University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Freeway pollution near LAUSD schools

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Freeway pollution near LAUSD schools

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Content FREEWAY POLLUTION NEAR LAUSD SCHOOLS by Katherine E. Carroll A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS (BROADCAST JOURNALISM) May 2009 Copyright 2009 Katherine E. Carroll ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract iii 2. Freeway Pollution Near LAUSD Schools 1 3. Bibliography 16 iii ABSTRACT Los Angeles is a city known for its entertainment industry, perfect weather, and smog. The yellow-brown layer of dirty air visible from virtually all areas of the region is comprised of vehicular and industrial emissions. This pollution has unhealthy consequences for the city’s 15 million residents, including children. Students attending schools near freeways or other traffic-jammed throughways have an increased pollution exposure, making them particularly susceptible to developing serious health issues. A 2003 state law prohibits school districts from building campuses within 500 feet of a freeway, and the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) has implemented this guideline in the building of new schools after January 1, 2008. As for existing schools located close proximity to these freeways, LAUSD is making efforts to reduce students’ exposure levels. Ultimately, it is up to all of the Basin’s residents to combat this pollution and improve air quality. 1 FREEWAY POLLUTION NEAR LAUSD SCHOOLS NAT Downtown Los Angeles skyline I405 Freeway gridlocked Trucks leaving Port of L.A. VO Dr. James Gauderman (Sounds of traffic) We’ve seen great progress in that over the last 25 years or so with the package of the Clean Air Act in the early 80s. A lot of the early indicators of pollution have dropped dramatically in this area and it’s really been an environmental success. SOT Dr. James Gauderman But there are several kinds of pollutants that we’re finding now are traffic related, linked to tail pipe emissions that haven’t had quite the scrutiny from the US EPA in terms of regulatory efforts. VO Narrator Hollywood sign Coastline Wheels and tailpipe of cars on freeway Port of L.A. Students playing at school under I10 freeway EMISSIONS ARE A PROMINENT FEATURE IN LOS ANGELES - THE SECOND LARGEST CITY IN AMERICA. IN 2008 - THE AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION LISTED L.A. AS HAVING THE WORST AIR POLLUTION IN THE U.S. THE REGION’S WARM - DRY CLIMATE - TWELVE MILLION VEHICLES - AND TWO MAJOR PORTS ARE AN IDEAL COMBINATION FOR POOR AIR QUALITY. THE UNHEALTHY CONSEQUENCES - SAYS DR. JAMES GAUDERMAN - AFFECT 15 MILLION ANGELENOS. 2 SOT Dr. James Gauderman We’ve seen fairly convincing and reproducible evidence that air pollution and proximity to traffic does have respiratory health effects on children. VO Narrator Gauderman typing at his desk DR. JAMES GAUDERMAN - PROFESSOR OF PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA - HAS SPENT 13 YEARS WORKING ON A USC CHILDREN’S HEALTH STUDY FUNDED BY THE CALIFORNIA EPA AIR RESOURCES BOARD. SOT Dr. James Gauderman CG: Dr. James Gauderman, Professor of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California We recruited children from elementary schools in 12 Southern California communities. Some of those communities had high levels of air pollution and some had low levels and the goal was to follow these children for eight years through their high school graduation to determine whether those that were breathing poorer air had respiratory health effects. So we sent the field teams out to the schools every year. They collected questionnaire information about whether the child had developed asthma, had respiratory symptoms, etc. Then we also had the field team collect something called a lung function test. This involved having the child sit down as I am now, put a tube up to their mouth, they would take a deep breath, and blow as hard as they could and the measuring device would record how much air they could expire from their lungs and how quickly they could expire that air and their both measures about how healthy the lung is. So over that period of monitoring these children from fourth grade to twelfth grade we were really able to watch the development of their lungs over that period and the primary goal, or one of the primary goals of the study was to determine 3 whether those lived in polluted areas had reductions in that development of their lung capacity in that time. So there are some low pollution areas that we are studying, Santa Maria up north, Santa Barbara, and Atascadero that have the 101 freeway going right through them and there are children even in those low pollution areas that are right next to busy roads and are breathing more polluted air than their neighbors. Similarly in a place like Long Beach or Riverside, in the LA basin area, we have children that are getting the poor regional air quality and if they live the 91 freeway or the 710, are also breathing extra polluted air based on the emissions from those traffic sources. VO Narrator Fingers typing Eyes reading computer screen Photo of child during lung function test SINCE 1993 - RESEARCHERS HAVE COLLECTED HEALTH INFORMATION - INCLUDING LUNG FUNCTION LEVELS - FROM CHILDREN IN COMMUNITIES THROUGHOUT THE SOUTHERN BASIN. SOT Dr. James Gauderman Kids walking into apartment buildings Families walking on the street Students walking home on street We’ve been doing that every year and monitoring the air pollution in the communities that they live in and determining how far they live from freeways and other busy roads. So when we’ve done this study, we’ve tried to take a lot of factors into account. There are other things that might be related to health such as socioeconomic status, or race and ethnicity, or gender, things like this. So we do account for those factors. Putting all that data together, we’ve seen that children living in more polluted areas have higher risks of asthma, they have reduced lung capacity by the time they graduate from high school and also those children that live closer to busy roads have similar types of effects: increased risk of asthma and decreased lung function when they graduate from high school. No matter where the child lived, clean 4 air, dirty air, in general, living close to a road had an additional effect on reducing lung capacity over that eight-year growth period from fourth grade to twelfth grade. VO Narrator Child’s feet on jungle gym Photo of child blowing into lung strength instrument Photo of child with inhaler Port of L.A. Train yards Trucks entering berth Diesel gas from exhaust on truck 110 freeway Gridlock on the I10 Students feet running Students playing basketball Kids walking under freeway Hinds typing Hinds eyes ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL INSTITUE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES - ASTHMA - IS AN INFLAMMATORY DISEASE OF THE LUNGS. WHILE GENETIC FACTORS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISEASE - ASTHMA CAN ALSO BE TRIGGERED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. THIS INCLUDES THE LA. AND LONG BEACH PORTS - WHERE SHIPS - TRAINS - AND TRUCKS BELCH OUT HUGE AMOUNTS OF POLLUTION. BUT THE REGION’S FREEWAY SYSTEM AFFECTS A WIDER AREA AND A GREATER NUMBER OF PEOPLE. BEING ADJACENT TO BUSY ROADS IS JUST PART OF THE PROBLEM. CHILDREN WHO ATTEND SCHOOLS THAT ARE CLOSE TO THESE HEAVILY TRAVELED ROADS ARE ALSO EXPOSED. DR. WILLIAM HINDS IS A PROFESSOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES AT UCLA. HE SAYS JUST BEING NEAR BUSY ROADS MEANS HUMANS ARE SUBJECTED TO INCREASED LEVELS OF ULTRA FINE PARTICULATE MATTER. 5 SOT Dr. William Hinds CG: Dr. William Hinds, Professor of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA These particles, first they go deep down into the lungs. One of the main things is that they have been shown to go through cell membranes as in tact particle and get inside cells and actually cause damage to the mitochondria of the cells. Those mechanisms, not quite sure how that all works. They also, when you inhale them, they don’t just stay in the lungs, but they get into the bloodstream and they go through all of the organs in the body and they actually some evidence with animal studies shows that they can go into the brain. Through the nose actually, directly into the brain. So they tend to go everywhere, and cause trouble at least in some cases, solid ultra fine particles. VO Narrator Car driving down ramp onto freeway Tailpipe of moving car DR. HINDS SAYS THAT CARS ARE A BIG SOURCE OF THESE PARTICLES. HIS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT PARTICULATE LEVELS VARY DEPENDING ON THE DISTANCE FROM A FREEWAY. SOT Dr. William Hinds Freeway to surface street We looked at the concentrations right beside the freeway and as you move away from the freeway, as you move downwind away from the freeway, where the wind’s going across the freeway. We find that the concentration of these ultra fine particles decreases rather rapidly as you move away from the freeway, so by the time you’re 300 meters away, it’s back to the same levels it was upwind of the freeway. So it spikes up at the freeway and then it decays down rapidly. The exposure to ultrafine particles is really right just close to the freeway. VO Narrator New high school being built Lorena Street School THIS STUDY - ALONG WITH OTHERS LIKE IT - PROMPTED THE LOS ANGELES UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT BOARD OF EDUCATION TO TAKE ACTION. THE 6 Freeways surrounding Lorena Street School BOARD PASSED A RESOLUTION STATING ANY NEW SCHOOL BUILT AFTER JANUARY 1 - 2008 COULD NOT BE BUILT WITHIN 500 FEET OF A FREEWAY. SOT Patrick Schanen CG: Patrick Schanen, Site Director, Office of Environmental Health & Safety, LAUSD The California EPA came out in 2005, which stated or they recommended that you absolutely don’t build, they didn’t prohibit you they recommended that you did. And then based on some of the ongoing studies or emergent studies just heightened the awareness all the way up to the Board of Education. So right now we’re prohibited by the Board’s resolution. Any new school sightings will not be within 500 feet of a freeway or a major transportation corridor like the Alameda corridor which is the rail because not only do you have freeways you have rail traffic that produces emissions that may have impact on some of the schools. VO Narrator Schanen reading papers Schanen’s papers over shoulder BUT PATRICK SCHANEN OF LAUSD SAYS IT IS STILL A CHALLENGE TO FIND A SCHOOL SITE WHEN THERE ARE OTHER SOURCES OF POLLUTION. SOT Patrick Schanen It could be a body shop that’s spray painting, it could be a plating factory. It becomes difficult or our task becomes harder to find these sites for schools in which the students and staff will have a healthy learning environment. So as we go along to the end you’re probably encroaching on the industrial areas so the board has a choice. You’re given the best site that you know in the past the board takes very seriously taking residential homes cause you displace families. So you would tend to vote for areas with the least impact on the community which in some cases involve taking industrial land, properties that were are were 7 impacted by prior uses so it becomes difficult or our task becomes harder to find these sites for schools in which the students and staff will have a healthy learning environment. VO Narrator School near freeway Students practicing on football field with I110 freeway in background Students hanging outside school near congested street WHILE THIS POLICY IS A SOLUTION FOR FUTURE SCHOOLS – POLLUTION IS STILL A PROBLEM. MORE THAN SIXTY THOUSAND STUDENTS ATTEND EXISTING SCHOOLS LOCATED WITHIN 500 FEET OF A FREEWAY. IN RESPONSE - LAUSD HAS CREATED A PRIORITY LIST OF 200 SCHOOLS MOST AFFECTED BY EMISSIONS. SOT Patrick Schanen The resolution dictated or the B of Ed asked the staff to go back and evaluate those schools that are near freeway. As you can see on the map the red circles indicate existing facilities that are within 500 feet of a freeway. So the district staff went back and evaluated based on proximity to the major corridors, the freeways, the rail lines the ambient air and other sources of emissions. We as far as going over the priority list, this list was given before an open session of the Board of Ed, so people are aware of the list, to give you an idea we were talking about. We’re talking about the schools, here’s a school I think it’s Hesby Oaks School up in the Valley and the red areas the attended zone for the school and the yellow is the 500 foot buffer. So as you can see the problem overall is not just the schools themselves. It’s even where the residential areas where the kids actually live are within the 500-foot boundary. VO Narrator Schanen showing map of freeway areas with schools THESE SCHOOLS WILL RECEIVE UPGRADES TO THEIR FACILITIES – INCLUDING FILTERS FOR THEIR 8 School on map Ninth Street High School VENTILATION SYSTEMS. FIFTY MILLION DOLLARS FROM MEASURE Q – WHICH WAS PASSED IN NOVEMBER 2008 – WILL GO TO FUND THESE IMPROVEMENTS. VO Patrick Schanen Second Street Elementary SOT Patrick Schanen The district in cases has schools that were built in the late 1800s, 1920s for some of those. But that was part of Measure Q, to go back and make these modernizations. So when they do these upgrades so we can’t just go out and upgrade all 200 schools right away, it would cost hundreds of millions of dollars to do that. So they’re going to do it in stages as you do the top 10 and go from there. We’re talking about how we can reduce the emissions and going that it’s not only upgrading your HVAC systems in the schools themselves but it’s also reducing the emissions overall because the kids live within the buffer zones themselves. Not only the kids but tens of thousands of residents across the entire basin. Now some of the studies indicate that the impacts from the pollution actually extend far greater than 500 feet, in some cases the studies said up to 1500 meters. Now the orange is the 1500 meters. So you can see there are thousands of people that have sensitive receptors people with asthma affected by these particulates. VO Narrator Palms Middle School Students playing soccer Trucks pulling off exit ramp Cars driving down streets WHILE LAUSD TESTS FILTRATION SYSTEMS IN SELECT SCHOOLS - THERE ARE STILL STUDENTS WHO ATTEND SCHOOLS NEAR FREEWAYS FOR WHOM POLLUTION MAY HAVE ALREADY TAKEN ITS TOLL. SOT Dr. James Gauderman So the natural course of lung function development is such that from birth until about age 18 or 20, our lung function rises very dramatically, especially in the adolescent 9 growth period. Our lungs develop very rapidly along with the rest of our bodies. When we reach our twenties it kind of plateaus and we have the maximum lung capacity that we have for the rest of our life and then starting at about age 30, it starts to decline at about one percent per year. So if we think about two children, one breathing clean air, and one breathing dirtier air, the one breathing dirtier air would have lower lung function and a lower plateau in their twenties and then start that slide beginning at a lower level into adulthood. Can a child who has experienced a pollution related deficit in lung function get it back in some way? And we’ve tried to look at that we have followed some of our children into adulthood, we’ve done repeated lung function tests on them when they’re in their mid- twenties trying to see if those with reduced lung capacity at age 18 got it back and the evidence so far is that they don’t get it back. VO Narrator Children running on playground Walking down street following children Freeway to houses below on street Gauderman typing at desk from behind DR. GAUDERMAN SAYS ASTHMA IS A GROWING PROBLEM FOR CHILDREN. IN A GIVEN COMMUNITY - ASTHMA IS FOUND IN ABOUT 10 PERCENT OF CHILDREN. BUT THIS NUMBER DOUBLES FOR THOSE LIVING WITHIN 50 METERS OF A FREEWAY OR A BUSY ROAD. AND HE SAYS HE’S NOT JUST WORRIED ABOUT THE SHORT-TERM EFFECTS. SOT Dr. James Gauderman Now the concern is that there are a lot of other studies that have been done by others in the later adult phase showing that reduced lung function is second only to tobacco smoking as a risk factor for premature death, for heart attack, 10 and for other respiratory conditions like obstructive diseases in the lung. VO Narrator Residents walking along sidewalk in Southeast L.A. Car tailpipe Cabrales on computer Cabrales typing MEASURES TO PREVENT LONG-TERM HEALTH ISSUES IN BOTH ADULTS AND CHILDREN STARTS WITH EDUCATION ABOUT THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF POLLUTION. ROBERT CABRALES IS A COMMUNITY ACTIVIST WHO SAYS THAT MANY RESIDENTS ARE UNAWARE OF THESE HEALTH IMPACTS OF LIVING AND GOING TO SCHOOL NEAR A FREEWAY. SOT Robert Cabrales CG: Southeast LA Community Organizer, Communities for a Better Environment Cabrales talking to group Woman listening Girl nodding It’s important for them to find out because it’s sad to say that until they find out that one of their children has asthma or a relative has cancer and it may potentially due the exposure of harmful toxic emissions, sadly to say, that’s when they get involved. Oh they connected, they connect the illness to the environment and I think it’s important for people to understand where they live and the environment they are surrounded with and be proactive about doing something to be make sure to improve the conditions in their community. When we talk about environment and we give workshops to community members or in general to people, we talk about, so what do you think, what does environment mean to you and of course trees and the ocean and the fish and little things like that come to mind. But we need to make people understand that your surrounding is part of the environment. The air you breathe, the water you drink, the parks you have access to or don’t have access to, the schools that you go to learn, areas that are common to us in our everyday life. 11 VO Narrator East L.A. industrial area Girl and boy walking down street CABRALES’ ORGANIZATION WORKS IN THE SOUTHEAST L.A. AREA – WHICH IS 96 PERCENT LATINO. MANY RESIDENTS MOVE TO THESE NEIGHBORHOODS WITHOUT KNOWING THE ENVIRONEMENTAL HAZARDS THAT EXIST. SOT Robert Cabrales But the challenge in the community, it’s sad because a lot of people are not aware especially for someone new to the area. Oh well you know, rent is cheaper here, not necessarily true, but they’ll find something that’s suitable for their income level and to find out this, it’s just sad because they don’t have the option to move out, if they have the means. So a lot of folks, in fact my family it was the same thing, we didn’t have the option to move away. VO Narrator Community meeting Cabrales speaking in Spanish THE ORGANIZATION STRIVES TO EDUCATE AND MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO ADVOCATE FOR A CLEANER ENVIRONMENT IN THEIR COMMUNITIES. SOT Robert Cabrales In this specific community, southeast L.A. here it’s like 96 percent Latino. It’s super important because those are the communities that are left aside. Well anyone who doesn’t speak English sometimes is the one, like Asian communities that are not translated the information in their language, same thing with the Spanish community. The Spanish-speaking communities, they are not given the proper information, in their language so that they understand what is exposing them or happening in the immediate moment. So yeah, this is predominantly Latino folks. We have some 12 African-American folks sprinkled through this part of East L.A. but it’s predominantly Latino. So through the word of mouth and through door-knocking with student and adult members together, that’s one of the forms we do outreach. We also classroom presentations in the schools and we also do presentations to other adult groups in the neighborhood, in the neighborhood watch centers and parent centers. So we have that connection and relationship built with the community. VO Narrator Children and families playing on school grounds THE COLLECTIVE EFFORTS BY THE GROUP’S MEMBERS HAS BEEN EFFECTIVE – BUT MORE NEEDS TO BE DONE – SAYS CABRALES. SOT Robert Cabrales It’s been helpful knowing that we have a good rap in the community because of these campaigns and because these people are the ones active in these campaigns in defeating these dirty projects so people have that connection already. Sometimes they are receptive because income is an issue and if there’s a company that we’re fighting, they’re being threatened from losing their job if they get involved, then people stay away and that’s very common within the Latino community because of fear of losing their jobs or immigration issues. That’s definitely a reality and we have to respect that. But the idea is to slowing get into the community to make sure that they understand that we’re here with them, not for them, we’re with them because we are from the community and we’re working to improve the conditions in our community. We’re not just here coming in doing a study and then leaving off. We’ve actually been able to do some really, really good legislation. Not legislation, but policy work with the LAUSD where they now recognize the impact within schools and freeways or diesel emissions where 13 they’ve actually been able to say new schools will not be built within 500 yards of a heavy road. That’s still not enough, but it’s a change, it’s a first step in them to recognize it and moving forward. VO Narrator Mother pushing stroller down street Poster of child with asthma inhaler FOR THOSE STUDENTS ATTENDING SCHOOLS NEAR FREEWAYS - THE HEALTH IMPACTS OF BREATHING DIRTY AIR AT SCHOOLS HAVE A RIPPLE EFFECT. SOT Robert Cabrales When a parent has to leave work to take the child to the hospital, they lose a day work. Now when the student misses school, school loses money from absent child and when that happens, the whole state loses when one child loses school. It’s something that needs to be addressed because we’re all paying for that and until we do something that’s strategic in order for the asthma kids to be addressed and preventing a long term expense for the whole state of California, I think that’s the day we’re going to have environmental justice. Until then, it’s a struggle that we’re fighting because again, it’s an economic issue for everybody. Especially when a child loses school there are so many days of the year that some people end up not going to school, you losing on a big educational burden and some people have made connections from a child missing school and the kind of education that they’re going to be getting and the kind of jobs they’re gonna be getting which is like in turn again cycling to everybody loses. SOT Dr. James Gauderman It’s gonna cause parents to miss work, it’s gonna cause more health bills, it’s gonna cause the child to miss school perhaps due to respiratory related absences from school, so when you start tallying this up putting a price 14 tag on that there have been a number of studies that have been done to try to put dollar amounts on these and the numbers are just huge. So if you start to then say well if we figure out how many of those asthmatics we can attribute to air pollution and then how much do each of those cost just that fraction is a huge number. So it’s not too hard with some basic assumptions about how much it costs for a doctor visit, how much it costs for when the child has to stay home and the parent can’t go to work you know etc. those kind of economic evaluations to start tallying those up and get to very large numbers. Of course there’s a lot of debate about just what those numbers are, how much does it cost when a parent has to stay home and so it becomes quite contentious and you get economists who get involved and we are involved in those kinds of discussions with economists and geographers and trying to figure out how many people live close to busy roads and what fraction get asthma and what does it cost and try to build up a burden of disease. So it’s an important consideration especially if you want to try and take this message to government agencies who are sometimes resistant to not putting in the new road because its got a lot of attractive features to increase the transit but if you can put on the other side of the equation this is going to cost you in health care costs its gonna cost you in burden to these families missed work etc. then you start to get an economic part to the discussion that they sometimes we’ll pay more attention to than just the simple increased health risks type of calculations. VO Narrator Students walking out of school People walking down sidewalk downtown IT’S NOT ONLY THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF POLLUTED AIR THAT AFFECT THOSE LIVING IN THE L.A. BASIN. THE HEALTH OF EVERY RESIDENT IS AT RISK, NOT JUST THE HEALTH OF STUDENTS WHO 15 Valley coming down 405 freeway GO TO SCHOOLS NEAR BUSY FREEWAYS. ULTIMATELY – CLEANING UP THE AIR WILL REQUIRE SEVERAL LONG-TERM SOLUTIONS IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC’S HEALTH. SOT Dr. William Hinds Hinds in rear view mirror on desk Rear view mirror on hybrid car pulling away If we could move to electric cars or hybrid cars, that’s certainly a step in the right direction. I think that when we had gasoline at $4 a gallon that was sort of a push to go that way. So I think, if we’re going to continue with the whole idea of using a personal car, then I think we need to go to something like electric vehicles because they don’t produce these problems. SOT Patrick Schanen It may be the fact that you can reduce emissions. It’s got to reduce emissions at the source. Which may which takes in this day and age going back to the legislation and having them pass stricter emission control for vehicles, cleaner fuels, things like that. SOT Robert Cabrales Buses moving along congested street Construction of Expo line Metro subway station Freeway traffic Public transportation is not accessible. It’s not a good system we have in place. There’s other cities in the states, I don’t even want to mention the world, in the United States, that have really good transportation systems and good policy has been implemented many, many decades ago and we’re still way behind in our system. I mean it’s getting better with folks who want to fight to address global warming issues on the transportation level and address the local impacts and also address moving people and there’s a lot of work to do. 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY American Lung Association. <www.lungusa.org>. California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board. <www.arb.ca.gov>. Children’s Health Study. Los Angeles, 2004. Environmental Protection Agency, Transportation and Air Quality. <www.epa.gov/oms>. Los Angeles Times. <www.latimes.com> South Coast Air Quality Management District. <www.aqmd.gov/smog>.

Abstract (if available)

Abstract Los Angeles is a city known for its entertainment industry, perfect weather, and smog. The yellow-brown layer of dirty air visible from virtually all areas of the region is comprised of vehicular and industrial emissions. This pollution has unhealthy consequences for the city's 15 million residents, including children. Students attending schools near freeways or other traffic-jammed throughways have an increased pollution exposure, making them particularly susceptible to developing serious health issues.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Carroll, Katherine E. (author)

Core Title Freeway pollution near LAUSD schools

School Annenberg School for Communication

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Journalism (Broadcast Journalism)

Publication Date 04/07/2009

Defense Date 04/01/2009

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag children's health,Freeway,LAUSD,OAI-PMH Harvest,Pollution,Schools

Place Name Los Angeles (city or populated place), school districts: Los Angeles Unified School District (geographic subject)

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Birman, Daniel H. (committee chair), Renov, Michael (committee member), Saltzman, Joseph (committee member)

Creator Email carrollk@usc.edu,kikiec83@gmail.com

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-m2059

Unique identifier UC1292316

Identifier etd-Carroll-2729 (filename),usctheses-m40 (legacy collection record id),usctheses-c127-205609 (legacy record id),usctheses-m2059 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier etd-Carroll-2729.pdf

Dmrecord 205609

Document Type Thesis

Rights Carroll, Katherine E.

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Repository Name Libraries, University of Southern California

Repository Location Los Angeles, California

Repository Email cisadmin@lib.usc.edu