Close
About
FAQ
Home
Collections
Login
USC Login
Register
0
Selected
Invert selection
Deselect all
Deselect all
Click here to refresh results
Click here to refresh results
USC
/
Digital Library
/
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
/
What's the line: the impact of gambling legalization on American professional sports
(USC Thesis Other)
What's the line: the impact of gambling legalization on American professional sports
PDF
Download
Share
Open document
Flip pages
Contact Us
Contact Us
Copy asset link
Request this asset
Transcript (if available)
Content
What’s the Line:
The Impact of Gambling Legalization on American Professional Sports
by
Martin Gregory Weiss
A Thesis Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE USC ANNENBERG SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF ARTS
Specialized Journalism
August 2021
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………iii
Chapter 1: Anecdote……………………………………………………………………….……..1
Chapter 2: History of Sports Betting………………………………………….…………….……2
Chapter 3: Notable Scandals……………………………………………….……………….…….3
Chapter 4: Modern Professional Scandals………………………………………….….…………6
Chapter 5: Resistance to Legalization……………………………….……………………………9
Chapter 6: Impact of Legalization……………………………………………………………….10
Chapter 7: Looking Ahead…………………………….……..…………………………………..15
Bibliography……………………………..………………………………………………………17
`
ii
ABSTRACT
Sports and sports betting have been operating in tandem since the earliest days of
athletic competition. In American professional sports, several early scandals drove
leagues to enact very strict policies against gambling. As a result, a robust underground
industry grew profitable, with influences from organized crime and other entities. While
commissioners of various sports recently held negative views on gambling, a 2018
Supreme Court ruling allowed states to legalize sports gambling has professional leagues
realizing new financial opportunities. However, as more casual sports fans are converted
into gamblers, there will be more importance than ever on the legitimacy of the officials,
the players, and the outcomes. Professional leagues will have to account for this publicly
to ensure bettors maintain faith in the integrity of the proceedings.
iii
“Jimmy! Jimmy, you son of a bitch, we did it!” shouts Henry Hill, pounding the shower wall in
the cinematic re-telling of his life and crimes, Goodfellas.
Hill is celebrating the robbery of a lifetime – the Lufthansa heist of 1978. Over $5 million
is stolen from the cargo terminal at John F. Kennedy Airport and Jimmy “The Gent'' Burke is the
mastermind behind the plan.
If you’ve seen Goodfellas, you know what comes next. Jimmy grows paranoid, ordering
the murders of almost everyone involved in the theft. Hill is spared, eventually arrested on a nar-
cotics charge.
Hill, turned FBI informant after his arrest, then provides the evidence that eventually
lands Burke in jail. However, it isn’t testimony related to the then-”Heist of the Century.”
What lands the infamous mobster behind bars is his involvement in a Boston College
point-shaving scandal.
That is, gambling – on sports.
HISTORY OF SPORTS BETTING
1
First came sports. Shortly thereafter came gambling. The two are inextricable. It’s foolish
to pretend otherwise. People have been gambling on sports since the dawn of western civiliza-
tion, and probably before. Now, with the Supreme Court allowing states to make their own gam-
bling laws, the sports landscape will be be completely different as leagues attempt to capitalize
on potential revenue.
Ancient Greeks wagered on the first Olympics. The practice eventually spread to the Ro-
man gladiators and, later, English horse racing.
Horse racing also brought gambling to the United States, but gambling truly established
another sport: baseball. While illegal, there was little to no enforcement of any gambling laws or
statutes and action took place both at the ballpark and off-site.
Baseball, as commonly played today, started in the mid-1800s in New York City. The
New York Knickerbockers established the first set of uniform rules and played several “official
games” in the 1840s, continuing to play against other clubs until 1857.
These games were rife with gambling, with both fans and players wagering on the out-
comes. The first punishment came in 1877, with several players from the Louisville Grays
banned from the National League for life after they were caught fixing several exhibition games
according to reporting by ESPN’s Rob Neyer.
2
This was far from the only scandal baseball would endure in its early years. Players were
often accused of not exerting full effort, sometimes to appease gambling interests, and other
times simply out of spite.
These improprieties eventually led former Kennesaw Mountain Landis, a former federal
judge, to be installed as the first commissioner of baseball. He instituted a new set of rules in
1927 with harsh penalties for gambling, which went largely unenforced until Pete Rose was
caught wagering on games nearly 60 years later.
NOTABLE SCANDALS
The Detroit Tigers and Chicago White Sox were both guilty of impropriety. The White
Sox were deep in the 1917 American League pennant race when the Tigers came to Chicago for
a two-day, four-game series. Several Tigers pitchers were approached about the possibility of
“laying down,” or throwing the game, in exchange for money. The White Sox swept the Tigers
four games to none, outscoring Detroit 32 to 18 in the series.
Baseball’s “dead ball era” had numerous examples of cheating, reaching an apex in 1919
with the Chicago Black Sox scandal. Baseball’s “reserve clause” -- players were forced to accept
contracts offered to them if they wanted to play which artificially depressed salaries.
3
Collaborating with local gamblers, the “Black Sox” who participated in the scam re-
ceived $5,000 or more each. For context, “Shoeless” Joe Jackson, one of the stars and highest-
paid players, earned $6,000 in salary for the season.
During the 1919 winter meetings, while many writers did not cover the fix, Hugh Fuller-
ton published an article in the New York World: “Is Big League Baseball Fixed For Gamblers,
With Ballplayers In The Deal.” Fullerton had written about previous games he believed had been
fixed, writing in as early as 1912: “For a comparatively trifling bet Wood risked Boston’s title
and the wealth that accrued to the winners. Stamp out gambling and the end of talk of crooked-
ness is at hand.”
Fullerton’s assertions, as well as players confessing, caused baseball to act. As a result,
Landis was hired with a mandate -- rid the league of gambling. Landis enforced lifelong bans for
those players implicated in the fix, and is largely credited with restoring public confidence in the
league after the scandal, establishing Rule 21 -- Baseball’s rule against gambling and other asso-
ciated acts.
Sports gambling would continue as a largely underground and illegal practice. Nevada, in
an effort to generate funds after the Great Depression, legalized gambling in 1931 but the Rev-
enue Act of 1951 implemented a 10% excise tax on the total amount wagered on sporting events,
which disincentivized bookmakers from taking action on sporting events.
4
New York crime families stepped in and created a gambling black market, especially after
the end of Prohibition, liquor sales having underwritten money-making ventures during those
years.
While the gambling business surely could be profitable, one of the biggest scandals didn’t
earn much.
The 1978-1979 Boston College Eagles men’s basketball team finished the season with a
21-9 record, but the games were tainted from the start. Anthony and Rocco Perla approached se-
nior Boston College forward Rick Kuhn about “point shaving” -- the practice of ensuring a game
would end on the right side of the predetermined point spread. Kuhn would make sure the score
was right, and everyone would get paid.
The Perla brothers then got involved with the Lucchese crime family members Burke and
Hill. The mobsters and their connections in the gambling world would help keep the scheme un-
der the radar. The mobsters profited off several games, but guard Ernie Cobb would score eight
points in less than two minutes against rival Holy Cross. It wasn’t enough for BC to win, but
they covered the three-point spread -- and blew the fix. According to Hill’s grand jury testimony,
this was the last game he, Burke and the Perla brothers tried to influence.
The scheme went undetected at the time. Nine games were fixed, but the results didn’t
always work -- winning four, losing three and pushing on two of them.
5
Hill was arrested in 1980 for narcotics trafficking. He mentioned the point-shaving opera-
tion while cooperating with authorities. While Hill and Burke committed many more heinous
crimes while members of the Lucchese crime family, Burke, with Hill’s testimony, was eventual-
ly arrested and sentenced to 12 years in federal prison for his involvement in the scheme. Kuhn
and the Perla brothers also did time behind bars. Kuhn, originally sentenced to 10 years, spent 28
months in federal prison. Anthony and Rocco Perla spent 10 and four years in prison, respectful-
ly.
MODERN PROFESSIONAL SCANDALS
Pete Rose is, without question, a baseball legend, most associated with his hometown
team, the Cincinnati Reds. He owns many distinctions: He’s the all-time leader in hits and sin-
gles, and he’s one of two former players alive with a permanent ban from Major League Base-
ball.
After Rose’s 24-year playing career ended in 1986, he managed the Reds for the next
four years. Rose had been investigated during his playing time, with then-security chief Henry
Fitzgibbon saying at the time, “We knew of Pete’s interest in gambling on the horses and the
dogs. We made some inquires. I remember talking to Pete about it. But, as I recall it … it was not
a major investigation.”
6
Rose’s gambling was no secret. He was likely in violation of Rule 21. established by
Landis to ensure fair play, but because the investigation determined Rose wasn’t betting on base-
ball games, Fitzgibbon decided not to go further. Section D of Rule 21 states “…any player, um-
pire or Club or League official who shall bet any sum whatsoever upon any baseball game in
connection with which the bettor has a duty to perform, shall be declared permanently
ineligible.”
Rose’s gambling would be the topic of conversation again in early 1989. Then-MLB
commissioner Peter Ueberroth and NL President Bart Giamatti questioned Rose about his gam-
bling activity. Under scrutiny, Rose eventually agreed to be placed on baseball’s ineligible list.
Per the terms of the agreement, Rose would be eligible to apply for reinstatement after a
year. Rose’s potential reinstatement has been hotly contested. He’s attended a handful of MLB
events, but remains on the outside looking in at Cooperstown.
In 2015, now-Commissioner Rob Manfred denied reinstatement, writing, "Mr. Rose's
public and private comments, including his initial admission in 2004, provide me with little con-
fidence that he has a mature understanding of his wrongful conduct, that he has accepted full re-
sponsibility for it, or that he understands the damage he has caused."
Tim Donaghy officiated NBA games for 13 years, but earned his fame after he resigned
from the NBA. The media reported lower-level organized crime members had approached him
7
about fixing games. According to an FBI investigation, Donaghy bet tens of thousands of dollars
on games during the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 seasons.
Despite the NBA’s insistence that it constantly monitors the behavior of the officials, it
was unaware of misconduct. An FBI probe uncovered Donaghy’s involvement while investigat-
ing organized crime, and alerted the NBA of Donaghy’s gambling.
Donaghy, while cooperating with the FBI, admitted to providing privileged information –
player injury status and other knowledge gained as a direct result from being a referee. He was
eventually sentenced to 15 months in jail.
He made $30,000 as a result of his picks.
The scandal rocked the NBA, and then-commissioner David Stern reacted accordingly.
An internal review of the officials showed that every one of the 56 NBA referees had violated the
gambling statutes. Stern, instead of punishing every referee – none of whom admitted to sports
betting – decided the rules around gambling were too stringent.
"Our ban on gambling is absolute, and in my view it is too absolute, too harsh and was
not particularly well-enforced over the years," Stern said at the 2007 NBA Board of Governors
meeting. "We're going to come up with a new set of rules that make sense."
"It's too easy to issue rules that are on their faith violated by a $5 Nassau, sitting at a pok-
er table, buying a lottery ticket and then we can move along," Stern added.
8
Adam Silver, whom Stern had endorsed, became NBA Commissioner in 2014. On Nov. 3
of that year, he became the first commissioner in professional sports to advocate for the legaliza-
tion of gambling by explaining his position in the New York Times opinion section.
RESISTANCE TO LEGALIZATION
Silver must have felt lonely out on that ledge, because he was alone for a considerable
time.
Football is America’s most popular sport and the NFL the most bet-on league. However,
the league had long been against any form of wagering on their games, or even association with
gambling -- until recently.
In fact, in the November 2012 deposition in the New Jersey sports betting case, NFL
commissioner Rodger Goodell publicly argued against legalization, saying, “It’s a very strongly
held view in the NFL, it has been for decades, that the threat that gambling could occur in the
NFL or fixing of games or that any outcome could be influenced by the outside could be very
damaging to the NFL and very difficult to ever recover from."
In that same year, when then-MLB commissioner Bud Selig was deposed, he said gam-
bling was “evil, creates doubt and destroys your sport.”
These comments were in response to then-New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie’s attempts to
legalize sports betting. Christie got his wish in 2018, when the U.S. Supreme Court voted 7-2 to
overturn the federal ban on sports betting, allowing states to create their own laws.
9
Eight states, including New Jersey, quickly ratified legislation and accepted in-person
sports betting in 2018. Five more took bets in 2019. Currently, 22 states have legalized the prac-
tice in some form and accepted action. Five more have passed sports betting legislation but have
not implemented it.
Gambling has already proven to be a windfall for legalized states, staunch opposition re-
mains.
The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 helped casino growth on reservations, creat-
ing revenue and jobs for the communities in the areas. Many Native Tribe casinos aren’t in very
populous locations, according to statista.com, the Native Tribe gaming industry in the United
States generated over $34 billion in 2020, according to statistia.com.
In California, tribes collectively oppose gambling legalization without referendums, en-
suring casinos would not be left out of the profits. One of the biggest issues is mobile betting.
Companies like FanDuel and DraftKings have seeped into sports fans collective con-
sciousness over the years by offering mobile fantasy games and competitions, even before the
Supreme Court’s decision. They are now primed to capitalize on users who already understand
the interface and have familiarity with spending money to participate in the games. Tribes in Cal-
ifornia say this violates the exclusivity given by California state law over electronic gaming.
IMPACT OF LEGALIZATION
Sports betting will likely be done in casinos, but the true boon will be mobile ap-
plications, such as FanDuel and Draft Kings, that allow customers to play while on the go.
10
Consider Delaware and New Jersey. Both states implemented sports betting in June 2018.
Delaware books earned $966,752 in February 2020. New Jersey books earned $734 million in
the same month.
Even accounting for the fact that New Jersey is much more populated and next to New
York, these numbers are staggering. The difference? New Jersey allowed mobile apps to operate
by August 2018. Delaware has no mobile betting.
$734 million is a significant amount of money, especially for communities rebounding
from COVID-19. Future gambling bills will likely have revenue earmarked for schools, commu-
nity infrastructure needs like snow removal and also to incentivize economic growth.
For example, in December 2019, Michigan earmarked $4.8 million for the School Aid
Fund and an additional $4 million into the First Responder Presumed Coverage Fund out of an
estimated $19 million in tax revenue. These estimations were increased to $50 million when
budgeting for 2020-2021.
This is only considering wagers taken in the States. Sportsbooks will provide jobs, and
industries around gambling will develop as well, such as media content companies, tax prepara-
tion, rehabilitation for those who become addicted and many others.
The COVID-19 pandemic halted in-person business for much of 2020, with gambling
one of the few industries profiting. The most tell-tale sign? For the first time, New Jersey -- not
Nevada -- had the largest handle (that is, the amount of money wagered) in the United States.
More than 80% of New Jersey’s handle came from mobile betting.
11
As revenue grows, gambling companies are continuing to make deals. PointsBet is one of
the more innovative companies, signing deals with NBC Universal and the University of Col-
orado football team.
NBC Universal – and by extension, NBC Sports – is the flagship network for several
PGA events. Now, the media company is invested in PointsBet and will run its advertising cam-
paigns during events.
There will also be PointsBet advertising at games and during University of Colorado
broadcasts. The university will gain at least $1.6 million over the five years of the deal, and both
they and NBC Universal will get a $30 referral fee for new customers.
The leagues are taking notice of these financial opportunities as well.
While television deals are the primary driver of American professional sports income,
ticket sales are still a significant source of revenue -- one leagues have not been able to recoup
since the start of the pandemic. Fans were not allowed in stadiums for most of 2020, and are still
at limited capacity in 2021. Owners are going to be looking at ways to remake some of that miss-
ing revenue.
The NBA entered its first gambling partnership, with William Hill Sportsbook, in 2019.
By February 2020, the league had 11 gambling partnerships. The league also allows teams in le-
gal states to enter individual partnerships. The Philadelphia 76ers were the first team to take ad-
vantage of this deal, partnering with FOXBet for signage and advertising.
12
The NFL took a little longer, entering its first sports book partnership in April 2021.
Three sportsbooks — Caesars Entertainment, DraftKings and FanDuel -- now have exclusive
rights to integrate their content on NFL Network, NFL.com and the NFL app.
If in 2012 Goodell held one point of view, over the next few years he assuredly changed
it. By the 2020 season, the Raiders moved from their ancestral home in Oakland to – Las Vegas.
Increasingly, Las Vegas has become a major sports city. While the NBA’s Summer
League has had a Vegas residency since 2004, the sporting floodgates opened when the NHL’s
Golden Knights began play in 2017 and the WNBA's Las Vegas Aces — owned by Raiders own-
er Mark Davis — relocated from San Antonio in 2018.
Outside of the games, Las Vegas will host the 2022 Pro Bowl, and is in consideration for
the 2024 Super Bowl.
After such faithful opposition to gambling, seeing teams and events in Las Vegas repre-
sents a cultural shift. While the financial implications are yet to be seen, one thing is definite:
Professional athletics are now in the gambling business.
Several things will have to happen as gambling popularity increases. First, league offi-
cials will have to combat the same issues Kennesaw Mountain Landis did a century ago. Any
perception of impropriety will damage sports significantly.
“Cousin” Sal Ianoco made his name writing on Jimmy Kimmel Live, the late-night talk
show. Now he co-hosts FOXBet Live and owns the Extra Points Podcast network. He thinks
more people gambling will cause viewing habits to change.
“A gambler has a victim mentality,” Ianoco said during an interview, adding a moment
later in explanation: ‘“I never get a pass interference call, any time the kicker lines up to kick a
13
field goal he makes it, my guys always miss.’ You start to watch all the games like that, and it’s
not good. You definitely don’t watch game like that before you start gambling.”
Ianoco doesn’t think games are fixed. But the implication of fixed games is enough. Offi-
ciating is already hotly contested. Now, the microscope will zoom in even more.
“As long as there’s no Tim Donaghy situation,” he said, “I think the leagues won’t care
too much about the crybaby fan…”
Turning to the NFL commissioner, Iacono said, “Roger Goodell is like what happens if
we find a bad egg in the officiating crew? Even just one… then our whole product is shit. That’s
a real concern. But as long as they can keep that intact, it will be OK. Officiating isn’t going to
get better, and people are going to complain more. But as long as we don’t find a (rogue official),
we’ll be fine.”
While officiating is important, the best way to ensure games are legitimate is by policing
the players according to former NFL offensive lineman Geoff Schwartz. He saw action for four
teams over seven years in the league and hosts gambling podcasts now, but wasn’t aware of the
world as a player.
Bribing players was the primary way to fix games in the Boston College days. Schwartz
says that’s an antiquated fear.
“I don’t think that increased gambling will lead to any type of shenanigans. More eye-
balls will be on games now. More eyeballs will be on line movement, on who’s making bets.
Bookies are gone… Players don’t need that money anymore. Who’s fixing games for $10,000
when you can go get that off Instagram (meaning in the form of advertisements) now.”, said
Schwartz.
14
“Also,” Schwartz added, “there’s no way to fix a football game unless you’ve
‘bought’ ‘the quarterback, and it’s literally impossible to do. They’re too rich to be bought.
“Guys are trying to keep their jobs… No one thinks that way. I’ve never been in a locker
room (after a loss) and a guy goes, ‘Well, we covered.’ We’re pissed we lost the game! It never
once crossed my mind.”
LOOKING AHEAD
While historically gambling has been done in Las Vegas casinos or through bookies, the
Supreme Court’s decision has allowed more legitimate, tax-paying businesses like DraftKings,
FanDuel and others to operate. Subsequently, more and more people are gambling for the first
time, generating remarkable tax revenue in certain states – sums that seem sure to increase as
legislation changes.
Finally, leagues are going to look to cash in on the growing industry -- but will need to
make sure both players and officials are legitimate. Any serious implication of cheating, real or
otherwise, could cause fans to lose confidence and fandom, and fans are the engine that make
sports go. The growth since 2018 suggests that gambling will be a major part of major American
sports going forward.
While professional athletics are a business, the belief that all teams are trying to win is
the fundamental ethos that sports must have going forward. It’s what players believe, but more
15
importantly — it’s what keeps fans engaged.
Former New York Jets Head Coach Herm Edwards said it best: “This is what the greatest
thing about sports is. You play to win the game! Hello! You play to win the game! You don’t play
to just play. You play to win!”
16
Bibliography
California Tribal Casinos: Questions and Answers. The California Legislature's Nonpartisan Fis-
cal and Party Advisor. Accessed June 6, 2021. https://lao.ca.gov/2007/tribal_casinos/trib-
al_casinos_020207.aspx.
“Delaware Sees Sports Betting Revenue Increase in March.” iGB North America, April 6, 2021.
https://www.igbnorthamerica.com/delaware-sees-sports-betting-revenue-increase-in-
march/.
Dorson, Jill R. “Legal Sports Betting Could Get To California Sooner Than You Think.” Sports-
Handle, April 22, 2021. https://sportshandle.com/california-sports-betting-2021/.
FY 2020 February Revenue Snapshot - Office of Legislative Services of New Jersey, February
2020. https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/legislativepub/budget/FY20_February.pdf.
“Governor Whitmer Signs Bipartisan Legislation Legalizing Sports Betting in Michigan; Rev-
enue Supports School Aid Fund and First Responder Presumed Coverage Fund.” Michi-
gan.gov, December 20, 2019. Michigan State Legislature. https://www.michigan.gov/
whitmer/0,9309,7-387-90499_90640-515208--,00.html.
“History Of Sports Betting In The USA.” LegalSportsBetting.com. Accessed June 6, 2021.
https://www.legalsportsbetting.com/history-of-sports-betting-in-the-usa/.
The History Of Sports Betting. Accessed June 6, 2021. http://www.grandprixhistory.org/sports_-
betting.htm.
Hoie, Bob. “1919 Baseball Salaries and the Mythically Underpaid Chicago White Sox.” Base
Ball: A Journal of the Early Game 6, no. 1 (2012): 17–34. https://doi.org/10.3172/
bb.6.1.17.
17
“Indian Gaming Surpasses Non-Tribal Casinos.” Tribal Business Journal. Accessed June 6, 2021.
http://tribalbusinessjournal.com/news/indian-gaming-surpasses-non-tribal-casinos/.
Klein, Steven Mark. “Hugh S. Fullerton, the Black Sox Scandal, and the Ethical Impulse in
Sports Writing,” 1997.
“Legal US Sports Betting - Bill And Law Tracker 2021.” Legal Sports Report, July 1, 2021.
https://www.legalsportsreport.com/sportsbetting-bill-tracker/.
Linder, Douglas O. “Black Sox Trial.” Famous Trials. Accessed June 6, 2021. https://famous-tri-
als.com/blacksox.
“Official Baseball Rules of Major League Baseball,” n.d.
Pomrenke, Jacob. “‘Call the Game!".” Base Ball: A Journal of the Early Game 6, no. 1 (2012):
5–16. https://doi.org/10.3172/bb.6.1.5.
Schoch, Matt. “Some MI Lawmakers Conservative On IGaming's Revenue Potential.” Play Mi-
chigan, September 2, 2020. https://www.playmichigan.com/brandt-iden-mi-gambling-ex-
pansion-projections/.
Sheridan, Chris. “2002 Lakers-Kings Game 6 at Heart of Donaghy Allegations.” ESPN. ESPN
Internet Ventures, June 10, 2008. https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id=3436401.
“Sports Betting in the US - Guide to Legal Sports Betting in 2021.” USBettingReport.com, June
16, 2021. https://usbettingreport.com/sports-betting/.
“Sports Betting Overcame COVID for a Record Year in 2020.” Sports Betting Dime. Accessed
June 6, 2021. https://www.sportsbettingdime.com/guides/research/sports-betting-record-
year/.
18
Walters, Matthew. “New Jersey Sports Betting Market Takes Big Leap From 2020 In February.”
Legal Sports Report, March 16, 2021. https://www.legalsportsreport.com/49445/feb-
ruary-2021-new-jersey-sports-betting-revenue/
#:~:text=NJ%20sportsbooks%20took%20%24117.4%20million,according%20to%20the
%20state%20report.
19
Abstract (if available)
Linked assets
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
Conceptually similar
PDF
Women’s professional golf: beyond the pay gap
PDF
The impact of the growth of sports gambling
PDF
Just one of the guys: an ethnography on women in sports
PDF
Field to faith: two men who accomplish, and sacrifice, their dream in professional sports on the altar of full time ministry
PDF
‘Ni de aquí, ni de allá’: To choose a country as a Mexican-American soccer player
PDF
Hockey's issues with inclusivity & diversity
PDF
The progressive movement of Armenian women
PDF
Mamba out: the story of Kobe Bryant's final season
PDF
La lucha: lucha libre in Los Angeles
PDF
The need for AB 369: the Street Medicine Act would allow street medicine physicians to do far more than dismantle bureaucratic barriers, it would save lives
PDF
Going for green: how athletes make a career out of sports
PDF
Hooked on hate
PDF
The hidden opponent: how Black athletes fight the taboo of mental illness in sports
PDF
The mistreatment and misrepresentation of Black women in sports media must stop
PDF
Being a good sport: effectively implementing corporate social responsibility in North American professional sports
PDF
What it feels like to love a Black man through the worst of times: the life of Nickolas Lee
PDF
NIL: the one-year anniversary of a money-maker or just one more thing for the athlete to deal with?
PDF
Toad: the story of Luverne Wise
PDF
From Afghanistan to Los Angeles: the Journey of Abdul Fazli
PDF
This year in Hollywood: how the entertainment industry faltered, evolved and survived a year of pandemic and racial reckoning
Asset Metadata
Creator
Weiss, Martin Gregory
(author)
Core Title
What's the line: the impact of gambling legalization on American professional sports
School
Annenberg School for Communication
Degree
Master of Arts
Degree Program
Specialized Journalism
Degree Conferral Date
2021-08
Publication Date
08/02/2021
Defense Date
07/29/2021
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
Baseball,Basketball,Congress,Gambling,OAI-PMH Harvest,Sports
Format
application/pdf
(imt)
Language
English
Contributor
Electronically uploaded by the author
(provenance)
Advisor
Abrahamson, Alan (
committee chair
), Daglas, Cristina (
committee member
), Parker, Rob (
committee member
)
Creator Email
martingregoryweiss@gmail.com,mgweiss@usc.edu
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC15673811
Unique identifier
UC15673811
Legacy Identifier
etd-WeissMarti-9962
Document Type
Thesis
Format
application/pdf (imt)
Rights
Weiss, Martin Gregory
Type
texts
Source
University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
Access Conditions
The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.
Repository Name
University of Southern California Digital Library
Repository Location
USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA
Repository Email
cisadmin@lib.usc.edu