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Healing parent application for parents who have experienced trauma

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Healing parent application for parents who have experienced trauma

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Content 1
Capstone Project and Prototype
Healing Parent Application for Parents Who Have Experienced Trauma
Becky A. Van Velzer, L.C.S.W.
A Capstone Project
Presented to the Faculty of the
Suzanne Dvorak-Peck School of Social Work
The University of Southern California
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Social Work
SOWK 722: Implementing Your Capstone and Re-Envisioning Your Career
Dr. Jennifer Lewis, Ph.D.
October 27, 2021
December 2021
2

Acknowledgements
Thank you to all the professors at the University of Southern California Suzanne
Dworak-Peck School of Social Work in the doctorate program. You each provided wisdom,
guidance, and fostered creative innovation. I am very grateful to Matt Larson at the Human
Improvement Project and creator of the Happy Child Application for discussing development of
application content, as well as, allowing me to build upon their groundbreaking work and pilot
an implementation method. Thank you pioneers, Rev., Dr. Pauli Murray; Justice Ruth Bader
Ginsberg; Gloria Steinem; Bessel van der Kolk, MD; Bruce D. Perry MD, PhD; and countless
others known and unknown, who paved the way for my seat at the table. Thank you to the
people collectively known as the Maiduan and the Nisenan who cared for the land for thousands
of years as well as their continued resilience in the community in which my work is carried out.
Without my parents babysitting, help cleaning the guinea pigs’ cage, love and support this would
have been much more difficult – thank you. To my friends: Jamie, Denise, Kirsten, Nikki, Lisa,
& Terri- our deep talks and big laughs keep me healing and going. Dano, my brother, thank you
for the unconditional love and support in so many ways – I hope you feel it from me too. My
heart thanks both of my boys for being so quiet during class, our countless BBT breaks, enduring
endless take-out, and for them being their wonderful selves. And the biggest thank you for last,
Brian, my love, thank you for all your support, cups of coffee, understanding, household chores,
and being a wonderful partner throughout this little adventure of ours. I love you, thank you.

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements…..……………………………………………………………………………2
Executive Summary of Parent Support App Curriculum……...……….…………………………5
The Problem of Youth Risky Behavior………………………………………………………….10
Consequences of Youth Risky Behavior……………………..………………………………….10
What has Been Done to Address Youth Risky Behavior…….………………………………….12
Protective Factors for Youth………………………………….………………………………….12
Current Programs That Address Youth Risky Behavior……...………………………………….13
Innovation in Parenting Programs that Address Parents’ Trauma ………………………………14
Importance of Combining Trauma Healing with Parenting……….....………………………….15
How Many Parents Have Unresolved Trauma…………………………………………………..15
How Parents’ Experiences Negatively Affect Their Parenting………………………………….16
History of Trauma Study…….…………………………………………………………………..18
Parent Support Influenced by Racism and Heterosexual Normative History……………………18
Historical Trauma…………………………………………….………………………………….20
Current Environment of Lack of Funding for Prevention and Universal Programs……………..21
Parents with Distrust in Parenting Support…………….…….…………………………………..22
Social Norm for Trauma………………………………..…….………………………………….23
A Solution for Risky Youth Behavior by Addressing Parent Trauma………..…………………24
The Healing Parents Application Solution…………………...………………………………….24
Empowerment Theory………………………………….…….………………………………….25
Trauma Informed Framework………………………………...………………………………….27
Design Justice as a Method…………………………………...………………………………….28
Contents of Healing Parents………………………………...……………………………...…….29
What has Been Intentionally Left Out of the App? …………………………………….……….34
Purpose of the Innovative Solution ……..…………………...…………………………………..35
How will the Parents Know to Go Healing Parents App? …………………………..…………..35
Leadership Strategy and Distribution of Power…………………………………...…………..…37
Financial Plan…………………………………...………………………………………………..38
Information Flow and Decision Processes for the Healing Parents Organization……………….39
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Healing Parent’s Founder/Executive Director’s Role…………………………………...……….40
Stakeholders…………………………………...…………………………………………………40
Cultural Humility and Empowerment…………………………………...……………………….41
Web Based Tool Quality Criteria…………………………………...…………………………...41
Measurements…………………………………...……………………………………………….42
Healing Parents Type of Innovation…………………………………...………………………...43
Use of Internet in Parenting Programs…………………………………...………………………44
Why Smart Phones and Internet…………………………………...…………………………….46
High-Quality Apps…………………………………...…………………………………………..47
Limitations…………………………………...…………………………………………………..47
Ethical Concerns…………………………………...…………………………………………….49
Concrete Next Steps…………………………………...…………………………………………49
Prototype…………………………………...…………………………………………………….50
Conclusion…………………………………...…………………………………………………..50
Appendix A – Logic Model……………………………………………………………………...51
Appendix B – Pre-Start Up Operating Budget…………………………………...……………...57
Appendix C – First Full Year Operating Budget…………………………………...…………....59
Appendix D – First Full Year That Includes Set Up if Partnered with Human Improvement
Project Budget…………………………………...……………………………………………….61
References…………………………………...…………………………………………………...63
5

Executive Summary of Parent Support App Curriculum
For the last 30 years, the number one reason for death and disability for youth ages 15-19
in the United States is preventable risky behaviors (Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
2020). The American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare’s Social Work Grand
Challenge, Ensure Healthy Development for All Youth, emphasizes the power of prevention
programs to reduce youths’ risky behaviors: hazardous sexual behaviors, anxiety, self-injurious
behaviors, depression, eating disorders, perilous driving, tobacco use, drug and alcohol use,
delinquent behavior, violence, aggressive behavior, and dropping out of school (Jensen &
Hawkins, 2018). The goal of this Grand Challenge is to provide evidence-based prevention
strategies to all youth in order to reduce preventable, risky, actions and unhealthy behaviors
(Jenson & Hawkins, 2018a, 2018b) .
The consequences of these risky behaviors are steep. In 2017, there were over 20,000
deaths of children ages zero to 19 years due to suicide, homicide, drinking alcohol, and taking
drugs (Kochanek, 2019). The amount of emergency room visits for injuries alone were 9.2
million in 2017 (Kochanek, 2019). In the United States, society spends $27 billion per year on
underage drinking damages and $60 billion on damages from delinquent behavior (Kuklinski, et
al., 2012). In regards to depression, conduct disorder, and substance abuse society’s costs are
estimated at $314 billion per year in 2021 adjusting for inflation (Warner, 2009).
The sobering thought is that all of these behaviors can be prevented to eliminate harm
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). There has been over 30 years of research
and prevention program development which has produced evidence-based, effective, programs
that are almost always cost saving to society (Jensen & Bender, 2014; Jensen & Hawkins, 2018a,
6

2018b) specifically there is evidence that strong, positive, relationships with parents
1
protect
adolescents from a range of poor health-related outcomes and promote positive youth
development (El-Khani et al., 2021; Jenson & Bender, 2014; National Research Council and
Institute of Medicine, 2009; Sieving et al., 2017).
Despite the advances in research, the parenting support continues to provide parenting
skill acquisition but does not guide the parents to work on their own unresolved trauma which
negatively impacts parenting (Duncan, 2008; Jacobvitz & Reisz, 2018; Guss et al., 2018). In the
California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare there are 520 programs, and 250
programs that offer a parent component of those 250, only six guide the parents to look at their
own trauma (The California Evidence Based Clearinghouse, 2021). Of those six programs, all of
them except Parents Anonymous provide individual therapy and are for children who are already
in the child welfare system, none are app based, nor are any a universal prevention approach
(The California Evidence Based Clearinghouse, 2021).
There are many parents that have unresolved emotional issues and trauma. The
prevalence to adults with trauma is common. Approximately 6 out of 10 adult males in the
United States and 5 out of 10 adult females experienced at least one instance of trauma (US
Department of Veteran Affairs, n.d.). Trauma and mental health negatively impact the way
parents behave towards their children and this has been studied across many diverse studies and
varying sample demographics (Cross et al., 2018). Parents who have experienced trauma and or
have had adverse childhood experiences may react with intense emotions, suppress emotions,

1
A parent is defined as a person raising a child(ren) including protectors and guardians (Dictionary.com, 2021).
7

difficulties in accurately perceiving, interpreting and responding to their children’s needs for care
and protection (Duncan, 2008; Jacobvitz & Reisz, 2018; Guss et al., 2018).
Many adults do not get help for their trauma and/or mental health needs. Mental health
treatment is defined as therapy, medication and self-care (National Alliance on Mental Illness,
n.d.) Only 45% of adults with mental illnesses are getting treatment in a given year (National
Alliance on Mental Illness, n.d.). The demographics of those seeking help are 23% of Asian
adults, 33% of Black adults; 34% of Hispanic or Latinx adults; 43% of adults who report
mixed/multiracial; 49% of lesbian, gay and bisexual adults; and 50% of white adults (National
Alliance on Mental Illness, n.d.).
Applications are going to be used at an increasing frequency to deliver mental health
interventions (Fairburn & Patel, 2018). Using technology is predicted to alleviate many barriers
that negate treatment in a in person treatment modality (Munoz et al., 2016). App based service
deliveries are popular and can access underserved people (Fairburn & Patel, 2018; Munoz et al.,
2015). Apps can be accessible to all parents with a smart phone and internet access. For
example, the Human Improvement Project has been effective in its app delivery of increasing the
relationships quality between parent and child for example 67% of users described the Happy
Child app as “life changing” (Human Improvement Project, 2021). Further, 78% of users report
better relationships with their children and partners, and 98% of users continue to use the skills
and information they learned with their family (Human Improvement Project, 2021). The
Human Improvement Project does not focus on the parent’s own unresolved trauma issues.
The proposed solution is a program called Healing Parents which will be offered for free
to parents accessing the established Happy Child app. The Healing Parents app content was
developed in empowerment theory because parents trust the Happy Child app. Applying the
8

theory of empowerment to parents is utilized primarily because in interviews with parents and
stakeholders, interviewees expressed little trust in who is providing the information and/or the
degree of validity. Trust is vital because an intervention could be the best program in the world,
but if parents will not engage it, or they will not implement it, it renders the program completely
ineffective (Scott & Dadds, 2009). To ensure trust, the Healing Parents app content was created
as a collective effort using the design justice approach in order to ensure parents’ concerns, as
well as solutions, were defined, addressed, implemented and reiterated (Costanza-Chock, 2018).
The innovation is to add to the Happy Child app’s content by creating modules that
contain 3 minute or less videos that educate the parent on the effects of unresolved trauma as
well as healing activities by using the trauma informed framework. First, the videos will explain
what trauma is and how it can impact a parents reaction to their children which affects the
emotional safety of the child (Perry & Winfrey, 2021; Siegel & Hartzell, 2014; Substance Abuse
and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014). The next series of videos will respond to
trauma by explaining ways to heal from trauma by providing healing exercises as well as
resources for continued healing including emergency hotlines that are staffed 24 hours a day
seven days a week (Perry & Winfrey, 2021; Siegel & Hartzell, 2014; Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration, 2014; Van der Kolk, 2014). The content will be mindful
not to re-traumatize the user (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration,
2014).
To further promote the Healing Parents app, a partnership with Wellness Together is
being established. Wellness Together is a program that partners with school districts in the
United States to provide mental health services to students. Currently their parental support
includes a night where they present to parents about their services and how parents can help their
9

student (Wellness Together, 2021). By partnering with Healing Parents, they will increase their
parent support by promoting the app to parents who can access the content for free and at their
convenience. Parents will be guided to use the app to foster their child’s wellness and protective
factors by learning about trauma’s impact on parenting and healing practices.
The users of the app will take a pre and posttest to measure their knowledge of trauma,
awareness of the impacts on parenting, and use of concepts. This will provide input for the
short-term impacts of the intervention. The middle range outcomes will be to see a decrease in
their child’s behaviors based on the parent’s use of the app’s concepts. A random selection of
participants will be give this pre and posttest asking about youth behavior rates. For the long
term, the health of both of the parents and youth will be measured by risky youth behaviors, the
number of deaths and disability caused by risky behaviors, and increased life quality and
punitive treatments such as involvement with the criminal justice system or admittance to
hospitals for suicide behaviors.
The future action steps of the project implementation is to continue partner with Happy
Child app to increase the content of the app to include guiding the parents to heal their own
unresolved trauma that may be impacting their parenting. The content is currently in a prototype
phase; the next step is to get feedback from potential users to refine it. During the prototype
reiteration phase, a partnership with Wellness Together will be explored.
Healing Parents app can scale to a large audience. The Healing Parents app’s impacts go
beyond any local market. The Happy Child App is already translated into 15 different languages
and is in 165 countries. By adding the Healing Parent app content to the Happy Child app, the
ability to reach an audience of hundreds of thousands initially and with no limit on access makes
scalability very easy (Human Improvement Project, 2021; Munoz et al., 2016). In addition,
10

partnering with Wellness Together will promote the Healing Parents app nationwide directly to
parents.
The Problem of Youth Risky Behavior
For the last 30 years, the number one reason for death and disability for youth ages 15-19
years in the United States is preventable risky behaviors (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 2020). Risky behaviors are defined as hazardous sexual behaviors, anxiety, self-
injurious behaviors, depression, eating disorders, perilous driving, tobacco use, drug and alcohol
use, delinquent behavior, violence, aggressive behavior, and dropping out of school (Jensen &
Hawkins, 2018). The American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare’s Social Work
Grand Challenge, Ensure Healthy Development for All Youth, emphasizes the power of
prevention programs to reduce youths’ risky behaviors (Jensen & Hawkins, 2018). The goal of
this Grand Challenge is to provide evidence-based prevention strategies to all youth in order to
reduce preventable, risky, actions, and unhealthy behaviors (Jenson & Hawkins, 2018a, 2018b).
Consequences of Youth Risky Behavior
Looking deeper into the different areas of risky behavior, there is a trend that youth who
are lesbian, bisexual, gay, transgender, and or questioning/queer and others (LBGTQ+)
participate at a much higher rate than their cisgender, hetero peers (Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 2020). In further analysis of ethnicities and races, youth who are Latinxs
participate at a higher rate than other races and ethnicities. Much of the data is based on school
surveys conducted by the Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Initially the data reads as
though youth who are Black have some of the lowest prevalence but many Black youth were not
surveyed. During this time in the United States, 48,000 youth were held in juvenile facilities and
11

44% were African American despite only 16% of youth nationwide are Black (Equal Justice
Initiative, 2017). As a result, these youth did not participate in the surveys which may skew the
results. In addition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention does not report national
statistics for races and ethnicities outside of Black, white, and Latinx (2020).
Specific examples of risky behaviors and high school student participation rates in the
United States are described in detail below. In regards to violence, the highest rates of students
who were forced to have sex is LBGTQ+ youth at more than 30% of LBGTQ+ students. Second
highest with more than 11% are female students compared to 3.4% of males. Youth who are
Latinx at 8%, students who are Black had a prevalence of 7.2%, just a small amount higher than
white at 7.1% (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Youth who made a plan for
suicide increased from 11% in 2009 to 15.7% in 2019. LBGTQ+ youth had the highest
percentage at 41%, then females with 19.9% and then males at 11.3%. Ethnicities were
remarkably close with, white at 15.7%, Black at 15.0% and Latinx at 14.7%. One in three
students felt persistently sad or hopeless (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020).
More specifically 66.3% of LBGTQ+ students felt persistently sad compared to 46.6% of
females, 26.8% of males (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). The ethnicities
reported ranged from 40.0% Latinx, 29%, white, 36.0% and Black 31.5% (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2020). The overall use of alcohol was 29%, white students where the
highest at 34.2%, then LBGTQ youth at 33.9%, females at 31.9%, then Latinx at 28.4%, and
Black at 16.8% (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). While the Center for
Disease Control trend reports may not discuss on all ethnicities, all races are impacted. For
example, almost 83% of deaths of American Indian and Alaskan Natives are attributed to
behavior health problems (Hoyert & Xu, 2012).
12

The consequences of these risky behaviors are steep. In 2017, there were over 20,000
deaths of children from birth to 19 years due to suicide, homicide, drinking alcohol, and taking
drugs (Kochanek et al., 2019). The amount of emergency room visits for injuries alone were 9.2
million in 2017 (Kochanek et al., 2019). In the United States, society spends $32 billion per year
on underage drinking damages and $71 billion on damages from delinquent behavior adjusting
for inflation (Kuklinski et al., 2012). Regarding depression, conduct disorder, and substance
abuse society’s costs are estimated at $314 billion per year in 2021 adjusting for inflation
(Warner, 2009).
What has Been Done to Address Youth Risky Behavior
The sobering thought is that all of these behaviors can be prevented to eliminate harm
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). There has been over 30 years of research
and prevention program development which has produced evidence-based, effective, programs
that are almost always cost saving to society (Jensen & Bender, 2014; Jensen & Hawkins, 2018a,
2018b). There is evidence that strong positive relationships with parents (see Footnote 1) protect
adolescents from a range of poor health-related outcomes, engaging in risky behavior, and
promote positive youth development that lasts throughout their lifetime (El-Khani et al., 2021;
Jenson & Bender, 2014; Mmari et al., 2010; National Research Council and Institute of
Medicine, 2009; Sieving et al., 2017; Steiner et al., 2019). For youth that have been displaced
due to global conflict, strong, healthy, nurturing, caregiver relationships are essential for healthy
development (Catani, 2018; Miller et al., 2020). Parental support may be even more essential for
children who are displaced, as support systems such as contact with extended family and
community get destroyed (El-Khani et al., 2021).
Protective Factors for Youth
13

When youth engage in risky behaviors, they increase the likelihood of participating in
systems, such as the justice system, that causes further harm, promotes racial inequities, and
decreases trust in institutions (Jensen & Hawkins, 2018). Increasing a youth’s protective factors
reduces the child’s engagement in risky behaviors, increases the quality of their relationships,
and fosters connections to their community (Jenson & Bender, 2014). Protective factors are
youth feeling connected to family, community and school (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 2017). Connectedness refers to a sense of feeling cared for, supported and belonging
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Youth who feel connected at home, with
parents, and school are less likely to have mental health issues, or engage in risky sexual
behaviors, alcohol and drug use, and violence (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
2017). These protective factors last into adulthood (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
2017; Steiner et al., 2020).
Current Programs That Address Youth Risky Behavior
Despite the advances in research, parenting support continues to provide parenting skill
acquisition but does not guide the parents to work on their own unresolved trauma (Jenson &
Bender, 2014; National Research Council and Institute of Medicine 2009). The current trend in
parenting programs that decrease risky behaviors and increase healthy behaviors are for parents
to learn parenting skills such as family management, communication, supervision skills, child’s
trauma support (Jenson & Bender, 2014; The California Evidence Based Clearinghouse, 2021).
The focus is to fix the child rather than support and care for the parents (O’Hara, 2019). In the
California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare (2021) there are 520 programs,
there are 250 programs that offer a parent component and of those 250, only six guide the parents
to look at their own trauma. Of those programs all of them except Parents Anonymous provide
14

individual therapy and are for children who are already in the child welfare system. None are app
based, nor are any a universal prevention approach (The California Evidence Based
Clearinghouse, 2021). A universal approach is a program that is for everyone and does not target
specific youth engaging in specific behaviors (Jensen & Bender, 2014). A prevention program is
a support or intervention that is designed to decrease maladaptive behavior before it starts or
reduce it before a more intensive reactive intervention (Jensen & Bender, 2014).
When reviewing programs in the Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development evidence
based clearing house under searches for “prevention”, “trauma”, or “parent”, 83 programs were
reviewed and only three programs guided parents to look at their own psychopathology, reflect
deeper on emotional feelings, or regulate their own emotions (Blueprints for Healthy Youth
Development, 2021). The three programs were for intensive family therapy and did not
specifically address trauma nor were prevention focused (Blueprints for Healthy Youth
Development, 2021). Seventy-four programs for youth were reviewed on the website for the
National Institute for Drug Addiction and of the 41 programs that had a parent component, none
of them guided parents to look at their own unresolved emotional issues and trauma (Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration, n.d.).
In Google searches for parenting programs for trauma related searches, only parenting
programs that supported the child through the child’s trauma came up on the first five Google
pages. The search was rendered exhausted after the 5
th
page. Searches in the Apple app store
revealed no app that addresses trauma and parenting. There are mental health apps that address
trauma but not parenting and trauma together.
Innovations in Parenting Programs that Address Parents’ Trauma
15

There are two programs that specifically address parent trauma that were not listed in the
evidence-based data bases but are in peer reviewed literature. Currently there is a study being
conducted piloting a program co-designed with people who are Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander parents experience complex trauma in the perinatal stages of parenting (Chamberlain et
al., 2019). An additional program is called Mom Power, which is a parenting support program
that is in-person, focused on improving mental health and parenting for parents who experienced
trauma, poverty and mental health (Rosenblum et al., 2017).
Importance of Combining Trauma Healing with Parenting
Renowned trauma expert, Perry, when asked to work with children who have been
traumatized, Perry informs the requesters that Perry and his team need to work with adults as
well because if the adults who live with the children are not regulated, they will not be able to be
fully present in a compassionate way (Perry & Winfrey, 2020). Further, it is those fully present
moments that are regulating, rewarding, and healing for the children (Perry & Winfrey, 2020). If
Perry helps the children and not the adults, Perry states that their work has little impact (Perry &
Winfrey, 2020).
How Many Parents May Have Unresolved Trauma?
There are many parents that have unresolved emotional issues and trauma. The
prevalence of adults with trauma is common. Approximately 6 out of 10 adult males in the
United States and 5 out of 10 adult females experienced at least one instance of trauma (US
Department of Veteran Affairs, n.d.). Trauma is defined as “an event, series of events, or set of
circumstances that is experienced by an individual as physically or emotionally harmful or
threatening and that has lasting adverse effects on the individual's functioning and physical,
16

social, emotional, or spiritual well-being” (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service
Administration, n.d.a, p. 1). Globally, current conflicts have contributed to the highest rates of
humans being displaced on record with an approximate 79.5 million people forcibly displaced
which are prime conditions for traumatic experiences (UNHRC, 2021).
Many adults do not get help for their trauma and/or mental health needs. Mental health
treatment is defined as therapy, medication, self-care (National Alliance on Mental Illness, n.d.)
The amount of adults with mental illnesses getting treatment each year are 45% (National
Alliance on Mental Illness, n.d.). The demographics of those seeking help are 23% of Asian
adults, 33% of Black adults; 34% of Hispanic or Latinx adults; 43% of adults who report
mixed/multiracial; 49% of lesbian, gay and bisexual adults; and 50% are white adults (National
Alliance on Mental Illness, n.d.).
How Parents’ Experiences Negatively Affect Their Parenting
Trauma and mental health negatively impact the way parents behave towards their
children and this has been studied across many diverse studies and varying sample demographics
(Cross et al., 2018). For parents, accumulated trauma and childhood averse experiences (ACEs)
can reduce the capacity to parent effectively (Dannerbeck, 2005). Childhood adverse
experiences are defined as potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood from ages 0 to 17
years old and included are aspects of a child’s environment that undermines the child’s sense of
safety, stability and bonding (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021). Parental ACEs
can increase ineffective parenting practices such as harsh discipline and can be transmitted
across generations (Narayan et al., 2017; Niu et al., 2018). Parents who experienced childhood
attachment trauma may have difficulties accurately perceiving, interpreting and responding to
their children’s needs for care and protection (Duncan, 2008; Jacobvitz & Reisz, 2018; Guss et
17

al., 2018). Parents who experienced child sexual trauma may have challenges regulating their
emotions with their children, protecting them, over protecting them, and have a hard time
knowing what are healthy boundaries (Duncan, 2008). Parents who experience ACEs may have
less emotional regulation, attention shifting, and working memory (Duncan, 2008; Guss et al.,
2018). Parents may overreact as well as be numb to feelings (Van der Kolk, 2014). Parents may
repeat the adverse behaviors they received as a child (Borelli et al., 2019; Guss et al., 2018;
Narayan et al., 2017). These actions prohibit their children of receiving optimal safe, stimulating,
and nurturing environment needed for the best childhood growth and development (Duncan,
2008; Suess & Sroufe, 2005). Parents and caregivers may be unaware of how their current
mental state and their unhealed trauma negatively influence their child’s behavior and
development (Duncan, 2008; Haynes et al., 2020). Parents may mistreat their kids when
triggered by their children (Van der Kolk, 2014). For example, the parent may have intense
emotions or withdraw if triggered by their own teenage son if the parent was attacked by a
teenager in childhood.
ACEs are a risk factor for maladaptive social-emotional functioning in adulthood
(Merrick et al., 2017) and can compromise caregiving (Brazeau et al., 2018). When a parent has
a high number of ACEs there is a likelihood they will have negative parenting behaviors such as
spanking (Chung et al., 2009), be less sensitive with their child (Pereira et al., 2012), increase for
child having asthma, excessive television watching, and poor overall health status (Lè-Scherban
et al., 2018). Parents ACEs have been linked to their children’s behavioral challenges
(Schickedanz et al., 2018; Sun et al., 2017). Foster parents’ ACEs scores were directly related to
their foster children’s social and emotional difficulties (Adkins et al., 2020). The higher the score
the more difficulties the foster child had with social and emotional challenges (Adkins et al.,
18

2020). The foster care parents experiences of emotional abuse, domestic violence, and parental
divorce corresponded with significant increases in the children’s challenges with social-
emotional transactions (Adkins et al., 2020).
History of Trauma Study
While there is a lack of parenting programs that including trauma support, putting trauma
studies in context is helpful to understand current perspectives. While people have experienced
trauma since the beginning of humankind, the field of trauma study in its present embodiment is
relatively young (Perry & Winfrey, 2020). The study of trauma began as early as 1900 BC,
when ancient medical writings first described what is now considered trauma (Figley et al.,
2017). The ancient writings of the Sumer recorded traumatic stress reactions over 4000 years
ago (Figley et al., 2017). The study of trauma in its current form started in the medical field in
the late 1800s (Figley et al., 2017). In the field of psychology, the study of trauma with Charcot
then Freud, then merged with medicine throughout the World Wars in the early 1900s (Figley et
al., 2017). Then the official post-traumatic stress syndrome appeared in the DSM III in 1980
(Figley et al., 2017). For the last 30 years Van der Kolk and Perry expanded the study of trauma
from soldiers to the general public and combined the study of neurobiology (Perry & Winfrey,
2020; Van der Kolk, 2014). Felitti (1998) and his team surveyed 17, 000 patients at Kaiser
Permanente health care system in the late 1990s and defined what is now known as ACEs.
Today’s current information about trauma has been both silenced and fueled by political forces
(Herman, 2001; Perry & Winfrey, 2020; Van der Kolk, 2014). All the areas in which trauma
informed policies can be applied, including how parents are supported in raising children, has not
materialized (Herman, 2001; Perry & Winfrey, 2020; Van der Kolk, 2014).
Parent Support Influenced by Racism and Heterosexual Normative History
19

Some of the same forces that directed or denied trauma study has affected the way parent
policies and support was developed in the United States. Parent support and education in the
United States has deep racist history. In the 1880s into the early 1900s women who were Black
in the South could attend institutions that provided domestic worker education on how to raise
white children but had little to no other education opportunities (National Women’s Law Center,
2017). During the same time period women who were Latina were steered into education
programs in school to train for domestic services including childcare for children who were
white (National Women’s Law Center, 2017). Historically, parenting social norms in the United
States presumed parenting is associated with women (National Women’s Law Center, 2017).
Further, parenting skills are seen as natural and parenting is unnoticed in public policies or seen
as not deserving of pay or support beyond help for white women by women who were Black,
Latina, Asian, or Native American (National Women’s Law Center, 2017).
When interventions for abused American children were created in the second half the 20
th

century, the child welfare system disproportionately separated and continues to separate children
who are Black from their families at more than 50% than children who are white at 28% (Kim et
al., 2017). Children who are poor are at significantly higher risk for child welfare involvement
than children who are not in poverty (Connell et al., 2007).
The people who had the largest influence on the evolution of the United States’ policies
on parenting and parenting support were white, wealthy, heterosexual men, who were largely
removed from the parenting role as men who worked outside the home (Ginsberg et al., 2016).
Thus the men in power did not factor support for parents into laws and policies developed
throughout the nation’s history (Ginsberg et al., 2016).
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Since the 1960s in Europe and the United States, a new norm of visibility of LBGTQ+
parents continues emerging but sexuality-based discriminations are far from being resolved
(Lasio et al., 2018; Roseneil et al., 2013). Heterosexual parents continue to be normalized while
LBGTQ+ parents continue to face stigma and marginalization (Lasio et al., 2018; Roseneil et al.,
2013). Within the cisgender heterosexual norms, fathers have been historically underrepresented
and left out of parenting interventions because social norms indicated parenting was a woman’s
responsibility (Gordon et al., 2012; Tully et al., 2017).
Historical Trauma
In addition to systemic oppression in parenting support, there is a long history of
historical trauma for people in the United States who are Black (Menakem, 2017; DeGruy,
2017), Native American (Evans-Campbell, 2008), Latinx (Caminero-Santangelo, 2010; Stone et
al, 2019), Asian (Hwahng, 2013; Nagata, 2019), LBGTQ+ (Duberman, 2019; Hwahng, 2013),
and others. Historical trauma is defined as “collective complex trauma inflicted on a group of
people who share a specific group identity or affiliation – ethnicity, nationality, sexual identity
(Duberman, 2019), and religious affiliation (Evans-Campbell, 2008). For many people
intersectionality of aspects of their identity intensifies their experiences with historical trauma
(Combahee River Collective; 2014; Hwahng, 2013).
Currently, the state sanctioned police brutality and mass incarceration leaving parents
unsupported is an extension of historical trauma (Alexander, 2012). Another current practice
that is a result of historical trauma, is parents who are separated from their children because of
the inhumane treatment of people trying to enter into the United States (Caminero-Santangelo,
2010).
21

Current Environment of Lack of Funding for Prevention and Universal Programs
Social and political factors that have shaped parental support funding are important to
discuss because not only have evidence based parenting programs struggled for funding, there
are social norms that prevent prevention or universal programs getting funded. There has been
over 30 years of research and prevention program development which has produced evidence-
based, effective programs that are almost always cost saving to society (Jensen & Bender, 2014;
Jensen & Hawkins, 2018) but unfortunately there is a lack of trust in policy makers to fund the
programs and in participants to engage in them (Leslie et al., 2016; Mytton et al., 2013). Despite
the effectiveness of the evidence-based prevention programs, these programs rarely get funded or
inadequately funded for sustainability, because reactionary programs are more appealing for
politicians, and there is an overall lack of trust in effectiveness (Jensen and Bender, 2014; Jensen
& Hawkins, 2018; Waldfogel, 2009). In addition, there is a lack of community infrastructure for
funding which contributes to the ongoing existence of the problem (Jensen and Bender, 2014;
Jensen & Hawkins, 2018). The low accessibility of psychological services for youth and their
parents is detrimental because on an intuitive level, preventing psychopathology and risky
behavior is one of the soundest strategies to lower the mental health costs in society let alone
increase wellbeing (David, 2019).
The lack of funding for prevention programs is a result of two larger patterns: 1.) the
United States’ lack of parental support policies and 2.) a larger pattern of fiscal austerity.
Currently policies that support parents, specifically mothers’ well-being, the United States ranks
66
th
out of 150 countries because of a lack of policies that support parents (Tsai & Tai, 2017). In
regard to the austere fiscal policies, the neoliberalism influence on the global lack of funding for
policies that support education, health and social services mirrors what is happening in current
22

America (Mayer, 2017; Strier, 2013). Mayer (2017) documents an attack on American
democracy by people who support the idea that a free market will solve all of America’s
problems, yet these policies create the problems they intend to solve (Strier, 2013). Taleb (2012)
promotes free markets stating that commerce, markets, and businesses are where people bring
out the best in themselves and others by making them “forgiving, honest, loving, trusting, and
open-minded” (p.17). The Neoliberal views are inconsistent with what prevention programs
promote: honesty, love, trust, and open-mindedness are skills that are taught, developed and
nurtured through relationships not monetary transactions (Miller, 2015). The prevention
strategies that reduce teenage behavior problems are not market strategies, in fact quite the
opposite(Auerbach, 2009). Materialism has been linked to risky behavior in adolescents
(Auerbach, 2009). In addition, in the era of mass incarceration, policy makers’ financial interests
in incarceration has been a detriment to increasing prevention programs from being implemented
(Jensen & Bender, 2014).
Parents with Distrust in Parenting Support
Parents with high levels of ACEs and involvement in the criminal justice system had
high level of distrust due to ACEs, insufficient parenting programs in their geographic location,
find existing programs do not meet their needs, they are being asked to implement skills that they
feel are not targeted to them, view engaging in a support service as a sign of weakness, fear of
child removal, intergenerational parenting problems, childcare issues, overwhelmed and having a
hard time coping, basic needs not met, motivation and feeling judged (Prguda & Burke, 2020).
Only a small amount of parents of children who are susceptible to risky behaviors receive
universal, preventative intervention especially for parents who have a low socioeconomic status
(McGoron & Ondersma, 2015). In addition, distrust arise from historical trauma. In a study of
23

adapted interventions to prevent substance use, the people in the indigenous communities in the
United States did not want a program from the dominant culture because of distrust and a long
history of historical trauma (Ivanich et al., 2018).
Social Norm for Trauma
Social norms are informal rules of behavior in a group of people and they define what is
acceptable, not shameful, and what is “normal” (Petit & Zalk, 2019). Social norms have a
powerful influence on how individuals act because of their desire to belong to their group and
what those people think of them (Petit & Zalk, 2019). Practitioners should not develop social
norm strategies but provide programs that empower people and properly consider, address and
leverage social norms (Petit & Zalk, 2019). There is a social norm that people should not talk
about trauma, “we seem too embarrassed or discouraged to mount a massive effort to help
children and adults learn to deal with the fear, rage, and collapse the predicated consequences of
having been traumatized” (Van der Kolk, p 350., 2014).
A key aspect of healing is creating safety for parents and child, and there is a lack of
language to describe safe places and feelings of safety (Porges, 2015). To date, psychology and
psychiatry do not focus on what the internal body needs which include the nervous system for
creating feelings of safety and body responses of feeling safe (Porges, 2015). Instead the focus
of psychiatry and psychology has largely focused on reducing stress (Porges, 2015). It is not the
removal of danger and stress, but the active presentation of safety that human nervous systems
crave (Porges, 2015). This is critical because feeling safe in a human’s nervous system allows a
person to access higher brain structures that enable people to be creative and generative (Porges,
2015). The cues of safety calm the nervous system and as these neuropathways in the human
brain get exercised it helps to co-regulate and form social bonds (Porges, 2015). An awareness
24

of a lack of language around trauma, and a social norm of not talking about trauma, influences
the current scarcity of programs that support parents fostering their own healing.
A Solution for Risky Youth Behavior by Addressing Parent Trauma
The Healing Parents Application Solution
The Healing Parents Application was created to address the problem of youth risky
behavior, using empowerment as the theory of change, with a trauma framework and innovating
with a design justice approach. An application is a software program that can run on smart
phones or tablets (Berkowski, 2017). Applications are commonly called apps (Berkowski, 2017).
All of the information that is in the Healing Parents app will also be available on the Healing
Parents website for parents’ convenience. The Healing Parents app is designed to guide parents
into psychoeducation information about trauma, how trauma can affect parenting, and common
evidence-based practices that parents can use to foster their own healing. The app will include
videos and information parents can view at their own pace in their own time for free. The app
has sections that have a different topic with a video providing information that is no more than 4
minutes long. In addition, there is a button on each app page that says “need to talk?” that will
take the user to a page in the app that has hotline contact information for various needs such as
parenting, trauma, suicide, substance use, incest, etc. Also, on that page is an emergency number
for countries outside of the United States. A section of the app has connections to current public
groups where users can connect with peers on different topics such as being an adult child raised
by alcoholics or incest survivor. There will be a “contact us”, feedback section to add comments
and input by users. The content will be translated into 20 languages.
25

By guiding the parents to foster their own healing, the parents will be able to be more
present to regulate themselves so that the parents can be less reactionary and absorb parenting
skills allowing them to be better parents (Perry & Winfrey, 2020).
Empowerment Theory
The theory of change that will be applied to the parental support social innovation,
Healing Parents application, is empowerment theory because it is both a process as well as
outcomes based within a social context (Swift & Levin, 1987). Empowerment theory explores
the relationships between social, organizational, and political environments (Conger & Kanungo,
1988). The process is for individuals to gain power, access to resources, control over their own
lives and achieve their highest potential (Conger & Kanungo, 1988). The process respects the
person and maximizes their contributions (Scott & Dadds, 2009). The intervention or service
does not begin until there is trust established, and the user has plenty of time to express their
concerns and is supported in developing their own goals (Patterson & Chamberlain, 1994).
Applying the theory of empowerment to parents is utilized primarily because while there
are many solutions and interventions available, my interviews with parents and stakeholders
indicate there is little trust in who is providing the information and/or the degree of validity.
Even when programs are implemented, there are participation barriers for parents. There is a
stigma related to participating in these programs (Leslie et al., 2016). Mytton et al. (2013)
reviewed studies in the English language around barriers to parent participation in parent training
and in 14 of 15 studies, parents say they do not want to participate because it would make or
makes them feel like a bad parent. In addition, parents have a general distrust of who is
providing the prevention program (Leslie et al., 2016; Mytton et al., 2013). It is understandable
when parents distrust programs, many funded programs addressing youth behavior, such as the
26

zero-tolerance program, resulted in students having negative attitudes towards school and
fostered future disciplinary problems (Teasley, 2014). Trust is vital because an intervention
could be the best program in the world, but if parents will not engage it, or they will not
implement it, it is completely ineffective (Scott & Dadds, 2009). A way to test if the
empowerment theory is working will be if parents are empowered enough to participate in
exploring, designing and then ultimately using the support they cocreated.
There are several resources available to parents but parents have a hard time trusting the
information online, or from a service agency (Leslie et al., 2016, Mytton et al., 2014). Using the
empowerment theory to help create the solutions, and to partner with organizations the parents
trust. For example, my interviews indicated that participants would like to get parenting support
from the school but the school staff are overburdened with school responsibilities. Parents want
to get more support, feel they need more support, and stakeholders such as education staff and
Kaiser Permanente Health Care Maintence Organization employees say parents need the support
but there is a barrier getting all the psychoeducational information into the hands of the parents.
The empowerment theory will help the founder of Healing Parents, parents, and stakeholders
design for solutions that empower the participants to express what they would like, what does not
work, what their needs are, when and how they want support that will work for them. A best
practice in current literature focuses on the importance of local data when attending to the needs
of a local community, the empowerment of connecting with the community directly is crucial
(Krase, 2015; Bicchieri, 2017). Another best practice when designing program implementation
is to bring restorative justice to historical oppression through empowering interventions (East &
Roll, 2015, Bent-Goodley, 2009). The first principal of the recovery of a person who has
experienced trauma is empowerment (Herman, 2015). The person who is healing must be the
27

author and arbiter of their own recovery (Herman, 2015). The Healing Parents app has
incorporated all of these best practices.
Trauma Informed Framework
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) provides a
trauma informed framework used in Healing Parents app development. The framework starts
with four essential assumptions; that Healing Parents has a realization about trauma, recognizes
signs of trauma, responds by integrating knowledge of trauma in curriculum, and resists re-
traumatizing users (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2014).
Further, the framework has six key principles of a trauma-informed approach which include
safety, trustworthiness and transparency, peer support, collaboration and mutuality, empower,
voice and choice; cultural, historical and gender issues (Substance Abuse and Mental Health
Services Administration, 2014). Using this framework, Healing Parents was codesigned to
promote safety be defining it in the practices and solutions such as what is a safe friend or
defining what a safe community experience looks like. In addition, links to hotlines that are
available 24 hours a day seven days a week if any user needs to talk. To incorporate
trustworthiness and transparency, Healing Parents was codesigned to have links to the research
for each of the app’s topics so that people can see the research behind the solutions. Also, the
introduction will explain who is behind Healing Parents and what we do. Peer support is
fostered by links to support groups in various topics such as Parents Anonymous, Facebook
groups, Alcoholics Anonymous, etc. Due to a wide range of peer support that may be needed, it
was more efficient to guide users to existing groups than create a new one. Collaboration and
mutuality is built into the co-design process with design justice methodology (Costanza-Chock,
2018). Cocreated with people who experienced trauma and parents who experienced trauma
28

from a diverse group of races, immigrations statuses, genders, LBGTQ+ community members,
ages, and connections to raising children provided input on what is the problem, how would they
like to address it, what their needs are, how would they like to meet their needs, who do they
trust, and how do they want to construct a support? Then reiterating the Healing Parents app
design and content based on continuous feedback.
Empowerment was developed out of the design justice process. Being informed and
gaining knowledge about what trauma is, how it can impact parenting and solutions that may
help in healing and changing are empowering for parents. Feedback about Healing Parents is
encouraged and welcomed using email and feedback section of the Healing Parents app.
Cultural, historic and gender remedies are infused in the Healing Parents codesign process and
content in the app. It has been of importance to include people who have been traumatized
because many people who have developed research and spread information about trauma have
not experienced it (Van der Kolk, 2014).
Design Justice as a Method
Human centered design with a design justice approach provides activities and a process
to help parents define their problems, create their solutions, and to partner with organizations the
parents trust (Costanza-Chock, 2018). For example, in my interviews, participants expressed the
desire for parenting support from the school but the school staff are overburdened with school
responsibilities. Parents feel they need more support, and stake holders such as education staff
and Kaiser employees say parents need the support but there is a barrier getting all the
psychoeducational information into the hands of the parents (D. R.-B., personal communication,
July 15, 2020). Parents expressed they are stressed when trying to figure out a trustworthy
source for getting answers to questions they have about their child. Interviewed parents say they
29

get a lot of their information from family and friends, but do not have a resource to get answers
to questions that are more clinical than what their family and friends can provide. The parents
would like to get information from the internet because it is convenient for them if they trusted
the source.
A design justice approach engages parents and stakeholders to express what they would
like, what does not work, what their needs are, when and how they want support that will work
for them. Interviews with people who experienced trauma and are also parents was very
insightful in our partnerships because they had same concerns and wants but were so focused on
their trauma, they did not realize how it affected their parenting until provided with the
psychoeducation material. One parent said that when thinking about trauma responses they were
so focused because they realized they had been doing unregulated trauma responses all along
with their children. They wanted more information and where to find the information.
Logic Model
See Appendix A
Contents of Healing Parents
The Healing Parents app provides brief, informative, easy to understand information
because people who have experienced trauma may have learning difficulties, as well as may
have triggers that decrease their attentiveness and ability to retain a large amount of information
(Perry and Winfrey, 2020; Van der Kolk, 2014). The user must also be in full control of how
much and how often they access information because no one knows what the moderate dose of
revisiting the ideas around trauma better than the person who was traumatized (Perry & Winfrey,
2020). This empowers their therapeutic pattern of recovery (Perry & Winfrey, 2020).
30

Healing Parents App Provides Information
DeGruy (2017) calls for a “ministry of knowledge” because people who have been
traumatized are suffering from a lack of knowledge. Perry and Winfrey (2020) state that people
can feel incredibly relieved when they get an explanation of how their brain is working and why.
When people understand the brain is changeable, they can feel relief (Perry & Winfrey, 2020).
Humans need language and context otherwise they may be limited to “I am scared.” which may
keep people in a loop of avoidance and then alternating between uptight and reactive (Van der
Kolk, 2014). Ignoring pain perpetuates stress hormones that flood one’s body, leading to
headaches, muscle aches, problems with bowels and sexual functions, irrational behaviors,
reduced sense of self, identity, and purpose (Van der Kolk, 2014). After one identifies the source
of responses can on start using feelings as signals of areas of healing that require one’s attention
(Van der Kolk, 2014).
Healing Parents App Pages and Videos for Explaining Trauma and Aces
Discuss what trauma and ACEs are. Another page and video will explain what trauma
responses are and how they look while parenting: fight, flight, freeze, fawn (Walker, 2003), flop,
flock, (Perry & Winfrey, 2020; Van der Kolk, 2014). Additional videos and pages will explain
how the vagal nerve and areas of the brain interact. Simple, easy to understand visuals and video
will explain how the nervous system interprets information in our bodies and environment, and
then communicates to the brainstem. The brain stem activates parts of our brain or reduces parts
of our brain to focus on keeping us safe from a threat (Porges, 2007; PsychAlive, 2018). There
will be a page for explaining how human biology is affected when the trauma occurs before a
person has language. An additional page will explain what post-traumatic stress disorder is and
why it is such a common term (Perry & Winfrey, 2021; Van der Kolk, 2014).
31

Healing Parents App Pages and Videos for Explaining Healing Practices
The app’s content for healing will have sections that include ways parents can foster their
healing.
Singing, Humming, Music & Telling Your Story. One module in the app is
information about singing or humming (DeGruy, 2017; Menakem, 2017; Van der Kolk, 2014)
and music (Porges, 2015; Van der Kolk, 2014), telling your story with someone who is safe or
writing it and sharing it with someone or people who are safe (DeGruy, 2017; Herman, 2015;
Menakem, 2017); faith and community (DeGruy, 2017; Menakem, 2017). Sharing one’s pain
with people who are safe can reestablish the feeling that one is a member of the human race (Van
Der Kolk, 2014). It is one of the most profound experiences a human can have and is
fundamental to healing the isolation of trauma especially if a person was ignored or silenced
(Van der Kolk, 2014). Communicating fully is the opposite of being traumatized (Herman,
2015; Van der Kolk, 2014). Communicating will oneself allows one to develop self-leadership
and allows one to start to break down the shame, guilt, and responsibility feelings cycle
(DeGruy, 2017; Herman, 2015; Perry & Winfrey, 2021).
Safety is tone of voice, music, warm gestures, warm facial expressions down regulates
nervous system co-regulates feeling bonded (Porges, 2015). The emphasis on the polyvagal
theory the need for trusting friendships and loving partnerships which allows humans to co-
regulate each other (Porges, 2015). Talking with a safe, trusted person to break the silence or say
the trauma and it first starts with saying it and acknowledging it to oneself (Nakazawa, 2015;
Van der Kolk, 2014). Saying it to oneself is a sign that healing can begin (Van der Kolk, 2014).
Silence with oneself can reinforce the isolation of trauma (Van der Kolk). A person may try to
32

keep silent and ignore it as a way of control, but naming it at first to ourselves can offer a person
a different kind of control (Van der Kolk, 2014).
Writing. One of the most effective ways of accessing ones inner world is writing (Van
der Kolk, 2014). Freewriting where one starts with the first thing that comes to one’s mind and
then writes from there can be healing especially if no one safe is around to talk with (Van der
Kolk, 2014). Writing letters where we never intend to send them or share them with people we
are angry with is another (Duncan, 2008; Van der Kolk, 2014). Writing about both facts and
emotions of situations and trauma has the greatest impact (Van der Kolk, 2014). Writing
improves physical and mental health with various studies on college students, nursing home
students, rape victims, people who are incarcerated, arthritis sufferers, new mothers (Nakazawa,
2015; Van der Kolk, 2014).
Mindfulness, Mindsight, and Meditation. Mindfulness, mindsight, and meditation can
be helpful (Nakazawa, 2015). Mindfulness meditation can change the brain, regulating it and
reducing inflammation response (Nakazawa, 2015), Mindsight is knowing one’s own brain and
tuning into others thoughts and feelings as way to link different aspects of the mind and body to
help regulate both and enhance wellbeing (Nakazawa, 2015). Finding a safe place is very critical
such as Alcoholics Anonymous, Adult Children of Alcoholics, Narcotics Anonymous, Al-Anon,
Al-Anon for Adult Children of Disfunction can be very safe (Van der Kolk, 2014). The time
machine technique; going back to events and giving oneself the words that a safe and soothing
parent would do or give yourself a superpower to correct the situation and give you to safety
(Silberg, 2013).
Therapy. Therapy with a safe therapist who can help process emotional and feelings that
are unaware to oneself (Duncan, 2008; Nakazawa, 2015; Silberg, 2013; Van der Kolk, 2014).
33

Some therapist are trained in Somatic Experiencing which can help a person heal and regulate
feeling physical sensations in the body (Nakazawa, 2015; Van der Kolk, 2014). Guided imagery
and hypnosis can access parts of one’s brain that creates a bodily memory and helps to regulate
and heal (Nakazawa, 2015).
Electroencephalographic (EEG) Neurofeedback and EMDR.
Electroencephalographic (EEG) Neurofeedback can improve brain functioning by changing the
brains activity (Nakazawa, 2015). In addition, the app will contain an explanation of eye
movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR works by a trained therapy
waiving a finger in front of a patient which loosens up something in the mind/body that gives the
patient quick access to memories from their past which helps them put the traumatic experiences
in a larger healing context (Nakazawa, 2015; Van der Kolk, 2014).
Yoga. Yoga can help to regulate the nervous system, increase self-regulation, increase
one’s ability to look inside oneself, increase the heart rate variability (HRV) which when our
autonomic nervous system is well balanced we can access more social emotional areas of one’s
brain and more control over one’s impulses and to calmly assess situations (Nakazawa, 2015;
Van der Kolk, 2014). It is important to notice what happens in one’s body, and what happens
after that in one’s body; when approaching the body with curiosity rather than with fear,
everything shifts (Van der Kolk, 2014). Go slow with yoga, start with very gentle practice (Van
der Kolk, 2014). The twenty second hug can release oxytocin and increase the function of
GABA which is essential to brain function and promotes calm (Nakazawa, 2015).
Theater, Dance, Comedy, Improv, Moving Together in Time. Theater, dance, comedy
improv, and moving together in time in an intentional way that is safe can provide healing (Van
34

der Kolk, 2014). Many cultural practices that center around dance and movement have provided
healing for individuals as well as communities for generations (Perry & Winfrey, 2020).
Medications and Hallucinogens. There will be a page with a message stating that
medications and hallucinogens are out of the scope of the Healing App creators expertise.
What has Been Intentionally Left Out of the App?
There is an absence of an interactive components for three reasons. First, is that if
information is what is needed, a person needs to be able to receive it, and stop it at their own
pace (Perry & Winfrey, 2020). In a very conscious approach to not inflict harm or further
traumatize, the content was based on peer reviewed research and books. Google searches reveal
that no lawsuits or vocalized cases of re-traumatization have been brought to Van der Kolk
(2014) for his bestselling book, The Body Keeps Score; or What Happened To You by Perry and
Winfrey (2020), or The Child Survivor: Healing Developmental Trauma and Disassociation by
Silberg (2013); or Childhood Disrupted: How Your Biography Becomes Your Biology, and How
You Can Heal by Nakazawa (2018), or Healing from the Trauma of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A
Journey for Women, by Duncan (2008), or Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America’s Legacy
of Enduring Injury and Healing by DeGruy (2017), or Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of
Violence from Domestic Abuse to Political Power by Herman (2015).
The second is that awareness is incredibly important and vital component in the healing
process in itself (Perry & Winfrey, 2020). The third is healing can be had outside of conventional
therapy (Perry & Winfrey, 2020). The key aspects of healing are feelings of safety, effective safe
social interactions can heal and sooth the nervous system providing a psychological state that
allows the human brain to learn, form strong social bonds while simultaneously supporting
35

health, growth, and restoration (Purges, 2015). Safety is feeling one has when one feels
welcome to talk about it, then not talk or express oneself at their choice (Perry & Winfrey, 2020;
Van der Kolk, 2014). Safety is about ensuring that one is in control of opening and closing
oneself to the pain, experience, memories, (Perry & Winfrey, 2020; Van der Kolk, 2014).
Feeling safe includes being validated by feeling heard (Van der Kolk, 2014). Accurately
mirroring one can feel completely different from feeling ignored, criticized and put down and it
gives you permission to feel what you feel and know what you know (Van der Kolk, 2014). The
intent is to provide ideas and ways to get connected without interactive content so the user
remains in total control.
Purpose of the Innovative Solution
The purpose of Healing Parents is to provide parents information on trauma and
ACEs to guide them in their own healing. The intent is to help parents heal and regulate
themselves so that they are able to regulate their children more effectively (Perry & Winfrey,
2020). When children are raised by parents that can emotionally regulate, a foundation for
children’s wellbeing is formed and increases a child’s protective factors from risky behavior
(Perry & Winfrey, 2020). Connectedness refers to a sense of feeling cared for, supported and
belonging (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Youth who feel connected with
parents who are emotionally safe and stable are less likely to have mental health issues, or
engage in risky sexual behaviors, alcohol and drug use, and violence (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2017). These protective factors last into adulthood (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, 2017 Steiner et al., 2020).
How will the Parents Know to Go Healing Parents App?
36

The biggest obstacle for app builders is how to establish visibility with target users
(Berkowski, 2017). By partnering with two companies, Healing Parents can reach scalability.
Partnering with the Human Improvement Project will gain parents trust. The Human
Improvement Project is a nonprofit organization that created the Happy Child app as well as In
Love While Parenting App which are one of the most popular parenting apps in the market. The
Happy Child App was ranked 15
th
out of the top 25 parenting apps by Newsweek magazine
(Koronka, 2021). Human Improvement Project feature both of their apps together as a duel
publicity on their website and in their apps. If Healing Parents joins Human Improvement
Project, then the Healing Parents will be promoted alongside the other apps. The trust that has
been earned by parents for Human Improvement Project will extend to Healing Parents.
In addition, the second partnerships is Wellness Together. A leader in school mental
wellness, they partner with school districts to provide mental health services and supports to
students and staff. Currently, they have a limited amount of information for parents that include
a presentation they give at the school. If Healing Parents and Human Improvement Project
partner with Wellness Together, when Wellness Together provides supports to parents in a
school district they can feature the Healing Parents app along with the Happy Child App and In
Love While Parenting app by Human Improvement Project. Wellness Together can specifically
explain and promote the app via web-based communication in their district parent presentation.
In spring of 2021, the founder of Healing Parents and author of this paper, piloted a
implementation project with the Eureka Union School District in California. After getting the
Happy Child app approved by the counseling staff and superintendent an email was sent to the
school district promoting the Happy Child app. Eighty-three parents downloaded the content and
one parent provided feedback that it was very helpful to get that type of convenient parenting
37

information. The pilot was so successful, it lead to promising implementation strategies and
content helpfulness for parents.
A partnership with Human Improvement Project and Wellness Together will allow for
scalability that can reach parents nationwide as well as countries outside of the United States.
Relationships with both of these companies has been established but are in infancy stages.
Business relationships can take a long time to gain trust and trust is essential (Kanter, 2009).
With the Human Improvement Project, founder Matt Larson has engaged in conversations as
well as allowed designers of the Healing Parents to play with the concepts developed by the
Human Improvement Project. The next step is to continue to codesign the Healing Parents app
contents to create content agreeable to both companies. Should the partnership not develop,
Healing Parents is able to invest in its own development as planned in financial plans in
appendix B and C.
The relationship with Wellness Together is also in its infancy. The founder of Healing
Parents met with a Wellness Together director to discuss future plans for both programs. A
partnership would be mutually beneficial without expending effort for either program. Should
this partnership not develop, finding another entity to pair with to promote would be needed.
Discussions with health care companies such as with staff from Kaiser Permanente have been
had.
Leadership Strategy and Distribution of Power
I plan to be the sole employee. Based on the information provided by Human
Improvement Project, managing an app’s content, Maintence, partnerships and feedback is easily
done by one person. Should I hire staff to fill any of these areas: specializations in tech
38

development, funding procurement, operations, and clinical development; the power structure
would be vertical as I would have final say in content and design. In addition, if I were to
supervise interns, I would have a vertical distribution of power because I am their direct
supervisor assigning tasks and approving the edits they make to the product. Even though the
structure is hierarchal, as a manager I would foster the employees’ creativity, and autonomy
giving the organization a horizontal power distribution as well (Galbraith, 2014).
Financial Models
See Appendix B, C and D.
Financial Plan
The creation of the Healing Parents app includes building the app, buying rights to stock
video footage, content development, filming and any other creation needs. The Human
Improvement Project is self-funded by private donations from the founders and relies on no
outside monetary contributions. Should the partnership not go through, the cost to build an app
independently totals $310,000 annually. Money would be needed which may come from
applying to these grants Drug Free Communities Support Program and or William and Flora
Hewlett Foundation Grant for Operations and Special Projects. Continued diversification of
funding sources would be sought after for the app’s sustainment. As data is collected and
evidence of success gathered, results will be shown to potential funders as a cost benefit analysis.
The return on investment may be attractive to future investors. By securing grants to
cover all of the costs of the Healing Parents operation, the goal is to have as many people as
possible use the app, so that the cost of operation divided by the number of people using the app
is very low. For example, at the first full year of operation, if the app serves 2 million parents
39

then the cost will be approximately 16 cents per family. To get the cost per parent, take the
amount of money it costs to run the app for a specific period of time then divide the total number
of users that same period of time. One can also calculate the total money spent to create the app
and maintain all of the Healing Parents operation and divide by the number of parents served for
example the total amount funded (including start-up) divided by 4 million in the first two years
would be $00.42 cents per parent participant.
Information Flow and Decision Processes for the Healing Parents Organization
The key information process is a managerial system because it involves executing
strategy and allocating resources (Galbraith, 2014). In regard to Healing Parents as an
organization, the information for app content as a process will be guided by the design justice
process. Information will come from interviewing parents, interviewing stake holders, gathering
localized data, as well as researching applicable theories and evidence which when all the
information is combined it will create the content of the app modules. The app modules will
answer parents’ questions, provide psychoeducational information, normalize the parents’
trauma process, foster parent efficacy and foster the parents’ trauma healing (Jenson & Bender,
2014). After the app content and videos are created they will be uploaded to the Healing Parents
App. In addition to information about trauma, the Healing Parent’s founder’s credentials and a
financial disclaimer will be made into a video for transparency and trust. The parents will access
the app and website at their convenience.
The information process that will take people to the Healing Parents app are the emails
that will be sent by the school district staff and Wellness Together staff to promote the links to
the app. Also, when a parent uses the Happy Child App, the parent will be connected to the
Healing Parent App as well.
40

Healing Parent’s Founder/Executive Director’s Role
The founder of Healing Parents is also the executive director as well as the sole employee
and author of this paper. The management process is especially important because executive
director is the most visible person in the organization. The executive director’s interactions with
partners and interviewees will follow Kanter’s (2013) six keys to leading positive change:
teaming up, speaking up, looking up, showing up, never giving up, and lifting others up. Also,
the executive director’s leadership style will be authentic leadership focusing interactions on
awareness, sincerity, balanced processing, positive perspective and informal influence (Crawford
et al., 2019). Due to most of the business interactions are with people, trust is vital. If the
Healing Parents organization does not build trust in all partnerships and relationships, then the
Healing Parent app will not be beneficial to the parents and stakeholders.
Stakeholders
There are multiple stakeholders that may be affected by the Healing Parents app. The
beneficiaries are the children of parents who use the app. The users are the parents who use the
Healing Parents app. The Human Improvement Project and Wellness Together are partners of
Healing Parents. School districts are a stakeholder. If parents use the Healing Parents App the
school staff may be see its effects on their students behaviors. The hotlines may see more traffic
such as the rape and incest hotline. Parents Anonymous may see more traffic on their hotline and
in their virtual parenting support groups. Facebook and various social media platforms may see
more participants in their online chat groups. Adult Children of Alcoholics and other anonymous
groups may see more traffic. Churches may see more attendance. Further from the direct
contact could be the medical field from youth who need intervention with risky behaviors. In
41

addition, the criminal justice system, mental health system, child protective services. There may
be a demand for more therapists and mental health services.
An industry that may have an adverse agenda is the pharmaceutical companies. There is
a trend for the pharmaceutical companies to get treatment for bipolar youth and adults treated
with medicine, and pharmaceutical representatives are training mental health prescribers as such
where there may be a misdiagnosis of complex trauma disorder (National Institute for the
Clinical Application of Behavioral Medicine, 2021). While bipolar is more cyclical, trauma
responses are erratic, and can get misdiagnosed by prescribers as bipolar (National Institute for
the Clinical Application of Behavioral Medicine, 2021). Pharmaceutical companies may have a
financial motive to treat via pharmaceuticals versus healing methodologies that do not use
medicine (National Institute for the Clinical Application of Behavioral Medicine, 2021).
Cultural Humility and Empowerment
It is important to incorporate many voices, diverse experiences, and cultural practices in
creating the Healing Parents app. While it can be time consuming, co-designing is proven
efficient because people will not use a support they do not want (Ivanich et al., 2018). Efficiency
was not the most important aspect of the Healing Parents creation; it was co-designing a program
rooted in empowerment theory and evidence of effectiveness (Ivanich et al., 2018). The cultural
humility is a lifelong endeavor of the Healing Parents app and staff will continue to stive to learn
and grow in this area so the app’s content is healing.
Web Based Tool Quality Criteria
Quality internet based parenting programs have these criteria: source credibility, source
expertise, source trustworthiness and information quality, information timeliness, information
42

accuracy, information comprehensiveness (Suárez-Perdomo et al., 2017). The Healing Parents
app has been social justice designed to meet these criteria.
Measurements
Youth risky behavior is a wicked problem with no obvious one solution (Hamilton,
2008). The goals of collecting measurements are to examine the app’s effectiveness. Additional
uses for measurements are reiterations, reaching out to additional subgroups of parents who may
show a lack of engagement, evidence for funding, evidence for evidence based clearing houses,
user confidence and continued use of concepts.
The short-term measurements are data collected through the Healing Parent app as a
parent used the app in natural settings. The information tracked is when parents become
disengaged, how long it takes parents to go through the contents, geographical area of use, what
language they are using, or where parents stop using the app. Additional measurements will be
taken after recruiting parents through an online survey company called Prolific. Through Prolific
parents will be compensated at $20.00 an hour or max 100.00 US dollars to complete the app as
well as assessments. A pre and posttest for users to do before the app and after. The process
through Prolific will allow Healing Parents staff to add additional measurements such as age,
demographics, education level, race/ethnicity, and gender (male, female, nonbinary).
Participants will be given the Childhood maltreatment and adult life stress/trauma exposure
assessment which is the Life Stressor Checklist (Wolfe & Kimerling, 1997). This checklist
allows to account for interpersonal trauma and other trauma. Interpersonal trauma is defined as
one person doing something abusive to another. Other trauma is defined as traumatic situations
such as accidents that are not victim/perpetrator in nature (Rosenblum et al., 2017). In addition,
a participation satisfaction self-report evaluation of the perceived helpfulness of the program,
43

increase in protective factors such as enhancing parental resilience, providing parents with
options for continued healing, increased parents knowledge on how trauma affects parenting, and
opinions of app content (Rosenblum et al., 2017). The participants may be contacted at six
months, one year, or two years after to see if the effectiveness lasted. Key performance
indicators are completion of app content, users finding the information useful, if the participants
found the content helpful in healing from trauma, and if there was improvement in the
interactions with their child.
Additional mid-range effects and long-term effects in solving the wicked problem of teen
risky behavior utilize the results of the Center for Disease Control Youth Risk Survey
administered to the schools, that the Wellness Together programs are in and have corresponding
downloads of the Healing Parents App. While there are many factors that can contribute to the
youth’s risky behavior, it can be helpful to see if there is a correlation between school districts
where the parents use the Healing Parents app compared to school districts who do not, or to
compare district results from year to year.
Long term results that can be measured are to compare existing measurements of number
of deaths, disabilities, emergency room visits, costs associated with risky behaviors, criminal
justice engagement, mental health access in geographic areas where Healing Parents apps have
been used (Ebrahim, 2019). Again, youth risky behavior is a wicked problem, these
measurements can be used to see if there is improvement in reduction.
The information gathered from the measurements are going to be published on the
Healing Parents website and partners’ websites. Information on effectiveness can be shared with
Centers for Disease Control, evidence based clearing houses, parenting publications such as
moms.com, media, social media, stakeholder engagement, conferences, and policy makers. Also,
44

the feedback from participants will be used to reiterate and refine the app contents to broaden the
effectiveness and information.
Healing Parents Type of Innovation
The Healing Parents App has the potential to be a breakthrough innovation because it has
the potential to create a new application of trauma study to the parent support field that does not
guide the parents to resolve their own trauma to help their parenting (Satell, 2017). By
combining trauma information with parenting support in the form of app content, a new
approach, otherwise known as a breakthrough innovation, to solve a wicked problem is
developed (Satell, 2017).
Use of Internet in Parenting Programs
In addition to the design justice approach, researching the effectiveness and
ineffectiveness of mental health apps enabled Healing Parents to start prototypes with some
degree of confidence. Through searching peer reviewed articles, a background of what other
programs have learned became an additional component to the Healing Parents app’s design
foundation.
The following studies were key components to the Healing Parents design. The barriers
that prevent parenting from attending in person parenting support are nonexistent in apps. In a
study of parent participants who were low-income, 86% had access to a computer with internet
or smart phone and reported using online parenting resources. In the same study, the parents did
not complete the program because they perceived that it did not meet their needs but all
participants started the program (McGoron et al., 2018). Another factor is that parents forgot
because there were no reminders to get back into the app because the app was self-paced
45

(McGoron et al., 2018). The Mind Mindedness study delivered a parenting program via
smartphones that increased parents mind-mindedness and gave their infants better attention than
control mothers (Larkin et al., 2019). The study also showed smartphones have the potential to
be a highly cost-effective way of providing parenting support (Larkin et al., 2019). In a study
using computerized intervention to prevent drug use among teenagers in Central Asia who were
at risk found that using an internet-based intervention allowed more family members to
participate than just parents because additional family members were present in the home
(Ismayilova et al., 2019). A study of a preschool obesity prevention App called Chew, the
parents found it helpful and the implementation was overall successful. The authors’ analysis
their interventions challenge was budget constraints to update and modify the app as needed
(Hull et al., 2017). In a study with women who had recently given birth, the participants utilized
an app that provided information and treatment for postpartum depression (Sawyer et al., 2019).
While participants found the app helpful and easy to use, many did not do all of the app’s content
and the dosage of treatment was weakened (Sawyer et al., 2019). The results were that the app
did not reduce depressive symptoms nor improve maternal caregiving (Sawyer et al., 2019).
Another study in Australia tested an online self-paced universal prevention program that focused
on parents reducing problematic behavior in children and it was determined effective in reducing
problematic behavior and increasing parenting efficacy (Piotrowska et al., 2020). In addition,
there was no significant difference in effectiveness between parent genders (Piotrowska et al.,
2020).
In an additional study in Australia, a group of parents were asked what they wanted in an
online substance use prevention program, 89.7% wanted it self-paced, and 97.9% wanted
evidence-based information designed by a reputable institution (Thorton et al., 2018). In an
46

additional study reviewing an effective online nutrition apps for parents to increase healthy
eating, criteria for effective apps were evidence-based information form credible sources,
practical tools, engaging content, and connection to other users and professionals (Zarnowiecki
et al., 2020). In a study of an app-based program to increase the quality of community health
workers, the app was effective, but the challenges were batteries dying on devices, not enough
electricity for recharging, anxiety about using a device for the first time and challenges with
using an app for the first time (van Heerden, 2017). In a study with a parenting support app for
people who are Syrian refugees, the program was an effective way of delivering evidence based
cognitive behavior therapy program. It was so effective, they are going to try the program on
parent’s own trauma (El-Khani et al., 2021). A meta-analysis of mental health apps studies
showed that the apps are effective and have user engagement but the studies used different
criteria for what is effective and engaging (Ng et al., 2019).
In one parenting app review, 12% of parents found parenting apps unhelpful due to apps
containing inaccuracies, content not applicable to parents lives, anxiety provoking content,
unappealing design, lack of interactive features, glitchy functioning, and lack of credible content
(Bahandari et al., 2017).
Why Smart Phones and Internet?
Many modalities of service delivery were considered in the design justice method of
developing the Healing Parents program. Ultimately the parents’ need for convenience as
expressed in interviews made an app a clear beneficial delivery method. In addition, the
ownership of smartphones is becoming ubiquitous. Parents use the internet as an important
source of information to support their parenting and better promote their child’s development
and family well-being (Dworkin et al., 2013; Niela-Vilen et al., 2014). Online parenting
47

programs have the ability to serve more people, reduce stigma of attending programs, and meet
logistical demands of participating families (Piotrowska et al., 2020). In a study done in 2014
surveying people with preschool age children who had low income and have a race or ethnicity
that is considered a minority, 97% used mobile devices whether a smartphone or tablet (Kabali et
al., 2015). Using technology to provide parenting support can remove geographic barriers,
extend client engagement beyond face-to-face interventions, eliminate transportation and
childcare obstacles, deliver in natural settings, streamline tasks, increase cost effectiveness,
advance the quality of evidence based services, and extend mental health services to more people
(Comer & Barlow, 2014; Kazdin & Blase, 2011). A study done in Australia as well as a study
done by a different research team in Los Angeles, California, revealed that socio economic status
did not affect ability to access online parenting programs and the majority of participants also
shared the program with friends, family, and other parents (Baker et al., 2017; Love et al., 2016).
High-Quality Apps
High quality mental health apps may not even be in the top 30 of mental health apps
presented in the App stores making them almost invisible to people searching for mental health
apps (Bry et al., 2018). App popularity and visibility not correlated to quality makes
partnerships for promotion and scalability essential.
There are recommendations to increase the quality of an app that is delivering sensitive
material in an education format. The recommendations are to ensure accessibility and inclusivity;
build trust with users; understand ethics of remote learning; use participant content and design;
develop feedback loops for iteration and evaluation (Hassink & Dougherty, 2021). Further, the
messengers who transform the knowledge of the sensitive online content are effective if they are
48

in at least one of three categories: the expert, the witness or the affected (Wright et al., 2021). In
the case of Healing Parents, the co-designers and founder are all three.
Limitations
The challenge for maintaining the new behaviors is that behaviors decrease when users
stop using the app. Garcia-Ortiz (2018) and colleagues found in one of the largest studies of its
kind, that the users decreased their newly learned physical activity behaviors when they stopped
using the app. If the app can keep the parents engaged through notifications (Humphrey et al.,
2021; Miller, 2019) and or useful content that grows with the parents changing needs then the
likelihood of the engagement is there. Engagement will remain as long as the app continues to be
pleasing to the eye, quality content and does not glitch (Virani, 2019). Low app adherence
showed less behavior change and shorter lasting behaviors in the study conducted by Garcia-
Ortiz and associates (2018). For the Healing Parents app, keeping the user engaged will be
critical. Using notifications that can be turned off as well as adding content will keep users
engaged will be in the reiteration process.
A barrier for maintaining behavioral change due to lack of app use is if the content is
perceived as outdated. To keep current focus groups are a part of the lifelong maintenance of the
Healing Parents app to provide feedback as well as allow parents to vocalize what content they
would like (Virani, 2019).
The biggest barrier is when the app is no longer ubiquitous technology because a newer
better program has replaced it. The next technology in line is artificial intelligence (Brockman et
al., 2021). This barrier can be addressed by concurrently looking into developing a similar
program with artificial intelligence. Apple computers continuously develop new products when
49

their current products are still on the market (Gobble, 2012). Out of all the barriers expressed so
far, this one is the most challenging and threatening to the app’s success. In the past 10 years,
there have been hundreds of social good projects that have applied AI technology (Brockman et
al., 2021). Currently artificial intelligence is very expensive to create and has costly
infrastructure to maintain so apps continue to be the delivery method of choice (Brockman et al.,
2021).
Ethical Concerns
The ethical concerns are for the users. What if the user is triggered in their trauma? The
button for “need to talk?” that links the user to various 24 for hours a day seven days a week
hotlines are there to ensure the user has the ability to reach out to someone if needed. When
crafting the content of the Healing Parents application, the length of content, specificity of
content was scrutinized to ensure no triggering or further traumatization happens. The leading
books on trauma are bestselling and have reached millions of readers. In a Google search each
book and article that is referenced and drawn from in the Healing Parents app was searched to
see if there have been any people experiencing traumatization, lawsuits or articles warning
readers of damaging content. There was not one article, post, or lawsuit filed. The key is that the
user is in control of when, where, and for how long the user would like to engage and learn
(Perry & Winfrey, 2020).
Concrete Next Steps
The next step is to show Matt Larson of Human Improvement Project the current
prototype which include his suggestions and previous input. This possibility of partnering with
the Human Improvement Project is very likely given the discussions that have been had between
50

the founders of the Healing Project and Human Improvement Project. The alignment of the
missions and the resources that the Human Improvement Project have to spend makes the
partnership a possibility. If the partnership continues to be successful, then concrete next steps
will be created between the two parties including developing the relationship with Wellness
Together. The concrete next step in the Wellness Together partnership is to show them the app
prototype in its current development. Wellness Together has not seen the prototype yet, and it
would be valuable as a potential partner to get their feedback. Should the partnership with
Human Improvement dissolve, the next concrete step is to find funding and continue to pursue
the partnership with Wellness Together.
Prototype
Click on the link below to a wireframe that outlines the components to the Healing
Parents App. https://cacoo.com/diagrams/ttR8RHYCUVxkEpeN/04700
Conclusion
In the United States, the number one reason for death and disabilities in youth ages 15 to
19 years old is risky behavior (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). The Healing
Parents app fosters parents trauma healing to increase the quality of parent-child interactions to
increase protective factors in their children which reduces their child’s engagement in risky
youth behaviors. For a fraction of what it costs other programs, and with the ability to serve
millions, this app is a great value for investors who are looking to maximize their efforts and
protect youth from the harm that these risky behaviors cause the youth, their families, and our
communities. For less than a dollar per parent, it is sound to invest in proven effective results
that improve parent-child relationships and brighten futures.
51

Appendix A
Logic Model for Healing Parents Capstone Project

2
A parent is defined as a person raising a child(ren) including protectors and guardians (Dictionary.com, 2021).
Name: Becky Van Velzer
Date: 10/25/2021
Capstone Project: Ensure Healthy Development for All Youth with the Healing Parents Application
Goal: Provide universal prevention support to parents
2
by fostering parents’ trauma healing to increase parent-child bonds which increases
protective factors in youth which decreases child engaging in risky behaviors.
INPUTS ACTIVITIES OUTCOMES
What we invest What we do Who we reach
Why this
project/Outputs:
short-term results
Why this project:
intermediate results
Why this project:
long-term results
52

Ensure parents feel
connected by codesigning
the application with parents
from historically
underrepresented to left out
such as Grandparents
raising grandchildren, non-
biological parents, race and
ethnicities that have been
subjected to racism, teen
parents, parents who are
LBGTQ and parents raising
children who are LBGTQ
Technology for parents
access Healing Parents app
content at their
convenience
Budget for operations is at
approximately $1,044,000
for three year start up
and/or $315,000 annually.
Develop Psycho-
educational knowledge and
healing practices on trauma
and parenting to foster
protective factors in youth
Developing Partnerships
with organizations such as
Human Improvement
Project, Wellness Together,
school districts, Health
Maintenance Organizations
or community partners
which will take time and
concerted attention.
Staff time (Executive
Director is only planned
staff at this time)
researching, designing,
implanting program,
reiterating. (Plans are for
one staff and then
Meet and interview
parents to form a
partnership to understand
what parental support they
need
Use the social justice
design process to develop
innovative solution(s) to
bring psycho-educational
information and research-
based interventions
directly to parents via a
web-based application the
parents can navigate on
their own device to get the
information they need for
parenting at a universal
initial information level.
Create partnerships with
Human Improvement
Project and Wellness
Together with the intent to
scale up nationally
Provide parental support
to increase their ability to
bond with their child,
provide prosocial
behaviors, and protective
factors in their children
through the Parents own
awareness of how trauma
impacts parenting as well
as fostering the parents
healing
Decrease the children’s
engagement in risky
behaviors through
increased protective
factors
Help support the parents
to get deeper parental
support when their
children need it by
Universal program that
engages all parents that
have the ability to download
an application or access a
website, and access internet
on their smart phone, tablet
or computer.
The universal program can
be distributed by Human
Improvement Project,
Wellness Together or a
school district, or a health
maintenance organization to
all the patients or parents of
students
Parents are defined in this
project as people who are
caregivers and raising
children. Parents are the
users
Children are the
beneficiaries
This is a universal program
that is intended to introduce
parents to trustworthy
psycho-educational
information on the effects of
trauma on parenting and
foster parent healing
Secondary beneficiaries are
as follows:
Communities with youth who
display more healthy
behaviors and care
connected to their
communities
School staff, correctional
facilities staff and hospital
staff with less utilization
Parents gain trust in
creating/accessing/designing
support they need to help their
children gain protective factors
and foster the parents own
healing from trauma
Parents engage in
creating/accessing/designing
support they need to help their
children gain protective factors
as well as heal from their own
trauma
Parents receive support they
need to increase the parent-child
bond and protective factors in
their children which decreases
their child from engaging in risky
behavior
Parents have the information
they need to determine if they
need more intensive help for their
healing from trauma
Funding is solidified and acquired
through partnerships with grants
from government or foundations.
Youth increase their protective
factors and decrease risky
behavior engagement
Parents receive psycho-
educational information to foster
protective factors in their children
as well as their own healing from
trauma
Parents increase their knowledge
of development, healthy
behaviors, how to engage in
increasing protective factors, why
it is important, and how these
behaviors/interactions help their
child in the long term as well as
Parents implement the healing
practices and decrease the
effects of trauma on their
parenting

Parents and children have
stronger emotional bonds and
regulated interactions such as
less yelling or increased display
of emotion, or parents increased
awareness of their own struggle
to be aware of what is safe for
their children

Youth delay, eliminate, or do not
engage in risky behaviors

The deaths and injuries from
risky behaviors are reduced

Less youth engaged inequitable
punitive “solutions” and
institutions such as the
department of corrections

Less youth engaged with
emergency room visits and
medical treatment for
consequences of risky
behaviors

Society spends less on related
issues from consequences of
youth engaging in risky
behaviors
Greater number of youth are
empowered to behave in ways
that foster their wellness and
decrease/eliminate their
participation in punitive
systems that exacerbate racial
inequities and injustice

Society is receiving the
benefits of cost benefits of the
investment in prevention
programs with youth reducing
their participation in
correctional facilities, punitive
educational services, and
health care utilization.

Reduce deaths of youth from
risky behaviors

Increase wellness mental
health for youth and parents

Longer healthier life span for
youth and parents

Increase quality of life through
better relationships between
youth and parents in long term

Youth have increased quality
of relationships and social
connections as a result of
better ability to bond
throughout their lifetime

Parent, child and families
experience less harm from
consequences of risky
behaviors

53

contracting technical
development)
Creating memorandums of
understanding with partners
who are stakeholders
Staff time researching
funding opportunities
Staff’s time talking with
parents and provide a pre-
test to develop a baseline of
behaviors and level of
knowledge
Staff’s time engaging with
community/parents to
earn/gain trust
Staff time learning about
how to empower parents,
and listening to parents
teach staff about what they
want and need
Staff time to create the
evidence based
psychoeducational
information that parents can
use.
Staff time creating the
website/digital platform with
contractors
Initially I will be the sole
staff working with
contractors then will expand
as needed and as funding
becomes available.
Utilizing partnerships with
parents’ trusted
organizations such as
Human Improvement
Project and Wellness
Together will allow the
increasing their
awareness of what is
healthy, how to increase
protective factors, and
when to get additional
professional help
Change social norms in
accessing parental
support by making it
universal as well as talking
about trauma and
parenting together
Reduce stigma in
accessing parental
support.
Address larger systemic
issues of lack of support
by policy makers and
stakeholder for prevention
Help youth, by supporting
their parents in helping
parents regulate emotions,
deepening bonds with
their children, increase the
child’s protective factors to
decrease the child’s
engagement in risky
behaviors
Continuously collect data
to analyze and evolve the
service with parents
through Prolific survey,
focus groups, and
research platform
As long as the parents
have the application
downloaded they will get
daily tips for healing and
fostering wellness
As long as the parents
have the application
Taxpayers with less
utilization of taxpayer funds
to treatment and a return on
investment when investing in
prevention
Stakeholders at
conferences, through social
media, policy makers,
media, to spread information
about effectiveness,
awareness of trauma’s
impact on parenting and
protective factors
their knowledge in what trauma is
and effective healing practices
Parents efficacy grows in regard
increasing protective factors in
their children
Parents increased understanding
what protective factors are and
how it helps improve the
success, happiness, and health
of their children well into
adulthood
Parents increased understanding
what trauma is and how it affects
parenting as well as healing
practices
Parents complete Healing
Parents App content

54

platform to be directly given
to parents via the school
capitalizing on the existing
infrastructure and
relationships as well as
connecting a trusted
parenting app Happy Child
with Healing Parents app
for exposure
Invest in ensuring the app
content and videos can be
provided in different
languages and are
culturally relevant
Invest in getting the app
into the app stores for free
downloads to anyone
downloaded or have the
same email address when
they sign up, they will be
invited to continue to
provide assessments and
to continue to get data for
effectiveness of program
Provide an app as well as
website and (paper
manual for places without
internet that will be
dispersed by Wellness
Together) that has content
on parenting and trauma
where parents can learn
and try healing practices
at their own pace
The app content will have
videos that explain
trauma, how trauma
affects parenting, healing
practices, explanation of
treatments, hotlines for
support, peer group
connection via Parents
Anonymous and social
media, the research that
the information is gleaned
from, contact information
for support groups such as
Adult Children of
Alcoholics, or Rape and
Incest hotlines and live
chats that parents can
utilize as they like or need,
also emergency phone
numbers to all countries
outside of the United
States
The app is for free and at
no cost nor any referral
needed to access it
55

The content was created
with a mindful approach to
not re-traumatize the
parent

Assumptions
Parents have a huge influence on their children’s’ behaviors and can be a key part in
creating protective factors for their children to reduce risky behaviors.

It is valuable to reduce risky behaviors that are the leading cause of disability and death
for youth in America ages 15-19 years.

Parental intervention and support is effective starting at a young age even prior to birth

Protective factors are youth feeling connected to family, community and school.
Connectedness refers to a sense of feeling cared for, supported and belonging. This
sense of connectedness to family, school, people important to them, and their community
or important organizations. Youth who feel connected at home and school are less likely
to have mental health issues, or engage in risky sexual behaviors, alcohol and drug use,
and violence. These protective factors last into adulthood (CDC, 2017).
External Factors
The environment that social innovation takes place is a digital platform where parents can access the
support/psycho-educational information at any time, as much as they want, and at any pace.

The initial communities targeted is anywhere the app can be downloaded or website accessed which is
primarily the United States.

The promotion of the program will likely come Human Improvement Project and Wellness Together.

Based on interviews, parents so far have preferred to utilize a service at a location of their choice on
their device, and at their convenience.

56

There are parents whose unresolved trauma is negatively affecting their parenting and
decreasing protective factors in youth by raise youth’s cortisol levels and challenges
regulating

Parents would benefit understanding this psychosocial information about how trauma
affects parenting and healing practices to change
Funding will likely come from a private charity, grant or other external source such as the Human
Improvement Project, William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Grant for Operations in Special Projects,
and or Drug-Free Communities (DFC) Support Program.

57

Appendix B

58

59

Appendix C

60

61

Appendix D

62

63

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Asset Metadata

Creator Van Velzer, Becky Ann (author)

Core Title Healing parent application for parents who have experienced trauma

School Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work

Degree Doctor of Social Work

Degree Program Social Work

Degree Conferral Date 2021-12

Publication Date 05/06/2022

Defense Date 12/15/2021

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag app,application,Healing,OAI-PMH Harvest,Parenting,Trauma

Format application/pdf (imt)

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Lewis, Jennifer (committee chair), James, Jane (committee member), Rank, Michael (committee member)

Creator Email beckyvanvelzer@gmail.com,bexylette@hotmail.com

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC111271645

Unique identifier UC111271645

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Format application/pdf (imt)

Rights Van Velzer, Becky Ann

Type texts

Source 20220506-usctheses-batch-939 (batch), University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

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