve r , t he H C S r e por t s do not i nc l ude da t a r e ga r di ng t he
r e l a t i ons hi ps be t w e e n c om m uni t i e s a nd he r i t a ge r e s our c e s . H i s t or i c r e s our c e s c a n be a m i r r or of
s oc i a l a nd c ul t ur a l j us t i c e i n t he c i t y, a nd i t i s i m por t a nt t o a na l yz e t he c ul t ur a l r e s our c e s a t t he
c om m uni t y l e ve l . W hi c h c om m uni t y ha s t he m os t H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s i n t he C i t y?
H ow m a ny hi s t or i c s i t e s r e l a t e d t o t he m i nor i t y gr oups ha ve be e n de s i gna t e d t o hi s t or i c c ul t ur a l
m onum e nt s i n t he m i nor i t y e t hni c c om m uni t i e s ? W ha t i s t he r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n t he num be r of
hi s t or i c c ul t ur a l m onum e nt s a nd i t s a f f i l i a t i on? W ha t a r e t he di f f e r e nc e s of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s
be t w e e n t he l a r ge l y w hi t e c om m uni t i e s a nd t he m i nor i t y gr oup c om m uni t i e s ?
I n t hi s c ha pt e r , I w i l l a na l yz e t he m a j or i t y A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n, A s i a n A m e r i c a n, a nd
L a t i nx C P A s , a nd c om pa r e t he m w i t h pr e dom i na nt l y w hi t e C P A s t o t r y t o a ddr e s s t he que s t i ons
a bove . U s i ng t he i nf or m a t i on f r om hi s t or i c c ont e xt s t a t e m e nt r e por t s f r om S ur ve yL A , s e a r c he s i n
t he H i s t or i c P l a c e s L A da t a ba s e , a s w e l l a s ot he r r e s our c e s m e nt i one d i n t hi s t he s i s , hi s t or i c
r e s our c e s w e r e i de nt i f i e d t ha t r e l a t e d t o e a c h m i nor i t y gr oup a nd m a ppe d. O ve r a l l , a f t e r
or ga ni z i ng a l l t he m i nor i t y- r e l a t e d s i t e s f r om a l l t he r e s our c e s , t he r e a r e s e ve nt y- f i ve H i s t or i c -
C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s a nd 513 he r i t a ge r e s our c e s t ha t w e r e i de nt i f i e d a s pa r t of t he S ur ve yL A
pr ogr a m t ha t r e l a t e t o m i nor i t y gr oups .
2 4
T he t hr e e C P A s w i t h t he hi ghe s t de m ogr a phi c r e pr e s e nt a t i on f or e a c h of t he f our
i de nt i f i e d popul a t i ons s e r ve a s t he c a s e s t udy a r e a s . B y a na l yz i ng t he H C M a nd S ur ve yL A s i t e s
2 3
“ E t h n i c - c u l t u r a l - c o n t e x t s ” , L o s A n g e l e s C i t y P l a n n i n g , a c c e s s e d M a y 2 0 2 0 ,
h t t p s : / / p l a n n i n g . l a c i t y . o r g / p r e s e r v a t i o n - d e s i g n / h i s t o r i c - r e s o u r c e s / e t h n i c - c u l t u r a l - c o n t e x t s .
2 4
T h e s p e c i f i c l i s t s a r e i n t h e A p p e n d i x .
2 8
i n t he C P A s , t he r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n c om m uni t y i de nt i f i c a t i on a nd t he he r i t a ge j us t i c e m a y be
c l e a r . T he t a bl e be l ow pr ovi de s ba s i c i nf or m a t i on a bout e a c h m i nor i t y c om m uni t y. I n t he t a bl e
be l ow , i t l i s t s t he t ot a l num be r of H C M , S ur ve yL A s i t e s , H P O Z , or N R a nd hi s t or i c di s t r i c t i n
t he c i t y t ha t r e l a t e t o c e r t a i n m i nor i t y gr oups . I t a l s o l i s t s t he t op t hr e e C P A s by popul a t i on f or
e a c h m i nor i t y gr oup.
2 9
A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
C o m m u n i t y
L a t i n x C o m m u n i t y A s i a n A m e r i c a n
C o m m u n i t y
S u m m a r y
P opul a t i on
( w i t hi n w hol e
c i t y )
2 5
341,750 1,922,409 454,688
P opul a t i on R a t e
( w i t hi n w hol e
c i t y )
2 6
9% 49% 11% 69%
H C M s r e l a t e d t o
m i nor i t y gr oup
( w i t hi n w hol e
c i t y)
38 17 20 75
S ur ve yL A s i t e s
r e l a t e d t o
m i nor i t y gr oup
( w i t hi n w hol e
c i t y)
72 91 350 513
H P O Z or N R
H i s t or i c D i s t r i c t
r e l a t e d t o
m i nor i t y gr oup
( w i t hi n w hol e
c i t y)
5 0 7 12
T op 3 C P A s w i t h
m i nor i t y
popul a t i on s
1. S out h L os
A nge l e s
2. S out he a s t L os
A nge l e s
3. W e s t - A da m s -
L e i m e r t P a r k-
1. A r l e t a -
P a c oi m a
2. B oyl e H e i ght s
3. S out he a s t L os
A nge l e s
1. C e nt r a l C i t y
N or t h
2. W i l s hi r e
3. C e nt r a l C i t y
2 5
“ D e m o g r a p h i c s ” , L o s A n g e l e s C i t y P l a n n i n g , a c c e s s e d M a y 2 0 2 0 ,
h t t p s : / / p l a n n i n g . l a c i t y . o r g / r e s o u r c e s / d e m o g r a p h i c s
2 6
P o p u l a t i o n R a t e = t h e a m o u n t o f p o p u l a t i o n i n c e r t a i n c o m m u n i t y / t h e a m o u n t t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i n L o s A n g e l e s .
3 0
B a l dw i n H i l l s
T a b l e 3 . 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f M i n o r i t y G r o u p C o m m u n i t i e s . T a b l e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
3 1
A f r i c an A m e r i c an C om m uni t y
1.1 B r i e f H i s t or y of A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n C om m uni t i e s i n L os A nge l e s
T he s uc c e s s i ve s t r e a m s of A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n m i gr a t i on f r om t he l a t e ni ne t e e nt h c e nt ur y
t o t he l a t e 1950s ha s c ha nge d t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n A nge l e nos c om m uni t y. I n t he C i t y of L os
A nge l e s , A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n m i gr a t i on be c a m e t he one of t he m os t i m por t a nt f a c t or s of t he c i t y' s
hi s t or y dur i ng t he 1930s . A c c or di ng t o t he hi s t or i c c e ns us , t he de m ogr a phi c pr e s e nc e of A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a ns w a s i n a s m a l l pe r c e nt a ge a s t he 2,841 A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n popul a t i on of 170,298 t ot a l
popul a t i on i n 1900. T he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n popul a t i on r e a c he d 63,744 i n 1940 w hi c h m a de L .A .
t he l a r ge s t A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y i n t he w e s t c oa s t c om pa r e d t o ot he r c i t i e s l i ke S a n
F r a nc i s c o, O a kl a nd, or S e a t t l e .
2 7
I nf l ue nc e d by W or l d W a r I I a nd t he pr e s e nc e of de f e ns e - r e l a t e d
i ndus t r i e s , t he hi ghl y i nc r e a s i ng ne e d of t he l a bor f or c e m a de t he r a t e of A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
popul a t i on gr ow t o 763,000 f r om t he 1940s t o t he 1970s .
2 8
S i nc e t he n, t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
c om m uni t y ha s be c om e one of t he i m por t a nt c om m uni t i e s i n t he c i t y a nd ha s i nf l ue nc e d t he c i t y
i n e ve r y a s pe c t .
W hi l e A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n A nge l e nos ha d s uc h gr e a t i nf l ue nc e on t he c i t y ’ s l a nds c a pe a nd
ur ba n de ve l opm e nt pr oc e s s , t he hi s t or y of A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y i s f ul l of s t or i e s of
s e gr e ga t i on a nd t he br a ve f i ght ove r a bj e c t di s c r i m i na t i on. U nt i l t he pos t w a r pe r i od, A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n c om m uni t i e s w e r e r e s t r i c t e d t o c e r t a i n a r e a s w hi c h a i m e d t o ke e p t he A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a ns s e pa r a t e d f r om t he w hi t e c om m uni t i e s .
2 9
R e s i de nt i a l s e gr e ga t i on, c ul t ur a l s e gr e ga t i on
a r e pa r t s of i m por t a nt a s pe c t s of di s c r i m i na t i on t o A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n pe opl e i n L os A nge l e s . T he
r e a l e s t a t e i ndus t r y a l s o e nf or c e d t he H O L C ' s m a p f or L os A nge l e s C ount y w hi c h w a s i s s ue d i n
1939.
3 0
R a c i a l e xc l us i on pol i c y a c c e l e r a t e d r a c i a l s e gr e ga t i on a nd m a de i t i nt o a vi c i ous c yc l e .
W i t hout a hi gh- qua l i t y r e s i de nt i a l a nd e duc a t i ona l e nvi r onm e nt , i t i s ha r d f or s om e A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n pe opl e t o a t t a i n e m pl oym e nt . W hi l e m a ny A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n A nge l e nos w e r e a bl e t o
ove r c om e r e s t r i c t i ve hous i ng pr a c t i c e s a nd a t t a i n hom e ow ne r s hi p a nd ge ne r a t i ona l w e a l t h,
2 7
S u r v e y L A C i t y w i d e H i s t o r i c C o n t e x t S t a t e m e n t C o n t e x t : A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y o f L o s A n g e l e s , L o s A n g e l e s
H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s S u r v e y , F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 .
2 8
S u r v e y L A C i t y w i d e H i s t o r i c C o n t e x t S t a t e m e n t C o n t e x t : A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y o f L o s A n g e l e s , L o s A n g e l e s
H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s S u r v e y , F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 .
2 9
S u r v e y L A C i t y w i d e H i s t o r i c C o n t e x t S t a t e m e n t C o n t e x t : A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y o f L o s A n g e l e s , L o s A n g e l e s
H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s S u r v e y , F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 .
3 0
S u r v e y L A C i t y w i d e H i s t o r i c C o n t e x t S t a t e m e n t C o n t e x t : A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y o f L o s A n g e l e s , L o s A n g e l e s
H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s S u r v e y , F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 .
3 2
s t a t i s t i c a l l y, A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n A nge l e nos w e r e m or e l i ke l y t o r e a c h t he l ow e s t j ob r ung, ge t
l ow e r pa y, a nd l i t t l e c a r e e r s uppor t c om pa r e d t o ot he r r a c e s . A c c or di ng t o t he hi s t or i c c e ns us
i nf or m a t i on, t he une m pl oym e nt r a t e of A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n pe opl e i n L os A nge l e s r e a c he d f i f t y
pe r c e nt i n 1934 due t o t he D e pr e s s i on.
3 1
T he poor e m pl oym e nt c ondi t i on m a de t he l i vi ng
c ondi t i on of A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n be c om e m uc h w or s e .
B e s i de s di s c r i m i na t i on a nd s e gr e ga t i on, t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y ’ s br a ve f i ght
of f r e e dom a l s o w a s a c om pone nt of t he c i t y ’ s pol i c y a nd ur ba n hi s t or y. T he c i vi c e nga ge m e nt of
A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n i s a m i r r or of A m e r i c a n c i vi l s oc i e t y i n L os A nge l e s . I n 1918, t he f i r s t A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n w a s e l e c t e d t o t he C a l i f or ni a s t a t e a s s e m bl y w hi c h w a s t he be gi nni ng f or t he c i vi c
f i ght f or A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n A nge l e nos . A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t i e s a l s o ha ve c i vi c
or ga ni z a t i ons a nd c l ubs s uc h a s A f r o- A m e r i c a n C ounc i l a nd L .A . F or um or ga ni z i ng pe opl e a nd
pr ovi di ng pl a t f or m a nd pr a gm a t i c a ppr oa c he s f or pe opl e t o f i ght w i t h t he r a c i a l di s c r i m i na t i on i n
t he s oc i e t y. T he r a c i a l s e gr e ga t i on a nd di s c r i m i na t i on ha ve be e n gr a dua l l y c ha l l e nge d f or m uc h
of t he pos t w a r pe r i od w i t h t he C i vi l R i ght s m ove m e nt .
O ve r a l l , t he e xpe r i e nc e of A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n A nge l e nos s ha pe s t hi s c i t y i n i t s uni que a nd
s pe c i a l c ul t ur a l w a y. T he i nf l ue nc e of t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y c a n be s e e n i n e ve r y
c or ne r of L os A nge l e s .
1.2 T he c ur r e nt s i t ua t i on of A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t i e s
A c c or di ng t o t he 2010 c e ns us i nf or m a t i on, t he c om m uni t i e s t ha t ha ve t he m os t A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n popul a t i on a r e : W e s t A da m s - L e i m e r t P a r k- B a l dw i n H i l l s , S out h L os A nge l e s , a nd
S out he a s t L os A nge l e s . ( F i gur e 3.1) T he popul a t i on de ns i t y i nde x of t he s e ne i ghbor hoods i s
hi ghe r t ha n ot he r c om m uni t i e s i n t he c i t y. O n t he c ont r a s t , t he a ve r a ge m e di a n i nc om e l e ve l of
t he s e ne i ghbor hoods i s r e l a t i ve l y l ow e r t ha n ot he r c om m uni t i e s i n t he c i t y, a nd t he a ve r a ge hom e
va l ue s a r e a l s o l ow e r .
3 1
S u r v e y L A C i t y w i d e H i s t o r i c C o n t e x t S t a t e m e n t C o n t e x t : A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y o f L o s A n g e l e s , L o s A n g e l e s
H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s S u r v e y , F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 8 .
3 3
F i g u r e 3 . 1 A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n P o p u l a t i o n D e n s i t y . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
T he hi s t or y of t he s e c om m uni t i e s i s c ont i nuous a nd hi ghl y a s s oc i a t e d w i t h A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n c om m uni t i e s . T he s e c om m uni t i e s a r e i n t he m i ddl e a nd s out he r n pa r t of t he c i t y w hi c h
a l s o w a s t he s e t t l e m e nt a r e a f or t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n i m m i gr a nt s i n t he e a r l y t w e nt i e t h c e nt ur y.
A l s o, m os t pa r t s of t he s e c om m uni t i e s w e r e gr a de d a s t he C or D l e ve l i n t he H O L C r e dl i ni ng
m a p i n t he 1950s , e s pe c i a l l y f or t he S out h L os A nge l e s a nd t he S out he a s t L os A nge l e s a r e a .
O ve r a l l , t he s e t t l e m e nt pa t t e r ns of A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y i n L os A nge l e s ha ve not
c ha nge d t oo m uc h ove r 100 ye a r s . T he m i ddl e a nd s out he r n pa r t s of t he c i t y s t i l l a r e t he ke y a r e a
f or t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t i e s a nd t he l i vi ng e nvi r onm e nt s s t i l l ne e d t o be i m pr ove d
c om pa r e d t o ot he r ne i ghbor hoods i n t he c i t y.
1.3 A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n he r i t a ge s i t e s
3 4
T he num be r of H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt pr ope r t i e s a nd t he hi s t or i c s i t e s i de nt i f i e d by
t he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m l oc a t e d i n t he s e ne i ghbor hoods r a nks a m ong t he t op a nd m i ddl e i n t he
c i t y. S out h L os A nge l e s ha s t he hi ghe s t num be r of bot h H C M s a nd hi s t or i c r e s our c e s i de nt i f i e d
by S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m a m ong t he s e c om m uni t i e s .
A c c or di ng t o t he da t a of H i s t or i c P l a c e s L A , t he r e a r e a t ot a l of 103 hi s t or i c r e s our c e s
i nc l udi ng he r i t a ge s i t e s bot h de s i gna t e d a s H C M s a nd s i t e s i de nt i f i e d by S ur ve yL A t ha t a r e
r e l a t e d t o A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t i e s i n t he C i t y of L os A nge l e s . M os t of t he s e s i t e s a r e i n
t he S out h L os A nge l e s a nd S out he a s t L os A nge l e s C P A s . ( F i gur e 3.2)
U s i ng G I S t o a na l yz e t he c ol l e c t e d da t a , t he r e a r e 1,217 H C M s i n t he c i t y a s a w hol e a nd
onl y 38 H C M s t ha t a r e r e l a t e d t o t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y. T he pe r c e nt a ge of A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n he r i t a ge s i t e s i s ve r y l ow t ha t doe s not r e a c h t o 2.5% i n t ot a l . 30,550 i ndi vi dua l
he r i t a ge r e s our c e s ha ve be e n i de nt i f i e d by t he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m a nd t he r e a r e onl y 72 s i t e s t ha t
a r e r e l a t e d t o t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n A nge l e nos a c c or di ng t o t he i r of f i c i a l r e por t . T he pe r c e nt a ge
of t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y S ur ve yL A hi s t or i c s i t e s ha s not e ve n r e a c he d 0.2% .
3 5
F i g u r e 3 . 2 A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
T o ge t m or e s pe c i f i c i nf or m a t i on, t he da t a of t hr e e c om m uni t i e s ne e d m or e a na l ys i s i n
t hi s t he s i s i nc l udi ng W e s t A da m s - L e i m e r t P a r k- B a l dw i n H i l l s , S out h L os A nge l e s , a nd
S out he a s t L os A nge l e s w he r e t he hi s t or i c r e s our c e s a s s oc i a t e d w i t h A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n a r e m os t l y
l oc a t e d. T he s e ne i ghbor hoods w e r e t he or i gi na l s e t t l e m e nt a r e a s f or t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
c om m uni t y i n t he t w e nt i e t h c e nt ur y a nd now t he y ha ve a s i m i l a r s oc i a l e nvi r onm e nt .
F or t he S out he a s t L os A nge l e s c om m uni t y, t he r e a r e onl y 30 H C M pr ope r t i e s a nd 344
pr ope r t i e s t ha t ha ve be e n i de nt i f i e d by t he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m . W hy i s t he num be r of t he hi s t or i c
r e s our c e s i n t hi s c om m uni t y l ow e r t ha n ot he r ne i ghbor hoods w hi l e ha l f of t he bui l di ngs of t hi s
c om m uni t y w e r e bui l t be f or e 1940 a nd i t ha s a r i c h hi s t or y w i t h A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y?
F or t he W e s t A da m s - L e i m e r t P a r k- B a l dw i n H i l l s c om m uni t y, 4,588 i ndi vi dua l hi s t or i c
r e s our c e s pr ope r t i e s ha ve be e n i de nt i f i e d by S ur ve yL A ba s e d on i t s va l ue but onl y f i ve of t he
3 6
pr ope r t i e s a r e r e l a t e d t o t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n A nge l e nos . W hy a r e t he r e s o f e w i ndi vi dua l
hi s t or i c r e s our c e s i de nt i f i e d by t he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m ?
W e s t A da m s - L e i m e r t P a r k- B a l dw i n H i l l s a nd t he S out he a s t L os A nge l e s c om m uni t i e s
ha ve 42 a nd 30 H C M r e s pe c t i ve l y w hi c h r a nk t he m i ddl e i n t he c i t y, w hi l e t he y ha ve t he
r e l a t i ve l y hi gh pe r c e nt a ge of H C M t ha t i s a s s oc i a t e d w i t h A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n, e s pe c i a l l y f or t he
40% of S out he a s t L os A nge l e s c om m uni t y.
W e s t A da m s -
L e i m e r t P a r k-
B a l dw i n H i l l
( F i gur e 3.3)
S out h L os
A nge l e s
( F i gur e 3.4)
S out he a s t L os
A nge l e s
( F i gur e 3.5)
S um m a r y
S t r uc t ur e bui l t be f or e 1940 53.2% 52.7% 47.6%
A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
P opul a t i on
66,878 74,897 47,997 189,772
P e r c e nt a ge of A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n popul a t i on of
L .A .
39.7% 26.5% 16.3% 55.5%
a r e a / s qua r e m i l e 12.8 15.5 15.4
N um be r of H C M 42 129 30 201
N um be r of H C M
a s s oc i a t e d w i t h
A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
6 4 12 22
P e r c e nt a ge 14.2% 3.1% 40% 10.9%
N um be r of S ur ve yL A
i ndi vi dua l r e s our c e s
4588 1637 344 6569
N um be r of S ur ve yL A
i ndi vi dua l r e s our c e s
a s s oc i a t e d w i t h A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n
5 10 22 37
P e r c e nt a ge 0.1% 0.6% 6.3% 5.6%
H P O Z r e l a t e d t o A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n
2
J e f f e r s on P a r k
L a F a ye t t e S qua r e
3
A da m s -
N or m a ndi e
0
3 7
J e f f e r s on
P a r k
H a r va r d
H e i ght s
T a b l e 3 . 2 A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n C o m m u n i t y A n a l y s i s . T a b l e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
F i g u r e 3 . 3 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n W e s t A d a m s - L e i m e r t P a r k - B a l d w i n H i l l s . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
3 8
F i g u r e 3 . 4 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n S o u t h L o s A n g e l e s . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
3 9
F i g u r e 3 . 5 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n S o u t h e a s t L o s A n g e l e s . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
4 0
L at i nx C om m uni t y
2.1 B r i e f H i s t or y of t he L a t i nx C om m uni t y
T he L a t i nx c om m uni t y ’ s hi s t or y c a n be t r a c e d ba c k t o t he t i m e t ha t t he c i t y w a s f ounde d.
T oda y, a l m os t 49% of t he popul a t i on i n L os A nge l e s C i t y i s H i s pa ni c or L a t i no. L a t i nx
c om m uni t i e s a nd t he i r c ul t ur e ha ve i nf l ue nc e d S out he r n C a l i f or ni a s oc i e t y s i nc e t he 1700s . I n
L os A nge l e s , L a t i nx c ul t ur e s uc h a s f ood, m us i c , or a r c hi t e c t ur e c a n be f ound i n e ve r y c or ne r .
T he M i s s i on S a n G a br i e l w a s f ounde d i n 1771, a nd t he L os A nge l e s pue bl o w a s bui l t a
de c a de l a t e r w hi c h i s t he be gi nni ng of t he de ve l opm e nt of L os A nge l e s C i t y i n 1781. T he n f r om
1821 t o 1864, C a l i f or ni a w a s a pr ovi nc e of M e xi c o. D ur i ng t hi s pe r i od, t he s oc i e t y of C a l i f or ni a
w a s s ha pe d a nd i nf l ue nc e d by M e xi c o a nd S pa ni s h c ul t ur e i n t he a s pe c t of a r t , l a ngua ge ,
a r c hi t e c t ur e , a nd e ve n e duc a t i on w hi c h bui l t t he S pa ni s h c ul t ur a l r oot t o t he C a l i f or ni a s oc i e t y.
C a l i f or ni a j oi ne d t he U ni t e d S t a t e s i n 1848 a f t e r t he M e xi c a n A m e r i c a n W a r . W hi l e L os
A nge l e s w a s gr ow i ng, t he M e xi c a n popul a t i on c ha nge d f r om m a j or i t y gr oup t o m i nor i t y
gr oup. T he L a t i nx popul a t i on dr oppe d f r om 75.9 pe r c e nt i n 1850 t o unde r 3 pe r c e nt i n 1900.
A f t e r 1910, t he va s t m a j or i t y of L a t i nx i m m i gr a nt s c a m e t o t he C i t y of L os A nge l e s due t o t he
boom of i ndus t r y. A f t e r t he 1930s , t he num be r of A m e r i c a - bor n M e xi c a n A m e r i c a n popul a t i on
w a s l a r ge r t ha n t he num be r of M e xi c a n i m m i gr a nt s . B y 1960, t he C i t y of L os A nge l e s w a s t he
l a r ge s t M e xi c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y i n t he U ni t e d S t a t e s . T he n, t he ne xt de c a de w i t ne s s e d a
r a pi d L a t i nx popul a t i on i nc r e a s e .
Y e a r T ot a l P opul a t i on L a t i nx P opul a t i on P e r c e nt a ge of t ot a l
1850 1,610 1,215 75.4
1870 4,385 2,069 47.1
1880 11,183 2,166 19.3
1900 102,479 3,000- 5,000 2.9- 4.9
1930 1,238,048 97,116- 190,000 7.8- 15.3
1960 2,479,015 158,062 6.4
1980 2,966,850 816,076 27.5
4 1
T a b l e 3 . 3 H i s t o r i c C e n s u s o f L a t i n x p o p u l a t i o n . T a b l e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
S a m e a s ot he r m i nor i t y e t hni c gr oups i n t he U ni t e d S t a t e s , t he hi s t or y of L a t i nx c om m uni t i e s w a s
f ul l of r a c i a l di s c r i m i na t i on a nd br a ve c i vi c m ove m e nt s . L a t i nx i m m i gr a nt s or i gi na l l y s e t t l e d i n t
he c e nt r a l a nd s out he r n pa r t s of t he c i t yw hi c h w a s t he c e nt r a l ba r r i o a r e a i n L os A nge l e s . D ur i ng
1920 t o 1960s , t he y c onc e nt r a t e d onl y i n t he s out he r n a nd e a s t e r n pa r t s of t he c i t y w hi c h w e r e c l
os e t o t he i ndus t r i a l a r e a , i nc l udi ng t he P l a z a a r e a , B oyl e H e i ght s , a nd B e l ve de r e ( out s i de t he L .
A . C i t y l i m i t s ) , w i t h s m a l l e r num be r s i n t he N or t h M a i n S t r e e t di s t r i c t , C ha ve z R a vi ne , L i nc ol n
H e i ght s , be t w e e n M a i n S t r e e t a nd C e nt r a l A ve nue , a nd W e s t l a ke P a r k. A l s o, m os t of t he L a t i nx
popul a t i on w e r e i n m a nua l l a bor t ha t pa i d ve r y l i t t l e . T he L a t i nx c om m uni t y ha d f ought f or t he i r
c i vi l r i ght s a nd t he r e w e r e a l ot of c i vi l r i ght s t ha t r e l a t e d or ga ni z a t i ons a nd t he m ove m e nt s uc h a
s t he C onf e de r a c i o n e ni one s br e r a s e xi c a na s , e a gue f ni t e d a t i n m e r i c a n i t i z e ns
L U L A C ) , he om m uni t y e r vi c e r ga ni z a t i on C S O ) , he e xi c a n m e r i c a n e ga l e f e ns e n
d duc a t i on und, nd he hi c a no ove m e nt . he s e ove m e nt s nd f f or t s a d r e a t nf l ue n
c e n he i ght or a t i nx m e r i c a n i ght s f ous i ng qua l i t y, duc a t i on qua l i t y, nd a r e e r qu
a l i t y. ve r a l l , he a t i nx om m uni t y de nt i t y a s ounde d he n he i t y e ga n t s r ba ni s m r oc
e s s . he a t i nx s n m por t a nt ul t ur a l ha r a c t e r nd om pone nt f he i t y f os nge l e s .
2.2 C ur r e nt s i t ua t i on of L a t i nx C om m uni t y
C u r r e n t l y , n e a r l y h a l f o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n L o s A n g e l e s i s L a t i n x w i t h 1 , 9 2 2 , 4 0 9 r e s i d e n t s .
T he s oc i e t y of L os A nge l e s i s hi ghl y a s s oc i a t e d w i t h t he L a t i nx c ul t ur e .
M os t of t he L a t i nx popul a t i on i s c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he nor t h a nd s out h pa r t of t he c i t y, a nd
t he m os t of nor t h pa r t s a r e i n t he S a n F e r na ndo V a l l e y. ( F i gur e 3.6) F or t he s out h pa r t s , t he
c om m uni t y l i ke t he W i l m i ngt on- H a r bor c i t y w a s a L a t i nx c om m uni t y i n t he 1950s a nd i t s t i l l ha s
a hi gh L a t i nx popul a t i on pe r c e nt a ge now . T he c om m uni t i e s w i t h t he m os t H i s pa ni c popul a t i on
a r e S out he a s t L os A nge l e s , B oyl e H e i ght s , a nd A r l e t a - P a c oi m a .
4 2
F i g u r e 3 . 6 L a t i n x P o p u l a t i o n D e n s i t y . F i g u r e a d e b y a u t h o r .
T he i nc om e l e ve l of t he L a t i nx c om m uni t y r a nks i n t he m i ddl e of t he C i t y a va e r a ge s ,
e s pe c i a l l y i n t he S a n F e r na ndo V a l l e y. S i nc e t he V a l l e y w a s l a r ge l y de ve l ope d a f t e r t he 1930s ,
t he s e ne i ghbor hoods w e r e not l i s t e d i n t he H O L C m a ps .
2.3 H e r i t a ge r e s our c e s i n t he L a t i nx C om m uni t y
M os t of t he s e L a t i nx c om m uni t i e s ha ve f e w e r H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s a nd hi s t or i c
r e s our c e s i de nt i f i e d by t he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m , r a nki ng a m ong t he bot t om i n t he c i t y.
U s i ng G I S t o a na l yz e t he c ol l e c t e d da t a , t he r e a r e 1,217 H C M s i n t he c i t y a nd onl y 17
t ha t a r e r e l a t e d t o t he L a t i nx c om m uni t y. T he pe r c e nt a ge of L a t i nx he r i t a ge s i t e s i s ve r y l ow –
l e s s t ha n 1.5% i n t ot a l .
4 3
30,550 i ndi vi dua l he r i t a ge r e s our c e s ha ve be e n i de nt i f i e d by t he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m a nd
t he r e a r e onl y 91 s i t e s t ha t a r e r e l a t e d t o t he L a t i nx c om m uni t y a c c or di ng t o t he i r of f i c i a l r e por t .
T he pe r c e nt a ge of t he L a t i nx S ur ve y L A hi s t or i c s i t e s i s unde r 0.2% .
F or t he s pe c i f i c c om m uni t y a r e a s , B oyl e H e i ght s ha s t he hi ghe s t num be r of bot h H C M s ,
a nd hi s t or i c r e s our c e s i de nt i f i e d by t he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m a m ong t he s e c om m uni t i e s .
M e a nw hi l e , t he c om m uni t y w i t h hi gh pe r c e nt a ge of L a t i nx popul a t i on s uc h a s A r l e t a - P a c oi m a
a nd S out he a s t L os A nge l e s ha ve ve r y l ow num be r of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s t ha t de s i gna t e d be c a us e
of i t s a f f i l i a t i on w i t h L a t i nx. F or A r l e t a - P a c oi m a c om m uni t y, i t s hi s t or y c a n be t r a c e d ba c k t o t he
1880s a nd hi ghl y a s s oc i a t e d w i t h t he R a nc ho E x- M i s s i on S a n F e r na ndo a nd S a n F e r na ndo
V a l l e y. W i t h s uc h gr e a t a nd r i c h c ul t ur e , t he A r l e t a - P a c oi m a c om m uni t y ha s no H C M s a nd onl y
27 he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i de nt i f i e d i n S ur ve yL A . W hy t he A r l e t a - P a c oi m a ha s s uc h l ow a m ount of
he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i n t ot a l ? W hy t he r e i s no he r i t a ge r e s our c e t ha t r e l a t e d t o t he L a t i nx
c om m uni t y?
A s a huge gr oup w i t h r i c h c ul t ur e , t he num be r of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s r e l a t e d t o t he i r ow n
L a t i nx c om m uni t y c ul t ur e i s e xt r e m e l y l ow w hi c h i s onl y 108 he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i n t he c i t y i n
t ot a l . W hy t hi s num be r i s s o l ow c i t yw i de ?
M os t L a t i nx c om m uni t y r e l a t e d he r i t a ge r e s our c e s a r e c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he c e nt r a l pa r t
w hi c h m a t c h t he hi s t or i c s e t t l e m e nt pa t t e r ns of L a t i nxs . ( F i gur e 3.7) H ow e ve r , dur i ng 1960s t o
1980s , m a ny i m m i gr a nt s f r om M e xi c o a nd C e nt r a l A m e r i c a a r r i ve d a nd s e t t l e d i n N or t h pa r t s of
L os A nge l e s . W hy t he r e i s no he r i t a ge r e s our c e s t ha t r e f l e c t t hi s i m m i gr a t i on t r e nd?
4 4
F i g u r e 3 . 7 L a t i n x R e l a t e d H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
4 5
B oyl e
H e i ght s
( F i gur e 3.8)
A r l e t a - P a c oi m a
( F i gur e 3.9)
S out he a s t L os
A nge l e s
( F i gur e 3.10)
S um m a r y
S t r uc t ur e bui l t be f or e 1940 54.7% 15.7% 47.6%
P e r c e nt a ge of t he L a t i nx
popul a t i on
93% 88% 82% 17.6%
L a t i nx popul a t i on 83,518 9,344 245,975 338,837
A r e a / s qua r e m i l e 6 13.7 15.4
N um be r of H C M 20 0 30 50
N um be r of H C M a s s oc i a t e d
w i t h L a t i nx
0 0 0 0
P e r c e nt a ge 0 0 0 0
N um be r of H P L A i ndi vi dua l
r e s our c e s
432 24 344 800
N um be r of H P L A i ndi vi dua l
r e s our c e s a s s oc i a t e d w i t h
L a t i nx
27 0 1 28
P e r c e nt a ge 6.25% 0 0.29% 3.5%
H P O Z or H i s t or i c D i s t r i c t
r e l a t e d t o L a t i nx
0 1
S a n F e r na ndo
G a r de ns D i s t r i c t
0
T a b l e 3 . 4 L a t i n x C o m m u n i t y A n a l y s i s . T a b l e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
4 6
F i g u r e 3 . 8 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n B o y l e H e i g h t s . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
4 7
F i g u r e 3 . 9 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n A r l e t a - P a c o i m a . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
F i g u r e 3 . 1 0 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n S o u t h e a s t L o s A n g e l e s . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
4 8
A s i an A m e r i c an C om m uni t y
3.1 B r i e f hi s t or y of A s i a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y
T he f i ve m a j or e t hni c gr oups of t he A s i a n C om m uni t y a r e K or e a n A m e r i c a n, C hi ne s e
A m e r i c a n, J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n, T ha i A m e r i c a n, a nd F i l i pi no A m e r i c a n. T hos e gr oups c r e a t e
uni que A s i a n A m e r i c a n c ul t ur e i n t he C i t y w hi c h m a ke s t he A s i a n c ul t ur e be c om e one of t he
m os t i m por t a nt c om pone nt s of L os A nge l e s .
3 2
T he hi s t or y of A s i a n i m m i gr a nt s i n t he C i t y of L os A nge l e s c a n be t r a c e d ba c k t o t he
1850s . I n 1869, t he f i r s t gr oup of J a pa ne s e ha s m ove d t o t he C i t y a nd t he n J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n
w a s c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he s out h a nd e a s t pa r t of t he c i t y. K or e a n A m e r i c a n C om m uni t y
i m m i gr a t i on t r e nd be ga n a t t he be gi nni ng of t he t w e nt i e t h c e nt ur y a nd t he n t he a f t e r m a t h 1965
I m m i gr a t i on A c t w i t ne s s e d t he l a r ge - s c a l e of t he K or e a n A m e r i c a n popul a t i on i n t he L os
A nge l e s a r e a .
3 3
C hi ne s e A m e r i c a ns ha ve be gun t o s e t t l e i n t he c i t y s i nc e t he 1850s a nd t he n
e s t a bl i s he d t he O l d C hi na t ow n a r ound dow nt ow n L os A nge l e s w hi c h be c a m e t he e a r l y C hi ne s e
A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y i n t he c i t y. F r om 1903 t o 1980, t he F i l i pi no A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y s t a r t e d
t o t hr i ve i n t he L os A nge l e s a r e a a nd c r e a t e d t he a r e a of t he i r ow n s e t t l e m e nt . T he f i r s t gr oup of
T ha i A m e r i c a n i m m i gr a nt s a r r i ve d i n L os A nge l e s i n t he 1950s a nd t he n t he y c r e a t e d a nd
c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he T ha i t ow n w hi c h i s ne a r E a s t H ol l yw ood i n 1999.
C om pa r e d w i t h t he A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n or L a t i nx c om m uni t i e s , t he num be r of t he A s i a n
popul a t i on i n t he c i t y of L os A nge l e s w a s not t oo m uc h. H ow e ve r , t he A s i a n c om m uni t y
w i t ne s s e d t he gr ow t h, de ve l opm e nt , a nd a l l t he m e m or i e s of t he c i t y w hi c h c r e a t e d t he uni que
c ul t ur e r oot .
3 2
A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e o t h e r A s i a n A m e r i c a n g r o u p s i n L o s A n g e l e s , s u c h a s V i e t n a m e s e a n d C a m b o d i a n A m e r i c a n ,
t h e i r i m m i g r a t i o n l a r g e l y t o o k p l a c e a f t e r 1 9 8 0 a n d i s t h e r e f o r e g e n e r a l l y n o t o l d e n o u g h a t t h i s t i m e t o b e
c o n s i d e r e d h e r i t a g e r e s o u r c e s .
3 3
S u r v e y L A C i t y w i d e H i s t o r i c C o n t e x t S t a t e m e n t J a p a n e s e A m e r i c a n s i n L o s A n g e l e s , 1 8 6 9 - 1 9 7 0 , L o s A n g e l e s
H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s S u r v e y , F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 1 8 .
4 9
Y e a r T ot a l P opul a t i on A s i a n a nd P a c i f i c I s l a nde r
P opul a t i on
P e r c e nt a ge of t ot a l
1850 1,610 n/ a n/ a
1880 11,183 605 5.4
1900 102,479 2,261 2.2
1930 1,238,048 27,838 2.2
1960 2,479,015 74,592 3.0
1980 2,966,850 196,017 6.6
T a b l e 3 . 5 H i s t o r i c C e n s u s T a b l e f o r A s i a n A m e r i c a n s i n L o s A n g e l e s . M a d e b y a u t h o r .
T he uni que de ve l opm e nt hi s t or y of t he s e A s i a n c om m uni t i e s c a n be f ound a nd de s i gna t e d
a s f i ve ol d c om m uni t i e s — C hi na t ow n, L i t t l e T okyo, K or e a t ow n, H i s t or i c F i l i pi no t ow n, a nd
T ha i T ow n. T he y c r e a t e d t he s e di s t r i c t s t ha t r e m i nd t he m of t he i r hom e l a nd a nd ha ve t he pow e r
t o s t r e ngt he n t he i r s oc i a l i de nt i f i c a t i on. T he s e c om m uni t i e s a nd hi s t or i c di s t r i c t s pr e s e r ve d t he
i r r e pl a c e a bl e a nd or i gi na l c ul t ur e of A s i a n gr oups w hi c h s t i l l ha ve a gr e a t i nf l ue nc e on t he c i t y.
T he s e c om m uni t i e s a r e t he pl a c e s t ha t t he s e A s i a n gr oups c a l l hom e .
S a m e a s ot he r m i nor i t y c om m uni t i e s i n t he L os A nge l e s c i t y, t he A s i a n c om m uni t y a l s o
f a c e d t he c ha l l e nge of r a c i a l di s c r i m i na t i on. T he y w e r e f or c e d t o be r e s t r i c t e d t o c e r t a i n a r e a s i n
t he c i t y by t he s e gr e ga t i on pol i c y, a nd t he y a l s o w e r e not t r e a t e d e qua l l y i n t he j ob m a r ke t . T he
A s i a n e t hni c gr oups s uc h a s C hi ne s e , J a pa ne s e , F i l i pi no A m e r i c a ns uni t e d, a nd t he t e r m A s i a n
A m e r i c a n w a s of f i c i a l l y c oi ne d i n t he 1960s f or f i ght i ng f or c i vi l r i ght s .
3 4
S t a r t i ng i n t he l a t e
1960s , t he A s i a n A m e r i c a n m ove m e nt s a nd t he A nt i - W a r m ove m e nt w e r e t he m a i n c i vi l
m ove m e nt s or ga ni z e d by t he A s i a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y w hi c h m a de a huge i nf l ue nc e on t he
s oc i a l a nd pol i t i c a l e nvi r onm e nt f or A s i a n A m e r i c a n.
3.2 C ur r e nt c ondi t i on of A s i a n A m e r i c a n C om m uni t y
N ow , t he A s i a n A m e r i c a n C om m uni t y s t i l l i s a l a r ge popul a t i on gr oup i n t he C i t y of L os
A nge l e s a nd ha s gr e a t i nf l ue nc e s on t he C i t y ’ s c ul t ur e . M os t of t he A s i a n A m e r i c a n popul a t i on i s
3 4
S u r v e y L A C i t y w i d e H i s t o r i c C o n t e x t S t a t e m e n t J a p a n e s e A m e r i c a n s i n L o s A n g e l e s , 1 8 6 9 - 1 9 7 0 , L o s A n g e l e s
H i s t o r i c R e s o u r c e s S u r v e y , F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 1 8 .
5 0
c onc e nt r a t e d i n t he s e c om m uni t i e s : C e nt r a l C i t y, C e nt r a l C i t y N or t h, a nd W i l s hi r e i n t he C e nt r a l
pa r t s of t he c i t y a l t hough a l a r ge T ha i popul a t i on i s a l s o i n t he nor t he r n S a n F e r na ndo V a l l e y.
( F i gur e 3.11) H ow e ve r , a c c or di ng t o t he c e ns us i nf or m a t i on, pe opl e i n t he s e a r e a s ha ve a
r e l a t i ve l y l ow e r i nc om e l e ve l c om pa r e d t o ot he r W e s t or N or t h pa r t c om m uni t i e s i n t he C i t y.
F i g u r e 3 . 1 1 A s i a n A m e r i c a n P o p u l a t i o n D e n s i t y . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
T he hi s t or y of t he s e c om m uni t i e s i s c ont i nuous . A l l t he s e c om m uni t i e s w e r e l i s t e d on t he
r e dl i ni ng m a p a nd w e r e i nf l ue nc e d by t he hous i ng s e gr e ga t i on pol i c y. S om e pa r t s of W i l s hi r e ,
C e nt r a l C i t y, a nd C e nt r a l C i t y N or t h a r e gr a de d a s t he C or D l e ve l i n t he H O L C m a p. B y t he
hi s t or i c C e ns us i nf or m a t i on, t he A s i a n A m e r i c a ns f i r s t c hos e t he s e ne i ghbor hoods a s t he i r
s e t t l e m e nt a r e a w he n t he y f i r s t a r r i ve d i n L os A nge l e s . F or e xa m pl e , 71.35% popul a t i on i n
W i l s hi r e w e r e A s i a n A m e r i c a n i n 1950.
5 1
O ve r a l l , t he s e t t l e m e nt pa t t e r ns of A s i a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y ha ve not c ha nge d a l ot
ove r 100 ye a r s . C om pa r e d t o ot he r m i nor i t y gr oups s uc h a s A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n a nd L a t i nx, t he
A s i a n A m e r i c a n ha s m or e s pe c i f i c c a t e gor i e s s uc h a s C hi ne s e A m e r i c a n, K or e a n A m e r i c a n, or
J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n. A l l t he s e gr oups a r e c ount e d a s A s i a n A m e r i c a ns w hi c h m a ke s t he c ondi t i on
of A s i a n A m e r i c a ns m or e c om pl e x.
3.3 H e r i t a ge R e s our c e s i n A s i a n A m e r i c a n C om m uni t y
T he num be r of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i n t he A s i a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y i s r e l a t i ve l y hi ghe r
t ha n ot he r m i nor i t y gr oup c om m uni t i e s . ( F i gur e 3.12) A c c or di ng t o t he s t a t i s t i c s , t he r e w e r e 350
he r i t a ge r e s our c e s r e l a t e d t o t he A s i a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t y. T he r e a r e 20 H C M t ha t w e r e
de s i gna t e d be c a us e of t he i r a f f i l i a t i on w i t h A s i a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t i e s . T he t op t hr e e
c om m uni t i e s t ha t ha ve t he m os t A s i a n A m e r i c a n r e l a t e d he r i t a ge r e s our c e s a r e C e nt r a l C i t y,
C e nt r a l C i t y N or t h, a nd W i l s hi r e w hi c h a l s o a r e t he t op t hr e e c om m uni t i e s w i t h hi ghe s t num be r
of A s i a n A m e r i c a n popul a t i on.
5 2
F i g u r e 3 . 1 2 A s i a n A m e r i c a n R e l a t e d H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
D i f f e r e nt f r om ot he r m i nor i t y gr oups , t he A s i a n c om m uni t y ha s t he m os t hi s t or i c di s t r i c t
a r e a s i n t he c i t y w hi c h i nc l ude s bot h c om m e r c i a l a nd r e s i de nt i a l di s t r i c t . F or e xa m pl e , f or
C hi ne s e A m e r i c a n, t he r e a r e N e w a nd G r e a t e r C hi na t ow n i n t he C e nt r a l C i t y a nd C e nt r a l C i t y
N or t h; f or t he J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a ns , t he r e a r e s e ve r a l r e s i de nt i a l hi s t or i c di s t r i c t s s uc h a s L i t t l e
T okyo hi s t or i c di s t r i c t w hi c h i s one of t hr e e r e m a i ni ng hi s t or i c J a pa n t ow ns ( N i honm a c hi s ) i n
C a l i f or ni a .
5 3
H i s t or i c D i s t r i c t T ype C om m uni t y P l a n
A r e a
R e l a t e d G r oup
G r e a t e r C hi na t ow n
C om m e r c i a l H i s t or i c
D i s t r i c t
C om m e r c i a l C e nt r a l C i t y N or t h C hi ne s e A m e r i c a n
N e w C hi na t ow n
C om m e r c i a l H i s t or i c
D i s t r i c t
C om m e r c i a l C e nt r a l C i t y N or t h C hi ne s e A m e r i c a n
C ha c ks f i e l d T r a c t
R e s i de nt i a l H i s t or i c
D i s t r i c t
R e s i de nt i a l H a r bor G a t e w a y J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n
C r e ns ha w S e i na n
H i s t or i c D i s t r i c t
R e s i de nt i a l W e s t A da m s -
B a l dw i n H i l l s -
L e i m e r t
J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n
J e f f e r s on P a r k
H i s t or i c D i s t r i c t
( H P O Z )
R e s i de nt i a l W e s t A da m s -
B a l dw i n H i l l s -
L e i m e r t
S out h L os A nge l e s
J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n
L e i m e r t P a r k H i s t or i c
D i s t r i c t
R e s i de nt i a l ‐
D i s t r i c t
W e s t A da m s -
B a l dw i n H i l l s -
L e i m e r t
J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n
H i s t or i c F i l i pi not ow n C om m e r c i a l W e s t l a ke F i l i pi no A m e r i c a n
T a b l e 3 . 6 A s i a n A m e r i c a n R e l a t e d H i s t o r i c D i s t r i c t . T a b l e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
F or a c om m uni t y l i ke W i l s hi r e , t he w hol e c om m uni t y i s a s s oc i a t e d w i t h t he A s i a n
popul a t i on a nd hi s t or y, but t he r e i s onl y one H C M s i t e t ha t w a s de s i gna t e d be c a us e of i t s
a f f i l i a t i on w i t h A s i a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t i e s . W hy t hi s r a t e i s s o l ow ?
C e nt r a l C i t y C e nt r a l C i t y W i l s hi r e S um m a r y
5 4
( F i gur e 3.13) N or t h
( F i gur e 3.14)
( F i gur e 3.15)
S t r uc t ur e bui l t be f or e 1940 36.7% 26.7% 47.6%
A s i a n popul a t i on 11,430 8,575 73,629 93,634
P e r c e nt a ge of t he A s i a n
A m e r i c a n popul a t i on
25.49% 32.87% 26.24% 20.59%
A r e a / s qua r e m i l e 3.5 3.2 14
N um be r of H C M 135 25 146 306
N um be r of H C M a s s oc i a t e d
w i t h A s i a n A m e r i c a n
5 2 1 8
P e r c e nt a ge 3.7% 8% 0.6% 2.6%
N um be r of H P L A i ndi vi dua l
r e s our c e s
258 350 4823 5,431
N um be r of H P L A i ndi vi dua l
r e s our c e s a s s oc i a t e d w i t h
A s i a n A m e r i c a n
81 36 43 160
P e r c e nt a ge 31% 10.2% 0.8% 2.9%
H P O Z or H i s t or i c di s t r i c t
r e l a t e d t o A s i a n A m e r i c a n
1 2 0
T a b l e 3 . 7 A s i a n A m e r i c a n C o m m u n i t y A n a l y s i s . T a b l e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
5 5
F i g u r e 3 . 1 3 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n C e n t r a l C i t y . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
5 6
F i g u r e 3 . 1 4 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n C e n t r a l C i t y N o r t h . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
5 7
F i g u r e 3 . 1 5 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n W i l s h i r e . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
5 8
W hi t e C om m uni t y
A l t hough t he w hi t e popul a t i on ha s ha d t he dom i na nt i nf l ue nc e on t he L os A nge l e s
s oc i e t y, t he t ot a l w hi t e popul a t i on m a ke s up onl y 20% of t he c i t y ’ s popul a t i on. ( F i gur e 3.16)
T he t hr e e c om m uni t i e s t ha t ha ve t he hi ghe s t num be r of w hi t e r e s i de nt s a r e B e l A i r - B e ve r l y
C r e s t , B r e nt w ood - P a c i f i c P a l i s a de s , a nd E nc i no- T a r z a na . T he s e c om m uni t i e s a r e c onc e nt r a t e d
i n t he N or t h pa r t of L os A nge l e s a nd ne a r t he P a c i f i c O c e a n. T he S out h pa r t of t he c i t y doe s not
ha ve m uc h w hi t e popul a t i on.
T he i nc om e l e ve l of w hi t e c om m uni t i e s i s t he hi ghe s t l e ve l i n t he c i t y c om pa r e d t o ot he r
c om m uni t i e s . A l l t he s e w hi t e c om m uni t i e s a r e t he t r a di t i ona l w hi t e popul a t i on s e t t l e m e nt a r e a
w hi c h a r e not l i s t e d on t he r e dl i ni ng m a p a r e a a nd not s ubj e c t t o a dve r s e r a c i a l s e gr e ga t i on
pol i c y.
F i g u r e 3 . 1 6 W h i t e P o p u l a t i o n D e n s i t y . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
5 9
F or t he s pe c i f i c c om m uni t i e s , B e l A i r - B e ve r l y C r e s t , B r e nt w ood- P a c i f i c P a l i s a de s , a nd
E nc i no- T a r z a na a r e bui l t r e l a t i ve l y ne w e r w hi c h onl y 10 pe r c e nt a ge of c ons t r uc t i on w e r e bui l t
be f or e 1940 i n a ve r a ge . T he y ha ve l e s s H C M a nd H P L A i ndi vi dua l he r i t a ge r e s our c e s w hi c h
r a nks bot t om i n t he c i t yw i de c om pa r e d t o ot he r a r e a s . T he s e c om m uni t i e s w i t h t op t hr e e w hi t e
popul a t i on onl y ha ve 68 H C M s i n t ot a l , w hi l e A s i a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t i e s ha ve 306 a nd
A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n c om m uni t i e s ha ve 201 i n t ot a l .
D ur i ng t he da t a m i ni ng pr oc e s s , hi s t or i c r e s our c e s t ha t a r e not e xpl i c i t l y i de nt i f i e d a s
e l i gi bl e f or a s s oc i a t i on w i t h a m i nor i t y gr oup a r e a ut om a t i c a l l y a s s oc i a t e d w i t h t he w hi t e
c om m uni t y. A m ong t he s e he r i t a ge r e s our c e s , onl y t w o of t he m a r e de s i gna t e d be c a us e of t he i r
a f f i l i a t i on w i t h m i nor i t y gr oup. T he num be r of hi s t or i c di s t r i c t s i n t he s e a r e a s a r e hi ghe r t ha n
ot he r pl a c e s a nd m a j or i t y of t he m a r e r e s i de nt i a l hi s t or i c di s t r i c t .
B e l A i r -
B e ve r l y C r e s t
( F i gur e 3.17)
B r e nt w ood -
P a c i f i c
P a l i s a de s
( F i gur e 3.18)
E nc i no –
T a r z a na
( F i gur e 3.19)
S um m a r y
S t r uc t ur e bui l t be f or e 1940 16% 10.9% 9.4%
W hi t e popul a t i on 15,434 46,404 56,173 104,111
P e r c e nt a ge of t he w hi t e
popul a t i on
83% 81% 72% 27.4%
A r e a / s qua r e m i l e 15.1 38.1 20.3 73.5
N um be r of H C M 16 50 2 68
N um be r of H P L A i ndi vi dua l
r e s our c e s
396 418 633 1447
H P O Z or H i s t or i c di s t r i c t 3 9 10
T a b l e 3 . 8 W h i t e C o m m u n i t y A n a l y s i s T a b l e M a d e b y A u t h o r
6 0
F i g u r e 3 . 1 7 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n B e l A i r - B e v e r l y C r e s t . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
6 1
F i g u r e 3 . 1 8 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n B r e n t w o o d - P a c i f i c P a l i s a d e s . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
6 2
F i g u r e 3 . 1 9 H e r i t a g e R e s o u r c e s i n E n c i n o - T a r z a n a . F i g u r e m a d e b y a u t h o r .
6 3
C h a p t e r 4 T h e G a p a n d F u t u r e S t u d y
F or a m ode r n s oc i e t y, t he ga ps be t w e e n pow e r f ul c om m uni t i e s a nd vul ne r a bl e gr oups
s houl d not be hi dde n. P e opl e s houl d not i c e t ha t t he r e i s huge ga p be t w e e n w hi t e c om m uni t i e s
a nd m i nor i t y gr oups c om m uni t i e s i n hous i ng, i nc om e l e ve l , e duc a t i on l e ve l , l i vi ng e nvi r onm e nt
or e ve n s oc i a l s t a t ur e . T he r e i s no doubt t ha t t he bi a s w i l l e xt e nd t o t he c ul t ur e f i e l d i nc l udi ng
he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on.
B a s e d on a l l t he s e s oc i a l i s s ue s , de s i gna t i ons of t he i r ow n pr ope r t i e s t o pr e s e r ve t he i r
vul ne r a bl e m e m or y m a y be c om e pr i vi l e ge f or c e r t a i n gr oups . A f a i r a nd j u s t s oc i e t y s houl d
pr ovi de m or e pl a t f or m s a nd m e t hods t o na r r ow t he ga ps be t w e e n vul ne r a bl e gr oups a nd
dom i na nt gr oups . T he c os t f or de s i gna t i ng hi s t or i c r e s our c e s f or di f f e r e nt gr oups a r e une ve n a nd
unba l a nc e d. H e r i t a ge j us t i c e i s r e pr e s e nt e d by a l l t he s e de t a i l s . T he num be r of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s
f or e a c h m i nor i t y c om m uni t y r e ve a l s a phe nom e non of he r i t a ge pr e s e r va t i on a nd s oc i a l j us t i c e .
T he r e i s a n i nt e r e s t i ng phe nom e non be hi nd a l l t he da t a . T he r e i s a huge ga p a nd
di f f e r e nc e be t w e e n t he num be r of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i n t he w hi t e c om m uni t i e s a nd t he num be r of
he r i t a ge r e s our c e s r e pr e s e nt i ng t he dom i na nt ( w hi t e ) c ul t ur e . A c c or di ng t o a l l t he i nf or m a t i on i n
C ha pt e r T hr e e , a l m os t 90% of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i nc l udi ng bot h H C M s a nd S ur ve yL A s i t e s
r e pr e s e nt i ng dom i na nt / w hi t e c ul t ur e . H ow e ve r , i n t he a r e a s w he r e w hi t e s a r e c onc e nt r a t e d, t he
num be r of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s a r e m uc h l ow e r t ha n ot he r pl a c e s .
W hi t e c om m uni t i e s ha ve a r e l a t i ve l y l ow e r num be r of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i n bot h H C M s
a nd S ur ve yL A s i t e s c om pa r e d t o ot he r m i nor i t y gr oups c om m uni t i e s . T he r e a s ons t ha t c a us e t hi s
phe nom e non c a n be a ns w e r s of w ha t a r e hi s t or i c a nd c ur r e nt he r i t a ge de s i gna t i on pa t t e r ns a nd
i de nt i f y pot e nt i a l ga ps . B e f or e t hi nki ng a bout s pe c i f i c a ns w e r s , s om e que s t i ons ne e d t o be r a i s e d.
D o t he w hi t e c om m uni t i e s t r ul y ha ve l e s s hi s t or i c r e s our c e s ? I n t he w hi t e c om m uni t i e s , a r e a l l
t he pot e nt i a l i m por t a nt pr ope r t i e s i de nt i f i e d? I f t he i r pr ope r t i e s a r e de s i gne d a s t he hi s t or i c
r e s our c e s , how w i l l i t i m pa c t t he i r l i f e a nd ne i ghbor hoods ? A r e t he w hi t e c om m uni t y
s t a ke hol de r s w i l l i ng t o de s i gna t e t he i r ow n pr ope r t i e s a s hi s t or i c r e s our c e s a nd gi ve up s om e pa r t
of r i ght s t o c ont r ol t he s e pr ope r t i e s ? A r e t he y w i l l i ng t o m a ke t he hi s t or i c r e s our c e s i n t he i r
c om m uni t i e s a c c e s s i bl e ? T he a ns w e r s t o t he s e que s t i ons a r e c r uc i a l f or pe opl e t o t hi nk a bout t he
r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n pow e r f ul c om m uni t i e s a nd t he he r i t a ge r e s our c e s de s i gna t i on pr oc e s s . O r i s
e ve r y H C M , hi s t or i c di s t r i c t / H P O Z , or r e s our c e i de nt i f i e d by S ur ve yL A not e xpl i c i t l y i de nt i f i e d
6 4
w i t h a m i nor i t y c ul t ur e i m pl i c i t l y i de nt i f i e d w i t h w hi t e L os A nge l e s , r e f l e c t i ng l ong- s t a ndi ng
c ul t ur a l bi a s ?
I n c ont r a s t , f or t he m i nor i t y gr oups , t he y ha ve l e s s he r i t a ge r e s our c e s t ha t r e pr e s e nt i ng
t he i r c ul t ur e a nd m e m or y, but t he num be r of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i n t he i r ne i ghbor hoods r a nks t op
i n t he c i t y. S om e que s t i ons a r e a l s o i m por t a nt . D o t he y ha ve e nough ba s i c a nd e s s e nt i a l
know l e dge a bout how t o de s i gna t e t he i r pr ope r t i e s a s hi s t or i c r e s our c e s ? A r e t he y f a m i l i a r w i t h
f e de r a l or l oc a l he r i t a ge pr e s e r va t i on l a w s or s t r a t e gi e s s uc h a s C E Q A or S e c t i on 106? D o t he y
ha ve t he f unc t i ona l a nd e f f e c t i ve w a ys t o ge t i nf or m a t i on a bout he r i t a ge pr e s e r va t i on? I f t he i r
pr ope r t i e s a r e de s i gne d a s t he hi s t or i c r e s our c e s , how w i l l i t i m pa c t t he i r l i f e a nd ne i ghbor hoods ?
A r e t he m i nor i t y gr oup c om m uni t y s t a ke hol de r s w i l l i ng t o de s i gna t e t he i r ow n pr ope r t i e s a s t he
hi s t or i c r e s our c e s ? A r e t he y w i l l i ng t o m a ke t he hi s t or i c r e s our c e s i n t he i r c om m uni t i e s
a c c e s s i bl e ? T he s e que s t i ons c a n t r i gge r pe opl e ’ s t hought a bout w ha t he r i t a ge j us t i c e i s m e a ni ng
f or t he m i nor i t y gr oups .
T he bi a s i n t he c ur r e nt de s i gna t i on pr oc e s s i s obvi ous a nd undoubt f ul . H e r i t a ge j us t i c e i s
a vi t a l c om pone nt f or r e gi on ’ s s us t a i na bl e de ve l opm e nt . T o i m pr ove t he he r i t a ge j us t i c e i n t he
c i t y, a l l t he s e c om pl e x que s t i ons a bove a r e t he f i r s t s t e p t o r e ve a l t he he r i t a ge j us t i c e i n t he c i t y
a nd e xpl a i n t he s oc i a l phe nom e non be hi nd t he s e da t a . T o ge t a l l t he a ns w e r s , t he da t a a nd t he
a na l ys i s i n t hi s t he s i s a r e a s t a r t but t he y a r e not e nough a t a l l . T hi s t he s i s i s onl y a be gi nni ng of
t hi s s t udy, a nd t he f ut ur e s t udi e s a r e i m por t a nt .
F ut ur e St udy
D a t a a n d H e r i t a g e I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m
D a t a m i ni ng a nd da t a a na l ys i s a r e i m por t a nt i n m a ny f i e l ds . D a t a i s t he f r a m e w or k a nd
ba c kgr ound i n m a ny a s pe c t s . F or he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on s t r a t e gi e s , a l l t he de c i s i on- m a ki ng
pr oc e s s a r e ba s e d on t he da t a . T he i nc r e a s e of a c c e s s i bi l i t y of he r i t a ge da t a by di f f e r e nt a ge a nd
i nt e r e s t gr oups ha s i m pa c t on bot h t he r e l a t i ons hi p be t w e e n he r i t a ge a nd r e l e va nt s t a ke hol de r s ,
a nd t he s t r a t e gi e s put i n pl a c e t o c om m uni t y pa r t i c i pa t i on. F or e xa m pl e , s pa t i a l da t a a na l ys i s c a n
pr ovi de t he i nf or m a t i on s uc h a s l oc a t i on of bui l di ngs a nd r e l a t i ve l oc a t i on of t w o bui l di ngs . I t
c a n he l p c ons e r va t i oni s t s t o unde r s t a nd he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i n t he s pa t i a l w a y. D a t a vi s ua l i z a t i on
s uc h a s m a ps obj e c t i vi z e t he a bs t r a c t c onc e pt a nd c a n he l p pe opl e unde r s t a nd t he da t a m or e
e f f e c t i ve l y. T hos e a r e vi t a l t ool s f or he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on e s pe c i a l l y i n t he bi g da t a e r a .
6 5
D ur i ng t he r e s e a r c h a nd da t a m i ni ng pr oc e s s , t h e r e a r e a l ot of dr a w ba c ks of a c c e s s i ng
he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on- r e l a t e d da t a i n t he of f i c i a l w a y. F or t he H i s t or i c P l a c e s L A w e bs i t e , w hi c h i s
t he of f i c i a l w e bs i t e f or S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m , t he s e a r c h f unc t i on i s us e f ul . T he r e s ul t s unde r e a c h
ke yw or d c a t e gor y c a n be i m por t e d a s t he C S V . doc um e nt a nd s ha pe f i l e doc um e nt w hi c h i s
us e f ul a nd e s s e nt i a l f or t he s pa t i a l a na l ys i s pr oc e s s . H ow e ve r , s om e pa r t s of r e s e a r c h f unc t i on a r e
obs c ur e a nd c onf us i ng. ( F i gur e 4.1)
F i g u r e 4 . 1 K e y w o r d S e a r c h F u n c t i o n i n H i s t o r i c P l a c e s L A w e b s i t e . F i g u r e R e s o u r c e s : h t t p : / / h i s t o r i c p l a c e s l a . o r g / .
F i r s t , t he ‘ K e yw or d ’ f unc t i on i s not w e l l - de ve l ope d. F or e xa m pl e , w he n us e r s t r y t o f i nd
a l l t he L a t i nx c ul t ur e - r e l a t e d he r i t a ge r e s our c e s , t he y ne e d t o us e a l l t he s i m i l a r w or ds s uc h a s
‘ H i s pa ni c , ’ ‘ L a t i no, ’ ‘ L a t i na , ’ a nd ‘ M e xi c a n. ’ I n t hi s t he s i s , ke yw or ds a r e di vi de d i nt o ‘ A f r i c a n
A m e r i c a n, ’ ‘ A f r i c a n- A m e r i c a n, ’ ‘ B l a c k, ’ ‘ L a t i no, ’ ‘ L a t i na , ’ ‘ L a t i n, ’ ‘ H i s pa ni c , ’ ‘ A s i a n, ’
‘ J a pa ne s e - A m e r i c a n, ’ ‘ J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n, ’ ‘ C hi ne s e A m e r i c a n, ’ ‘ C hi ne s e - A m e r i c a n, ’ ‘ K or e a n
A m e r i c a n, ’ ‘ K or e a n- A m e r i c a n, ’ a nd ‘ M i nor i t y G r oup. ’ A l l t he s e r e s ul t s c a nnot be m e r ge d i nt o
one s ha pe f i l e doc um e nt w hi c h m a ke s t hi s i ne f f i c i e nt .
6 6
A l s o, s om e da t a i n t he of f i c i a l w e bs i t e s a r e not a c c ur a t e . F or e xa m pl e , t he r e c or d of
num be r of H C M s i n L os A nge l e s a r e not s a m e i n e a c h of f i c i a l w e bs i t e . F r om t he
H i s t or i c P l a c e s L A w e bs i t e , t he r e a r e 1,080 H C M s w hi l e t he num be r i s 1,217 on t he C i t y of
P l a nni ng de pa r t m e nt w e bs i t e . T he i m por t a nt da t a s uc h a s t he a m ount of H C M s i s t he ba s i c of
m a ny r e l a t e d a na l ys e s , how e ve r , t he r e i s no a c c ur a t e a nd uni f i e d a c c e s s i bl e of f i c i a l da t a w hi c h
c a n c a us e a l ot of pr obl e m s i n t he a na l ys i s pr oc e s s .
T he n, s om e i nf or m a t i on of a gi ve n he r i t a ge r e s our c e i s of t e n ve r y l i m i t e d or e ve n not
a c c e s s i bl e . T he r e a r e a l ot of r e a s ons i nc l udi ng t he l os s of r e c or d or t he r e c or ds a r e out of da t e .
S om e t i m e s t he e xi s t i ng r e c or ds a nd da t a a r e m uc h di f f e r e nt f r om t he c ur r e nt c ondi t i on of
he r i t a ge r e s our c e s , a nd a c c ur a c y ne e ds t o be doubl e c he c ke d.
T he r e f or e , e s t a bl i s hi ng a w e l l - de ve l ope d a nd c om pr e he ns i ve he r i t a ge i nf or m a t i on s ys t e m
i n t he c i t yw i de i s e s s e nt i a l a nd ne e de d. T he i m por t a nt s t e p of f or e s e e i ng t he f ut ur e a nd m a ki ng
r i ght de c i s i ons i s t o l e a r n f r om t he pa s t . T hi s i s a huge a nd i nt e r di s c i pl i na r y pr oj e c t t ha t ne e ds t he
c ol l a bor a t i on be t w e e n m a ny de pa r t m e nt s . T hi s he r i t a ge i nf or m a t i on s ys t e m s houl d i nc l ude t he
ba s i c i nf or m a t i on of e xi s t i ng he r i t a ge r e s our c e s s uc h a s ow ne r , pr ope r t y l oc a t i on, m a t e r i a l ,
c ons t r uc t i on a ge , a dva nc e d s t r uc t ur a l a na l ys i s a nd s o on. T hi s s ys t e m s houl d be a bl e t o be
i m por t e d a nd s ha r e d w i t h t he publ i c a nd pr of e s s i ona l e xpe r t s .
H e r i t a g e J u s t i c e I n d e x S y s t e m
D ue t o t he l i m i t e d t i m e a nd t he i na c c e s s i bi l i t y t o t he r e l i a bl e of f i c i a l da t a , t hi s t he s i s onl y
f oc us e s on t he c om m uni t y a na l ys i s t ha t c om bi ni ng t he num be r of hi s t or i c r e s our c e s f or e a c h
m i nor i t y c om m uni t y w i t h ba s i c s oc i a l ba c kgr ound. T hi s i s onl y f i r s t a nd t he m os t ba s i c s t e p of
e xpl or i ng he r i t a ge j us t i c e i n a huge a nd c om pl e x c i t y l i ke L os A nge l e s .
E xpl or i ng he r i t a ge j us t i c e a nd i m pr ove he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on s t r a t e gi e s f or c ul t ur a l
he r i t a ge r e s our c e s r e qui r e t he i nt e r di s c i pl i na r y c ol l a bor a t i on w i t h m a ny pr of e s s i ona l f i e l ds s uc h
a s a r c hi t e c t ur e , ur ba n pl a nni ng, c om put e r s c i e nc e t e c hni que s , a nd a nt hr opol ogy. B e s i de s t he
num be r of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s , m a ny e l e m e nt s s houl d be c ons i de r e d f or t he f ur t he r s t udi e s .
F or t he f ut ur e s t udy, a m a t ur e he r i t a ge j us t i c e i nde x s ys t e m c a n be e s t a bl i s he d ba s e d on
t he c ol l a bor a t i on w i t h he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on a nd s oc i a l s t udy. T he i nde x s houl d i nvol ve
e va l ua t i on of m a ny f i e l ds a nd e l e m e nt s .
6 7
T he t ype of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i s one i m por t a nt a s pe c t . D i f f e r e nt t ype s of he r i t a ge
r e s our c e s s uc h a s l a nds c a pe , a r c hi t e c t ur e , i nf r a s t r uc t ur e , or ope n s pa c e c a n r e f l e c t t he l i f e s t yl e
a nd c ul t ur e of e a c h c ul t ur a l gr oup. T he r e a r e m a ny que s t i ons a nd da t a ne e d t o be f ound. H ow
m a n y l a n d s c a p e s , b u i l d i n g s , s t r u c t u r e s , o r o p e n s p a c e s d o e a c h m i n o r i t y g r o u p c o m m u n i t i e s h a v e ?
A r e t he y a l l ope n t o publ i c ? H ow m a ny he r i t a ge r e s our c e s r e t a i n t he i r or i gi na l f unc t i on? T he s e
que s t i ons c a n s how how di f f e r e nt c om m uni t i e s s ha pe t hi s c i t y a nd w ha t i s t he i nf l ue nc e of e a c h
m i nor i t y gr oup ’ s c ul t ur e . B y c om pa r i ng t he s e da t a , he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on i s hi ghl y r e l a t e d w i t h
s oc i a l e nvi r onm e nt , t he r e f or e ot he r s oc i a l f a c t or s a r e a l s o i m por t a nt . W ha t i s t he e nvi r onm e nt
a r ound e a c h he r i t a ge r e s our c e ? W ha t i s t he a c c e s s i bi l i t y of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s ? F or e a c h
c om m uni t y, a r e a l l t he he r i t a ge r e s our c e s a c c e s s i bl e t o publ i c ? F or e xa m pl e , t he r e a r e m a ny
r e s i de nt i a l he r i t a ge r e s our c e s w hi c h a r e pr i va t e pr ope r t i e s t ha t a r e not a c c e s s i bl e t o t he publ i c .
A l l t he s e f a c t or s w i l l i nf l ue nc e pe opl e ’ s e xpe r i e nc e a bout he r i t a ge r e s our c e s . D e s i gna t i ng
t he pr ope r t i e s a s hi s t or i c r e s our c e s i s j us t t he f i r s t s t e p f or pe opl e t o pr e s e r ve t he s e r e s our c e s .
O nl y ha vi ng e nough pr ope r t i e s t ha t a r e de s i gna t e d i s not e nough f or pr e s e r vi ng c om m uni t i e s ’
m e m or i e s . I m pr ovi ng t he c om m uni t y ’ s e nga ge m e nt i s a n i m por t a nt a nd vi t a l s t e p f or he r i t a ge
c ons e r va t i on.
T he a s s um pt i on of t hi s e va l ua t i on s ys t e m i s ba s e d on di f f e r e nt e l e m e nt s . E a c h e l e m e nt
ne e ds t o t a ke di f f e r e nt s c a l e s i n t ot a l . F or a c e r t a i n c om m uni t y, t he de m ogr a phi c gr oups c a n ha ve
t he i r ow n s c or e s or l e ve l s f or he r i t a ge j us t i c e . T o be s pe c i f i c , t he e xpr e s s i on of t hi s s c or e i s
c om pos e d by t he s um s c or e of di f f e r e nt e l e m e nt s s uc h a s t he num be r of he r i t a ge r e s our c e s i n
e a c h c om m uni t y, t he pr ope r t y t ype , t he c ons t r uc t i on m a t e r i a l , t he c ons t r uc t i on a ge , a nd t he
a c c e s s i bi l i t y of c e r t a i n bui l di ng.
O ve r a l l , a m a t ur e a nd w e l l - de ve l ope d he r i t a ge j us t i c e e va l ua t i on s ys t e m s houl d be
e s t a bl i s he d i n t he C i t y of L os A nge l e s . T hi s s ys t e m c a n pr ovi de a pl a t f or m f or s c hol a r s a nd t he
publ i c t o e va l ua t e t he i r c om m uni t i e s . P e opl e c a n l e a r n a l e s s on f r om t hi s da t a a nd m a ke
m ove m e nt s on how t o c ha nge t he s oc i a l e nvi r onm e nt t o i m pr ove t he he r i t a ge j us t i c e .
6 8
C o n c l u s i o n
T hi s t he s i s i s i ns pi r e d by t he m a ny s oc i a l m ove m e nt s ha ppe ne d l a s t ye a r . B l a c k L i ve s
M a t t e r a nd obs t a c l e s t ha t m i nor i t y gr oups f a c e i n t he f i ght w i t h C ovi d 19 r e m i nd us t ha t r a c i s m
s t i l l e xi s t s . M a ki ng a f a i r s oc i a l e nvi r onm e nt i s a n ur ge nt a nd i m por t a nt s oc i a l i s s ue . A l l of t he s e
m a ke m e t hi nk a bout w he t he r t he he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on e nvi r onm e nt i s f a i r or not . T he r e i s no
doubt t ha t c ul t ur a l e xpe r i e nc e i s hi ghl y a s s oc i a t e d w i t h t he s oc i a l s t a t us . E xpl or i ng he r i t a ge
j us t i c e ne e ds t o e va l ua t e m a ny a s pe c t s i n t hi s c i t y, a nd i t c a n r e ve a l w ha t i s t he s oc i a l f unc t i on of
he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on.
T hi s t he s i s us e s bot h t he l i s t of H i s t or i c - C ul t ur a l M onum e nt s t ha t a r e de s i gna t e d by t he
c i t y a nd hi s t or i c r e s our c e s i de nt i f i e d by t he S ur ve yL A pr ogr a m t o r e pr e s e nt t he hi s t or i c r e s our c e
r e c or ds of t he c i t y. T he ga p of c ul t ur a l he r i t a ge c ons e r va t i on i n di f f e r e nt c om m uni t i e s c a n be a
m i r r or of t he i r r e gi ona l s oc i a l c ont e xt a nd pl a nni ng s t r a t e gy. T hi s t he s i s i s onl y a ve r y be gi nni ng
s t e p of t hi s c om pl e x s ubj e c t . I n t he f ut ur e , e a c h c om m uni t y s houl d ha ve s a m e r i ght a nd a ut hor i t y
t o pr e s e r ve a nd e xpe r i e nc e t he i r ow n m e m or i e s .
6 9
B i b l i o g r a p h y
A l bour a e , A .T , C A r m e na ki s , a nd M K ya n. “ A r c hi t e c t ur a l H e r i t a ge V i s ua l i z a t i on U s i ng
I nt e r a c t i ve T e c hnol ogi e s . ” I nt e r nat i onal A r c hi v e s of t he P hot ogr am m e t r y , R e m ot e Se ns i ng and
Spat i al I nf or m at i on Sc i e nc e s - I SP R S A r c hi v e s 42, no. 2 ( 2017) : 7–13.
“ A bout da t a ” , L os A nge l e s H i s t or i c R e s our c e s I nve nt or y, a c c e s s e d M a r c h 2021,
ht t p: / / hi s t or i c pl a c e s l a .or g/ a bout da t a .
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7 1
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7 2
A p p e n d i x
1. L i s t of H C M r e l a t e d t o A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n C om m uni t y
N a m e C om m uni t y pl a n a r e a N O .
O a kr i dge a nd G r ounds N or t hr i dge 484
F i r s t A f r i c a n M e t hodi s t
E pi s c opa l Z i on C a t he dr a l
& C om m uni t y C e nt e r
S out h L os A nge l e s 341
G ol de n S t a t e M ut ua l L i f e
I ns ur a nc e B ui l di ng
S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 580
T he B e t t y H i l l H ous e S out h L os A nge l e s 791
F ounde r ' s C hur c h of
R e l i gi ous S c i e nc e
W i l s hi r e 727
28t h S t r e e t Y .M .C .A .
B ui l di ng
S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 851
J ohn G . J one s L odge S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 725
G i l be r t W . L i nds a y H ous e S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 726
A nge l us F une r a l H om e S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 774
M a ve r i c k' s F l a t W e s t A da m s - B a l dw i n H i l l s - L e i m e r t 679
L e i m e r t P l a z a W e s t A da m s - B a l dw i n
H i l l s - L e i m e r t
620
L i nc ol n T he a t e r S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 744
H ol i da y B ow l W e s t A da m s - B a l dw i n H i l l s - L e i m e r t 688
G ol de n S t a t e M ut ua l L i f e
I ns ur a nc e C om pa ny H om e
O f f i c e
S out h L os A nge l e s 1000
E ve ni ng S t a r M i s s i ona r y
B a pt i s t C hur c h
S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 1007
L i nc ol n P l a c e A pa r t m e nt s V e ni c e 1008
7 3
H a i ght - D a ndr i dge
R e s i de nc e
W e s t A da m s - B a l dw i n H i l l s - L e i m e r t 1044
V i c t or R os s e t t i R e s i de nc e H ol l yw ood 915
B e t hl e he m B a pt i s t C hur c h S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 968
E c kl e y- M i t c he l l R e s i de nc e S out h L os A nge l e s 962
K i nne y- T a bor H ous e V e ni c e 926
S t . P hi l i p t he E va nge l i s t
C hur c h P a r i s h H a l l
S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 988
T .R . C r a i g R e s i de nc e
" P e ppe r ga t e R a nc h"
C ha t s w or t h- P or t e r R a nc h 992
H a nna h S c hw a r t z
A pa r t m e nt s
W i l s hi r e 1002
R a l ph B unc he H om e S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 159
D unba r / S om e r vi l l e H ot e l S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 131
F i r e S t a t i on 30 C e nt r a l C i t y 289
S e c ond B a pt i s t C hur c h S out he a s t L os A nge l e s 200
W i l l i a m G r a nt S t i l l
R e s i de nc e
W i l s hi r e 169
P a ul W i l l i a m s R e s i de nc e W e s t A da m s - B a l dw i n H i l l s - L e i m e r t 170
I ns t i t ut e of M us i c a l A r t W e s t A da m s - B a l dw i n H i l l s - L e i m e r t 344
P a r k W i l s hi r e H ot e l W e s t l a ke 934
F i r s t A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
E pi s c opa l C hur c h ( S i t e of )
C e nt r a l C i t y 71
M c T e r na n, J ohn T .
R e s i de nc e
H ol l yw ood 1065
W e s t m i ns t e r P r e s byt e r i a n
C hur c h
W e s t A da m s - B a l dw i n H i l l s - L e i m e r t 229
R a y C ha r l e s W or l dw i de
O f f i c e s a nd S t udi os
S out h L os A nge l e s 776
A r e ns be r g- S t e nda hl H om e H ol l yw ood 994
7 4
G a l l e r y
G a l l e r y 32 W e s t l a ke 238
7 5
2. L i s t of H C M r e l a t e d t o L a t i nx C om m uni t y
H C M C om m uni t y P l a n A r e a N o.
C hur c h of t he E pi pha ny N or t he a s t L os A nge l e s 807
S a n F e r na ndo R e y
M i s s i on
M i s s i on H i l l s - P a nor a m a C i t y - N or t h
H i l l s
14
C ha t s w or t h R e s e r voi r
K i l n S i t e
C ha t s w or t h - P or t e r R a nc h 135
M i s s i on W e l l s a nd
S e t t l i ng
B a s i n ( a r e a of )
S yl m a r 50
L os A nge l e s P l a z a P a r k C e nt r a l C i t y 14
P l a z a C hur c h C e nt r a l C i t y 3
F i r s t C e m e t e r y i n L os
A nge l e s
C e nt r a l C i t y 26
R om ul o P i c o A dobe
( R a nc ho R om ul o)
M i s s i on H i l l s - P a nor a m a C i t y - N or t h
H i l l s
7
L e oni s A dobe C a noga P a r k - W i nne t ka - W oodl a nd H i l l s
- W e s t H i l l s
1
S a nc he z R a nc h W e s t A da m s - B a l dw i n H i l l s – L e i m e r t 487
C a m po de C a hue nga
S he r m a n O a ks - S t udi o C i t y - T ol uc a L a ke
- C a hue nga P a s s
29
P a s c ua l M a r que z F a m i l y
C e m e t e r y
B r e nt w ood- P a c i f i c P a l i s a de s
685
7 6
L os A nge l e s P l a z a P a r k
C e nt r a l C i t y
64
S oc i a l P ubl i c A r t
R e s our c e C e nt e r / V e ni c e
C i t y H a l l
V e ni c e 749
M a ya n T he a t e r C e nt r a l C i t y 460
L a F onda R e s t a ur a nt
B ui l di ng
W e s t l a ke 268
S a m ue l - N ova r r o H ous e H ol l yw ood 130
7 7
3. L i s t of H C M r e l a t e d t o A s i a n A m e r i c a n C om m uni t y
H C M C om m uni t y P l a n A r e a N o. A s i a n G r oup
D os a n A hn C ha ng H o
F a m i l y H om e
S out h L os A nge l e s 1059 K or e a n
K or e a n P hi l a de l phi a
P r e s byt e r i a n C hur c h
W i l s hi r e 91 K or e a n
K or e a n I nde pe nde nc e
M e m or i a l B ui l di ng
S out h L os A nge l e s 548 K or e a n
K or e a n B e l l a nd B e l f r y of
F r i e nds hi p ( A nge l ' s G a t e
P a r k)
S a n P e dr o 187 K or e a n
H om pa H ongw a nj i B uddhi s t
T e m pl e
C e nt r a l C i t y 313 C hi ne s e
L os A nge l e s C hi ne s e
C e m e t e r y S hr i ne
B oyl e H e i ght s 486 C hi ne s e
E a s t W e s t P l a ye r s ( U ni on
C e nt e r f or t he A r t s )
C e nt r a l C i t y 312 C hi ne s e / J a pa ne s e
C hi na t ow n W e s t G a t e C e nt r a l C i t y N or t h 826 C hi ne s e
C hi na t ow n E a s t G a t e C e nt r a l C i t y N or t h 825 C hi ne s e
H ol i da y B ow l W e s t A da m s - B a l dw i n
H i l l s - L e i m e r t
688 J a pa ne s e
J a pa ne s e U ni on C hur c h of
L os A nge l e s
C e nt r a l C i t y 312 J a pa ne s e
L os A nge l e s H om pa
H ongw a nj i B uddhi s t
T e m pl e
C e nt r a l C i t y 313 J a pa ne s e
J a pa ne s e H os pi t a l B oyl e H e i ght s 1131 J a pa ne s e
G r i f f i t h P a r k H ol l yw ood
N or t he a s t L os A nge l e s
942 J a pa ne s e
S i t e of T una C a nyon
D e t e nt i on S t a t i on
S unl a nd - T uj unga - L a ke
V i e w 7 T e r r a c e - S ha dow
H i l l s - E a s t L a T una
1039 J a pa ne s e
7 8
C a nyon
A oya m a T r e e s C e nt r a l C i t y 920 J a pa ne s e
E t he l G ui be r s on / H a nna h
C a r t e r J a pa ne s e G a r de n
B e l A i r - B e ve r l y C r e s t 1141 J a pa ne s e
F i l i pi no C hr i s t i a n C hur c h W e s t l a ke 651 F i l i pi no
F i l i pi no F e de r a t i on of
A m e r i c a ( A ugus t e R .
M a r qui s R e s i de nc e )
W e s t A da m s - B a l dw i n
H i l l s - L e i m e r t
602 F i l i pi no
B e nj a m i n J . W a t e r s
R e s i de nc e
S out h L os A nge l e s 598 F i l i pi no
7 9
4. L a t i nx r e l a t e d hi s t or i c r e s our c e s l oc a t i on t a bl e ( f r om S ur ve yL A )
3 5
N a m e A ddr e s s A l t i t ude l ongi t ude
C hur c h of t he E pi pha ny 2808 A l t ur a S t r e e t 34.07547 - 118.213
O ur L a dy Q ue e n of A nge l s
C a t hol i c C hur c h
535 N . M a i n S t r e e t 34.05734 - 118.24
L a P l a z a M e t hodi s t C hur c h 115 P a s e o D e L a P l a z a 34.0571 - 118.238
F or s yt he M e m or i a l S c hool f or
G i r l s
506 N E ve r gr e e n A ve 34.04514 - 118.199
A nge l i c a L ut he r a n C hur c h 1345 S . B ur l i ngt on
A ve nue
34.04454 - 118.28
B ue n P a s t or C hur c h 1523 P l e a s a nt A ve nue 34.0492 - 118.221
D ol or e s M i s s i on C hur c h 173 E . G l e s s S t r e e t 34.04561 - 118.223
F i r s t U ni t a r i a n C hur c h 2936 W . 8t h S t r e e t 34.05762 - 118.29
G ua r di a n A nge l C hur c h 10886 N . L e hi gh A ve nue 34.26876 - 118.414
M e xi c a n M e t hodi s t E pi s c opa l
C hur c h
1715 E . S a nt a A na
B oul e va r d N or t h
33.9403 - 118.242
O ur L a dy of T a l pa C hur c h a nd
S c hool
2914 E . 4t h S t r e e t 34.0373 - 118.205
R e s ur r e c t i on C hur c h 3340 O pa l S t r e e t 34.02266 - 118.206
S a nt a I s a be l C a t hol i c C hur c h 918 S . S ot o S t r e e t 34.03381 - 118.215
S t . M a r y' s C a t hol i c C hur c h 407 S . C hi c a go S t r e e t 34.04159 - 118.215
S t . T hom a s t he A pos t l e
C a t hol i c C hur c h
2727 W . P i c o B oul e va r d 34.04738 - 118.299
I nt e r na t i ona l I ns t i t ut e of L os
A nge l e s
435 S . B oyl e A ve nue 34.04226 - 118.22
L i nc ol n H i gh S c hool 3501 N . B r oa dw a y 34.07491 - 118.204
3 5
T h e l i s t o f A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n h i s t o r i c r e s o u r c e s l o c a t i o n t a b l e d o e s n o t i n c l u d e i n t h i s t h e s i s b e c a u s e t h e r e i s a n
e x i s t t a b l e i n S u r v e y L A C i t y w i d e H i s t o r i c C o n t e x t S t a t e m e n t C o n t e x t : A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y o f L o s A n g e l e s .
8 0
1s t S t r e e t E l e m e nt a r y S c hool 2820 E . 1s t S t r e e t 34.04104 - 118.205
B e l m ont H i gh S c hool 1575 W . 2nd S t r e e t 34.06229 - 118.263
R oos e ve l t H i gh S c hool 456 S . M a t t he w s S t r e e t 34.03771 - 118.212
W i l s on H i gh S c hool 4500 M ul t nom a h S t r e e t 34.06997 - 118.186
U .S . C our t hous e 312 N . S pr i ng S t r e e t 34.05541 - 118.241
B r ow n B e r e t H e a dqua r t e r s 2641 E . 4t h S t r e e t 34.0393 - 118.208
C om m uni t y S e r vi c e
O r ga ni z a t i on ( C S O )
2701 E . 4t h S t r e e t 34.03936 - 118.208
A nt oni o R e dondo R e s i de nc e 2456 C i nc i nna t i S t r e e t 34.04694 - 118.205
A nt oni o R i os R e s i de nc e 2523 W a ba s h A ve nue 34.05238 - 118.201
E dw a r d R oyba l R e s i de nc e 628 S . E ve r gr e e n A ve nue 34.0336 - 118.207
M a ya n T he a t e r 1038 S . H i l l S t r e e t 34.04068 - 118.259
M i l l i on D ol l a r T he a t e r 307 S . B r oa dw a y 34.0511 - 118.248
S oc i a l P ubl i c A r t R e s our c e
C e nt e r
681 E . V e ni c e B oul e va r d 33.99157 - 118.459
B i l i ngua l F ounda t i on f or t he
A r t s
421 N . A ve nue 19 34.07772 - 118.225
C e nt r o de A r t e P úbl i c o 5606 N . F i gue r oa S t r e e t 34.10925 - 118.194
C hi s m e A r t e 5605 N . F i gue r oa S t r e e t 34.10925 - 118.194
L os A nge l e s L a t i no W r i t e r s
A s s oc i a t i on
3802 B r ookl yn A ve nue
M a r i a c hi P l a z a 1711 E . M a r i a c hi P l a z a 34.04766 - 118.219
M e c hi c a no 5403 N . F i gue r oa S t r e e t 34.10815 - 118.197
M ode r n M ul t i pl e s 1714 A l bi on S t r e e t 34.0679 - 118.223
P l a z a de L a R a z a 3540 N . M i s s i on R oa d 34.06718 - 118.203
T r opi c a l A m e r i c a 650 N . M a i n S t r e e t 34.0582 - 118.238
A dva nc e m e nt s of M a n 2331 C e s a r C ha ve z
A ve nue
34.04732 - 118.208
A H i s t or y of M e xi c o 3311 N . F i gue r oa S t r e e t 34.08791 - 118.219
C hi c a no H e r i t a ge 11759 M i s s our i A ve nue 34.03796 - 118.453
8 1
S t one r R e c r e a t i on C e nt e r
C hi c a no T i m e T r i p 2601 N . B r oa dw a y 34.07414 - 118.215
C or r i do de B oyl e H e i ght s 2336 A ve ni da C e s a r
C ha ve z
34.04091 - 118.157
E s t r a da C our t s M ur a l s 3357- 59 E . O l ym pi c
B oul e va r d
34.01916 - 118.206
E ye on 84 I nt e r s t a t e 110 S out h a t
4t h S t r e e t
34.03125 - 118.28
H i s t or y of H i ghl a nd P a r k 1207 N . A ve nue 34.09296 - 118.336
P a r que de M e xi c o ( S c ul pt ur e ) 3501 V a l l e y B oul e va r d
L i nc ol n P a r k
34.0675 - 118.2
L .A . F r e e w a y K i ds I nt e r s t a t e 101 S out h ne a r
L os A nge l e s S t r e e t
ove r pa s s
34.05542 - 118.24
L a A de l i t a 2781 A l c a z a r S t r e e t 34.06086 - 118.194
L a R a z a ’ s S t r uggl e f or F r e e dom 201- 299 L e r oy S t r e e t 34.06493 - 118.229
L i f e F l ow s a t A l i s o P i c o 1501 E . 1s t S t r e e t 34.0478 - 118.224
M i A bue l i t a 415 S . S t . L oui s S t r e e t
H ol l e nbe c k P a r k
34.04112 - 118.216
O l ym pi c G a t e w a y ( S c ul pt ur e ) L os A nge l e s M e m or i a l
C ol i s e um
34.01424 - 118.288
T he P e opl e of V e ni c e vs . t he
D e ve l ope r s
316 S . V e ni c e B oul e va r d 34.03609 - 118.267
R a m ona G a r de ns M ur a l s 2830 L a nc a s t e r A ve nue 34.05703 - 118.195
R e t ur n of t he M a ya 3400 bl oc k of N .
F i gue r oa S t r e e t
34.08767 - 118.217
T he G r e a t W a l l of L os A nge l e s C ol dw a t e r C a nyon
A ve nue be t w e e n O xna r d
S t r e e t a nd B ur ba nk
34.17939 - 118.414
8 2
B oul e va r d
T he L e a r ni ng T r e e 3540 N . M i s s i on R oa d
P l a z a de l a R a z a
34.06701 - 118.203
T he P e opl e of V e ni c e vs . t he
D e ve l ope r s
316 S . V e ni c e B oul e va r d 34.03603 - 118.267
T w o B l ue W ha l e s 12901 V e ni c e B oul e va r d
W e s t s i de C e nt e r f or
I nde pe nde nt L i vi ng
34.00015 - 118.442
Y ou A r e M y O t he r M e ( W i l ha l l
A nt i - G a ng V i ol e nc e )
325 N . N e pt une A ve nue
W i l m i ngt on R e c r e a t i on
C e nt e r
33.77357 - 118.269
U nt i t l e d 3316 H unt e r S t r e e t
E s t r a da C our t s
34.0219 - 118.209
D e l R i o - G i bbons R e s i de nc e 757 K i ngm a n R oa d 34.03904 - 118.509
R a m on N ova r r o R e s i de nc e a ka
S a m ue l - N ova r r o R e s i de nc e
5609 V a l l e y O a k D r i ve 34.11064 - 118.312
L a F onda R e s t a ur a nt 2501 W i l s hi r e B oul e va r d 34.06071 - 118.281
D ol or e s D e l R i o R e s i de nc e 1903 O ut pos t D r i ve 34.10619 - 118.344
E dua r do " L a l o" G ue r r e r o
R e s i de nc e
4144 B l a nc ha r d S t r e e t 34.046 - 118.177
R i t c hi e V a l e ns R e s i de nc e 13428 R e m i ngt on S t r e e t 34.25456 - 118.425
D e s l i l u- C a hue nga S t udi os 846 N . C a hue nga
B oul e va r d
34.08691 - 118.328
K M E X 721 N . B r ons on A ve nue 34.08487 - 118.318
C i e l i t o L i ndo 23 O l ve r a S t r e e t 34.05821 - 118.237
E l P a s e o I nn 11 O l ve r a S t r e e t 34.05781 - 118.238
L a G ol ondr i na M e xi c a n C a f é 17 O l ve r a S t r e e t 34.0579 - 118.238
L a L uz de l D i a 1 O l ve r a S t r e e t 34.05718 - 118.238
A r t ur o ’ s F i ne M e xi c a n F ood 25720 S . W e s t e r n
A ve nue
33.79025 - 118.307
8 3
B ot i c a de l P ue bl o 2035 W . 7t h S t r e e t 34.061 - 118.277
C a nde l a ' s G ui t a r s 2724 E . C e s a r C ha ve z
A ve nue
34.0449 - 118.203
C a s a V e ga 13301 V e nt ur a
B oul e va r d
34.18825 - 118.421
C a s i t a de l C a m po 1920 H ype r i on A ve nue 34.09771 - 118.275
E l C hol o 1121 S . W e s t e r n A ve nue 34.05067 - 118.309
E l M e r c a do de L os A nge l e s 3425 E . 1s t S t r e e t 34.03719 - 118.194
E l P i oj i t o 2104 W . 7t h S t r e e t 34.05649 - 118.277
E l T e pe ya c C a f é 812 N . E ve r gr e e n
A ve nue
34.04785 - 118.197
F e l i pe B a g üe s M or t ua r y 4221 E . C e s a r C ha ve z
A ve nue
34.04113 - 118.175
K i ng T a c o 1118 C ypr e s s A ve nue 34.09424 - 118.226
L a M a s c ot a B a ke r y 2715 E . W hi t t i e r
B oul e va r d
34.03282 - 118.211
L a C a ba ña 738 R os e A ve nue 34.0011 - 118.468
L os C i nc o P unt os 3300 E . C e s a r C ha ve z
B oul e va r d
34.04014 - 118.193
L a F a vor i t a B a ke r y 2301 E . 4t h S t r e e t 34.04149 - 118.213
S l oa n' s D r y C l e a ne r s &
L a undr y
3001 N . M a i n S t r e e t 34.06647 - 118.21
8 4
5. A s i a n A m e r i c a n r e l a t e d hi s t or i c r e s our c e s l oc a t i on t a bl e ( f r om S ur ve yL A )
N a m e A ddr e s s A l t i t ude L ongi t ude
H on. D e l be r t E . a nd D ol or e s W ong
R e s i de nc e
2416 W S i l ve r
L a ke D r
34.10485721 - 118.26612
K i u S i ng C ha n R e s i de nc e 2309 E T hi r d S t 34.04235642 - 118.21209
T hom a s A m e r H ous e 127 W 56t h S t 33.99193996 - 118.27509
B a nk of A m e r i c a 850 N B r oa dw a y 34.06381884 - 118.23733
C a t ha y B a nk 77 N B r oa dw a y 34.06257029 - 118.2392
E a s t W e s t B a nk 931 N B r oa dw a y 34.06493372 - 118.23735
C ont i ne nt a l H ot e l 800- 810 E
S e ve nt h S t
34.03943357 - 118.24515
M a r ke t H ot e l 964- 968 S S a n
P e dr o S t
34.03636168 - 118.25125
N e w U ni on H ot e l 701- 711 E . 9t h 34.03741269 - 118.25004
M oyt e l M ot e l 946 Y a l e S t 34.06634783 - 118.23909
F a r E a s t C a f é F a r a r ) 347 E 1s t S t 34.0498998 - 118.23949
G ol de n P a goda R e s t a ur a nt ( H op L oui e ) 950 M e i L i ng
W a y
34.06556557 - 118.23775
G r a nd S t a r R e s t a ur a nt / G r a nt S t a r J a z z
C l ub
943 N S un M un
W a y
34.06519289 - 118.23763
H ong K ong L ow 949 S un M un
W a y
34.06554912 - 118.23745
J oy Y ue n L ow R e s t a ur a nt 425 G i n L i ng
W a y
34.06578253 - 118.23715
8 5
L i P o R e s t a ur a nt 951 N B r oa dw a y 34.0657347 - 118.23703
M a n J e n L ow r e s t a ur a nt ( G e ne r a l
L e e ’ s )
475 G i n L i ng
W a y
34.06592913 - 118.23757
P a ul ' s K i t c he n ( P a ul ' s C a f é ) 1012 S S a n P e dr o 34.03561172 - 118.25154
T he R i c e B ow l 951 N S un M un
W a y
34.06562062 - 118.23719
T ue y F a r L ow R e s t a ur a nt 456 W G i n L i ng
W a y
34.06580816 - 118.23762
J ohni e ' s C of f e e S hop ( R om e o' s T i m e s
S qua r e )
6101 W i l s hi r e
B l vd
34.06355378 - 118.36151
F . S e e O n C o. 507 C hung K i ng
R d
34.06569884 - 118.23887
F ong' s O r i e nt a l W or ks of A r t 943 C hung K i ng
R d
34.06606059 - 118.23859
G i nl i ng G i f t s 441 G i n L i ng
W a y
34.06583749 - 118.23732
H ong B ui l di ng 445 W G i n L i ng
W a y
34.06585534 - 118.23729
K .G . L oui e C om pa ny 432 G i n L i ng
W a y
34.06566284 - 118.23745
P hoe ni x I m por t s 463 G i n L i ng
W a y
34.06596929 - 118.23748
S i nc e r e I m por t s 483 G i n L i ng
W a y
34.0660442 - 118.23757
T he J a de T r e e 957 C hung K i ng
R d
34.06645218 - 118.2385
C he w Y ue n & C o. G i f t S hop 459 W G i n L i ng
W a y
34.06596117 - 118.23746
P hoe ni x B a ke r y 969 N B r oa dw a y 34.06611807 - 118.23665
8 6
J i n H i ng J e w e l r y C o. 412 B a m boo L a ne 34.06614371 - 118.23708
G .W . M a r ke t 672 N S pr i ng S t 34.05932506 - 118.23798
F a r E a s t P l a z a 727 N B r oa dw a y 34.06146934 - 118.23934
M a nda r i n P l a z a 978 N B r oa dw a y 34.06635837 - 118.23589
G r a ndvi e w G a r de ns S i gn 951 M e i L i ng
W a y
34.06553796 - 118.23807
C i ne m a l a nd T he a t e r ( R oya l P a goda
T he a t e r )
410 C ot t a ge
H om e S t
34.06762933 - 118.23585
K i m S i ng T he a t e r 718 N F i gue r oa
S t r e e t
34.06409185 - 118.24541
K i ng H i ng T he a t e r 649 N S pr i ng S t 34.05912443 - 118.23878
C hi ne s e C ha m be r of C om m e r c e 977 N or t h
B r oa dw a y
34.06632425 - 118.23663
G a r ni e r B ui l di ng 409- 425 N L os
A nge l e s S t
34.0558394 - 118.23927
L os A nge l e s C hi ne s e C e m e t e r y S hr i ne 204 N E ve r gr e e n
A ve
34.04208403 - 118.20127
C hi ne s e C ongr e ga t i ona l C hur c h 734 E 9t h P l 34.03586077 - 118.25026
C hi ne s e U ni t e d M e t hodi s t C hur c h 825 N H i l l S t 34.06376445 - 118.23967
F i r s t C hi ne s e B a pt i s t C hur c h 984 Y a l e S t 34.06725931 - 118.23836
8 7
F i r s t C hi ne s e P r e s byt e r i a n C hur c h 631 E A da m s
B l vd
34.02230345 - 118.26213
S t . B r i dge t C hi ne s e C a t hol i c C e nt e r
( S t . B r i dge t C hi ne s e C a t hol i c C hur c h)
510 N C ot t a ge
H om e S t
34.06913964 - 118.23561
C hi ne s e C onf uc i us T e m pl e a nd S c hool 816 Y a l e S t 34.0637662 - 118.24039
H om pa H ongw a nj i B uddhi s t T e m pl e 109–119 N
C e nt r a l A ve
34.04965472 - 118.23432
K ong C how T e m pl e 931 N B r oa dw a y
933 N B r oa dw a y
37.79420677 - 122.4081
A s i a n A m e r i c a n S t udi e s C e nt e r ,
U ni ve r s i t y of C a l i f or ni a , L os A nge l e s
3230 C a m pbe l l
H a l l
34.07412679 - 118.44131
C a s t e l a r S t r e e t S c hool 850 N Y a l e S t 34.04271384 - 118.47999
B i ng K ong T ong, F r e e M a s on
A s s oc i a t i on
963 N B r oa dw a y 34.06595832 - 118.23683
B ow O n B e ne vol e nt A s s oc i a t i on 1010 S S a n P e dr o
S t
34.03554641 - 118.25162
C hi na t ow n S e ni or C i t i z e ns S e r vi c e
C e nt e r
600 N B r oa dw a y 34.05912917 - 118.23948
C hi na t ow n S e r vi c e C e nt e r 767 N H i l l S t 34.06289167 - 118.24004
C hi ne s e A m e r i c a n C i t i z e ns 415 B a m boo L a ne 34.06629886 - 118.23699
8 8
C hi ne s e C ons ol i da t e d B e ne vol e nt
A s s oc i a t i on ( C C B A )
925 N or t h
B r oa dw a y
34.06487118 - 118.23755
G e e H ow O a k T i n A s s oc i a t i on 421 B e r na r d S t 34.06745484 - 118.2365
G i n F a m i l y A s s oc i a t i on 612 W C ol l e ge S t 34.06495129 - 118.24078
H op S i ng T ong B e ne vol e nt A s s oc i a t i on 428 G i n L i ng
W a y
34.06559437 - 118.23736
H oy P i ng B e ne vol e nt A s s oc i a t i on 411 B a m boo L a ne 34.06618282 - 118.23694
N i ng Y ung B e ne vol e nt A s s oc i a t i on 972 C hung K i ng
R d
34.06682907 - 118.23808
J a n Y i ng B e ne vol e nt A s s oc i a t i on 736 Y a l e S t 34.06222523 - 118.24081
K ong C how B e ne vol e nt A s s oc i a t i on 931 N B r oa dw a y 34.06498219 - 118.23739
K ow K ong B e ne vol e nt A s s oc i a t i on 510 B e r na r d S t 34.06736133 - 118.23783
L e e O n D ong A s s oc i a t i on 964 N H i l l S t 34.06627442 - 118.23766
L ung K ong T i ng Y e e A s s oc i a t i on 989 N B r oa dw a y 34.06659068 - 118.23644
S oo Y ue n F r a t e r na l A s s oc i a t i on 993 N B r oa dw a y 34.0666007 - 118.23646
W ong F a m i l y B e ne vol e nt A s s oc i a t i on
( W ong K ong H a r W u S a n A s s oc i a t i on)
744 N B r oa dw a y 34.06187494 - 118.23854
8 9
Y i ng O n B e ne vol e nt A s s oc i a t i on 424 W B e r na r d S t 34.06709652 - 118.23691
Y u F a m i l y A c upunc t ur e / C hi r opr a c t i c
C l i ni c
1807 W B e ve r l y
B l vd
34.02003775 - 118.11842
F r e nc h H os pi t a l ( P a c i f i c A l l i a nc e
M e di c a l C e nt e r )
531 W C ol l e ge S t 34.06519285 - 118.2389
D un S ow H ong C o. 463 G i n L i ng
W a y
34.0659604 - 118.23747
W i ng O n T ong C o. 654 N S pr i ng S t 34.05897811 - 118.23812
H ong K ong C a f é 425 G i n L i ng
W a y
34.06582697 - 118.23714
M a da m e W ong ’ s 949 S un M un
W a y
34.06554912 - 118.2373
E a s t W e s t P l a ye r s ( U ni on C e nt e r f or
t he A r t s )
120 N J udge J ohn
A i s o S t
34.05101952 - 118.24024
E a s t W e s t P l a ye r s 1629 G r i f f i t h P a r k
B l vd
34.09188249 - 118.2782
" C hi ne s e C e l e s t i a l D r a gon" 951 N B r oa dw a y 34.06565471 - 118.2369
L i s t e ni ng f or t he T r a i ns t o C om e M ur a l 946 A dobe S t 34.06653197 - 118.24005
P a r t y a t L a n- T i ng M ur a l 536 W C ol l e ge S t 34.06487864 - 118.23988
S ha de s of C hi na t ow n M ur a l 421 W C ol l e ge S t 34.06477947 - 118.23832
C hi na t ow n G a t e w a y 34.05914671 - 118.24005
9 0
S t a t ue of D r . S un Y a t - s e n S un M un W a y,
L os A nge l e s , C A
90012
34.06533066 - 118.23744
W a t e r L e ns T ow e r S c ul pt ur e 755 W C ol l e ge
S t r e e t
34.06688252 - 118.24292
C hi na t ow n E a s t G a t e 945 N B r oa dw a y 34.06544806 - 118.23703
C hi na t ow n W e s t G a t e 954 N H i l l S t 34.06601975 - 118.23786
N e w K w ong T a i P r e s s 940 C hung K i ng
R d
34.06600001 - 118.2385
B r uc e L e e ' s M a r t i a l A r t s S t udi o 628 W C ol l e ge S t 34.06528436 - 118.24104
J ue J oe R a nc h 16608 V a now e n
S t
34.19355489 - 118.49627
C i t y M a r ke t of L os A nge l e s 1057 S S a n P e dr o
S t r e e t
34.03593054 - 118.25218
G l obe P a pe r C om pa ny 718 E 9t h S t 34.03696327 - 118.2501
B i c yc l e L e e ’ s 612 W C ol l e ge S t 34.06505794 - 118.24071
H ong K ong N oodl e C om pa ny 710 E 9t h S t or
950 S S a n P e dr o
S t
34.0363262 - 118.25098
J ue J oe C om pa ny 1105 S S a n P e dr o
S t
34.03544343 - 118.25262
Q uon Y i c k N oodl e C om pa ny 2730 N M a i n S t 34.06575661 - 118.2131
A pa r t m e nt H ous e 2356 W D ua ne S t 34.09173563 - 118.26378
P e t e r S oo H oo S r . a nd L i l l i e S oo H oo
D upl e x
3018- 3020 C a s t l e
S t
34.09366852 - 118.26824
9 1
B a r t on a nd I l di ko C hoy R e s i de nc e 3035 W W i nds or
A ve
34.09472084 - 118.26796
C he w R e s i de nc e 3893 F r a nkl i n
A ve
34.10433324 - 118.27695
D r . E dw a r d L e e R e s i de nc e 2410 W S i l ve r
L a ke D r
34.10461279 - 118.26623
E dw i n K w oh a nd B e ul a h Q uo
R e s i de nc e
1906 R e dc l i f f S t 34.09442417 - 118.27006
E uge ne C hoy R e s i de nc e 3027 C a s t l e S t 34.0941953 - 118.2682
K a w a guc hi R e s i de nc e 3022 W i nds or
A ve
34.09441258 - 118.26783
M a r i l yn C hoy R e s i de nc e 3025 W W i nds or
A ve
34.09469147 - 118.26774
T i r a do- L i on- P e l i gr i R e s i de nc e 2925 W a ve r l y D r 34.11039967 - 118.26605
D a vi d H yun R e s i de nc e 640 N H i ght r e e
R d
34.03963965 - 118.51515
D a vi d a nd M a r y H yun R e s i de nc e 1954 R e de s da l e
A ve
34.09459679 - 118.26658
D os a n A hn C ha ng H o F a m i l y H om e 809 W 34t h S t 34.02326921 - 118.28408
H yun & W hi t ne y A r c hi t e c t s &
A s s oc i a t e s
2301 H ype r i on
A ve
34.10168335 - 118.27361
P hi l i p A hn R e s i de nc e 6879 A l t a L om a
T e r r a c e
34.11004834 - 118.33834
Y i n K i m R e s i de nc e 1201 S G r a m e r c y
P l
34.04929316 - 118.3135
L e o S ong R e s i de nc e 1064 S G r a m e r c y
P l
34.05120582 - 118.31306
9 2
S a m m y L e e / M a r y C hun L e e S hon
C hi l dhood H om e
5711 Y or k B l vd 34.11926195 - 118.19325
K or e a E xc ha nge B a nk of C a l i f or ni a 3099 W O l ym pi c
B l vd
34.05308785 - 118.30282
K or e a R e s t a ur a nt ( a ka K or e a H ous e ) 2731 J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.02614774 - 118.32577
P hi l A hn' s M oonga t e 8632 V a n N uys
B l vd
34.22730158 - 118.44959
V I P P l a z a 3030 W O l ym pi c
B l vd
34.05262295 - 118.30141
Y oung B i n K w a n/ G ue l a gue t z a ( a ka
V I P P a l a c e R e s t a ur a nt )
3014 W O l ym pi c
B l vd
34.05258516 - 118.30067
H ous e of K or e a n A r t s 4332 D e gna n
B l vd
34.00521192 - 118.33132
E a s t W e s t F ood S upe r m a r ke t 3300 W e s t 8t h S t 34.05770123 - 118.3001
H a nna m S upe r m a r ke t 2740 W O l ym pi c
B l vd
34.05204207 - 118.29314
H i gh S oc i e t y C us t om T a i l or 3000 W i l s hi r e
B l vd
34.03920387 - 118.4734
K or e a t ow n D e ve l opm e nt A s s oc i a t i on 981 S W e s t e r n
A ve
34.05339215 - 118.30944
O r i e nt a l E m pl oym e nt A ge nc y 303 O r d S t 34.06051959 - 118.23892
B e r e ndo S t r e e t B a pt i s t C hur c h 1324 S B e r e ndo
S t
34.04661133 - 118.29328
K or e a n M e t hodi s t C hur c h 1276 W 29t h S t
( 1945‐60)
34.02888439 - 118.28826
9 3
K or e a n P hi l a de l phi a P r e s byt e r i a n
C hur c h
407 S N e w
H a m ps hi r e A ve
34.06725229 - 118.29326
K or e a n P r e s byt e r i a n C hur c h 1374 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.02533214 - 118.29713
N i nt h C hur c h of C hr i s t , S c i e nt i s t 433‐457 S
N or m a ndi e A ve
34.06601873 - 118.30074
O r i e nt a l M i s s i on C hur c h 424 N W e s t e r n
A ve
34.07900374 - 118.30888
S t a r of C r e a t i on C ha pe l , M e t hodi s t
E pi s c opa l C hur c h
7400 S O s a ge
A ve
33.9401859 - 118.34615
T he R e de e m e r B a pt i s t C hur c h/ K or e a n
C hur c h of S out he r n C a l i f or ni a
10792 W N a t i ona l
B l vd
34.03112464 - 118.41924
Y oung N a k C e l e br a t i on C hur c h 1218 S F a i r f a x
A ve
34.05308186 - 118.36602
D ha r m a Z e n C e nt e r 1025 S
C l ove r da l e A ve
34.05674662 - 118.34844
A s i a n A m e r i c a n S t udi e s C e nt e r ,
U ni ve r s i t y of C a l i f or ni a , L os A nge l e s
3230 C a m pbe l l
H a l l
34.0741179 - 118.44138
A l l K or e a n U ni ve r s i t y A l um ni
A s s oc i a t i on of C a l i f or ni a
1146 N V e r m ont
A ve
34.09249109 - 118.29137
A m e r i c a n‐K or e a n C i vi c O r ga ni z a t i on 4328 D on D i a bl o
D r
34.00932193 - 118.34946
K or e a n A s s oc i a t i on of S out he r n
C a l i f or ni a ( l a t e r r e na m e d K or e a n‐
A m e r i c a n F e de r a t i on)
981 S W e s t e r n
A ve
34.05351659 - 118.30934
9 4
K or e a n C om m uni t y C e nt e r , I nc . 2525 W V e r non
A ve
34.00409992 - 118.32116
K or e a n C om m uni t y C e nt e r ( D a ni s h
H a l l )
1359 W 24t h S t 34.03487541 - 118.29062
K or e a n I nde pe nde nc e M e m or i a l
B ui l di ng
1368 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.02549718 - 118.29658
K or e a n D ong J i H oi ( a ka T ongj i‐H oe ,
C om r a de S oc i e t y)
2716 E l l e nda l e P l 34.03004178 - 118.2885
K or e a n W om e n ’ s P a t r i ot i c L e a gue 1368 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd ( K N A B l dg)
34.02558748 - 118.29651
K or e a t ow n D e ve l opm e nt A s s oc i a t i on 981 S W e s t e r n
A ve
34.05349882 - 118.30934
Y oung K or e a n A c a de m y 3421 S C a t a l i na
S t
34.0250465 - 118.29397
K or e a n A m e r i c a n C om m uni t y C e nt e r 981 S W e s t e r n
A ve
34.05350771 - 118.30931
K or e a n C ul t ur a l C e nt e r 5505 W i l s hi r e
B l vd
34.06280528 - 118.34846
U ni t e d K or e a n C om m i t t e e 1368 W J e f f e r s on
B oul e va r d
34.02548829 - 118.29656
D ong‐A I l B o 1035 S out h
C r e ns ha w B l vd
34.05398698 - 118.32383
K or e a H e r a l d 1212 N V e r m ont
A ve
34.09415551 - 118.29161
K or e a T i m e s 11638 V e nt ur a
B l vd
34.1405924 - 118.38607
9 5
K or e a n A m e r i c a n H e r a l d ( M i j u S hi n‐
M un)
2703 W 8t h S t r e e t 34.05836767 - 118.28455
K or e a n A m e r i c a n T i m e s 1543 W O l ym pi c
B l vd
34.04941765 - 118.27341
K or e a n I nde pe nde nc e N e w s 1350 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.02548236 - 118.29612
K or e a t ow n W e e kl y 1342 W O l ym pi c
B l vd
34.04781353 - 118.27107
K or e a n B r oa dc a s t i ng C om pa ny ( K B C ) 634 S B r oa dw a y 34.04592053 - 118.25281
R a di o K or e a 141 N . V e r m ont
A ve
34.07405918 - 118.292
K or e a n T V P r oduc t i ons 5225 W i l s hi r e
B l vd
34.06274505 - 118.34377
M B C T V 3450 W i l s hi r e
B l vd
34.06157441 - 118.2996
T B C T V & J oong A ng I l B o 661 S B ur l i ngt on
A ve
34.05638942 - 118.27297
K or e a n B e l l a nd B e l f r y of F r i e nds hi p
( A nge l ' s G a t e P a r k)
37t h S t / G a f f e y S t 33.710772 - 118.29285
O r i e nt a l F ood P r oduc t s of C a l i f or ni a 4100 S B r oa dw a y 34.00901354 - 118.27807
K i m B a ng A h 3031 W O l ym pi c
B l vd
34.05303503 - 118.30121
R e s i de nc e of F r a nk T . A i s o 1406 T a m a r i nd
A ve
34.09615902 - 118.31873
R e s i de nc e of K .H . S hi m i z u 240 N A l m a S t 34.03937922 - 118.19107
R e s i de nc e of M a r y Y one A ki t a 513 N V i gi l S t 34.08044498 - 118.28739
9 6
R e s i de nc e of S . H a ya ka w a 636 N H oba r t
B l vd
34.08301509 - 118.30548
R e s i de nc e of t he T oyus a ku K om a i
F a m i l y
1346 W 37t h S t 34.02098228 - 118.29881
R e s i de nc e of T okut a r o " T oki e " S l oc um 2161 1/ 2 W 31s t
S t
34.02691482 - 118.31395
R e s i de nc e of U j i r o O ya m o 1512 H oba r t S t 34.04521891 - 118.30509
H ol i da y B ow l 3730 S C r e ns ha w
B l vd
34.01909339 - 118.33375
K okus a i T he a t r e 3016 S C r e ns ha w
B l vd
34.02740242 - 118.33489
B a nk of T okyo/ U ni on B a nk 3501 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.026006 - 118.3341
S um i t om o B a nk B ui l di ng 101 S . S a n P e dr o
S t
34.05041637 - 118.24137
F uge t s u‐D o S w e e t S hop 315 E 1s t S t 34.05046944 - 118.2404
G r a c e B a ke r y a nd P a s t r y 3514 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.0256132 - 118.33438
M i ka w a ya 118 J a pa ne s e
V i l l a ge P l a z a
34.04955113 - 118.2398
K our a ku 314 E 2nd S t 34.04897345 - 118.24145
O t om i s a n J a pa ne s e R e s t a ur a nt 2506 E 1s t S t 34.0431755 - 118.20845
S a kur a R e s t a ur a nt 4545 S C e nt i ne l a
A ve
33.99205563 - 118.42251
J oyc e B oa r di ng H ous e 560 N V i r gi l A ve 34.08138159 - 118.28635
9 7
R oom i ng H ous e 1130 F e dor a S t 34.05009775 - 118.29769
R oom i ng H ous e 1507 W 35t h P l 34.02402939 - 118.30343
R oom i ng H ous e 1511 W 35t h P l 34.02411036 - 118.30347
R oom i ng H ous e / O ba ya s hi E m pl oym e nt
A ge nc y
564 N V i r gi l A ve 34.08143649 - 118.28665
B oa r di ng H ous e 2122 S C or i nt h
A ve
34.03860535 - 118.44277
N a nka i ya H ot e l 606 E 1s t S t 34.04868977 - 118.23669
N e w O t a ni H ot e l 120 S L os
A nge l e s S t
34.05055823 - 118.24292
M i xe d U s e C om m e r c i a l B ui l di ng 620 E . 1s t S t 34.0487289 - 118.23627
F ukui M or t ua r y 707 E T e m pl e S t 34.05049119 - 118.23322
K ubot a N i kke i M or t ua r y 911 W V e ni c e
B l vd
34.04036925 - 118.27537
W a da & A s a t o A ge nc y 3220 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.02565184 - 118.33141
K a s hu R e a l t y 2701 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.02598186 - 118.32494
F uj i s a ka D r ug S t or e , A r i m a t s u D r y
G oods , M a t s una ga C hop S ue y, O t a
B a r be r S hop, Y a m a da J e w e l e r s , Y a s a ki
D r y C l e a ne r s , O ka m ot o L a w nm ow e r
S hop, O t a G r oc e r y ( c . 1939)
3551‐3563 S
N or m a ndi e A ve
34.02341156 - 118.30044
9 8
S a t s um a I m por t s ; S a w t e l l e F i s h
M a r ke t ; T oya G r oc e r y C om pa ny;
M ode r n D r e s s S hop/ M ode r n B e a ut y
S a l on; M i t c he l l S e w i ng S c hool
2029 S S a w t e l l e
B l vd
34.04027228 - 118.44319
S .K . U ye da D e pa r t m e nt S t or e 230 E 1s t S t 34.05101249 - 118.24161
B r ui n F l ow e r S hop 12020 W i l s hi r e
B l vd
34.0448962 - 118.46654
F l ow e r V i e w G a r de ns F l or i s t 1801 N W e s t e r n
A ve
34.10377526 - 118.30962
T oki o F l or i s t 2718 N H ype r i on
A ve
34.10738455 - 118.27138
K a ys ( T a k ’ s H a r dw a r e a nd G a r de n
S uppl y)
3318 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.02557164 - 118.3325
Y a m a da C om pa ny 700 W G a r de na
B l vd
33.88192775 - 118.287
A nz e n H ot e l S uppl y C o. 220 E 1s t S t 34.05107718 - 118.2419
B a ba ' s L a w nm ow e r S hop 4554 S C e nt i ne l a
A ve
33.99229095 - 118.42182
M .G . L a w nm ow e r S hop 4569 S C e nt i ne l a
A ve
33.99171686 - 118.42187
F uj i ya G r oc e r y/ M a r ke t 601 N V i r gi l A ve 34.08211357 - 118.287
T e m pur a H ous e , G r a na da M a r ke t 1820 S S a w t e l l e
B l vd
34.04364459 - 118.4455
H a r a da N ur s e r y 1900 S S a w t e l l e
B l vd
34.04264294 - 118.44472
O .K . N ur s e r y 1941 S S a w t e l l e
B l vd
34.04144276 - 118.44432
9 9
S e go N ur s e r y 12116 W B ur ba nk
B l vd
34.18109193 - 118.39517
T a buc hi N ur s e r y 2001 S S a w t e l l e
B l vd
34.04095891 - 118.4438
Y a m a guc hi B ons a i N ur s e r y 1903 S S a w t e l l e
B l vd
34.0422209 - 118.44508
J o‐M i P l um bi ng 2011 S S a w t e l l e
B l vd
34.04072434 - 118.4435
F a r E a s t M a r ke t 8848 L a nke r s hi m
B l vd
34.23090537 - 118.38759
K a s hu R e a l t y S i gn 3112 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.02553174 - 118.32995
S out he r n C a l i f or ni a G a r de ne r s ’
F e de r a t i on
333 S S a n P e dr o
S t r e e t
34.04678143 - 118.24326
K oya s a n B uddhi s t T e m pl e / K oya s a n
B e i kuku B e t s ui n
842 E 1s t S t r e e t 34.04855241 - 118.23466
C e nt e na r y U ni t e d M e t hodi s t C hur c h 3500 S
N or m a ndi e A ve
34.0246025 - 118.29997
H i ga s hi H onga nj i B uddhi s t
T e m pl e / R i s s ho K os e i‐K a i B uddhi s t
T e m pl e
2707 E 1s t S t 34.04276373 - 118.20537
J a pa ne s e B a pt i s t C hur c h 1925 S a w t e l l e
B l vd
34.04200033 - 118.44451
J a pa ne s e P r e s byt e r i a n C hur c h 4011 C l i nt on S t 34.08228837 - 118.28975
W e s t L os A nge l e s M e t hodi s t
C hur c h/ J a pa ne s e U ni on C hur c h
1913 P ur due A ve 34.04104569 - 118.44675
1 0 0
J a pa ne s e U ni on C hur c h of L os A nge l e s 120 N S a n P e dr o
S t / 401 E 3r d
S t r e e t
34.04596578 - 118.24324
J yodo‐S hu B e t s ui n 2003 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.02600217 - 118.31529
K onko T e m pl e 2924 E 1s t S t 34.0404042 - 118.20298
L os A nge l e s H ol i ne s s C hur c h
E duc a t i on B ui l di ng
3660 S . G r a m e r c y
P l
34.02167574 - 118.31358
L os A nge l e s J a pa ne s e B a pt i s t C hur c h 2923 E 2nd S t 34.03944557 - 118.20359
M ount H ol l yw ood C ongr e ga t i ona l
C hur c h
1733 N N e w
H a m ps hi r e A ve
34.10295042 - 118.29363
S a n F e r na ndo H ol i ne s s C hur c h 9610 H a ddon A ve 34.24459926 - 118.4108
S t . M a r y' s J a pa ne s e E pi s c opa l C hur c h 961 S M a r i pos a 34.16845345 - 118.31422
T e nr i kyo N or t h A m e r i c a n C hur c h 2723 E P om e r oy
A ve
34.05387175 - 118.197
F e l l ow s hi p H ous e of U ni on
C hur c h/ M ot t M a ns e
333 N M ot t S t 34.04478598 - 118.20477
L os A nge l e s H om pa H ongw a nj i
B uddhi s t T e m pl e
815 E . 1s t S t r e e t 34.04936374 - 118.23433
S a n F e r na ndo V a l l e y H ongw a nj i
B uddhi s t T e m pl e
9450 R e m i c k A ve 34.24193873 - 118.41614
S e ns hi n B uddhi s t T e m pl e / S e ns hi n
G a kui n
1336 W . 36t h P l 34.02204453 - 118.29846
1 0 1
W e s t L os A nge l e s B uddhi s t T e m pl e ;
L os A nge l e s H om pa H ongw a nj i
B uddhi s t T e m pl e ; S a w t e l l e H ow a ka i
2003 S C or i nt h
A ve
34.0402387 - 118.44474
T e nr i kyo C hur c h a nd C ul t ur a l C e nt e r 2727 E 1s t S t ; 117
‐129 N S a r a t oga
S t
34.04345954 - 118.20523
S a i nt F r a nc i s X a vi e r C hur c h a nd
S c hool / M a r yknol l S c hool
222 S H e w i t t S t 34.04682016 - 118.23599
A s i a n A m e r i c a n S t udi e s C e nt e r ,
U ni ve r s i t y of C a l i f or ni a , L os A nge l e s
3230 C a m pbe l l
H a l l
34.07402014 - 118.44131
C hug A ku‐B u 1218 M e nl o A ve 34.04876577 - 118.29044
D a i c hi G a kue n H onko 3411 12t h A ve 34.02540289 - 118.33204
F uj i G a kue n 2014 W 29t h P l 34.02815536 - 118.30945
H a r bor J a pa ne s e S c hool 25316 F r a m pt on
S t
33.79437915 - 118.2996
H i nom ot o G a kue n 165 N S a r a t oga S t 34.04263541 - 118.2045
H ol l yw ood J a pa ne s e C ul t ur a l I ns t i t ut e
( H ol l yw ood J a pa ne s e C om m uni t y
C e nt e r )
3929 M i ddl e bur y 34.0804304 - 118.29023
J a pa ne s e I ns t i t ut e of S a w t e l l e / S a w t e l l e
G a kue n
2110 C or i nt h A ve 34.03899376 - 118.44272
R a f u C huo G a kue n J a pa ne s e L a ngua ge
S c hool
204 N S a r a t oga S t 34.04294404 - 118.20386
S hi t a m a c hi D a i‐I c hi G a kue n 750 E 9t h S t 34.03609765 - 118.24924
1 0 2
S os hi J i ku 464 N
W e s t m or e l a nd
A ve
34.07968226 - 118.28775
R a f u D a i ni G a kue n/ Y oung M e n' s
M e e t i ng H ous e
1035 F e dor a S t 34.0518995 - 118.29815
N e w S honi e n ( J a pa ne s e C hi l dr e n' s
H om e )
1815 R e dc l i f f
A ve
34.09327032 - 118.27125
V a l l e y J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n C om m uni t y
C e nt e r
12953 B r a nf or d
S t
34.24080968 - 118.41502
J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n C ul t ur a l a nd
C om m uni t y C e nt e r
244 S S a n P e dr o
S t
34.04796855 - 118.24201
S t or e f r ont C om m uni t y C e nt e r 2826 W J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.18740208 - 118.41241
I nt e r na t i ona l I ns t i t ut e 435 S . B oyl e A ve 34.04217087 - 118.22023
V e ni c e J a pa ne s e C ul t ur a l C e nt e r ;
V e ni c e G a kue n
12448 B r a ddoc k 33.98837877 - 118.4194
M a gnol i a R e s i de nc e 2616 E 3r d S t 34.04006055 - 118.20839
F or s yt he B ui l di ng/ B oyl e H e i ght s
L a ngua ge S c hool / E ve r gr e e n H os t e l
506 N E ve r gr e e n
A ve
34.0452463 - 118.19915
J a pa ne s e H os pi t a l 101 S F i c ke t t S t 34.04262974 - 118.20765
M i dw i f e A s s oc i a t i on 2628
P e nns yl va ni a S t
34.04304203 - 118.20596
D r . A ki r a K a w a be ' s of f i c e 707 E
W a s hi ngt on B l vd
34.0279099 - 118.25692
J a pa ne s e H om e f or t he A ge d 325 S B oyl e A ve 34.04471583 - 118.22006
1 0 3
A r t i s t ' s L of t s / J oa nne s B r os . C o. 800 T r a c t i on A ve 34.04522284 - 118.23598
P a vi l i on f or J a pa ne s e A r t 652 S O gde n D r ;
5801 W W i l s hi r e
B l vd
34.06567835 - 118.35911
S hi r a r o P hot o S t udi o 568 N V i r gi l S t 34.08167895 - 118.28662
J a pa ne s e A m e r i c a n C ul t ur a l a nd
C om m uni t y C e nt e r
244 S S a n P e dr o
S t
34.04796855 - 118.24188
U ni on C e nt e r f or t he A r t s ( O l d
J a pa ne s e U ni on C hur c h)
120 J udge J ohn
A l i s o S t i n L i t t l e
T okyo
34.05106397 - 118.24027
A P I A N e w s pa pe r G i dr a 3108 J e f f e r s on
B l vd
34.02551656 - 118.3297
S e i na n J udo D oj o/ S e i na n K e ndo D oj o 1442 W 36t h P l 34.02186601 - 118.30154
V a l l e y J udo D oj o 8550 L a nke r s hi m
B l vd
34.22537303 - 118.38734
V e ni c e J udo D oj o ( l oc a t e d i n t he
V e ni c e J a pa ne s e C ul t ur a l C e nt e r ;
V e ni c e G a kue n)
12448 B r a ddoc k
D r
33.98852786 - 118.41959
T e nr i kyo C hur c h a nd C ul t ur a l C e nt e r 2727 1s t S t r e e t 34.04208948 - 118.20505
M e m or i a l t o 442nd R e gi m e nt a l C om ba t
U ni t
204 N E ve r gr e e n
A ve
34.04211959 - 118.20117
C i vi l C ont r ol C e nt e r 923 V e ni c e B l vd 33.99411187 - 118.45355
G o F or B r oke M onum e nt 355 E 1s t S t 34.04978113 - 118.23944
1 0 4
S i t e of T una C a nyon D e t e nt i on S t a t i on 6433 W L a T una
C a nyon R d
34.23417794 - 118.27213
G a r de n of t he P i ne s M e m or i a l 204 N E ve r gr e e n
A ve
34.0406669 - 118.19794
J a pa ne s e U ni on C hur c h 120 N S a n P e dr o 34.04964076 - 118.24132
S t . M a r y ’ s E pi s c opa l C hur c h 610 S M a r i pos a 34.06364894 - 118.29887
J a pa ne s e I ns t i t ut e of S a w t e l l e 2210 C or i nt h A ve 34.03754651 - 118.44198
R os e F r oz e n S hr i m p C o. 541 C e r e s A ve 34.04083224 - 118.24095
S out he r n C a l i f or ni a F l ow e r M a r ke t 753‐755 W a l l S t 34.0414548 - 118.24988
D ona l d C . T i l l m a n W a t e r R e c l a m a t i on
P l a nt
6100 W oodl e y
A ve
34.18434731 - 118.48345
E t he l G ui be r s on/ H a nna h C a r t e r
J a pa ne s e G a r de n
10619 W B e l l a gi o
R d
34.08256846 - 118.44486
G a r de n of P e a c e / R oos e ve l t H i gh
S c hool
4565 M a t t he w s S t 33.85622812 - 84.341247
G r ot t o a t M a r yknol l S c hool 222 S H e w i t t S t 34.04681127 - 118.2359
S t one r P a r k J a pa ne s e G a r de n 1835 S t one r A ve 34.03878228 - 118.45362
B a ngkok B a nk 800 W 6t h S t r e e t 34.05023951 - 118.25794
T ha i C ha m be r of C om m e r c e 3440 W i l s hi r e
B l vd
34.06814504 - 118.12076
T ha i T r a de C e nt e r 3440 W i l s hi r e
B l vd
34.06166596 - 118.29907
1 0 5
C ha o K r ung 111 N F a i r f a x
A ve nue
34.07493023 - 118.36161
J i t a l da 5233 1/ 2 W
S uns e t B l vd
34.0984438 - 118.32187
K r ua ng T e dd 5151 H ol l yw ood
B l vd
34.10220984 - 118.3023
L a nna T ha i 4457 V a n N uys
B oul e va r d
34.15284103 - 118.44908
S i a m H ol l yw ood 5158 H ol l yw ood
B l vd
34.10175526 - 118.30266
T e ppa r od T e a H ous e 4645 M e l bour ne
A ve
34.10404474 - 118.29122
T e ppa r od T ha i 4649 M e l bour ne
A ve
34.10381117 - 118.29133
T he O r i e nt 8303 W 3r d S t 34.07321293 - 118.37034
B a ngkok M a r ke t 4757 M e l r os e
A ve
34.08390007 - 118.30416
N um be r O ne S on S i gn/ L i t t l e O r c hi ds
C ui s i ne of T ha i l a nd s i gn
21614 W V e nt ur a
B l vd
34.16823038 - 118.60028
H ol l yw ood S e ve nt h‐da y A dve nt i s t
C hur c h
1711 N V a n N e s s
A ve nue
34.10235076 - 118.31626
W hi t e M e m or i a l S e ve nt h‐da y
A dve nt i s t C hur c h
1800 E C e s a r E
C ha ve z A ve nue
34.05010704 - 118.21617
T ha i C om m uni t y D e ve l opm e nt C e nt e r
( T ha i C D C )
6376 Y uc c a S t 34.10393057 - 118.32939
V i bul S c hool of P a i nt i ng 11101 V e nt ur a
B l vd
34.1414994 - 118.37196
1 0 6
T ha i S pi r i t H ous e a t T ha i l a nd P l a z a 5321 H ol l yw ood
B oul e va r d
34.10236623 - 118.30638
S e r e e c ha i N e w s pa pe r 1253 N V i ne
S t r e e t
34.0942024 - 118.3273
S i a m M e di a N e w s pa pe r 4032 W i l s hi r e
B l vd
34.06148878 - 118.3156
T ha i L .A . N e w s pa pe r 675 N S pr i ng
S t r e e t
34.05972667 - 118.23852
T i ki T i B a r 4427 S uns e t B l vd 34.09769394 - 118.28572
B e r ni e ' s T e r i ya ki 318 G l e nda l e
B l vd
34.06651781 - 118.26015
L i t t l e O ngpi n 1700 B e ve r l y
B l vd
34.06467834 - 118.26598
T r i ba l C a f é 1651 W . T e m pl e
S
34.06893634 - 118.26267
P hi l i ppi ne H a nd E m br oi de r y C om pa ny 811 1⁄ 2 S
V e r m ont A ve
34.03173105 - 118.29181
R oque E . D e L a Y s l a ' s I ns ur a nc e
A ge nc y ( na m e of bus i ne s s unknow n)
206 S S pr i ng S t 34.05158643 - 118.24557
G . M ont y M a ni bog L a w O f f i c e 1725 W B e ve r l y
B l vd
34.06557696 - 118.26655
F i l i pi na s P l a z a ( T e m pl e P l a z a ) 2430 W T e m pl e
S t
34.07164181 - 118.27287
L uz on P l a z a 1925 W T e m pl e
S t
34.07015325 - 118.26579
F i l i pi no R e c r e a t i ona l H a l l 245 S M a i n S t 34.05070842 - 118.2456
C ongr e ga t i ona l C hr i s t i a n C hur c h 2400 W T e m pl e
S t
34.07154324 - 118.27211
1 0 7
F i l i pi no C hr i s t i a n C hur c h 301 N U ni on A ve 34.06785068 - 118.26446
F i r s t U ni t e d M e t hodi s t C hur c h 928 L a goon
A ve nue
33.78214021 - 118.26742
I gl e s i a N i C r i s t o - C hur c h of C hr i s t 14308 N or dhof f
S t
34.23523381 - 118.44424
I m m a c ul a t e H e a r t of M a r y/ F i l i pi no
M i ni s t r y of L os A nge l e s
4954 S a nt a
M oni c a B l vd
34.09082132 - 118.29766
L os A nge l e s F i l i pi no A m e r i c a n U ni t e d
C hur c h of C hr i s t
5080 M a yw ood
A ve
34.13884248 - 118.2113
O ur L a dy of L or e t t o C a t hol i c C hur c h 250 N U ni on A ve 34.06675772 - 118.26413
P r e c i ous B l ood C a t hol i c C hur c h 435 S O c c i de nt a l
B l vd
34.06551394 - 118.28414
S a i nt s P e t e r & P a ul C a t hol i c C hur c h 515 W O pp S t 34.1165011 - 118.11135
S t . B e r na r d C a t hol i c C hur c h 2500 W e s t
A ve nue 33
34.11051819 - 118.23513
S t . C ol um ba n C a t hol i c C hur c h 1035 S F e dor a S t 34.05177118 - 118.2982
S t . G e ne vi e ve C a t hol i c C hur c h 14061 R os c oe
B l vd
34.22216003 - 118.43962
O ur L a dy of L or e t t o E l e m e nt a r y
S c hool
258 N U ni on A ve 34.0726719 - 118.266
P r e c i ous B l ood C a t hol i c S c hool 307 S O c c i de nt a l
B l vd
34.06769441 - 118.28286
1 0 8
S a i nt s P e t e r & P a ul C a t hol i c S c hool 706 B a y V i e w
A ve
33.77870111 - 118.26956
M r s . R oya l D ye R e s i de nc e 720 N K e nm or e
A ve
34.08447901 - 118.29672
A s i a n A m e r i c a n S t udi e s C e nt e r ,
U ni ve r s i t y of C a l i f or ni a , L os A nge l e s
3230 C a m pbe l l
H a l l
34.07401126 - 118.44142
B ur l i ngt on N ur s e r y S c hool a nd
K i nde r ga r t e n
242 B ur l i ngt on
A ve
34.06734572 - 118.26558
C a ba l l e r os de D i m a s A l a ng L odge 127 S B oyl e S t 34.04665434 - 118.22015
L e gi ona r i os de l T r a ba j o L odge 227 A va l on B l vd 33.90757201 - 118.26531
F i l i pi no A m e r i c a n C om m uni t y of L os
A nge l e s / F i l i pi no A m e r i c a n C ul t ur a l
C e nt e r
1740 W T e m pl e
S t
34.06900674 - 118.26444
F i l i pi no C om m uni t y C e nt e r of L os
A nge l e s H a r bor A r e a , I nc .
323 M a r V i s t a
A ve
34.15136432 - 118.12677
F i l i pi no F e de r a t i on of A m e r i c a
( A ugus t e R . M a r qui s R e s i de nc e )
2302 W 25t h S t 34.03365713 - 118.31802
B e nj a m i n J . W a t e r s R e s i de nc e 2289 W 25t h S t 34.03419964 - 118.31754
S e a r c h t o I nvol ve P i l i pi no A m e r i c a ns
( S I P A )
3228 W T e m pl e
S t
34.07558947 - 118.28174
C l i ni c of D r . P r i m i t i va D e m a nda nt e
A s pr i n, M .D .
809 N A va l on 33.99991486 - 118.26461
1 0 9
G i nt ong K a s a ys a ya n, G i nt ong P a m a na
( F i l i pi no A m e r i c a ns : A G l or i ous
H i s t or y, A G ol de n L e ga c y)
1666 B e ve r l y
B l vd
34.06446941 - 118.265
A s s oc i a t e d F i l i pi no P r e s s 206 S S pr i ng S t 34.05155976 - 118.24561
F i l i pi no O bs e r ve r - S poke s m a n 124 W 4t h S t . 34.04875772 - 118.24795
M a c A r t hur M onum e nt 2230 W 6t h S t 34.0589559 - 118.27828
V a l or , F i l i pi no W W I I V e t e r a ns
M e m or i a l
227 N L a ke S t 34.06935827 - 118.27065

Abstract (if available)

Abstract Heritage justice is one important aspect of social justice. Everyone should have the right to designate the heritage sites related to their own communities and history regardless of their race, education level, or income level. Also, every historic site with outstanding and universal value should be identified and protected regardless of its location and affiliation. ❧ The City of Los Angeles is a metropolis with a variety of races, history, and cultures. It has a well-defined conservation strategy to protect its rich cultural heritage which can provide a platform for conservationists and historians to evaluate the relationship between planning and conservation strategy. Historic properties in the City of Los Angeles are designated under federal, state, and local programs based on their heritage value. ❧ This thesis uses the list of Historic-Cultural Monuments that are designated by the City and historic resources identified by the SurveyLA program to represent the historic resource records of the city. Historic resources are a mirror of social and cultural justice in the city, and it is important to analyze the cultural resources at the community level. The scale of cultural heritage conservation varies across the communities of Los Angeles. Is this variation due to biases in the designation process? Or the result of individuals involved in the designation process? To try to answer these questions, I used GIS and Tableau, two data visualization tools to show the spatial distribution patterns of heritage in relation to its social context. By combining and analyzing all this information, it is possible to clarify historic and current heritage designation patterns and identify potential gaps.

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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

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Asset Metadata

Creator Bao, Zitong (author)

Core Title Mapping heritage justice in the city of Los Angeles

School School of Architecture

Degree Master of Heritage Conservation

Degree Program Heritage Conservation

Degree Conferral Date 2021-12

Publication Date 10/08/2021

Defense Date 10/08/2021

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag GIS,heritage justice,OAI-PMH Harvest,races,racial justice

Format application/pdf (imt)

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Sandmeier, Trudi (committee chair), Horak, Katie (committee member), Reitan, Meredith (committee member)

Creator Email bzt1215@gmail.com,zitongba@usc.edu

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC16022638

Unique identifier UC16022638

Legacy Identifier etd-BaoZitong-10149

Document Type Thesis

Format application/pdf (imt)

Rights Bao, Zitong

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA

Repository Email cisadmin@lib.usc.edu