Biomimetic design of the building envelope: biological climate adaptations and thermal controls in the Sonoran Desert

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Content BIOMIMETIC DESIGN OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE: BIOLOGICAL CLIMATE ADAPTATIONS AND THERMAL CONTROLS IN THE SONORAN DESERT by Kimberly Rose Wiebe ______________________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF BUILDING SCIENCE May 2009 Copyright 2009 Kimberly Rose Wiebe ii Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee, Marc Schiler, Karen Kensek, and Ilaria Mazzoleni, for their constant support and contribution to this project, Doug Nobel for helping me get the project started and finished, and my family, mom, dad, and Joey, for their unwavering encouragement. I would also like to thank Dr. Joan DʼAgostino and Dr. Louis Leithold for their wisdom in uncovering my academic potential and instilling within me a love of natural science. Thesis committee members Chair: Marc Schiler 2 nd : Karen Kensek 3 rd : Ilaria Mazzoleni iii Table of contents Acknowledgements ii  List of tables iv  List of figures v  Abstract 1  Chapter 1: Biologically inspired thermal systems 2  Chapter 2: Biomimetic design and environmentally responsive buildings 12  Chapter 3: Materials and methods 26  Chapter 4: Selection and description of natural model 42  Chapter 5: Chemical to thermal systems 58  Chapter 6: SonoranSystems 65  Chapter 7: Results and discussion 90  Chapter 8: Conclusions 112  Chapter 9: Future work on building simulation and biomimicry 119  Bibliography 129  Appendix A 134  Appendix B 208  Appendix C 214  iv List of tables Table 1: Arizona cities in Sonoran desert with available TMY3 data 72  Table 2: California cities in the Sonoran desert with available TMY3 data 72  Table 3: 50cm water-concrete wall distributions of materials 98  Table 4: 55cm water-mmc wall distributions of materials 100  Table 5: Heat capacities of materials 107  Table 6: Thermal conductivities of materials 109  v List of figures Figure 1: Sonoran Desert (yellow) 3  Figure 2: CAM plant and the Crassulacean acid metabolism 4  Figure 3: Diagram of "Life's Principles" from The Biomimicry Guild (the consulting company associated with the Biomimicry Institute) 6  Figure 4: Hydrologic cycle 9  Figure 5: Johnson Wax building, column, giant saguaro cactus 13  Figure 6: Termite mound (left) and Eastgate Center 14  Figure 7: Polar bear skin and den as model for arctic habitat 15  Figure 8: The Milwaukee Art Museum 16  Figure 9: Tree as structural system 17  Figure 10:Tree as material hierarchy 18  Figure 11: Tree foliage as building skin 18  Figure 12: Thermal design strategies for hot-arid climate from Climate Consultant 21  Figure 13: Philip's Design's Habitat 2020 23  Figure 14: Vernacular dwelling design in hot-arid climate from Climate Consultant 24  Figure 15: Yuma yearly DBT, Climate Consultant 27  Figure 16: Yuma psychometric chart Climate Consultant 27  Figure 17: Effects on climate on stem morphology and branching 30  Figure 18: Range of morphologies and scale 31  Figure 19: Pubescence of Oreocereus celsianus and spines of opunita macrocentra 32  vi Figure 20: Cross section of Astrophytum myriostigma 33  Figure 21: Spectral properties of the epidermis-hypodermis of the saguaro cacti 35  Figure 22: USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map 42  Figure 23: Saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) 43  Figure 24: Families that have CAM species 44  Figure 25: Agave americana 45  Figure 26: Aeonium arboreum 45  Figure 27: Crassula ovata 46  Figure 28: Senecio talinoides (blue, below) and Opuntia microdasys 46  Figure 29: Transpiration and the water cycle 48  Figure 30: Relationship between the carbon isotope ratio (an indicator of CAM) and succulence of 15 species of senecio from anatomy of succulence 49  Figure 31:Basic photosynthesis 53  Figure 32: Crassulacean acid metabolism 55  Figure 33: Simulation model of Crassulacean acid metabolism 56  Figure 34: Biomimetic comparison of systems 64  Figure 35: Thermochromic glazing at two different transmissivities 67  Figure 36: Spectral transmittance of TLG 68  Figure 37: Transwall 71  Figure 38: Cities in database of TMY3 climate files 73  Figure 39: Solar angles 74  Figure 40: Diagram of thermodynamic building modeled in SonoranSystems 77  vii Figure 41: Concentration of carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm (solid line) and malate concentration in the vacuole (dashed line) from Blasius et al. 1999 83  Figure 42: Daily fluctuation of stomatal resistance of Opuntia basilaris from Kluge and Ting (1978) 84  Figure 43: Malic acid concentration in the vacuole of Kalanchoe tubiflora from Kluge and Ting (1978) 85  Figure 44: SonoranSystems input screen 86  Figure 45: Heating and cooling zone areas 87  Figure 46: SonoranSystems output screen 88  Figure 47: Input screen with filled output data in data table 89  Figure 48: Yuma dry bulb temperature TMY3 data 91  Figure 49: Water wall (tubes) behind south facing glazing in Albuquerque 93  Figure 50: Heating and cooling zone area vs. thickness of water wall 93  Figure 51: 60cm water wall, August in Yuma 94  Figure 52: Concrete trombe walls 95  Figure 53: Heating and cooling zone area vs. thickness of concrete wall 95  Figure 54: 60cm concrete wall, August in Yuma 96  Figure 55: Heating and cooling zone area vs. water content of water- concrete wall 97  Figure 56: 35cm water (green)- 15cm concrete (orange), August in Yuma 98  Figure 57: 2 day analysis of temperature profile for water-concrete wall 99  Figure 58: Heating and cooling zone area vs. water content of water- mmc wall 100  viii Figure 59: 11.25cm water (green)- 38.75cm mmc (orange), August in Yuma 101  Figure 60: 2 day analysis of temperature profile for water-mmc wall 102  Figure 61: Heating zone area % of base case, total thickness = 55cm 104  Figure 62: Cooling zone area % of base case, total thickness = 55cm 104  Figure 63: 10cm water- 15cm mmc- 35cm water, August in Yuma 105  Figure 64: 2d day analysis of temperature profile for water-mmc-water wall 106  Figure 65: Heating zone area and thermal mass, all assemblies 108  Figure 66: Cooling zone area and thermal mass all assemblies 108  Figure 67: Heating area and thermal conductivity, all assemblies 109  Figure 68: Cooling zone area and thermal conductivity, all assemblies 110  Figure 69: 10cm water- 15cm mmc- 35cm water wall, transmissivity is orange line along the top of the graph 112  Figure 70: 10cm water- 15cm mmc- 35cm water, August, diurnal fluctuation of transmissivity of the TLG 113  Figure 71: How phase change materials work 121  Figure 72: Modeling pcm heat capacity 122  1 Abstract This project selects nature as model in the design of the thermal building envelope. In desert regions the native plant species have developed the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a photosynthetic variation with a pronounced environmentally responsive rhythm. A pithy model of the spatial and temporal characteristics of this physiological adaptation is assembled based on theoretical and empirical descriptions. Drawing a connection between the chemical system of the CAM species and the thermal system of the building envelope, a conceptual conversion factor is constructed that relates the natural model to the artificial product via their respective dynamic processes. This natural model is translated to a south wall system of the building envelope in terms of the configuration and selection of thermochromic glazing, thermal mass, and thermal resistance materials as a thermal correspondent of a chemical system. SonoranSystems is a computer application created by the author to asses the thermal performance of the proposed wall sections. Conclusions are drawn on thermal efficiency of the layering of wall materials, behavioral resemblance to the natural model, and the correlation between efficiency and biomimicry. 2 Chapter 1: Biologically inspired thermal systems 1.1. Introduction Buildings and their systems are traditionally fueled by offsite power, built with transported materials, and flushed with water from a distant source. Insulated from the environment, indoor conditions are conventionally modified using mechanical heating, cooling, and ventilation systems. As a reaction to the inefficiency of these traditional measures, many buildings exist today in which more progressive passive technologies are being utilized and passive and active solar design has become an important part of building technology. However many buildings still remain disconnected, a remote product of a power plant. Meanwhile, the biological world lives as a direct product of the locally available resources. Climate responsiveness in architecture is a crucial goal in the pursuit of new building strategies and increasing the efficiency of the built thermal environment. The Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a remarkable climate adaptation found, although not exclusively, in the succulent cacti in the Sonoran desert. The purpose of this project is to emulate the environmental adaptations of CAM plants by applying the spatial and temporal characteristics of the metabolic functions to the building envelope. 3 Figure 1: Sonoran Desert (yellow) 1.2 Biomimetics 1.2.1 The model: biological climate adaptations Evolutionary adaptations are the results of long periods of time in which natural selection makes the family or species more productive, healthy, or generally more likely to survive. Characterized by the use of on-site resources and efficient energy collection, storage, and management, plants have adapted to all climates by developing unique and specific mechanisms for surviving in their particular environment. 4 Cacti species from 20 families have been documented to have the CAM, which is a photosynthetic variation 1 . Plants with this specific adaptation have been selected for their ability to maximize productivity in a region in which most plants cannot survive and traditional building techniques are inefficient and costly. Figure 2: CAM plant and the Crassulacean acid metabolism 2 The most fascinating aspect of the CAM is the pronounced cyclic behavior of its stomatal resistance and the subsequent undulation of chemical concentrations in the cell throughout the day. Subject to an underlying circadian rhythm and responsive to external and internal stimuli, the stomatal 1 Mauseth 1998 2 Derksen 2005 5 rhythms and aqueous storage capacities are primary indicators for a biomimetic study 3 . Another important climate adaptation of desert cacti is succulence, which is the ability of a plant to retain a large amount of water allowing the plant to survive through a long period of drought. This adaptation alone can provide useful information in the design of passive thermal controls and environmental responsiveness. Although there are succulent plants that do not have CAM, CAM has only been observed in succulent species. Succulence makes CAM possible by providing large water filled cells for the storage of malic acid accumulated during the nighttime 4 . Here the fundamental role that water plays in CAM plants becomes especially apparent, acting as storage of both thermal and chemical energy, and as the final determinant in the productivity of the plant. 1.2.2 The process: mimesis Biomimicry, biomimesis, biomimetics, bioinspiration, and bionics are the somewhat indistinguishable fields of study dealing with new technology and 3 Smith and Winter 1996 4 Kluge and Ting 1978 6 design strategies based on existing natural systems. Miriam Webster defines biomimetics as: The study of the formation, structure, or function of biologically produced substances and materials (as enzymes or silk) and biological mechanisms and processes (as protein synthesis or photosynthesis) especially for the purpose of synthesizing similar products by artificial mechanisms which mimic natural ones. The Biomimicry Institute is an organization devoted to biomimetic design. This organization describes the biomimetic process: Like the viceroy butterfly imitating the monarch, we humans are imitating the best and brightest organisms in our habitat. We are learning, for instance, how to grow food like a prairie, build ceramics like an abalone, create color like a peacock, self-medicate like a chimp, compute like a cell, and run a business like a hickory forest 5 . Figure 3: Diagram of "Life's Principles" from The Biomimicry Guild (the consulting company associated with the Biomimicry Institute) 5 The Biomimicry Institute 2009 7 AskNature.org is a project of the Biomimicry institute and serves as a resource for biologists and technology designers who are interested in biomimicry. They explain on the site the role of Nature as model, mentor, and measure 6 ; this allows a wide range of projects to be categorized as biomimetic. The biomimetic study includes a natural model, a translation, and an artificial product. The natural model and the artificial product are easy to imagine; in this project they are a botanical metabolic system and a dynamic building envelope assembly. The translation is far less tangible. It is based on a pre- defined conversion factor that is not a number but the conceptual equality of two corresponding pieces of the natural and artificial systems. This conceptual conversion factor is used in the translation of the natural system to the materials and assemblies of built environment. 1.2.3 The product: building The building envelope is the barrier between the outside and inside, controlling the transfer of light, heat, air, and sound. The design of the envelope has the greatest effect on the performance of a building as a thermal environment, and is the focus of this project. Furthermore, the south facing wall of a building has 6 AskNature 2009 8 a leading role in building thermodynamics due to its orientation to the path of the sun. The building envelope is the assembly of a structural wall system, insulation, and surface characteristics interspersed with windows and doors. The selection of these materials and assemblies is the crux of passive design, and innovation in climate responsive building is a question of the thermal envelope. Furthermore, the outer most surface of a building, directly in contact with the environment, is an especially important location in climate responsive design. 1.3 Endogenous rhythms 1.3.1 Diurnal and seasonal rhythms Environmentally responsive architecture and building systems must consider the consequences of daily, seasonal, and yearly climate rhythms. Regional plant species have specific adaptations that often have a strong seasonal and daily cycle, allowing for survival in even the harshest of ecosystems. Solar energy is a fantastic resource, however accommodations must be made for its diffuse nature and its periodic occurrence. Furthermore, the circulation of water on earth is a cycle fueled by this periodic solar energy 7 . 7 Henderson 1922 9 Figure 4: Hydrologic cycle 8 Plants are fundamentally linked to the meteorological and seasonal cycles through their dependence on water and sunlight. This direct link between the botanical and climatological cycles precipitates environmental adaptations in plants that are efficient, dynamically responsive, and highly evolved. In plants, water manages the systemʼs energy balance by providing thermal mass, acting as a major solvent, playing a role in chemical reactions, and interacting with the ambient air via transpiration. This provides an efficient system of collection, storage, and controlled usage of available resources. This level of 8 © Geological Survey of Ireland 2004-2007 10 ecological efficiency is idealized, and set as a mark for buildings as participants in their environment. 1.3.2 The Crassulacean acid metabolism The circadian rhythm, or biological clock, that is exemplified in plants with the CAM is of particular interest because of its sensitivity to environmental conditions. CAM is sort of a time-lagged version of photosynthesis, taking advantage of cooler nighttime temperatures by collecting carbon dioxide during the dark hours and storing it in the large water filled organelles of the succulent plant. This physiological adaptation allows the plant to survive in the harsh desert environment through the development of a diurnal rhythm specific to the climate. 1.4 Whatʼs to come Chapter two presents previous work done in the architectural/building field that has a reference to a natural model or phenomenon and gives background on climate responsive architecture. A description of research methods and the development of a biomimetic process is described in chapter 3 including identifying, interpreting, and translating a natural model and evaluation methods. Chapter 4 and 5 discuss the details of this project including the application of the methods described in chapter 3 to translate the CAM to a thermal wall system. SonoranSystems, an application used to simulate the 11 biomimetic design, is described in chapter 6 including the parameters, algorithms, and thermal model used by the program. Results from the simulation and conclusions are presented in chapter 7. Chapter 8 outlines future work that can be done as an extension of this project in terms of biomimicry and building simulation. 12 Chapter 2: Biomimetic design and environmentally responsive buildings Studying and mimicking nature is a design strategy used in myriad fields from medical science to sociology to robotics 9 . Biomimetic studies that are rational and careful in the interpretation of the natural system have made fantastic advances. Natural models range from the small and detailed animal or plant system to the larger ecological picture. The specification of the natural model directly correlates with the designerʼs ability to accurately mimic the natural model. 2.1 Biomimetic building 2.1.1 Architecture Buildings such as Frank Lloyd Wrightʼs Johnson Wax building (1936-1939) in which the thin shell concrete and steel-mesh columns inspired by the anatomy of the Staghorn cholla cactus 10 begin to examine the possibilities of the architectural product of biomimicry. 9 Bar-Cohen, 2006 10 Holverstott 2008 13 Figure 5: Johnson Wax building, column, giant saguaro cactus The structural capabilities of the columnar cacti were also seen as a model for the built environment by Dennis Cornejo and Beryl Simpson in their 1997 paper Analysis of form and function in North American columnar cacti. They observe, The trunk and/or stems of the largest cacti are reinforced by woody rods or a hollow woody cylinder reminiscent of the construction of a slender concrete column: almost without exception, cacti are much less flexible than other woody plants. Therefore, mechanically and ecologically, cacti provide a novel perspective for the study of plant structure and its evolution, as compared to the better-known and more supple non-succulent, woody plants 11 . Surely Wright had similar ideas about these plants although the details of his biomimetic application are indistinct. 11 Cornejo and Simpson 1997 14 A more sophisticated instance of biomimetics in the design of building systems is the Eastgate Center (1996) in Harare, Zimbabwe whose design mimics the morphology termite mound to promote natural convection and ventilation, strategies that are very effective for that particular climate. Figure 6: Termite mound (left) 12 and Eastgate Center 13 Another example of biomimicry in the design of more sustainable, climate- appropriate buildings is the work done by Ilaria Mazzoleni in which a polar bear and its habitat are studied and translated to a dwelling for arctic conditions. The model combines anatomy of the polar bear that aids in 12 Bonabeau et al. 1997 13 © Mandy Patterson 2009 15 keeping it warm with the morphologies of their subterranean hibernation dens. Figure 7: Polar bear skin and den as model for arctic habitat 14 In addition to passive thermal design strategies informed by nature, the study and development of photovoltaic systems has always included investigation and analysis of natural photosynthesis, a physiological system. Further study of natural photosynthesis is increasing the efficiency and complexity of photovoltaic systems. In the paper From biological to synthetic light-harvesting materials Tonu Pullerits and Villy Sundstrom present a detailed investigation of photosynthesis in purple bacteria and draw conclusions about new materials 14 © Mazzoleni 2008 16 and systems for light harvesting and conversion to electricity. Acknowledging photosynthesis as the original solar harvesting and conversion system, they are able to use the details of the natural system to inform their research on excitation transfer and charge separation in conjugated polymers. Sometimes nature and natural morphologies are seen and mimicked in a more general way; the association remains loose, the ends justifying the metaphor. Rotating solar panels and Calatravaʼs dynamic shading wings at the Milwaukee art museum are examples of daily adjustments to sun angles, something many plants do quite elegantly. The wings of the museum prompt the allusion to the wings of a butterfly, but aesthetic associations and dynamic abilities do not necessarily represent a biomimetic design process. Figure 8: The Milwaukee Art Museum 17 2.1.1 Inspiration, imitation, and interpretation One specific natural model can be seen in many different ways and produce many different products. In 1998 Claus Matthic presented a biomimetic study of the tree in terms of the larger structural engineering system 15 (figure 9), the 1994 report done by the National Research Council and the Committee on Synthetic Hierarchical Structures studied the tree as a model for new smart hierarchical materials 16 (figure 10), and in 2006 Thom Faulders used the tree as a model for a porous building skin to serve as a intermediate layer between building and environment 17 (figure 11). Figure 9: Tree as structural system 15 Mattheck 1998 16 NRC 1994 17 Faulders 2008 18 Figure 10:Tree as material hierarchy 18 Figure 11: Tree foliage as building skin 19 This range of scales of observation from micro- to macro- structures and of interpretation from strict to loose, present obvious points to begin to dissect nature and define the character of the biomimetic study. Selection of a natural 18 NRC 1994 19 © www.flickr.com/photos/roryrory 2007 19 model must be accompanied with a specific description, which will set the scope of the biomimetic project. 2.2 Climate responsive buildings Climate responsive design in architecture and building is somewhat redundant as all buildings fundamentally provide shelter, or protection from the environment. However, in the historical development of building techniques and technologies buildings have become much more than their vernacular definition. This technological progression typically widened the separation between inside and outside space, the room and the environment, the artificial and the natural world. Recent (within the past few decades) trends in environmentally responsive buildings have gained momentum and sophistication. Climate responsiveness exists in two capacities. First, a design that shows awareness of the local climate and incoming solar radiation is considered to be a climate responsive design. Secondly, a design that includes active or passive elements that respond dynamically to environmental conditions is a climate responsive building. In the first case the designer is responding to the climate in design development and in the second case the building itself has the ability to adjust and react to changing environmental conditions throughout its life. 20 2.2.1 Passive design Commonly, “passive” and “active” refer to whether a system uses remotely generated energy or not. Passive heating and cooling is the control of the built thermal environment through climate specific design of the building envelope, orientation, and regulation of internal gains. Where passive design relies on the building materials as the solar collector, active heating and cooling is the use of auxiliary systems to control the thermal environment. Active systems include both re-newable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems and un- renewable sources such as conventionall HVAC systems. Unless the climate is reasonably temperate, keeping indoor temperatures within a given comfort zone usually requires a system that incorporates both passive and active thermal controls. Passive thermal design of the building envelope does not always replace an active system, but decreases the need for the use of it. Thus desired indoor conditions are attained with less input of energy, creating a more efficient system, and sometimes eliminating the need for input from offsite. Passive heating and cooling in design hinges on considering solar radiation in the selection of materials, placement and design of windows, orientation, and shading. Sun shading and window design is a crucial part of solar architecture and must be incorporated into all projects to increase both heating and cooling efficiency. Essentially, apertures and shading devices are designed to promote 21 winter gains and prevent summer gains. Form and orientation of the building also can increase efficiency if properly designed. Figure 12: Thermal design strategies for hot-arid climate from Climate Consultant A dynamically responsive building can be reactive in three ways. The simplest approach is human controlled system in which there are operable elements that can be adjusted throughout the day as necessary. The most complicated dynamic response system would include sensors, signals, and mechanisms for adjustments. This kind of responsive system can be highly accurate, precise, and effective however the incorporation of more technology into a 22 building in an attempt to increase environmental sensitivity is somewhat paradoxical. Although still in the design phase Habitat 2020 is an urban high rise designed by Phillips Design for Chinaʼs urban areas. This project, being designed by one of the largest electronics companies in the world, “is exploring the integration of electronics and bio chemical functionalities into the inert material of the built environment” 20 . This is an example of a high-tech responsive system and although the increase in embodied and parasitic energy usage may offset the benefit, it incorporates some very important biological principles into the design of a dynamic building skin. Pores that open and close control elements of water, light and air, but the thermodynamics of the building envelope are vauge and omitted from the description of the dynamic builing skin: 20 Philips 2009 23 Figure 13: Philip's Design's Habitat 2020 Conversely, a dynamic response can also be achieved through the integration of materials and assemblies that have the ability to change their properties based on specific climate conditions, without sensors and signals. This low- tech type of material-based passive-dynamic-climate-responsive thermal control is of interest to this project and is the desired realm for the biomimetically-designed building. 24 2.2.2 Materials The selection and assembly of materials can afford a building the possibility of achieving the passive-dynamic type of climate responsiveness. Although there are very few materials that have the ability to change properties as a reaction to a climate condition, they are a focus of this project. Figure 14: Vernacular dwelling design in hot-arid climate from Climate Consultant The most useful material property in thermal regulation of a built space is specific heat capacity and the thermal mass it provides. This does not actually include a change in a material property but fits the description because the construction can include a valuable temporal characteristic. Another important dynamic material is thermochromic glazing, which has the ability to adjust its 25 properties (transmissivity) more effectively than any other known building material. The research and development of more materials with dynamic properties will be very important in the growth of low-tech passive building design. It would be useful if building materials became dynamic thermal regulators in addition to their existing structural functions. Furthermore, progressive material science will allow for controlled design of anisotropic (not uniform in all directions) materials. Investigation of glazing with a wider range of transmissivities, variable conductance insulation, and variable porosity/density materials could be approached via biomimicry and result in increased thermal control. 26 Chapter 3: Materials and methods 3.1 Definition of problem 3.1.1 Living and building in harsh climates Before selecting a natural model, the boundaries of the project must be defined along with a specific problem to be solved. In this case our problem is thermal efficiency of the built environment in the Sonoran desert and the solution lies in climate responsiveness of the native species. The selection of a location and corresponding climate sets an important boundary in the biomimetic design of a building. The United States has four major climate zones: cool, temperate, hot-arid, and hot-humid. These climate types are based on temperature range, relative humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed and direction 21 . The hot-arid climate type is the focus of this project and is characterized by a large temperature range (very low night time temperature and very high day time temperatures), little humidity, and intense solar radiation. Dry bulb temperatures for Yuma, Arizona (a Sonoran desert city) are literally off the chart during summer months (figure 15). 21 Watson 1993 27 Figure 15: Yuma yearly DBT, Climate Consultant Figure 16: Yuma psychometric chart Climate Consultant As the psychometric chart (figure 16) shows, there already exist a number of building strategies that decrease the need for auxiliary HVAC systems. For the Yuma climate direct evaporative cooling is the most useful strategy, which presents an interesting predicament in a region where water is in short supply. 28 3.1.2 Native Species After selecting the location to be studied, a survey and investigation of native species and climate adaptations would be preformed. Plants play a unique, essential role in the global energy economy. Taking in carbon dioxide from the air, using solar energy to convert it to sugars and starches, and returning oxygen to the air, plants photosynthesize, providing food and air for the rest of the living world. Plants require the presence of certain amounts of water, sunlight, carbon dioxide, and soil nutrients in order to photosynthesize, grow, and produce seeds 22 . However when these ingredients are scarce or in excess the species either dies or adapts to that particular location/climate. Specific climate adaptations in the botanical world primarily address the entity that is in short supply. In the desert, water is scarce and it is this environmental condition that is the driving force in the development of the CAM. The importance of the limiting factor as a motivation for adaptation and the subsequent role that it plays in the plant is important in the development of a biomimetic model. 22 Critchley et al. 2004 29 3.2 Assembling the natural model The way that the natural model is viewed is a major determinant in the way that it is translated to the built system. Depending on the details and type of adaptation under consideration, the natural system can be viewed in terms of its larger role in an ecosystem, its morphological characteristics, its anatomical composition, or its physiological processes 23 . Of course these adaptations are fundamentally connected and codependent, but the break down of the different parts and systems allows for greater depth of a biological survey. 3.2.1 Ecology, morphology, and anatomy The morphological adaptations of regional native species are evolutionary responses to environmental conditions. The conversion factor that would be used in this type of biomimetic solution would deal with the difference in scale of the two systems (natural and built). Although this type of formal approach to biomimetics seems obvious and the appropriation of a shape, size, volume, or form seems clear, the morphological variation between species and individual organism makes classification of the natural model quite difficult. Generalized and approximated morphologies could be used, but there would still be myriad variations. 23 Lyons 2007 30 For desert cacti species, the thick rounded forms are a consequence of the large amount of stored water and the desire to retain that water. Figure 17: Effects on climate on stem morphology and branching 24 An investigation of morphological implications of cacti in terms of location (i.e. morphology vs. latitude) 25 could be useful in the design of climate responsive buildings, but investigations of this type are not the focus of this study. 24 Cornejo and Simpson 1997 25 Nobel 1980 31 Figure 18: Range of morphologies and scale Desert cacti have also developed certain physical traits to improve survival in the desert ecosystem including spines and/or pubescence. In addition to protecting the plant from being eaten, spines and pubescence provide shade to the surface of the plant, decreasing surface temperatures and subsequent transpiration rates, and absorbing a potion of incoming solar radiation 26 . Ribs are another area of investigation: they increase the surface area and convective losses. 26 Nobel 1980 32 Figure 19: Pubescence of Oreocereus celsianus and spines of opunita macrocentra These ecological and morphological adaptations are interesting and the biomimetic application to architecture is straightforward. Furthermore the simple geometries of succulents make quantifying morphologies much simpler than with the complex branching of most higher plants 27 . A survey and grouping of morphologies and ecological characteristics could lead to an abundant source of architectural design inspiration. However this type of investigation is saved for future work. The anatomical characterization of a plant includes the physical composition and is best considered in terms of the cross section. 27 Cornejo and Simpson 1997 33 Figure 20: Cross section of Astrophytum myriostigma 28 Architecture of the stem and leaves within the plant are considered in terms of photosynthesis, structural support, water storage and thermal buffering; the anatomical scale of the desert plant could be used in building design in terms of the same 4 aspects separately or collectively. If an anatomical thermal analogy is used the temperatures of the cacti must be scaled when cooling strategies are investigated. As stated by Smith et al in the 1984 paper High-temperature responses of North American cacti, Cacti in desert habitats attain some of the highest tissue temperatures experienced by vascular plants. Due to their massiveness, stems of the 28 © Cactus Art Nursery 2008 34 cacti can exhibit considerable divergence from air temperature during the daytime 29 . Although tissue temperatures are high anatomical (and morphological) cooling strategies are still of interest. The epidermis and hypodermis of the CAM plant also have interesting properties that could serve as a focus of a biomimetic study. In the 1988 paper Epidermis and hypodermis of the saguaro cacti: anatomy and spectral properties the authors discuss the unique outer layer of this species, Saguaro E-H [epidermis-hypodermis] is essentially opaque to UV-A and UV-B wavelengths, moderately transparent to PAR [photosynthetically active radiation], and most transparent to the near- IR. In the UV-A and UV-B bands, absorptance accounts for more than 90%, reflectance for less than 10%, and transmittance for less than 0.1% of incident light. Similar high absorptances to UV radiation have been reported for other plants with thick epidermises, including the cactus species opuntia 30 . 29 Smith et al 1984 30 Darling 1989 35 Figure 21: Spectral properties of the epidermis-hypodermis of the saguaro cacti This anatomical layering at the surface of the plant is an interesting adaptation to a climate with abundant solar radiation. This system could be used a model for new building skins with selective optical properties. 3.2.2 Physiology The last category of environmental adaptations is physiological, which is the chemical processes of the plant including photosynthesis, respiration, and the transport processes including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport 31 . This scale of adaptations is the most dynamic on a daily basis and is most connected to the circadian rhythm; for these reasons the physiological scale is chosen as the natural model in this project. However the support for these 31 Mauseth 1998 36 reactions provided by morphological and anatomical characteristics, and vice versa, is not discounted. In fact the spatial arrangement of the cell is included in the description of the natural model and is inherently connected to the temporal characteristics of the metabolic pathway. The specific adaptation that has been chosen as the natural model (CAM) is a photosynthetic variation and will be discussed in further detail in chapter 4. 3.3 Biomimetic translation 3.3.1 Comparison natural and built realms In order to assemble a method of translating a natural adaptation to a building system the similarities and differences of these two realms must be discussed. Both the plant and the building are subject to the local climate and have methods of surviving under the environmental conditions. The primary difference between the plant and the building is the chemical reactions that take place in the biological world producing growth. In this project the scope of the building systems that are being investigated are limited to the thermodynamics of the building envelope and the scope of the natural adaptation being studied is limited to the physiological processes of the plant and the cellular structure that support those processes. Hence what we 37 are relating are a chemical system to a thermal system or chemical energy to thermal energy. 3.3.2 A conceptual conversion factor The translation of a specific morphology to architecture or building system is physically literal. Translating anatomy and materials is less straightforward and translating physiology is the most analogical. In the translation of a biological metabolism to a built system, the type of energy used in each case is equated to generate a conversion factor. Plants store the energy they collect chemically in the bonds of sugars and starches; the building envelope as a thermal system is driven by temperature, or quantities of heat stored with a material. In nature the concept of specification and cooperation is ubiquitous on a macro- and micro-scale. Each part of a plant and its cells has a specific duty, and the architecture of a cell is directly based on the individual program of each component and their interactions. CAM is able to perform its complex metabolic adaptation through a system of separated parts that are necessarily connected. The interlaced cellular functions provide for a high level of 38 environmental responsiveness and the collection of individual oscillators is the basis of the biological clock, as exemplified in CAM plants 32 . Assembling a building envelope with different components for different functions that ultimately work as one system is the thermodynamic equivalent of this biological system. Materials with unique thermal properties will perform differently as individuals, but produce a larger system that is, hopefully, more environmentally sensitive and thermally efficient. A wall system is traditionally composed of specific elements for specific duties: insulation for thermal control, structural components, vapor barriers, ect. This project will take the thermal component of the wall and further divide it into individual co-operating parts. 3.4 Evaluation 3.3.1 Indoor temperature and energy efficiency This project addresses the selection of a model, reports the possible modes of translation, and analytically tests the energy efficiency of the resulting building system in terms of indoor temperatures. 32 Rascher et al. 2001 39 A built space and its occupants create a set of requirements or standards for the indoor environment; these requirements most always require an input of energy. Energy use in a building can be lighting, cooking, using electronic equipment, heating or cooling. Energy efficiency is the measure of how much energy is consumed in meeting those requirements. The plant system under consideration does not have access to auxiliary systems; therefore it is obliged to make the most of the available energy, which is exactly the definition of energy efficiency for this study. Conservation of resources in CAM plants is an example of efficiency in the sense that they have developed these adaptations that allow them to survive in a region un- habitable to most species. For a desert CAM plant, efficiency is seen in the amount of growth for a given availability of water, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and leaf temperature. In a 1986 paper by Park S. Nobel and Edgar Quero they conclude that for Agave lechuguilla, a common Chihuahuan Desert CAM plant, “its productivity is much greater than the average productivity for desert ecosystems”, and this is primarily due to its use of the CAM 33 . This and other desert cacti are able to effectively harness and store resources in such a way that allows them the most growth possible with very 33 Nobel and Quero 1986 40 limited water, high day-night temperature fluctuations, and intense incident solar radiation. In this study efficiency will be measured as the quantitative comparison between the amounts of energy used by the design case and by a reference case building in order to stay within a given range of comfortable indoor temperatures. However humidity and ventilation profiles are not generated so “thermal comfort” cannot be directly assessed. 3.4.2 Oscillatory behavior In his essay for Genetic Architecture, a book produced out of the masterʼs program in genetic architecture at the Spanish University Escola Tecnica Superior dʼArquitectura, Alfons Puigarnau discusses iconoclasms and the contemporary crisis of mimesis. He writes, What is the precondition, we may ask, for a possible mimesis between biomorphic micro-scale and macro-morphic Genetic Architecture? The condition should be literally postulated as follows: The behavior of the micro-scale elements coincides with the macro-scale aspect of buildings, and consequently we have a Genetic Architecture. 34 Keeping focus on biomimicry as an approach to progress passive building design the effectiveness of the translation process will be evaluated in addition to the thermal consequences of the translated strategies. 34 Escola Tecnica Superior dʼArquitectura 2003 41 As the periodic nature of environmental conditions requires an equally rhythmic response, the behavior of the built thermal system will compared to the natural model in terms of its rhythmic behavior. 3.4.3 SonoranSystems: Evaluation Tool As no known energy simulation computer program exists that has the ability to assess the specific biologically inspired systems that are propounded in this paper, an application has been developed that can provide a means for testing these systems. The program uses hourly climate data for a typical meteorological year in the given location and is detailed in its calculations of solar angles and thermodynamics. As noted, the program primarily outputs information regarding indoor temperatures and the associated need for auxiliary heating and cooling systems. Final interpretations and comparisons of the model building and a reference building will be done through analysis of graphical and tabular data regarding indoor temperatures and their relationship to a defined comfort zone. 42 Chapter 4: Selection and description of natural model 4.1 CAM species 4.1.1 Geographical distribution The Unites States Department of Agriculture divides the country into 11 agricultural climate zones primarily based on the average minimum temperatures in that region 35 . Figure 22: USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map The Sonoran desert covers zones 9 (minimum -6.6 to -1.2 degrees C) and 10 (minimum -1.1 to 4.4 degrees C). It is hot and dry with alkaline soil with has 35 Lyons 2007 43 periods of rain in the winter and summer 36 . This desert has diverse plant life but the hallmark of this region is the saguaro cactus 37 Figure 23: Saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) 4.1.2 Variations In addition to succulent plant species the Sonoran desert is also home to a variety of shrubs, trees, vines, and grasses. There are also a wide variety of 36 Shuler 1993 37 Weinstein 2004 44 types of succulents: for ground cover, treelike, shrubby, low-growing, tall, ect. 38 There are 20 families known to have CAM species: Figure 24: Families that have CAM species 39 38 Lyons 2007 39 Mauseth 1998 45 Examples of some CAM plants Figure 25: Agave americana Figure 26: Aeonium arboreum 46 Figure 27: Crassula ovata Figure 28: Senecio talinoides (blue, below) and Opuntia microdasys 47 4.2 Succulence In Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Analysis of an Ecological Adaptation, Manfred Kluge and Irwin Ting explain, The classification of a plant as succulent is based exclusively on morphological criteria, and does not implicate a special axonometric status. The single morphological criterion that classifies a plant as a succulent is the possession of voluminous water storing tissues resulting in an increase in volume relative to surface area. Like the CAM, succulence is an environmental adaptation to a hot, dry environment 40 . 4.2.1 Succulence and hydrology Succulent plants, being composed mostly of water, have an intensified relationship with the hydrologic cycle. Any precipitation that reaches the plant must be quickly collected and safely stored. The long-term storage of water requires that the plant have the ability to be selectively responsive in its gaseous exchange with the ambient air. Low humidity levels create a larger water-potential between the plant tissue and the air resulting in transpiration from the leaves of the plant when the stomatal pores are open enough. 40 Kluge and Ting 1978 48 Figure 29: Transpiration and the water cycle 41 This kind of responsiveness and connection to environmental hydrology is necessary in this particular climate and the limiting factor (water) becomes the operational regulator. 4.2.2 Succulence and metabolism In addition to participation in the exterior environmental hydrologic system, water plays myriad roles within the succulent CAM plant. In terms of the photosynthesis, water has two main roles: a re-agent in the chemical reactions of photosynthesis and a solute for various compounds. In CAM plants, water has an added metabolic purpose: it creates a storage compartment in the 41 USGS 2008 49 large water-filled vacuole for the night-accumulated malic acid 42 . Kluge and Ting proposed a metric for quantifying succulence such that is could be used an indicator of CAM called the mesophyll succulence (Sm) and it is equal to the ratio of water content to chlorophyll content at the cellular level. Subsequent work done by Fioretto and Alfani also studied the relationship between CAM and mesophyll succulence (figure 30). Figure 30: Relationship between the carbon isotope ratio (an indicator of CAM) and succulence of 15 species of senecio from anatomy of succulence In addition to physically providing for CAM, water status (the amount of water contained in the plant) is a central regulator of metabolic rhythms. Because stomatal resistance is acutely related to water status, the metabolic system has an elegant correlation with exterior environmental conditions and interior 42 Kluge and Ting 1978 50 conditions. Water status affects the stomatal resistance, and the stomatal resistance in turn affects the water status in the plant allowing for a balanced, responsive metabolic system. 4.2.3 Succulence and thermodynamics/morphology Another remarkable characteristic afforded by the succulent nature of cacti is its high specific heat capacity allows it to absorb or lose large amounts of heat without great fluctuation in its temperature 43 . When incorporated in a thermal system it provides de-amplified temperature fluctuations. This is especially helpful in a region where they are extreme diurnal temperature oscillations, further identifying water an essential, multifunctional material. As noted in the quote from Kluge and Ting (1978), the final indicator of succulence is morphological. The rounded morphology of succulent plants also has important thermodynamic consequences. The reduced surface area to volume ratio aids the plant in conserving water by decreasing surface area for transpiration. However this also decreases the surface area for conductive and convective heat loss. Ultimately the conservation of water is more important to the plant than increasing heat losses at the surface, as “the 43 Kluge and Ting 1978 51 average temperature of the succulents, however, is greater than non- succulents” 44 . 4.3 Energy metabolism 4.3.1 Photosynthesis Plants live and grow using energy from sunlight. Carbon dioxide from the air, water from the ground, and other minerals and nutrients from the soil are the primary ingredients in the sunlight-driven synthesis of sugars and starches. Availability of sunlight is an important factor in the life of a plant and the leaves act as the primary solar collectors. Simply, photosynthesis is the conversion of the energy from a photon of sunlight to the electronic excitation of a pigment, an ensuing charge separation across the cell membrane, and finally transfers to the stable chemical bonds of electron carrier compounds 45 . CO 2 enters the plant through the stomata, which are small operational pores on the leaves of the plant. The opening and closing of the stomata is influenced by many internal and external stimuli. When they become turgid, or have absorbed lots of water, they become taut and open, and when they are 44 Kluge and Ting 1978 45 Andrews 2005 52 dehydrated they shrivel and close 46 . This illustrates the dichotomy of the stomata: they must be open to collect carbon dioxide, but the openness depends of water levels within the plant. When the CO 2 enters the cell it dissolves in H 2 O forming carbonic acid. Water is collected by the root of the plant from the soil and transported up to the aerial parts of the plant through the potentials provided by the adhesive consequences of hydrogen bonding and the tension developed in the xylem due to more transpiration from leaves at the top of the plant 47 . Light energy, CO 2 , and H 2 O come together in the final step of photosynthesis: the formation of sugar in the Calvin-Benson cycle, which is known as the dark reactions of photosynthesis. Sugar acts as the storage of chemical energy, which can be later retrieved by the system through respiration. 46 Kluge and Ting 1978 47 Kluge and Ting 1978 53 Figure 31:Basic photosynthesis Optimal rates of photosynthesis are dependent on the availability of sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. However, the retention of water and carbon dioxide have an important relationship: the conservation of one may have a detrimental effect on the level of the other. This becomes a substantial issues in climates with low humidity and high temperatures: when stomata are open to take in carbon dioxide, large amounts of water are transpired, leaving the plant dehydrated. The rate of transpiration is a function of the size of the stomatal opening, air turbulence, and the difference is the water potential (the tendency for water to diffuse, evaporate, or be absorbed) between the air 54 inside the leaf and the outside air. It is the necessity to both intake carbon dioxide and prevent water loss that motivates the development of the Crassulacean acid metabolism. 4.3.2 The Crassulacean acid metabolism The CAM is an adapted photosynthetic system that mitigates this CO 2 / H 2 O collection dilemma. Instead of gathering CO 2 during the daytime, plants with the CAM system open their stomata only at nighttime when incident solar radiation and outdoor temperature are minimum. The CO 2 gathered at nighttime is stored as malic acid in the vacuole, and then during daytime hours when sunlight is available the malic acid is converted to polysaccharides or hexose sugars. Although this form of photosynthesis is not as energy efficient as standard photosynthesis, it allows for plant life to thrive in an environment where water is scarce and conditions are harsh. The CAM is primarily used to conserve water. This adaptation is contingent on two main features: 1) the stomatal rhythms and 2) the ability to store carbon dioxide as malic acid to be used in photosynthesis at a later time. The diurnal functioning of these two mechanisms are highly rhythmic and there exists a certain level of hysteresis in their daily fluctuations. 55 Figure 32: Crassulacean acid metabolism 48 There are many factors that influence the opening and closing of the stomatal pores, both internal and external, although the precise mechanism is still not fully understood. Internally, CO 2 and H 2 O levels act as triggers for the stomata. External stimuli include outdoor air temperature, soil moisture content, humidity, and atmospheric concentration. With so many regulating conditions, the rhythmic functioning of the stomata is quite complicated. Furthermore, in the absence of any environmental stimuli, it has been shown that there exists a natural biological clock. 48 Nungesser et al. 1984 56 4.3.3 Simplified CAM model The final and simple model of CAM that is used is based primarily in the work done by Blasius et al. in the paper Oscillatory model of the Crassulacean acid metabolism with a dynamic hysteresis switch. The CAM is modeled as 3 reactant pools (internal carbon dioxide concentration, malic acid concentration in the cytoplasm, and malic acid concentration in the vacuole) and 3 transfer functions describing the changes in those concentrations. Figure 33: Simulation model of Crassulacean acid metabolism 49 This simulation model of CAM is supported by the theoretical description of the metabolism proposed by Rascher et al. in the 2001 paper titled Spatiotemporal 49 Blasius et. al. 1999 57 variation of metabolism in a plant circadian rhythm: the biological clock as an assembly of coupled individual oscillators. They explain, The complex dynamic properties of biological timing in organisms remain a central enigma in biology despite the increasingly precise genetic characterization of oscillating units and their components…Here we show that the well known circadian rhythm of a metabolic cycle in a higher plant, namely the Crassulacean acid metabolism mode of photosynthesis, is expressed as dynamic patterns of independently initiated variations in photosynthetic efficiency of a single leaf” This explanation of CAM as an “assembly of coupled individual oscillators” is an important part of the description of the biological model for this project. 58 Chapter 5: Chemical to thermal systems The CAM plant, like any living organism, is very complex and the specifics about circadian rhythms are still not fully understood 50 . The picture of the CAM process described in chapter four is based on a simple analytical model. The pieces of this model are subjected to the biomimetic transformation process; applying the conceptual conversion factor produces a set of building materials. The conceptual nature of this conversion does not allow for us to say that “this biological component” equals “that building component”. It only allows us to say that the chemical behavior of the biological model can be compared to the subsequent building system and its thermodynamic behavior. 5.1 The conceptual conversion factor 5.1.1 Reactions and differentials CAM, like all organic processes, is driven by differential concentrations of specific chemical compounds. Stomatal resistance is controlled by the different amounts of H 2 O and CO 2 inside and outside the plant the reactions within the cytoplasm will precede at a rate proportional to the difference between concentrations of reactant and product, and transport across the 50 Rascher et al. 2001 59 tonoplast (the vacuoleʼs membrane) is a response to a differential in malate concentrations inside and outside the vacuole. This system of pools of compounds and their respective differences constitutes the energetics of the simplified CAM model used in this project. Thermodynamics and heat transfer also are defined by differentials. Direction and quantity of heat flow depends on temperatures of two adjacent materials. The likeness to a chemical system of reactions is quite apparent and it is this principle of differentials that links the chemical to the thermal system and serves as the heart of the biomimetic translation. 5.1.2 Transformation matrix The concept of differentials and transfer functions is the basis of the conversion factor used in translation: [natural][A]= [artificial] where, [A]= transformation matrix [A]= heat chemical compound ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ or amount of heat (temperature) concentration of chemical compound ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ applying this conversion factor to barrier, flow, and storage elements, 60 solvent membrane reactions / membranetransport ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ heat chemical compound ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ = thermal mass surface heat flow ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ In this case where the chemical system of the succulent CAM plant is being used in the development of an artificial thermal system, we use the conversion factor in three instances. 1) The storage of chemical compounds in solvent solutions in the cell is equated to the storage of heat in the thermal mass properties of materials 2) The dynamic properties of membranes is equated to dynamic surface building elements 3) Reaction or diffusion potential, which is based on differential concentrations, is equated to heat flow, which is based on temperature differentials. 5.2 Mimicking materials Using this conceptual conversion factor stomata are translated to thermochromic glazing, cytoplasm and vacuole to thermal mass, and chemical differentials to heat differentials. 61 5.2.1 Stomatal resistance and thermochromic glazing Stomata, as explained in more detail in chapter four, are small surface pores that are the mechanism that controls the exchange of gas between the plant and the ambient outside air. The definition of this mechanism includes: 1) Location on the surface, in direct contact with ambient air 2) Variable resistance based on environmental conditions The behavior of the stomata to includes: 1) Day-night schedule 2) Range of variabilities Applying the conceptual conversion factor to the CAM stomata, [R s ] heat chemical compound ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ = [τ s ] where R s = surface resistance of stomata as a function of time τ s = surface transmissivity of glazing as a function of time. 62 Thermochromic glazing is window glass that changes transmissivity depending on the temperature 51 . The transmissivity of the glazing does not have a governing equation; this behavior is only understood empirically. As CAM stomata assist the plant in finding a balance between influx of carbon dioxide and out flux of water, thermochromic glazing aids in limiting solar gains while allowing for conductive losses through the glazing from the indoor space; if there were no windows at all no solar radiation would directly enter the indoor space, but heat accumulated through conductive gains would have no effective path to exit. Thermochromic glazing is glass laminated with a “polymeric interlayer, which is doped with complexes of transition metals (Fe, Cu, Cr, Co etc.)” 52 . Not many building materials with variable properties exist and thermochromic glazing, along with photochromic glazing, are the most available and researched materials with adaptable thermodynamic properties. 5.2.2 Cytoplasm, vacuole and thermal mass The cytoplasm and vacuole are very important locations in the CAM pathway. Carbon dioxide that enters the plant through the stomata is converted to 51 Granqvist 1991 52 Arutjunjan et al. 2003 63 malate in the cytoplasm and then stored as malic acid in the vacuole. Furthermore, large amounts of water stored in the cell of succulent CAM plants make room for the nocturnal conversion and storage of malic acid in these locations 53 . The definition of these locations includes: 1) Location inside of plant, destination of chemicals that enter through stomata 2) Responsiveness to concentrations in each other 3) Large storage area made possible by water/succulence Behaviors of concentrations in the cytoplasm and vacuole include: 1) Out of phase with each other, but mutually responsive 2) Oscillating diurnal concentrations Applying the conceptual conversion to the cytoplasm and vacuole, concentration of compounds at specific locations ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ heat chemical compounds ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ = temperature at specific layer of building envelope ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ A building envelope comprised of layered thermal mass with a variable barrier layers provides the thermodynamic equivalent to the CAM pathway within the 53 Kluge and Ting 1978 64 cell. The different thicknesses and thermal properties of the materials will generate temperature profiles that are out of phase with each other while responding to adjacent material temperatures. The thermal mass materials used are water, concrete, and methylmethacrylate (mmc), which will all be discussed in detail in the next chapter. Figure 34: Biomimetic comparison of systems 65 Chapter 6: SonoranSystems To the authorʼs best knowledge, existing software does not have the ability to thermodynamically model the material assemblies under consideration including water-concrete walls, water-mmc-water walls and water-mmc- concrete walls. Nor does any existing software have the ability to output temperature profiles for nodes within a wall section. In order to test the building systems that are the product of this biomimetic investigation, the author created a Windows based application, SonoranSystems. The analogical model of CAM is based on a series of concentration nodes: the thermodynamic model of SonoranSystems is a system of calculated floating- point temperature nodes. The application uses TMY3 climate data and ultimately outputs temperature profiles for the designed case and a reference case. Source code with notes can be found in appendix A. This chapter will present in detail the equations, algorithms, and material properties used in SonoranSystems. 66 Nomenclature used in this chapter: c p = heat capacity[kJkg −1 K −1 ] k =thermal conductivity[Wm −1 K −1 ] ρ= density[kgm −3 ] t =thickness[m] A= area[m 2 ] V = volume[m 3 ] τ =transmissivity α = absorptivity ε = emissivity h= convectioncoefficient w= widthof building[m] l =lengthof building[m] T =temperature[ o C] Q= conductionheat flow[W] 6.1 Materials and properties 6.1.1 Thermochromic glazing To model the varying transmissivity of the thermochromic glazing, empirical data is used because there is no equation available that calculates transmissivity from temperature. 67 Figure 35: Thermochromic glazing at two different transmissivities The data employed here to model the behavior of the thermochromic glazing comes from the paper Smart thermochromic glazing for energy saving window applications (Arutjunjan et. al., 2005) in which the authors outline the energy savings of a thermochromic laminated glazing (TLG). They present the spectral transmittance of the TLG for a range of temperatures (figure 35) 54 . This graph is interpolated and extrapolated and the data is used in SonoranSystems; this table can be found in appendix B. 54 Arutjunjan et al. 2005 68 Figure 36: Spectral transmittance of TLG The temperature dependent transmissivity of the glazing varies with wavelength, so the incoming solar radiation must be broken into wavelengths and each wavelengthʼs fraction of the total incoming solar radiation. As outlined in ASTM E 971-88, the transmittance of the glazing is equal to the weighted average of the transmittance at each wavelength: τ TLG = τ(λ i )E λi V λi Δλ i=1 N ∑ E λi V λi i=1 N ∑ where E λi = terrestrial direct normal solar spectral irradiance V λi = phototropic spectral luminous efficiency function 69 N = number of wavelengths for which E λi is known. Data for each wavelength is taken from ASTM G 173-03 (E λi ) and ASTM E 971-88 (V λi ) and these values along with values from Arutjunjan et. al., (τ λ ) can be found in appendix B. The tranmissivity of the outer TLG layer is calculated each hour as a function of the outside surface temperature. 6.1.2 Water and concrete Water has been included in this project predominantly for its biomimetic correspondence to the CAM pathway, but also for the larger role it plays at all scales of the biological system. Water as a building material has been academically investigated, but has failed to have a strong presence in contemporary building systems. In addition to the conventional water-walls, water can be integrated into the building envelope via rainwater storage tanks. Values for water are taken from Dincer and Rosen (2002): c p,water = 4.182 kJkg −1 K −1 ρ water = 988 kgm −3 k water = 0.6034Wm −1 K −1 Concrete is a ubiquitous building material that allows for complex forms, tough structures, and substantial thermal mass. Although there are many varieties of 70 concrete mixtures having somewhat different physical properties the following values are used for this project, taken from Dincer and Rosen (2002): c p,concrete = 0.88 kJkg −1 K −1 ρ concrete = 2300 kgm −3 k concrete =1.4Wm −1 K −1 6.1.3 Methylmethacrylate As described in Transwall Versus Trombe Wall: Relative Performance Studies (Nayak, 1986) a transwall is comprised of two layers of water separated by a piece of semi-transparent material, which in this case is methylmethacrylate (mmc). This material was integrated into the project as an example of a material with a more substantial thermal resistance, and allows for the investigation of the consequences of the placement of thermal resistance in relation to thermal mass. 71 Figure 37: Transwall MMC material properties from Nayak 1986: c p,mmc =1.46kJkg −1 K −1 ρ mmc =1204 kgm −3 k mmc =1.729Wm −1 K −1 6.2 Thermal model TMY3 climate data is taken from 30 years of data, and for each month the most typical of all years is included in the data set. The quantities taken from this dataset are direct normal radiation and dry bulb temperature although there are many other climatological quantities available. 72 6.2.1 Cities and climate data The cities in the Sonoran Desert for which TMY3 data is available are Arizona TMY3# Latitude [degrees] Longitude [degrees] Elevation [ft] 722748 Casa Grande (AWOS) 32.95 111.767 446 722745 Davis Monthan AFB 32.167 110.883 809 722784 Deer Valley/Phoenix 33.683 112.083 450 722785 Luke AFB 33.55 112.367 331 722780 Phoenix Sky Harbor Intl A 33.45 111.983 337 723723 Prescott Love Field 34.65 112.417 1537 722789 Scottsdale Muni 33.617 111.917 460 722740 Tucson Intl A 32.133 110.95 777 722800 Yuma Intl A 32.667 114.6 63 Table 1: Arizona cities in Sonoran desert with available TMY3 data California TMY3# Latitude [degrees] Longitude [degrees] Elevation [ft] 747188 Blythe 33.617 114.717 119 747185 Imperial 32.833 115.583 -17 722868 Palm Springs Int A 33.833 116.5 145 747187 Palm Spring Thermal A 33.633 116.167 -34 Table 2: California cities in the Sonoran desert with available TMY3 data 73 Figure 38: Cities in database of TMY3 climate files For each of these cities, hourly dry bulb temperature and direct normal radiation is taken from the weather file. These 8760 (365 x 24) data points and the exact latitude and longitude associated with each location are used as inputs in SonoranSystems. Variables such as total cloud cover, wind speed, relative humidity, and dew point temperature could easily be integrated into the model if the thermodynamic model is ever expanded. 6.2.2 Incident solar radiation In order to find the orthogonal component of the incoming direct normal radiation, a series of equations are used to calculate solar angles for each hour of every day. These equations are taken from ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals 2005. 74 Figure 39: Solar angles 55 d = 23.45sin(J + 284) 360 365 AST = et 60 +LST +(LSM −LON)/15 H =15 AST −12 sinβ = cos(LAT)cos(d)cos(H)+sin(LAT)sin(d) cosφ = sinβsin(LAT)−sin(d) cosβcos(LAT) For a horizontal surface: cosθ H = sinβ For a south facing vertical surface: cosθ V = cosβcosφ 55 pysolar 2009 75 where, AST = apparent solar time[hours] LST =local standard time[hours] et = equationof time[hours] d = declinationangle[degrees] LSM =local standard meridian [degrees] LON =longitude[degrees] LAT =latitude[degrees] J = Julian Days [days] 6.2.3 Thermodynamics The system of equations and algorithms used to assemble the thermal model in SonoranSystems is fairly detailed. However the program is meant to provide comparative results that can be used in drawing conclusions about relative thermal performance of a biomimetic system, not about predicting exact thermal conditions. The program is designed to allow a user to virtually construct a south facing wall system. There can be from 1 to 3 layers, and the materials available are water, concrete, and mmc. For a three-layer system the following set of equations is used to calculate the heat flows through the wall. For a one- or two-layer system, the same equations would be used with less temperature nodes within the wall. 76 T os(i) =T os(i−1) + Q out(i−1) −Q os(i−1) ( ) / h out A+ 1 4 m 1 c 1 ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ T 1(i) =T 1(i−1) + Q os(i−1) −Q 1(i−1) ( ) / 3 4 m 1 c 1 ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ T 2(i) =T 2(i−1) + Q 1(i−1) −Q 2(i−1) ( ) / m 2 c 2 ( ) T 3(i) =T 3(i−1) + Q 2(i−1) −Q is(i−1) ( ) / 3 4 m 3 c 3 ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ T is(i) =T is(i−1) + Q is(i−1) −Q in(i−1) ( ) / h in A+ 1 4 m 3 c 3 ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ Q out(i) = A U glaze T out(i−1) −T os(i−1) ( ) +τ (i−1) cosθ V I i +εσ T sky(i) 4 −T os(i−1) 2 ( ) ⎡ ⎣ ⎤ ⎦ Q os(i) = 2k 1 t 1 A T out(i−1) −T 1(i−1) ( ) Q is(i) = 2k 3 t 3 A T 3(i−1) −T is(i−1) ( ) Q in(i) = h in A T is(i−1) −T in(i−1) ( ) 77 Figure 40: Diagram of thermodynamic building modeled in SonoranSystems 78 For the north, east, and west walls, the roof, and one standard-glazed south facing window the following thermodynamic values are used: U wall = 0.147Wm −2 K −1 U roof = 0.139Wm −2 K −1 U glaze = 3.92Wm −2 K −1 Indoor temperature is calculated as the sum of the heat flows into the space from the walls and the roof: T in(i) =T in(i−1) + Q in(i−1) +Q wall(i−1) +Q roof (i−1) ( ) /(mc in ) The output of these algorithms is hourly indoor temperature, which will be plotted against the ambient out door dry bulb temperature, the temperature of each material layer, and the indoor temperature of a reference case. The building is modeled to have glazing on the south façade equal to 5% of the façade area, with standard double pane (not thermochromic) glazing. 6.3 Baselines For this project results generated in SonoranSystems are compared to a thermal preformance baseline case and a biological behavior baseline case. 79 6.3.1 Reference case The reference case has all the same dimensions and climate conditions as the user defined case. The main difference is that all walls, including the south wall, have the same thermodynamic properties as the north, east, and west walls have in the design case. The roof conditions are identical in both cases, and like the design case there is a window on the south wall equal to 5% of the south façade area. The indoor temperature of this reference case will provide a baseline in determining relative thermal performance of the biomimetic case. This temperature profile provides the baseline for determining thermal efficiency of the designed system. 6.3.2 CAM functions Using the simplified model from Blasius et al (1999) the metabolic functioning can be plotted as a function of temperature, light, and external carbon dioxide levels. The variables w, x, y, and z represent the concentration of carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm, the malate concentration in the cytoplasm, the malate concentration in the vacuole, and the tonoplast order, respectively. The tonoplast is the membrane of the vacuole and the tonoplast order is a value describing the permeability of the membrane at time t. The equations for this CAM model are 80 u 1 = cx− y /z u 2 = w /x− x u 3 = c J C ext (t)−w ( ) exp(αw) − L(t)w+c R L k L(t)+ L k ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ w Γ w+w Γ ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ε  w = −u 2 +u 3 ε  x = −u 1 +u 2  y =u 1 υ z = g(z,T)− y g(z,T)= φ(z,T)−φ o λ where, c= 5.5 c J =1 c R =1 C ext (t)= external carbon dioxide L(t)= light α =1.5 L k = 0.5 w Γ = 0.1 ε = 0.001 υ = 0.35 λ = 7 The values of these constants were taken from the paper and were not adjusted. The mathematics of the above system of equations are simple except for the equation in which the function φ(z,T ) is introduced. The variable 81 φ represents the mean area per lipid molecule of the tonoplast and for the calculation of this function the paper Thermodynamics and energetics of the tonoplast membrane operating as a hysteresis switch in an oscillatory model of the Crassulacean acid metabolism by Neff et al. (1998) is referenced. There we find another set of equations: E(cosϑ)=−NΓcosϑ−NΛ z 1 2 (3cos 2 ϑ−1) where E(cosϑ) is the energy of one lipid chain and φ(z,T)= 1 Nγb cosϑ cosϑ = cosϑ ⋅exp −E(cosϑ) kT ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ −1 1 ∫ dcosϑ exp −E(cosϑ) kT ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ −1 1 ∫ z = 1 2 3 cos 2 ϑ ⋅exp −E(cosϑ) kT ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ −1 1 ∫ dcosϑ exp −E(cosϑ) kT ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ −1 1 ∫ ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ where N,Γ,Λ,γ ,b and k are constants and T is temperature. The second two equations must be solved simultaneously to find the two unknowns z and Γ for a given temperature T . For a more detailed explanation of the variables, constants and equations please see Neff et al. 82 (1998), in which “a numeric algorithm was invented to determine these variables [ z and Γ ].” These equations can be used to calculate the three concentrations in the CAM cell; dependent on the same temperatures used as input in the building envelope thermodynamic model, and these hourly concentration profiles would be plotted against the indoor temperature profiles. The oscillations of the temperatures of the wall section would be compared to the oscillations of the concentrations in terms of wave function metrics (phase, relative amplitude, etc.). Unfortunately, the numerical methods required for the calculations presented by Blasius et al. (1999) and Neff et al. (1998) as described above are outside of the scope of this project and after many unsuccessful attempts to solve these equations, the numeric CAM model was not included in SonoranSystems. The few graphs generated and presented by Blasius et al. are included as a reference of CAM behavior in addition to empirical graphs from Kluge and Ting (1978), but conclusions will be less meaningful as those graphs do not use comparable climate data. However, there are some characteristics of the CAM functions that can be derived from empirical and theoretical CAM profiles that can serve as baseline CAM behaviors. 83 Figure 41: Concentration of carbon dioxide in the cytoplasm (solid line) and malate concentration in the vacuole (dashed line) from Blasius et al. 1999 Figure 40 is an output of the simulation explained above showing the diurnal fluctuations of carbon dioxide uptake (solid line) and malic acid concentration in the vacuole (dashed line). The periods of both concentration profiles is 24 hours and are roughly 12 hours out of phase with each other. The malic acid in the vacuole peaks at the end of the dark period and is at a minimum value at the end of the light period. Conversely, the CO 2 uptake is minimum during the light period and maximum during the dark period; this behavior coincides with the daily fluctuations of the stomatal resistance: 84 Figure 42: Daily fluctuation of stomatal resistance of Opuntia basilaris from Kluge and Ting (1978) The profile shown in figure 41 is empirical data showing the maximum stomatal resistance to be 70 s/cm and the minimum to be 4 s/cm. Unlike the curves in figure 40, here the maximum and minimums are more plateaus than peaks with steep drops and rises at the beginning and end of the light period. 85 Figure 43: Malic acid concentration in the vacuole of Kalanchoe tubiflora from Kluge and Ting (1978) Figure 42 shows empirical data of the malic acid concentration in the vacuole and highly resembles the simulated theoretical curve in figure 40 peaking at the end of the night and dropping throughout the day. 6.4 Inputs and Outputs 6.4.1 Inputs The available input variables for SonoranSystems are 1. time period (for example, July) 2. location (for example, Yuma, Arizona) 3. building dimensions (length and width in meters) 4. and wall assembly (from 1-3 layers as discussed previously) 86 Figure 44: SonoranSystems input screen For the time period the user can select a month or choose to input a custom time period in hours of the year. To assemble a wall section the user inputs a thickness, highlights a material a clicks the orange “add layer” button. The material and thickness added will be displayed. Materials layers must be added sequentially beginning with the outermost layer. The user can clear the assembly by clicking the brown “clear” button. If tabular data is required in addition to a temperature plot the user must select the type of assembly from the list of material combinations. Once all variables are specified, hitting the red “next” button will generate the outputs both in the table on the input screen and in temperature profiles on an output screen. SonoranSystem has two types of outputs: temperature profiles and tabular data. For the analysis of rhythmic behaviors, the graphical outputs are most useful and for quantifying efficiency the tabular data is most useful. A more 87 extensive amount of graphical and tabular output data can be found in appendix C. 6.4.1 Heating and cooling zone areas. The metric used in the outputs of SonoranSystems is similar to a heating or cooling degree-day, using indoor temperatures and a comfort zone instead of weather data and a reference temperature. This metric is called the heating zone area and the cooling zone area (units are [degrees Celsius-days]). In the simulation the comfort zone is set to 20-25 degrees Celsius, but this range can be adjusted if necessary. Figure 45: Heating and cooling zone areas 6.3.1 Temperature profiles To generate a temperature profile the user inputs the information regarding location, building dimensions, and wall construction. The program will produce 88 a graph of a number of temperatures for the time period indicated on the input screen. Figure 46: SonoranSystems output screen This graph includes ambient outdoor temperatures (blue), temperatures at each layer of the wall (green, orange), indoor air temperature (red), and the indoor air temperature of the reference case (salmon), all in Celsius. At the top of the output screen the user inputs are listed along with the heating and cooling zone area values and a diagram of the type of wall section being simulated. 6.3.2 Data tables In order to test a large amount of samples at once and quantitatively compare their thermal efficiencies, the program also outputs a table of heating and cooling zone area values for a set of predefined assemblies. 21 different one- 89 layer assemblies, 66 two-layer assemblies, and 231 three-layer assemblies are tested. Figure 47: Input screen with filled output data in data table 90 Chapter 7: Results and discussion 7.1 Simulation constants 7.1.1 Inputs for simulation All variables other than the assembly information have been set constant in order to isolate the consequences of the particular assembly. The length and width of the building are set to 5m and 3m, respectively, and the height of the building is 3m. The length and width can be adjusted for any simulation, however the effects of the overall building dimensions are not studied in this project. The location of the building, for this example, is set at Yuma, Arizona. Once data is complied for this location, other cities can be tested for comparison. The time period for the quantitative analysis of thermal efficiency is the full year (8760 hours) to include all seasonal climate conditions. For the given location, time period, and dimensions the program will calculate temperatures for the wall assembly that is defined by the user. 91 Figure 48: Yuma dry bulb temperature TMY3 data 7.1.2 Reference case The thermal efficiency of each wall system are compared to each other and to the thermodynamics of the reference case. For a given location, building dimensions, and time period the heating and cooling zone area of the reference case building will not change: the reference building has a constant building envelope. The most apparent difference between the reference case temperature profile and the designed case profile is the amplitude of the diurnal temperature fluctuations: the daytime highs are higher, and the nighttime lows are lower. This de-amplification of indoor temperatures of the designed case can be primarily attributed to its higher thermal mass than the reference case. However the increased efficiency and decreased amplitudes of the designed case are a result of a combination of factors that will be further investigated later in this chapter. 92 As explained above, a certain set of constants is taken for the simulation of a set of wall assemblies. The reference case 3m x 5m building set in Yuma is simulated hourly for a typical meteorological year resulting in the following values: heating zone area for the year = 530.71 [degree-day] cooling zone area for the year = 1119.77 [degree-day] These values are the numeric base for comparison for the wall assemblies tested using the same constants as inputs. 7.2 Types of assemblies 7.2.1 One layer The simulated assemblies that consist of only one material include a water wall and a concrete wall. Assemblies of this type, a south facing thermal mass material inside of glazing, is known as a trombe wall. For the one layer wall system 21 different thicknesses of the mass layer were simulated from 10cm to 60cm (however a typical trombe wall is 10cm to 41cm thick 56 . For a complete list of wall sections simulated see appendix C. 56 Torcellini and Pless 2004 93 For the wall section comprised of only one material heating and cooling zone areas are plotted against the thickness (which is proportional to thermal mass) of each wall assembly. Water Figure 49: Water wall (tubes) behind south facing glazing in Albuquerque Figure 50: Heating and cooling zone area vs. thickness of water wall For the water wall, the efficiency of the wall increases with the thickness of the wall as a result of increasing thermal mass and decreasing thermal conductivity. It is expected that the heating and cooling zone areas would 94 continue to drop with larger thicknesses however 60cm was the largest thickness simulated. Figure 51: 60cm water wall, August in Yuma The diurnal fluctuations of the temperature of the water (green) in the water wall are minimal in both the heating and cooling case. The most efficient water wall tested (60cm) has the least wall temperature amplitude of the water wall samples. The biological model used in this project includes the cooperation of individual parts of the system in order to achieve greater productivity, a principle that not exemplified in a one-material wall assembly. Furthermore, the most efficient water-wall has the least resemblance to the natural model because responds most sucessfully to the most damped oscillations. 95 Concrete Figure 52: Concrete trombe walls 57 Figure 53: Heating and cooling zone area vs. thickness of concrete wall The concrete wall did not perform as well as the water wall however the behavior was similar; the efficiency of the concrete wall increases with increasing thickness as a result of increased thermal mass and decreased thermal conductivity. 57 Torcellini and Pless 2004 96 Figure 54: 60cm concrete wall, August in Yuma The concrete wall temperature profile (green) has slightly more diurnal oscillations of wall temperatures than the water wall because it has a lower specific heat capacity. However this one material wall system also has comparatively flat wall temperature oscillations that do not correlate with the biological oscillations of the natural model. Both the concrete and water wall preformed much better than the reference case at all thickness but failed to exhibit oscillatory behaviors akin to the natural system. 7.2.2 Two layers Two-layer wall assemblies simulated include water-concrete and water-mmc. The 65 different combinations of thicknesses simulated for these two-layer wall systems can be found in appendix C. 97 Analyzing the thermal efficiency of a wall system with two moving variables (the thicknesses of the two layers) is not as straight forward as the water and concrete walls, but can also make clear more subtle trends related to distribution of thermal mass and the relationships between the two layers. Water-concrete For the water-concrete two-layer system the heating and cooling zone areas were plotted against the ratio of the thickness of the water layer to the thickness of the total wall assembly at 9 different total thicknesses: Figure 55: Heating and cooling zone area vs. water content of water-concrete wall The water- concrete wall plots show that a given total thickness there is a combination of water and concrete that is most efficient and it is generally around 50% water- 50% concrete. However the thinnest and thickest assemblies have a slightly different optimum ratio. 98 An important characteristic of the water-concrete wall is the relationship between the thicknesses of the two layers at a single total thickness. water [m] concrete [m] total [m] hza cza 0.2500 0.2500 0.5000 458.02 1051.63 0.2000 0.3000 0.5000 458.23 1052.17 0.3500 0.1500 0.5000 458.42 1051.42 0.3750 0.1250 0.5000 458.91 1051.81 0.1125 0.3875 0.5000 458.93 1053.45 0.3875 0.1125 0.5000 459.26 1052.14 0.4000 0.1000 0.5000 459.71 1052.55 Table 3: 50cm water-concrete wall distributions of materials Figure 56: 35cm water (green)- 15cm concrete (orange), August in Yuma 99 Water- concrete Most efficient assembly Heating za February 12-13 42.5cm water (green)- 17.5cm concrete (orange) Cooling za August 3-4 43.75cm water (green)- 16.25cm concrete (orange) Figure 57: 2 day analysis of temperature profile for water-concrete wall 100 Water-mmc The same set of plots were generated for a water-mmc two-layer wall system: Figure 58: Heating and cooling zone area vs. water content of water-mmc wall For the water-mmc wall assembly the heating and cooling zone areas increases with water content at each total thickness. Again, like in the water- concrete wall, the relationship between the thicknesses of each layer plays an important role in the thermal behavior of the assembly. water [m] mmc [m] total [m] hza cza 0.1250 0.4250 0.5500 456.14 1049.75 0.1375 0.4125 0.5500 456.50 1050.08 0.1500 0.4000 0.5500 456.84 1050.39 0.4000 0.1500 0.5500 460.21 1052.70 0.4125 0.1375 0.5500 460.36 1052.82 0.4250 0.1250 0.5500 460.57 1053.00 Table 4: 55cm water-mmc wall distributions of materials 101 Figure 59: 11.25cm water (green)- 38.75cm mmc (orange), August in Yuma 102 Water-mmc best Heating za February 12-13 10cm water (green)- 47.5cm mmc (orange) Cooling za August 3-4 10cm water (green)- 47.5cm mmc (orange) Figure 60: 2 day analysis of temperature profile for water-mmc wall 103 For the water-concrete and water-mmc walls the temperatures of the wall materials did not exhibit very much oscillation and the indoor temperature had substantially reduced amplitude compared to the reference case. 7.2.3 Three layers There three-layer wall system tested was the water-mmc-water wall. The combinations of thicknesses simulated for this assembly can also be found in appendix C. Water-mmc-water For the three layer system consisting of water, mmc, and water (in that order), the variables that are examined are total water content, water content in the outer layer (layer 1), mmc content (layer 2), and water content in the inner layer (layer 3). These are plotted against the heating and cooling zone areas as a percentage of the base case values: 104 Figure 61: Heating zone area % of base case, total thickness = 55cm Figure 62: Cooling zone area % of base case, total thickness = 55cm For the water-mmc-water wall construction the location of the water had a greater effect on efficiency than the total water content or total thermal mass of the wall. Looking at the relationships between the thickness of each layer at a 105 constant total thickness, the plots show that the most influential component is the percent of the total water content which is in the inner layer, closest to the indoor space. Subsequently, assemblies with equal distribution of water in the first and third layers preformed less well, and assemblies with a majority of the total water content in the outer layer did the worst in terms of efficiency. This behavior is not surprising as the inner layer is the one that is directly coupled with the indoor temperature, thus having the most control of the indoor temperature. These results are important as they demonstrate that the thermal performance of a wall can be affected more by the specific construction section than by the overall thermal mass. This increased efficiency as a result of increased complexity is meaningful to the biomimetic analysis of the thermal performance of the assemblies. Figure 63: 10cm water- 15cm mmc- 35cm water, August in Yuma Water- mmc- best 106 water Heating za February 12-13 10cm water (green)- 15cm mmc (orange)- 35cm water (brown) Cooling za August 3-4 10cm water (green)- 15cm mmc (orange)- 35cm water (brown) Figure 64: 2d day analysis of temperature profile for water-mmc-water wall The water-mmc-wall also has minimal oscillations of the wall temperatures, except for the outer layer, which exhibits temperature fluctuations that are greater than any seen in all the assemblies tested. This is because this layer is outside of the mmc layer that is providing insulation. 107 7.3 Thermal efficiency 7.3.1 Thermal mass Thermal mass, along with thermal conductivity, is a major factor in the thermodynamics of a building system. Looking at the simulated data not by assembly type but by total thickness, heating and cooling zone areas are plotted against thermal mass. For the materials used there is a range of specific heat capacities with water providing the most thermal mass per unit thickness: heat capacity [kJ/(kgC)] concrete 880 mmc 1460 water 4184 Table 5: Heat capacities of materials 108 Figure 65: Heating zone area and thermal mass, all assemblies Figure 66: Cooling zone area and thermal mass all assemblies As expected, the higher efficiency points (low heating and cooling d-d) have the thermal masses on the high end of the range. However each assembly types follows a different trend. 109 7.3.2 Thermal conductivity Thermal conductivity of the wall assembly must also be looked at to determine how it affects the heating and cooling performance of these wall assemblies. Out of the materials used in the assemblies there is a range of conductivities with mmc as the least conductive: thermal conductivity [kW/(mC)] mmc 0.1729 water 0.6034 concrete 1.4 Table 6: Thermal conductivities of materials Figure 67: Heating area and thermal conductivity, all assemblies 110 Figure 68: Cooling zone area and thermal conductivity, all assemblies These two plots show most clearly the correlation between thickness and thermal conductivity. Generally, the heating and cooling zone areas increase with increasing conductivities, which is the argument for the super-insulation of buildings in extreme climates like the Sonora Desert. 7.3.4 Summary As discussed in previous chapters the biological system was essentially defined as a system with individual parts working together as a larger system, dynamically responding to each other and to environmental conditions. The 10cm water- 15cm mmc- 35cm water wall assembly does not have the highest thermal mass (60cm water wall does) nor does it have the lowest thermal conductivity (60cm mmc does) but it does have the lowest heating and cooling 111 zone area values of all the assemblies tested. It is the integration of the thermal mass of water and conductivity of mmc that precipitates the most efficient assembly. In other words the combination of two individual oscillators produces a more efficient assembly. 112 Chapter 8: Conclusions 8.1 Biomimicry and efficiency 8.1.1 Thermochromic glazing The thermochromic glazing is plotted on the right-hand secondary axis of the output graph in SonoranSystems. For the colder months the transmissivity of the glazing is at its maximum value. During the hotter months the diurnal undulation of the transmissivity is more prevalent. Figure 69: 10cm water- 15cm mmc- 35cm water wall, transmissivity is orange line along the top of the graph For the month of August the transmissivity has an obvious pattern: resistance is highest during the daytime when temperatures are the highest and drops during the cooler nighttime hours. 113 Figure 70: 10cm water- 15cm mmc- 35cm water, August, diurnal fluctuation of transmissivity of the TLG This behavior coincides with the behavior of the stomata of the natural model on a diurnal scale, however the natural model does not vary as drastically on a seasonal scale. Furthermore, nighttime transmissivities are trivial as there is no incoming solar radiation: the variability of the TLG is most important seasonally, not diurnally. 8.1.2 Spatial and temporal behavior Location and proximity of parts in the cell is intrinsically related to performance and efficiency. The one-layer wall system is not a spatial analogy to the architecture of the CAM pathway. It acts as a single oscillator coupled with only outdoor and indoor temperatures not other wall materials. Both the water wall and the concrete wall benefited from minimal diurnal oscillation, which is 114 not the behavior of the biomimetic system that is being primarily defined by its diurnal fluctuations. The two-layer wall system most literally resembles that physical layout of the natural model: the two wall materials representing the two concentrations in the cytoplasm and the indoor space representing the concentration in the vacuole. The two-layer wall systems begin to illustrate the importance of the distribution of materials in the wall. Complexity is an important aspect of natural systems and the three-layer wall system is the most complex type of assembly tested, Furthermore, the fact that the water-mmc-water wall has a clear correlation between the arrangement of the layers and the effectiveness of the wall evokes the spatial conditions of the biological system where proximity and specific architecture is a necessary aspect of the chemical system. It is the three-layer wall system in which efficiency correlates with a certain degree of diurnal temperature oscillation for the entire year. 8.2 Discussion on simulation results 8.2.1 Thermal performance The most efficient assembly tested (10cm water- 15cm mmc- 35cm water) had both the lowest heating (429.34 hza) and cooling (1027.18 cza) area values. 115 As Reyner Banham recognizes in The Architecture of the Well-tempered Environment, Sophistication is not necessarily the product of highly developed machinery, nor intensive capital investment. It is more a way of using available equipment and resources with cunning and intelligence: the snow-domed igloo of the Eskimo remains a paragon of environmental ingenuity and geometrical sophistication. 58 Compared to the reference case the heating zone area was reduced by 19% and the cooling zone area was reduced by 8% making this assembly, like most others tested, more useful for cooling purposes, which is important for the Sonoran desert. It is known that thermal mass inside of an insulating layer is an effective strategy for thermal control in desert regions. The fact that it was a conclusion of this project both further proves the effectiveness of that strategy and somewhat supports the validity of the simulations in this project. 8.2.2 Materiality Results show that it is the specific integration of thermal mass and thermal conductivity that provide the most thermal regulation. The assembly with the materials arranged such that the bulk of the thermal mass is inside of the insulating material preformed better than the equivalent wall comprised of all 58 Banham 1984 116 mmc or of water. This simple result is not a surprise but when viewed as a product of a biomimetic translation acts as evidence that complexity can lead to better performance. Moreover, the level of complexity must be accompanied by specific physical arrangement of parts based on knowledge of their temporal characteristics. The thermochromic glazing had the most similarity to its natural counterpart when compared to the behaviors of the other materials investigated in this project. Like the stomata the thermochromic glazing is most resistant during the warmer daytime hours and is most transmissive at nighttime. However, the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the stomata (about 65%) is much greater than the difference between the maximum and minimum of the thermochromic glazing (less than 5%). An increased range of transmissivities may lead to enhanced thermal oscillations. Furthermore, because the important variable for thermochromic glazing, direct radiant gain, is not an issue at nighttime the biomimetic correspondence becomes more ambiguous. The innovation investigated in this project was not new materials but new ways of using existing materials. However the increased thermal efficiency provided by these wall systems engender an interest in biomimetic material innovation and whether an increased degree of biomimicry via materials 117 engineered to perform more like the natural system will lead to further increased efficiency levels. 8.2.3 Oscillatory behavior The oscillatory behavior of the wall assemblies was minimal and thus difficult to compare to the behavior of the natural model. Furthermore the ability to make quantitative analyses of the natural and built oscillations was not built into the program. More work needs to be done in this area in order to draw conclusions about the relationship between the chemical and thermal diurnal oscillations. 8.3 Translating nature 8.3.1 Conversion factors and the biomimetic leap In an attempt to relate the natural model to the artificial product this project used the concept of differential transfer functions to equate the two systems. Although it is true that thermal and chemical reactions are fueled by differential amounts of chemicals or heat, there are probably more differences than similarities between these systems. The most beneficial aspect of approaching a project via biomimetics, however literal the leap between the two realms, is the level of efficiency and 118 sustainability that becomes the basis of comparison for the designed building system. 8.3.2 Defining the problem and the solution The biomimetic translation in this project was also hindered by the boundaries set for the product of the biomimetic translation; the biological system had to be related to existing materials and systems. This boundary was chosen to limit the scope of the project however pre-defining the product of the biomimetic translation should be avoided, allowing for more innovation and more confluence between the natural and built system. 119 Chapter 9: Future work on building simulation and biomimicry 9.1 SonoranSystems 9.1.1 Inputs SonoranSystems was created to serve a very specific purpose for a specific user (the author). The expansion of the program to serve a wider range of building situations and users would allow for a more powerful and useful program and for the distribution to others who may want to use it. The development of the program should begin with the addition of more user inputs including complex building geometries, material and glazing properties, shading, infiltration, ventilation, foundation and roof properties, and shading from adjacent landscaping or buildings. Furthermore the list of locations can be easily expanded by adding the TMY3 information to the database, or by providing a subroutine that can load any TMY3 files. A main point of this project was the connection between efficiency or performance and complexity of the system. The most apparent future work is the testing of wall systems beyond three layers and this capability must be integrated into the program. User inputs of the wall section should be open to any material thermal properties and unlimited number of materials. 120 Other wall systems should also be simulated from the materials currently available in the program and with ones that arenʼt. Based on the results of the assemblies that were simulated in this project some other important assemblies to simulate are be concrete- water and mmc-water in order test to the consequences of a reversed material arrangement of the layered system. Consequentially, the visual BASIC code must be updated to incorporate any new inputs. Most equations can be found in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals and incorporated into the program. Visual Basic 2008: programmerʼs reference (Stephens, 2008) and Visual Basic and Visual Basic .Net for Scientists and Engineers (Frenz, 2008) were found to be very helpful visual BASIC programming guides. 9.1.2 Phase change material One of the original material investigations of this project was of phase change material wallboard (pcm). 121 Figure 71: How phase change materials work 59 In the last phases of the programming the pcm continued to produce errors and was unfortunately omitted from the program. This material is important to the biomimetic project as it has elevated complexity capable of absorbing an enormous amount of heat within its range of phase change temperatures and using it to change its chemical composition instead of increasing its temperature. This temperature dependent heat storage can be an important building equivalent in the assembly of a biomimetic wall system. Whereas concrete or water provides thermal mass via their high specific heat capacities, a phase change material stores thermal energy during a phase change from a lower to higher energy state (solid to liquid). 59 BASF 2005 122 The thermodynamic model of a PCM to be used in SonoranSystems is taken from Jason Barbour and Douglas Hittleʼs 2006 paper Modeling phase change materials with conduction transfer functions for passive solar applications. Figure 72: Modeling pcm heat capacity This method uses two values of heat capacity for the phase change material. When the materialʼs temperature is above or below the phase change region itʼs specific heat is equal to a standard value. When the materialʼs temperature is within the phase change region the material has a specific heat capacity equal to the standard value plus the latent heat of the material per degree within the phase change region. 9.1.3 Outputs The outputs of SonoranSystems can be updated to allow for more and different types of analysis. A temperature profile that displayed only one day can be generated however the dimensions of the plot make oscillations too 123 stretched out to be effectively examined. An additional graph for shorter periods of time should be incorporated into the output screen. In this project discussion of comparative diurnal behaviors was mostly limited to qualitative observations because of the lack of numerical information about CAM functions. The algorithms outlined in section 6.3.2 would have provided an important quantitative description of the natural model to which the thermodynamics of the building could be compared. The successful integration of these equations into SonoranSystems would allow the program to actually compute the degree of biological resemblance of a given wall assembly in terms of quantitative wave-function analyses. There is also research done on a much more complex computer model of the CAM presented by Nungesser et al. in the 1984 paper A dynamic computer model of the metabolic and regulatory processes in Crassulacean acid metabolism. This more challenging computer model would provide a superior understanding of CAM functions, which may lead to more precise building system equivalents. The plot of the biological functions should be added to the output screen in addition to a table of comparison metrics. Relative amplitudes, periods, and phases can be used as a basis for comparison and must be computed for both the biological and building systems. 124 Another important metric that should be incorporated in the program is thermal comfort. This would require the integration of humidity and wind data (which is already in the database) and some computational fluid dynamics algorithms into the thermal model. 9.1.4 SonoranSystems and material optimization There are many directions for the development of SonoranSystems in terms of energy simulation and biomimicry. In addition to thermodynamic modeling, SonoranSystems could be come a tool that produces recommendations for material and assembly innovations instead of testing user defined systems. Using quantitative biological models and climate conditions, the program could generate materials that are the most biomimetic and materials that produced the best thermal performance. 9.2 Expanding the selection and description of natural model 9.2.1 The Crassulacean acid metabolism The expansion of the model of the CAM could provide even more opportunities, particularly for material innovation. In the CAM process, and in many biological processes, there exist enzymes that catalyze certain 125 reactions, playing a very important role in the timing of the metabolism 60 . The application of catalysts to the building envelope materials would add a substantial amount of thermal control. A catalyst may be material based, electronic, or a geometric change to the building envelope. 9.2.2 Other adaptations In addition to the Crassulacean acid metabolism the succulents of the Sonoran desert have other adaptations to environmental conditions on the anatomical, morphological, and ecological scales. An important next step is the investigation of the biomimetic translation of these other adaptations individually or in conjunction with the existing work done in this project. Looking at other versions of the natural model and their subsequent building equivalents will further understanding of the comparative performance of individual adaptations and the results of larger model that includes more than one adaptation. 9.2.3 Morphology Desert succulents have a very wide range of morphologies. Assembling a natural model based on formal characteristics may be convoluted, but the translation to the building would be rather straightforward. Identifying a set of 60 AskNature.org 2009 126 general morphologies and categorizing the species in the 20 families that are known to have the Crassulacean acid metabolism is a possible method for describing the natural morphologic model. In addition to form, a natural model can be comprised based on patterns of spines, pubescence, and ribs. In additional to serving as an ecological adaptation protecting them from animals (or humans) these surface conditions provide shade to the cactus and absorb a portion of incoming radiation 61 , temperature regulation strategies that are also important in the design of the building envelope. Spines and pubescence can be categorized in terms of size, shape, density, and distribution on the surface of the plant. The convective properties of rounded forms, distribution of mass, shading configurations, and other skin conditions could also be tested as passive design strategies for the built environment. 9.2.4 Anatomy The succulent nature of the CAM plant is perhaps the most famous adaptation of desert cacti. The retention of water on the anatomical scale is achieved through large water storing capacity in the stems and leaves of the plant. This 61 Nobel 1980 127 has an important connection to the morphological characteristics of the plant giving it a thick, rounded shape. However the anatomical analogy would focus on the thermodynamic properties of actual materials of the cross-section. The actual layering within the plant (epidermis, cortex, stele, and pith) could serve as a more literal model for the layered wall system, as this project began to investigate the thermodynamic impact of water and how can be used as in important link between the anatomy of the plant and the building envelope. The anatomical scale also includes porosity of the plant material, allowing for the role of air to be incorporated into the natural model. Testing plant-like porosities in a building could lead to innovation in natural ventilation techniques and convective thermal control. In terms of material innovation the anatomical characteristics of the succulent plant engender not the layering of discrete materials but the integration of material properties in a single fluid layer. Variable density, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and porosity distributed throughout a single material based on the natural model could provide valuable insight for the progression of material science. The determination of a distribution of properties throughout the building envelope based on a succulent plant approached as innovation in building materials could be tested thermally, structurally and in terms of ventilation. 128 Although this project furthered the investigation of the application of biomimetics in the design of building systems, there remain many questions left to be answered by future work projects. 129 Bibliography American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 2004, Handbook of Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta Anderson, D.J., Bjorkman, O., Osmond, C.B., 1980. 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Online adaptation to variable conditions with variable envelope structure in future buildings. Proceedings 20 th European Conference on Modeling and Simulation. 134 Appendix A SonoranSystems source code Inlcudes: Form1.vb Form1.designer.vb Form2.vb Form2.desginer.vb Comments are in green. 135 ʻForm1.vb Imports System.Data Imports System.Data.SqlClient Imports System.Math Public Class Form1 Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form Dim material As New ArrayList 'holds materials in wall assembly Friend WithEvents material2 As Array 'materials array that is sent to form2, identical to material arraylist Dim thickness As New ArrayList 'holds thicknesses in wall assembly Friend WithEvents thickness2 As Array 'thicknesses array that is sent to form2, identical to thickness arraylist Dim city As DataTable 'from database, is set to the city selected on the input screen Dim tlg As DataTable 'table of the transmissivity at each temperature Dim lat As Double 'latitude Dim lon As Double 'longitude Dim lsm As Double 'local standard meridian Dim dnr As New ArrayList 'direct normal raidation Dim tcc As New ArrayList 'total cloud cover but not actually used anywhere in the program Dim dbt As New ArrayList 'dry bulb temperature Friend WithEvents Tout As Array 'dry bulb temperature array sent to form2 Friend WithEvents light As Array 'direct noraml radiation array sent to form 2 Dim dpt As New ArrayList 'dew point temperature but not actually used anywhere in the program Dim ws As New ArrayList 'wind speed but not actually used anywhere in the program Dim trans As New ArrayList 'array of transmissivities for the year Dim R As New ArrayList 'array with two values 1) the number of layers and 2) number of hours in chosen month Friend WithEvents P As Array 'identical to R sent to form2 Dim s As Integer 'listbox2 selected index month Dim id As New ArrayList 'array list with 2 values 1) index of the first hour of the month chosen and 2) the index of the last hour of the month chosen Friend WithEvents id2 As Array 'identical to id sent to form2 Dim Horz(8759) As Double 'horizontal component of the direct normal radiation Dim Vert(8759) As Double 'vertical component of the direct normal radiation Dim l As Double 'length of building Dim w As Double 'width of building Dim Uglaze As Double 'U value of non-thermochromic glazing Dim M As Double 'number of hours in selected month, second value in R Dim Uwall As Double 'U value of standard wall Dim Uroof As Double 'U value of roof 136 Dim Qout(8759) As Double 'array containing values of heat flow between outside and outside surface Dim Qos(8759) As Double 'array containing values of heat flow between outside surface and first node Dim Qis(8759) As Double 'array containing values of heat flow between last node and inside temperature Dim Qin(8759) As Double 'array containing values of heat flow between inside surface and indoor space Dim Qwall(8759) As Double 'array containing values of heat flow through north, east, and west walls Dim Qroof(8759) As Double ' array containing values of heat flow through the roof Dim Tin(8759) As Double 'array containing values of the indoor temperatures Friend WithEvents four As Array 'identical to Tout sent to form2 Dim t1(8759) As Double 'array containing values of node 1 temperatures Friend WithEvents one As Array 'identical to t1 sent to form2 Dim t2(8759) As Double 'array containing values of node 2 temperatures Friend WithEvents two As Array 'identical to t2 sent to form2 Dim t3(8759) As Double 'array containing values of node 3 temperatures Friend WithEvents three As Array 'identical to t3 sent to form2 Dim Q1(8759) As Double 'array containing values of heat flow between first and second node Dim Q2(8759) As Double 'array containing values of heat flow between second and third node Friend WithEvents six As Array 'identical to trans, tau sent to form2 Dim Qwallref(8759) As Double 'array containing values of heat flow through walls of reference buidling Dim Qroofref(8759) As Double 'array containing values of heat flow through roof of reference building Dim Qglazeref(8759) As Double 'array containing values of heat flow through glazing of reference building Dim Tinref(8759) As Double 'array containing values of the indoor temperature of the reference building Friend WithEvents five As Array 'identical to Tinref sent to form2 Friend ost(8759) As Double 'array containing values of the outside surface temperatures Dim ist(8759) As Double 'array containing values of the inside surface temperatures Dim est(8759) As Double 'array containing values of the effective sky temperature Dim sat(8759) As Double 'array containing values of the sol-air temperature Friend WithEvents month As String 'string value with name of chosen month Friend WithEvents place As String 'string value with name of city Dim one_table As DataTable 'data table of set of thicknesses for a one-layer system Dim two_table As DataTable 'data table of set of thicknesses for a two-layer system Dim three_table As DataTable 'data table of set of thicknesses for a three-layer system Dim one_layer As New ArrayList 'array of thicknesses from one_table Dim two_layer1 As New ArrayList 'array of thicknesses from first column of two_table 137 Dim two_layer2 As New ArrayList 'array of thicknesses from the second column of two_table Dim three_layer1 As New ArrayList 'array of thicknesses from first column of three_table Dim three_layer2 As New ArrayList 'array of thicknesses from second column of three_table Dim three_layer3 As New ArrayList 'array of thicknesses from third column of three_table Public Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load 'opens a connection to the 3 databases and copies the data to datasets Dim connection_string_layers As String connection_string_layers = "Data Source=.\SQLEXPRESS;AttachDbFilename=C:\Documents and Settings\Kimberly Wiebe\Desktop\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\SonoranSytems\SonoranSytems\layers.mdf;Integrated Security=True;Connect Timeout=30;User Instance=True" Dim con_layers As New SqlConnection(connection_string_layers) con_layers.Open() Me.TwoTableAdapter.Fill(Me.LayersDataSet.two) Me.ThreeTableAdapter.Fill(Me.LayersDataSet.three) Me.OneTableAdapter.Fill(Me.LayersDataSet.one) one_table = LayersDataSet.one two_table = LayersDataSet.two three_table = LayersDataSet.three Dim connection_string_city As String connection_string_city = "Data Source=.\SQLEXPRESS;AttachDbFilename=C:\Documents and Settings\Kimberly Wiebe\Desktop\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\SonoranSytems\SonoranSytems\CityTMY3.mdf;Integrated Security=True;User Instance=True" Dim con_city As New SqlConnection(connection_string_city) con_city.Open() Me.YumaTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Yuma) Me.TucsonTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Tucson) Me.ScottsdaleTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Scottsdale) Me.Prescott_Love_FieldTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Prescott_Love_Field) Me.PhoenixTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Phoenix) Me.Palm_Springs_ThermalTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Palm_Springs_Thermal) Me.Palm_Springs_InternationalTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Palm_Springs_Interna tional) Me.LukeTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Luke) Me.ImperialTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Imperial) Me.Deer_ValleyTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Deer_Valley) 138 Me.Davis_MonthanTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Davis_Monthan) Me.Casa_GrandeTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Casa_Grande) Me.BlytheTableAdapter.Fill(Me.CityTMY3DataSet.Blythe) Dim connection_string_tlg As String connection_string_tlg = "Data Source=.\SQLEXPRESS;AttachDbFilename=C:\Documents and Settings\Kimberly Wiebe\Desktop\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\SonoranSytems\SonoranSytems\tlg.mdf;Integrated Security=True;User Instance=True" Dim con_tlg As New SqlConnection(connection_string_tlg) con_tlg.Open() Me.TlgTableAdapter.Fill(Me.TlgDataSet.tlg) tlg = TlgDataSet.tlg 'sets default values for inputs NumericUpDown1.Value = 5 NumericUpDown2.Value = 3 NumericUpDown3.Value = 0.1 NumericUpDown4.Value = 0 NumericUpDown5.Value = 8759 Label6.Hide() Label7.Hide() Label8.Hide() Label9.Hide() Label10.Hide() Label11.Hide() End Sub Private Sub parameters() 'sets parameters and constants l = NumericUpDown1.Value w = NumericUpDown2.Value s = ListBox2.SelectedIndex month = ListBox2.SelectedItem place = ListBox1.SelectedItem Uglaze = 3.92 Uwall = 0.147 Uroof = 0.139 End Sub 139 Private Sub ChooseCity() 'fills "city" datatable and sets latitude, longitude, and local standard meridian for selected city If ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Blythe" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Blythe lat = 33.62 lon = 114.72 lsm = 120 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Casa Grande" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Casa_Grande lat = 32.95 lon = 111.77 lsm = 105 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Davis Monthan" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Davis_Monthan lat = 32.17 lon = 110.88 lsm = 105 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Deer Valley" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Deer_Valley lat = 33.68 lon = 112.08 lsm = 105 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Imperial" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Imperial lat = 32.83 lon = 115.58 lsm = 120 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Luke" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Luke lat = 33.55 lon = 112.37 lsm = 105 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Palm Springs International" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Palm_Springs_International lat = 33.83 lon = 116.5 lsm = 120 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Palm Springs Thermal" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Palm_Springs_Thermal lat = 33.63 lon = 116.17 lsm = 120 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Phoenix Sky Harbor" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Phoenix lat = 33.45 lon = 111.98 140 lsm = 105 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Prescott Love Field" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Prescott_Love_Field lat = 34.65 lon = 112.42 lsm = 105 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Scottsdale" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Scottsdale lat = 33.62 lon = 111.92 lsm = 105 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Tucson" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Tucson lat = 32.13 lon = 110.95 lsm = 105 ElseIf ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Yuma" Then city = CityTMY3DataSet.Yuma lat = 32.67 lon = 114.6 lsm = 105 End If End Sub Private Sub FillCity() 'these reusable objects are created to loop through datatables and fill arrays with data Dim dnr_o As Object 'direct normal radiation Dim tcc_o As Object 'total cloud cover Dim dbt_o As Object 'dry bulb temperature Dim dpt_o As Object 'dew point temperature Dim ws_o As Object 'wind speed Dim tlg_o As Object 'tranmissivity Dim one_o As Object 'one layer Dim two_1 As Object 'first layer thickness of two-layer wall Dim two_2 As Object 'second layer thickness of two-layer wall Dim three_1 As Object 'first layer thickness of three-layer wall Dim three_2 As Object 'second layer thickness of three-layer wall Dim three_3 As Object 'third layer thickness of three-layer wall For i As Integer = 0 To 8759 dnr_o = city.Rows(i).Item(0) tcc_o = city.Rows(i).Item(1) dbt_o = city.Rows(i).Item(2) dpt_o = city.Rows(i).Item(3) 141 ws_o = city.Rows(i).Item(4) dnr.Add(dnr_o) tcc.Add(tcc_o) dbt.Add(dbt_o) dpt.Add(dpt_o) ws.Add(ws_o) Next i Tout = dbt.ToArray light = dnr.ToArray For i As Integer = 0 To 95 tlg_o = tlg.Rows(i).Item(0) trans.Add(tlg_o) Next For i As Integer = 0 To 20 one_o = one_table.Rows(i).Item(0) one_layer.Add(one_o) Next For i As Integer = 0 To 65 two_1 = two_table.Rows(i).Item(0) two_2 = two_table.Rows(i).Item(1) two_layer1.Add(two_1) two_layer2.Add(two_2) Next For i As Integer = 0 To 230 three_1 = three_table.Rows(i).Item(0) three_2 = three_table.Rows(i).Item(1) three_3 = three_table.Rows(i).Item(2) three_layer1.Add(three_1) three_layer2.Add(three_2) three_layer3.Add(three_3) Next End Sub Private Sub SetMonth() 'selects month If RadioButton1.Checked = False Then If s = 0 Then 'January id.Add(0) id.Add(743) 142 ElseIf s = 1 Then 'February id.Add(744) id.Add(1415) ElseIf s = 2 Then 'March id.Add(1416) id.Add(2159) ElseIf s = 3 Then 'April id.Add(2160) id.Add(2979) ElseIf s = 4 Then 'May id.Add(2980) id.Add(3623) ElseIf s = 5 Then 'June id.Add(3624) id.Add(4343) ElseIf s = 6 Then 'July id.Add(4344) id.Add(5087) ElseIf s = 7 Then 'August id.Add(5088) id.Add(5833) ElseIf s = 8 Then 'September id.Add(5834) id.Add(6553) ElseIf s = 9 Then 'October id.Add(6554) id.Add(7295) ElseIf s = 10 Then 'November id.Add(7296) id.Add(8015) ElseIf s = 11 Then 'December id.Add(8016) id.Add(8759) End If ElseIf RadioButton1.Checked = True Then id.Add(NumericUpDown4.Value) id.Add(NumericUpDown5.Value) End If id2 = id.ToArray id.Clear() 'result of this subroutine is a 1x2 array containing the lower and upper indixies of the first and last hour of the selected month to be used to select a range of values from arrays contain values for the entire year End Sub Private Sub Solar() 'calcualtes solar angles based on equations and values from ASHRAE handbook of fundamentals 143 Dim et(8759) As Double 'equation of time Dim dec(8759) As Double 'declination angle For i As Integer = 0 To 743 'january et(i) = -11.2 dec(i) = -20 Next For i = 744 To 1415 'february et(i) = -13.9 dec(i) = -10.8 Next For i = 1416 To 2159 'march et(i) = -7.5 dec(i) = 0.0 Next For i = 2160 To 2979 'april et(i) = 1.1 dec(i) = 11.6 Next For i = 2980 To 3623 'may et(i) = 3.3 dec(i) = 20 Next For i = 3624 To 4343 'june et(i) = -1.4 dec(i) = 23.45 Next For i = 4344 To 5087 'july et(i) = -6.2 dec(i) = 20.6 Next For i = 5088 To 5833 'august et(i) = -2.4 dec(i) = 12.3 Next For i = 5834 To 6553 'september et(i) = 7.5 dec(i) = 0.0 Next For i = 6554 To 7295 'october et(i) = 15.4 dec(i) = -10.5 Next For i = 7296 To 8015 'november et(i) = 13.8 dec(i) = -19.8 Next For i = 8016 To 8759 'december et(i) = 1.6 dec(i) = -23.45 144 Next Dim hour(8759) As Double Dim beta(8759) As Double Dim phi(8759) As Double Dim cos_theta_v(8759) As Double Dim cos_theta_h(8759) As Double Dim ast(8759) As Double Dim decline(8759) As Double Dim day(8759) As Double For j As Integer = 0 To 8759 day(j) = Int(j / 24) + 1 decline(j) = (23.45 * Sin(((360 * (284 + day(j))) / 365) * (PI / 180))) ast(j) = et(j) / 60 + (j - 24 * (day(j) - 1)) + (lsm - lon) / 15 hour(j) = 15 * Abs(ast(j) - 12) beta(j) = Asin(Cos(lat * (PI / 180)) * Cos(decline(j) * (PI / 180)) * Cos(hour(j) * (PI / 180)) + Sin(lat * (PI / 180)) * Sin(decline(j) * (PI / 180))) phi(j) = Acos((Sin(beta(j)) * Sin(lat * (PI / 180)) - Sin(decline(j) * (PI / 180))) / (Cos(beta(j)) * Cos(lat * (PI / 180)))) cos_theta_v(j) = Cos(beta(j)) * Cos(phi(j)) cos_theta_h(j) = Sin(beta(j)) Horz(j) = cos_theta_h(j) Vert(j) = cos_theta_v(j) Next 'calculating effective sky temperature and sol-air temperature Dim a As Object Dim rad As Object For i As Integer = 0 To 8759 a = dbt(i) rad = Horz(i) est(i) = 0.8 ^ (0.25) * a sat(i) = a + 0.8 * rad / 15 + 4 Next End Sub Private Sub calculate() 'this subroutine calcualtes outputs for the specific assembly inputted by the user Dim N As Integer = material.Count Dim M As Integer = id2(1) - id2(0) + 1 R.Add(N) R.Add(M) P = R.ToArray 145 Dim tau(8759) As Double Dim k(N - 1) As Double 'thermal conductivity Dim c(N - 1) As Double 'specific heat capacity Dim ro(N - 1) As Double 'density Dim mc(N - 1) As Double 'mass * specific heat capacity = thermal mass If N = 0 Then 'no layers added MsgBox("no bad, add some layers dumbo") End If 'ONE LAYER If N = 1 Then For i As Integer = 0 To 8759 Dim V As Object = Vert(i) Dim Hor As Object = Horz(i) Dim r As Object = dnr(i) Dim a As Object = dbt(i) Dim solair As Object = sat(i) Dim esky As Object = est(i) Dim h As Object = 0 If material(h) = "concrete" Then k(h) = 1.4 c(h) = 880 ro(h) = 2300 ElseIf material(h) = "water" Then k(h) = 0.6034 c(h) = 4184 ro(h) = 1000 'pcm board is not an option but this is being kept in the code for future work ElseIf material(h) = "pcm board" Then k(h) = 0.18 ro(h) = 767 If i = 0 Then c(h) = 1.2 Else If t1(i - 1) < 26 Or t1(i - 1) > 27 Then c(h) = 120 Else c(h) = 2990 End If End If ElseIf material(h) = "mmc" Then k(h) = 0.1729 146 c(h) = 1460 ro(h) = 1204 End If mc(h) = ro(h) * (3 * l - 2) * thickness(h) * c(h) If i = 0 Then t1(i) = 15 ost(i) = 14 ist(i) = 16 Tin(i) = 15 Tinref(i) = 15 Else Dim t1x As Double = t1(i - 1) Dim ostx As Object = ost(i - 1) Dim istx As Object = ist(i - 1) Dim index As Object = Math.Round(ostx, 0) + 20 Dim out As Object = Qout(i - 1) Dim os As Object = Qos(i - 1) Dim ins As Object = Qis(i - 1) Dim inside As Object = Qin(i - 1) Dim wall As Object = Qwall(i - 1) Dim roof As Object = Qroof(i - 1) Dim Tinx As Object = Tin(i - 1) Dim Tinrefx As Object = Tinref(i - 1) Dim wallref As Object = Qwallref(i - 1) Dim roofref As Object = Qroofref(i - 1) Dim glazeref As Object = Qglazeref(i - 1) If index < 0 Then tau(i) = trans(0) / 100 ElseIf index > 95 Then tau(i) = trans(95) / 100 Else tau(i) = trans(index) / 100 End If ost(i) = ostx + (out - os) / (17 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc(0)) t1(i) = t1x + (os - ins) / (0.5 * mc(0)) ist(i) = istx + (ins - inside) / (3.4 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc(0)) Tin(i) = Tinx + (inside + wall + roof + 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600) / 500000 Qout(i) = ((Uglaze * (a - ostx)) + (tau(i) * V * r) + (0.85 * (5.67 * 10 ^ (-8)) * ((esky ^ 4) - (ostx ^ 4)))) * (3 * l - 2) * 3600 147 Qos(i) = (2 * k(0) / thickness(0)) * (3 * l - 2) * (ostx - t1x) * 3600 Qis(i) = (1 / ((thickness(0) / (2 * k(0))) + (0.0127 / 0.02622))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t1x - istx) * 3600 Qin(i) = 3.4 * (istx - Tinx) * (3 * l - 2) * 3600 Qroof(i) = Uroof * w * l * (a - Tinx) * 3600 Qwall(i) = Uwall * (6 * w + 3 * l) * (a - Tinx) * 3600 Tinref(i) = Tinrefx + (wallref + roofref + glazeref) / 500000 Qwallref(i) = Uwall * (6 * l + 6 * w - 2) * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qroofref(i) = Uroof * l * w * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qglazeref(i) = 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinrefx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600 End If Next one = t1 four = Tin five = Tinref six = tau End If 'TWO LAYERS If N = 2 Then For i As Integer = 0 To 8759 Dim V As Object = Vert(i) Dim Hor As Object = Horz(i) Dim a As Object = dbt(i) Dim r As Object = dnr(i) Dim solair As Object = sat(i) Dim esky As Object = est(i) Dim sun As Object = dnr(i) For h As Integer = 0 To N - 1 If material(h) = "concrete" Then k(h) = 1.4 c(h) = 880 ro(h) = 2300 ElseIf material(h) = "water" Then k(h) = 0.6034 c(h) = 4184 ro(h) = 1000 'pcm board is not an option but this is being kept in the code for future work ElseIf material(h) = "pcm board" Then k(h) = 0.18 ro(h) = 767 148 If i = 0 Then c(h) = 1.2 Else If t2(i - 1) < 26 Or t2(i - 1) > 27 Then c(h) = 120 Else c(h) = 1723 End If End If ElseIf material(h) = "mmc" Then k(h) = 0.1729 c(h) = 1460 ro(h) = 1204 End If mc(h) = ro(h) * (3 * l - 2) * thickness(h) * c(h) Next If i = 0 Then t2(i) = 17 t1(i) = 15 ost(i) = 14 ist(i) = 16 Tin(i) = 15 Tinref(i) = 15 Else Dim ostx As Object = ost(i - 1) Dim istx As Object = ist(i - 1) Dim Tinx As Object = Tin(i - 1) Dim t1x As Object = t1(i - 1) Dim t2x As Object = t2(i - 1) Dim out As Object = Qout(i - 1) Dim os As Object = Qos(i - 1) Dim ins As Object = Qis(i - 1) Dim inside As Object = Qin(i - 1) Dim wall As Object = Qwall(i - 1) Dim roof As Object = Qroof(i - 1) Dim Q1x As Object = Q1(i - 1) Dim index As Object = Math.Round(ostx, 0) + 20 Dim Tinrefx As Object = Tinref(i - 1) Dim wallref As Object = Qwallref(i - 1) Dim roofref As Object = Qroofref(i - 1) Dim glazeref As Object = Qglazeref(i - 1) 149 If index < 0 Then tau(i) = trans(0) / 100 ElseIf index > 95 Then tau(i) = trans(95) / 100 Else tau(i) = trans(index) / 100 End If ost(i) = ostx + (out - os) / (17 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc(0)) t1(i) = t1x + (os - Q1x) / (0.75 * mc(0)) t2(i) = t2x + (Q1x - ins) / (0.75 * mc(1)) ist(i) = istx + (ins - inside) / (3.4 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc(1)) Qos(i) = (2 * k(0) / thickness(0)) * (3 * l - 2) * (ostx - t1x) * 3600 Q1(i) = (1 / ((thickness(0) / (k(0) * 2) + thickness(1) / (k(1) * 2))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t1x - t2x)) * 3600 Qis(i) = (1 / ((thickness(1) / (2 * k(1))) + (0.0127 / 0.02622))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t2x - istx) * 3600 Qroof(i) = Uroof * w * l * (a - Tinx) * 3600 Tin(i) = Tinx + (inside + wall + roof + 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600) / 500000 Qout(i) = ((Uglaze * (a - ostx)) + (tau(i) * V * r) + (0.85 * (5.67 * 10 ^ (-8)) * ((esky ^ 4) - (ostx ^ 4)))) * (3 * l - 2) * 3600 Qin(i) = 3.4 * (istx - Tinx) * (3 * l - 2) * 3600 Qwall(i) = Uwall * (6 * w + 3 * l) * (a - Tinx) * 3600 Tinref(i) = Tinrefx + (wallref + roofref + glazeref) / 500000 Qwallref(i) = Uwall * (6 * l + 6 * w - 2) * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qroofref(i) = Uroof * l * w * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qglazeref(i) = 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinrefx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600 End If Next one = t1 two = t2 four = Tin five = Tinref six = tau End If 'THREE LAYERS If N = 3 Then For i As Integer = 0 To 8759 Dim V As Object = Vert(i) Dim Hor As Object = Horz(i) 150 Dim a As Object = dbt(i) Dim r As Object = dnr(i) Dim solair As Object = sat(i) Dim esky As Object = est(i) For h As Integer = 0 To N - 1 If material(h) = "concrete" Then k(h) = 1.4 c(h) = 880 ro(h) = 2300 ElseIf material(h) = "water" Then k(h) = 0.6034 c(h) = 4184 ro(h) = 1000 'pcm board is not an option but this is being kept in the code for future work ElseIf material(h) = "pcm board" Then k(h) = 0.18 ro(h) = 767 If i = 0 Then c(h) = 1.2 Else If t1(i - 1) < 26 Or t1(i - 1) > 27 Then c(h) = 120 Else c(h) = 2990 End If End If ElseIf material(h) = "mmc" Then k(h) = 0.1729 c(h) = 1460 ro(h) = 1204 End If mc(h) = ro(h) * (3 * l - 2) * thickness(h) * c(h) Next If i = 0 Then t3(i) = 17 t2(i) = 17 t1(i) = 15 ost(i) = 14 ist(i) = 16 Tin(i) = 15 Tinref(i) = 15 151 Else Dim ostx As Object = ost(i - 1) Dim istx As Object = ist(i - 1) Dim Tinx As Object = Tin(i - 1) Dim t1x As Object = t1(i - 1) Dim t2x As Object = t2(i - 1) Dim t3x As Object = t3(i - 1) Dim out As Object = Qout(i - 1) Dim os As Object = Qos(i - 1) Dim ins As Object = Qis(i - 1) Dim inside As Object = Qin(i - 1) Dim wall As Object = Qwall(i - 1) Dim roof As Object = Qroof(i - 1) Dim Q1x As Object = Q1(i - 1) Dim Q2x As Object = Q2(i - 1) Dim index As Object = Math.Round(ostx, 0) + 20 Dim Tinrefx As Object = Tinref(i - 1) Dim wallref As Object = Qwallref(i - 1) Dim roofref As Object = Qroofref(i - 1) Dim glazeref As Object = Qglazeref(i - 1) If index < 0 Then tau(i) = trans(0) / 100 ElseIf index > 95 Then tau(i) = trans(95) / 100 Else tau(i) = trans(index) / 100 End If ost(i) = ostx + (out - os) / (17 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc(0)) t1(i) = t1x + (os - Q1x) / (0.75 * mc(0)) t2(i) = t2x + (Q1x - Q2x) / mc(1) t3(i) = t3x + (Q2x - ins) / (0.75 * mc(2)) ist(i) = istx + (ins - inside) / (3.4 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc(2)) Qout(i) = (Uglaze * (a - ostx) + (tau(i) * V * r) + (0.85 * (5.67 * 10 ^ (-8)) * ((esky ^ 4) - (ostx ^ 4)))) * (3 * l - 2) * 3600 Qos(i) = (2 * k(0) / thickness(0)) * (3 * l - 2) * (ostx - t1x) * 3600 Qis(i) = (1 / ((thickness(2) / (2 * k(2))) + (0.0127 / 0.02622))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t3x - istx) * 3600 Q1(i) = (1 / (thickness(0) / (k(0) * 2) + thickness(1) / (k(1) * 2))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t1x - t2x) * 3600 Q2(i) = (1 / (thickness(1) / (k(1) * 2) + thickness(2) / (k(2) * 2))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t2x - t3x) * 3600 Qin(i) = 3.4 * (3 * l - 2) * (istx - Tinx) * 3600 'inside Qroof(i) = Uroof * w * l * (a - Tinx) * 3600 'roof Qwall(i) = Uwall * (6 * w + 3 * l) * (a - Tinx) * 3600 'north (all walls) 152 Tin(i) = Tinx + (inside + wall + roof + 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600) / 500000 Tinref(i) = Tinrefx + (wallref + roofref + glazeref) / 500000 Qwallref(i) = Uwall * (6 * l + 6 * w - 2) * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qroofref(i) = Uroof * l * w * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qglazeref(i) = 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinrefx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600 End If Next one = t1 two = t2 three = t3 four = Tin five = Tinref six = tau End If End Sub Dim outs_dataset As New DataSet 'data set containing one table: outs_table Dim outs_table As New DataTable 'datatable containing output values from calculations of a set of assemblies Private Sub all() ' this subroutine uses the set of asemblies in the "layers" database to calcualte hza and cza for multiple wall assemblies 'outputs of this subroutine are in the datatable on the input screen outs_table.Columns.Add("thick1", GetType(String)) outs_table.Columns.Add("thick2", GetType(String)) outs_table.Columns.Add("thick3", GetType(String)) outs_table.Columns.Add("hdd", GetType(String)) outs_table.Columns.Add("cdd", GetType(String)) Dim tau(8759) As Double Dim hdd_total(8759) As Double Dim hdd As Double Dim cdd_total(8759) As Double Dim cdd As Double If ListBox4.SelectedIndex < 3 Then 'one layer Dim mc1 As Double Dim k1 As Double For j = 0 To 20 153 Dim t As Object = one_layer(j) If ListBox4.SelectedIndex = 0 Then 'water t = t mc1 = (3 * l - 2) * t * 1000 * 4184 k1 = 0.6034 ElseIf ListBox4.SelectedIndex = 1 Then 'concrete t = t + 0.1 mc1 = (3 * l - 2) * t * 2300 * 880 k1 = 1.4 Else 'mmc t = t mc1 = (3 * l - 2) * t * 1204 * 1460 k1 = 0.1729 End If Dim sumh As Double = 0 Dim sumc As Double = 0 For i = 0 To 8759 Dim V As Object = Vert(i) Dim Hor As Object = Horz(i) Dim a As Object = dbt(i) Dim r As Object = dnr(i) Dim solair As Object = sat(i) Dim esky As Object = est(i) If i = 0 Then t1(i) = 15 ost(i) = 14 ist(i) = 16 Tin(i) = 15 Tinref(i) = 15 Else Dim t1x As Double = t1(i - 1) Dim ostx As Object = ost(i - 1) Dim istx As Object = ist(i - 1) Dim index As Object = Math.Round(ostx, 0) + 20 Dim out As Object = Qout(i - 1) Dim os As Object = Qos(i - 1) Dim ins As Object = Qis(i - 1) Dim inside As Object = Qin(i - 1) Dim wall As Object = Qwall(i - 1) Dim roof As Object = Qroof(i - 1) Dim Tinx As Object = Tin(i - 1) Dim Tinrefx As Object = Tinref(i - 1) 154 Dim wallref As Object = Qwallref(i - 1) Dim roofref As Object = Qroofref(i - 1) Dim glazeref As Object = Qglazeref(i - 1) If index < 0 Then tau(i) = trans(0) / 100 + 0.6 ElseIf index > 95 Then tau(i) = trans(95) / 100 + 0.6 Else tau(i) = trans(index) / 100 + 0.6 End If ost(i) = ostx + (out - os) / (17 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc1) t1(i) = t1x + (os - ins) / (0.5 * mc1) ist(i) = istx + (ins - inside) / (3.4 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc1) Tin(i) = Tinx + (inside + wall + roof + 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600) / 500000 Qout(i) = ((Uglaze * (a - ostx)) + (tau(i) * V * r) + (0.85 * (5.67 * 10 ^ (-8)) * ((esky ^ 4) - (ostx ^ 4)))) * (3 * l - 2) * 3600 Qos(i) = (2 * k1 / t) * (3 * l - 2) * (ostx - t1x) * 3600 Qis(i) = (1 / ((t / (2 * k1)) + (0.0127 / 0.02622))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t1x - istx) * 3600 Qin(i) = 3.4 * (istx - Tinx) * (3 * l - 2) * 3600 Qroof(i) = Uroof * w * l * (a - Tinx) * 3600 Qwall(i) = Uwall * (6 * w + 3 * l) * (a - Tinx) * 3600 Tinref(i) = Tinrefx + (wallref + roofref + glazeref) / 500000 Qwallref(i) = Uwall * (6 * l + 6 * w - 2) * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qroofref(i) = Uroof * l * w * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qglazeref(i) = 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinrefx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600 End If Next For i As Integer = 0 To 8759 If Tin(i) < 20 Then hdd_total(i) = (20 - Tin(i)) cdd_total(i) = 0 ElseIf Tin(i) > 25 Then hdd_total(i) = 0 cdd_total(i) = (Tin(i) - 25) Else hdd_total(i) = 0 cdd_total(i) = 0 End If sumh = sumh + hdd_total(i) sumc = sumc + cdd_total(i) Next 155 hdd = sumh / 24 cdd = sumc / 24 outs_table.Rows.Add(t, 0, 0, hdd, cdd) Next DataGridView1.DataSource = outs_table Dim row As Integer For i = 0 To 20 If outs_table.Rows(i).Item(0) = thickness(0) Then row = i End If Next Dim heat As Double = outs_table.Rows(row).Item(3) Dim cool As Double = outs_table.Rows(row).Item(4) Label4.Text = Round(heat, 2) Label19.Text = Round(cool, 2) ElseIf ListBox4.SelectedIndex > 4 Then 'three layers Dim mc1 As Double Dim mc2 As Double Dim mc3 As Double Dim k1 As Double Dim k2 As Double Dim k3 As Double For j = 0 To 230 Dim th1 As Object = three_layer1(j) Dim th2 As Object = three_layer2(j) Dim th3 As Object = three_layer3(j) Dim sumh As Object = 0 Dim sumc As Object = 0 For i = 0 To 8759 If ListBox4.SelectedIndex = 6 Then 'water mmc water mc1 = (3 * l - 2) * th1 * 1000 * 4184 k1 = 0.6034 mc2 = (3 * l - 2) * th2 * 1204 * 1460 k2 = 0.1729 mc3 = (3 * l - 2) * th3 * 1000 * 4184 156 k3 = 0.6034 Else 'water mmc concrete mc1 = (3 * l - 2) * th1 * 1000 * 4184 k1 = 0.6034 mc2 = (3 * l - 2) * th2 * 1204 * 1460 k2 = 0.1729 mc3 = (3 * l - 2) * th3 * 2300 * 880 k3 = 1.4 End If Dim V As Object = Vert(i) Dim Hor As Object = Horz(i) Dim a As Object = dbt(i) Dim r As Object = dnr(i) Dim solair As Object = sat(i) Dim esky As Object = est(i) Dim sun As Object = dnr(i) If i = 0 Then t3(i) = 17 t2(i) = 17 t1(i) = 15 ost(i) = 14 ist(i) = 16 Tin(i) = 15 Tinref(i) = 15 Else Dim ostx As Object = ost(i - 1) Dim istx As Object = ist(i - 1) Dim Tinx As Object = Tin(i - 1) Dim t1x As Object = t1(i - 1) Dim t2x As Object = t2(i - 1) Dim t3x As Object = t3(i - 1) Dim out As Object = Qout(i - 1) Dim os As Object = Qos(i - 1) Dim ins As Object = Qis(i - 1) Dim inside As Object = Qin(i - 1) Dim wall As Object = Qwall(i - 1) Dim roof As Object = Qroof(i - 1) Dim Q1x As Object = Q1(i - 1) Dim Q2x As Object = Q2(i - 1) Dim index As Object = Math.Round(ostx, 0) + 20 Dim Tinrefx As Object = Tinref(i - 1) Dim wallref As Object = Qwallref(i - 1) Dim roofref As Object = Qroofref(i - 1) Dim glazeref As Object = Qglazeref(i - 1) 157 If index < 0 Then tau(i) = trans(0) / 100 + 0.6 ElseIf index > 95 Then tau(i) = trans(95) / 100 + 0.6 Else tau(i) = trans(index) / 100 + 0.6 End If ost(i) = ostx + (out - os) / (17 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc1) t1(i) = t1x + (os - Q1x) / (0.75 * mc1) t2(i) = t2x + (Q1x - Q2x) / mc2 t3(i) = t3x + (Q2x - ins) / (0.75 * mc3) ist(i) = istx + (ins - inside) / (3.4 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc3) Qout(i) = (Uglaze * (a - ostx) + (tau(i) * V * r) + (0.85 * (5.67 * 10 ^ (-8)) * ((esky ^ 4) - (ostx ^ 4)))) * (3 * l - 2) * 3600 Qos(i) = (2 * k1 / th1) * (3 * l - 2) * (ostx - t1x) * 3600 Qis(i) = (1 / ((th3 / (2 * k3)) + (0.0127 / 0.02622))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t3x - istx) * 3600 Q1(i) = (1 / (th1 / (k1 * 2) + th2 / (k2 * 2))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t1x - t2x) * 3600 Q2(i) = (1 / (th2 / (k2 * 2) + th3 / (k3 * 2))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t2x - t3x) * 3600 Qin(i) = 3.4 * (3 * l - 2) * (istx - Tinx) * 3600 Qroof(i) = Uroof * w * l * (a - Tinx) * 3600 Qwall(i) = Uwall * (6 * w + 3 * l) * (a - Tinx) * 3600 Tin(i) = Tinx + (inside + wall + roof + 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600) / 500000 Tinref(i) = Tinrefx + (wallref + roofref + glazeref) / 500000 Qwallref(i) = Uwall * (6 * l + 6 * w - 2) * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qroofref(i) = Uroof * l * w * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qglazeref(i) = 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinrefx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600 End If Next For i As Integer = 0 To 8759 If Tin(i) < 20 Then hdd_total(i) = (20 - Tin(i)) cdd_total(i) = 0 ElseIf Tin(i) > 25 Then hdd_total(i) = 0 cdd_total(i) = (Tin(i) - 25) Else hdd_total(i) = 0 cdd_total(i) = 0 End If sumh = sumh + hdd_total(i) sumc = sumc + cdd_total(i) Next 158 hdd = sumh / 24 cdd = sumc / 24 outs_table.Rows.Add(th1, th2, th3, hdd, cdd) Next DataGridView1.DataSource = outs_table Dim row As Integer For i = 0 To outs_table.Rows.Count - 1 If outs_table.Rows(i).Item(0) = thickness(0) Then If outs_table.Rows(i).Item(1) = thickness(1) Then If outs_table.Rows(i).Item(2) = thickness(2) Then row = i End If End If End If Next Dim heat As Double = outs_table.Rows(row).Item(3) Dim cool As Double = outs_table.Rows(row).Item(4) Label4.Text = Round(heat, 2) Label19.Text = Round(cool, 2) Else 'two layers Dim mc1 As Double Dim mc2 As Double Dim k1 As Double Dim k2 As Double For j = 0 To 65 Dim th1 As Object Dim th2 As Object th1 = two_layer1(j) th2 = two_layer2(j) Dim sumh As Object = 0 Dim sumc As Object = 0 For i = 0 To 8759 If ListBox4.SelectedIndex = 3 Then 'water concrete mc1 = (3 * l - 2) * th1 * 1000 * 4184 k1 = 0.6034 159 mc2 = (3 * l - 2) * th2 * 2300 * 880 k2 = 1.4 ElseIf ListBox4.SelectedIndex = 4 Then 'water mmc mc1 = (3 * l - 2) * th1 * 1000 * 4184 k1 = 0.6034 mc2 = (3 * l - 2) * th2 * 1204 * 1460 k2 = 0.1729 End If Dim V As Object = Vert(i) Dim Hor As Object = Horz(i) Dim a As Object = dbt(i) Dim r As Object = dnr(i) Dim solair As Object = sat(i) Dim esky As Object = est(i) Dim sun As Object = dnr(i) If i = 0 Then t2(i) = 17 t1(i) = 15 ost(i) = 14 ist(i) = 16 Tin(i) = 15 Tinref(i) = 15 Else Dim ostx As Object = ost(i - 1) Dim istx As Object = ist(i - 1) Dim Tinx As Object = Tin(i - 1) Dim t1x As Object = t1(i - 1) Dim t2x As Object = t2(i - 1) Dim out As Object = Qout(i - 1) Dim os As Object = Qos(i - 1) Dim ins As Object = Qis(i - 1) Dim inside As Object = Qin(i - 1) Dim wall As Object = Qwall(i - 1) Dim roof As Object = Qroof(i - 1) Dim Q1x As Object = Q1(i - 1) Dim index As Object = Math.Round(ostx, 0) + 20 Dim Tinrefx As Object = Tinref(i - 1) Dim wallref As Object = Qwallref(i - 1) Dim roofref As Object = Qroofref(i - 1) Dim glazeref As Object = Qglazeref(i - 1) If index < 0 Then 160 tau(i) = trans(0) / 100 + 0.6 ElseIf index > 95 Then tau(i) = trans(95) / 100 + 0.6 Else tau(i) = trans(index) / 100 + 0.6 End If ost(i) = ostx + (out - os) / (17 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc1) t1(i) = t1x + (os - Q1x) / (0.75 * mc1) t2(i) = t2x + (Q1x - ins) / (0.75 * mc2) ist(i) = istx + (ins - inside) / (3.4 * (3 * l - 2) + 0.25 * mc2) Qos(i) = (2 * k1 / th1) * (3 * l - 2) * (ostx - t1x) * 3600 Qis(i) = (1 / ((th2 / (2 * k2)) + (0.0127 / 0.02622))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t2x - istx) * 3600 Qroof(i) = Uroof * w * l * (a - Tinx) * 3600 Q1(i) = (1 / ((th1 / (k1 * 2) + th2 / (k2 * 2))) * (3 * l - 2) * (t1x - t2x)) * 3600 Tin(i) = Tinx + (inside + wall + roof + 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600) / 500000 Qout(i) = ((Uglaze * (a - ostx)) + (tau(i) * V * r) + (0.85 * (5.67 * 10 ^ (-8)) * ((esky ^ 4) - (ostx ^ 4)))) * (3 * l - 2) * 3600 Qin(i) = 3.4 * (istx - Tinx) * (3 * l - 2) * 3600 Qwall(i) = Uwall * (6 * w + 3 * l) * (a - Tinx) * 3600 Tinref(i) = Tinrefx + (wallref + roofref + glazeref) / 500000 Qwallref(i) = Uwall * (6 * l + 6 * w - 2) * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qroofref(i) = Uroof * l * w * (a - Tinrefx) * 3600 Qglazeref(i) = 2 * (Uglaze * (a - Tinrefx) + 0.85 * V * r) * 3600 End If Next For i As Integer = 0 To 8759 If Tin(i) < 20 Then hdd_total(i) = (20 - Tin(i)) cdd_total(i) = 0 ElseIf Tin(i) > 25 Then hdd_total(i) = 0 cdd_total(i) = (Tin(i) - 25) Else hdd_total(i) = 0 cdd_total(i) = 0 End If sumh = sumh + hdd_total(i) sumc = sumc + cdd_total(i) Next 161 hdd = sumh / 24 cdd = sumc / 24 outs_table.Rows.Add(th1, th2, 0, hdd, cdd) Next DataGridView1.DataSource = outs_table Dim row As Integer For i = 0 To outs_table.Rows.Count - 1 If outs_table.Rows(i).Item(0) = thickness(0) Then If outs_table.Rows(i).Item(1) = thickness(1) Then row = i End If End If Next Dim heat As Double = outs_table.Rows(row).Item(3) Dim cool As Double = outs_table.Rows(row).Item(4) Label4.Text = Round(heat, 2) Label19.Text = Round(cool, 2) End If End Sub Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click ChooseCity() FillCity() Solar() parameters() SetMonth() calculate() all() Dim frm As Form2 = New Form2 frm.frm1 = Me frm.Show() id.Clear() R.Clear() End Sub Private Sub Button2_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button2.Click material.Add(ListBox3.SelectedItem) 162 thickness.Add(NumericUpDown3.Value) For i As Integer = 0 To material.Count - 1 If i = 0 Then Label6.Text = material(0) Label7.Text = thickness(0) Label6.Show() Label7.Show() End If If i = 1 Then Label8.Text = material(1) Label9.Text = thickness(1) Label8.Show() Label9.Show() End If If i = 2 Then Label10.Text = material(2) Label11.Text = thickness(2) Label10.Show() Label11.Show() End If Next material2 = material.ToArray thickness2 = thickness.ToArray End Sub Private Sub Button3_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button3.Click material.Clear() thickness.Clear() Label6.Hide() Label7.Hide() Label8.Hide() Label9.Hide() Label10.Hide() Label11.Hide() End Sub Private Sub Button4_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button4.Click outs_table.Columns.Remove("thick1") outs_table.Columns.Remove("thick2") outs_table.Columns.Remove("thick3") outs_table.Columns.Remove("hdd") outs_table.Columns.Remove("cdd") outs_table.Clear() thickness.Clear() 163 End Sub End Class 164 ʻForm1.desginer.vb <Global.Microsoft.VisualBasic.CompilerServices.DesignerGenerated()> _ Partial Class Form1 Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form 'Form overrides dispose to clean up the component list. <System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCode()> _ Protected Overrides Sub Dispose(ByVal disposing As Boolean) Try If disposing AndAlso components IsNot Nothing Then components.Dispose() End If Finally MyBase.Dispose(disposing) End Try End Sub 'Required by the Windows Form Designer Private components As System.ComponentModel.IContainer 'NOTE: The following procedure is required by the Windows Form Designer 'It can be modified using the Windows Form Designer. 'Do not modify it using the code editor. <System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThrough()> _ Private Sub InitializeComponent() Me.components = New System.ComponentModel.Container Me.ListBox1 = New System.Windows.Forms.ListBox Me.ListBox2 = New System.Windows.Forms.ListBox Me.NumericUpDown1 = New System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown Me.NumericUpDown2 = New System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown Me.Panel2 = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel Me.Label2 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label1 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Panel3 = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel Me.RadioButton2 = New System.Windows.Forms.RadioButton Me.Label13 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label12 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.NumericUpDown5 = New System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown Me.NumericUpDown4 = New System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown Me.RadioButton1 = New System.Windows.Forms.RadioButton Me.Label3 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label5 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Button1 = New System.Windows.Forms.Button Me.NumericUpDown3 = New System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown Me.Button2 = New System.Windows.Forms.Button Me.ListBox3 = New System.Windows.Forms.ListBox Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn1 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn 165 Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn2 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn3 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn4 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn5 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn6 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn7 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn8 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn9 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn10 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn11 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn12 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn13 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn14 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn15 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn16 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn17 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn18 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Me.Panel1 = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel Me.Label18 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label17 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label6 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label7 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label8 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label9 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label10 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label11 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Button3 = New System.Windows.Forms.Button Me.Panel4 = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel Me.Label16 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label15 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label14 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Panel5 = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel Me.Button4 = New System.Windows.Forms.Button 166 Me.DataGridView1 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView Me.CityTMY3DataSet = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSet Me.YumaBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.YumaTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.YumaTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2 = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.TableAdapterManager Me.BlytheTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.BlytheTableAdapter Me.Casa_GrandeTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Casa_GrandeTableAdapter Me.Davis_MonthanTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Davis_MonthanTableAdapter Me.Deer_ValleyTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Deer_ValleyTableAdapter Me.ImperialTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.ImperialTableAdapter Me.LukeTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.LukeTableAdapter Me.Palm_Springs_InternationalTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Palm_Springs_InternationalTableAdapter Me.Palm_Springs_ThermalTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Palm_Springs_ThermalTableAdapter Me.PhoenixTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.PhoenixTableAdapter Me.Prescott_Love_FieldTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Prescott_Love_FieldTableAdapter Me.ScottsdaleTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.ScottsdaleTableAdapter Me.TucsonTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.TucsonTableAdapter Me.BlytheBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.Casa_GrandeBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.Davis_MonthanBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.Deer_ValleyBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.ImperialBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.LukeBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.Palm_Springs_InternationalBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.Palm_Springs_ThermalBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.PhoenixBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) 167 Me.Prescott_Love_FieldBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.ScottsdaleBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.TucsonBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.TlgDataSet = New SonoranSytems.tlgDataSet Me.TlgBindingSource = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.TlgTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.tlgDataSetTableAdapters.tlgTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager = New SonoranSytems.tlgDataSetTableAdapters.TableAdapterManager Me.LayersDataSet = New SonoranSytems.layersDataSet Me.TableAdapterManager1 = New SonoranSytems.layersDataSetTableAdapters.TableAdapterManager Me.OneTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.layersDataSetTableAdapters.oneTableAdapter Me.ThreeTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.layersDataSetTableAdapters.threeTableAdapter Me.TwoTableAdapter = New SonoranSytems.layersDataSetTableAdapters.twoTableAdapter Me.ListBox4 = New System.Windows.Forms.ListBox Me.OneBindingSource1 = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.ThreeBindingSource = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.TwoBindingSource = New System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource(Me.components) Me.Label4 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label19 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label CType(Me.NumericUpDown1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.NumericUpDown2, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() Me.Panel2.SuspendLayout() Me.Panel3.SuspendLayout() CType(Me.NumericUpDown5, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.NumericUpDown4, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.NumericUpDown3, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() Me.Panel1.SuspendLayout() Me.Panel4.SuspendLayout() Me.Panel5.SuspendLayout() CType(Me.DataGridView1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.CityTMY3DataSet, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.YumaBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.BlytheBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.Casa_GrandeBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.Davis_MonthanBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.Deer_ValleyBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() 168 CType(Me.ImperialBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.LukeBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.Palm_Springs_InternationalBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.Palm_Springs_ThermalBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.PhoenixBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.Prescott_Love_FieldBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.ScottsdaleBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.TucsonBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.TlgDataSet, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.TlgBindingSource, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.LayersDataSet, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.OneBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.ThreeBindingSource, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.TwoBindingSource, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() Me.SuspendLayout() ' 'ListBox1 ' Me.ListBox1.FormattingEnabled = True Me.ListBox1.ItemHeight = 14 Me.ListBox1.Items.AddRange(New Object() {"Casa Grande", "Davis Monthan ", "Deer Valley", "Luke ", "Phoenix Sky Harbor", "Prescott Love Field", "Scottsdale", "Tucson", "Yuma", "Blythe", "Imperial", "Palm Springs Thermal ", "Palm Springs International"}) Me.ListBox1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(15, 26) Me.ListBox1.Name = "ListBox1" Me.ListBox1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(170, 186) Me.ListBox1.TabIndex = 0 ' 'ListBox2 ' Me.ListBox2.FormattingEnabled = True Me.ListBox2.ItemHeight = 14 Me.ListBox2.Items.AddRange(New Object() {"january", "february", "march", "april", "may", "june", "july", "august", "september", "october", "november", "december"}) Me.ListBox2.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(13, 24) Me.ListBox2.Name = "ListBox2" Me.ListBox2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(146, 172) Me.ListBox2.TabIndex = 1 ' 'NumericUpDown1 ' Me.NumericUpDown1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(12, 22) Me.NumericUpDown1.Name = "NumericUpDown1" 169 Me.NumericUpDown1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(139, 20) Me.NumericUpDown1.TabIndex = 2 ' 'NumericUpDown2 ' Me.NumericUpDown2.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(12, 65) Me.NumericUpDown2.Name = "NumericUpDown2" Me.NumericUpDown2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(139, 20) Me.NumericUpDown2.TabIndex = 3 ' 'Panel2 ' Me.Panel2.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Panel2.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.Fixed3D Me.Panel2.Controls.Add(Me.Label2) Me.Panel2.Controls.Add(Me.Label1) Me.Panel2.Controls.Add(Me.NumericUpDown2) Me.Panel2.Controls.Add(Me.NumericUpDown1) Me.Panel2.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Arial", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.Panel2.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(209, 324) Me.Panel2.Name = "Panel2" Me.Panel2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(214, 102) Me.Panel2.TabIndex = 8 ' 'Label2 ' Me.Label2.AutoSize = True Me.Label2.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.ForestGreen Me.Label2.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(9, 48) Me.Label2.Name = "Label2" Me.Label2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(128, 14) Me.Label2.TabIndex = 5 Me.Label2.Text = "choose ne length [m]:" ' 'Label1 ' Me.Label1.AutoSize = True Me.Label1.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.ForestGreen Me.Label1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(9, 5) Me.Label1.Name = "Label1" Me.Label1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(131, 14) Me.Label1.TabIndex = 4 Me.Label1.Text = "choose sw length [m]:" ' 'Panel3 ' Me.Panel3.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Panel3.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.Fixed3D Me.Panel3.Controls.Add(Me.RadioButton2) 170 Me.Panel3.Controls.Add(Me.Label13) Me.Panel3.Controls.Add(Me.Label12) Me.Panel3.Controls.Add(Me.NumericUpDown5) Me.Panel3.Controls.Add(Me.NumericUpDown4) Me.Panel3.Controls.Add(Me.RadioButton1) Me.Panel3.Controls.Add(Me.ListBox2) Me.Panel3.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Arial", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.Panel3.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Panel3.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(17, 50) Me.Panel3.Name = "Panel3" Me.Panel3.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(186, 376) Me.Panel3.TabIndex = 9 ' 'RadioButton2 ' Me.RadioButton2.AutoSize = True Me.RadioButton2.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.RadioButton2.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(12, 4) Me.RadioButton2.Name = "RadioButton2" Me.RadioButton2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(105, 18) Me.RadioButton2.TabIndex = 9 Me.RadioButton2.TabStop = True Me.RadioButton2.Text = "choose month" Me.RadioButton2.UseVisualStyleBackColor = True ' 'Label13 ' Me.Label13.AutoSize = True Me.Label13.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(17, 311) Me.Label13.Name = "Label13" Me.Label13.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(57, 14) Me.Label13.TabIndex = 8 Me.Label13.Text = "end hour" ' 'Label12 ' Me.Label12.AutoSize = True Me.Label12.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label12.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(17, 252) Me.Label12.Name = "Label12" Me.Label12.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(62, 14) Me.Label12.TabIndex = 7 Me.Label12.Text = "start hour" ' 'NumericUpDown5 ' 171 Me.NumericUpDown5.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(20, 328) Me.NumericUpDown5.Maximum = New Decimal(New Integer() {8760, 0, 0, 0}) Me.NumericUpDown5.Name = "NumericUpDown5" Me.NumericUpDown5.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(139, 20) Me.NumericUpDown5.TabIndex = 6 ' 'NumericUpDown4 ' Me.NumericUpDown4.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(20, 272) Me.NumericUpDown4.Maximum = New Decimal(New Integer() {8760, 0, 0, 0}) Me.NumericUpDown4.Name = "NumericUpDown4" Me.NumericUpDown4.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(139, 20) Me.NumericUpDown4.TabIndex = 5 ' 'RadioButton1 ' Me.RadioButton1.AutoSize = True Me.RadioButton1.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.RadioButton1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(12, 226) Me.RadioButton1.Name = "RadioButton1" Me.RadioButton1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(67, 18) Me.RadioButton1.TabIndex = 4 Me.RadioButton1.TabStop = True Me.RadioButton1.Text = "custom" Me.RadioButton1.UseVisualStyleBackColor = True ' 'Label3 ' Me.Label3.AutoSize = True Me.Label3.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Red Me.Label3.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(12, 7) Me.Label3.Name = "Label3" Me.Label3.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(70, 14) Me.Label3.TabIndex = 2 Me.Label3.Text = "choose city" ' 'Label5 ' Me.Label5.AutoSize = True Me.Label5.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Microsoft Sans Serif", 15.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.Label5.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Label5.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(14, 9) Me.Label5.Name = "Label5" Me.Label5.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(189, 25) Me.Label5.TabIndex = 10 Me.Label5.Text = "SonoranSystems" ' 'Button1 172 ' Me.Button1.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Red Me.Button1.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Arial", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.Button1.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Button1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(555, 233) Me.Button1.Name = "Button1" Me.Button1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(81, 193) Me.Button1.TabIndex = 11 Me.Button1.Text = "NEXT" & Global.Microsoft.VisualBasic.ChrW(13) & Global.Microsoft.VisualBasic.ChrW(10) Me.Button1.UseVisualStyleBackColor = False ' 'NumericUpDown3 ' Me.NumericUpDown3.DecimalPlaces = 4 Me.NumericUpDown3.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(9, 23) Me.NumericUpDown3.Name = "NumericUpDown3" Me.NumericUpDown3.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(139, 20) Me.NumericUpDown3.TabIndex = 12 ' 'Button2 ' Me.Button2.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(255, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(128, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Button2.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Button2.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(8, 142) Me.Button2.Name = "Button2" Me.Button2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(140, 23) Me.Button2.TabIndex = 13 Me.Button2.Text = "add layer" Me.Button2.UseVisualStyleBackColor = False ' 'ListBox3 ' Me.ListBox3.FormattingEnabled = True Me.ListBox3.ItemHeight = 14 Me.ListBox3.Items.AddRange(New Object() {"concrete", "pcm board", "mmc", "water"}) Me.ListBox3.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(9, 63) Me.ListBox3.Name = "ListBox3" Me.ListBox3.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(139, 60) Me.ListBox3.TabIndex = 14 ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn1 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn1.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn1" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn2 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn2.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn2" 173 ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn3 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn3.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn3" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn4 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn4.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn4" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn5 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn5.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn5" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn6 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn6.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn6" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn7 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn7.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn7" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn8 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn8.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn8" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn9 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn9.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn9" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn10 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn10.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn10" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn11 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn11.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn11" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn12 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn12.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn12" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn13 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn13.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn13" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn14 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn14.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn14" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn15 174 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn15.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn15" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn16 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn16.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn16" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn17 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn17.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn17" ' 'DataGridViewTextBoxColumn18 ' Me.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn18.Name = "DataGridViewTextBoxColumn18" ' 'Panel1 ' Me.Panel1.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Panel1.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.Fixed3D Me.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.Label18) Me.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.Label17) Me.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.NumericUpDown3) Me.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.ListBox3) Me.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.Button2) Me.Panel1.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Arial", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.Panel1.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(255, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(128, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Panel1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(430, 50) Me.Panel1.Name = "Panel1" Me.Panel1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(169, 172) Me.Panel1.TabIndex = 17 ' 'Label18 ' Me.Label18.AutoSize = True Me.Label18.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(255, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(128, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label18.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(13, 46) Me.Label18.Name = "Label18" Me.Label18.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(52, 14) Me.Label18.TabIndex = 16 Me.Label18.Text = "material" ' 'Label17 ' Me.Label17.AutoSize = True Me.Label17.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(255, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(128, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label17.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(9, 6) 175 Me.Label17.Name = "Label17" Me.Label17.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(87, 14) Me.Label17.TabIndex = 15 Me.Label17.Text = "thickness [m]:" ' 'Label6 ' Me.Label6.AutoSize = True Me.Label6.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(64, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label6.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(20, 23) Me.Label6.Name = "Label6" Me.Label6.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(43, 14) Me.Label6.TabIndex = 18 Me.Label6.Text = "Label6" ' 'Label7 ' Me.Label7.AutoSize = True Me.Label7.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(64, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label7.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(20, 36) Me.Label7.Name = "Label7" Me.Label7.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(43, 14) Me.Label7.TabIndex = 19 Me.Label7.Text = "Label7" ' 'Label8 ' Me.Label8.AutoSize = True Me.Label8.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(64, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label8.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(20, 74) Me.Label8.Name = "Label8" Me.Label8.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(43, 14) Me.Label8.TabIndex = 20 Me.Label8.Text = "Label8" ' 'Label9 ' Me.Label9.AutoSize = True Me.Label9.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(64, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label9.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(20, 87) Me.Label9.Name = "Label9" Me.Label9.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(43, 14) Me.Label9.TabIndex = 21 Me.Label9.Text = "Label9" ' 'Label10 176 ' Me.Label10.AutoSize = True Me.Label10.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(64, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label10.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(20, 123) Me.Label10.Name = "Label10" Me.Label10.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(49, 14) Me.Label10.TabIndex = 22 Me.Label10.Text = "Label10" ' 'Label11 ' Me.Label11.AutoSize = True Me.Label11.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(64, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label11.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(20, 138) Me.Label11.Name = "Label11" Me.Label11.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(49, 14) Me.Label11.TabIndex = 23 Me.Label11.Text = "Label11" ' 'Button3 ' Me.Button3.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(64, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Button3.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Button3.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(23, 163) Me.Button3.Name = "Button3" Me.Button3.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(87, 23) Me.Button3.TabIndex = 24 Me.Button3.Text = "clear" & Global.Microsoft.VisualBasic.ChrW(13) & Global.Microsoft.VisualBasic.ChrW(10) Me.Button3.UseVisualStyleBackColor = False ' 'Panel4 ' Me.Panel4.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Panel4.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.Fixed3D Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label16) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label15) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label14) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label11) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Button3) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label10) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label9) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label8) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label7) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label6) Me.Panel4.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Arial", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) 177 Me.Panel4.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Plum Me.Panel4.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(430, 228) Me.Panel4.Name = "Panel4" Me.Panel4.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(119, 198) Me.Panel4.TabIndex = 25 ' 'Label16 ' Me.Label16.AutoSize = True Me.Label16.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(64, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label16.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 107) Me.Label16.Name = "Label16" Me.Label16.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(67, 14) Me.Label16.TabIndex = 27 Me.Label16.Text = "layer three" ' 'Label15 ' Me.Label15.AutoSize = True Me.Label15.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(64, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label15.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 58) Me.Label15.Name = "Label15" Me.Label15.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(58, 14) Me.Label15.TabIndex = 26 Me.Label15.Text = "layer two" ' 'Label14 ' Me.Label14.AutoSize = True Me.Label14.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(64, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Label14.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 3) Me.Label14.Name = "Label14" Me.Label14.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(58, 14) Me.Label14.TabIndex = 25 Me.Label14.Text = "layer one" ' 'Panel5 ' Me.Panel5.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Panel5.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.Fixed3D Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.ListBox1) Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label3) Me.Panel5.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Arial", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.Panel5.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Honeydew Me.Panel5.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(209, 50) Me.Panel5.Name = "Panel5" 178 Me.Panel5.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(215, 268) Me.Panel5.TabIndex = 26 ' 'Button4 ' Me.Button4.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(605, 151) Me.Button4.Name = "Button4" Me.Button4.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(120, 71) Me.Button4.TabIndex = 27 Me.Button4.Text = "clear table" Me.Button4.UseVisualStyleBackColor = True ' 'DataGridView1 ' Me.DataGridView1.ColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode = System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewColumnHeadersHeightSizeMode.AutoSize Me.DataGridView1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(731, 50) Me.DataGridView1.Name = "DataGridView1" Me.DataGridView1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(485, 387) Me.DataGridView1.TabIndex = 28 ' 'CityTMY3DataSet ' Me.CityTMY3DataSet.DataSetName = "CityTMY3DataSet" Me.CityTMY3DataSet.SchemaSerializationMode = System.Data.SchemaSerializationMode.IncludeSchema ' 'YumaBindingSource1 ' Me.YumaBindingSource1.DataMember = "Yuma" Me.YumaBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'YumaTableAdapter ' Me.YumaTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'TableAdapterManager2 ' Me.TableAdapterManager2.BackupDataSetBeforeUpdate = False Me.TableAdapterManager2.BlytheTableAdapter = Me.BlytheTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2.Casa_GrandeTableAdapter = Me.Casa_GrandeTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2.Davis_MonthanTableAdapter = Me.Davis_MonthanTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2.Deer_ValleyTableAdapter = Me.Deer_ValleyTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2.ImperialTableAdapter = Me.ImperialTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2.LukeTableAdapter = Me.LukeTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2.Palm_Springs_InternationalTableAdapter = Me.Palm_Springs_InternationalTableAdapter 179 Me.TableAdapterManager2.Palm_Springs_ThermalTableAdapter = Me.Palm_Springs_ThermalTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2.PhoenixTableAdapter = Me.PhoenixTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2.Prescott_Love_FieldTableAdapter = Me.Prescott_Love_FieldTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2.ScottsdaleTableAdapter = Me.ScottsdaleTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2.TucsonTableAdapter = Me.TucsonTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager2.UpdateOrder = SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.TableAdapterManager.UpdateOrderOption.I nsertUpdateDelete Me.TableAdapterManager2.YumaTableAdapter = Me.YumaTableAdapter ' 'BlytheTableAdapter ' Me.BlytheTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'Casa_GrandeTableAdapter ' Me.Casa_GrandeTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'Davis_MonthanTableAdapter ' Me.Davis_MonthanTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'Deer_ValleyTableAdapter ' Me.Deer_ValleyTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'ImperialTableAdapter ' Me.ImperialTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'LukeTableAdapter ' Me.LukeTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'Palm_Springs_InternationalTableAdapter ' Me.Palm_Springs_InternationalTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'Palm_Springs_ThermalTableAdapter ' Me.Palm_Springs_ThermalTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'PhoenixTableAdapter ' Me.PhoenixTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'Prescott_Love_FieldTableAdapter ' 180 Me.Prescott_Love_FieldTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'ScottsdaleTableAdapter ' Me.ScottsdaleTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'TucsonTableAdapter ' Me.TucsonTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'BlytheBindingSource1 ' Me.BlytheBindingSource1.DataMember = "Blythe" Me.BlytheBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'Casa_GrandeBindingSource1 ' Me.Casa_GrandeBindingSource1.DataMember = "Casa Grande" Me.Casa_GrandeBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'Davis_MonthanBindingSource1 ' Me.Davis_MonthanBindingSource1.DataMember = "Davis Monthan" Me.Davis_MonthanBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'Deer_ValleyBindingSource1 ' Me.Deer_ValleyBindingSource1.DataMember = "Deer Valley" Me.Deer_ValleyBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'ImperialBindingSource1 ' Me.ImperialBindingSource1.DataMember = "Imperial" Me.ImperialBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'LukeBindingSource1 ' Me.LukeBindingSource1.DataMember = "Luke" Me.LukeBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'Palm_Springs_InternationalBindingSource1 ' Me.Palm_Springs_InternationalBindingSource1.DataMember = "Palm Springs International" Me.Palm_Springs_InternationalBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'Palm_Springs_ThermalBindingSource1 ' Me.Palm_Springs_ThermalBindingSource1.DataMember = "Palm Springs Thermal" Me.Palm_Springs_ThermalBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet 181 ' 'PhoenixBindingSource1 ' Me.PhoenixBindingSource1.DataMember = "Phoenix" Me.PhoenixBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'Prescott_Love_FieldBindingSource1 ' Me.Prescott_Love_FieldBindingSource1.DataMember = "Prescott Love Field" Me.Prescott_Love_FieldBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'ScottsdaleBindingSource1 ' Me.ScottsdaleBindingSource1.DataMember = "Scottsdale" Me.ScottsdaleBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'TucsonBindingSource1 ' Me.TucsonBindingSource1.DataMember = "Tucson" Me.TucsonBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.CityTMY3DataSet ' 'TlgDataSet ' Me.TlgDataSet.DataSetName = "tlgDataSet" Me.TlgDataSet.SchemaSerializationMode = System.Data.SchemaSerializationMode.IncludeSchema ' 'TlgBindingSource ' Me.TlgBindingSource.DataMember = "tlg" Me.TlgBindingSource.DataSource = Me.TlgDataSet ' 'TlgTableAdapter ' Me.TlgTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'TableAdapterManager ' Me.TableAdapterManager.BackupDataSetBeforeUpdate = False Me.TableAdapterManager.tlgTableAdapter = Me.TlgTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager.UpdateOrder = SonoranSytems.tlgDataSetTableAdapters.TableAdapterManager.UpdateOrderOption.InsertU pdateDelete ' 'LayersDataSet ' Me.LayersDataSet.DataSetName = "layersDataSet" Me.LayersDataSet.SchemaSerializationMode = System.Data.SchemaSerializationMode.IncludeSchema ' 182 'TableAdapterManager1 ' Me.TableAdapterManager1.BackupDataSetBeforeUpdate = False Me.TableAdapterManager1.oneTableAdapter = Me.OneTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager1.threeTableAdapter = Me.ThreeTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager1.twoTableAdapter = Me.TwoTableAdapter Me.TableAdapterManager1.UpdateOrder = SonoranSytems.layersDataSetTableAdapters.TableAdapterManager.UpdateOrderOption.Inse rtUpdateDelete Me.TableAdapterManager1.waterTableAdapter = Nothing ' 'OneTableAdapter ' Me.OneTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'ThreeTableAdapter ' Me.ThreeTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'TwoTableAdapter ' Me.TwoTableAdapter.ClearBeforeFill = True ' 'ListBox4 ' Me.ListBox4.FormattingEnabled = True Me.ListBox4.Items.AddRange(New Object() {"water", "concrete", "mmc", "water concrete", "water mmc", "water mmc concrete", "water mmc water"}) Me.ListBox4.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(605, 50) Me.ListBox4.Name = "ListBox4" Me.ListBox4.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(120, 95) Me.ListBox4.TabIndex = 29 ' 'OneBindingSource1 ' Me.OneBindingSource1.DataMember = "one" Me.OneBindingSource1.DataSource = Me.LayersDataSet ' 'ThreeBindingSource ' Me.ThreeBindingSource.DataMember = "three" Me.ThreeBindingSource.DataSource = Me.LayersDataSet ' 'TwoBindingSource ' Me.TwoBindingSource.DataMember = "two" Me.TwoBindingSource.DataSource = Me.LayersDataSet ' 'Label4 ' 183 Me.Label4.AutoSize = True Me.Label4.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(663, 288) Me.Label4.Name = "Label4" Me.Label4.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(45, 13) Me.Label4.TabIndex = 30 Me.Label4.Text = "Label4" ' 'Label19 ' Me.Label19.AutoSize = True Me.Label19.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(663, 317) Me.Label19.Name = "Label19" Me.Label19.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(52, 13) Me.Label19.TabIndex = 31 Me.Label19.Text = "Label19" ' 'Form1 ' Me.AutoScaleDimensions = New System.Drawing.SizeF(7.0!, 13.0!) Me.AutoScaleMode = System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font Me.AutoScroll = True Me.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.White Me.ClientSize = New System.Drawing.Size(1228, 502) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Label19) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Label4) Me.Controls.Add(Me.ListBox4) Me.Controls.Add(Me.DataGridView1) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Button4) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Panel5) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Panel4) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Panel1) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Button1) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Label5) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Panel3) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Panel2) Me.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Microsoft Sans Serif", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.DarkOrchid Me.FormBorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.FormBorderStyle.FixedToolWindow Me.Name = "Form1" Me.Text = "Inputs" CType(Me.NumericUpDown1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.NumericUpDown2, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() Me.Panel2.ResumeLayout(False) Me.Panel2.PerformLayout() Me.Panel3.ResumeLayout(False) Me.Panel3.PerformLayout() CType(Me.NumericUpDown5, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.NumericUpDown4, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.NumericUpDown3, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() 184 Me.Panel1.ResumeLayout(False) Me.Panel1.PerformLayout() Me.Panel4.ResumeLayout(False) Me.Panel4.PerformLayout() Me.Panel5.ResumeLayout(False) Me.Panel5.PerformLayout() CType(Me.DataGridView1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.CityTMY3DataSet, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.YumaBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.BlytheBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.Casa_GrandeBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.Davis_MonthanBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.Deer_ValleyBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.ImperialBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.LukeBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.Palm_Springs_InternationalBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.Palm_Springs_ThermalBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.PhoenixBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.Prescott_Love_FieldBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.ScottsdaleBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.TucsonBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.TlgDataSet, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.TlgBindingSource, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.LayersDataSet, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.OneBindingSource1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.ThreeBindingSource, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.TwoBindingSource, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() Me.ResumeLayout(False) Me.PerformLayout() End Sub Friend WithEvents ListBox1 As System.Windows.Forms.ListBox Friend WithEvents ListBox2 As System.Windows.Forms.ListBox Friend WithEvents NumericUpDown1 As System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown Friend WithEvents NumericUpDown2 As System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown Friend WithEvents Panel2 As System.Windows.Forms.Panel Friend WithEvents Panel3 As System.Windows.Forms.Panel Friend WithEvents Label2 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label1 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label3 As System.Windows.Forms.Label 185 Friend WithEvents Label5 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents BlytheBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Casa_GrandeBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Davis_MonthanBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Deer_ValleyBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents ImperialBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents LukeBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Palm_Springs_InternationalBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Palm_Springs_ThermalBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents PhoenixBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Prescott_Love_FieldBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents ScottsdaleBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents TucsonBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents YumaBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Button1 As System.Windows.Forms.Button Friend WithEvents OneBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents NumericUpDown3 As System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown Friend WithEvents Button2 As System.Windows.Forms.Button Friend WithEvents ListBox3 As System.Windows.Forms.ListBox Friend WithEvents TransmissivityBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Vo2BindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn1 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn2 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn3 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn4 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn5 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn6 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn7 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn8 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn9 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn10 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn 186 Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn11 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn12 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn13 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn14 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn15 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn16 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn17 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents DataGridViewTextBoxColumn18 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridViewTextBoxColumn Friend WithEvents Panel1 As System.Windows.Forms.Panel Friend WithEvents Label6 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label7 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label8 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label9 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label10 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label11 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Button3 As System.Windows.Forms.Button Friend WithEvents Label13 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label12 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents NumericUpDown5 As System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown Friend WithEvents NumericUpDown4 As System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown Friend WithEvents RadioButton1 As System.Windows.Forms.RadioButton Friend WithEvents Panel4 As System.Windows.Forms.Panel Friend WithEvents Label16 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label15 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label14 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Panel5 As System.Windows.Forms.Panel Friend WithEvents Label18 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label17 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents RadioButton2 As System.Windows.Forms.RadioButton Friend WithEvents CityTMY3DataSet As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSet Friend WithEvents YumaBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents YumaTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.YumaTableAdapter Friend WithEvents TableAdapterManager2 As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.TableAdapterManager Friend WithEvents BlytheTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.BlytheTableAdapter Friend WithEvents BlytheBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Casa_GrandeTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Casa_GrandeTableAdapter Friend WithEvents Casa_GrandeBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource 187 Friend WithEvents Davis_MonthanTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Davis_MonthanTableAdapter Friend WithEvents Davis_MonthanBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Deer_ValleyTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Deer_ValleyTableAdapter Friend WithEvents Deer_ValleyBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents ImperialTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.ImperialTableAdapter Friend WithEvents ImperialBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents LukeTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.LukeTableAdapter Friend WithEvents LukeBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Palm_Springs_InternationalTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Palm_Springs_InternationalTableAdapter Friend WithEvents Palm_Springs_InternationalBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Palm_Springs_ThermalTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Palm_Springs_ThermalTableAdapter Friend WithEvents Palm_Springs_ThermalBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents PhoenixTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.PhoenixTableAdapter Friend WithEvents PhoenixBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Prescott_Love_FieldTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.Prescott_Love_FieldTableAdapter Friend WithEvents Prescott_Love_FieldBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents ScottsdaleTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.ScottsdaleTableAdapter Friend WithEvents ScottsdaleBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents TucsonTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.CityTMY3DataSetTableAdapters.TucsonTableAdapter Friend WithEvents TucsonBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents TlgDataSet As SonoranSytems.tlgDataSet Friend WithEvents TlgBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents TlgTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.tlgDataSetTableAdapters.tlgTableAdapter Friend WithEvents TableAdapterManager As SonoranSytems.tlgDataSetTableAdapters.TableAdapterManager Friend WithEvents Button4 As System.Windows.Forms.Button Friend WithEvents DataGridView1 As System.Windows.Forms.DataGridView Friend WithEvents LayersDataSet As SonoranSytems.layersDataSet Friend WithEvents TableAdapterManager1 As SonoranSytems.layersDataSetTableAdapters.TableAdapterManager Friend WithEvents ListBox4 As System.Windows.Forms.ListBox Friend WithEvents OneTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.layersDataSetTableAdapters.oneTableAdapter Friend WithEvents OneBindingSource1 As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource 188 Friend WithEvents ThreeTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.layersDataSetTableAdapters.threeTableAdapter Friend WithEvents ThreeBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents TwoTableAdapter As SonoranSytems.layersDataSetTableAdapters.twoTableAdapter Friend WithEvents TwoBindingSource As System.Windows.Forms.BindingSource Friend WithEvents Label4 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label19 As System.Windows.Forms.Label End Class 189 ʻForm2.vb Imports System.Math Imports System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization.Charting Public Class Form2 Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form Public frm1 As Form1 Dim dbt As Array Dim dnr As Array Dim Tin As Array Dim t1 As Array Dim t2 As Array Dim t3 As Array Dim Tinref As Array Dim P As Array Dim id2 As Array Dim month As String Dim place As String Dim tau As Array Dim w(8759) As Double Dim x(8759) As Double Dim y(8759) As Double Dim z(8759) As Double Dim u1(8759) As Double Dim u2(8759) As Double Dim u3(8759) As Double Dim S As Double Dim Sx As Double Dim gamma As Double Dim LB As Double Dim UB As Double Dim interval As Double Dim f As Double Dim fprime As Double Dim g As Double Dim T As Double Private Sub LoadArrays() dbt = CType(frm1, Form1).Tout dnr = CType(frm1, Form1).light Tin = CType(frm1, Form1).four t1 = CType(frm1, Form1).one t2 = CType(frm1, Form1).two t3 = CType(frm1, Form1).three Tinref = CType(frm1, Form1).five 190 P = CType(frm1, Form1).P id2 = CType(frm1, Form1).id2 month = CType(frm1, Form1).month place = CType(frm1, Form1).place Location = CType(frm1, Form1).Location tau = CType(frm1, Form1).six End Sub Private Sub graph() 'chart plotting information Chart3.Series.Add("Ambient Outdoor Temperature") Chart3.Series.Add("Indoor Temperature Reference Bldg") Chart3.Series.Add("Transmissivity TLG") Chart3.Series.Add("Comfort Zone High") Chart3.Series.Add("Comfort Zone Low") For i As Integer = 0 To (id2(1) - id2(0)) Chart3.Series("Ambient Outdoor Temperature").Points.AddXY(i, dbt(i + id2(0))) Chart3.Series("Indoor Temperature Reference Bldg").Points.AddXY(i, Tinref(i + id2(0))) Chart3.Series("Transmissivity TLG").Points.AddXY(i, tau(i + id2(0))) Chart3.Series("Comfort Zone High").Points.AddXY(i, 25) Chart3.Series("Comfort Zone Low").Points.AddXY(i, 20) Next Chart3.Series("Ambient Outdoor Temperature").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line Chart3.Series("Indoor Temperature Reference Bldg").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line Chart3.Series("Ambient Outdoor Temperature").Color = Color.CornflowerBlue Chart3.Series("Indoor Temperature Reference Bldg").Color = Color.Salmon Chart3.Series("Transmissivity TLG").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line Chart3.Series("Transmissivity TLG").YAxisType = AxisType.Secondary Chart3.Series("Comfort Zone High").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line Chart3.Series("Comfort Zone Low").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line Chart3.Series("Comfort Zone High").Color = Color.DarkRed Chart3.Series("Comfort Zone Low").Color = Color.DarkBlue Dim N As Integer = P(0) Dim M As Integer = P(1) If N = 1 Then Chart3.Series.Add("Layer One") For i As Integer = 0 To (id2(1) - id2(0)) Chart3.Series("Layer One").Points.AddXY(i, t1(i + id2(0))) Next Chart3.Series("Layer One").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line 191 Chart3.Series("Layer One").Color = Color.YellowGreen End If If N = 2 Then Chart3.Series.Add("Layer One") Chart3.Series.Add("Layer Two") For i As Integer = 0 To (id2(1) - id2(0)) Chart3.Series("Layer One").Points.AddXY(i, t1(i + id2(0))) Chart3.Series("Layer Two").Points.AddXY(i, t2(i + id2(0))) Next Chart3.Series("Layer One").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line Chart3.Series("Layer Two").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line Chart3.Series("Layer One").Color = Color.YellowGreen Chart3.Series("Layer Two").Color = Color.DarkOrange End If If N = 3 Then Chart3.Series.Add("Layer Three") Chart3.Series.Add("Layer Two") Chart3.Series.Add("Layer One") For i As Integer = 0 To (id2(1) - id2(0)) Chart3.Series("Layer Three").Points.AddXY(i, t3(i + id2(0))) Chart3.Series("Layer Two").Points.AddXY(i, t2(i + id2(0))) Chart3.Series("Layer One").Points.AddXY(i, t1(i + id2(0))) Next Chart3.Series("Layer One").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line Chart3.Series("Layer Two").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line Chart3.Series("Layer Three").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line Chart3.Series("Layer One").Color = Color.YellowGreen Chart3.Series("Layer Two").Color = Color.DarkOrange Chart3.Series("Layer Three").Color = Color.RosyBrown End If Chart3.Series.Add("Indoor Temperature") For i As Integer = 0 To (id2(1) - id2(0)) Chart3.Series("Indoor Temperature").Points.AddXY(i, Tin(i + id2(0))) Next Chart3.Series("Indoor Temperature").ChartType = SeriesChartType.Line Chart3.Series("Indoor Temperature").Color = Color.Red 192 End Sub Private Sub integrate() 'calcualtes hza and cza for design and references cases Dim hdd_totalref(8759) As Double Dim cdd_totalref(8759) As Double Dim sumhref As Object = 0 Dim sumcref As Object = 0 Dim hdd_total(8759) As Double Dim cdd_total(8759) As Double Dim sumh As Object = 0 Dim sumc As Object = 0 For i As Integer = 0 To 8759 If Tinref(i) < 20 Then hdd_totalref(i) = (20 - Tinref(i)) cdd_totalref(i) = 0 ElseIf Tinref(i) > 25 Then hdd_totalref(i) = 0 cdd_totalref(i) = (Tinref(i) - 25) Else hdd_totalref(i) = 0 cdd_totalref(i) = 0 End If sumhref = sumhref + hdd_totalref(i) sumcref = sumcref + cdd_totalref(i) If Tin(i) < 20 Then hdd_total(i) = (20 - Tin(i)) cdd_total(i) = 0 ElseIf Tin(i) > 25 Then hdd_total(i) = 0 cdd_total(i) = (Tin(i) - 25) Else hdd_total(i) = 0 cdd_total(i) = 0 End If sumh = sumh + hdd_total(i) sumc = sumc + cdd_total(i) Next 193 Dim heating_ref As Double = sumhref / 24 Dim cooling_ref As Double = sumcref / 24 Dim heating As Double = sumh / 24 Dim cooling As Double = sumc / 24 Label26.Text = Round(heating_ref, 2) Label27.Text = Round(cooling_ref, 2) Label20.Text = Form1.Label4.Text Label22.Text = Form1.Label19.Text Label20.Show() Label22.Show() Label26.Show() Label27.Show() End Sub Private Sub labels() 'sets labels on output screen If Form1.RadioButton1.Checked = True Then Label14.Text = "year" Else Label14.Text = month End If Label15.Text = place If Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Blythe" Then Label16.Text = 33.62 Label17.Text = 114.72 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Casa Grande" Then Label16.Text = 32.95 Label17.Text = 111.77 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Davis Monthan" Then Label16.Text = 32.17 Label17.Text = 110.88 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Deer Valley" Then Label16.Text = 33.68 Label17.Text = 112.08 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Imperial" Then Label16.Text = 32.83 Label17.Text = 115.58 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Luke" Then 194 Label16.Text = 33.55 Label17.Text = 112.37 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Palm Springs International" Then Label16.Text = 33.83 Label17.Text = 116.5 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Palm Springs Thermal" Then Label16.Text = 33.63 Label17.Text = 116.17 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Phoenix" Then Label16.Text = 33.45 Label17.Text = 111.98 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Prescott Love Field" Then Label16.Text = 34.65 Label17.Text = 112.42 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Scottsdale" Then Label16.Text = 33.62 Label17.Text = 111.92 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Tucson" Then Label16.Text = 32.13 Label17.Text = 110.95 ElseIf Form1.ListBox1.SelectedItem = "Yuma" Then Label16.Text = 32.67 Label17.Text = 114.6 End If Label14.Show() Label15.Show() Label16.Show() Label17.Show() Label31.Text = Form1.Label6.Text Label32.Text = Form1.Label7.Text Label34.Text = Form1.Label8.Text Label35.Text = Form1.Label9.Text Label37.Text = Form1.Label10.Text Label38.Text = Form1.Label11.Text Dim N As Integer = P(0) If N = 1 Then Label30.Show() Label31.Show() Label32.Show() 195 PictureBox1.Show() PictureBox2.Hide() PictureBox3.Hide() ElseIf N = 2 Then Label30.Show() Label31.Show() Label32.Show() Label33.Show() Label34.Show() Label35.Show() PictureBox1.Hide() PictureBox2.Show() PictureBox3.Hide() ElseIf N = 3 Then Label30.Show() Label31.Show() Label32.Show() Label33.Show() Label34.Show() Label35.Show() Label36.Show() Label37.Show() Label38.Show() PictureBox1.Hide() PictureBox2.Hide() PictureBox3.Show() End If End Sub Private Sub Form2_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load Label14.Hide() Label15.Hide() Label16.Hide() Label17.Hide() Label20.Hide() Label22.Hide() Label26.Hide() Label27.Hide() Label30.Hide() Label31.Hide() Label32.Hide() Label33.Hide() Label34.Hide() Label35.Hide() Label36.Hide() Label37.Hide() Label38.Hide() 196 LoadArrays() graph() integrate() labels() End Sub End Class 197 ʻForm2.designer.vb <Global.Microsoft.VisualBasic.CompilerServices.DesignerGenerated()> _ Partial Class Form2 Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form 'Form overrides dispose to clean up the component list. <System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCode()> _ Protected Overrides Sub Dispose(ByVal disposing As Boolean) Try If disposing AndAlso components IsNot Nothing Then components.Dispose() End If Finally MyBase.Dispose(disposing) End Try End Sub 'Required by the Windows Form Designer Private components As System.ComponentModel.IContainer 'NOTE: The following procedure is required by the Windows Form Designer 'It can be modified using the Windows Form Designer. 'Do not modify it using the code editor. <System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThrough()> _ Private Sub InitializeComponent() Dim ChartArea2 As System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization.Charting.ChartArea = New System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization.Charting.ChartArea Dim Legend2 As System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization.Charting.Legend = New System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization.Charting.Legend Dim resources As System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager = New System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager(GetType(Form2)) Me.Chart3 = New System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization.Charting.Chart Me.Label13 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label14 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label15 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label16 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label17 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label18 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label19 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label20 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label21 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label22 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label23 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label24 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label25 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label26 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label27 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label28 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label29 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label 198 Me.Panel4 = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel Me.Panel5 = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel Me.Label40 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.PictureBox1 = New System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox Me.Label30 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label31 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label32 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label33 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label34 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label35 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label36 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label37 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Label38 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.Panel6 = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel Me.Label39 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label Me.PictureBox2 = New System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox Me.PictureBox3 = New System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox CType(Me.Chart3, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() Me.Panel4.SuspendLayout() Me.Panel5.SuspendLayout() CType(Me.PictureBox1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() Me.Panel6.SuspendLayout() CType(Me.PictureBox2, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() CType(Me.PictureBox3, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit() Me.SuspendLayout() ' 'Chart3 ' ChartArea2.AxisX.LabelStyle.Enabled = False ChartArea2.AxisX.MajorGrid.Interval = 24 ChartArea2.AxisX.MajorGrid.LineColor = System.Drawing.Color.Silver ChartArea2.AxisX.MajorGrid.LineDashStyle = System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization.Charting.ChartDashStyle.Dash ChartArea2.AxisX.MajorTickMark.Interval = 24 ChartArea2.AxisX.MajorTickMark.LineColor = System.Drawing.Color.Red ChartArea2.AxisX.MinorGrid.LineColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent ChartArea2.AxisX.MinorTickMark.LineColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent ChartArea2.AxisX.Title = "time" ChartArea2.AxisY.MajorGrid.LineColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent ChartArea2.AxisY.MajorTickMark.LineColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent ChartArea2.AxisY.Maximum = 50 ChartArea2.AxisY.Minimum = 0 ChartArea2.AxisY.MinorGrid.LineColor = System.Drawing.Color.Transparent ChartArea2.AxisY.Title = "degrees celcius" ChartArea2.AxisY2.MajorGrid.Enabled = False ChartArea2.AxisY2.Title = "transmissivity TLG" ChartArea2.Name = "ChartArea3" Me.Chart3.ChartAreas.Add(ChartArea2) Me.Chart3.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Default Legend2.Name = "Legend1" 199 Me.Chart3.Legends.Add(Legend2) Me.Chart3.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(-3, 161) Me.Chart3.Name = "Chart3" Me.Chart3.Palette = System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization.Charting.ChartColorPalette.EarthTones Me.Chart3.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(1287, 387) Me.Chart3.TabIndex = 0 Me.Chart3.Text = "Chart3" ' 'Label13 ' Me.Label13.AutoSize = True Me.Label13.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(4, 3) Me.Label13.Name = "Label13" Me.Label13.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(134, 20) Me.Label13.TabIndex = 1 Me.Label13.Text = "output data for:" ' 'Label14 ' Me.Label14.AutoSize = True Me.Label14.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(10, 24) Me.Label14.Name = "Label14" Me.Label14.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label14.TabIndex = 2 Me.Label14.Text = "Label14" ' 'Label15 ' Me.Label15.AutoSize = True Me.Label15.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(89, 23) Me.Label15.Name = "Label15" Me.Label15.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label15.TabIndex = 3 Me.Label15.Text = "Label15" ' 'Label16 ' Me.Label16.AutoSize = True Me.Label16.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(10, 109) Me.Label16.Name = "Label16" Me.Label16.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label16.TabIndex = 4 Me.Label16.Text = "Label16" ' 'Label17 ' Me.Label17.AutoSize = True Me.Label17.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(11, 69) Me.Label17.Name = "Label17" 200 Me.Label17.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label17.TabIndex = 5 Me.Label17.Text = "Label17" ' 'Label18 ' Me.Label18.AutoSize = True Me.Label18.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(15, 3) Me.Label18.Name = "Label18" Me.Label18.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(112, 20) Me.Label18.TabIndex = 6 Me.Label18.Text = "design case*" ' 'Label19 ' Me.Label19.AutoSize = True Me.Label19.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(15, 29) Me.Label19.Name = "Label19" Me.Label19.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(154, 20) Me.Label19.TabIndex = 7 Me.Label19.Text = "heating zone area" ' 'Label20 ' Me.Label20.AutoSize = True Me.Label20.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(15, 49) Me.Label20.Name = "Label20" Me.Label20.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label20.TabIndex = 8 Me.Label20.Text = "Label20" ' 'Label21 ' Me.Label21.AutoSize = True Me.Label21.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(15, 72) Me.Label21.Name = "Label21" Me.Label21.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(151, 20) Me.Label21.TabIndex = 9 Me.Label21.Text = "cooling zone area" ' 'Label22 ' Me.Label22.AutoSize = True Me.Label22.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(15, 92) Me.Label22.Name = "Label22" Me.Label22.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label22.TabIndex = 10 Me.Label22.Text = "Label22" ' 'Label23 201 ' Me.Label23.AutoSize = True Me.Label23.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(202, 72) Me.Label23.Name = "Label23" Me.Label23.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(151, 20) Me.Label23.TabIndex = 12 Me.Label23.Text = "cooling zone area" & Global.Microsoft.VisualBasic.ChrW(13) & Global.Microsoft.VisualBasic.ChrW(10) ' 'Label24 ' Me.Label24.AutoSize = True Me.Label24.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(202, 29) Me.Label24.Name = "Label24" Me.Label24.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(154, 20) Me.Label24.TabIndex = 11 Me.Label24.Text = "heating zone area" & Global.Microsoft.VisualBasic.ChrW(13) & Global.Microsoft.VisualBasic.ChrW(10) ' 'Label25 ' Me.Label25.AutoSize = True Me.Label25.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(202, 3) Me.Label25.Name = "Label25" Me.Label25.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(136, 20) Me.Label25.TabIndex = 13 Me.Label25.Text = "reference case*" ' 'Label26 ' Me.Label26.AutoSize = True Me.Label26.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(202, 49) Me.Label26.Name = "Label26" Me.Label26.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label26.TabIndex = 14 Me.Label26.Text = "Label26" ' 'Label27 ' Me.Label27.AutoSize = True Me.Label27.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(202, 92) Me.Label27.Name = "Label27" Me.Label27.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label27.TabIndex = 15 Me.Label27.Text = "Label27" ' 'Label28 ' Me.Label28.AutoSize = True Me.Label28.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(11, 89) 202 Me.Label28.Name = "Label28" Me.Label28.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(154, 20) Me.Label28.TabIndex = 16 Me.Label28.Text = "latitude [degrees]:" ' 'Label29 ' Me.Label29.AutoSize = True Me.Label29.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(11, 49) Me.Label29.Name = "Label29" Me.Label29.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(168, 20) Me.Label29.TabIndex = 17 Me.Label29.Text = "longitude [degrees]:" ' 'Panel4 ' Me.Panel4.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Panel4.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.Fixed3D Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label29) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label28) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label17) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label16) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label15) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label14) Me.Panel4.Controls.Add(Me.Label13) Me.Panel4.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Microsoft Sans Serif", 12.0!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.Panel4.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(255, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(128, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Panel4.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(12, 3) Me.Panel4.Name = "Panel4" Me.Panel4.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(208, 163) Me.Panel4.TabIndex = 20 ' 'Panel5 ' Me.Panel5.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Panel5.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.Fixed3D Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label40) Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label27) Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label26) Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label25) Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label23) Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label24) Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label22) Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label21) Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label20) Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label19) Me.Panel5.Controls.Add(Me.Label18) 203 Me.Panel5.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Microsoft Sans Serif", 12.0!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.Panel5.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.FromArgb(CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(192, Byte), Integer), CType(CType(0, Byte), Integer)) Me.Panel5.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(226, 3) Me.Panel5.Name = "Panel5" Me.Panel5.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(406, 163) Me.Panel5.TabIndex = 21 ' 'Label40 ' Me.Label40.AutoSize = True Me.Label40.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Microsoft Sans Serif", 10.0!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.Label40.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(281, 136) Me.Label40.Name = "Label40" Me.Label40.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(118, 17) Me.Label40.TabIndex = 16 Me.Label40.Text = "*for entire year" ' 'PictureBox1 ' Me.PictureBox1.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("PictureBox1.Image"), System.Drawing.Image) Me.PictureBox1.InitialImage = CType(resources.GetObject("PictureBox1.InitialImage"), System.Drawing.Image) Me.PictureBox1.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(638, 3) Me.PictureBox1.Name = "PictureBox1" Me.PictureBox1.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(431, 175) Me.PictureBox1.TabIndex = 22 Me.PictureBox1.TabStop = False ' 'Label30 ' Me.Label30.AutoSize = True Me.Label30.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(16, 19) Me.Label30.Name = "Label30" Me.Label30.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(87, 20) Me.Label30.TabIndex = 23 Me.Label30.Text = "layer one:" ' 'Label31 ' Me.Label31.AutoSize = True Me.Label31.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(16, 39) Me.Label31.Name = "Label31" Me.Label31.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label31.TabIndex = 24 Me.Label31.Text = "Label31" ' 204 'Label32 ' Me.Label32.AutoSize = True Me.Label32.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(116, 39) Me.Label32.Name = "Label32" Me.Label32.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label32.TabIndex = 25 Me.Label32.Text = "Label32" ' 'Label33 ' Me.Label33.AutoSize = True Me.Label33.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(17, 67) Me.Label33.Name = "Label33" Me.Label33.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(85, 20) Me.Label33.TabIndex = 26 Me.Label33.Text = "layer two:" ' 'Label34 ' Me.Label34.AutoSize = True Me.Label34.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(16, 87) Me.Label34.Name = "Label34" Me.Label34.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label34.TabIndex = 27 Me.Label34.Text = "Label34" ' 'Label35 ' Me.Label35.AutoSize = True Me.Label35.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(116, 87) Me.Label35.Name = "Label35" Me.Label35.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label35.TabIndex = 28 Me.Label35.Text = "Label35" ' 'Label36 ' Me.Label36.AutoSize = True Me.Label36.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(17, 111) Me.Label36.Name = "Label36" Me.Label36.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(67, 20) Me.Label36.TabIndex = 29 Me.Label36.Text = "layer 3:" ' 'Label37 ' Me.Label37.AutoSize = True Me.Label37.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(16, 131) Me.Label37.Name = "Label37" 205 Me.Label37.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label37.TabIndex = 30 Me.Label37.Text = "Label37" ' 'Label38 ' Me.Label38.AutoSize = True Me.Label38.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(116, 131) Me.Label38.Name = "Label38" Me.Label38.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(73, 20) Me.Label38.TabIndex = 31 Me.Label38.Text = "Label38" ' 'Panel6 ' Me.Panel6.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.Black Me.Panel6.Controls.Add(Me.Label39) Me.Panel6.Controls.Add(Me.Label34) Me.Panel6.Controls.Add(Me.Label38) Me.Panel6.Controls.Add(Me.Label30) Me.Panel6.Controls.Add(Me.Label37) Me.Panel6.Controls.Add(Me.Label31) Me.Panel6.Controls.Add(Me.Label36) Me.Panel6.Controls.Add(Me.Label32) Me.Panel6.Controls.Add(Me.Label35) Me.Panel6.Controls.Add(Me.Label33) Me.Panel6.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Microsoft Sans Serif", 12.0!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Bold, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0, Byte)) Me.Panel6.ForeColor = System.Drawing.Color.Red Me.Panel6.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(1059, 3) Me.Panel6.Name = "Panel6" Me.Panel6.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(216, 163) Me.Panel6.TabIndex = 32 ' 'Label39 ' Me.Label39.AutoSize = True Me.Label39.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(116, 6) Me.Label39.Name = "Label39" Me.Label39.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(74, 20) Me.Label39.TabIndex = 32 Me.Label39.Text = "[meters]" ' 'PictureBox2 ' Me.PictureBox2.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("PictureBox2.Image"), System.Drawing.Image) Me.PictureBox2.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(640, 3) Me.PictureBox2.Name = "PictureBox2" Me.PictureBox2.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(430, 173) 206 Me.PictureBox2.TabIndex = 33 Me.PictureBox2.TabStop = False ' 'PictureBox3 ' Me.PictureBox3.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("PictureBox3.Image"), System.Drawing.Image) Me.PictureBox3.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(639, 3) Me.PictureBox3.Name = "PictureBox3" Me.PictureBox3.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(431, 171) Me.PictureBox3.TabIndex = 34 Me.PictureBox3.TabStop = False Me.BackColor = System.Drawing.Color.White Me.ClientSize = New System.Drawing.Size(1287, 537) Me.Controls.Add(Me.PictureBox3) Me.Controls.Add(Me.PictureBox2) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Panel6) Me.Controls.Add(Me.PictureBox1) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Panel5) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Panel4) Me.Controls.Add(Me.Chart3) Me.Name = "Form2" Me.Text = "ouputs" CType(Me.Chart3, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() Me.Panel4.ResumeLayout(False) Me.Panel4.PerformLayout() Me.Panel5.ResumeLayout(False) Me.Panel5.PerformLayout() CType(Me.PictureBox1, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() Me.Panel6.ResumeLayout(False) Me.Panel6.PerformLayout() CType(Me.PictureBox2, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() CType(Me.PictureBox3, System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit() Me.ResumeLayout(False) End Sub Friend WithEvents Label1 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label2 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label3 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label4 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Button1 As System.Windows.Forms.Button Friend WithEvents Panel1 As System.Windows.Forms.Panel Friend WithEvents Label5 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label7 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label6 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Panel2 As System.Windows.Forms.Panel Friend WithEvents Label10 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label9 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label8 As System.Windows.Forms.Label 207 Friend WithEvents Button2 As System.Windows.Forms.Button Friend WithEvents Panel3 As System.Windows.Forms.Panel Friend WithEvents Label11 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label12 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Chart3 As System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization.Charting.Chart Friend WithEvents Label13 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label14 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label15 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label16 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label17 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label18 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label19 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label20 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label21 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label22 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label23 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label24 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label25 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label26 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label27 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label28 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label29 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Panel4 As System.Windows.Forms.Panel Friend WithEvents Panel5 As System.Windows.Forms.Panel Friend WithEvents PictureBox1 As System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox Friend WithEvents Label30 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label31 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label32 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label33 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label34 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label35 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label36 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label37 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label38 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Panel6 As System.Windows.Forms.Panel Friend WithEvents PictureBox2 As System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox Friend WithEvents PictureBox3 As System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox Friend WithEvents Label39 As System.Windows.Forms.Label Friend WithEvents Label40 As System.Windows.Forms.Label End Class 208 Appendix B Thermochromic glazing data tables 209 Tranmittance data [%] interpolated and extropolated by temperature [C] and wavelength [nm] 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 400 20.00 19.20 18.40 17.60 16.80 16.00 15.20 425 45.00 43.73 42.47 41.20 39.93 38.67 37.40 450 67.00 65.53 64.07 62.60 61.13 59.67 58.20 475 70.00 68.80 67.60 66.40 65.20 64.00 62.80 500 68.00 66.80 65.60 64.40 63.20 62.00 60.80 525 65.00 63.80 62.60 61.40 60.20 59.00 57.80 550 75.00 73.67 72.33 71.00 69.67 68.33 67.00 575 88.00 86.80 85.60 84.40 83.20 82.00 80.80 600 80.00 78.67 77.33 76.00 74.67 73.33 72.00 625 55.00 54.33 53.67 53.00 52.33 51.67 51.00 650 55.00 54.93 54.87 54.80 54.73 54.67 54.60 675 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 700 38.00 37.00 36.00 35.00 34.00 33.00 32.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 31.00 32.00 33.00 400 14.40 13.60 12.80 12.00 11.20 10.40 9.60 425 36.13 34.87 33.60 32.33 31.07 29.80 28.53 450 56.73 55.27 53.80 52.33 50.87 49.40 47.93 475 61.60 60.40 59.20 58.00 56.80 55.60 54.40 500 59.60 58.40 57.20 56.00 54.80 53.60 52.40 525 56.60 55.40 54.20 53.00 51.80 50.60 49.40 550 65.67 64.33 63.00 61.67 60.33 59.00 57.67 575 79.60 78.40 77.20 76.00 74.80 73.60 72.40 600 70.67 69.33 68.00 66.67 65.33 64.00 62.67 625 50.33 49.67 49.00 48.33 47.67 47.00 46.33 650 54.53 54.47 54.40 54.33 54.27 54.20 54.13 675 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 700 31.00 30.00 29.00 28.00 27.00 26.00 25.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 400 8.80 8.00 7.80 7.60 7.40 7.20 7.00 425 27.27 26.00 25.40 24.80 24.20 23.60 23.00 450 46.47 45.00 44.33 43.67 43.00 42.33 41.67 475 53.20 52.00 51.47 50.93 50.40 49.87 49.33 500 51.20 50.00 49.47 48.93 48.40 47.87 47.33 525 48.20 47.00 46.53 46.07 45.60 45.13 44.67 550 56.33 55.00 54.47 53.93 53.40 52.87 52.33 575 71.20 70.00 69.80 69.60 69.40 69.20 69.00 600 61.33 60.00 59.00 58.00 57.00 56.00 55.00 625 45.67 45.00 43.40 41.80 40.20 38.60 37.00 650 54.07 54.00 51.87 49.73 47.60 45.47 43.33 675 40.00 40.00 38.13 36.27 34.40 32.53 30.67 700 24.00 23.00 22.27 21.53 20.80 20.07 19.33 210 41.00 42.00 43.00 44.00 45.00 46.00 47.00 400 6.80 6.60 6.40 6.20 6.00 5.80 5.60 425 22.40 21.80 21.20 20.60 20.00 19.40 18.80 450 41.00 40.33 39.67 39.00 38.33 37.67 37.00 475 48.80 48.27 47.73 47.20 46.67 46.13 45.60 500 46.80 46.27 45.73 45.20 44.67 44.13 43.60 525 44.20 43.73 43.27 42.80 42.33 41.87 41.40 550 51.80 51.27 50.73 50.20 49.67 49.13 48.60 575 68.80 68.60 68.40 68.20 68.00 67.80 67.60 600 54.00 53.00 52.00 51.00 50.00 49.00 48.00 625 35.40 33.80 32.20 30.60 29.00 27.40 25.80 650 41.20 39.07 36.93 34.80 32.67 30.53 28.40 675 28.80 26.93 25.07 23.20 21.33 19.47 17.60 700 18.60 17.87 17.13 16.40 15.67 14.93 14.20 48.00 49.00 50.00 51.00 52.00 53.00 54.00 400 5.40 5.20 5.00 4.80 4.60 4.40 4.20 425 18.20 17.60 17.00 16.47 15.93 15.40 14.87 450 36.33 35.67 35.00 34.33 33.67 33.00 32.33 475 45.07 44.53 44.00 43.20 42.40 41.60 40.80 500 43.07 42.53 42.00 41.53 41.07 40.60 40.13 525 40.93 40.47 40.00 39.20 38.40 37.60 36.80 550 48.07 47.53 47.00 46.00 45.00 44.00 43.00 575 67.40 67.20 67.00 65.20 63.40 61.60 59.80 600 47.00 46.00 45.00 43.87 42.73 41.60 40.47 625 24.20 22.60 21.00 20.27 19.53 18.80 18.07 650 26.27 24.13 22.00 21.27 20.53 19.80 19.07 675 15.73 13.87 12.00 11.53 11.07 10.60 10.13 700 13.47 12.73 12.00 11.53 11.07 10.60 10.13 55.00 56.00 57.00 58.00 59.00 60.00 61.00 400 4.00 3.80 3.60 3.40 3.20 3.00 2.80 425 14.33 13.80 13.27 12.73 12.20 11.67 11.13 450 31.67 31.00 30.33 29.67 29.00 28.33 27.67 475 40.00 39.20 38.40 37.60 36.80 36.00 35.20 500 39.67 39.20 38.73 38.27 37.80 37.33 36.87 525 36.00 35.20 34.40 33.60 32.80 32.00 31.20 550 42.00 41.00 40.00 39.00 38.00 37.00 36.00 575 58.00 56.20 54.40 52.60 50.80 49.00 47.20 600 39.33 38.20 37.07 35.93 34.80 33.67 32.53 625 17.33 16.60 15.87 15.13 14.40 13.67 12.93 650 18.33 17.60 16.87 16.13 15.40 14.67 13.93 675 9.67 9.20 8.73 8.27 7.80 7.33 6.87 700 9.67 9.20 8.73 8.27 7.80 7.33 6.87 62.00 63.00 64.00 65.00 66.00 67.00 68.00 400 2.60 2.40 2.20 2.00 1.90 1.80 1.70 211 425 10.60 10.07 9.53 9.00 8.70 8.40 8.10 450 27.00 26.33 25.67 25.00 23.40 21.80 20.20 475 34.40 33.60 32.80 32.00 31.40 30.80 30.20 500 36.40 35.93 35.47 35.00 34.00 33.00 32.00 525 30.40 29.60 28.80 28.00 27.50 27.00 26.50 550 35.00 34.00 33.00 32.00 31.40 30.80 30.20 575 45.40 43.60 41.80 40.00 39.00 38.00 37.00 600 31.40 30.27 29.13 28.00 27.20 26.40 25.60 625 12.20 11.47 10.73 10.00 9.70 9.40 9.10 650 13.20 12.47 11.73 11.00 10.70 10.40 10.10 675 6.40 5.93 5.47 5.00 4.90 4.80 4.70 700 6.40 5.93 5.47 5.00 4.90 4.80 4.70 69.00 70.00 71.00 72.00 73.00 74.00 75.00 400 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.20 1.10 1.00 425 7.80 7.50 7.20 6.90 6.60 6.30 6.00 450 18.60 17.00 15.40 13.80 12.20 10.60 9.00 475 29.60 29.00 28.40 27.80 27.20 26.60 26.00 500 31.00 30.00 29.00 28.00 27.00 26.00 25.00 525 26.00 25.50 25.00 24.50 24.00 23.50 23.00 550 29.60 29.00 28.40 27.80 27.20 26.60 26.00 575 36.00 35.00 34.00 33.00 32.00 31.00 30.00 600 24.80 24.00 23.20 22.40 21.60 20.80 20.00 625 8.80 8.50 8.20 7.90 7.60 7.30 7.00 650 9.80 9.50 9.20 8.90 8.60 8.30 8.00 675 4.60 4.50 4.40 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 700 4.60 4.50 4.40 4.30 4.20 4.10 4.00 As outlined in ASTM E 971-88, the transmittance of the glazing is equal to the weighted average of the transmittance at each wavelength: Values of E λi and V λi from ASTM E 971-88 and G 173-03 by wavelength [nm]: E V 400 0.8399 0.00040 425 0.9931 0.00726 450 1.2881 0.03800 475 1.3755 0.11260 500 1.3391 0.32300 525 1.3859 0.79320 550 1.3648 0.99500 575 1.3225 0.91540 600 1.3278 0.63100 625 1.2667 0.32150 650 1.2299 0.10700 675 1.2639 0.02320 700 1.1636 0.00410 212 Total transmittance claculated as sum of weighted spectral transmittances: [C] [%] [C] [%] -20.00 18.4235 28.00 16.0572 -19.00 18.4235 29.00 15.7614 -18.00 18.4235 30.00 15.4656 -17.00 18.4235 31.00 15.1698 -16.00 18.4235 32.00 14.8740 -15.00 18.4235 33.00 14.5782 -14.00 18.4235 34.00 14.2824 -13.00 18.4235 35.00 13.9866 -12.00 18.4235 36.00 13.8268 -11.00 18.4235 37.00 13.6670 -10.00 18.4235 38.00 13.5072 -9.00 18.4235 39.00 13.3474 -8.00 18.4235 40.00 13.1876 -7.00 18.4235 41.00 13.0277 -6.00 18.4235 42.00 12.8679 -5.00 18.4235 43.00 12.7081 -4.00 18.4235 44.00 12.5483 -3.00 18.4235 45.00 12.3885 -2.00 18.4235 46.00 12.2287 -1.00 18.4235 47.00 12.0689 0.00 18.4235 48.00 11.9091 1.00 18.4235 49.00 11.7493 2.00 18.4235 50.00 11.5894 3.00 18.4235 51.00 11.3212 4.00 18.4235 52.00 11.0530 5.00 18.4235 53.00 10.7848 6.00 18.4235 54.00 10.5166 7.00 18.4235 55.00 10.2484 8.00 18.4235 56.00 9.9802 9.00 18.4235 57.00 9.7120 10.00 18.4235 58.00 9.4438 11.00 18.4235 59.00 9.1755 12.00 18.4235 60.00 8.9073 13.00 18.4235 61.00 8.6391 14.00 18.4235 62.00 8.3709 15.00 18.4235 63.00 8.1027 16.00 18.4235 64.00 7.8345 17.00 18.4235 65.00 7.5663 18.00 18.4235 66.00 7.3908 19.00 18.4235 67.00 7.2154 20.00 18.4235 68.00 7.0399 21.00 18.1277 69.00 6.8644 22.00 17.8319 70.00 6.6890 23.00 17.5361 71.00 6.5135 24.00 17.2403 72.00 6.3380 213 25.00 16.9445 73.00 6.1626 26.00 16.6487 74.00 5.9871 27.00 16.3529 75.00 5.8117 214 Appendix C Wall assembly tables Includes: All assemblies tested The thermal conductivity and thermal mass of each assembly tested The heating and cooling zone area values of each assembly tested 215 water [m] hza cza [W/(m^2C)] [kJ/(m^2C)] 0.1000 474.15 1073.62 6.03 6276 0.1250 472.03 1069.37 4.83 7845 0.1500 470.16 1065.65 4.02 9414 0.1750 468.44 1062.43 3.45 10983 0.2000 466.82 1059.73 3.02 12552 0.2250 465.30 1057.47 2.68 14121 0.2500 463.88 1055.60 2.41 15690 0.2750 462.52 1053.96 2.19 17259 0.3000 461.17 1052.52 2.01 18828 0.3250 459.83 1051.15 1.86 20397 0.3500 458.50 1049.82 1.72 21966 0.3750 457.17 1048.54 1.61 23535 0.4000 455.82 1047.28 1.51 25104 0.4250 454.44 1046.00 1.42 26673 0.4500 453.04 1044.66 1.34 28242 0.4750 451.60 1043.25 1.27 29811 0.5000 450.13 1041.77 1.21 31380 0.5250 448.63 1040.23 1.15 32949 0.5500 447.10 1038.59 1.10 34518 0.5750 445.54 1036.84 1.05 36087 0.6000 443.95 1035.00 1.01 37656 216 concrete [m] hza cza [W/(m^2C)] [kJ/(m^2C)] 0.2000 474.55 1074.41 7.00 6072.000045 0.2250 473.39 1072.30 6.22 6831 0.2500 472.41 1070.28 5.60 7590.000181 0.2750 471.48 1068.41 5.09 8348.99991 0.3000 470.59 1066.64 4.67 9108.00009 0.3250 469.75 1065.00 4.31 9866.999819 0.3500 468.94 1063.47 4.00 10626 0.3750 468.15 1062.04 3.73 11385.00018 0.4000 467.39 1060.74 3.50 12144.00036 0.4250 466.64 1059.54 3.29 12902.99964 0.4500 465.91 1058.44 3.11 13661.99982 0.4750 465.20 1057.45 2.95 14421 0.5000 464.52 1056.53 2.80 15180.00018 0.5250 463.86 1055.67 2.67 15939.00005 0.5500 463.22 1054.86 2.55 16698 0.5750 462.57 1054.12 2.43 17457.00018 0.6000 461.93 1053.41 2.33 18215.99991 217 water [m] concrete [m] total [m] hza cza [W/(m^2C)] [kJ/(m^2C)] 0.1000 0.1000 0.2000 472.83 1070.75 4.22 9312 0.1125 0.1125 0.2250 471.34 1068.28 3.75 10476 0.1000 0.1500 0.2500 469.67 1066.20 3.66 10830 0.1250 0.1250 0.2500 469.88 1065.97 3.37 11640 0.1500 0.1000 0.2500 470.40 1066.15 3.12 12450 0.1250 0.1500 0.2750 468.34 1063.89 3.18 12399 0.1375 0.1375 0.2750 468.44 1063.83 3.07 12804 0.1500 0.1250 0.2750 468.60 1063.85 2.96 13209 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 467.05 1062.51 3.24 12348 0.1500 0.1500 0.3000 467.04 1061.85 2.81 13968 0.2000 0.1000 0.3000 467.98 1062.44 2.48 15588 0.1500 0.1750 0.3250 465.68 1060.14 2.68 14727 0.1625 0.1625 0.3250 465.72 1060.07 2.59 15132 0.2000 0.1250 0.3250 466.16 1060.30 2.38 16347 0.2500 0.0750 0.3250 467.95 1062.02 2.14 17967 0.1000 0.2500 0.3500 464.80 1059.55 2.90 13866 0.1500 0.2000 0.3500 464.47 1058.68 2.55 15486 0.1750 0.1750 0.3500 464.47 1058.48 2.41 16296 0.2000 0.1500 0.3500 464.63 1058.51 2.28 17106 0.2500 0.1000 0.3500 465.75 1059.55 2.06 18726 0.1875 0.1875 0.3750 463.29 1057.08 2.25 17460 0.1500 0.2500 0.4000 462.35 1056.30 2.34 17004 0.2000 0.2000 0.4000 462.18 1055.82 2.11 18624 0.2500 0.1500 0.4000 462.50 1055.95 1.92 20244 0.2125 0.2125 0.4250 461.11 1054.68 1.98 19788 0.2000 0.2500 0.4500 460.13 1053.83 1.96 20142 0.2250 0.2250 0.4500 460.07 1053.61 1.87 20952 0.2500 0.2000 0.4500 460.09 1053.50 1.79 21762 0.1000 0.3750 0.4750 459.98 1054.46 2.31 17661 0.1250 0.3500 0.4750 459.72 1054.02 2.19 18471 0.2375 0.2375 0.4750 459.03 1052.60 1.78 22116 0.3250 0.1500 0.4750 459.46 1052.58 1.55 24951 0.3750 0.1000 0.4750 460.71 1053.75 1.44 26571 0.1125 0.3875 0.5000 458.93 1053.45 2.16 18825 0.2000 0.3000 0.5000 458.23 1052.17 1.83 21660 0.2500 0.2500 0.5000 458.02 1051.63 1.69 23280 0.3500 0.1500 0.5000 458.42 1051.42 1.46 26520 0.3750 0.1250 0.5000 458.91 1051.81 1.41 27330 0.3875 0.1125 0.5000 459.26 1052.14 1.38 27735 0.4000 0.1000 0.5000 459.71 1052.55 1.36 28140 0.1000 0.4250 0.5250 458.15 1052.91 2.13 19179 0.1500 0.3750 0.5250 457.66 1052.10 1.94 20799 218 0.3750 0.1500 0.5250 457.37 1050.23 1.37 28089 0.4250 0.1000 0.5250 458.67 1051.28 1.29 29709 0.1250 0.4000 0.5250 457.89 1052.49 2.03 19989 0.4000 0.1250 0.5250 457.86 1050.58 1.33 28899 0.1375 0.4125 0.5500 456.85 1051.55 1.91 21153 0.4125 0.1375 0.5500 456.51 1049.08 1.28 30063 0.1500 0.4000 0.5500 456.73 1051.36 1.87 21558 0.4000 0.1500 0.5500 456.31 1048.97 1.30 29658 0.1250 0.4250 0.5500 456.97 1051.75 1.96 20748 0.4250 0.1250 0.5500 456.79 1049.28 1.26 30468 0.1500 0.4250 0.5750 455.80 1050.63 1.81 22317 0.4250 0.1500 0.5750 455.22 1047.63 1.23 31227 0.1000 0.4750 0.5750 456.32 1051.44 1.98 20697 0.2000 0.3750 0.5750 455.40 1049.90 1.67 23937 0.3750 0.2000 0.5750 454.83 1047.76 1.31 29607 0.4750 0.1000 0.5750 456.50 1048.48 1.16 32847 0.1625 0.4375 0.6000 454.75 1049.71 1.72 23481 0.4375 0.1625 0.6000 453.94 1046.21 1.19 32391 0.1500 0.4500 0.6000 454.86 1049.90 1.75 23076 0.4250 0.1750 0.6000 453.83 1046.26 1.21 31986 0.5250 0.0750 0.6000 456.50 1047.86 1.08 35226 0.2500 0.3500 0.6000 454.12 1048.46 1.51 26316 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 454.45 1049.17 1.62 24696 0.4750 0.1250 0.6000 454.57 1046.40 1.14 33606 219 water [m] mmc [m] total [m] hza cza [W/(m^2C)] [kJ/(m^2C)] 0.1000 0.1000 0.2000 474.72 1071.58 1.34 8913 0.1125 0.1125 0.2250 472.85 1068.74 1.19 10027 0.1000 0.1500 0.2500 470.34 1065.25 0.97 10231 0.1250 0.1250 0.2500 471.17 1066.23 1.08 11141 0.1500 0.1000 0.2500 472.28 1067.44 1.21 12051 0.1250 0.1500 0.2750 469.31 1063.62 0.93 11800 0.1375 0.1375 0.2750 469.68 1064.08 0.98 12255 0.1500 0.1250 0.2750 470.11 1064.58 1.03 12710 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 467.26 1060.90 0.76 11550 0.1500 0.1500 0.3000 468.38 1062.23 0.90 13369 0.2000 0.1000 0.3000 470.18 1064.39 1.10 15189 0.1500 0.1750 0.3250 466.94 1060.35 0.79 14028 0.1625 0.1625 0.3250 467.21 1060.68 0.83 14483 0.2000 0.1250 0.3250 468.24 1061.96 0.95 15848 0.2500 0.0750 0.3250 470.56 1064.63 1.18 17668 0.1000 0.2500 0.3500 464.82 1057.98 0.62 12868 0.1500 0.2000 0.3500 465.71 1058.83 0.71 14688 0.1750 0.1750 0.3500 466.15 1059.36 0.77 15597 0.2000 0.1500 0.3500 466.68 1060.03 0.83 16507 0.2500 0.1000 0.3500 468.35 1062.03 1.01 18327 0.1875 0.1875 0.3750 465.19 1058.24 0.72 16711 0.1500 0.2500 0.4000 463.51 1056.50 0.59 16006 0.2000 0.2000 0.4000 464.28 1057.24 0.67 17826 0.2500 0.1500 0.4000 465.10 1058.22 0.78 19645 0.2125 0.2125 0.4250 463.41 1056.35 0.63 18940 0.2000 0.2500 0.4500 462.23 1055.21 0.56 19144 0.2250 0.2250 0.4500 462.57 1055.50 0.60 20054 0.2500 0.2000 0.4500 462.87 1055.79 0.64 20964 0.1000 0.3750 0.4750 459.15 1052.58 0.43 16164 0.1250 0.3500 0.4750 459.77 1053.10 0.45 17074 0.2375 0.2375 0.4750 461.74 1054.70 0.57 21168 0.3250 0.1500 0.4750 462.76 1055.66 0.71 24352 0.3750 0.1000 0.4750 464.01 1057.08 0.83 26172 0.1125 0.3875 0.5000 458.28 1051.76 0.41 17278 0.2000 0.3000 0.5000 460.21 1053.38 0.48 20462 0.2500 0.2500 0.5000 460.92 1053.91 0.54 22282 0.3500 0.1500 0.5000 461.94 1054.74 0.69 25921 0.3750 0.1250 0.5000 462.39 1055.21 0.74 26831 0.3875 0.1125 0.5000 462.70 1055.56 0.77 27286 0.4000 0.1000 0.5000 463.11 1056.01 0.81 27741 0.1000 0.4250 0.5250 456.68 1050.29 0.38 17482 0.1500 0.3750 0.5250 458.04 1051.51 0.41 19302 220 0.3750 0.1500 0.5250 461.10 1053.75 0.67 27490 0.4250 0.1000 0.5250 462.19 1054.86 0.78 29310 0.1250 0.4000 0.5250 457.39 1050.93 0.40 18392 0.4000 0.1250 0.5250 461.49 1054.14 0.72 28400 0.1375 0.4125 0.5500 456.50 1050.08 0.38 19506 0.4125 0.1375 0.5500 460.36 1052.82 0.68 29514 0.1500 0.4000 0.5500 456.84 1050.39 0.39 19961 0.4000 0.1500 0.5500 460.21 1052.70 0.65 29059 0.1250 0.4250 0.5500 456.14 1049.75 0.38 19051 0.4250 0.1250 0.5500 460.57 1053.00 0.70 29969 0.1500 0.4250 0.5750 455.58 1049.20 0.37 20620 0.4250 0.1500 0.5750 459.29 1051.55 0.64 30628 0.1000 0.4750 0.5750 454.05 1047.69 0.34 18801 0.2000 0.3750 0.5750 456.87 1050.37 0.40 22440 0.3750 0.2000 0.5750 459.01 1051.57 0.56 28809 0.4750 0.1000 0.5750 460.24 1052.29 0.73 32448 0.1625 0.4375 0.6000 454.65 1048.28 0.36 21734 0.4375 0.1625 0.6000 458.27 1050.33 0.60 31742 0.1500 0.4500 0.6000 454.28 1047.92 0.35 21279 0.4250 0.1750 0.6000 458.22 1050.38 0.58 31287 0.5250 0.0750 0.6000 460.14 1051.59 0.77 34927 0.2500 0.3500 0.6000 456.75 1050.15 0.41 24919 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 455.66 1049.23 0.38 23099 0.4750 0.1250 0.6000 458.63 1050.44 0.66 33107 221 water [m] mmc [m] water [m] total [m] hza cza [W/(m^2C)] [kJ/(m^2C)] 0.0850 0.0900 0.0750 0.2500 464.74 1059.01 1.27 12418 0.0850 0.1150 0.0750 0.2750 463.39 1057.50 1.07 13078 0.0850 0.0900 0.1000 0.2750 461.64 1055.73 1.21 13987 0.1100 0.0900 0.0750 0.2750 463.75 1057.71 1.21 13987 0.0917 0.0916 0.0917 0.2750 462.25 1056.27 1.20 13929 0.0850 0.0900 0.1250 0.3000 459.06 1053.44 1.15 15556 0.1000 0.1000 0.1000 0.3000 460.57 1054.61 1.10 15192 0.0917 0.1166 0.0917 0.3000 460.93 1055.01 1.02 14589 0.0917 0.0916 0.1167 0.3000 459.56 1053.80 1.14 15498 0.1167 0.0916 0.0917 0.3000 461.36 1055.24 1.14 15498 0.1083 0.1084 0.1083 0.3250 458.97 1053.17 1.01 16456 0.0850 0.1150 0.1250 0.3250 457.62 1052.25 0.99 16216 0.0850 0.0900 0.1500 0.3250 456.66 1051.55 1.10 17125 0.1000 0.1000 0.1250 0.3250 457.98 1052.43 1.05 16761 0.1000 0.1250 0.1000 0.3250 459.29 1053.50 0.95 15852 0.1250 0.1000 0.1000 0.3250 459.74 1053.72 1.05 16761 0.1100 0.0900 0.1250 0.3250 458.20 1052.56 1.10 17125 0.1500 0.1000 0.0750 0.3250 461.88 1055.61 1.05 16761 0.1000 0.1250 0.1000 0.3250 459.29 1053.50 0.95 15852 0.1083 0.1334 0.1083 0.3500 457.68 1052.14 0.88 17116 0.1083 0.1084 0.1333 0.3500 456.41 1051.16 0.97 18025 0.1333 0.1084 0.1083 0.3500 458.16 1052.37 0.97 18025 0.1500 0.1250 0.0750 0.3500 460.80 1054.68 0.91 17421 0.1500 0.1000 0.1000 0.3500 458.92 1052.90 1.01 18330 0.1750 0.1000 0.0750 0.3500 461.06 1054.76 1.01 18330 0.1000 0.1000 0.1500 0.3500 455.53 1050.56 1.01 18330 0.1000 0.1500 0.1000 0.3500 458.04 1052.51 0.83 16513 0.1170 0.1160 0.1170 0.3500 457.38 1051.84 0.94 17749 0.1500 0.1000 0.1000 0.3500 458.92 1052.90 1.01 18330 0.1000 0.1500 0.1000 0.3500 458.04 1052.51 0.83 16513 0.1000 0.1250 0.1250 0.3500 456.60 1051.34 0.91 17421 0.1250 0.1250 0.1000 0.3500 458.51 1052.72 0.91 17421 0.1000 0.1000 0.1750 0.3750 453.09 1048.74 0.97 19899 0.1000 0.1250 0.1500 0.3750 454.03 1049.42 0.88 18990 0.1250 0.1000 0.1500 0.3750 454.70 1049.78 0.97 19899 0.1000 0.1500 0.1250 0.3750 455.25 1050.33 0.81 18082 0.1500 0.1000 0.1250 0.3750 456.34 1050.86 0.97 19899 0.1000 0.1750 0.1000 0.3750 456.82 1051.60 0.74 17173 0.1250 0.1500 0.1000 0.3750 457.31 1051.81 0.81 18082 0.1500 0.1250 0.1000 0.3750 457.74 1051.99 0.88 18990 0.1750 0.1000 0.1000 0.3750 458.10 1052.12 0.97 19899 0.1170 0.1160 0.1420 0.3750 454.83 1049.91 0.91 19318 0.1170 0.1410 0.1170 0.3750 456.09 1050.87 0.83 18409 222 0.1420 0.1160 0.1170 0.3750 456.59 1051.10 0.91 19318 0.1500 0.1250 0.1000 0.3750 457.74 1051.99 0.88 18990 0.1250 0.1250 0.1250 0.3750 455.83 1050.61 0.88 18990 0.1330 0.1340 0.1330 0.4000 454.26 1049.40 0.82 20232 0.0850 0.0900 0.2250 0.4000 449.42 1046.10 0.97 21832 0.1000 0.1500 0.1500 0.4000 452.56 1048.31 0.78 19651 0.1500 0.1000 0.1500 0.4000 453.85 1049.00 0.93 21468 0.1500 0.1500 0.1000 0.4000 456.58 1051.14 0.78 19651 0.1500 0.1250 0.1250 0.4000 455.05 1049.90 0.85 20559 0.1500 0.1500 0.1000 0.4000 456.58 1051.14 0.78 19651 0.1750 0.1250 0.1000 0.4000 456.97 1051.27 0.85 20559 0.1000 0.1000 0.2000 0.4000 450.61 1046.90 0.93 21468 0.1000 0.2000 0.1000 0.4000 455.61 1050.72 0.67 17833 0.2000 0.1000 0.1000 0.4000 457.29 1051.36 0.93 21468 0.1250 0.1250 0.1500 0.4000 453.23 1048.68 0.85 20559 0.1250 0.1500 0.1250 0.4000 454.51 1049.65 0.78 19651 0.1500 0.1250 0.1250 0.4000 455.05 1049.90 0.85 20559 0.1330 0.1590 0.1330 0.4250 452.91 1048.42 0.74 20892 0.1330 0.1340 0.1580 0.4250 451.61 1047.44 0.80 21801 0.1580 0.1340 0.1330 0.4250 453.48 1048.69 0.80 21801 0.1500 0.1750 0.1000 0.4250 455.41 1050.31 0.70 20311 0.1000 0.1750 0.1500 0.4250 451.10 1047.23 0.70 20311 0.1500 0.1250 0.1500 0.4250 452.42 1047.95 0.82 22128 0.1250 0.1500 0.1500 0.4250 451.79 1047.62 0.76 21220 0.1750 0.1000 0.1500 0.4250 453.00 1048.22 0.90 23037 0.1500 0.1750 0.1000 0.4250 455.41 1050.31 0.70 20311 0.1000 0.1500 0.1750 0.4250 449.85 1046.29 0.76 21220 0.1500 0.1000 0.1750 0.4250 451.35 1047.16 0.90 23037 0.1500 0.1500 0.1250 0.4250 453.76 1048.96 0.76 21220 0.1750 0.1500 0.1000 0.4250 455.83 1050.46 0.76 21220 0.0917 0.0916 0.2417 0.4250 447.37 1044.42 0.92 23343 0.2500 0.0750 0.1000 0.4250 456.66 1050.53 0.99 23946 0.1000 0.1250 0.2000 0.4250 448.83 1045.53 0.82 22128 0.1000 0.2250 0.1000 0.4250 454.38 1049.82 0.61 18493 0.2000 0.1250 0.1000 0.4250 456.18 1050.55 0.82 22128 0.1000 0.1000 0.2250 0.4250 448.08 1044.95 0.90 23037 0.1000 0.2000 0.1250 0.4250 452.59 1048.36 0.65 19402 0.2000 0.1000 0.1250 0.4250 454.68 1049.32 0.90 23037 0.1250 0.1000 0.2000 0.4250 449.72 1046.08 0.90 23037 0.1250 0.2000 0.1000 0.4250 454.93 1050.09 0.65 19402 0.2250 0.1000 0.1000 0.4250 456.46 1050.57 0.90 23037 0.2000 0.1250 0.1000 0.4250 456.18 1050.55 0.82 22128 0.0850 0.0900 0.2750 0.4500 444.35 1041.96 0.90 24970 0.1500 0.2000 0.1000 0.4500 454.22 1049.46 0.64 20971 0.1500 0.1750 0.1250 0.4500 452.47 1048.02 0.68 21880 0.1750 0.1750 0.1000 0.4500 454.68 1049.64 0.68 21880 223 0.1000 0.1000 0.2500 0.4500 445.50 1042.84 0.86 24606 0.2500 0.1000 0.1000 0.4500 455.60 1049.75 0.86 24606 0.2750 0.0750 0.1000 0.4500 455.75 1049.63 0.95 25515 0.2500 0.0750 0.1250 0.4500 454.12 1048.51 0.95 25515 0.1500 0.1500 0.1500 0.4500 451.01 1046.91 0.73 22789 0.1000 0.2000 0.1500 0.4500 449.65 1046.12 0.64 20971 0.2000 0.1000 0.1500 0.4500 452.13 1047.42 0.86 24606 0.1000 0.1500 0.2000 0.4500 447.10 1044.14 0.73 22789 0.1500 0.1000 0.2000 0.4500 448.82 1045.24 0.86 24606 0.1500 0.2000 0.1000 0.4500 454.22 1049.46 0.64 20971 0.2000 0.1500 0.1000 0.4500 455.06 1049.75 0.73 22789 0.2000 0.1500 0.1000 0.4500 455.06 1049.75 0.73 22789 0.2250 0.1250 0.1000 0.4500 455.37 1049.79 0.79 23697 0.2000 0.1250 0.1250 0.4500 453.44 1048.42 0.79 23697 0.1500 0.2250 0.1000 0.4750 453.02 1048.58 0.58 21631 0.1083 0.1084 0.2583 0.4750 443.59 1041.18 0.81 25870 0.1500 0.1000 0.2250 0.4750 446.22 1043.17 0.83 26175 0.1500 0.1500 0.1750 0.4750 448.25 1044.80 0.71 24358 0.1500 0.1750 0.1500 0.4750 449.60 1045.85 0.66 23449 0.1750 0.1500 0.1500 0.4750 450.21 1046.17 0.71 24358 0.1000 0.1250 0.2500 0.4750 443.43 1041.09 0.77 25266 0.2500 0.1250 0.1000 0.4750 454.53 1048.98 0.77 25266 0.1000 0.1750 0.2000 0.4750 445.39 1042.74 0.66 23449 0.1500 0.1250 0.2000 0.4750 447.11 1043.90 0.77 25266 0.1000 0.2000 0.1750 0.4750 446.70 1043.80 0.62 22540 0.2000 0.1000 0.1750 0.4750 449.57 1045.49 0.83 26175 0.1250 0.1500 0.2000 0.4750 446.27 1043.35 0.71 24358 0.1750 0.1000 0.2000 0.4750 447.90 1044.37 0.83 26175 0.1000 0.2250 0.1500 0.4750 448.20 1044.98 0.58 21631 0.1500 0.2250 0.1000 0.4750 453.02 1048.58 0.58 21631 0.2000 0.1250 0.1500 0.4750 450.76 1046.41 0.77 25266 0.2000 0.1750 0.1000 0.4750 453.92 1048.94 0.66 23449 0.1000 0.1500 0.2250 0.4750 444.29 1041.82 0.71 24358 0.1500 0.1000 0.2250 0.4750 446.22 1043.17 0.83 26175 0.1250 0.2000 0.1500 0.4750 448.93 1045.45 0.62 22540 0.1750 0.2000 0.1000 0.4750 453.51 1048.80 0.62 22540 0.2250 0.1000 0.1500 0.4750 451.24 1046.57 0.83 26175 0.2250 0.1500 0.1000 0.4750 454.27 1049.00 0.71 24358 0.1500 0.2000 0.1250 0.4750 451.16 1047.06 0.62 22540 0.2000 0.1500 0.1250 0.4750 452.19 1047.52 0.71 24358 0.1500 0.2500 0.1000 0.5000 451.79 1047.64 0.54 22291 0.1500 0.2250 0.1250 0.5000 449.85 1046.05 0.57 23200 0.1750 0.2250 0.1000 0.5000 452.32 1047.91 0.57 23200 0.1667 0.1666 0.1667 0.5000 447.63 1044.22 0.66 25323 0.1000 0.1000 0.3000 0.5000 440.12 1038.13 0.81 27744 0.1000 0.1500 0.2500 0.5000 441.41 1039.30 0.69 25927 224 0.1170 0.1160 0.2670 0.5000 441.64 1039.43 0.76 27163 0.1500 0.1000 0.2500 0.5000 443.55 1040.93 0.81 27744 0.2750 0.1250 0.1000 0.5000 453.68 1048.11 0.74 26835 0.2500 0.1500 0.1000 0.5000 453.45 1048.20 0.69 25927 0.2500 0.1250 0.1250 0.5000 451.73 1046.77 0.74 26835 0.1500 0.1500 0.2000 0.5000 445.42 1042.52 0.69 25927 0.1500 0.2000 0.1500 0.5000 448.18 1044.74 0.60 24109 0.2000 0.1500 0.1500 0.5000 449.38 1045.38 0.69 25927 0.1000 0.2000 0.2000 0.5000 443.69 1041.29 0.60 24109 0.2000 0.1000 0.2000 0.5000 446.95 1043.43 0.81 27744 0.2000 0.2000 0.1000 0.5000 452.77 1048.10 0.60 24109 0.1125 0.1125 0.3000 0.5250 438.42 1036.47 0.75 28859 0.1667 0.1666 0.1917 0.5250 444.72 1041.83 0.64 26892 0.1667 0.1916 0.1667 0.5250 446.14 1043.00 0.60 25983 0.1917 0.1666 0.1667 0.5250 446.80 1043.39 0.64 26892 0.2000 0.2250 0.1000 0.5250 451.59 1047.21 0.56 24769 0.1250 0.3000 0.1000 0.5250 449.91 1046.19 0.47 22042 0.1500 0.1250 0.2500 0.5250 441.55 1039.17 0.72 28404 0.1500 0.1750 0.2000 0.5250 443.75 1041.10 0.63 26587 0.1500 0.2250 0.1500 0.5250 446.75 1043.57 0.56 24769 0.2000 0.1750 0.1500 0.5250 448.00 1044.30 0.63 26587 0.1500 0.1500 0.2250 0.5250 442.54 1040.05 0.67 27496 0.1500 0.2000 0.1750 0.5250 445.16 1042.28 0.59 25678 0.2000 0.1500 0.1750 0.5250 446.54 1043.12 0.67 27496 0.1750 0.1500 0.2000 0.5250 444.55 1041.64 0.67 27496 0.1750 0.2000 0.1500 0.5250 447.40 1043.98 0.59 25678 0.2250 0.1500 0.1500 0.5250 448.53 1044.52 0.67 27496 0.1250 0.1250 0.2750 0.5250 439.65 1037.57 0.72 28404 0.0850 0.0900 0.3500 0.5250 436.29 1034.53 0.81 29677 0.1000 0.2250 0.2000 0.5250 442.01 1039.78 0.56 24769 0.2000 0.1250 0.2000 0.5250 445.29 1042.08 0.72 28404 0.2000 0.2250 0.1000 0.5250 451.59 1047.21 0.56 24769 0.1000 0.2000 0.2250 0.5250 440.62 1038.55 0.59 25678 0.2000 0.1000 0.2250 0.5250 444.28 1041.21 0.78 29313 0.2000 0.2000 0.1250 0.5250 449.66 1045.62 0.59 25678 0.1250 0.2000 0.2000 0.5250 442.90 1040.48 0.59 25678 0.2250 0.1000 0.2000 0.5250 445.98 1042.43 0.78 29313 0.2250 0.2000 0.1000 0.5250 452.01 1047.35 0.59 25678 0.1330 0.1340 0.2830 0.5500 437.63 1035.60 0.68 29646 0.1125 0.1125 0.3250 0.5500 435.56 1033.67 0.73 30428 0.1125 0.1375 0.3000 0.5500 436.12 1034.22 0.68 29519 0.1375 0.1125 0.3000 0.5500 437.39 1035.34 0.73 30428 0.1250 0.3000 0.1250 0.5500 446.45 1043.29 0.47 23611 0.2000 0.2250 0.1250 0.5500 448.35 1044.58 0.54 26338 0.1250 0.3250 0.1000 0.5500 448.58 1045.02 0.44 22702 0.1500 0.3000 0.1000 0.5500 449.24 1045.52 0.47 23611 225 0.2000 0.2500 0.1000 0.5500 450.37 1046.24 0.51 25429 0.2250 0.2250 0.1000 0.5500 450.82 1046.44 0.54 26338 0.1000 0.1500 0.3000 0.5500 435.47 1033.64 0.65 29065 0.1500 0.1000 0.3000 0.5500 438.02 1035.86 0.76 30882 0.1500 0.1500 0.2500 0.5500 439.58 1037.36 0.65 29065 0.1830 0.1840 0.1830 0.5500 444.10 1041.19 0.60 27828 0.1000 0.1000 0.3500 0.5500 434.53 1032.69 0.76 30882 0.1000 0.2000 0.2500 0.5500 437.48 1035.61 0.58 27247 0.2000 0.1000 0.2500 0.5500 441.52 1038.78 0.76 30882 0.1500 0.3250 0.0750 0.5500 451.80 1047.87 0.44 22702 0.2000 0.2500 0.1000 0.5500 450.37 1046.24 0.51 25429 0.0850 0.1150 0.3500 0.5500 433.58 1031.79 0.72 30337 0.0850 0.0900 0.3750 0.5500 433.49 1031.71 0.78 31246 0.1100 0.0900 0.3500 0.5500 435.16 1033.28 0.78 31246 0.1500 0.2000 0.2000 0.5500 442.09 1039.62 0.58 27247 0.2000 0.1500 0.2000 0.5500 443.65 1040.69 0.65 29065 0.2000 0.2000 0.1500 0.5500 446.60 1043.15 0.58 27247 0.3500 0.1250 0.0750 0.5500 454.10 1047.91 0.70 29973 0.1500 0.1750 0.2500 0.5750 437.65 1035.53 0.60 29725 0.2500 0.0750 0.2500 0.5750 441.31 1038.08 0.79 33360 0.1830 0.1840 0.2080 0.5750 441.03 1038.47 0.58 29397 0.1830 0.2090 0.1830 0.5750 442.53 1039.80 0.55 28489 0.2080 0.1840 0.1830 0.5750 443.23 1040.25 0.58 29397 0.1500 0.3500 0.0750 0.5750 450.53 1046.71 0.42 23362 0.1500 0.3250 0.1000 0.5750 447.91 1044.33 0.44 24271 0.1750 0.3250 0.0750 0.5750 451.13 1047.17 0.44 24271 0.2000 0.2750 0.1000 0.5750 449.10 1045.19 0.48 26089 0.2250 0.2500 0.1000 0.5750 449.60 1045.45 0.50 26998 0.2000 0.2500 0.1250 0.5750 447.02 1043.46 0.50 26998 0.2000 0.1250 0.2500 0.5750 439.58 1037.01 0.68 31542 0.1500 0.2000 0.2250 0.5750 438.94 1036.74 0.56 28816 0.2000 0.1500 0.2250 0.5750 440.69 1038.04 0.64 30634 0.1500 0.2250 0.2000 0.5750 440.42 1038.08 0.53 27907 0.1750 0.2000 0.2000 0.5750 441.24 1038.71 0.56 28816 0.2000 0.1750 0.2000 0.5750 442.01 1039.24 0.60 29725 0.2250 0.1500 0.2000 0.5750 442.72 1039.67 0.64 30634 0.2000 0.2000 0.1750 0.5750 443.51 1040.55 0.56 28816 0.2000 0.2250 0.1500 0.5750 445.18 1041.94 0.53 27907 0.2250 0.2000 0.1500 0.5750 445.76 1042.26 0.56 28816 0.3750 0.1250 0.0750 0.5750 453.14 1046.77 0.68 31542 0.3500 0.1500 0.0750 0.5750 453.19 1047.23 0.64 30634 0.3500 0.1250 0.1000 0.5750 450.89 1045.05 0.68 31542 0.1500 0.1500 0.3000 0.6000 433.50 1031.38 0.62 32203 0.1000 0.1500 0.3500 0.6000 429.34 1027.18 0.62 32203 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.6000 431.05 1029.06 0.55 30385 0.1500 0.1000 0.3500 0.6000 432.27 1030.08 0.71 34020 226 0.1500 0.2000 0.2500 0.6000 435.73 1033.65 0.55 30385 0.2000 0.1000 0.3000 0.6000 435.83 1033.38 0.71 34020 0.2000 0.1500 0.2500 0.6000 437.65 1035.21 0.62 32203 0.2000 0.2000 0.2000 0.6000 440.36 1037.73 0.55 30385 227

Abstract (if available)

Abstract This project selects nature as model in the design of the thermal building envelope. In desert regions the native plant species have developed the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a photosynthetic variation with a pronounced environmentally responsive rhythm. A pithy model of the spatial and temporal characteristics of this physiological adaptation is assembled based on theoretical and empirical descriptions.

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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

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