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Assessing homeless accessibility to community resources in the city of Los Angeles

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Assessing homeless accessibility to community resources in the city of Los Angeles

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Content Assessing Homeless Accessibility to Community Resources in the City of Los Angeles by Jerome Wu A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC DORNSIFE COLLEGE OF LETTERS, ARTS AND SCIENCES University of Southern California In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY) May 2022 Copyright © 2021 Jerome Wu ii To my family and friends iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Leilei Duan, for providing invaluable insights and guidance toward completing my thesis. This couldn’t have been done without your tremendous help. To the USC Spatial Sciences faculty, thank you for everything you have taught me. I am confident that what I have learned from this program will be extremely beneficial for my career in the GIS field. I would also like to thank my friends and family for their support and keeping me sane throughout the entire graduation program. Special thanks to Katrina Kaiser for providing me valuable information and guidance from LAHSA. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... viii Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Study Area ..........................................................................................................................1 1.2. Research Questions .............................................................................................................3 1.3. Motivation ...........................................................................................................................4 1.4. Definitions...........................................................................................................................5 1.5. Community Resources in Los Angeles ...............................................................................5 Chapter 2 Related Work.................................................................................................................. 7 2.1. Homelessness in Los Angeles .............................................................................................7 2.2. Existing solutions and attempts ........................................................................................10 2.3. Challenges of Homelessness .............................................................................................11 Chapter 3 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 16 3.1. Data Preparation................................................................................................................16 3.2. Walking Coverage and Homeless Population Served Analysis .......................................20 Chapter 4 Results .......................................................................................................................... 25 4.1. Initial Coverage Results ....................................................................................................25 4.2. Service Distribution by Neighborhood .............................................................................39 Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusions ......................................................................................... 49 5.1. Recommendations .............................................................................................................49 5.2. Limitations ........................................................................................................................52 v 5.3. Future Research ................................................................................................................54 References ..................................................................................................................................... 56 Appendix A LAHSA Community Resource Guide ...................................................................... 61 vi List of Tables Table 1 Data Sources .................................................................................................................... 17 Table 2 Example of census tract layer’s table with coverage score ............................................. 24 Table 3 Summary of food services in Los Angeles ...................................................................... 37 Table 4 Summary of hygiene services in Los Angeles ................................................................. 37 Table 5 Summary of shelter services in Los Angeles ................................................................... 37 Table 6 Summary of rail services in Los Angeles ........................................................................ 38 Table 7 Tract coverage results and population served .................................................................. 38 Table 8 Top 20 tracts by homeless count and respective coverage score ..................................... 47 Table 9 Attribute table for tracts with all four service types ........................................................ 48 vii List of Figures Figure 1 City of Los Angeles .......................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2 Walking distance model ................................................................................................. 21 Figure 3 Example screenshot of intersected output polygons and attributes ................................ 23 Figure 4 Service area of all food services in Los Angeles City .................................................... 28 Figure 5 Coverage score for all food services in Los Angeles City ............................................. 29 Figure 6 Service area of all hygiene services in Los Angeles City .............................................. 30 Figure 7 Coverage score for all hygiene services in Los Angeles City ........................................ 31 Figure 8 Service area of all shelter services in Los Angeles City ................................................ 32 Figure 9 Coverage score for all shelter services in Los Angeles City .......................................... 33 Figure 10 Service area of all bus stops in Los Angeles City ........................................................ 34 Figure 11 Service area of all rail stations in Los Angeles City .................................................... 35 Figure 12 Coverage score for all rail services in Los Angeles City ............................................. 36 Figure 13 20 tracts with the largest homeless population by neighborhoods ............................... 41 Figure 14 Food coverage by neighborhood and population ......................................................... 42 Figure 15 Hygiene coverage by neighborhood and population .................................................... 43 Figure 16 Shelter coverage by neighborhood and population ...................................................... 44 Figure 17 Rail coverage by neighborhood and population ........................................................... 45 Figure 18 Census tracts with all four service types ...................................................................... 48 Figure 19 Food coverage in northern Los Angeles City ............................................................... 51 Figure 20 Hygiene coverage in northern Los Angeles City ......................................................... 51 viii Abbreviations 2SFCA Two-Step Floating Catchment Area BS Bus services CA California FG Food and Grocery services FID Feature identification GIS Geographic Information System HG Hygiene services HMIS Homeless Management Information System HUD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development LA Los Angeles LAC Los Angeles County LAHSA Los Angeles Homeless Service Authority NHTS National Household Travel Survey RS Rail services SH Shelter services SQL Structured Query Language USC University of Southern California ix Abstract Efforts to address the homelessness crisis in Los Angeles have made little progress in the last few years. As homelessness has increased, government officials have struggled to find solutions that will benefit both the homeless community and mainstream residents of Los Angeles. Furthermore, the city may not have enough resources and space to support the growing homeless population. Thus, this research examined the spatial correlation between the availability of resources and the homeless community. It also addressed the current accessibility of community resources and investigated whether Los Angeles is equipped to meet the needs of the growing homeless community. This research employed a service area analysis in ArcGIS Pro to determine the walking distance of food, hygiene, shelter, and transportation services via walking and identified key neighborhoods with large homeless population that are lacking in certain types of community resources. The results have shown that all four service types are available in neighborhoods with a large homeless population, such as Downtown and Historic South Central. However, food and hygiene services are lacking in some neighborhoods with a smaller but significant homeless population, more specifically, in the northern regions of Los Angeles. Shelter and transportation services are adequately available throughout Los Angeles. The limitations of this research were discussed in the last chapter of this thesis. 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Homelessness in the city of Los Angeles (LA) has experienced a sharp rise of 16% since 2019. This rise is due to the region’s high housing costs and the release of non-violent convicts (Bastion 2020). The situation has been aggravated by the recent pandemic and stricter homelessness laws and regulations, such as an anti-camping measure introduced to remove widespread homeless encampments (Melley 2021a). As a result, homeless individuals are forced to seek shelters and fend for themselves (Scott 2020). As the homeless population increases in LA, we are left to wonder whether the city is prepared and has the resources available to meet the needs of the homeless. Furthermore, are those resources accessible within walkable distance for every homeless individual in the city? Examining the availability of community resources in LA can provide insights into how these resources can affect homeless people’s decisions of whether to seek shelter. Furthermore, understanding the relationship between community resources and homeless migration lets city officials and researchers better serve the less fortunate by reinforcing poorly equipped areas to fit the needs of the homeless. This chapter defines the scope of the present research and explains the importance of community resources being accessible within an appropriate walking distance. The next section provides some definitions that are integral to understanding the remainder of this thesis. 1.1. Study Area The study area for this thesis is the city of LA, as shown in Figure 1. LA spans 466 square miles and has a population count of 3,949,776, making it the largest city in the state of California (U.S. Census Bureau 2020). LA can be described as a broad coastal plain positioned between mountain terrains and the Pacific Ocean. The infrastructure of the city varies from 2 small, quiet neighborhoods in the suburbs to towering skyscrapers at the heart of the city. Furthermore, the city has large ethnic and cultural diversity due to immigrants from around the world, and has a growing gap between the rich and poor (Brook 2013). The effects of this wealth disparity became more evident in the 2000s, as gentrification took hold of poor urban areas, particularly in the downtown area. Today, this area has primarily been transformed into an entertainment and residential neighborhood for affluent individuals (Brook 2013). As of 2020, the city of LA had a homeless population count of 41,290, and this number has been rising for the last few years (LAHSA 2020). The homelessness crisis in LA began during World War II, when housing development could not keep up with the city’s population growth (Wolf 2021). As the years passed, the housing market continued to let down low-income households. Furthermore, support for low-income households and the homeless community has continued to dwindle, as some locals have voiced concerns about the high cost of homeless- support infrastructures (Taylor-Ross 2020). Today, the effects of these events can be seen in a series of sprawling homeless settlements and the residual effects of those events can be seen in the downtown area (Ward 2021). Finally, the lack of support for mental health and drug abuse have exacerbated the homeless situation, forcing many low-income households into homelessness or jail (Ward 2021). 3 Figure 1. City of Los Angeles 1.2. Research Questions The prime objective of this thesis is to determine whether members of the homeless community can walk to community resource providers within an appropriate distance, and whether they have convenient access to all types of resources in a single vicinity. This is accomplished by identifying the extent of these community resources through a service area analysis and by ascertaining whether they are located in areas with large numbers of homeless individuals. Once the extents of the services and the homeless populations served have been determined, the types of services available in areas with a large homeless population are identified to determine what services are lacking. 4 This thesis attempts to answer two spatial questions: 1. Are community resources in Los Angeles within an appropriate walking distance of areas with large homeless populations? 2. What services are lacking in those areas? 1.3. Motivation Although studies have examined the relationship between cities’ public spaces and homeless individuals (Suzuki 2008; Diver et al. 2019), research into the availability of community resources for the homeless community in particular is relatively sparse. This work fills this void by providing a data-driven analysis of whether groups of homeless people in certain areas are being served appropriately. For example, the Skid Row area of LA has a visible concentration of homelessness and encampments due to the concentration in that area of services targeting homeless individuals, such as shelters and meal programs (Culhane 2010). Although homeless individuals in Skid Row are given the access and care that they require, homelessness is not limited to Skid Row, and large concentrations of homelessness and encampments can be found in other LA neighborhoods. Those areas are often overlooked and require a deeper investigation into whether homeless community there have appropriate access to the services they require. This analysis could also provide a way to reduce the concentration of homelessness and encampments in areas like Skid Row. The concentration of homelessness in Downtown LA can be attributed to the magnet of homeless services clustered in a single area. One solution to this problem is to disperse these facilities more appropriately throughout the city by analyzing the availability of existing services and determining the dominant issues in each area. A more meaningful distribution of services could not only reduce the concentration of homelessness but 5 provide more meaningful proportioning of services that target specific homeless issues, such as mental health, substance abuse, and domestic abuse (Culhane 2010). This could be a better long- term solution to reduce overcrowding and not strain the capacity of warehouses and long-term care facilities in a single area. 1.4. Definitions This study uses the definition of “homeless” provided by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): a person who lacks a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence (United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 2012). There are two types of homeless individuals to consider. Sheltered homelessness includes people who are staying in emergency shelters, safe havens, or transitional housing programs (Henry et al. 2018). Unsheltered homelessness includes people whose primary nighttime residences are in places not ordinarily designed for regular sleeping. The unsheltered homeless individuals typically live on the street or in encampments or cars. This research focuses on both types of homelessness. 1.5. Community Resources in Los Angeles Community resources are often provided to address the needs or deficits of underprivileged groups or individuals in a community. A community resource can be anything used to improve the quality of community life. This research specifically examines resources that can improve the livelihood of the homeless community, such as free meals and shower stations. It uses a guide provided by the Los Angeles Homeless Service Authority (LAHSA) listed on their webpage and examines the practicality of those services using a geographic information system (GIS) software called ArcGIS Pro. The LAHSA community resource guide identifies all the services available within Los Angeles County and provides detailed information about them, including hours of operation and locations. Because the functions and capacities of those services 6 vary greatly, these services are categorized here into four types: food, hygiene, shelter, and transportation. 7 Chapter 2 Related Work Understanding the challenges faced by homeless individuals and the homeless migration is integral to comprehending the necessity of having community resources within an appropriate walking distance. More importantly, this chapter determines the walking threshold of the walking distance analysis based on the studies of Millward et al. (2013) and Ker et al. (2003). This chapter begins with how the homeless population count is conducted annually and where the homeless community is currently living in LA. The subsequent sections examine the current challenges faced by the homeless community and attempts to mitigate those challenges. Afterward, the next section explains why the homeless community migrates as it does and how community resources could affect their decisions to move to certain neighborhoods in LA. Finally, this chapter sets and comprehensively justifies the walking threshold used in this research. 2.1. Homelessness in Los Angeles The annual homeless population count, or Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count, is conducted annually at the beginning of the year in January. The lead agency, LAHSA, contracts other organizations, including University of Southern California’s (USC) School of Social Work and the Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics for calculating and maintaining the data obtained from the homeless population count (Barr 2020). The count of the homeless population is obtained from various sources. Some are obtained from the Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) and the MyOrg data collection system, which contains information regarding sheltered homeless population. This also includes information about the subpopulation and demographic of the sheltered homeless population (Barr 2020). HMIS and MyOrg are essentially a data collection system that allows the communities to collect and report 8 data on individuals receiving services from those shelters. Unsheltered estimates are conducted by volunteers across LA county, who carry out visual on-site street counts of unsheltered homeless populations. The resultant count is a record of homelessness as it was on a single day. It does not include Glendale, Pasadena, or Long Beach (LAHSA 2020). Due to the substantial spatial scale of the homeless community and Los Angeles County, USC validates the accuracy of the homeless population by running preliminary sample sizes for contrasting levels of standard errors and precision at various geographic levels (Barr 2020). USC used a two-stage stratified random sampling method for its sample selection, and used council districts boundaries for defining the geographic area. USC estimates that there is a 5% margin of error in the calculation of target sample sizes for surveys. Additionally, past annual estimates were used to determine each census tract’s final homeless population count. Recently, there have been more improvements to the homeless count methodology, including but not limited to providing a new baseline for family homelessness and chronic homelessness. These improvements have provided a more accurate baselines for unsheltered families and have revealed that chronic homelessness is more widespread than previously realized (LAHSA 2020). 2.1.1 Where Are the Homeless Living in LA? According to the UCLA Luskin Center report, Skid Row has been considered the epicenter of the homelessness crisis in Los Angeles since the 1880s (Moore-Sheeley et al. 2021). Since 2020, there have been approximately over 3,000 individuals experiencing homelessness on Skid Row (LAHSA 2020). The large spatial concentration of visible homelessness and encampments in Skid Row can be attributed to the area’s large density of large shelters, meal programs, and other social services that target homeless individuals (Culhane 2010). The second and third largest homeless populations are also located in Downtown LA, in the areas north and 9 south of Skid Row (LAHSA 2020). In addition to the downtown populations, a smaller but significant homeless population can also be found in Historic South Central, Venice, and Florence (LAHSA 2020). 2.1.2 Barriers and Resources A variety of services and resources are currently made available to the homeless community in LA (LAHSA 2020). LAHSA is a non-profit organization that offers general and specific services to help the homeless improve their livelihood, including provision of food and shelter, safe havens for domestic abuse victims and human trafficking victims, and general health services (LAHSA 2020). However, there are still unsheltered homeless individuals living on the streets because some of these services are not readily available to the homeless community or have certain prerequisites that can affect a homeless individual’s decision to access those resources. For example. it can take weeks or months for outreach workers to convince a person to accept a shelter bed, and homeless individuals are sometimes suspicious of outreach workers for making promise they couldn’t keep (Demsas 2021). In addition, many services have strict rules that deter some homeless individuals. Most shelters, in particular, have rules that discourage homeless individuals from making use of them. Eric Tars, a legal director at the National Homelessness Law Center, noted that there are three specific restrictions that usually deter homeless individuals from accepting spaces at shelters (Demsas 2021). First, most shelters do not allow people to bring their pets inside. To many homeless individuals, their pets have crucial emotional value and serve as emotional supports in times of crisis and trauma. Second, many shelters are single-sex or sex-segregated facilities and require homeless couples to be separated. Finally, some shelters do not allow homeless individuals to bring possessions with them. 10 2.2. Existing solutions and attempts As homelessness increases, city officials have been forced to find ways to mitigate homelessness. This section examines such attempts by officials and organizations in two cities. The first subsection examines attempts to resolve homelessness in LA, California. The next sections examine how homelessness has been approached by city officials and organizations in Seattle, Washington. 2.2.1 Resolving Homelessness in Los Angeles In 1993, LAHSA was created as a joint-powers authority to resolve homelessness by coordinating housing and services for homeless families and individuals in LA County (LAHSA 2020). The organization coordinates and manages more than $800 million annually for programs that provide shelter, housing, and services to people experiencing homelessness. In 2016, LA voters passed Proposition HHH, which enabled city officials to issue $1.2 billion in bonds for the development of 10,000 permanent housings and temporary shelters. In addition, the proposition is aimed at creating a coordinated system that breaks down bureaucratic barriers and allows organizations to connect workers and homeless individuals more easily across the county with housing and other services. However, five years into the ten-year plan, the city has completed only about 1,000 of the promised 10,000 supportive housing units (City of Los Angeles 2021). Furthermore, many of these services remain unused, and there are reports of service providers not being paid on time (Ward 2021). A recent investigation by KPCC revealed that many homeless shelters are unsanitary and have infestation of mold, rats, or other unwanted pests as well (Palta 2018). 2.2.2 Homelessness in Seattle Seattle faces many of the same difficulties regarding homelessness as LA. Housing costs 11 in Seattle have grown by almost 19% in the past ten years, and one recent study found that 47% of households that rent in Seattle metro area spend more than 30% of their income on rent alone (City of Seattle 2021). Furthermore, drug overdose is the leading cause of death among people who are experiencing homelessness in King County, WA (City of Seattle 2021). More than 36,000 people receive methadone treatment in the county, but insufficient treatment capacity leaves more than 150 individuals on a waitlist every day (City of Seattle 2021). In an attempt to mitigate homelessness, Seattle Mayor Jenny A. Durkan proposed the Seattle Rental Housing Assistance Pilot Program in 2018. This program focuses on providing a range of resources, including rental assistance and utility discounts, to approximately 1,000 low- income households (Hightower 2018). The service also offers financial assistance and case management in an attempt to resolve situations that homeless individuals might face, such as reuniting individuals with their families, mediating disputes with landlords, or paying rent for a limited period of time. 2.3. Challenges of Homelessness A deep understanding of homeless migration patterns and behavior is critical to gauging the needs of essential community resources. It would allow planners and researchers to assess the extent to which homeless people have information about local resources and opportunities to raise themselves out of extreme poverty (Koegel et al. 1992). Some experts consider migrating to new areas to be a form of coping (Koegel et al. 1992). The migration of the homeless community can be described in terms of “coping status,” or one’s level of access to the resources necessary for survival and overall quality of life, such as shelter, food, employment, social services and support (Kearns et al. 1987). The goal of changing one’s coping status is to reduce physical and psychological stress and improve one’s overall 12 livelihood. A number of factors can influence coping status, including age, education (Koegel et al. 1992), and availability of resources in the area (Suzuki 2008; Diver et al. 2018). A homeless individual might consider moving to a new area in the hopes of finding adequate food, shelter, income, and other necessities. If they believe that the services or utilities in that location will improve their livelihood, they are more likely to move to that area. For example, if a homeless individual continually struggles to find job prospects in one area, they are more likely to move elsewhere to reduce their physical and psychological stress (Koegel et al. 1992). Consequently, migration can also impact coping status. Limited knowledge of and access to local resources can increase physical and psychological stress levels, causing people to migrate to new areas again. The desire to be closer to resources that might improve stress levels and livelihood is further supported by two recent studies, one from Osaka City, Japan in 2008, and one from Newark, Ohio in 2019. In the Ohio study, the researchers hypothesized that homeless individuals choose shelters for their proximity to basic survival resources such as food, health services, and employment. Using a sample of 22 abandoned houses, the researchers determined that 11 used sites had resources within a 400 m walking area buffer (Diver et al. 2019). Furthermore, abandoned houses with more intense usage were closer to food resources (e.g., free lunches, food pantries) than unused abandoned houses. Similarly, Suzuki (2008) in the Osaka study concluded that there were three important factors in homeless individuals’ decisions about encampment locations: the availability of employment opportunities, medical care, and food in the area. Areas with these elements had higher densities of both sheltered and unsheltered homeless people (Suzuki 2008). Diver et al. (2019) concluded that the homeless were no different from mainstream society in the desire to have their needs met efficiently. Like many members of the 13 mainstream of society, members of the homeless community can be expected to travel as little as possible to meet the most essential requirements of living (Diver et al. 2019). 2.3.1 Walking Distance The measurement of walking distance to locations or services requires a fixed walking distance, as this allows researchers to indicate which roads and sidewalks can be reached within a given walking distance. It has generally been assumed that an acceptable walkable distance in the United States is between 400 m (Diez-Roux and Yang 2012) and 800 m (Ker et al. 2003). The conventional wisdom of 400 m was introduced in 1929, by Clarence Perry in The Neighborhood Unit. In this book, Perry illustrated the relationship between residential and non- residential components by walking distance. The concept has since been used by planners and practitioners to design walkable communities (Amin et al. 2012). In 2003, however, Barton, Grant, and Guise suggested that an 800 m walking distance was an acceptable threshold for walking to a town center (Amin et al. 2012), and recent research has found that some pedestrians are willing to walk much farther (Diez-Roux and Yang 2012). Two studies from 2010 estimated that the average walking distances of the U.S. population in 2001 and 2009 were around 997 m (Buehler et al. 2010) and 981 m (Buehler et al. 2010) respectively. Thus, a walking distance of 1,000 m has been adopted for this study; the two background studies are described below to justify the decision to use a 1000 m walking distance as the threshold of the walking distance analysis. 2.3.1 Case Study: Perth, Western Australia In this case study, Ker et al. (2003) suggested that the traditional walking distances of 400 m and 800 m are simplistic and misleading because many people walk significantly further. They supported this claim by collecting and analyzing data on actual walking distances for the 14 suburban rail system in Perth, Western Australia. They created an analysis of catchments for each of the five stations in Perth’s metropolitan suburban rail network: Currambine, Joondalup, Warwick, Fremantle, and Midland. At each station, a team of surveyors recorded arrival times and determined the point of origin for each arrival. The data were then analyzed using GIS to determine the exact distance travelled. The sample size varied by station, from just 1,064 passengers at Currambine to 3,263 at Warwick. The researchers found that 45% of pedestrians from all five stations lived within 1 km of a station. Furthermore, 34% of pedestrians walked 1–2 km, and 14.5% walked 2–3 km. This study showed that more than half of the total passenger sample (from all five stations) were willing to travel more than 800 m to a rail station. 2.3.2 Case Study: Walking Distance by Trip Purpose and Population Subgroups In this case study, Millward et al. (2013) examined the prevalence of walking and the distances of walking trips among Halifax, Canada residents. They used data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), and they used distance-decay functions to summarize the distribution of walking distances and durations for each trip purpose and population subgroup. They found that the mean and median values for walking distances were 1,126 m and 804 m. This study also revealed that lower-income households walked for longer durations and distances to work than higher-income households. The study indicated that 65% of single walking trips covered more than 400 m, and nearly one-fifth of those trips were more than 1,600 m. This suggests that a good portion of the walking population walks for substantial distances and durations in their daily activities. These results challenge the traditional usage of 400 m as a walking distance because that underrepresents the distance that some pedestrians are willing to travel. Both case studies reveal that 400 m is an understatement of how far pedestrians are 15 willing to walk. It would be safer to assume that the majority of pedestrians are more willing to travel 800 to 1,000 m. Furthermore, this research focuses on walking distance of community resources from the homeless perspective where the majority of the homeless population does not own an automobile and typically rely on walking to the nearest public transportation service. Thus, this research uses 1,000 m as the walking threshold for the walking distance analysis. 16 Chapter 3 Methodology Chapter 3 focuses on the description of the data obtained from various resources and the methodology used in this research. As previously mentioned, the methodology is based on findings in the literatures on walking distance to transportation services. The first section describes the preparation of the data, which includes the process obtaining data from various sources, details on these sources and the datasets, and the joining of these datasets for further analysis. The next section illustrates the integration of the data into the methodology to achieve the outcomes discussed in Chapter 4. The analysis uses tools from the Spatial Analyst and Network Analyst extension in ArcGIS Pro to determine how far a homeless individual must walk to reach various types of community resource services. 3.1. Data Preparation The datasets listed in Table 1 were used to determine the walking distance to each community resources for each census tract. The table lists the name, description, file type, and source of each dataset. The geographic coordinate system used in this research is the NAD 1983 StatePlane California V FIPS 0405 Feet. The homeless count dataset used was the 2020 Greater Los Angeles Homeless Count from the LAHSA. 3.1.1 Homeless Count 2020 Results by Census Tract Dataset The LAHSA 2020 Los Angeles Homeless Count provides a point-in-time estimate of the homeless population of Los Angeles County—that is, an unduplicated count of the people experiencing homelessness on a single night, including both the sheltered and unsheltered. It provides a picture of homelessness in Los Angeles County in January 2020, before the impact of the covid-19 pandemic. The dataset contains the homeless population count and other information for over 2,000 census tracts in Los Angeles County. It also provides information on 17 subcategories, including the sheltered and unsheltered homeless, age counts, and various living situations. Table 1: Data Sources Dataset Description File Type Source Homeless Count 2020 Results by Census Tract This report provides the homeless population count in Los Angeles County (LAC) in January 2020 (before the impacts of the covid-19). Polygon feature class Los Angeles Homeless Service Authority (LAHSA) Los Angeles County Census Tracts (2010) This dataset contains the census tracts for LAC. Polygon feature class U.S. Census Bureau Los Angeles Street Centerline This shapefile contains the road network for the city of LA. Line feature Class Los Angeles Open Data Portal LAHSA Community Resource Guide This is a comprehensive list of community resources for the homeless community in Los Angeles (LA). Because it is only a list, I created a dataset based on the information. Tabular .PDF LAHSA Homeless Shelters and Services This shapefile contains the locations of homeless shelters and services in LAC. Point feature class Los Angeles Open Data Portal Metro Bus Data This shapefile lists every bus stop together with the lines serving that stop. Point feature class Los Angeles Metro Open Portal Data Metro Rail Data This shapefile contains points for each station centered on that station’s platforms. Data for every railroad line in LA are included. Point feature class Los Angeles Metro Open Portal Data 3.1.2 Los Angeles County Census Tracts (2010) Shapefile This dataset was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau’s website. The data for this census were collected in 2010 but updated in 2012 to reflect the geographic changes made in the 2012 Census Geography Update. The projection for this dataset is NAD 1983 StatePlane California V FIPS 0405 Feet. This dataset serves as a container for joining the other datasets, such as the homeless population count and the service area coverage. The join function is 18 completed using each feature identification (FID) as the join key. This shapefile layer eventually obtains ten more fields as a result of running the Service Area Analysis extension. These fields are the output surface area values from the Intersect tool and are used to determine the surface area of each service type. Once these fields are created, five additional fields are created to determine the coverage score for each service type. These fields and the aliases are discussed in greater detail in the LAHSA Community Resource Guide section. The methodology for obtaining these values is discussed in greater detail in the Service Area Analysis section of this chapter. Finally, the last five fields are created to determine how many homeless individuals are being served within a 1,000 m distance of each community resource service. The methodology for obtaining these values is discussed in greater detail in the Homeless Population Served section of this chapter. 3.1.3 Los Angeles Street Centerline This shapefile was obtained from the Los Angeles City Planning Open Data Portal. It contains a shapefile of the city’s street network and is projected in NAD 1983 StatePlane California V FIPS 0405 Feet. The shapefile also contains a node for each intersection, with street names and address ranges. The LA Street Centerline was used to create a network dataset for the study area in ArcGIS Pro. This shapefile is integral to the analysis because it allows us to determine the reach of a service and creates service areas around community resources. 3.1.4 LAHSA Community Resource Guide This source is not a dataset but a complete list of the available community resources in LA County. It includes information such as the type of resource, the organization providing it, the neighborhood, and contact details. This list was used to create a point dataset in ArcGIS Pro and is projected to NAD 1983 StatePlane California V FIPS 0405 Feet. The list categorizes 19 services into various types, such as “food & grocery,” “shower stations,” and “transportation.” “School supplies” was excluded from the analysis because this research focuses on the entirety of the homeless community rather than a certain age group or sex. Likewise, services that require individuals to provide proof of residency or religious affiliation are excluded. This shapefile was edited to contain only services within the city of LA. The Clip tool in ArcGIS Pro was used for this editing. The community resource guide lists services by type. For example, services that provide free groceries are categorized as “food & groceries,” and shower stations are categorized as “hygiene.” For this research, the list was arranged in just four categories of services: food, hygiene, shelter, and transportation. Although bus stops and rail stations fall into the transportation category, those services are analyzed separately to avoid geoprocessing difficulties, due to difference in attribution. Furthermore, the difference in availability of both services is vast in favor of bus stops. The large difference between both services can result in inaccuracy when examining the availability and walking distance of rail stations in Los Angeles. Services that are listed as “food & grocery” and “free meal” are categorized as food services. Shower stations and laundromats are categorized as hygiene services. The guide does not include homeless shelter services, so a different source was used for the shelter category. The transportation services listed in the guide are in Santa Maria, CA, which falls outside the city boundary, so a different source from LA Metro Developer webpage was used for transportation services as well. The shelter and transportation services are discussed in greater detail in the following sections. 3.1.5 Homeless Shelters and Services This shapefile was obtained from the Los Angeles City Planning Open Data Portal. It 20 contains the city’s street network and is projected in NAD 1983 StatePlane California V FIPS 0405 Feet. The shapefile contains the locations of homeless shelters and services in Los Angeles County. The attribute table for this shapefile contains information about those organizations, including names, addresses, and hours of operation. This shapefile was edited to contain only the shelters and services within the city of LA. The Clip tool in ArcGIS Pro was used for this editing. The feature points in this shapefile are used to measure the walking accessibility of homeless shelter services in LA. This shapefile is categorized as shelter services. 3.1.6 Metro Bus Stops and Rail Stations These shapefiles were obtained from the LA Metro Developer webpage. The webpage contain all the Metro bus lines and rail lines. These shapefiles are projected in NAD 1983 StatePlane California V FIPS 0405 Feet. Their attribute tables contain information such as line number and color, stop names, and coordinates for each stop. The feature points in these shapefiles were used to measure the walking distances to transportation services in LA. These shapefiles are categorized as transportation services. 3.2. Walking Coverage and Homeless Population Served Analysis The prime objective of this analysis is to discover the regions that encompass each service at a 1,000 m walking distance. The walking distances of the services are measured using the community resource service guide mentioned in Section 3.1. The methodology has two parts. The first part is a service area analysis, which identifies the regions that encompass each service from a 1,000 m walking distance. Afterward, the service area polygons are converted to score the walking distance by census tract, using the Intersect tool. A high score, or a value of 1, on a census tract indicates that an individual in that tract is completely within a road network that allows the individual to walk to a resource. As the score decreases, or falls below 1, the 21 individual’s ability to walk to the service is limited and they must walk further to reach it. The second part is an estimation of how many homeless individuals are being served within the census tract, based on the census tract score. 3.2.1 Service Area Analysis The service area analysis was completed using the Network Analyst extension in ArcGIS Pro. This extension enables users to determine the network paths between several origins and destinations. This analysis models travel behavior while incorporating the distances people must walk or would be willing to travel to reach certain destinations. Thus, the Network Analyst extension is used to determine the walking coverage from each destination within 1,000 m. Figure 2 provides a visual representation of the service area analysis workflow. In the service area analysis layer, this research uses the following inputs. First, the feature point datasets are loaded into the service area analysis layer as input facilities. These datasets include the community resources listed in LAHSA, the homeless shelters and services point shapefile from LA Open Data Portal, and the Metro bus and rail stations point shapefile. The travel mode is set to walking distance, with a single walking threshold of 1,000 m. The polygon Figure 2: Walking distance model 22 detail level is set to standard precision, and the boundary type is set to “dissolve.” The service area polygons are created as disks. Once the specifications are set up, the service area analysis layer generates polygons around each input facility. This process is carried out five times so that service area polygons are created for each service type. The result is five outputs: the service area polygons for food services, hygiene services, shelter services, and both types of transportation service. The next step is to determine the coverage of each service by census tract. This process is completed using the Intersect tool in ArcGIS Pro. This tool computes a geometric intersection of two separate features. Features and portions of features that overlap in all layers or feature classes are written to a new output class. The Intersect tool also calculates the surface area covered between two polygon feature classes. In this case, the Intersect tool is used to calculate the surface area between the service area polygons and the census tracts. For input, the service area polygons and the LAC census tract shapefile were used. For the attributes to join, only feature ID (FID) was chosen to be used to join the intersected surface area field to the census tract layer for further calculation. As usual, this process is repeated four times for each service type. This gives a final output of four intersected polygons for food, hygiene, shelter, and transportation services. For clarity, an example of an Intersect output can be seen in Figure 3. The next part of the analysis is to calculate and score each census tract’s coverage. This coverage score is used to identify the reach of each single service type for the homeless population. A tract that scores a 1, or 100%, has 1,000 m service areas extending from a single type of community resource service covering 100% of its area. This means that an individual living in the area is within a road network that allows them to reach a service with ease and without walking a great distance. As the score decreases, the ability to walk to a service decline, 23 and the individual must walk further than in a tract with a higher score. As the score decreases to 0, the service becomes inaccessible to the homeless population from a 1,000 m walking distance. The Join Field tool is used for this process. Using the output FIDs from the Intersect tool, the intersected surface area field is joined to the LAC census tract layer. As a result, each record in the LAC census tract layer has four new intersected surface area fields with their respective values. Once these fields are created and given the appropriate values, four more fields are created in the LAC census tract layer to contain the census tract scores. Each field is calculated by dividing the intersected surface area by the census tract surface area. The final coverage fields give us a 4-digit decimal value that can also be interpreted as percentage. For clarity, Table 2 displays a portion of the attribute table for the LAC census tract layer with the Intersect output data. The intersected polygon outputs given by Intersect tool is then divided by the surface area of their respective LAC census tract to produce the final coverage score for each service type which can be seen in Table 2 as well. Figure 3: Example screenshot of intersected output polygons and attributes 24 Table 2: Example of census tract layer’s table with coverage score 3.2.2 Analysis of Homeless Population Served Once the service area coverages have been established, the final step is to determine how many homeless individuals are being served within the service area. A homeless individual is deemed to be served by a service type if that individual is within a census tract with a coverage score. A high score indicates that most of the population in a tract is being served. A score of 0 indicates that homeless individuals in the tract are not being served by any service type and must travel to scored tracts to access community resource services. To determine how many homeless individuals are being served, four new fields are created in the LAC census tract shapefile layer. The values of those fields are determined by multiplying the homeless population fields by their respective coverage scores. Shape_Area IntersectFG IntersectHG IntersectSH IntersectRS IntersectBS FG_Cov HG_Cov SH_Cov RS_Cov BS_Cov 0.000063 0.000011 0.000063 0.000063 0.000058 0.000063 0.1746 0.9966 1.0000 0.9206 1.0000 0.000062 0.000001 <Null> 0.000059 0.000057 0.000062 0.0161 0.0000 0.9516 0.9194 1.0000 0.000088 <Null> <Null> 0.000033 0.000081 0.000088 0.0000 0.0000 0.3750 0.9205 1.0000 0.000011 0.000001 0.000011 0.000011 0.00001 0.000011 0.0909 1.0000 1.0000 0.9091 1.0000 0.000027 <Null> <Null> 0.000001 0.000024 0.000027 0.0000 0.0000 0.0370 0.8889 1.0000 0.00002 <Null> 0.000002 0.00002 0.000018 0.00002 0.0000 0.1141 1.0000 0.9000 1.0000 25 Chapter 4 Results This chapter describes the results of the walking distance analysis and offers insights into the current spatial distribution of community resource services in LA. Four separate community resource services were analyzed in ArcGIS Pro to determine their walking distances in various LA neighborhoods. The analysis revealed the number of homeless individuals served and how many of those individuals resided in areas with adequate coverage. After the initial screening, tract coverages were analyzed against tracts with dense homeless populations to determine which services were lacking in those areas. 4.1. Initial Coverage Results Each coverage tract is given a score of from 0% to 100%. A score of 80% or higher indicates that more than 80% of the tract area is within a 1,000 m walking distance of a service location. The term “adequate” is used to describe tracts with scores of 70%–79%. Scores below 70% indicate that those areas are further from community resource services and need improvement. The walking distance analysis revealed that service coverage for shelters and rail stations was primarily localized around Downtown LA. Food and hygiene services were scattered through the city and have the least number of services available, with hygiene services ranking the lowest out of all service types. Shelter services were primarily concentrated in Central LA and ranks second, in terms of availability. Rail services were also concentrated near Central LA. Bus services could be found in the majority of LA, with the exception of a few undeveloped areas such as Griffith Observatory and Laurel Canyon—that is, there were bus stops within 1,000 m walking distance in most of the city. 26 4.1.1 Food Services Food services covered the fewest census tracts and are spread out in a non-uniformed manner as seen in Figure 4. Based on a 1,000 m service area, only 51 of the 178 tracts with food services had coverage scores of 70% or higher. This can be attributed to limited supplies of food services, as only 32 services provided food within the city boundaries. The coverage score for food services can be seen in Figure 5. Collectively, there were roughly 12,846 individuals residing in tracts with food service coverage, including those with coverage scores of 70% or lower. The analysis showed that there were roughly 11,186 individuals in tracts with coverage scores of 70% or higher. However, the potential population served analysis indicated that only about 8,280 were potentially served by any food services in LA. Given a total homeless population of 41,290, this means that only about 20% of sheltered and unsheltered homeless people are potentially being served within a 1,000 m walking distance of food services. 4.1.2 Hygiene Services The availability of hygiene services is minimal in comparison to other service types and are also spread out in a non-uniformed manner as shown in Figure 6. There are only 23 hygiene service providers in the city of LA. The coverage score for hygiene services can be seen in Figure 7. Only 55 tracts of the 186 total have hygiene services with scores of 70% or higher. As of 2020, there are about 7,310 individuals residing in tracts with hygiene coverage scores, and roughly 2,738 in tracts with coverage scores of 70% or higher. The number of potential homeless individuals served is around 3,498 for all hygiene services in LA. Only 8% of the homeless population is within a 1,000 m walking distance of hygiene services. 27 4.1.3 Shelter Services Shelter services are primarily aggregated near Downtown LA, as shown in Figure 8. There are 123 tracts among the 338 total that have shelter services with coverage scores of 70% or higher as seen in Figure 9. About 20,785 unsheltered homeless individuals reside within those 338 tracts. Tracts with adequate shelter service coverage contain a total unsheltered population of roughly 8,560. The number of potential individuals served is roughly 13,936 unsheltered homeless individuals. With a total population of about 29,754 unsheltered homeless individuals in the city of LA, a considerable 47% have the potential to reach a shelter service within a 1,000 m walking distance. 4.1.4 Transportation Services As shown in Figure 10, bus stops are located throughout the city, with the exception of just a few areas. According to the LA City Planning’s Zoning Search Map, the zoning designations for areas without bus services are for open spaces or private residential lots. The open spaces are preserved undeveloped wilderness (e.g., Laurel Canyon) or recreational areas, such as the Los Angeles Zoo and Griffith Observatory. The Metro Busway adequately serves a homeless population of 30,289, which is about 73% of the homeless population. Access to rail stations is limited mainly to Downtown LA and the surrounding neighborhoods, as shown in Figure 11. The LA Metro Rail consists of six lines: the Metro A (Blue), Metro B (Red), Metro C (Green), Metro L (Gold), Metro D (Purple), and Metro E (Expo) lines. From Downtown LA, the Metro Rail stations expand toward North Hollywood, Highland Park, Boyle Heights, Sawtelle, and Vermont Visa. Only 116 tracts are affected by rail services and have scores of 70% or higher as shown in Figure 12. Roughly 7,448 individuals reside within those 116 tracts. The number of potential homeless individuals served is around 10,200. 28 Figure 4: Service area of all food services in Los Angeles City 29 Figure 5: Coverage score for all food services in Los Angeles City 30 Figure 6: Service area of all hygiene services in Los Angeles City 31 Figure 7: Coverage score for all hygiene services in Los Angeles City 32 Figure 8: Service area of all shelter services in Los Angeles City 33 Figure 9: Coverage score for all shelter services in Los Angeles City 34 Figure 10: Service area of all bus stops in Los Angeles City 35 Figure 11: Service area of all rail stations in Los Angeles City 36 Figure 12: Coverage score for all rail services in Los Angeles City 37 Table 3 to 6 contains information on the number of tracts affected by food, hygiene, shelter, and rail service coverage and the affected homeless populations within those tracts. The table is categorized by quantiles to reflect low, medium, and high coverage scores and their respective data. The third column, “Population Within,” reports the total number of homeless individuals within the “Number of Tracts,” from the second column. These values are simply the homeless counts from LAHSA’s Homeless Count 2020, summed by tract. The fourth column reports the number of potential homeless individuals served within the total number of tracts from the second column. These values are derived from the potential homeless population served analysis and are summed by tract. Table 3: Summary of food services in Los Angeles Table 4: Summary of hygiene services in Los Angeles Table 5: Summary of shelter services in Los Angeles Quantile Number of Tracts Homeless Population Within Potential Homeless Population Served ≥ 25% 35 1553 260 26%–50% 29 1896 688 51%–75% 22 820 518 76%–100% 46 6917 6813 Quantile Number of Tracts Homeless Population Within Potential Homeless Population Served ≥ 25% 84 2978 303 26%–50% 33 1278 508 51%–75% 19 441 280 76%–100% 50 2613 2407 Quantile Number of Tracts Population Within Potential Population Served ≥ 25% 130 4840 542 26%–50% 48 1812 617 51%–75% 49 2312 1471 76%–100% 111 11,821 11,306 38 Table 6: Summary of rail services in Los Angeles Table 7 provides a summary of the coverage score for all service types and the potential population served by each service type. Each row is categorized by the service type with the exception of transportation service, which is separated into rail stations and bus stops. The last row is the total sum from all 5 services. The first column displays the total number of tracts covered by their respective service type across the entire city of LA. The following column displays the number of tracts from the “Tracts Covered” column with a score of 70% or higher. The third column contains information regarding how many homeless individuals reside within the respective tracts. Finally, the last column contains information regarding the number of individuals reside in tracts with a score of 70% or higher. It is important to note that the homeless population count in these columns is the total homeless population count obtained from LAHSA’s 2020 Greater Los Angeles Count rather than the count value provided by the potential homeless population count analysis. Table 7: Tract coverage results and population served Quantile Number of Tracts Population Within Potential Population Served ≥ 25% 130 4036 449 26%–50% 46 1648 548 51%–75% 51 1833 1209 76%–100% 111 7796 7352 Tracts Covered Tracts with ≥70% Coverage Total Population Served Total Population (within ≥70%) Food Services 178 51 12,846 6,958 Hygiene 186 55 7,027 2,674 Shelters 123 338 20,785 8,560 Rail Stations 116 260 15,706 7,448 Bus Stops 981 870 18,270 30,289 Total 1,584 1,574 74,634 55,929 39 4.2. Service Distribution by Neighborhood According to LAHSA’s Homeless Count 2020 Results by Census Tract, the majority of the census tracts with high homeless population is concentrated in the following neighborhoods: Downtown, Harbor Gateway, Historic South Central, and Venice. Smaller but significant concentrations of homeless individuals can also be found in Sun Valley, Hollywood, Hollywood Hills, San Pedro, and Wilmington. These neighborhoods should be the focus of service distribution since they experience more homelessness than other neighborhoods in LA. The distribution by homeless population can be seen in Figure 13. Because there are over 2,000 census tracts in the LAC census tract layer, this research analyzes the 20 tracts with the highest homeless populations. The classes are classified using the natural breaks (Jenks) method and the population size is represented by a circle, and larger circles indicate a larger population. Neighborhoods south of Harbor Gateway are excluded from this map. The service distributions for shelters and rail stations are concentrated near downtown and the surrounding neighborhoods, whereas hygiene and food services vary. The homeless community’s desire to seek shelters in areas with an abundance of resources is further supported by the results of this analysis. In Figure 14, food services appear to be clustered in various neighborhoods, such as Downtown, Westlake, Venice, Watts, Historic South Central, and Hollywood. Most of these food service clusters are within neighborhoods with large homeless populations, the exceptions being areas near Florence and Vermont Square, which have no food services. Food services are also available in neighborhoods with smaller homeless population, such as Woodland Hills, North Hills, and Panorama City. Food services are also relatively sparse in the northern region of LA and Harbor Gateway. As a result, homeless individuals in Sun Valley must travel to the closest food services, in Panorama City. 40 Hygiene services are available in the neighborhood northwest and northeast of Downtown LA as shown in Figure 15. The hygiene services in those areas are mobile shower stations run by a non-profit organization called Shower of Hope. These mobile shower stations are essentially large, enclosed cuboid-shaped cargos being hauled at the back of a box truck. Due to the large size of these shower stations, these stations require large open areas to park both the stations and the truck. Thus, many of these stations are located near the outskirt of Downtown LA, since the tight urban spaces of Downtown cannot accommodate the stations and box truck without disrupting traffic. Other hygiene services can be found in Westlake, Hollywood, and Highland Park. Hygiene services are sparse in the north and south parts of LA due to a lack of participating laundry owners in those regions. Similarly, hygiene services can be found in neighborhoods with few or no homeless individuals, such as Toluca Lake and North Hollywood. Because the majority of the homeless community is concentrated near downtown, most shelter services can be found in the Central LA region. But shelter services can also be found within the top 20 tracts by population, as shown in Figure 16, and these include tracts that are outside of the Central LA region, such as Sun Valley and San Pedro. In comparison to food and hygiene services, shelter coverage is more concentrated and is easily within 1,000 m walking distance in the Central LA region. Figure 17 shows that rail services are concentrated within the Central LA region as well. Because stations are fixed at predetermined locations, rail service coverage is basically nonexistent in the north and south parts of LA. Homeless residents of Wilmington and San Pedro must walk more than 5,000 m to the nearest rail station, in Long Beach, CA. Thus, homeless individuals in neighborhoods near Venice, San Pedro, and Sun Valley are underserved and must take the Metro Busway instead. 41 Figure 13: 20 tracts with the largest homeless population by neighborhoods 42 Figure 14: Food coverage by neighborhood and population 43 Figure 15: Hygiene coverage by neighborhood and population 44 Figure 16: Shelter coverage by neighborhood and population 45 Figure 17: Rail coverage by neighborhood and population 46 4.2.1 Ideal Service Distribution Each of the four service types provides only a portion of the community resources. An ideal distribution of services would include all four service types in a single census tract in a area, within a 1,000 m walking distance. This section examines the twenty tracts with the largest homeless populations, as shown in Table 8, to determine which services are lacking in those areas. Hygiene service coverage is severely lacking in eighteen tracts. Hygiene coverage is only available in three tracts which are located in South Central, Hollywood, and Vermont Square neighborhood, and only two of those tracts have hygiene coverage scores above 70%. Food service coverage can be found in only ten tracts, and half of those tracts have coverage scores below 70%. The remaining ten tracts are severely lacking with a score of 0. Rail service has coverage in eleven tracts, and only seven of those scores above 70%. Shelter and bus service coverage is mostly sufficient in all twenty tracts, but they do have scores 0 in some tracts, meaning those tracts are not within walking distance of either service. To summarize, transportation and shelter services are relatively accessible, but food and hygiene services are severely lacking in the twenty tracts. Finally, tracts with all four service types were identified using structured query language (SQL) in ArcGIS Pro as shown in Figure 18. The census tracts and their respective coverage scores can be seen in Table 9. Only six tracts have every type of services, and those tracts are located in Hollywood, Westlake, and Historic South Central. There is sufficient coverage for shelter, rail, and bus service, with the exception of a single rail service in Historic South Central. This rail service in Historic South Central also scored less than 70% in Hollywood. Hygiene coverage varied. Half of the coverage scores were sufficient, and the other half scored below 20%. Food coverage could be found in every tract, however, only a single tract scored above 47 70%. This single tract is located in Hollywood and the remaining tracts scored poorly, below 55%. This analysis indicates that Hollywood has an ideal service distribution, while Westlake and Historic South Central could use improvement. Table 8: Top 20 tracts by homeless count and respective coverage score Tract Number Neighborhood Total Homeless Population Food Coverage Hygiene Coverage Shelter Coverage Rail Coverage Bus Coverage 206300 Skid Row 3179 1 0 0.9998 0.4188 1 206200 Skid Row 705 0.9946 0 1 1 1 224020 Historic South Central 615 0.8281 0 0.8304 0.9695 0.9994 226002 Downtown 525 0.2711 0 0.2745 0.3726 1 207301 Skid Row 469 0.4288 0 0.9910 0.9933 1 701100 Brentwood 429 0 0 0 0 0 239202 Florence 397 0 0 0.0809 0 1 231100 South Central 393 0 0.9610 0.9776 0.5890 1 191000 Hollywood 361 0.9866 0.8431 1.0000 0.9528 1 540902 Willowbrook 321 0 0 0 0 0 207710 Downtown 308 0.0113 0 0.9064 0.9951 1 273402 Venice 303 0.7683 0 0.7384 0 0.8896 206031 Downtown 258 0.1281 0 0.1936 0.2736 0.9999 121802 Sun Valley 252 0 0 0.5405 0 1 121900 Sun Valley 249 0 0 0.5233 0 1 232400 Central NC 242 0 0.0413 0.2428 0 1 207102 Chinatown 235 0 0 0 1 1 226001 Downtown 230 0.0133 0 0.0141 1 1 541001 West Compton 225 0 0 0 0 0 535400 Florence-Graham 224 0 0 0 0 0 48 Figure 18: Census tracts with all four service types Table 9: Attribute table for tracts with all four service types Tract ID Neighborhood Homeless Population Food Coverage Hygiene Coverage Shelter Coverage Rail Coverage Bus Coverage 191000 Hollywood 361 0.9866 0.8431 1 0.9528 1 190700 Hollywood 149 0.1719 0.9966 1 0.9269 1 224600 Historic South Central 135 0.0208 0.1950 0.2605 0.7905 1 208610 Westlake 116 0.4387 0.0000 0.8225 0.0999 1 190301 Hollywood 104 0.5549 0.9618 1 0.9561 1 190801 Hollywood 90 0.3402 0.0005 0.9351 0.5566 1 49 Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusions The purpose of this thesis is to analyze and assess the walking distance and coverage of homeless community resources in LA. The service area coverage method produced coverage scores for census tracts around various services and provided insights into how many homeless individuals have adequate access to food, hygiene, shelter, and transportation services. The results were determined through a tabular analysis of the resulting census tracts with walking distance coverage information. The results indicated that the Hollywood neighborhood is the best equipped for providing all service types within a 1,000 m walking distance. Food and hygiene coverage was sparse in comparison to the other two community resource types, however. Food and hygiene services are within available within 1,000 m walking distances in census tracts with high homeless populations, such as Downtown LA. The northern regions of LA had the greatest surface area with minimal coverage by food, hygiene, and rail services, whereas the central and southern regions had more coverage by all four resource types. Census tracts with high walking distance scores for all four community resource types were concentrated around Downtown LA. This chapter discusses the methods used in this thesis and the results from Chapter 4. The sections analyze the limitations of the project and provide recommendations for improving the walking distance to community resources in LA. 5.1. Recommendations The findings in Chapter 4 provide valuable insights into actions the city can take to improve the welfare of the homeless community. As previously discussed in Chapter 2, accessibility of services and resources can have a positive influence on the coping status of a homeless individual (Kearns et al. 1987). Therefore, it would be beneficial to homeless community if there were more food and hygiene services in neighborhoods around northern LA. 50 These include Sun Valley, Valley Glen, North Hollywood, and Pacoima. Although some food and hygiene services are available in the northern neighborhoods, these services are sparse, and most of them are not within an appropriate walking distance of census tracts with higher homeless population, as shown in Figures 20 and 21. Food and hygiene services are provided not by the city but by business owners and non-profit organizations. Ideally, the city should search for more volunteers to provide food and hygiene services in northern LA, particularly near Sun Valley, where there is a greater concentration of homeless individuals. Currently, most of the food and hygiene services in the northern region are in North Hills and North Hollywood. The city could also expand Metro Rail toward the northern regions of LA, past Highway 101, although this would be very costly. There are no current plans to develop light rail stations in North San Fernando Valley, but there are plans to improve transit connections through the bus rapid transit system in the North San Fernando Valley Corridor by 2025 (LAC Metropolitan Transportation Authority 2021). Metro Bus services makes up for the lack of rail services in the northern areas. More hygiene services in Downtown LA and the surrounding areas would also be extremely beneficial due to the high homeless population and general lack of hygiene services that are readily available and accessible in those areas. Finally, the city should try to locate food, hygiene, shelter, and transportation services in in close proximity to each other, so that homeless individuals can more easily access them all without having to walk farther for specific needs. 51 Figure 20: Hygiene coverage in northern Los Angeles City Figure 19: Food coverage in northern Los Angeles City City of Los Angeles City of Los Angeles 52 5.2. Limitations The limitations identified below can be used to guide future research or to encourage people to examine certain aspects of homelessness more closely. These limitations involve the walking distance of homeless individuals, city boundaries, and constraints on time and supplies. 5.2.1 Walking Distance Studies of the spatial distribution of the homeless community are relatively sparse. Furthermore, literature specifically on the distance traveled by homeless individuals is virtually nonexistent. Although some authors have conjectured that a homeless individual walks about ten to fifteen miles a day (Kaur 2020), many of these statements are unsubstantiated and lack scientific evidence. The walking distance proposed here, of 1,000 m, was based on the walking distance of an average pedestrian. This still poses problems, and this distance might either underestimate or overestimate the distance a homeless individual is willing to travel. It can be argued that 1,000 m underestimates the distance homeless individuals are willing to travel, given scarcity of travel modes available and the absolute necessity of resources for survival. However, the proposal also assumes that these individuals are not suffering from any physical or mental disabilities. Due to a lack of scientific data, a maximum walking distance of 1,000 m was chosen on the basis of walking distance research. Future research into the spatial distribution and walking distance of the homeless community is strongly encouraged because it would provide a better idea of how far a homeless individual might be willing to travel, and why. 5.2.2 Los Angeles City Boundaries One thing to consider for this research is that it does not include cities that are directly adjacent to Los Angeles. Any services in cities that are located at the edge of Los Angeles city limit are excluded from the coverage results. Homeless individuals living nearby can still access 53 resources from those cities, however, this research does not reflect that reality. For example, the Metro Rail Blue Line has stations extending south from Huntington Park to Long Beach. This undoubtedly provides access to transportation services for individuals living nearby and might improve rail service coverage in tracts nearby. Likewise, pages of food resources were excluded from LAHSA’s Community Resource Guide because they fell outside of LA city limits. Many of the food services that are near the city boundary were located in the following cities: Santa Monica, Torrance, Inglewood, Burbank and Redondo Beach. Some of those resources may have increased the food service coverage scores of census tracts near the city limits. Thus, tracts directly adjacent to cities outside of LA may have had higher coverage scores than indicated in this research. 5.2.3 Homeless Population Served The calculations of potential homeless population served were based on the assumption that the homeless population is evenly distributed throughout each census tract. This might lead to high or low estimates because the actual location of homeless encampments could vary greatly by tract. For example, one encampment might be clustered near a highway overpass on one side of a census tract while the rest of the tract is free of homeless encampments and shelters. To determine the actual location of each encampment, an on-site survey would be required for each tract. This could be costly and time consuming, as it would require hands-on work and surveyors. Furthermore, the nomadic lifestyle of homeless individuals and the forced removals of encampments makes it difficult to consistently pinpoint homeless encampments in each tract. As a result, the number of homeless individuals being served is only an estimate used to provide insight into how many homeless individuals might have access to a community resource from a 1,000 m walking distance. 54 5.2.4 Modeling Time and Limitation of Supplies Another limitation of this research is that it does not consider the hours of operation of the service facilities or the limited supplies of food, hygiene, and shelter services. The walking distance analysis assumes that each service is available 24/7 and has unlimited supplies. In reality, some services may be unable provide some individuals with the resources they need even though they are within a 1,000 m walking distance. For example, some hygiene services are available only in the afternoon, and homeless individuals who work 9-to-5 jobs would have no opportunity to make use of them. Likewise, food services could run out of groceries or meals for individuals who arrive late, and shelters often provide spaces on a first-come, first-serve basis. As a result, other methodologies might measure spatial accessibility better than a walking distance analysis. The two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) methodology, for instance, would be better for measuring spatial accessibility of food and shelter services. However, this methodology was not feasible due to time constraints, as it requires information on the capacity of each service, and many of the services were unresponsive to inquiries. The 2SFCA methodology is discussed in greater detail in the subsequent section. 5.3. Future Research This research succeeded in assessing walking accessibility to various community resource types throughout the city of LA. However, future research could improve on these results by using a different methodology. This research provided only one measurement of walking, but other accessibility measures, such as provider-to-population ratio, could be valuable. 2SFCA is a notable methodology for measuring the spatial accessibility of services. This approach builds on the concept of provider-to-population ratio and uses two separate floating 55 catchment areas to simulate healthcare-access behavior (McGrail 2012). The catchment areas are determined by defined distances or travel times, so that services within each catchment are considered accessible and those outside inaccessible (McGrail 2012). This methodology could be fruitful for determining the spatial accessibility of food and shelter services in LA because it considers the economic theory of supply-and-demand behavior. In conclusion, this research analyzed the walking accessibility of food, hygiene, shelter, and transportation services in LA. Findings from previous literature were reviewed and used as a baseline. The results revealed the strengths and weaknesses of community resource services and provided information on how the city could improve the availability of services in certain areas of LA. Though a walking distance method of analysis was used here, future researchers are encouraged to consider other variables, such as politics and financial constraints, that were not included in this study. Homelessness is a complex phenomenon that requires collaboration on multiple levels to address. Understanding the root causes of homelessness in the first step to resolving this problem. 56 References Amin, M.Z., Azmi, D., and Hafazah A. 2012. “Comparing the Walking Behaviour between Urban and Rural Residents.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 68: 406–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.237. 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Handy, S.L., Boarnet, M., Ewin, R., and Killingsworth, R.E. 2002. “How the Built Environment Affects Physical Activity.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 23, no. 2: 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00475-0. Henry, M., Mahathey, A., Morrill, T., Robinson, A., Shivji, A., and Watt, R. 2018. The 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress, Part 1: Point-in-Time Estimates of Homelessness. https://www.wpr.org/sites/default/files/2018-ahar-part-1- compressed.pdf. Herring, C. 2014. “The New Logics of Homeless Seclusion: Homeless Encampments in America's West Coast Cities.” City & Community 13, no. 4: 285–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12086. Hightower, K. 2018. “Mayor Jenny Durkan Launches New Initiative to Help Prevent 1,000 Households from Falling into Homelessness.” Office of the Mayor. https://durkan.seattle.gov/2018/03/mayor-jenny-durkan-launches-new-initiative-to-help- prevent-1000-households-from-falling-into-homelessness/. Holbrow, G. 2010. “Walking the Network: A Novel Methodology for Measuring Walkability Using Distance to Destinations Along a Network: Case Study of Washington, D.C.” Tuft University. Kaur, R. 2020. “Man Walking around Country for the Homeless.” KALB, https://www.kalb.com/2020/11/30/man-walking-around-country-for-the-homeless/. Kearns, R.A., Martin, T.S., and Dear, M. 1987. “Coping and Satisfaction among the Chronically Mentally Disabled.” Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 6, no. 2: 13–24. https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1987-0009. Ker, I. and Ginn, S. 2003. “Myths and Realities in Walkable Catchments: The Case of Walking and Transit.” Road & Transport Research 12, no. 2: 69–80. Koegel, P., Wolch, J.R., and Rahimian, A. 1992. “A Model of Homeless Migration: Homeless Men in Skid Row, Los Angeles.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 9: 1317–36. https://doi.org/10.1068/a241317. Lo, R.H. 2009. “Walkability: What Is It?” Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 2, no. 2: 145–66. 58 https://doi.org/10.1080/17549170903092867. Los Angeles Homeless Service and Authority. 2020. “Our Mission.” https://www.lahsa.org/about. Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2021. “Projects Archive.” https://www.metro.net/projects/. Luo, W., and Yi, Q. 2009. “An Enhanced Two-Step Floating Catchment Area (E2SFCA) Method for Measuring Spatial Accessibility to Primary Care Physicians.” Health & Place 15, no. 4: 1100–1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.06.002. McGrail, M.R. 2012. “Spatial Accessibility of Primary Health Care Utilising the Two Step Floating Catchment Area Method: An Assessment of Recent Improvements.” International Journal of Health Geographics 11, no. 1: 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476- 072x-11-50. 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Wolf, J. 2021. “The History of Homelessness in Los Angeles Points to New Approaches.” UCLA. https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/history-homelessness-new-approaches-los- angeles. 61 Appendix A LAHSA Community Resource Guide Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 1 Antelope Valley Grace Resources Grace resource Ctr. 45134 Sierra Hwy Lancaster 661-940-5272 Tuesdays & Thursdays at 10 AM & 1PM; Spanish only on Wed at 10AM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 1 Antelope Valley Lancaster Baptist Church First Baptist Church. 603 E. Lancaster Blvd. Lancaster 661-946-4663 Sat. at 9 AM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley West Valley Food Pantry 5700 Rudnick Ave, Woodland Hills 818-785-4476 Mon 10 AM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley Jewish Family Service 16439 Vanowen St., Van Nuys, CA 91406 818-988-7682 Sun: 9 am – 12 pm. MonThur 10am-1:30pm Yes Bring photo ID and evidence of residency. Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley North Valley Caring Serrvices 13453 Rayen St, North Hills, CA 818-891-0481 F: 10AM - 12PM Yes Connected to HMIS Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley Catholic Charities Glendale 4322 San Fernando Rd, Glendale, CA 213-318-5707 M-F: 10-12 AM and 1:15- 3:30 PM Yes Connected to HMIS. Any religious identity eligible for services. Offers a food pantry, utility assistance, and Homeless Prevention for Glendale residents. Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley Burbank Temporary Aid Center 1304 W Burbank Blvd. Burbank, CA 818-848-2822 M and F 9-12 AM and 1:30-5 PM Yes Do not accept homeless walkins on Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday. Offers laundry, showers, food pantry, and transportation assistance. Connected to HMIS. Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley All Saints Episscopal Church 132 N Euclid Ave. Pasadena, CA 626-796-1172 Mon, 9am-12pm & 1- 3:30pm No Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley First Church of Nazarene 3700 E. Sierra Madre Blvd 626-351-9631 Wed & Thurs 2-4pm (once/2wk No Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Foothill Unity Center 191 N. Oak Ave Pasadena, CA 91107 626-584-7420 Tues 9-11:30a,. Wed & Fri 1- 3:30pm. (once/wk) No Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Friends in Deed 444 E. Washington Blvd. Pasadena, CA 626-797-5335 Tues & Wed, 10am-3p (once/wk No Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Lincoln Avenue Baptist Church 1180 Lincoln Avenue Pasadena, CA 91103 626-798-9163 Wed 10am No Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Salvation Army 1000 E Walnut St Ste 102, Pasadena, CA 91106 626-773-4404 Mon-Fri 9-11:30am No Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley God Provides Ministry 2453 Troy Ave. South El Monte, CA 91733 626-442-4273 Mon-Fri 8AM to 4PM Sat 8AM to 2PM No Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Cory's Kitchen - Irwindale Warehouse 1418 Arrow Hwy. Irwindale, CA 917006 626-305-0392 Tuesdays 5:30PM to 7:30PM No Photo ID and two proofs of residence Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Cory's Kitchen - Baldwin Park New Beginnings 13020 Francisquito Ave. Baldwin Park, CA 91706 626-331-3322 22 Fridays 5:00PM to 7:00PM No Photo ID and two proofs of residence 62 Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Inland Valley Hope Partners - Beta Progrram Center 1095 W. Grand Ave. Pomona, CA 91766 909-622-3806 ext. 301 Monday – Thursday 9:00 a.m. – 3:00 p.m Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Inland Valley Hope Partners - San Dimas Center 110 E. Third Street San Dminas, CA 91773 909-509-1103 Mon, Wed, Fri. 2:00 – 4:00 p.m. Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Inland Valley Hope Partners - Claremont Center 660 N. Mountain Ave Claremont CA 91711 909-622-3806 ext. 401 Tuesday & Thursday 12:30 - 4:30 Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Inland Valley Hope Partners - Urban Mission Center 810 South White Pomona, CA 91768 909-622-3806 Thursday 9:30 a.m. – 3:30 p.m Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Shepherd's Pantry 657 E. Arrow Highway, Ste J Glendora, CA 91740 626-852-7630 Wednesday & Thursday 5:00PM to 7:00PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley San Gabriel Mission Food Pantry 428 S. Mission Drive, San Gabriel, CA 91776 626-457-3035 Sunday 8am – 10am Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Fountain of Love Church 188 W. Orange Grove Ave. Pomona, CA 909-622-5434 Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday 10:00 am to 2:00 pm Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley First Church of Nazarene 3401 W 3rd St Los Angeles 213-276-4600 Fridays 4:00 - 6:00 PM Yes Line begins at 8am/ First come first serve Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Church on Pearl Pantry 1520 Pearl Street, Santa Monica, CA 90405 310-828-6016 Wednesday 2:30pm-5:30pm Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Delaware Ave. SDA Pantry 1845 20th Street, Santa Monica, CA 90404 310-450-0919 Sunday 12:30pm-1:30pm Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley St. Anne's Social Service 2013 Colorado Ave, Santa Monica, CA 90404 310-824-4411 Wednesday 4:00pm-5:30pm Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley St. Joseph Center 204 Hampton Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90401 310-396-6468 ext. 313 Monday, Wednesday, Thursday 10:00am-12:00pm and Tuesday and Friday 1:00pm- 3:00pm Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Salvation Army, Santa Monica 1533 4th Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401 310-451-1358 Monday thru Friday 9:00am - 11:00am Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley SOVA West 8846 W. Pico Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90035 310-288-0286 or 818-988- 7682 Sunday 9:00am-12:00pm (open every Sunday except holiday weekends) Monday thru Thursday 10:00am1:30pm Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 6 Central Los Angeles Compton College Food Pantry 1111 E. Artesia Blvd. Compton, CA 90221 310-660-9000 Mon 11am-3pm Wed 230p- 630pm Thurs 11am3pm Yes Student ID Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles St. Bernard Church Food Pantry 9627 Beach St., Bellflower, CA 562-867-2337 Tuesday 10:00 AM - 1:00 PM Yes Call for more information 63 Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles Salvation Army 9644 Cedar St, Bellflower, CA 562-804-0808 Tuesday 9:00 AM - 12:00 PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles Bethany Church 17054 Bixby Ave, Bellflower, CA 562-866-1812 Tuesday 2:00 PM - 3:00 PM, 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles The Lor'ds Church 9740 Flower St, Bellflower, CA 562-866-8283 2nd and 4th Wednesday 7:45 PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles Angel City Café 16507 Bellflower Blvd, Bellflower, CA 562-204-6461 2nd and 4th Wednesday 11:30 AM - 1:30 PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles Hosanna Chapel of Bellflower 16517 S. Bellflower Blvd, Bellflower, CA 562-925-5093 Wednesday-Thursday 8:30 PM - 9:00 PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles St. Dominic Savio Church 13400 Bellflower Blvd., Bellflower, CA 562-920-7796 Thursday 8:00 AM - 10:00 AM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 San Gabriel Valley Bellwood Baptist Church 17614 Virginia Ave., Bellflower, CA 562-925-4888 Thursday 10:00 AM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 San Gabriel Valley Cityline 3936 Woodruff Ave., Bellflower, CA 562-925-3706 4th Thursday 10:00 AM - 11:00 AM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 San Gabriel Valley St. George's Church 15721 Cornuta Ave., Bellflower, CA 562-867-0714 2nd and 4th Tuesday 4:00PM - 6:00 PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 San Gabriel Valley Holy Redeemer Lutheran 14515 Blaine Ave., Bellflower, CA 562-804-4778 Friday 9:00 AM - 10:30 AM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 San Gabriel Valley Rosewood Church 10115 Rose St., Bellflower, CA 562-867-3198 Friday 3:00 PM - 4:00 PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 San Gabriel Valley The Journey's @ Mayfair Church 6150 Bellflower Blvd, Lakewood, CA 562-425-1219 1st Saturday 9:00 AM - 11:00AM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Lakewood First United Methodist 4300 Bellflower Blvd., Bellflower, CA 562-925-5093 2nd and 4th Saturday 9:00 AM - 11:00 AM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Hosanna Chapel of Bellflower 16517 S Bellflower Blvd, Bellflower, CA 562-860-9097 Sunday 11:45 AM - 12:30 PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 6 Central Los Angeles Hawaiian Gardens Food Bank 2212 Norwalk Blvd, Hawaiian Gardens, CA 562-803-5631 Wednesdat 2:00 PM - 6:00 PM, thursday 9:30 AM - 3:30 PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles Calvary Chapel 12808 Woodruff Ave, Downey, CA / 562-803-5631 Mon, Wed, Fri 9:30AM 1:30PM Yes Call for more information 64 Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles Calvary Chapel 12808 Woodruff Ave. Downey, CA 562-803-5631 Tues 7:30PM - 8:30PM, Wed 4:00 PM - 7:00 PM, Sat 9:00 PM - 1:00 PM, Sun 9:30AM - 10:30AM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles Lawrence Ministries 131 N. Grand Ave, San Pedro 562-653-9868 3rd Sat 10:00 AM - 2:00 PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Harbor Interfaith Services 670 W. 9th Street, San Pedro 310-831-9123 M-F, 9-11:30A, 1-5PM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Toberman Neighborhood Ctr 131 N. Grand Ave, San Pedro 310-832-1145 ext. 106 9-5, except 12-1. A-L Last Names T/TH; M-Z Last Names M-F; All on F Yes 1st-15th: can come once/week; 16th-end of month: 2x/week Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Food Net-San Pedro Service Center 769 W. 3rd St, San Pedro 310-519-6091 T-Th, 2-4:30P Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Peter & Paul Church 736 N. Lagoon Ave, Wilmington 310-834-5215 M, T, TH; 10am Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Margaret's Center 10217 Inglewood, Lennox 310-672-2208 M,W, F 9-12p, 1-4pm Yes Serves residents in Inglewood, Lennox, Hawthorne, Lawndale, El Segundo, Manhattan Beach, Gardena, LA City in 90045, 90047 zip codes.Call first, sameday appt’s available Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church 301 Avenue D, Redondo Beach 310-540-5252 T & Th, 12-1pm Yes First 100 guests in the serves Lawndale, Lennox, Inglewood, Westchester, El Segundo, parts of LA Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Food Pantry LAX 355 E. Beach St, Inglewood 310-677-5597 T &Th, 10-noon Yes Can get emergency food once a week. Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Hope In Action 2420 PCH, Hermosa Beach 310-374-4673 M & W 9a-12pm Yes Non-church members can get groceries once/month Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Philomena Catholic Church 21900 S. Main St, Carson 310-835-7161 Tuesday 7:30-9:30A Yes Services Carson residents only Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Harbor Gateway/Torrance Outreach 22400 S. Halldale, Ave, Torrance 310-328-3689 2nd and 4th Tuesday 9:30a Yes Serves Torrance, Lomita, Gardena, Carson, Harbor G’Way Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Margaret Mary Catholic Parish 25511 Eshelman, Lomita 310-326-3364 ext. 15 8:30-10:00A Yes Serves Lomita, Wilmington, Harbor City, Torrance residents Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Calvary Light Christain Center 1101 N. Lakme Ave, Wilmington h 310-830-3043 Wednesday 2-3:30P Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Crenshaw Baptist Church 18749 Crenshaw Blvd, Torrance 310-323-2115 2nd Wednesday 8-10:30A Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Paul's United Methodist 2600 Nelson, Redondo Beach 310-370-4319 1st and 3rd Thurs 9-11A Yes Call for more information 65 Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Calvary Assembly of God 25501 Oak St, Lomita 310-326-2757 2nd, 4th Thurs, 6-7p Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Oceangate Baptist 13443 Oceangate Ave., Hawthorne 310-973-7031 Th 1-4p Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Salvation Army 138 S. Bandini St, San Pedr 310-832-7228 Th 9a-12p Yes Can receive groceries once a month Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Del Aire Baptist Church 4951 W. 119th Pl, Hawthorne 310-676-8352 Fr 9a-1p Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Vermont Ave Baptist Church 23325 S. Vermont Ave, Torrance 310-530-0533 3rd Sat 10-11a Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Rock Solid Christian Assembly 275 W. 1st St, San Pedro 310-832-2788 2nd, 4th Sat 10:30-11:30a Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Warren Chapel CME Church 1039 W. Elberon Ave, San Pedro 310-547-5362 2nd, 4th Sat 1-3p Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Calvary Hawthorne Presbyterian Church 13560 Hawthorne Blvd, Hawthorne, CA 310-676-1144 1st Sat 11:00a Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Hope Chapel 13560 Hawthorne Blvd Hawthorne 310-970-9023 3rd Sat. 12-12:30 Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay First Christian Church of Wilmington 444 E. Lomita Blvd, Wilmington 310-835-4114 4th Sat 9-11:30a Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Holy Trinity Lutheran 9300 S. Crenshaw, Inglewood 323-757-1739 2nd, 4th Sat 1-2p Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Lawrence Martyr Catholic Church 1900 S Prospect Ave., Redondo Bch 310-540-0329 1st Sat 8:30-10a Yes Numbers are drawn randomly at 7:55 am for food distribution rather than on a first come-first serve basis Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Josseph Catholic Church 11886 S. Acacia Ave, Hawthorne 310-679-1139 2nd Sun 8a-12:30p Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 8 South Bay House of Yahweh 4046 Marine Ave., Lawndale 310-675-1384 If qualified, pick up food once/week from 2-3p; Emergency Food once/month call 310-675- 1384 from 9-10a; first 10 callers Yes Apply for Food Outreach at office; if qualified, pick up food once/week from 2-3p; Emergency Food once/month call 310-675-1384 from 9-10a; first 10 callers Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 1 Antelope Valley Grace Resourcess Grace Resource Ctr. 45134 Sierra Hwy., Lancaster 661-940-5272 Tuesdays & Thursdays at 10:00 AM & 1:00 PM; Spanish only on Wednesdays at 10:00 AM Yes Call for more information Food & Grocery Service Planning Area 2 Antelope Valley Antelope Valley Partners for Health 44226 10th St W, Lancaster, CA 93534 661-942-4719 Monday - Friday, 8 AM - 5 PM Yes Call for Availability and program requirements 66 Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Free Meal Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley All Santa Clarita Public Schools N/A 661-259-0033 Reg School Hours Yes Currently enrolled students who qualify for free/reduced lunch services through the National School Lunch Program or meet the criteria for homeless services receive free breakfast and lunch. Free Meal Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley San Fernando Valley Rescue Mission 10825 Moorpark St, N. Hollywood 818-785-4476 9am Thursdays Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley First Christian Church of North Hollywood NoHo Park • Tujunga Ave at Magnolia Blvd 818-763-8218 Call for hours. 2nd Sunday Yes Can receive groceries once a month Free Meal Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley New Friends Homeless Center at Nicholas Episcopal Church 17114 Ventura Blvd, Encino 818-887-1109 3pm Sunday Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley North Valley Caring Services 13453 Rayen St, North Hills, CA 818-891-0481 ext. 24 W. 6-9pm Yes Deliver meals to 240 families in motels and on the streets. Free Meal Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley North Valley Caring Services 13453 Rayen St, North Hills, CA 818-891-0481 ext. 24 M, W, F: 6:30-9am Yes Showers and hot breakfast for homeless residents. Free Meal Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley Salvatioon Army 300 E. Angeleno Ave, Burbank, CA, 91502 818-845-7214 10 AM-3 PM Yes Do not accept homeless walkins on Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday. Offers laundry, showers, food pantry, and transportation assistance. Connected to HMIS. Free Meal Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley Lord's Kitchen Multiple, see hours of operation 818-843-0900 1st Saturday/month: 438 E. Harvard Rd, Burbank, CA 2nd Saturday: 521 E. Olive Ave, Burbank, CA 3rd Saturday: 3216 W Victory Blvd, Burbank, CA Final Saturday: 111 S 6th St, Burbank, CA 4th Saturday (when there are five): 542 N. Buena Vista Ave, Burbank, CA Yes Please note that the location changes weekly. This program does not have a dedicated website. Not connected to HMIS. Free Meal Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley Lord's Kitchen Multiple, see hours of operation 818-842-5103 3rd Saturday/month: 438 E. Harvard Rd, Burbank, CA 2nd Saturday: 521 E. Olive Ave, Burbank, CA 3rd Saturday: 3216 W Victory Blvd, Burbank, CA Final Saturday: 111 S 6th St, Burbank, CA 4th Saturday (when there are five): 542 N. Buena Vista Ave, Burbank, CA Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley Lord's Kitchen Multiple, see hours of operation 818-842-7461 4th Saturday/month: 438 E. Harvard Rd, Burbank, CA Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 3 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley First Church of the Nazarene of Pasadena 275 S Raymond Ave, Pasadena, CA 91105 h 626-351-9631 Sun. 8:45am Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Pasadena Church 404 E. Washington Blvd Pasadena, CA 91104 626-794-2951 Mon, Wed, & Fri 6-7pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Union Station Homeless Service 412 S Raymond Ave Pasadena, CA 91105 626-240-4550 Free breakfast 9:00 am & 9:30 am and lunch 12 pm & 12:30pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley More Than Just A Meal 1201 Loma Ave (Area A, Building 21) South El Monte, California 91733 213-375-8001 11:00am - 3:00pm Every Thursday Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Purpose Church 586 N. Main St. Pomona, CA 91768 909-629-5277 ext. 3014 3rd Saturday Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Helping Hands Caring Hearts Ministry 480 W. Monterey St. Pomona, Ca. 909-938-6828 Sunday Dinner @ 3:45 Pantry 3:30-5:30 Yes Call for more information 67 Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Free Meal Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Inter City Volunteers P.O. Box 209 Pomona, CA 91769 909-865-8853 Tuesday to Friday 9:00 am to 5:30 pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Downtown Womens Center 442 S San Pedro St Los Angeles, CA 90011 h 213-680-0600 Breakfast 8:00 am & 9:00 am and lunch 12 pm & 1:00pm No Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Good Shephard (Women Only) 267 Belmont Ave Los Angeles, CA 90026 213-250-5251 N/A Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Sillverlake Church 2930 Hyperion Ave Los Angeles, CA 90027 323-663-3151 N/A Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Hippie Kitchen 1760 N Gower St, Los Angeles, CA 90028 323-463-7161 N/A Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Hippie Kitchen 821 E 6th St, Los Angeles, CA 90021 213-614-9615 N/A Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles St. Francis Church 1835 S Hope St, Los Angeles, CA 90015 213-747-5347 Call for more information Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles St. Joseph Center's Homeles 404 Lincoln Blvd, Venice, CA 90291 h 310-399-6878 Mon, Tue, Thur: 7:30am4:30pm Wed: 7:30am12:00pm and Fri: 7:30am3:30pm No Hot meals by appointment Monday-Friday must make reservation at Homeless Service Center Free Meal Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles Grace Lutheran Church 4427 Overland Ave Culver City, CA 90230 310-559-1027 Mon: 4:30pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles The People Concern 503 Olympic Blvd Santa Monica, CA 90401 310-450-4050 Mon-Fri: 9:00am-12:00pm & 3:30pm-4:00pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles Safe Place for Youth 2469 Lincoln Blvd Los Angeles, CA 90291 310-902-2283 Tue, Wed and & Thur: 1:00pm-5:00pm Yes Ages 16-25 Only Free Meal Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles Catholic Charities 211 3rd Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90291 310-392-8701 Mon-Fri: 8:30am-5:00pm Sat and Sun: 9:00am2:00pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles Faith Tabernacle 2147 Purdue Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90025 310-838-2702 Sun: 1:30pm - 2:30pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles St. Augustine's SAVES Food Pantry 3850 Jasmine Ave, Culver City, CA 90232 310-838-2702 Mon, Wed, Fri: 9:00am12:00pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles St. Jerome's Roman Catholic Church 5550 Thornburn St, Los Angeles, CA 90045 310-348-8212 Every 3rd Saturday of the month: 10:30am- 12:00pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles Meals on Wheels 1823-A Michigan Ave, Santa Monica, CA 90404 310-394-5133 Call to see if you qualify. Yes Call for more information 68 Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Free Meal Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles St Gerard's Social Service Food Pantry 4439 Inglewood Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90066 310-390-5034 Tues and Thurs 9:00am - 3:00pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 6 Central Los Angeles Watts Labor Community Action Committee 958 E 108th Street Los Angeles, CA 323-563-4721 Mon-Friday 12-3pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeless St. Lawrence Martyr Catholic Church 1900 S Prospect Ave., Redondo Bch 310-540-0329 Mon-Thur: 8:30am- 3:30pm, Fri-Sun: 8:30am- 1pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeless Bethany Church 17054 Bixby Ave, Bellflower, CA 562-866-1812 Wednesday 4:15 PM - 5:15 PM Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeless Journey of Faith 17456 Downey Ave., Bellflower, CA 562-634-2910 Saturday 9:30 AM - 12:00 PM Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeless Calvary Baptist Church 14722 Clark Ave., Bellflower, CA 562-925-3706 Saturday 8:00 AM - 9:00 AM Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeless Life Center Church 6022 Candlewood St, Lakewood, CA 562-866-9078 3rd Saturday of the month Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeless SSS Good Samaritan Association 5035 Hedda St, Lakewood, CA 562-619-0467 4th Saturday, 8:00 AM - 10:00 AM No Hot meals by appointment Monday-Friday must make reservation at Homeless Service Center Free Meal Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeless Cerritos Crossroads Multinational Church 12229 Del Amo Blvd, Cerritos, CA 90703 562-809-4143 Friday 8:30 AM - 9:30PM. Sunday 8:45 PM - 9:30 PM Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeless St. Paul Church on the Cross Catholic Church 14020 Foster Rd, La Mirada, CA 90638 562-921-2914 Tuesdays 9:30 AM Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeless Saint Matthias Church Soup Kitchen 7056 Washington Ave, Whittier, CA 90602 562-698-4347 M-F 3PM Yes Ages 16-25 Only Free Meal Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeless Parroquia Sargrada Church 6401 Rugby Ave, Huntington Park, CA 323-581-5338 M-F 9AM-2PM Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Beacon Light Mission 525 Broad St, Wilmington, CA 310-830-7063 Mon-Sun: 5:45 pm Yes Must attend chapel first Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Catherine Laboure Catholic Church 3846 Redondo Bch Blvd, Torrance, CA 310-323-8900 Mon- Fri: 11am-1pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Calvary Hawthorne Presbyterian Church 13560 Hawthorne Blvd, Hawthorne, CA 310-676-1144 Thur, Fri: 11a-2pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Salvation Army 324 E. Queen St, Inglewood, CA 310-677-3375 Mon- Fri: 11am Yes First 40 69 Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. James Catholic Church 415 Vincent, Redondo Beach, CA 310-530-2756 Mon, Wed, & Fri: 1pm -2 pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Margaret’s Center 10217 Inglewood, Lennox, CA 310-672-2208 Mon, Wed, & Fri: 8:30am5pm (closed daily 12pm1pm) Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. John Evangelical Lutheran Church 14517 Crenshaw Blvd, Gardena, CA 310-676-8804 Mon & Fri: 6pm, Sun 12pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Curt’s Kitchen 129 North Pacific Ave. San Pedro, CA 310-831-3480 Mon & Tue: 5:30pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church 301 Avenue D, Redondo Beach, CA 310-540-5252 Tue & Thur: 12pm- 1pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Paul’s United Methodist (Proj. Needs) 2600 Nelson, Redondo Beach, CA 310-370-4319 Tues: 6-7pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Calvary Light Christian Center 1101 N. Lakme Ave, Wilmington 310-830-3043 Wed: 112pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay First United Methodist Church (Shared Bread) 243 S. Broadway, Redondo Bch, CA 310-372-8445 Wed. 5-7pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay First Baptist Church 555 W. 7th St, San Pedro, CA 310-548-1333 Thurs: 6pm, Sun: 8am Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Journey South Bay Community Church 2761 190th St., Redondo Beach, CA 310-371-0411 Thurs: 6pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Torrance First Baptist Church 2118 W. Carson, Torrance, CA 310-328-5030 First Sat: 11am-1pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Walteria United Methodist Church 3646 Newton St., Torrance, CA 310-375-0622 Second Sat: 11am-1pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay St. Andrew’s Episcopal Church 1432 Engracia, Torrance, CA 310-328-3781 Third Sat: 11am-1pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay First Uniteed Methodist Church 1551 El Prado, Torrance, CA 310-328-3242 Fourth Sat: 11am-1pm Yes Call for more information Free Meal Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Riviera United Methodist Church 375 Palos Verdes Blvd., Redondo Bch, CA 310-378-9273 Fifth Sat: 11am-1pm Yes Call for more information Transportation Service Planning Area 1 Antelope Valley Antelope Valley Transit Authority 42210 6th St. W., Lancaster, CA, 93534 661-945-9445 Weekdays from 6:00a.m. to 7:30p.m., and Saturdays and Sundays from 8:00a.m. to 6:00p.m. Yes Call for more information 70 Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Transportation Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/SanFernando Valley North Valley Caring Services 13453 Rayen St, North Hills, CA 818-891-0481 ext. 25 M, W, F: 7 AM-1 PM Yes Connected to HMIS. Application available here. No cooking outside vehicles. Quiet hours 10 PM-5:30 AM. Vehicle must be operable. Must be receiving case management services. Ask for information regarding vehicle repairs Transportation Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/SanFernando Valley Burbank Temporary Aid Center 1304 W Burbank Blvd, Burbank, CA 818-848-2822 M and F 9-12 AM and 1:30-5 PM Yes Do not accept homeless walkins on Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday. Offers laundry, showers, food pantry, and transportation assistance. Connected to HMIS. Transportation Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/SanFernando Valley Burbank Unified School District 1900 W Olive Ave, Burbank, CA 818-729-4467 M-F: 7:30 AM-4 PM Yes Family must meet McKinneyVento definition of homelessness and have children enrolled in BUSD. Eligible for transportation to and from school, free or reducedprice meals, and supplies. Transportation Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/SanFernando Valley Big Blue Bus 1444 4th Street, Santa Maria, CA 90401 310-451-5411 4:30am-12:30pm No Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 1 Antelope Valley Mental Health America 506 W Jackman St, Lancaster, CA 93534 661-726-2850 8:00 AM - 5:30 PM Weekdays Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 1 Antelope Valley Mental Health America 506 W Jackman St, Lancaster, CA 93534 661-726-2850 9:00 am - 5:00 PM Monday through Friday No TAY, Family, Adult Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/SanFernando Valley North Valley Caring Services 15453 Rayen St, North Hills 818-891-0481 6:30am-9:am Mon, Wed and Fri Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/SanFernando Valley NOHO Home Alliance @ St. Matthew's 11031 Camarillo St, North Hollywood 818-762-2909 Wedneday 8:30am-12:30pm Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/SanFernando Valley Our Redeemer Lutheran Church 20025 Chase St, Winnetka 818-341-1629 Wednesdays 10am-1pm No Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/SanFernando Valley San Fernando Valley Rescue Mission 10825 Moorpark St, N. Hollywood 818-785-4476 Thursdays 8am-10:30am Sign-ups. Showers Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/SanFernando Valley San Fernando Valley Rescue Mission 5700 Rudnick Ave, Woodland Hills 818-785-4476 9am-12pm Monday Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/SanFernando Valley Burbank YMCA 321 E Magnolia Ave, Burbank, CA, 91502 818-845-8551 M-F: 5:30 AM-10 PM Sat: 7am-6:30pm. Sun: 9am5pm Yes Youth under 18: $34/month Student 18-25: $41/month Adult: $58/month Senior: $51/month Financial assistance available. Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Union Station Homeless Services 412 S Raymond Ave Pasadena, CA 91105 626-240-4550 Showers available daily, signup at 7am Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Lava Mae 1201 Loma Avenue, South El Monte, CA 91733 323-351-7018 11:00am - 3:00pm Every Thursday Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Shower of Hope Lario Staging Area 15701 Foothill Blvd. Duarte, CA 91010 N/A 10:00am - 2:00 pm every Tuesday Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Shower of Hope 1711 N Van Ness Ave, Hollywood 90028 N/A Tuesdays 10am – 3pm Yes Call for more information 71 Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Shower of Hope 6682 Selma Ave Hollywood N/A Fridays 2pm – 5pm No Email/Visit for More Information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Shower of Hope 3501 Valley Blvd Los Angeles N/A Thursday 9am-1pm No Email/Visit for More Information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Shower of Hope 4212 Poplar St Los Angeles N/A Thursday 9am-1pm Yes Email/Visit for More Information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Shower of Hope 123 S Alvarado St Los Angeles N/A Fridays 9am-12pm Yes Email/Visit for More Information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Shower of Hope 2230 W 6th St Los Angeles N/A Fridays 9am-12pm Yes Email/Visit for More Information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Shower of Hope 5619 Monte Vista St Los Angeles N/A Satursday 9am-1pm Yes Email/Visit for More Information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles Safe Place for Youth 2469 Lincoln Blvd Los Angeles, CA 90291 310-902-2283 Tue, Wed and & Thur: 1:00pm-5:00pm Yes Walk-Ins welcome Tue, Wed and Thur; Mon and Fri by appointment only. Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles The People Concern 503 Olympic Blvd, Santa Monica, CA 90401 310-581-9825 Mon-Fri: 10:00am-1:00pm, Sat & Sun: 11:00am-2:00pm Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 6 Central Los Angeles VOA Pathways 3804 Broadway Place, Los Angeles CA 213-389-1500 Mondays 8:30am-11:30am Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 6 Central Los Angeles Mt. Tabor Missionary Baptist Church 6614 S Western Ave Los Angeles, CA 323-753-3189 Wednesdays 9am-1pm Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles Calvary Baptist Church 14722 Clark Ave., Bellflower, CA 562-925-3706 Saturday 6:30 AM - 8:00 AM Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles The Lord's Church Clothing Closet 9701 Flower St., Bellflower, CA 90706 562-866-8283 1st and 3rd Wednesday 10:00 AM - 12:00PM Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles Cerritos Crossroads Multinational Church 12229 Del Amo Blvd, Cerritos, CA 90703 562-809-4143 1st and 3rd Saturday 10:30 AM - 11:30 AM Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 7 South East Los Angeles Showers of Hope 14181 Telegraph Rd, Whittier, CA N/A 2nd and 3rd Friday 9 AM - 12 PM Yes Call for more information Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Beacon Light Mission 525 Broad Avenue, Wilmington, CA 310-830-7063 Mon, Thurs 8am Yes Individual Males only Shower/Hygiene Service Planning Area 8 South Bay Doors of Hope 529 Broad Avenue, Wilmington 310-518-3667 Mondays 8:30am-9:30am Yes Individual Females only 72 Resource Type Service Planning Area Geographic Area Operator Address Phone Hours of Operation Walk-ins Allowed? Eligibility Requirements Laundry Service Planning Area 1 Antelope Valley Mental Health America 506 W Jackman St, Lancaster, CA 93534 661-726-2850 8:00 AM - 5:30 PM Weekdays Yes N/A Laundry Service Planning Area 3 San Gabriel Valley Lucy's Laundrymart 365 W. Holt Ave, Pomona CA 91768 909-833-1283 6:00pm -8:00pm 3rd Wed of the month Yes N/A Laundry Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Aroma Laundry & Water 1448 N Alvarado St, Los Angeles 323-400-8534 6:00pm - 8:00pm 3rd Tuesday of every month Yes N/A Laundry Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Lavanderia 3031 N. Broadway Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles 626-731-5502 6:00pm - 8:30pm Last Tuesday of the month Yes N/A Laundry Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Los Lavanderos Coin Laundry 4371 Melrose Ave, Los Angeles 865-776-6234 7:00pm - 9:00pm Last Wednesday of the month Yes N/A Laundry Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Lavanderia Coin Laundry 5538 York Blvd, Los Angeles 818-322-9078 1:00pm - 2:00pm (Last Sunday of the month Yes N/A Laundry Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles Wash & Dry 6400 York Blvd Los Angeles 818-322-9078 1:00PM - 2:00PM (last Sunday of the month Yes N/A Laundry Service Planning Area 5 West Los Angeles Gary's Cleaners & Coin Laundry 12701 Washington Place, Los Angeles, CA 90066 310-306-8222 5:00PM- 7:00PM (3rd Sunday of the month- 4th Sunday in June) Yes N/A Laundry Service Planning Area 6 Central Los Angeles Launderland West Adams & Laundry Love 5238 W Adams Blvd. Los Angeles Ca 90016 310-592-1839 1st Wed of the month Yes N/A Laundry Service Planning Area 8 Central Los Angeles Clean Scene Laundry & Laundry Love 2301 Artesia Blvd, Redondo Beach, CA 310-376-8989 Last Wednesday, 7:00- 10:00 pm (last load 8:45 pm) Yes N/A School Supplies Service Planning Area 1 Antelope Valley Antelope Valley Partners for Health 44226 10th St W, Lancaster, CA 93534 661-942-4719 Monday - Friday, 8 AM - 5 PM Yes N/A School Supplies Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley William S. Hart High School District 21380 Centre Pointe Parkway Santa Clarita, CA 91350 / 661-259-0033 Call for more information Yes Call for more information School Supplies Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley Burbank Unified School District 1900 W Olive Ave, Burbank, CA 818-729-4467 M-F: 7:30 AM-4 PM Yes Currently enrolled students from low income and homeless families receive free school supplies annually from school counselors and social workers based on need. School Supplies Service Planning Area 2 Santa Clarita/San Fernando Valley Hope Mill Inc. 16133 Ventura Blvd, Suite 650, Studio City, CA 818-201-9464 Call for more information No Family must meet McKinneyVento definition of homelessness and have children enrolled in BUSD. Eligible for transportation to and from school, free or reducedprice meals, and supplies. School Supplies Service Planning Area 4 Metro Los Angeles The BIN 507 Towne Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90013 h 213-629-1050 Monday thru Friday 8:00am5:00pm and Saturday 8:00am- 1:00pm Yes Call for more information Call for more information

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Asset Metadata

Creator Wu, Jerome C. (author)

Core Title Assessing homeless accessibility to community resources in the city of Los Angeles

School College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

Degree Master of Science

Degree Program Geographic Information Science and Technology

Degree Conferral Date 2022-05

Publication Date 01/24/2022

Defense Date 01/07/2022

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag accessibility,community resources,GIS,Homelessness,Los Angeles,OAI-PMH Harvest,walking distance

Format application/pdf (imt)

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Duan, Leilei (committee chair), Vos, Robert (committee chair), Wilson, John P. (committee chair)

Creator Email jeromewu@usc.edu,jeromewu6@gmail.com

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC110575650

Unique identifier UC110575650

Legacy Identifier etd-WuJeromeC-10352

Document Type Thesis

Format application/pdf (imt)

Rights Wu, Jerome C.

Type texts

Source 20220128-usctheses-batch-909 (batch), University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA

Repository Email cisadmin@lib.usc.edu