University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Violence against the homeless

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Violence against the homeless

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Content VIOLENCE AGAINST THE HOMELESS by Shannon B. Carroll A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS (BROADCAST JOURNALISM) May 2009 Copyright 2009 Shannon B. Carroll ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Abstract iii 2. Violence Against the Homeless 1 3. Bibliography 16 iii ABSTRACT On Thursday, October 10, 2008 at about 9:30 p.m., John Robert McGraham, a homeless man who lived in the Mid-Wilshire area, was killed when someone doused him with gasoline and set him on fire. McGraham, 55, who once worked nearby as a bellman at the Ambassador Hotel, suffered from depression. For two decades he repeatedly spurned efforts of family members and others to remove him from the streets and obtain treatment for him. But those living and working in the densely populated, diverse neighborhood around 3rd and Berendo streets fed him daily and provided him with clothing. When he was set afire the evening of Oct. 9, residents and shopkeepers rushed to extinguish the flames but were unable to save his life. The question of why and how something this horrendous can happen to another human being, especially one who is defenseless but who many may find invisible. 1 VIOLENCE AGAINST THE HOMELESS NAT 3 rd Street traffic moving in both directions (04:29:01:05) People walking on sidewalk of 3 rd Street (04:30:11:20) SOT Susanne McGraham-Paisley (sounds of the street, traffic) I can’t tell you how many times I’ve thought about what his last moments were like SOT Susanne McGraham-Paisley On Camera and wonder what he would have done and how he reacted (crying). VO Narrator Shrine from across the street LA Times article with photo of John McGraham ON OCTOBER 9, 2008, JOHN ROBERT MCGRAHAM, A HOMELESS MAN, WAS BRUTALLY MURDERED IN THE MID- WILSHIRE AREA OF LOS ANGELES. SOT Susanne McGraham-Paisley On Camera I think that probably he wouldn’t have reacted particularly strongly because that just was him and he would be ‘what are you doing?’ And before he could even have time to react, he was on fire. VO Narrator Shrine Flowers and candles Child’s drawing with words “We miss you” JOHN MCGRAHAM WAS DOUSED WITH GASOLINE AND SET ON FIRE. HE DIED IN A PARKING LOT STEPS FROM WHERE HE LIVED FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS. THE ACT WAS BRUTAL, AND SADLY JOHN MCGRAHAM’S STORY ISN’T AN ISOLATED CASE. AMERICAN ADVOCACY ORGANIZATIONS 2 DOCUMENTED160 VIOLENT ACTS AGAINST THE HOMELESS IN 2007. TWENTY-EIGHT OF THESE ACTS RESULTED IN DEATH. SOT Eneida Diaz On Camera CG: Eneida Diaz Mid-Wilshire resident The day he died, I was coming from the mall around 10:30 and I ride the bus. So this whole street, this whole area here was closed so I had to go around to come to my house. And then I actually found out a day after, at night, I walked by there and there was two candles there and I was like what happened. And since the candles were right where he would sleep and hang out there all day, I was like wow, he probably died from being out on the street. But when the guy told me how he died, I started crying and it was just something that I couldn’t hold in. And it almost felt like it was somebody from my family that died. NAT SOT Eneida Diaz Eneida walking to parking lot Eneida standing and pointing Spot on ground And this is my way to school or to work. So I’d definitely see him every day. There wasn’t a day when I wouldn’t see him. And from what I’ve heard, this is where he was picked up from the ambulance. It was right about here. This where he just fell back. And I guess this was his clothes, this spot over here. I don’t know if it’s flesh or clothes, I’m not sure what it is. But I know it’s something that stayed from that moment. VO Narrator Photo of service from back of church Photo of family members hugging at front of church Alter with photo of John and flowers DIAZ AND OTHER LOCALS HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO SAY GOODBYE TO JOHN MCGRAHAM. A MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR HIM WAS HELD AT THE IMMANUEL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH JUST BLOCKS FROM WHERE JOHN WAS KILLED. THE SERVICE WAS CONDUCTED IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH AND SOME IN 3 THE CROWD CARRIED BOUQUETS WHILE OTHERS WORE T-SHIRTS THAT READ “JUSTICE FOR JOHN” AND “JOHN WAS MY FRIEND.” SOT Cathy Crompton On Camera CG: Cathy Crompton Former mid-Wilshire resident Photo of people sitting in pews at memorial service Photo of Eneida at lectern It’s so amazing to think about his life and then think about his death. It’s sort of the worst of humanity and then the best of humanity to think how many people showed up. At his memorial, there was over 500 people there, most of whom probably never knew him. What is amazing is how much help he received for a community that has nothing. I mean this community is, it’s a very highly Hispanic, Korean. It’s very, there’s not a lot of money there. And people would always, not only money, they would give him plates of food. They would make dinner and make John a plate and give him a plate. It was just amazing how many people helped him. And you know, when you think about it, for man to live on the streets for 20 years, you’d have to have that kind of help. You can’t accomplish that without some sort of assistance in some way. SOT Eneida Diaz On Camera Actually I always thought I was the only person that talked to him. And when he died there was probably over 300 people who came and I was like wow, no wonder he survived so long. And everybody talked about the times they helped, how they knew his name. Only one person said they had met his family. I didn’t know how much people knew him. SOT Susanne McGraham-Paisley On Camera CG: Susanne McGraham-Paisley John’s sister It wasn’t until after his death that we discovered how many people had noticed him and helped him. There were people who brought him umbrellas and jackets and blankets and parents with their children who would be on the way to the bus and grab him a doughnut. Couples who would be on their way to the taco stand and ask him what he wanted. And that was a way that he survived. 4 VO Narrator Homeless people sleeping on the street Homeless woman sitting on sidewalk Homeless man leaning against wall BUT SURVIVAL BECOMES DIFFICULT FOR THOSE WHO ARE HOMELESS. THE HOMELESS ARE PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO VIOLENT ATTACKS WHEN THEY ARE LIVING OUTSIDE IN PUBLIC SPACES. ACCORDING TO THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, NEARLY HALF OF THE HOMELESS POPULATION IS UNSHELTERED. NAT SOT Eneida Diaz Eneida walking across the street Eneida standing in front of shrine Candle Posters of John Eneida arranging candles Pictures of John Eneida looking at shrine (traffic sounds) As everybody knew what happened to him, everybody started bringing letters to him. How they felt about that. They brought flowers, candles, everything, to show that they felt something. Everybody was aware of something that was missing. And here it is. The candles used to come up to here. Now there’s only, not even half of them are still here. Everything is gone completely. All the flowers right there. There was a balloon here. Somebody brought it and then somebody brought two candles. Then I had a picture of him and I brought it because there was no pictures and sometimes it’s hard to know what’s going on if there’s no images of somebody. So I put four pictures of him and I guess everybody took them. But it was all of the same picture. And that’s how everybody started knowing that it was him. Then his sister brought those big pictures and people started bringing papers and all this Justice for John, letters showing him that he was missed and that he’ll always be loved and that he definitely left a piece of him in our heart. I had a picture of him because he was wearing one of the sweaters from the company I worked with and I asked him where did you get the sweater from? And 5 he said I don’t know, somebody gave it to me on the street. So when I was walking by I took out my cell phone and I snapped a shot of him and he had it on for about a week. I put four of those next to those, I had pictures of him. But they’re all gone, I’m sure everyone wants to have a memory of him so I understood why they were gone. SOT Eneida Diaz On Camera Even to now it’s probably been like two months since he’s gone and I still miss him. And sometimes I think maybe it wasn’t him, the one who was burnt. Maybe it was somebody else, but since nobody was there to like really witness it, I mean I didn’t see it when it happened but I just don’t want to believe it sometimes. I can’t just believe that he’s dead. VO Narrator Photo of John in front of the Ambassador Hotel Photo of John in his twenties at Christmas JOHN WAS A BELLMAN AT THE AMBASSADOR HOTEL DURING HIS MID- TWENTIES. SUSANNE REMEMBERS WHEN JOHN FELL IN LOVE WITH A WOMAN WHILE WORKING THERE. SHE SAYS THAT THE WOMAN USED JOHN TO PAY FOR HER DIVORCE, THEN DUMPED HIM. VO Susanne McGraham-Paisley Photo of a young John wearing glasses You know I think for anyone, getting over a love interest is difficult and then if you feel like you’ve been taken advantage, it’s even more difficult. I think that he had a very, very difficult time recovering from that. SOT Susanne McGraham-Paisley On Camera He didn’t seem to get himself out of it and so he lost his job, he moved in with my mother in Hollywood and stayed there for a while, and was looking for a job. I just remember her calling me and at that point, as is true now, I’m the only sibling left in Los Angeles. So she called me and told me that he said God was telling him to do certain things. And she at the 6 time was over 65, probably close to 70 years old and she was concerned for herself. And they had some sort of physical altercation and I don’t exactly know what it is. I just know she told us and we pretty much told her you can’t let him stay there. Of course at that time we had no idea what the long-term effect would be at that point, but at the time all, what we were most concerned about was my mother’s safety. So that’s kind of where it started. It wasn’t like that clear-cut, like she asked him to leave and then he was homeless. I mean he would stay with friends that he had, work people. So it wasn’t like we just thought he was homeless and that you have to think about, that was 20 years ago and the term homeless really wasn’t a popular term. We just didn’t use it that much. And so I just know that somewhere around when he lost his job and these incidents happened, he gravitated toward that area, which is where he worked in that area. NAT SOT Eneida Diaz Eneida walking to John’s sleeping area Tree and sleeping area John’s spot under tree Battery on ground So every day when I would come pretty late from the movies or the mall or something like that, I would always see him laying on there. This is where he would be sleeping. There was actually a foam bed there. Somebody had given it to him. And if you can see, there’s still a battery there from his radio. He would always listen to the radio and sometimes he would dance to whatever he was listening to, like bob his head to it. VO Narrator Cathy sitting on sofa stroking her two pet cats CROMPTON, WHO LIVED IN THE AREA FOR A FEW YEARS, REMEMBERS THE FIRST TIME SHE MET JOHN. I was walking to Ralph’s one day to get something, bread probably, and as you approach him, you know you’re approaching something. He smelled very, very bad. And I’ve 7 always been a sucker for people who have less than I do. I’m always, give a dollar or something and you know, whatever you choose to spend it on, that’s what you choose to spend it on. I’m not going to tell you, if you like to get a beer, if that’s how you deal, then by all means. It’s not for me to say. And I passed him because I didn’t have any ones and so I proceeded onto the store and it just broke my heart. To look at him, it just broke your heart. So when I came back he was exactly how I left him. And I stopped and handed him a five and he looked surprised and he said thank you. And I proceeded to sit down and introduce myself, you know, I’m Cathy. What’s you name? He said his name was John. And I put my hand out to shake his hand and he looked very surprised at me only to assume that maybe God forbid someone wanted to touch him. And he shook my hand and I asked him if he wanted to talk and he said no. And then proceeded to put his head down in his hood and so I figured I wasn’t going to push the issue, so I walked on. VO Narrator Photo of John sitting on the street DESPITE HIS QUIET DISPOSITION, JOHN WAS KNOWN AS A SENSITIVE AND GENEROUS PERSON BY CROMPTON AND OTHERS. SOT Cathy Crompton On Camera I was at the memorial one day and met a guy named Gary. He said he knew John for like eight years. He moved into the area and started talking to him and every time he passed him, Hey John, how ya doing? Give him a dollar and walk on. Well this one particular day he didn’t have any money to give John was sitting there as he always does, kinda hunched over in his own little world and you know, Gary figured I won’t even say anything because I don’t have anything to give and he felt guilty. And so he started to walk by him and John raised his head and said hey Gary, how ya doing? And Gary was kinda surprised and said, Hey John, I’m 8 good. I’m sorry I don’t have anything to give you today. And John asked him, if he needed a dollar. That’s who John was (crying). SOT Susanne McGraham-Paisley On Camera I think what was unique about John’s situation was that number one, John was not somebody who actively went out and sought people to help him. He just kind of planted himself in that neighborhood and people kind of felt sorry for him. Also what was unique was that it was a neighborhood. It wasn’t Skid Row. It wasn’t where all the homeless people are gathered together. It was just a neighborhood where people would notice. When he was killed, there was a vigil at the site, the Sunday after he was killed and we talked to a lot of neighbors and there were kids who knew him since grammar school and they were in college. There were people who would remember him and talked to him and women who would tell him about their boyfriend troubles and things like that. So I think it was very unique that he was in a neighborhood situation. Those people also, I think they saw him as human. NAT SOT Susanne McGraham-Paisley Photo of John on tricycle Susanne sitting at table Susanne sitting at table looking at high school class photo with reveal shots of her face This was a picture that we actually, it’s kind of funny (laughs) he looks like he’s on a little tricycle but when we blew this up for the memorial service, it actually looks like my mother tied a rope to the top of the tricycle probably so he wouldn’t go off the edge of the service right here (laughs). He was a very cute little boy and had very curly hair. You can kind of see in this one, he had a very curly top and just a cute little boy. Very innocent looking and as we remember him probably, very innocent. Here’s one of his high school and you can see there’s a cut out there. I was trying to get to see if my kids could figure out which one was Uncle Johnny and they couldn’t in this mass of people but here he is right here, that’s him. And I look at it and I think he was kinda a cute guy. 9 Susanne holding photo of family visiting John Photo of family visiting John Susanne looking at photo with reveal shots of her face And then it was kind of interesting to read some of the things on the back. Here’s one that says ‘Dear John, a very nice and underlined cute guy that I love so much! I hope you have the best of luck. Love always, your baby, forever!’(laughs). So you know this girl probably had a crush on him. Oh here’s another good one. ‘To John, Maria’s lover boy and a very cute underlined guy. Good luck always and stay away from the girls because Maria will get mad.’ (laughs) I don’t even know if we knew who Maria was but here she is. She was obviously somebody who meant something to John or John meant something to her, so that was a little bit of a treasure to find that about him. This picture was kinda, it was around the beginning of where we started to visit him when he was homeless. I can see in here, this is my son, who’s now going to turn 14, and this is him as a baby, I think we was like two. And this is my oldest sister who passed away last year. She was visiting, she was here for Christmas. So we all went down and found where he was and this is a bad picture of him because it’s so dark, but this is him laying down on the sidewalk, against a fence. This was just sort of typical what we would do, you know, go down there and visit him and now looking back on it, seems sort of strange, but almost like we were going to visit a family member, like it was their home or something. But I guess we did, we tried to make it like we were visitors in his space. I think this must be the last photo of all of us visiting him. Later in the years we would visit him but I don’t think we would photograph all of us together. They all kind of conjure up memories of him. VO Narrator John’s face THESE ARE THE LAST IMAGES OF JOHN SHOT BY A LOCAL FILM STUDENT. 10 John walking away NAT SOT Susanne McGraham-Paisley Susanne sitting at table John sitting against fence I think most people have members of their family who may not be homeless but may not be particularly functional and you can’t adopt somebody. You know my siblings and I have talked about it since his death, why did we let him be homeless? Why didn’t we take him in? and you know it’s not as if we didn’t give him opportunities but I think without mental help. That person is there for a reason. There’s something they can’t cope with, they can’t deal with in their life and that puts them there. And it’s not like some magic fairy dust can be sprinkled over them and all the sudden, they are well again. They started at some point in their life where they couldn’t deal with something, as did John and there has to be some sort of intervention to circumvent that and there wasn’t and there still isn’t. VO Narrator Photo of John, Cathy, and sister on the street near 3 rd and Berendo SUSANNE AND HER SISTER TRIED TO GET HELP FOR THEIR BROTHER, BUT THEIR ATTEMPTS WERE UNSUCCESSFUL. NAT SOT Susanne McGraham-Paisley Susanne sitting at table You know you have to keep in mind that a lot of people if you have emotional difficulties or you’re struggling with your emotions, sometimes you don’t even know that you need help. Really he went to the therapist at my sister’s urging. She found it beneficial and thought maybe he would too. Sometime after that, he would come by our work and borrow money and things of that nature and we would see him periodically. So she tried to get him committed to a hospital out in Burbank to get him seen by somebody. And she got him as far as the hospital, and he verbally agreed to it and then he said he was gonna go down to the vending machine and then he just walked out. A 11 lot of people have asked me as a result of his murder and the situation with homelessness, why didn’t he accept help. And I really can only say this, is that you can only understand that if you’ve ever been in the situation where when you need help the most, you are least able to do so at times. Sometimes maybe it’s your pride, maybe it’s your self-image, maybe it’s I cant accept help. We grew up pretty poor and my mother would do the same thing. She would wait until there was literally no food for us to eat before she would get help because she didn’t want to ask for help. She wanted to handle it on her own. I think there are other homeless people like my brother who felt the same way. You don’t want to ask for help, maybe from a male perspective, maybe it’s across all gender lines, it’s a sense of self where you don’t want to feel like you can’t take care of yourself. NAT John sitting against fence (sounds of the street) VO Narrator Photo of people walking Photo people holding signs Photo of Susanne walking with poster Photo of Justice for John group ON NOVEMBER 15, 2008, MORE THAN 4,000 PEOPLE PARTICIPATED IN THE UNITED WAY’S 5K HOMEWALK TO END HOMELESSNESS ACROSS L.A COUNTY. SUSANNE AND OTHERS WALKED ON BEHALF OF JUSTICE FOR JOHN, A GROUP FORMED TO HELP RAISE AWARENESS ABOUT HOMELESSNESS. SOT Cathy Crompton On Camera CG: Cathy Crompton Former mid-Wilshire resident Photo of Villaraigosa at lectern I think they had Villaraigosa was there and couple of other people and they took a moment and they said what happened to him and they took a moment of silence for him. It was really nice to be able to be there in a personal sort of way. 12 VO Narrator Photo of Justice for John group JUSTICE FOR JOHN WAS ESTABLISHED BY CROMPTON SHORTLY AFTER THE MEMORIAL SITE WAS SET UP BY RESIDENTS OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD. SOT Cathy Crompton On Camera Well you know it started out as sort of just somebody out up a sign trying to get people to give donations of their behalf at the memorial site. And I saw it and I figured, well you know, let’s start a team. And you know a great way to put your energy. And Susanne thought it was a great idea. We’re trying to sort of just figure out what we can do to help. I hope that me and Susanne continue to do stuff on behalf of John, despite how insignificant. And we almost have $6000 raised, so that’s phenomenal. VO Narrator Outside of LAPD headquarters People walking by a wall of graffiti Susanne sitting at table and looking at photos ON JANUARY 22, 2009, FOUR MONTHS AFTER JOHN’S MURDER, THE LAPD ARRESTED 30-YEAR OLD BENJAMIN MATHEW MARTIN. ACCORDING TO POLICE, MARTIN WAS TIED TO THE MURDER THROUGH WITNESSES AND FORENSIC EVIDENCE COLLECTED AT THE CRIME SCENE. VO Narrator Graphic - Ages of Accused vs. Ages of Victims Chart AN AGE PATTERN HAS EMERGED IN CRIMES AGAINST THE HOMELESS. ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL COALITION FOR THE HOMELESS, IN 2007, THE ATTACKERS WERE MUCH YOUNGER THAN THE VICTIMS. MOST OF THOSE COMMITTING THE CRIMES FELL BETWEEN THE AGES OF 14 AND 36 13 WHILE THE HOMELESS VICTIMS WERE 36 AND OLDER. VO Narrator Susanne working on laptop AND WHILE THE ARREST BRINGS SOME CLOSURE - SUSANNE DOESN’T WANT JOHN’S DEATH BECOMING SIMPLY ANOTHER STATISTIC. SOT Susanne McGraham-Paisley On Camera Just by people becoming aware of the fact that I had a homeless brother, I think that has changed a lot of perceptions because people see me in a professional atmosphere and I think it’s a big shock sometimes to think oh you have a homeless brother? Wow! Because again people don’t understand that homeless people generally belong to somebody and they have some family. They had a childhood like the rest of us. I think more than anything what I think people need in terms of understanding the homelessness and homeless people is compassion. I think often we lack that. Instead we look at others and treat people like them with judgment. And maybe to some degree it makes us feel uncomfortable. And I think if more people could simply look at them as they’re somebody’s brother or somebody’s son or maybe even a father. None of us would have imagined he would have ended up homeless for over two decades. It’s not the right word, extraordinary, it’s unfathomable how could somebody be a brother, a son, a friend, and end up where he ended up. I think too many times people look at the homeless as inhuman. I think the people that murdered him definitely didn’t see him as a human being. To be blunt, they saw him as trash. They saw him as somebody who, someone to just take advantage of. Someone who couldn’t defend themselves or couldn’t go back or couldn’t defend themselves or attack back. VO Narrator TOO OFTEN, PEOPLE IGNORE THOSE 14 Shot of 3 rd street with traffic Cathy looking out window LIVING ON THE STREET. BUT JOHN’S PERESENCE IN THIS MID-WILSHIRE NEIGHBORHOOD LEFT A LASTING IMPRESSION ON ITS RESIDENTS. SOT Cathy Crompton On Camera To look at him, to see this dirty, grubby, disheveled piece of humanity and then he would look at you with the most bluest eyes you’d ever seen in your life. You know a lot of people said they saw Jesus in him and you know, I really didn’t see, I’m not really religious and I don’t know if he was Jesus or the messiah or whatever. But there was something about him that just was, you just couldn’t let it go. John changed my life when I met him in 2006 and he changed my life again when we had to say goodbye. VO Narrator Eneida walking down the street past the shrine FOR THOSE WHO ENCOUNTERED JOHN ON A DAILY BASIS, NOT ONLY WILL HE BE MISSED, BUT THERE ARE LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM HIS TRAGIC DEATH. SOT Eneida Diaz On Camera Experiencing this, after I saw John die, it made me think a lot about all those homeless people out there. I would like for example, when the weather gets cold, that’s when I think about them the most. How do they sleep when it’s so rainy? And I used to think a lot about John, like where does he sleep? And then my friend told me, when it’s raining, I always see him under the bus stop. But what I’ve learned is that you shouldn’t look down to no one because we’re all really the same and you don’t know when you’re, if you’re going to end up like them or anything. You don’t know when you’re up, you don’t know when you’re down. And I just want to be nice to them because if I was ever in that position, I would want people to be nice to me. 15 VO Narrator Homeless man walking on sidewalk Homeless man pushing grocery Homeless people sitting on steps Homeless people talking in front of store Police talking to homeless people on sidewalk Homeless woman kneeling on ground Homeless man with head in hands ACCORDING TO THE NATIONAL COALITION FOR THE HOMELESS, THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ATTACKS ROSE BY 13 PERCENT FROM 2006 TO 2007. SOME STATES AND CITIES HAVE ADDRESSED THE ISSUE THROUGH LEGISLATION. IN CALIFORNIA, POLICE TRAINING NOW INCLUDES EDUCATION ON HATE CRIMES AGAINST HOMELESS PERSONS. ALSO, IN 2007, TWO BILLS WERE INTRODUCED INTO THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO ADD HOMELESS PERSONS TO TWO EXISTING FEDERAL HATE CRIME LAWS. BUT THE BIG EFFORT FOR SUSANNE MCGRAHAM- PAISLEY, IS TO CHANGE THE PUBLIC’S PERCEPTION OF HOMELESS PEOPLE. SOT Susanne McGraham-Paisley On Camera John sleeping against a wall My goal really is to try and increase awareness of homeless people and really to humanize them. If I can accomplish two things, which is to humanize homeless people in a way that they are not currently, and second is to really encourage people to act with compassion because obviously when it’s a hate crime, the person who takes the action, like the person who murdered my brother, there is no compassion. 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY Los Angeles Times <www.latimes.com> National Coalition for the Homeless. Hate, Violence, and Death on Main Street USA: A Report on Hate Crimes And Violence Against People Experiencing Homelessness, 2007. Washington, D.C., 2008.

Abstract (if available)

Abstract On Thursday, October 10, 2008 at about 9:30 p.m., John Robert McGraham, a homeless man who lived in the Mid-Wilshire area, was killed when someone doused him with gasoline and set him on fire. McGraham, 55, who once worked nearby as a bellman at the Ambassador Hotel, suffered from depression. For two decades he repeatedly spurned efforts of family members and others to remove him from the streets and obtain treatment for him.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Carroll, Shannon B. (author)

Core Title Violence against the homeless

School Annenberg School for Communication

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Journalism (Broadcast Journalism)

Publication Date 04/07/2009

Defense Date 04/01/2009

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Crime,homeless,OAI-PMH Harvest,Violence

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Birman, Daniel H. (committee chair), Renov, Michael (committee member), Saltzman, Joseph (committee member)

Creator Email sboycee@gmail.com,shannobc@usc.edu

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-m2058

Unique identifier UC1292336

Identifier etd-Carroll-2728 (filename),usctheses-m40 (legacy collection record id),usctheses-c127-205589 (legacy record id),usctheses-m2058 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier etd-Carroll-2728.pdf

Dmrecord 205589

Document Type Thesis

Rights Carroll, Shannon B.

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Repository Name Libraries, University of Southern California

Repository Location Los Angeles, California

Repository Email cisadmin@lib.usc.edu