The historical development of municipal corporations

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Content E HI TO ICAL VELOPMENT OF MUNICIPA L C O PORATIONS t , Pre ented to the cchool of La ~ Univer citr of out~ern C lifornia ti 1 fulfillment of the r _uirement ~or the De ree of Juris Doctor y B rr12.nd L. ~erlihy 1 22 ; •l~)(I' ) ," i I ( J ~") t j '":." 0 U T I J J - - - - - - I L ;u n icipa l Cor por t i o· c o · c ci - t h i tor y . Home. I I , !If' • • '._ Ul lC J. p 1 Italy. Fronc·e. Spain. --:ngland. I II 'Junie ip 1 Pine l and. orporation o of the mi ddle a es. r p r atio· United tote s . IV -ru nici pal or p r ti ons i n oli ·ornia . Ca 1 i +- or n i a • ~an · ;,r a nc i sc o. I 76 ) { //, ' i ,,, I It is the purpose of tLis thesis to present a brief but accurate history of the development of mun icipal c orporotions from the tin,e of the J, undati n o Rome up to and including the present era. Before presenting this historical a pcct it is proper to define the subject o the the • is. Chief Justice I(arshull said, "Acorporc t · is c.l rt- ificial·bei g, i viuiblc , intnngi le a-a exi ti· g onl y in contemplation of th law, it p scsses o ly th ~e properties v1hich the charter o-· its creation co upon it, either expressly or os i nc i d n t a l to its very existence." rs Dillon defines a municipal corporati n as, 'The inc rp- oration by the authority of th overn ent, of th inhabitonts of a particular district o d nut, orizi· r them in their corporate capacity to xercise su ordi - ate specified powers of legislation and r egula tio \Vith respect t their local and i nt r ia l af-·airs." The corpor~tion o a l e al entity is a o ~n institution and it is ther t it is cessary to look for a first treatise of tte su ject. Roman corporotions v1ere kn o\"m and des i na t a as a ,"Collegium," or "Univcr~itas." It 1Ja , ec e ar that the body be composed fat least t}ree emb rs so as to form the corpus of t}e body or as it wast re called, "Habere Corpus". 2 The la vs pr vid d oth public nd privete c or po rations r d a i vide into four disti ct clnsees; ) dy o cor por nt ions 1. ✓ubl i c g rn i ... ]i s 2 • "' . e 1 i i us < oc i e t i e s 3. Of ficia l ·oci ties 4. r· 1 rade ~ocie ities the ist ric 1 d ve la e t o - · , u ic i 1 co r porations. Rome from th t i me f it ~ fo da i on to u ! i a l ov r- thro,~ of t he noti on r,as · t · · t 'r med a rnonarc istic city- state. The governm e tal de art e t is d i ,ided i t o t 1 ree ports, t he ir 't ril . t i rr ortont of i ers V✓88 the Ki ng , se c ond t e CO "iti C rioto d 1 ly t fl s ~e . bly c or it i ce· ... t . ta. e r r The ring or Emperor ·,a ri 0 i · al l - . elected b . t h e Co ~ i tia Cur i fl ta, t . of ··ice •.,as held or life . ,. 'i'he i'.in re r se t d h u r crre aut ri • . t in e tate !1nd is pover s ; r o reat . Ver._ early in t c i .. to r , ,vere divided i r~to th. r e tri s · d t __ i rty c · ria tJ nd the )atrician order. In th i lBtt r od ·1e .1 i : hi hborr a r d t h ..; · e E1 l thy. In i -em xis ted t r. ical ri )ht s ( th e ople. only t l i t - i ., i . · t · s c la s · • • 1 i ze o ulu ' or i .: i · ted _e • Senate or as it Y1as t ere ca led t e Cor r ·ti Curiata . This was a select body f e t ree-hu dr din nu .ber chosen f rom the elder ... · o tbe body . In choosi~- a )a t r ic ion to be me er o · th Jenate r ard \'7B s h d for age , honor, ,visdom . prope r ty and T ,eal th . The enate ·,, J · or ed t ac t t'.l s t _ c d v · r t r.. _in but tJ-eir principlll functi n YI u t elect anot, er to t he o ·.Lice \lh ns ever it bee m vacDnt . 3 In later ye [3 rs .,,,ever ,._ fter t e co _. o eople ha d secured to thems l v s t e re t r t he King \V s elected b. n omi · ~ti on b- the ~enate • . vo t e o Thir d body wa compo ed of th re f pov1er, re t as tl1e peop l e and ar i i nally the le s s power. a very f v1 r i ht s Bnd ·.,it hi n t , is b d y t _ er , a s separote or on- . i zation indepen de- t t1 ov r nin bod, ~ t:tc city . · 1 his body ·ein :) pover:'ul b~ reas 0 i t was eble to brin , re, t ure t e r 0 the Sena te a ".rl t .:.e _ ... i r t:; a d b t n i ;. a secured ..o r t h e se 1 v s n gro . ter litical - r i hts . r.i:t_ is b o v, • k · ov1 a t e" o silium 1 is" . r, ,he y r et and ado ted re luti o i' ~ ~ 1 ic _ t _ of r eco · ized as bi di O on t le selves . the· r num er~ t _ ,.. ch o ' i Dd i vi 1 o cts El r i c rs 4 these t e~ desigrtated b the name , "Tri bu· is Plebis" , an:1 these off ice rs \.rere rt er reco izcd b ... t e up. er closs as l1~vi g c rt in pov, r o interve· tio in favor of t he plebs am tr-r ugh thi to interpose an e ~f ective vet o upon certain Ectu pa b:r th e Sew te . The sec ond i mportnnt divi ion t e peopl a .as broug·ht · about y Ser iu ullius ~or th purp se o ag2in s ecur i r1 and akir1° a e ar t atrici~ns , t e polit - ical p r1 er v : i ch t e plebs ad r aduEill obtained . and one - hllndred d nin t - t re Ce tur · ., • Clas one ~ as co 0 ea ) - t 1. Pa tr i c i El n r d r , k i ,,h ...._ s and v1ea 1 thy citize11s , to a 1.. e d ore o·er _:_ul ninety - eight C r turi :1er 1 0 added to it . r.ihe t r five clasc-• ., s \,,.er e a iv ided into . .L ve :r turies • i l . L- - Al l citize · i e c c ln .. ·18 • a 11 o, ,e d t o u t e \~'i thi n his century r:1 enever call a upon u, the ena te to d s o. /henevc r such a v te vas called e citizen vote d by c e tury and as t .e upper cl s tad ot OYl ~ in nu ~er but luO in Centuri s tte jori ty le b castin. a u.na_ im ~us v · ·e t ' ' ontrol th icBl fi ld . Dispite tis r t cha e the pl t c o pr-J r a t e rganiznti 1;1hic h d 1 r mony years o d endeavor d y ea r ' ntire polit - i ta ined en in exi c• t ce it 5 orgn izi tion t secllre · r t r. rr ., lv ~ r or ·vil ri 0 ts . So e · ective s th i n·lu nee f tl . s body t· . ,7 . in a short Sp C ~ - cars • Tri u s _,,, re l d t i tt a t the mngintrB cy , a ~ive1 C rt . a ti to perform . l A-tcr t he -st lish nt .I e re ublic ·. e .. d L, l a e ... 1 ord r t 1 -: i - r ,v ili CJ int e city . 11 t l . hi~her ma ivtr tes we r el cted - th r o I i ti · ~ ur · · ' ta voti i 11 t heir ' l curin , a y - . o ·o it i c c · t ur - iata voti~ - ") in tl 1 eir cur ia . Over th e electi s t he Consuls pr C• ided , countin ·he voted - a d cl rin "\ the results J tr c election . T b.; the Consuls 'Jere 1 \IS .£' t re luti o , p(. s ed hi '=- h st c .a r a cter D1:d bi-di a on th 1 ol ople . fter many violet tr h (; lIB ~ t e i lly trium a D d t ~ r u h t c ornrnon pe opl ae o · t h ort n La .1 car. e so · ·a r ao politic 1 ri h ts .,,ere c · r n a t ~ qua l the ( tr ic ic n ord r . mhis victor · 1a ot 70n ; ~ .an a~ a nd iole tr f r 0 c-tru le D d · d U t · . c. S t .. l T C c • U 1 t ... ' • , r r. r t _ obt i ned ore civil ri s ri~ t to elect t r 1 r i b r es n c. m i' i 1r 1 vie t r · a res 1 r 1 u h t C u r di_2 te t c passage o t this lov, b th clEl s · aw . t ter " ·1 r h d i to si 1 VJ - • l. o:,y u der t tit le , " o it i n i. 1 r i u ta" • t 6 As in years pns c•ed 7 n r _, rviuL 1 ullius r divid d t . ✓ peopl into . nc\1 order ~J r a t t , pl ebs r -tai. cd t 0,1n separ te or ., ization , u ' l.llrco after t C p the Harte sian Law, the ~strici~n or d r <till r pt r nlive the .,omitia ur· Bta n n d i t ·till r et i ail me po ers. The Conuulv v re h ld respo- sibl t tr m for tl1eir conduct a ~ J. a second nnd r .1or important to duty carried on by them vas the r· ht t o ct ( a Court af ppeal from th . . ec ,') - , I - C O 1 ~ ~ .11 C Nho by r igJ t o - office haa c Br the ol , n d rr.i . t1- istr tion o~ ju< tice. In order t n r f ore to prevent an abuse of tl1 i v1hich pres rved t of the Consuls. ,,er tne {al r it111 lavi \VD pa c-sed ri ht o ~P al fr o , the deci 'ion A finnl a d c.. r :.t r vie or~ \,a t to b ·.,on by th plebs, ana i too ·1 s · i :1. l l y attoi ned • .w this victory th otriciBnv :,r r li ~ d t o uU .it to the la ,., s of th e p 1 e b , s c it e ·1 i h ~ :er 1 v, e fl c te d b th plebs alone in t ~ eir own curia. Se te ,. all<J1Jved to pass 18\J o th ir "n ut u } veto o th e t :1ri ta. Con°ultus was all ~ea t exit o ly on~ ext ded y ( TO P ti ad populum. Ce· < t a r 1 le · T -us in lly ~e - i nd th ha lino o_ · 1.i port· - t r i r i l t r du f n ir s , · t r 11 l t1 c ud t , tech ic 1 he r ct r o j 1 7 :.' r . o 0 int , nntur dvi r r , <• ol ti on i me d at t .c \Vell-b e inn ..o th 2 .. pire. V ri OU Cr .. u · s a~a dcvcJ opm nt ci vil a · pol itic 1 • th _1] na Q - t.1 le 0 i n ( . 0 - h~v been t ort J r o .. t l c. · t . pl . 1 . e .... t r t s , ... l • ~ ..J f r OJfl it, . ti o "'{o ~s u . . 1 r (,ti V ·r.,. i · C .e ( ... l lp C r vith the right . 1 oc 1 el - -. OV . y y nt . r .C)ard to it .. lll i n ter r a 1 f ...: n ir s , a -d t} t t ~ d .i · i..,; tr ti ther o+- was sep~r te Dnd di tinc t ·rom t~ e any pr -., i nc e • This r e r t ad • it C i n m anv ti fe a ture s ,., i C d - C rr e c-p to o_ the nre se ... t ~ day. mu· i sho ,s . t, th □t ·,her 1 - ir r _ ... t ether i n a compact body s rcrnmc t ,... its ic ipa 1 aspects "' our \" 1 r o cit i .• ., i tor: , ..... v _ i OF.I Q_ eonl "lat _e r ~ - t t f f irs L necess, ril ar ise L: d r te uch ircu .s t ces d r1 s c 01 a it i o ..::. p e c u i . r t o- 1.. to t e p le tl: e c la e 0 1. p ople but a l so c o i ti o· ·1 • i c r , c uil r t o l o t:11 ,o r np icDl condit ions. Au ap ✓lied to ~o 0 r c 1di i · O' d t hat tl: e e sent i 1 e d ~ ar exactly t . sa as t , es e t i a 1 eds _(' Lo ., or ' or Lo .! 1:.. ~ 1 , • need ~t te as a :hole a- a re uc as ~re ot c olTII!l n to t e us t r e l,et lac 11 and cared fr l ocally. The mnin purposes f loc 1 four in number; 3. . O_.~ L • 8 l~- 0 ov nnent re all other powers are dedicated, directly or indir ctly to tl1 · at ta inmen t o· 0::1.c r or ., o · th s a in ends. In order to fort o · the peopl o t e city , t le - , rn ~t ~ou· d it necessBry to build e a n d c Ou tly aqu duct to I ur- i ·h t C i - hobita t ditb pl -n ure ·,r ter. The uild . 0 0 un aq ed ct VI · .r and r .i. 1 -l,. • .J. 0 C :-, L. . e ri The lum e tr ver ea di tance t rec- en~1 8 , ..L hu· dr d a· ~ sixty- ei~L t iles ov t re e- hur dr d r miles f '✓h ich ,18S und r gr . Jund. In order to uild t11is it J" l cessary to bt)in 1 rge urs •) m ney. On accoun.t f the nu.rn r ("I co qu ot tr ... cit ~ . ,, r 11 f ") ... VI s \I€ 1. supplied it ... tr Du . · l d re used to re . 1lC, ~ . but to t elp bu 11a pu li· uild i s it - s - eces c: a r • rnise many thr u~ i r ulDr ov rnrre tnl chan ls in other words by re ns taxntion . 1 he city f Loe, · ·ngele presents a striki-· ... g 1101 " t t i r uise of ~ strictly municipal unction. In thi~ city it ·1 ound nece ssary to uild Bn aqu , uct of . ilar di l - c r ipti t upply t . n l abit t .ri t} th ·1') t r nec0ssary to cor · or t l ir d ily C as. am to rovide t e u " n cce s r it ·rs f ound , ry to is ue bo1d cov rin~ t the cost of its co:1str ction . ar ount needed r A second and i mil - r ex rci o .1U .:.i. i c i 1 funct i on '"' o t C 01 tr U C t i ') i .. n" take c r o · 11 tn TI ote , tter. It . y 9. as D matter of i 1 t e r , 0 t tat t ~i ~ e IT is 0 till i U e . In rder t o corrr·ect t1 Cit~ ·1 it t urr ou:.d - i ng cities groat r ads i cludi g the ·,orld ian ~ay were built. ·ou c~ . pr - l-. j r 1:e city r1 o 1e r e t · · ve-r C"olic itous in -- , caring r tte s ~ it r - ece 0 sities o it citize s nd in makin ro i · i o· r t r mus .m i~t • .. ithi th city \Ver nu nerou aths u· d r pu lie c trol and supervision so large and so nu~crou .er th ce public bath t 2t sixt"T-t rec- th usa_d e v le cold e ccom - odated at t he sa e moment. Ther ~ , er p[lrks in vhi ch th e inh it ts c ~ )ul D t · r a n the selv ~ in v rio \l YS • At t e r , c .i... t t i r;ne e · arts on city aver· men tsar c t ri1 t ent rprises of t 1 ~ same · ture d or i., ~ ' S C purp 0 e • 1.• or t c e r ('I o ' 1 · 1 , . t "T td r tee tio J.. t L C inh bita ts, t c city v :lrn c t I ad rovi ions the existence of n 1 rge police depart ent. his ·orce numb red sever e: 1 tholl ond a· d b side t ·r du t ct ~s polic of icer ~ the olso con titutea t· c r 10 -f i r e depa rtrre nt . In all de art· e ts s ar . nti oned {Orne compares very f vora ly • 1ith FJny moder n city . rher of c urse mony re :ect in ,,1hich \Jh vas deficie n t compared "' itha odr city butt}· · dd.· fre n c i mainly due to t l e mod er · i ren t i ons o t prese· t cen.tury . st a ~ a Th re was on field in \Vhic h o~e -r,a nr hi .1· d n cit. o to-day B: d th ti i n t r. i ld f c it li~htin In • tice • u o.e it / 'J 1 C ,,e 11 t - consider the act thnt 0 l y three - hu dr d 0 - t~ e city o f London v no f nrt r adva ced than orne . Aft r dark the Cit ~ ·. i th t li ht ~ J a ~ ind d t er - . ,as n . - V ki a carried on a f t 1 dark . I-e opl , 1ealth , ldon travel d r a o· ce darns hDd ., r ua d t e city , u· les a ccornpani cd by a stron and ·ell nr . db dy o u rds . ~ o rs plied their tr de v1ithout hi· dra ce o- ny kin (_ d to ve n ture llbr ad ft er dark ~s a V r da: r s aav nture seldo und r t B K en u~ .. l s tl1 r ;va s a pos - iti vc n cessity -0 r t ~ e trip . l. A study t act~ 0. r ~ a cn n n t ,. lJ lp but be o value in pr vi _ th 2t lar , e city h s needs ichare pecuilar to it aloe n d ·or t . r ,,, 11 solution o~ viliich it i~ necess ry tat cities be given the right and t e po ;ver s :1 . th \!hi t cuces c: - ·ully Vii th th _; ... .,ce siti ~,hi h a [lily arise . A body such t 1-- cit ,._ 0 (Jh ould C ~ T rga nized into . ipBl rpor rJ tion a n d s t s J ll~ l C or ~nized it Tiill ~ v it duties · ell as it Ylill have powers corrcspondi . o sue_ duties . eceesities will incr e a e ,:ith th i e r as in popul tion Bnd \"lith the advar.ce = eiviliz tion, a i - crease so also v1ill the corre ... po di _o · e r incr Such an increase in t · duties o ., r ri city can e hEJndled effici ntly on l by c rpornte ody .~vin? a chLrter desi ed _ or juut u _ purpos s . Such a body will acqu·r dutie ·a v rs pecuilor t o· the character . .. its citizens, its e ~r p ... i ~1 loc ti o and in no small me ure upon ~ e popul tion , ad Q u h duties d p o 1 • rs ~ i 11 di r e· t from t _os ~ a~ t e state t large. Rome \vas t 1e istrcs .. - t . orld and l ·u ch uh a or.ii < t d civilizatio or any hundr d r • • she occupied SU h emi · t it ion . • urnl J. s an p l L, l Il< to expect th a t • 17 nny colo ies t t d :in r c o q , T cities ,. uld , ovcrned • [l nn r aom ., · irnil 1 . r - r to her OY/Il form o· ov ·r · Je t . As on . lc~rn d vrit r is the h i tory Lt id " 11 t co · que ( t o r -r o · ~ o d d truction o many cities a· d t11e ouJ d ntion o m y cities". The notion as a whol e wa s r ed ·· a ~re a t 12 number of cities bohnd t J t r by h cc1 tr 1 power at Home. :!hen the Iiomans c onqucred a nd colonized they naturally ca~ried v 1ith t em t h eir orts, science , language a11d civilization, am ., hil th · c diti ons under \Jhich th e con qu r a pe ple la or a v:,e r · ot the best possible. still the r ·l d no help but r ceive bone fits from the lori s th ic h t e -.- oman arms h ad achieved. The Romnns c om , · l y di ided t J. ... civi c co 1 - unities int three ain c ~ 0 cs ·it varr i am powe r xi it r 0 Tiithin citi h ·r. e r c 1 c 1 a s s i i c t i on ; 1. p The prefe cture Nerc not elf- ov 1ning but were plnced under the rul pre~ect. The inhab- itants v: ~re subj r,cte d t o the burde s but di · ·o .. tte privileges of l orna n citizens The second class city vas ruled di f ~erently or thy after a tie r .ceive d t ull m e nsure o · 13 Roman citizenship. Out of this class has arisen the corporntc municipality. rih t is i 11 sue c it i s t ·c citizens ar c"tiz n o - t~ state a a at t c sarE tine a citizen o t l:c city v1 r in th · lived. ll citize s ,vere posses£ed of t :r , s a e ri hts a d ., b jcct to the s~me burde s but r tain0d in thcmbelves the ndministration o l D ·1 nnd g v rnment in local ma tters \Vhich did not concern the st t e at l arge. hi d i.J-' cription ans, rs to t1 ornte municipality. pr eu - t defini t ion O a Cr~- As regard s 1 cal citizenship on e r c~t pri - cipal prevailed thr u hout t 11e .mpire , tha t o_ -4- e " T • • 1 · · r ,_Uil1C lp c 1 , OT 1 0 , e ., r y man re t , stamp municip lity . l irth, I t e .lln ., elon ed t o · o re l· rly est blish d uni ip lity he ,a s d c cr i ed according t 0 J ~e ot er nit i trD ion su n e s . ' or 'c i vi ta s ' . . a 1 be lo:. to as t _ e only o i iL ' l J. , . Ll VI t o -e c o ~ trued so izehship. t pr c clud c· J.e 1 .u O. Ell 1 v it- t The possess i on o t ~ 1 c 1 ron 1 ise depe · ded upon c onditions uch th s , e e v r here, i - c rollme·~t y r c 0 olution i ·, _ o · a sl ve, adopt i on roya l _rant. .,. ' l: 1 oc 1 oa rd , i tiz ✓ and ritanc , . B U l - 11 b 14 The ancient sche £e o the city embodi d a · otion f popular asse bly with varryinp r· _ht a- a pmve r s . In th J st r provinc s t , asser:bli c the c it i z ens v1e re ca l led "cur i a " or " tr i bus" • The th ir a c 1 a s s wa s d e s i ~ ·- t e d , "c o 1 o . i a " , a a ,,,n s c or;ip s d , () 1 omo - c it i z n city · ·or t purr o ( n t ut by t h olidat i · territory vhi h h a ee r c · tly c nqu red . com ,- ti 1e it \"/8 S d n BS a r cw rd f r s r vice r · der a . Th t ~ p opl co ~t .. ,8G t . s v:ni ; t he- . r e ob l i , ed t ild , v,er a y flrrl . varried bu n t r: p p-urpose ..L , • tr .. , . it . io r t.., ;... u lS i · -r J .i.. ... · ecessnry to trac t e ir r ,ve fi nd v st nur.1, er of s c to·as ad cities . i dividu 1 citn ·1, a corp rati ':> :. \Ji t L th ri t f local ~ lf- overn~e · t u ~ervi 1 l · . in ov r : ment in ome a a t _r, sa e i c• true o~ sout : .rn . ? r nee and Spo in . fter t e ov rt rou o_ th e r. me i ndebted in a lar pr s _r vation o uthority measure to cities or the !id t _ dcv looment o ,. ·urisd icti nal p ~1ers ro : ~h i e v , h : v ul ti ~ c. tel received ur pre e1 t orm f c 0 ~t·t ti 1 and r--ree c.~ over1m nt • .uut it va tu tilth te th c ntury thot cities exerted a n otic le pres re pon 15 the developn ient o · civil nd politi t, l ri hts. Before that time and after t c ov rthrO\J o ·· t e o n Empire th cities were in o very pr crrious position, thy were not free nor t 1er they reduced to the cor - dition of servitude as vere the rest of the inh itants. During this period ,1hen ~ r nee especially and the sovereign ' t t er ~ere bound in the ·ron clasp of -;,eud li , the cities · Italy ·,ere develop ing into great ·eaport · doing the cities of the East. By ea: o tl .. · s trade, Pisa Genoa, ~lorence ~nd Venice b came rich a - d p ~e r ~ul. At t his t irre t he ,1 1 eud 1 · ste tits height but ~ vas usual nith t ~~in a a h i 0 Barons money ?flS ucorce fl! d greatly desired, ther ef re t cse citi~ cities bought their freedom a d , ec me sel < "'U --~icie· t and uelf gov rning. 1 he est blishme 1t of th eud 1 s y te reat chanees in :urop • 1 e or th establi hment of this sy~tem th citic learning and culture. , r the c n eT s of art, ,1e 1th After feudalism Tia -st lished, th land o mers liv d on their o ~ m est tes, th ~ land •, )re cultivated by pers ns not rec g i zed a u. vi g on politi c 1 r t s. h t O\Vn ,.. be ca .e a p[! rt "t e lords ec, Bte a d t e i - h bitant \ere su jct t him. rot c i .. , i 1 i z a t i o · t h c it i o ve n u nd r t ~ · 1 ati· q lor o ' c. vy burden c 011t inued to r o per, n cquir inf '¥€<. 1th ar1 ·,it vreol th came power. Duri B the early art o · th te nth ce tury t Ital i an citieu bouPht their fre dom . , oll o -. ing out this c o rse nearly ever y It lilln cit. of ny did like,vise and bf\ the end -1- • t thirte · t c tury almost a l l th e Itlaian c i tie were free . mi re ... - 16 dam consioted of exte ive rots B d irn~unitieu i ro feudal burdens and t nc y \"Jer i n fnc t i · depende t kin - a oms ·ii thin the sto te . During the eleventh ce· tur the people o · r anee a r ose and de ma ded their political f re dam . The purpose of this de nd v, s t secure < r t e bur es · s 8~ d the i ln itu t in nera l t e r ~ t of commona l ty and In s orne cert i n ensure of enfr nchise ; n t . e upri i · . s pe opl r 1 re succes 0 ul a d t . r b i _ .d t e ri ht t o r □nize f r t e i r o vn be· e · i t • : Ju c, · e d id t } o p ople i t e i r a and · e i - t t e ir o r 1 ord and vi ... ere a ailur ro e tte p t cr in C ~ r eed orn , t , e burdens r re i er , sed . m ere i vid ~ nee .. 0 t ha t in th . • t cit ,as V' some s upri l aided by the ki g vho u E) J t e C nee to cur tl e arrogance f s orre rich or po\ T. er 1 vassal, ut t e e occasions v,e re r lre • deed a nd l e r 11 t 1 t O\Vll ought its o- +" • h t r u· icipal ·reed om . ..1. Th re ult 0 1 victor V/fJ t r' J ti a "Charter", by the lord to t e ur h rl,J ·t to b~v t 1 term of ·which t JC t ·ms peo le ad C O_'l err upon them or ')T les ex .,n ive r i ts and po,vers together 1-ii th les uen i t } urd r o· f eud:.l i By ome 1JUt ors the e chart r s are called " r ti ' of Peace" , ct\vec t e lord and he corrrons , and b_ othcrs,"Bills of Ri ht" . It has been noted th t e ci ti of Italy 17 d m. s btained their f r eedom by p rchase n gra · t but more partic ularly by purchc se , t ·s .et od fur· is ed a 1 d \Vhich the citi e s o a d t _ re 'ult vies an ad ition 1 r o · · mu· i c i pa 1 corp r tions hB vi· locnl mat"'"er • t e ri t o .L- sel - gov r ~ .. e · t in These early chirt r Tiere ver , simple as co - p red ti th th c ... rter n J odor cit.. but t i... m i n t e S' ' e ntials \~ rerc pre "'ent. s \J r '!JIB , on ,J t e pr i - cipal ti ons of the · at i Jns 0 the . . 1 ccup o· e pr1nc1 rip _ ts o rfJ tcd V] d<=' t ri ,ht to rovid ~ r t ~ e a t_ - tt e tovm . he ol . o i : exa jple vill . t ~C a ur 1....; r r e · th C: r y PQOO idea e t r . 7 .. ic h ~ , re C . t ined . t t h l ord. lll gr 0 1. 11 em r are ound to ist d C a enc, other o a i r1.J t a 11 a g . r s ( or • 2 . All re id ts i Lt to\r r o li d to ta e pa rt i t} T. 1U t 1 de_ e o t cm er o L 18 to,vn 3. The om lunit sh 11 h V ' the p ~rt cxectte m i tr< tes - a to 1.sc essary or th att' i in • o ju ~tice . re 4. ~l.1he pr ctice o - .a}: i tisf ction Y1 C - r crime a personal ri ht in t he injured p2rty,i 0 abolis ed and in its place a re ular meth d f puni0hment is to be provided. 5. Persons rea on e, 1ly suspected to be about to injure another may be put ui der ond to keep t e peace. 6. The ri ht o a credit _ to seize the prop- er t y v - · th his n honds and y l1is priv te authority i~ abolished . Juch creditor 0 11 be obli ,ed to pro- ceed with hi cau e aut orized t 1 isc le r ce ' or eizur o , prop - ert ad to 0 ell th ce to a d bt . ?. ~v ry e b r h 11 ri o or.. rt of . 1 pro . erty into t r:e to,·,n , i f · r side o t id , - c1 i - he re id e wj thi :n. t11 torn u u r ild • 8 • Jud '"'rn en ts s 1 8 11 be r 1 o u · c e d t r ts dul y el cted (or c ) to h l d of~ice. r ur ~ toxes is l er f oli d ul~r method of equal t xation Such vi1er e the t rr:1 o _ _c t 1 11 g r it- i i t i. e d r , - u b st it u te d • or a i ry . u1 i c i 1 c ter the early n e ' . Te lnws pas ed in cord nee 19 .Ji th its terms ·were 1 arsh and often ti es brut e- 1 . ,3ut it must e re m e red th . t tl_ people tr_i ll ..., € ised \Ii t h SVJOrd • o· e h nd nd shield • t} 0 v1 re r 1n in other . l ., .,L._ o t o· tl c ln ·1s p , r Ol1 C rned bee11 entioned , r1i t t sofet 0 ..L t e city - a its citizens . he l.ar,s a ~ ) 1 t ·1 i t }1 tl1e d tie o o-'~ ach c i ti- . nn u t ta L by ana t _ e zcn lll C n ~ .)e 0 0 . n en em y pun- ishmen t fo r a violation o · t h , la,,s • . .1econd i n import - anc e v1e r e th } 1 ( VJS pa 0 ed { ec le r i n .a t Bet , ,er crir oos a· a t ~e pe ~lt or the c om r.:is 0 i on o c _ crir~ e . r o · e c t ·11 a ru-e d · a c ri r r i e d o t 1 "'" t , c it i 8 110 toyms v1it r '"\ f .,re ce t C' 1.itati0I 'T E : V ry a r:rl t . -· re 1 n o .e ti on o · t he co pl ti i ,.. I sue ... pro- j ct s ci S verc carrie d out i n i ome . i h re 1 r a on ~or 1 a c }'·· o · i r ove r..-e n t s o - 1 1 ; t ur e i t r... ct t .. n tles peopl were stil l int e 1 test te r _ b r aris nd onl y be inni , t iza t ion . ttain to t h ~ leia hts o~ civil - The ema cipation o~ t ~ f ro .. the f ud 1 syst m p r od ce d er t div rsity int. f rm . tl1e 1 V .., r :nme t ad p t , d b V T i OU° C it ie S i 11 , r Ce • In some t h e ornc n mu i c ip li t y · s p rp tu· ted in more r les 0 modi ied ·· orrn , thi v,as t e c ornnon or m o~ ov ·r, · nt i n outh rn Fr nee . The r ein L ver .ent wer plRc a in na , · a · nat t r .. i .itnti t ne e rl rn th d 'd a in ., ome . 20 "t th pe opl e hcd 0 1, ll voic . t polit· cal 0 . C" in ~ nf -airs ~ t city . of ice 0{ ' 'e n tor ·1 de , . heredit ry fl : · .rh en it eca . a pleted t r ou "h death or t} r cau e - 'I m r e:- \ · r 1 cted t, ~ e c•urvivor s . J 'his f or 4 f; over . nt see . t o e t rcr u1 · , e r 0 - t h • :nL 1 i s h ": o t t en Bo r u h" , f 1 ,4 er ; ear s • In ccntr 1 · d ort _ er ' 1 r c t Cit ie d V 1 - oped inn i Or nc t r a l manner · d t cha rt ·r co· orm r e truely t o te odor i d c o n a corpor tion. e\"·1 fa n ili ·1ould tl r t . l - icipal t b r a t c t some poi· t p s es c i - 1 tur 1 av n t e , or t e v uld settle there at t he r equest n d t l_e i vi tit iJn f i-. lord of t e est~te. In r turn or a cert i n stipul ted ren a a t c r ender i n of fe ,, o t · '""ervices inc i d t t e · doli sm such as c. da s s rvice u n d r t J. lord , he i 1 turn w uld g r to t e inhn bit n t .en t s u jct to on l i • 1 sell t ·h e t p o le ,ver e e ld c. r utr int . t t o t e 9ettler a ch ') ..(" the t - t r i , a t 0 . e e bur e .. . : eed rer V r 1 opl · ad : iti , ... al r i ,) t< 00 re ed rom a lr.10 - t It · ~ tr u t _ t t o · t e r , i o 1 t e d b t ~ , 1 or a , , t t 4 c it i f r ·ter de rec f r os erit; vitl t h rt er r -nt- el ·- gorer -C! ud,. 1 - 0 Y, ~ e- - • _,· [l '" ... . t 1 i in CV r .. I' e ~ ~oycd ;:r e rs a · d in es t c e t o ~ . r , i ~ to i r - cities , - 21 These t ~, u municip 1 corp r ti0 s or t r tr i nts p o· t 1 ir local self- ov .: r nment I r ver strctly local in tneir nature vere c red r b t citizens ,vitr little r no it r f r ,· ce u on tte p rt of the kina or hi va , _;ala . The cities ho\v v r \Vere not s ti ied 7i t t h is almost omplete loc 1 e cip tion. In the t,vel th ce tury n th .r r ov ment "/8S start a c. lr - dy c rp or a t e citie - r the purp c t btaining for th m elv compl t e Ja cipati n rom 11 t bonds 0 servitude d to con titute t h e .s lve u sclf-sufficie· t , v c r t i d pe r de of e locDl lord and u, jcct n l to t _ -se 1 v, vhi •r 'r e n cted or t _o er 1 vell be i n.a - ' • : hole • ., l C l n c.l C Th"s ave 1 r t .,, 8. ld ' cc · S roved b t L ur ber 0 t1 C rt ·r f r u _ ted . oy 1 c hart r .-✓er gr (: ted u d reds , a L k i n de it a· . . tru□e t \·✓it v,hich t d i rr - use 1 · f - i· ~h ' t ht ...., ;J .- c.: r o , ome f h · 0 o Y1er s stron 1 r str on r t l Bn hiL. elf . h ch rt rs ,r ted b 1 t he lords ft e reolm wer nu e r ed ~ tl us nds ~rid t }- e. r,ere gen er l _ secured by means ore • These charters made the cities indepe 1d . t m u icipal corporati n .· ,;ubj ct o · t P state. A ne,r .r.-e ture a a o: hi e_ r 1 la 1s hod n ot 0 22 heretofore been k own or eve_ entioned, t is Vl/8 S e calli e • of th king to r1i tn s th , r..1J rt r 7hich in the lord hnd gra11 tea to th city 8 d b. t us call i_ • in the kin he - "' ut.l rrantc ed to the city t h e privil n C, , and . hts VJ _ich 1 ere t _ e:rein cont ined , a n d VJ"' ic r.e Tl th ere ro . ised oul _ c protected y i o ;n lFJ~rs a d by his own ner onal aid . The ter ms of the c ·~rt r are ·imilG r t t b.e outline pr e r ted i tl se pa es , ,it ~out t _ i iti on CY ·1 r g r : t e d t o o any burde s . the . . via s t h o r i "" J. r c ~ ove t c s t c. tut o r: ortm in placed upon th lien ti o- · r r l pr perty . ls o a ny n evv 1 a\"✓ S J h i C h r I e Te C O C er 1. e d " Ji t t C O fl~' 0 r t 1 a pr spe r i ty t Y enflcted and r eed . Sue i~ th develop ent t 1u- i i El c rp- or tion. in th ~ .~ :rench ti 1 d rino th id d le ges . It see .1 s to e [l \!e l l ettled 8Ct tJ o· hi 0 t - • t iddl that citi nd tov,nc ri ns o- e gcs , .... e s of ~ pa in acquir d a rpor·· te and . • ~l t C mun i 1 v , rnm ~ ~ at nn earlier eri od th .n did the citi of ;ir ce , er JJ y r ..._.n,, ln nd • Th , r C S n r t hi al ee t C - 11 settled . The r C SQ ll cri e ( dif .1.er · t 0 tl-- o t c... v1hich C t.: e d t e rmnti n 0 1 cities • h t in 23 countric s of ·wester Europe . '1 1 h . d re "Oll l u y rnaki a surv y 0 t . it nts . '.'hen t e f J 1· ,. ,1ohammed V ve SW pt ove r e stcr , l~ ir e a d t ..,en adva ced into · e ter · \ uro o: frica a nd ~pai t . c our1tr -i: rrun lS Vl IJ,..) V t y t C -~O rs . Hi t ry tel1° us that o ly b 1 y ar o r le ntl s v r .L re · 1a , cou tr . -inally rcli ed · rom the r! e [lee edanism . •'p - · n s the i.'oors Nere sl o 1ly drive ck t in order to con olidate t ~ e cu tr thus d rly ion, gr a n t ed to t n e c it i e s a c ]~ rt r u 1 d \ r · - _ i c 1 re incorp rflted vi t J. a rif t o · loc c: 1 el - 0 ove r 1 ent . ranted to the citie but t re v,as included in t )se c arters a rn t o lar e sectio so "urrou· di ter r itory and this territory was subject to and rul ace rdi g to the lav1s o"° t _ e mun icipality . ,:ihe c bnrt r )ra nt d t <. th peo le t e ri ht to choose t e c ov rni ~ off i r..: er · , i clud · L a jud e and a commo- council . The citizens o t _ city 7ere allo\1ed ny o the privileg s - ~ freer.en . In order to secure t 1 land t th centrnl g ov rn e t the kin ap; ointed a royal officer tor c ive +h t . i was ex cted in return or t ri ute rorn t ny pri city , vl1ich the king had granted t o the municipa l ity • The magistrate""' v1ere empo\vered to and did en orce th laws passed by the coLT.1on council e 24 la 1 C I ' 'fl_ 1 ___, o l u I el u Q _ , 1 J • u rrocess issued by a la rV--ul ma istrate. The citizens o 0panish cities rer ! divided into two classes. The • ir clas "I re those 1ho served ass ldicr and wer t e:e y ex mpted ro the payment o · tribute to t ~e ki 0 • second clBss co sited o · t ose whop id tri ute tot , ki ~ • The first clas~ vere cal ed caballero and tL second uer · called pcch ro or tribute p yrs. 'trf3n e it L.ay se m both clas s e j ny d equal civil ri ts. Britain was one o the l ast nquests o · t e Caesars Bnd also one ol the fir~t to e rel ased from her hold, this bei • due to the te otenes f t he country. The Latin ton u hnd never become the lang- U ' oe o the ou11try nor h d t e oma n c.! ivilizati n ' de a deep impression upo tl1e ople or the cou try. Under t h oman St nd ard, ritain va divided into tl irty-three tov hip ~nd t each · accorded a s . 11 share of se f-gov rnm nt. or . ny e r , ter th depnrture the Hon1ans thes quasi-mu~ ici ~ 1 organizations con tituted th only overrun ~tin th isl~nd kingdom. The next people to conquer th i'l nd ver the Saxons. - aer th se e pl . t c vh 1 k. dam 1~~ 25 rule by a king vho wa c v t d ,·th su rem po er. In order to provide th people ith 0 rre n o obtain - ine a judicial ne ' ri o th ir cause , the kiv do ,vas divided into counti c• r d they \vere a oin a _ ·vided into into hundr .ds and de cennarie • The count· es YI re rule over by an alderman and sh r~itf . • fl.Ce year these of icer s called r , ses i ! o th e count,. c rts. The c Ol ·:.-~ Free Court, thi v1a s pre ided over by t h -1 er an , ·herri f ond t h. ishop of t _ e territory. ~hese court .e rd omplemnts oo sed on breaches o tl...e peace ::. d simil r ,iron 1 s . ~I.1he count court ,as a hi "her cour th n t ,.,, - ree court and ,1 ~ v ted -, · th more juri diction. ' 1 h undred c urt ·Ju t h i.ohest o.: h thre a a \ 11 a--- vested v✓ i th ppellat ,·urisdicti n over t Cou t. uourt. The period of t · e i \"Illich th 'ax n -er in exclusive possession eviden ce fro w ich h~d even a sm 11 .casure habitants o tho countr 1. Thanes. 2. Ceorls. 3elo\1 th se t ~,o cl c: s es Britain ur~ ishes ver little o e c ~n ay t nt the to 1 ns ~ 1 - overn nt. The i - nere divided i nto claos s· ' a) Valued t lG Os. b ) f 1 u d at 6 00 s. -re :1en , ,, f ina h . · :1 ves nd t · native --ritons laced on a qu 1 bo is. 26 In the y cor 1066 •• ~illi mt e Conqueror lan d in Brit in an ~u t due d t1 advent BrittJi ... 7 pl~ ced under t h eudal yoke and as in ◄ r n ee the inhabit · t s o t _..., t n \Ve r , de subject to ot 01ly t 1e k i t l co t r i n d - iate lord. ho a .1 heav urd e · o · te: xa ti on th e e 1{a c t i . Jn tte r o _;_ in mos t FJ r it r ary er s oon ::"educed tl c peopl e to a c o1 di t · · of pr ctic 1 serv i t ude . 1he lord ap . oi ted one f 1 i s ret ir er..., t o c o 11 e ct th i s t ax ~ · d t o u c, e or c e i · r , c e s r:: r y t o ake each indiviud 1 p f hi share . In later y a r s after t h e Cit ie ' h a lJ a V e. need r en u, h . in po\vers nnd rights B a t e a aunt 0 .. t ta x - a be n C n ed to El f ixed a r "'ular sum , th , people elect a ne 0 t • rn, er t coll e t the tnx or t, e lord , e 1r \Vll Th i Q r i ht o. th , e o 1 to po taxe i ( ixed urn v a · a l led , ' irrni b r (,her , a p oi: t a to collect it v c8 l led t e , r . r " , or "rn or ' t ' · ro rn t , . . u duty is de r ived t e pres t n n iven to tl: h a . • al corp tion . mu lCl r At t h i <" . in . tor, peri ( er -_ V r . ted c it i es t o ·m s , th · :ri ht . tt l orpor r - pe ople \Jere V r, C ·1 • 1 · numb e r and it i C, n t unti l th r e i -., n 0 ohn t at t h . r ght , .. loc ol ,e l t I - €' OV 'r .. to make he d ,·,ay. Up t o thi eriod t cit oe n a e Q_ Lond o alone en joyed [3 m ure . loc a l u r 0 tr icted 27 self- overnr1ent. .1 h · ch· rt r \Jhi ·h \/'. s 0 ra 1 ted to tre city duri th o re i ., o .e : r ... . h J • t . . J:: l.TS lu 0 un nown date, t l is ch rter r nted t t choooe t i eir v, sherri · d justice o t pei ce. Durin reign o · John t :i:agna Charta 1ao passed £lnd it YI s durin _"' t_is tirre that th e citi e s uere ble to obt i nc~ rt ✓rd ·rom the ing , gr antir to t h m t e ri ht eMclusiv uri dicti on in t e minor c our t 0 such c- tr. juc:- tic c co rt Bnd 1 c o tl_ c rit;ht to cr .. oose tr) j t · c , · pr idi · ver it . A ; erchant uil ,a er ~tea under _e e n r er nd nri - ous other locBl o ~icers ,'Jere el .cted . ver i rr1 ort - at . tter w ich wa "' pla ced int nd · o t }-:s l. ocal ov rnroon t 'rrl '."Jhich e c:. r a t de 1 t O t - · Ci ti S :r. s the r i ;] t to h0 l d Dnd r . - -ulc _· e ·airs and p blic · .<: r kets. he e · nd other r j_ : an dutie tir 1 1 c 1 in their :ia tur \- er -,r t d n r i ~ J C .. C C i t i ~ I • ~ P r ev-1 and C prospered a a wit ~ ., r · \1th t .,_ e de ir o _ e i _ El i t an ts t o c~ C re . O T . ore 2nd . o e local p "ers also gre, a th u .. its i on ) · t 1 inhB - · t c1 nt s t o r oy a 1 e d i c t s c o: c er · r 1 • • 1 o c ,:J 1 f .L· a i rs s 1 ~,a . c- a c c or pa r i a it .. . u c ~ _ d is a t i - ct ion o nd . i or disse ntion. 'i 1 h xt gr 1 t o p y, r r cciv a b t e t ,.ns 28 was the r ie t to repr ✓ entation in the co _on c ouncil of the k i ngd om . hi i n p v, r ,, i ch is not 1 o l i n i ts no tur e but co · cern~ t h 0t to ~t lar e . The r e son b~ck oft i r e t ,as th n e d o mone y on th r t O - I~ d VJ r d l • _ i u k i ,a \V ise St e te Gr1D tJ d e s i er t o bt i n o· ey rom -t . pe p l y 11 ·,i: ·rn vol i tion . c c ord - i ngly he sen t ut or ; OTOU : 1 l oul6 :. a t-_e di~t:rct ~ ome rre .. or c .. ~ ·n ... e -· em r - ') · ....., c ..._ -4 - J -r or b orOUPh a r epres nt c tive to 0 t i ..., a elo C a r ncte r .. ng 1 iv C it i e S 8 l · t destr o, ed t e . u icip 1 ct nd made o the me r p p t i n t a v1id o - t o-. t ... d f r u~ i cipa l oli h d l ish to ~ s nd o srup - · lous p ol i ticians . Bee se o · t i s "' r n t t h · citie s O' 11 t ei r r i r hto t o 1 c , l self- ov r ~ t , i t ·s true t1 - t r.-1 :Jn and i r.1p rtan 1 1 • t ed C Tl _, ' ,er · T r·IT • to the orpor t i n T t T0\·11 d b t - - 1 rli .. ,nt I ( ~ b t hese r i p t exi ·t d . C r Tc. t i O"' o vhi h ':1 d 1 · 1 th j~ • depc1 · t .J.. • ct l LJ1. . ro . or borou .,h . ' 1 • l .. ., r \'JD s t r: ·, r e u l t of t -is i rn rt n t ri . t 1ri r -pr e- t - f J rli met . The i m ea i J t e e f . c c t -· th i s r i ,CY J t wa s t : acquisitio1 orou h 0 'n i ns e politic 1 imp r tnnce. J_he 1 ord nd .,r ov,n b th sought th n i d ~ .. tlie r epresentati 0,.. t ople. ft r ti t pe o~le ,re w ostil e to th CroTin nd for t l i r cfl son t e ; i n t1rr o h th e ~ic i c· t id of a villin, Court rul ed th t no cor por tin h d ny ri ht t o a le g 1 x i ot enc e u· l e~s th hnd r cei·ed • t11e cor sen t t he Cr ov,n • rnh e e ~ :.. e ct '.J .r :- · _ is via , t o ma e the c it i , c e e · et or h.ir ex i t n up n · El ' ) 1 , t O C O mnl nd t l-1 aid o f th eo lo i n h i s . s c : e to prot ct him e l - f rom his pa', er "ul · oble v1h o v r d il end r iJ ... t o t , e ,: fJ :l h i p o ,er · lav1s. 29 o kee p t eo 1 i n hn 1 d t ~ k i rn~ 11c o r .p od popular election s by the whol c om .. u· -· l.J n 11d n t by portiGUl r la ...;es v ii thin a c omr. u· i ty. short ti ,: D ft.e r the p opl · ..,, :: · r , t .J t "' 1 j'•l;J ~ _ e u 1 ca 1 p O\J rs lJ a duties t ~ e citizens Vver c clas n i i e d a nd t h clc ss c s had di f·-:-erent ri gl1ts. The fir 0 t class was c ompose d OI de i ite body of men and r,ho · ere pr · ted OYe r i ts than the second cl~ss 1hich h ad n o d efinite nu & er but , Ds c omp osed of th burges ce or 8itizens Ci er 1 l. tr.. t ov,n i n 30 The re 1lt o th . polic o ca l l ing requ nt e le ct ions ,. s : ot t .. t ,_r h i instead f ._)upporti · c tl or seen "l the 'rovm ' ki ri[; , t c peopl e,. re decid - edly in v r f th , policie ad oc nted b t e b rons . r.1 .1 0 c1 ·rc1 v t t _· r ~1· · th · d . , ue ell 1 . l Z ,,, . _ 1 R l Y , U c• 0 1- n pliable court . It \78S decided b tl .. . t r. JU r ., o . ' t ~ t ho , · c i \V80 j 1 , C . B (1 t ,1 l L truth 0 th r. ct t }- c: t it ,lon 0 t e , J l ., b r dy o· • . . fl c or it -till t, . rt al o y1ed Cl 1ze ·'"' s i n t co V✓B ... to res e a \~1 ic t r _ · a -4- of .: : 1 ction C uld ) - l.J be restricted to n sel ct clas • he purpoc c n c] he r ul 0 t _i ruli :-- a \78S a r c.at d ction . t J. J 0 .,_. 1' ~) t the r 1 nu er r - 1: corp t • • · a 1 . ...c• r com _ u ::11 l C l ... l ' • J · C~ 0 01 - 0 C r~ r 1 1 1. t in t ~ ., a0 0 [l V' t t 1 thier h i b le. io .i.2 d e . (; } ., \-I or er rn eo .L 1 ., I te - · t ~ C C O 1 J . U. - it r a· d en l od the roynl p crty t p s o 0 u h 1 ,~,r· or de · ·eat sucn 1 s t ~ e uO a C ired . le lo cu l ef ect 0 .. t ~ i S £1 C t i On ti cJ tioned narn,ly t . n r r i O l ly me . - i ~ . tL ri '- ht o. r prccen ,. tion c principol and most importa t ri ht in a cit, to1n or borou h nnd 0 ec ondly the 0 r tin , th exist ~ce · P c or porr.J t e body a e e· a t upon on ietin Cit· . ' t ov,n or b or oup,h . in t d c u t r u t i , o · · t · 1 o c ' 1 p ·10 r of t eople 31 In t re ig n o ·· J ri rn :) s I r.iu i c i ( 1 c or r ion were i ncr RS d in nur r l .,cti ·r nc i c \VB S 1 i . it d t 0 s e l ~ c ~ closs o cit iz n s . 3oro 1 g ... o n d t o, ,n s 1 e r · ., r 8 : t d c r t .·, r ...; : d i 1 or r L t id fl · a r' 4 nt ed tlc ri .::h t to end r pr se ~ t' ti ve ro 0 ·arlinm nt . · 11 t • s do::. or th e it f l . J C t he r o .. 1 pc rt- d ot . r B . , l J C 1 t 0 l 1 ~ citizens to t e J t te . . - or-4.u~ r' t ly ·or Jarne o nd his com -triots the r sul t · s n t ' 11 t _ t .. e de ·ir d ex ·cted , the oroughs d tur· ed n s rce 1~ 0 rc c t oppo ition . . o , t l e: t ur ne a a r ound a _d ex el le d t h _rom u o.a i t l emu: ici liti . 0 a p r ose for ic h r· 1l ' r t . r ( ., n ch oo e new ones hist or ~ ,... ' l i 0 c or or ati :Y s no a a ced ace r i :~ tot i nt o ,xi te ce . r o-; r 1 ve 1 c i t i )u · n t... pro. er air cti n :le.JS in r ~ i tr r Dct Cr ·n fl ve been .e1tione d . ... c o~ ... st~· qu rr 1 V/ll o re t . eYi t i · nee a· e citi • s.A ead nf . t o t- av in loc 1 C 1i errent ... l C" ee l ·- : C ..cou ht Vi i t tr.. 'r o ·, i 11 1,. use 0 . p rli am nt . S:he r ":In • in it e ·ort t defo t t ... ""'· d Vf.l • (; l -= ore es c ssed 1~ ., :.• .._ . t ele c • . se fl d re d u c e C vl .1. g e ive ~r n ,.J d • 32 the number of electors t o such an xte ' t t at only a few farr1ilios i n ch bor U Ph~ a the r ight t v te at the ele c tion o o .. -L"ic e r s , t us er ting vrh t is 1 no\ as th Fnq;l i Q ... , "Rot ten .)or ou 0 h". The ' Rotten Borough" \vas a or 0 n izat i on e xist- ingin town or borough,in vhom th tire or r tion v,as centered. I" _ t8 a ~ t J_ munic ip• 1 C r Tc.ti on as ori i 11 · er ted, co. pos d o·· the bur ss nc1 t c citizens o the ~,hol c omrnu_ it cJ n ct i nQ ; r it lf i n p rely 1 cr. l T air , thro _ th }Elr:rl o a common council elected by duly qu~lified l ectors, t here has be n cre'te d an or izati on C mp 0 ed far:1ilies. he se f T, nve ce t ·r d tr. eir tt tio upon t1 e elect i n o a repre "€ t e ti v to me k i n thi.._j extrL- loc 1 r i vilc g e t e 10 Qt i 1p ort < - t dut:y existing in the cor J r ti n. · u ch r1 fl s the c o· a i t i on of .. ~n ) 1 i '""h m u:.c i c i r 1 orpor ~tionu u- til ·1 pas age f ' the .l :rr I Lord Brou , ar v re r o_ · 1 35, th d te 01 ... e re s ns i bl , for ... s -. e i n thi ~ r esp c i uo r thy and appreci~tion. e or tJ e tr , _ i · lavv , n .. is s r~ i e C -; : . r c.~ ( t s t ad mi r a t i on . p o i r t a D c om :1i c• i to lo · k into a a J C r rt o_ th m n vil c ornpl c: i ne d and t o cert in 33 tre truth o th an.>' reports . e..('err i · L to t e r eport CI> f tn i s c om r:1 i s i 1 is found tho tl a a sis t 1 d in ill or s tr ti u it c r-1 s i n tr veled t h r < u ho t :.'ales · ' t .r ugh the records of all the c it i e Cl , t \ V'n s n a 1 J r 0 h · • i bri · ·umr r o t re ort h ws tot t r vver in .ng 1 nd n11d '. le s tYJO - undred rt: - ix municipal corpor ati o s. Included ·1it in thi 0 nur:1b r are tvo million citize so · ord i ar7 qu li ·ic atio~s. 'ome ro t ; e C or Or c ... t i 0 C 1 .IYed to C u ·r 1 der pre- scriptive cust m but ., jorit, cl2i ed L r d r a s r- EI a a ·1: t J t}r J t of Gear e IV and or .1 in one o tin u us ch rter. Inex~ i _inq; i nt o t c ha rt )r urpose of disc over i , hov, · .. th c e le c t · v pr iv i 1 e e , t _ ~ e c om . i u i ou11d that in a or at n u 1 er u er o_ s \V s be t ·,e en th i r t, - a i t. \lhile i c.l C c: S nur bered lesv th " ten. t · a f ou d t at t I'- ' ti tl t fre ed o it \1as c lled nprn dcd t110 ° e ar i c: i ro ov r i ·r t , L r c: e, p rch'-s or e 1 ct i on . he ) r r oll 1 ~ t d y t _i .. clo nd corr pt cor r tin -y a 0 t o·· elf-election or t rou h n appoi t men t i y ~ e body. ~he ~ "' t str i k - i a i ncongruity WQS t ! ct t r. t t e cDrp r at· n as a 34 b ody exic ted independent oft e peopl e and t ~e borough and in proo of this f[1ct it ,as found that in many case s the applicati on o 1J citizen · r B membe r } ·hip in the c rp rntion ·ao turned dov.,n v1hil · t ' ppl ica t io~ of a non- reside t v1as allovrcd ond h · \~, s r ceiv · d int o the corp r , te body 'nd g iven a v t v, rein . The only r eal octivet ~ s th election o - e er to i s rne: t ary 0 ·ti to li ·h , . o:-- 1 n . cc o . ... l S 0 a particul D r rt y ·:.., r e 'd it ed C. 1 11 excluded o_ e r ot er . 1 1am -ind t at } " ~ c:-·e c or , or ~ti , :· xist c c c i r V8 r i 1. Kings h nrter . 2 . ..ct f - rli ment . 3 • o mr: on a v1 • 4 . 1.·r sc r iption . 5 . 1 oy 1 J art r . 6 . u thor i ·.. 8 J El r 1 i nm t • .. n t co on 1 a c r iv e t 1 : e i r ex i t e · c e a .,..rl p ut t ,. t t "' d t r. ir oriPi . l or [l c ~Elrtcr ,. n. ich C l: nn t r, nd . ro t , rl - r th ·rs C c ~ Lt i ~to ri 1 c la i . i ::- ; .. .. er · pti o· s y r pr . , pp o C B lo '- 't cl rte r . orp ratio C• er t by r ~ al or 1 . l a ti ~ct " l r - 1 V _, S into corp r nti s y . plic ction . B t uch l C ~ - i c e carry i nto ef_ ct t1 p ur po c s or ·, i h it , a u c r · LJ tea unle sc corporate po ,er J r gr· · ted to it . 'i.'he ·r net: · " -' ., of being n corporBtion na t.1 can be claimed in no other uay . A 1 tot 4 privil .,, 1 c;~ n ti - to the c orp .. Jrqte ch aracter is t er .,for nbsolutely nee- essary and i al\uays implied. r, i o st a t nt - t _ e lBVJ i s c art i n - . a in n vell k o·, ~ e · _ ampshire dee - ision. mo renedy this conditi o _ o:: affair t e ov- ernmcnt Pf:l s ea t 1e .,, "'" . . al _ ef ·ct . Its pas ,1un1c 1 rm c,. - e rm rks the beginnin f th mod ern • • al c orporation UTi l C l • ~ng l tJnd • in 1 .rith the pas 8 -. ) of this act a:rd _e u e - ",n ,1 ish u d r it · quent cnfr cnchis mcnt provisi st e citi 0 c ounir dva ced r pidl~ in ,. era p ' c e , ro .. rity nd happi n - s . 1 1 gover n n "' f t e c rp r t i n choice o~ t~e pe o le u.d e t ·o8 vie e pi· c r · -or s a d the c on tructive c cti n ·t (: c e s r y to bri c it i e s out o:: t 11 e d e pt h i · t o ~:h i c th [2d al en . mh ct r , ... iz -s 11 unici pal orpor tio s up on [l uni -ori:1 m od el. It a es t tDkc B\V8Y e :- tirely e t }L8 • ly xi · ti orpor~t p O\p/ · r • h l r v pr ,Vl u . V l r . r nul or El re not contr I: to r i n . t 11t · : i th t he 0 01 pirit, pur ., o t rrns 0-D th act . . 35 36 One o~ the princi ~1 provi ion~ in th · ct is th clause ~hich .cl0rc \vho sh 11. b burc • This ri ph t i . ,.de to de pen ess nti Blly upon oc c u- pancy o_ ~ shops or hous s ~ i thin th c rporl:lte li i s of the muni cipality and s condl~ on t e p yrn t Of t8X or the sup ort o· t1: poor . Fr om tii to time tr-e bur 8ess el ct ixed number of quali · ied pers s to a co· . on c uncil com- posed o a mayor , nlraerroon and cou .. cil . his con- stitutes th f!.OV rni· p od o t e corporctio' and its p Yer ore ·u bs rnti l ly set ut in t 1 e V rious 8Cts since pas ed b ~arlia,ent . A thesis ·r _os pllr J S i to s ow t _ c pa s 0 ing phase s and aeveloprnen.l- of . u_ icipal corpor atio· s ,voul d not be OL ple te ~1 i t _out ~ ric ~ out l ine o thiu act . r.ihe a c t . . st t crr:e t t co 4 ~ C e 3 - . 1 <"' r1e .L , . the e ~ - . ect th t it s co e n cessary or t i-_ e good of t . kinod o that h e 1 c .art . 0 "JS .,, r V ' T l ~ . ther eby re pea le . and an ·- :uls t 1 e ch rt of ~ 11 . t - r ~ 1 . c orporat io: ~ lll L, 0 t ni c _ aract·r , .. , it h XC p ion 0 cert • ri c, .ts and be· e • i ' 1 ti s and T l1n- in l ex chises to . 0 ti . the eople . er or ex -::, in ,, . 'ectio ... . SlX of t 1 a ended ct 18 2 •tr· .J.. r:1 v s 37 the terr1 "~.-unicipel C rporotion", a used in th f1ct of 1882 m;, n, the body corpor te constituted by the in corpor -tion of tl1 inh,bita tc- of a borou h. r· 1 he corp- or tion O. t h b TOUfh holl b capable £I ct ing by the council ~na t e council h 11 xer c .;ise all po~·ers vested in the corpor2tion by the act of 18 2 or t r- v:ise . 0ection 10. r, e co lncil hall con "i t of th mayor, lderm'n a a cou cil. i.~ernbcr hip : Section 3 . sh~11 h·ve occupied or ~hop vi thin any .L,v r . r.'la 1 p r , on o...= full ' home, ~ar hou c , ou ti ah u ~ r ouph or '! i thin seven r il I t' ,reof, i · duly enrolled, Q h 11 burses sue rJ rou h , and , e m em er of th a corpor te o '• a, or, Elldcr - man , C u- il and burg • u ; ,h , pr ov · ded h 0 - 1 y shall hav been r r ted in ct t t • s oc -- pr mi - upied by him to nll rate '- . 8d or e re lie t .. e poor. uch re i d C t occ upa · t · XpB rs o:· _ ly re members of the c or r~or~te b dy o t c p ace; 11 ot _er s re no part f th corp or et i , th u ,h 1 jct t its Cou cil ; 0 7 ch n: eBr t L bur ess h(_ 11 ° th r i -- o r ly · ~a el ect the c un llors - t 1 · b or U B h • ( on - t .. i r a Uc _. lly) ~h ; n od o ot- . l i oy a e 1 i V T i - t t he o fie r of t _ , 1 ,c ion a 38 vrri t en t . , and cJd dr SL v ti g p per on w iel of t 1 e voter . On r th , i n every t ~ra succeed - • l ye rt c ou - c i 1 -or tl t t , a r e 1 ct · r m t ) council or fr om nm 11 t 1 . r o duly qu li ied p e r 0 on s e ti t 1 a to be c o. e c o < " e 11 r ' , t _ c 1 d er t 1 :: J n " q un 1 t o one t 1 • r a o · t 1 1 nu m r o v11 ose num JCT i c ou sell rs. On ov ber 9th o~ eBch y rt cc u · - cil el cts ·rom t e num er o · t e ld r .un or the coun- cil o it per -on to e m ~ or, nd "rfl l hold o ·i c f or one ye~ r or u til . l ucc s ., or sh 11 b appointed • The c ouncil , s a wh lei c mpo ed o" he mayor , lderme n nnd c ouncil. I t i ,.. urrl er t i u c- t t h . t t _ e re :3 ... c · · t i e u to-day · v developed . !h mot i mnortnnt citic~ i >- England ,aith t e -xception o London a v cquj_red t } .e ir . port !:' c e ai_ 11 ce h t l i s ct d l p I ( ' it e .id t r.. t ·1 i th ou t h C 8 ac ""' br u -- ht Rbout by t r!. .• C< l~vv , 1 l n nd . .,. 1 t ~ve tr. thr i . n d .. ., l ' p pul u it i e .. : i (;f' s (? n , . , p sse ... 0 I or 7. 0 ia • ci ti ., tur c .J · h ich t r - po~se s m oa r ,.... v· cc r u (. modern civiliz ti . t calth , - t u n re quir s or c:.,~ na comfort o _c t 1 : citi ~ 0 . them 1 i .. c . ·1 l tr· 3 9 l: od e s o- 1 i f c , od e f thou( , t , conce t i o v of right s and dut i eo , c d th es' · t i 1 c ditions o existence pr ced e ·c onstitutions , 7hose ch i e f duty ad v a l ue i -- • ve ors · c l i e and secur i ty to such nntec eda t and xisting conditions s ar e dee r ed to be o f u11dern e t al and vi tD · import' ne e . cc ordingly t11e c ons tit l1 ti n I he"'nitd ·~ ·ttsr ,co ~ iz the co ti uenc ir1 xi < te n c o · cor or t cor 1ur:iti .. 1· d r t} r r C C O "' i Z C t . - Ll C t l~ } t . t ·1 a S . C r y or t he, t'J nj oy i r1 c c or d ~le e , .it i r.,. cria l r ig ht of 1 oc (: 1 Ge 1 · · - g ov r 1 n en t . .... e -1- \... I' c.! --, t ul l\..... t ha t in the Uni ted St nt s , c i t i 0 end cou· i e s ar c , publ . · c corp or tions . qu8si or f ull . 'h s c rpor t i ons exi t by vir ue t h , p o vo r V E t a • ..L. l il Li , le R i sl ntu r 0 ,.. t C V8Ti QU S stnt S nd O t 1 ta te s • ' he c i t ie , r e; iv n d 1 v7i th locnl ®tt cr s 1i th 0 such ElS a r e . sea by l a,N , i t l1 l L1p t r Cor (_, r ess o ,.. t e n i tea e ner 8 l uthori y to r t r ictio "'. C pt . ..,_ r 2l la ·1s l Li .... or . th cha r t th ~ rt i c ulc r City . l 1 r o · A s ec ond • f ct . , l e! lS 0 . ngland ns it R. r ev, up . thi 1n .._ it i s ·,it cpi r it - .• l i b rt, t ho · b si.,J of t c 1 · we v r n i - . ·,1 ·th t ~ . b . -1 _ - c • u l ' u O p/ OT . t at t} _ e 0 , on Lav, C untr ervaded 2nd tolerati on , . C . pD 1 it i , S • u on it is f u d as r m s a t 40 the elective - rsnchi se lo al l Y.i th v )r y r e ~ tricti o·•c · d q 1· -:ic tion • - r e- . ' mnn mov .J into t o-v~n , h c b cc o e s 8 c i t i z en , if p o 5 Le s e d of l e re qu i - it e S S UC }1 c S in t le t ov n , e and Q G}1, rt , e r iod pf r 0 id SUGh h ~ i qualif .ed to tak a part i n the local overn ent and i 1 ' O -u j cted to the burde ~ o itiz n • .1.he r nt n um or o th · se lac 1 c r or ·,tc j e ov r nment of ov r nmm t t· t is t ct tr c .... eopl 're t h l oca l . ; 3tt ,r c( , 1 c p it i iJ '• to e 1 7h t th eds o the out~rov1t oc c.11 it · r · nd v1 ill e it i s o 1 t :r_ ~ 1t: t r e: 1 fJ ~ t _ i' pr i . .- c · ,le t t e 1 o c ( 1 c ed uld be del gated o locol o ·~ ·i er , to t l~ws a ~ th J state. ~hi pol i cy o. del 8ti , l oc c l aff i r 0 o l ac 1 , C o · c ! rl c olonia l r • ys arrl tl7 c ri p ts n d duti c \T} i ch h Si C · a e\ al red u _ on th J Ci o ~ - t :h e c i i ; d- d t , vns r num r s n· C i n po r t nt . ' 1 u o t t • s sy , t e . l a vie 11 , 0 een y , c i i c L, o L .J . he ite d t I of J1 r < nee , c h i , h l c c -tr 'ilizca . r lrnn c nt . In · t 1 - p, ovarn , i · t 1 e re t 0 c r tr f 1 t ul· , • JV 'T . u 41 result i□ t aL 1 encv r i·re nc m n s eq ir lit le k11 ov 1 e d 1 e he irrmie d ia t _. ly seek t] c t1pi ol, t · r to ~ te ( nam or r ct· r uttem t to rr~k r n c r h i .1- sel f int e servic o L c c en tr a 1 ° v r rne t . li r on tl:. . s it is C 1 r thr t n O t terr. ) t i e V ·r . a e t O cl a - v· nee tho loc 1 pov18rc• o ..r.- t ... e city . · 'h · r (• 1 t id thr:t the c it i e u • r , :iv urnc d e- lr ost e- tirely b:~ _ 1 n :C-1 1 D g c·1e ral la --;:• conno t by rc a~on - it ) en- era li ty tt 1 '- ~ -, ·1, • .-, ... _ r ; - . it i o s and 1 oc a 1 peeuilinrities the citie, 1 £Jbor U i d r dif ·iculties \7hich n .,ver 'h ould exist nd \Jhich have ::_.r E tly hindered t11e internal ndvanee .o· t of he country s a \iliole , and also kept the ci ·ize in iono r nee of the C. ve r- .e nt . On tl e co · tr a r t 1 e 1' nl? r i c · 1 c it i z -- 1 i v - r y -f r. i 1 i Br ·, it t e : ·:ls t c · ~ o · - f!.i o v :r n ~e n t bot 1 o cc. 1 and r1a ti o· ...., 1 Dcquircd _ o_ a sl f r u ol i i 0 is u11 1..Y 1vr ~ - in th L· y 1 Jtl r - otion . A s One 1 e ~ r 11 ea j u a a s [J id , H I t i s V i d . t t ~ _f) t t 4 C i t --; -.- Ameri an idea o~ p 1 1 h C r i a} t Of u e r v i s i .J n i s · ~ : r ., . V VT~ e ... t. t a in t i-_e c o u11c i 1 s a s t n e · . -r: 1 e d i t c re , r c c t • t i · e .J of people ·which ri ,ht exerts'--· e f r ce~ its d t cr rr · r. O\ r - J b me [in O - C ~ c~ t n t 1 y r , C u r r i - a e 1 e C t i O' s " • 42 rom case of Judge Brov,n ' s. " :. er v c r t c 1 ngl o- 0nxo1 r ce 1 c ve lnr,s n 1d t · e ir c ornr.~ u1 it i ' BCh -✓it} 1 oc 1 a ~ i - istr uti n C it 0 ·1 ., -4- • ..Le C v l On, It is he r the c T . • ( '.J r3c quir d 1 c1 1 it 0 o · c , 1 or - i :.1 t i () l 8 Yl O e d i n C 0 purp oe C n d ~ - o :J l d ,_ inguishe t1 e s e< t b t ~_ er f rom v ,ry other people. I-Ier c h ~v od ern li ·cr ty , t spi r it rrl ee l tr c i: c tit u L, ion 1 1 i , c r t " • C bye .- incnt jud e "' , ut t c ystem i· n t \Vi h ,J u its _ c t ult ., r he r _. h - , e be e_ n nd Gt i 11 El re , · i 1 ~ · :. i c h r · 1 n o st i mpo uibl · to sta p out . c-. J e herent int e et d itsel~ vhile evil , are i 1 - hers h v ) en- era lly a cc ompa :-_ied t · e Y rkin -! s 01 · t .c v r · ent . lh SC C f.;€ n to nd i r e · - n i r ( o _,_ .J L 1 ... e peo 1 arc to o ftcn t ~ rnpt d to . k e t g overnrn nt sub ervient t o t eir o~m privnt · urpo se s . OS '- r e P e ·!'le r c 11, d iv id e i n t o C o u_ n t i . e 1 .. i h a s i r s a nc • t . hme • .1 in . r 1c :_ ' it i s J j. a t J. n in · o mi n or c r p r ti qua i - pu li e c r or ~ti •n . 43 Theve mi or local t~ubd ivi" io d 'r divi ed i1 to , sc11 0 ld district(", -lo Jd co trol di .. ..,ri ' r o • tricts c1 o ·hc r ·imil r su divic-i ns . is tl e the r o locol V rnme t • r· ~ _€ C OUUt is 8n involunta r y subdivi 'in o tl stnte na is r · t d by th le g i s JDture or t} , purp o e o c c r .: in out the ereral 1 t st te in mor · e _£: • ~ ·ic ic nt r nnri.e r thn n it \V uld po sible to d under a ~Jv r r m t subd i i ion s . )U tie the po.-. er t t"' e ponrer t IT' _L D:. d it . lS < ment . 'l hiL; r ~ r . t...l ass or c1 i .- nn.c e s rr . t er.: i t o e f e c t . . ~ t .. le xcepti l l ie 0 ol d .. ,n li 01 th e ~ ..,, nd t O . . e · ' IlrY 8 ., n r r ,iven n to 11 i C.• t 1 _r .L "> rm a v r ' - .... t . . l: t ~e ip ., 1 the citi c...; o · t 8t d :l tr i r; t utill . 01 a 1 C 1 i-1a to . h .er . vo ,, u is l to C 11 El p· ljc :-.e o t i .. 1 ,., and in ord r t , nt it lid rn ' Ct i it . • l& .,, ........ ecess ry t at oc t al notice 0 (. • t) t . Tf. C pl ce 0 - the m , ti , be . ven t the citizens o- t h ., " --, c_ 0 ·.r • ... 'l citizen or v oter . lS cl yone over t - e 0 t T J ,nt -on , year · \7h , li ed "ti thin tl1 state or one y ar, • th t o,-r1n ln ·,h ich he cln im c _ te period in V ·or one Yi ar nd \J ho hn Bls El • d J l ·J a x to the state r t e county . An c nnu 1 me . ld • .A-h t 1 0 ,., l. .'.. ins ench • spr1nrY , and ny o t er r.ie ti i a 44 at date selected b tl:e co .. on c ou c·1 oft e peo_le . If ffi er il t c 11 t j n~ or unr a on r- o any justic c pence t g t er 8bl rcfu e to a with t., .e de and , t le st ten o th voters o t to,,n, is suf fie ient Duthori ty r collin~ nm eting. At t'hc a n ual t. a i n t .. -prin tJ o th : counc i l r el ct .a , tl peri d one , cElr or • . The offi u r co ::· .3 · ·t 0 .1· sele c t men, r s ·· e ' S I' , tr sur r, [Ind c 1 1StBbles ·, o c. r ex- of :-ici i.vi t fe1 c -dr i rer , f nee - vi 7er s ~n.d n c-' sc• 1r r l1e grc t d · · ._. r 1 c betv,een .L e er fu °"Ile n d tov, and the rnu. · c i al corp , r tion t- r u. out t . r c~t of the c · ')untr is t 4 a t an active part int ,vh ol e .ia ss ·· v ters tak But as c. rra tt or o· actunl · ct ver pu 1 ic · f _·air s. v, p or. l e 2 t tend them etin ~ e cept in th . sprin a n d t - actual 1 r El E.;V per ons i cli 1'led to such v r k but ostl"" b -,; t he comm on c ou ·r .. c i 1 . 1.r e rno c:• t i · i r tin . J.. eat ur the 'e t ·m fOV rnment...., fro ~n ict orical St r. ndp i nti th f: C t t hc..1 t t e se g v · rninen t .. r sent t nl:/ r 'c. 1 nd tl e purest fo r o~ dcmocr ~~i c ov rn ent ,n v er i n e- i t- ence. J.}J . • c- i: 0 T ffl 0 ~ D OV .- T l C1 t d opted the hist r o strictly dhe r a to . l a a nd hD ~~nc t _e n • • I r or in 45 a succes,ful one i v·a c r ced b t L • pr cri t. V/ i c h ha s c: 1 ,vays e e :r - :nr l n a . : 0 J- ver llS th cit ie r v in size th ed - . t - in- n r • c r por tea ' orm o fl o v Jr i rn e t v, " · ea . ] . eed l iu VJ e 1 t ,, rt i cul r 1, i_ c it i e c., 1 i th lEl rne popula . l0:1. . t e u ~oer - voters prese a t r eetin it .,. a found to e impossi le to carr on tr e - u i - · 0 :.- t City • r eason t h1Jve been f reed t a d pt a tl: co ·r 1 1 _[J r -, rnu n ic ipal overnrnn t s · t x i ts t .1 rough o1t t1 , countr,. \V8 op ci lly true o'" t h-) cit. O..L B ·ton . n e r npl J of tl1 _, El t ur i cor or· .. ted i r t < City , a a rd 7a · r _ e c nd < •tea -it th po7 r -f ~ . over me t. r:7h i nd th v r epr sent t r quired t rd c nit a oi or t n irtee n \B r d c f:l rr i::.'l . • i ~ h t 1 n . l I r s 1, - s of th city , t i r c p ct t 1 c r d ut } i su ord · 11~.-i to and v+J er · c t r -; i ::. d C t a t a ub r el ·r £Jte rJ '] s bee ~ il t ;, of r: li 1ce h sh' ll see t it tat "UC perG>on uffcr" pro ✓r pu1 i shrne nt . VJ T O • t J - t.: C i t to lev.. " nd t , s ~ ,isely lirit a. _ on y can oe rai d t fo r t in t _ ., c r:ar r r r e expr s~ly s .tout or th ose ex nses incid ~tal t u 46 express purposes. lut rr measure-: 2s it not only protects t h - n inority ut h e: s o'ten bee n a mec.ns ·- protect i on to th m jority b - cnuse f th · f act t h t t e Do r d · r ·str ained f r om putir1g V . n . ~ th e it i nt o speculative sch mes . p l e ,., · tl1e s r l _/. • f) u; a in mony er d € s' r~ .c ll o r ; in,~ i ll u t r -t i on i o· such f1 rllli· g . I ~ r-, J. , i , 1 t .e r_ i 1 it i ~ - th s t n t e a s rr1 E 111 puy a nd o r L} 1 i (• ·lur se sou 1 t to r to aunt of extr c - 11 Ct r. Q j J.€ r by taxati on . A tax p Jie r br ugh t c·ui t t c 1 j i n th col ect i n f tl1 · tax on the ground t ha t it vas for a purpos found fo r the plai1 ti f.o r.3- d t1 e c i t~v v1 a provide the extr pa y fJ r th militia , he court 1 nabl · to c c urt st c.::te c th at such an ac t 1a 0 c c ~r ned with the t ~te and not v1ith the 1 ca l .,ovor· rrcnt . Lo:,ev r in a oth e r case vrhere a city bo1.1 ht [l ho - T • ,J sc2le ·or } .:. e e it 0 ~ t n t O\✓Il t} cour t held t L t ·t ·,a C"" 'thin t r p J f tb.e C l rt e r n d t e C l L ecti n 0 .(• th t f.l X 78S V lid exerc i e of t h pov er 0 .C tBxation . In t · s co ur1 tr. u ti 1 co par~tivcl r .c .n t by special l aws arrl by t he grnnt i.l ~ a special c c rt- El t t ~1c r q u t t .. · e 1 o t .n e 47 the comr:nmity de dirin t e c 1-r rt r o incor or .1tion. model but tlln.o l L 1 o, r u a ia. t e for ('_ ti n of t h e: .. cl rtor d c 1-,e dcd upon the c stit tion ofth particuln r stote. 3uch n ge :r .. er 1 m del c · tai· s; First the inc r porotin~ clau e, 1 i c h -decl res that the i .1. hnbi ta ts o · th t o T.a ( nar i r1 it ) , are here by constituted a body politic and cor porate, by the n~me of (-~------- ) ,or cit o - (------------), and by that narre 0 hall hnv uc c o ~ s i on , t ~ t it l . a rpetua l ucce 00 i 8n, t ~ tit ma sue· and be sued, pure, ase , h ld r ~ell property and Se c 011d t i c: ~ · c cf i ne~ th c or or dte limit body, a na lit t h sn rn t . . e rovidc c • of t · r 1it ry. r t he a of t he XElt io Th i rd t 1 e c. ! - r t · r pr ov · d or t -: e . .., v · r .., ~ i · f b od , stating ,,ho t}1ey r e t a . i n ci t t 11 , a a · .at t · e i r n um be r 1 a 11 b e a -ia t n d , t i es " t t. and c 8 1nc i 1 or c o no i 1 s ' · tl' be . 'l'he rally cons i ~ts of a Jn or nd a council so d ctime · cnlled flld er ne n . selec · nor I tr llS tees. ..Lhe o r p r c: t e terr it r . i f r e q u 1 t 1 divid ed int Q vrards a n d ~c _ ·,ara 1£ cts o e or .or ee1e r of th . council. In ot1 r citi s e b ard is 48 elected by the voter...., of t J. le c ornr1 un i ty nd n t by t 1, v ter~· · a p rticula r ·1ard. c r1art r ix s tre gualific~ ti the oter, · c c:e _e crnlly r e fairly u i f r I tr U1 -,r . ut t h , ,hole c ntry. 'i:h 1Sl1al g l i 'ic tions re _ull ~ city in · .ich d _"in it e er i od o · t · rne • a v o t e · c 1'"' irn d · r ' i t h pr vi i n i ("' de , r th electi _ a . y r r . t l-:e r c _ i , J_ ex cut i 1 r. ;, i r1a 1 t t rere i D rn i n .. e n d compl e · un er t i · 0 the e x 1 r e u po Je r · o ~ t C r r 1 i r n. 1.1 C • Ti ty of t r.. st te 1 nc: ve D 1 i sh d t t i <-"' c tt d corp- orat i · s / --c i a 1 c 1. c: rt r and _a vc al a mendm · ts which r c q ir ; tat '11 c orp Jr ~ i o. public or pr i a t , r c: 1 b c re "" t e a onl u v c1 -r · Be ·, c r 1 la V✓ • of lifer . l ( • But ef r e pr eedi g t o r e ... t it · \le 11 t o 1 o o ~ i t the pa st c: • d under "Jl t con iti 1 s citieu 7e:. c inc rpor t .,d i the early da o t} is st te. In or d c r t pre 0 e - t :. it c 1 D r · s u t : e or n ( t i on o _ u · i c i p c... 1 c or or t i r <=- it - ., i 11 o n c e a r y t o i quire ve r Jr i t: 1..ly i ... t o t r.c air.ii ion 1. Dl i - ~or '"i. i - into t t ~ s. 49 de legates t the '"•ir t Uons tit ti n C nv nti on 1et in Colton all , in th ~ T,. t OI _ __ on rcy, ~ i t . C n - ·, ., st it t i n "' a r e s er~ t e d · t .. c t s ~ e 1 J 1 , d d .., 1 e g a t s a1 1a 1 8S a o, to a by t i -· ied t 1 e pl . f OT ' • tn 1 t h l on .Jece 'LY' _{.• 0 . 1 1.) and m his ' \ 1 7 CJ • • "I \ j ... :l n ., State f' 1 • n n i ::._ r· c l • -.. ir t r porti n - m on t r 1 ' 1 C19 and r nt - -I' the i11depend ·t t ~ C 1- l. l - r b 1 · 9 , procl,. imed . ~:OV\L er in [ me d ed . 1 1 < and l b71. in ' ~ t i . h i ned in ~ I l , ~l re 1 r e ,, u tit ti VJ t i r t o f _ "' -ct • n in J , e t i 11g in 1 E 4 9 '" ·: C r 1 ' ·ull n · d til · mos t tr 1 st a a nd e x . er i 1 c e d .. of t 1 ~ e c on v ti ) ... nd cJ 1 o o t l: o tl e st te. u scou t 1 i - lEJ t ur c s _1_he ro ot ly o s-etch OI the pr O Ou d ov ·rn ·nt , to se a to Congress, to be nee lected or r ·used , E. did . - b t 1 is s a . e tine , u t the ~ fr ri ed a c omplete ' a f u nder.ier tal ln ,, . r v "d i n~ or a f 1 y e ipp 1 d t te , to _ o int operllti imm di ately po d missi n ·nt o t}~ lJnion or t -Xivt ii a pende tly o the ni n in ca e tle ongres ~ r fus ed t 1 t c1 te · to he n i t he · t tes. i 1 hey i mply or Eln- ized t :1 to nd u t it i t :; irrrrn di t T ti I • 60 pplico ti on or d .. i . l n "le. a ccepted ~ ' d Cal- if or -- iEi im ·~. ed i tel. b C r. state .l i th O Ll t n c o .pell d t • d . i .. • a terr · t r ecei l r y . s so on El..:.. r ord , • r \ ✓ • r . cived t . ' ud .iss i on ~ Cal- . or : • . t " ) 1, I . l u r • • 0 t Ser fl ] t r. A· e1 r 1 i l e r C'l i {_ a Si n e 1: ,l. • r.. r, :i • n 1 1 · r all th . ..r u cti -n ..r.• s c.. or 11 1850. dr~i t ~ d . t In t 1 : citi . li QT Yli□ t C in t a b~ • enact er s e c11 , I 1 1 ed • • r r ch er w .. a s l Yl .J • 1 J.. 1 he . t cit, t ir dacr - ) . to . 1-L,, e : i 11 t ,a t I .J t h e , i ·l t par t ., . 1 '4 C) - ce .1oer l e r. ·e r 4th 0 t ot a r. D ·ter l. ' hri t r:a r -c . te • 0 .. " l n r r 10 t i n quir . t o tb adv i 1 · ! . _ ., OV T l 1 } t ovcrnor 11 ~ tinp C f'I ., I u , .. • 1 49 1 cl . to ci il t:n or i t:i: l L) • i C r c i d co pl :; t <: 1. t ,, lt . it T f ' n t . .,. i ::. l t i 1 i3 , t T:1 C t _ Le i c l urc in orpor'" t e d . :• ix l ' e • YI re e t 1 hrc dcr g n - 0 1 ho• be i· corp r at d t . - a ~ Cl . 0 t i .! c or J or tc t 1. . .. t VI s • .T __ ., • t he e!)rly r on opp -. i n • I t r1n · ir.__,t r d r1 cc - I t \8b a a :r r o orr1 EJrd S' ' YJ (l rr d t o t . c r \ r, • t r Ct i Oi s B . ili t~ s -4- - l i ., . . 11 lll , , L cit · s • I )bru r ~ t he ill "HJ pr ' et d e iul t a ture d w ~ passed by b ot h use a t n se · t to t he Governor, it vas vetoed y him but the Legisl a ture pas ed the ill v r his vet o and t l 1 us cren ted t he ~ir t i 'lC r r-J - • ted c · ty · n th e '- 't a te of n . a UD r y o J.. 1850 n ill vra s pres ~ ted fo r t he pur o se i or norati r. t Lc city of Lo ... 1 gel ouc S 0 1 t ure, 51 ' t 1 _ .! • a 1 ., o p n s s e a t .. e t .· 1 it too 1c G V toed b th ovcr n r nd on c i · . d l:l i n sec ure t}:~e c c es , r r n m · l r o c• o t c t , - pa c it OV r t V · t J Of t r e V O} or• ; t tr_e c JI'. 8 t ·r. e tr e 'J V rnor V toed ti-: . S bil l h - - · s r f :,.r d . i' cit i es . c.; 1 v1 to , ov :. n t (ie _ rrr ~ tio o · each into i c rp · Jr~t d citi es . ~is a i Vis i n . [) r, [l c:, ea up on 1 0 C [) ti n tha . l " r~ a · ic ed t ~ it· ce; r 1 i n° c c_ J r i n lc. na cit i s or were l ocot ed up - ru vi '"lB t , T S • I n complianc e ·. i t r.. roq st t _e 2 ·.c isl [. ture · il l · r : r ov id i :n - or i nc rpor io1 () . t r. C Ci t v O = - . ' n el O Bc ordi ·t• t t ~. c errr.s ft. \.J'e Ler 1 Law pas"'-1 d the .1 • r, i c_,1 ( t ur o , t · c i r t Cit~ t e i nc r r ri tea a r eral la 'I t 62 nS C i t y 1 f V i I l, . p pul ti i c ce s · t ~; - tl ous (". nd i 0 h ., inc orpor " ted , t} pplicati on n citize _f · L. t oun , <' - .a t J t } .. C urt 0 t .l unt V r to t1 ~ J e isl ture . Ci' 1 C ◄ e< 'JC PEl SL ea det . .ni r..c nd ~ _; r i e s .L• t C c orp · ior (. ... a f-¾lso r ., o .._ r: - to E .cla r t hE , City i ~ corn or c.1 t ad under t ~ .... i <..• . r c. , r amed . i · or r ?- ~ t i on ~ 1 o u 1 c l · .. E j or it y o - · t , el ct r 0 ,, t LOUT • t O ·• ::i - d c... -1. it t a pe it i r e i i r s : nod b- a l . } ... 0 t OV/11, t O ~ e 'OU t e nc r ,or El tod c 1 • rd i l y . t h If t 1. C urt -, '1 t i s i d t h · t , n t t-) ·lr h --; a m r ) t c n ti - t1 s;-1n i a b i t ., < r l _ ...,. a rn j or i t, elector0 h ~a petitio , t 1on t. ourt ·1ould dee r t Cit"' - c or ) r a · c d • 111 i ncor or, t c g o v r ::1 _,, d ,y Comm on C Jtl"r C il ' FJ cit • c i t ._ r: t t r o, , '.r Jm er of co ~~cil. en ., i n -, s t J . d et : r · 1 i - 0d b tr c 't te L isJ ature . tr r 1rer . 1 C ed ii t t r v rt of 1 re sid C lect Co t o thirt"' • or da. re i r d t 11 o 1 d .:. -; · l c o r v o t e • t 1 h a U u i b i , th _, l . 1· d _ l : ~ ..:- ·1 ,,, T · S u a er i h 53 t c ouncil •1 f.l m v ered "' or i 8te o · 111 n 0 e ,n )r 11t a t ity In Dcccr.1 c~ f 1 1 , n · ill r ,qu t .,cc.. f :..,uc r to ., C . T 1 0 T cJ t e d , t ' ··, i f~ , i 11 ·, c1 L' r e r (} d t - Comr.·. i tt ee r or c... t i o ~- s T q U c. t t } " El t , ~ 1 i - (] i 1 ( i t r ) } '"' C A r eport u u ich .J t .J , ., L.. • ; , or ~ 1 l D :, ut i C d .. ; 8 S y .., . 'If' .. lC t e c ld b c o .e c h" rt c r 7 ich ·1D··· u.i.ted t o t -:eir C -. as . I ,l e lt • t , . or t .- 8 S t } .... ac- (" l C r 0 . CT:. r I .e - .,, .,, C • , o..r• ']Ct . -. " Jr i r e r porct i 0 .L .l dl 1 j r n o "'.ns er h _ · <"" l e- ·- •;1 CO EY.: r i t-,7 n 1r: . - ..l. ' 8 - t , I,.; 7 J f :r J ' f.:t ; J r , vl 1 ,_ 0 - u h d r ., c.I . S C le be i . Gor r. or c .. ted J) r:.Pk i ·1° -:r.. ir y ti i on t,O tne urts, th C r -I..,) i V Y. p0\7 -r 1. he v or p . r -- t e p ov rs w r c ' ted in a r titians . oa rd of tr s ~cEs C f :_ ice i · .:ay o · •ach y r . · .1 he i r d u t i e s Yi r , o t - . 1i l .A ] ~ r~ citv co ]1C il, th <~ t . tL rd l r 0 L, .. - b titutod 1 . ln . 1 1 t J ~ ., t ov,n , l lV r .,.. ., , . ,) t. ru tee, ... ' e re 1 ctea cc r ' . ' ,l r-· . i _1 ., l 11d i.i. trcnsur ,r 1 cted 1 0 ;_ J r , 'i1 _e r d 'l) C p i V ~ Yi t 1 1rtLe r provid i · _., ~ ·or t · f . . ·r cerc ., 1 : .c . .. edec1 t -rr y on tr 1 .. d ti ) - , '/h i C} L y c o cidered 1 e c . or i: f 11 be i • th t • IJi ke iti ec t. , e 1ncor or ~ t ., d co 1 ..JU r t L.e r u11ic i be d . a 1· ... . t .. l t e lD \ / .. tout . I .tl n. c ,. urt 0 , C · r · t ud o t ·_ . < " c or o ~ t ~ i Jn i C" ,_ ., y o o of t .:s t h esi s , h ve r r : :) r, ~ ~ t '" t e . . e; iti r ec p - - C O C a 1 J ur or t i Y', t d 54 1 lop t he 1 is t or ic a 1 s i de of rnu1 ic i pn l < vcrn _ ·1t v .Juld Je com-n l c t ·1i th O l t m n t i n of h c i t. o -r-- (. · n H r "n c i s c o • ., "i:r~t . . · 'Dn ,..,rEJ · cisco VJ€ t .:..1 e C fi £! T - r B ')V l a "' . t8 e ,. ~ ·c c t -~ pr i 1 , 1...., t :1 l E. 51 . l r1ni c r.c rter divided t} c i t . . t ra rd s 1 0 el ;_ · • . ov . . dy . C' t.!7 Cit - a rd " .t1l der i. .. c l . - l n I... e i t i · _ ur . l e r r. • a \ oct w rd el - ct e d t o t · co n counci l l d nn · a c- i ~ t~ nt a l dcrrr'n . i nto t~· ..,, boards of - o lr .er b r ch . I rder t B ' a · y r i :: - C . + ·r. C I 0 (."• [) r,- t _ (~ t • .L r , c ive t Lo 1rote , l · l , .. _ . l v . . mEl j ri t T 1 d " O · .., -! C .L C - , bo rd . ' .... h . rneani: t ~i - . -ct n ., P _ r!? J[J C u U I n. lC 1 0 t i . ·1 n in .Rr l y ,L • Q _ t P.. city e llU e 55 t he ct thB t e .pres •i on see ed 0 - 1 ' Y ,l i 1 on its f· -cc ' n f r J t}_ , ex pur o e ' r which t i hr ue . s l ed . I i1I ' p Q J T f . i 11 i , y V 8 C < . fl C, ·1 i C .1 U ~UT T d ,h 1 o o rd c u 1 ,, i ct I only t t -· er .. s tr1c proceed UI t o n or d i ··. nee ·,i ti: r f , r _·_c e to ol l ou ea ~ 1. j or i ty :) t e · h 1 , 1 tea · ould be f ive u t -= t r · ,, i _)ht , ~ t i D C r Yl jorit t o " the c:c t i -r o~rd ,; uld , u r out s e v e n • ) t t 1 -· oin t t }-- , " I lic t t re : n th c o . o· 1 ·J 8 c1 t : t e r J J. be rn 1 • c1 ,n t . J; c c or d i l'"' t o c •) r: ~~. n a\, ( ! ('. • o r i t ~ i c . , c • rit , · a quoru • of c • or it o t1 e Y:Jh ol c n u r. · r e 1 cc t a ·.r u l '.I 0 ... i 11 c r q ir ,d , i · er. [) C D C rn rd r.1 j or it 0 1 t . v1hol ·1 ul C i V V t \..) 1t D L .v .n t . 0 n a c c o · I j ... t of t l i i s d i · c r r c t t. - c our t 'S :1 c ca l led U J n n c v rr l occ i s i t o c o L• tr 1 e t .. le Bi ol ativc i nte t . r·1h 1 ; ·'upr me ourt rul .., d t Dt t" i nt on t t L e~i lat ·1r Y/B S t '· . ·1h i e; plBi ~ ly 1 ., unon r_ .. w 0 _, th c c \) r:! t - .l 1 ' V its Jl a · t 1 Dt t 1 turEJ .!. J app T 'Il ly pas )d t~ , 1 . , in t · i 1) fo r m ·or h ~ ex c t purp se in vie1 o i tl Cl co n ln '"! and t l at d ther e s La reason · been oa id t r f ··i11 1· t ~ -' v c ~ic y is 1 e f t a 1 .. o st e · t ire l y v.1 i h l e .u rd ·ar a~ .. u, could n t compel t 1 _; T t 8 ~ppoi t v• o - . t "'Jc < • l ft t o t s o u r1d d i c c r t i r1 rd. ~o r ~x mple if t h r 56 shoula ver e a t· e vfuen thre . v ~ca · ci exist at t r_ sar1.e t _. r.1e t t er VJ ould be ~ u.1.d ever °) r t t rn p n t i on in t h J mids oi t ho ard t J l ., v ) o, r d a ' i t ~ 1 s f r t1:e oim )-l e r a s o t ha t i n t i - 1 y tl: nad mor por·er beca us t:!'~ere vier , fev,er -~ . r ers a d tr. e p0\7 r v1as thus c r1c o ~ tr uted ~ n t~ .• hands of t J · .. r ~ e o t f t h e fiv m embe r s necess ~r v t constitute : quorum nder the c0Tnr1 on l aw f r t : ~ r eason ·t i - , y v : d nt ~rom the , or a us e d t }:2 t t, .. · J t a t J L i ..... 1 a u r . i t e t i o 1 l l y used the rd 0 c . n+ain d in t1 act exprP ✓ Si.. .. p 1r .. ~ . o , .. e f r , s y; t ing n t . mp t i n to t 1 c· .) a rd bu. t rat11er t a t t h e c .h ld d sir e ill tl , C : C ..L ~ l ,_ 1 o r1 n ih ei ght t han it i 0 t obtt1i1 V t . 0 . iv c n seven. In the year 1856 the state pn Sbe d vr c t is k own BS Consolid ation ct o~ 1856. Tne p rpo e tis act .... as t o r erge t ... e it , nd aun ty of 0a n 1. 1 r nc isco into a s·ngl bod y hav i g t n cl r ct eristics o ~ both 67 a cit. a· d o c oun t y. ~ection 1. of Article I of thi oct d 8leres: 1 h e c orporDtion or od politic · d c orpor nte, n VI exi oti r1,:-r nnd k r O\ ✓ a , cit o:= ~an •r uncisco, shall r o ai· a a co 1tinuc t o e n bod pol· tic nd corp or tc, b. l, _ c am , I Fr a C i SC O , 8 1 1 d b t r. f3 t r1 ') ' .! Tp t al ucc ion, may u . a_a sued i £1 11 0 IT t .. ) n d p 1 C C s cL 1 i ·, at : a B a u..., e a c o o s , 1 n 1 _ i ch ive ' ol and joy r 1 or pcr ~o ~l pr o - crty n· a ell , c : v , rnort, .... a J. • 1 so 1 -r, e .L O r i. he C Or : • 0 n · e n -it . It d 1 i e · "' 11 o und a r i J 0 o t t r _ ( i a i t a 1 d • c o u · t :r a· a tr a r s r ~ El 11 t ~n pr ., er t y D r a f .(.•e c t s o - · both tne it. and t 1 ~ cou· tu t o t l:e c · r p r c.1t i ur -f· rm d by t he co· solidEJti It · ... >.e r s it, t hat t h e it,/ [Yld of both . ut C OU;' t • 1 ar ns lnngu g ca 'r ~n · sc o · contir uation o·" t l: l at e ... u1 ici pal c r · ra.!.. i , n k .ovvn C 8 ord i · ~l~ Yrl en t ·_e auestion present cor por'tion, i s t b ,, lved rul : nve b n ~ St e blisr1 ed ·· r d t r r.1i· i r1 ~,h n l f-J '\V applie v t o - mu· i c i r, f.l l cor . r ~ .. ti on. O r d i : - ri ,y i · r ln te s t r • 68 v,h ic1 ~ 0 provi 0 ion i c- fde in th ~ C r · r r ·n c - ial aut r lo tin ., C ,1 . V 1 t , t , .... uUCh lav1 <.: ' J' applies t .. _ ., or p or· ti .:. t ppli to u UCl n . Uo ' ) 'ny t ~ ·Y subdivision 0 . t L. , ti te . Jut it . pri , - cipal o.- v ·_- r er-'- -.- - · Te Elp lic tJtion t}J3 t tat t a 0 ,.: JS G -1 .. general 1ature do ~ot re e 1 b i lie tion c ~ r r particular comrrunity ad sue r peal c • are not av r Jd t· er ·or , i Las n cc rt:: i 1, been e ld t _c: t t o r vi i ns of a cit clnrt r Bnd th oner 1 lau up nth ) B, e ubject o re c o f 1 i c ti - -, o , t - e pr v i ~ i o repealed by the latter . Under the torn f t· ... -1.. ur mc r a re not i .. ) a iven ( _ a broad field i n ~l ich to deal 1it property both r al a 1 d pers 1 Ell. In connecti n t1 r vi th Dnd u r1der i tc rig~ t of uucces ion -' · • - (°'f G - qu .s t i nc:-- DV e ci t.v YJB u Kn 1 . Fi th rueblo er 1Ja Buena fJnd a 0 uch it hrJd c ert, ... in land n u: d r i tc, d o , i nion • ... ..., i t s ; · c c c s s r t 1 · c ~ L - d c ,,-, r e c 1 i r:1e o y t he c i t y o :f ~ n ~ 1 'r · r c is c o , and irn .n1 d i t . 1 ' .L t r Cali_or· ia i r t th ; __ nion t 11 e Elnd C o rnrn i s s i or er f iled cl Dim to . h .: land 'lb i . 8 ,_ lo c ·~ .l 7i ~hin th city. r 1 (; CDS :;as 21 en i nt t C 1 n i t£;d ~tatc ., distr ict ourt -a t- t court do cre t I C- t t 0 -d . t ... should tDKe tb c l 8 nd SU je c t to th ., [l C co 1d i tions 59 upon vi _ ich the land· ,. vere lela by it pred C ..:, · or • Jinco tl_ n the . t a 1.d titl f t 1 I Cit"' to r tl1e s l lands has often been e or :::i t ,. c , urt 0 t . . c, dtnte and ev ry t. n E th -- q 1esti n come p the urt has returned the sa e s ··,er th t is tl ~ t t C city holds t11e lflnd ur der a tr mu:- t ic i pa 1 i ty ~ 1 d u 1- d er t1 , 0 n e -0 d . ti o s 7h ic h e i te d nropert ~ ~ der th flt t he time t· ~e r:,ue bl o . rul e • . exica · po· x~ i · a ti 0 -rant it ~a f ou d t ~u t the city did ·1ot 1av n · de · asi le pro pert i ter t under t }-_ e 1 "1e:::{ic' n grc:Jnt cjnd flCc ord i __ t o the tcr l'-" t r: r - of t _e Ci t •i - ~ co ld di ·p O ue t be pro erty . in p, r uEJnce t 8 the tru s t but .J_.. City "'J8 - e ertt eles L •ub ject to L, .,, to tl-e di positio r, i c h th , I de-sired t · .EJke vov r· or 0 tbe property e re n Vii t ut the co s } n t of t1 e pu lo. After eali . ~dDittc d ..,L, t -€ nion orn 1a Y/8S vO the city 0 .3nn ~ 1 rc: nc ii ..., c o and later tho cit· nnd cou ty of San ~rnncisco succeeded to tbe rieht 0 state and the the pueblo. i}1 er fore a 0 t1 e r unicipal ity y,as th successor o · t e pueblo it too t e prop- ert "' subject t th sam tru t and the nme o\ver of di"po.,ition "'Jh ich could be ex rci...,ed ov r t } e property as in the older state . . nd er tl · a it i n o " a f El i r c, a s .. o n n ca 1 - i ~·or in becnm a a rt --a t} .. , i n it su ce a a tot ✓ pov1e r -r,> .. ich t, c e, v · r : r 1r r pr i o ly excrc ised n d h d the ri ght to exer c i 0e. · 1hi r' r -rh r ( c~~--- • s JO by th tr ibu .als · t Le e .,,., i t a st tes, th e ~t.te Le - i slrtur . had th r i }t t co . i 0 ~ i on - - to sell t1 c land Dnd 60 to u,;:) t r o c a --i - r t _ c p ur p o e build i nr ri i t y Tinll upon tha rrt r1 c gr ) · a , . . r l C - V✓ r ; t pr i { per Don~ . a r g um 1 - s tr. e ~ ·r st dedic t,ted th \ 1 ro nert "y 80 t h0 t t _e city pu lie pdrk alrc nd f d tl:at t .!. ere - for e t -e dedicati on in ir revocabl e t he city could n ot n 'J rever ·e t}'e .. 1 lve .--. < 'Qd sell the l and fo r a :,ot l er pur ~ose. H -ever thy fo iled t 11e second cont e!1ti on h nlr nay bee ·1 e l a i ned. s.3 "u · d i· c ... 0 i te t e court "VTOuld n t upl1old vh e ot h er c .J-- t ti o·1° the FJc t i 81 id t er -. r ound . T Dmely that 1 · ou i l d i , ·~-- ,) - 8 c i t.1 , 11 i '-: p1 r .i l 1 o . c 1 t:. = f 8 i r , ( : a nit f Jr t 11 c n u i c i - [ 1 i t t , - d e t _ r i 1 e \V 1 1 e th Y r ll -a 0 ne eded D d . £' J ., l er .. :•1 so decided t ei s old s1,~ o deterr.1i11e , \V uil i P sh· uld c ut up . It . ~ \V€ 11 c et t 1 d i tl i ~ st H t t t m un- icipal c r r' t i o11 is a {,ubdivi~ i n - th -• st 2 t e , 7 1 i ch IT1B e re tee, alt r · or uoli 0 he d bv t ~ ~ill 61 Leg iol o ture . r, is b od 1] tL . ov:er t 1 lar .o e ( r r e Dtric t t h . . 01 or e. t i on nnd po ·ver r .: · y m ll C l C r m y dire ct t 1G 1. ~ r • a n. d e 0 t Leir ox rc i .,e 1 a C. efi: e ·,ha t cts tr e riot , . may or fr) re r orrn. J ho ~ ever to t C li .itation t n t t · e Je i2l ture ot - ·.r 1 i c }1 :·.r u 1 d i 1 ~ · i r I tb obl i ,nt i : of 3 cont r -ct . I t r_ ,: c: iso een l_nld t h , 1 J s , '"1 o c: a . i r i ._..: te r t a f '. r 1 1 · r ' ') .r- e.: L . l • 1- :.> J.. C r - orati "" .:. 1 derive 11 t ne ir · ut ri t : r or: tl J . l r-ture Gl 8 " d c~r o· 1 J . , bed ie ce t · t , . 1 . 1 t·v c: C u i n !-_ l ~ fJ U t}1 r i ty ; that r'" c., or i ,a · 1 c. 1 o ·1 ; r t C nt r ol f' Q ·,ell ate , . . tl .. lsl at c3- ,-a t ~ t ~ as er 0 l J J .; re -: er e .. re i tL.e sn le , di s 0 ° ·ti - r c ..., n act edi c tely . r_r_i t J ., r · c- ( ::. d o t L i redintc l y i ~ not d cni~d t 1 e r e f r e t ne cBn Elso d o it i mmed ietely . court the cit ~ · 11 . , ut the r cDl po i nt of i n t e r ., "' t i ·h . c it: · , · d o ,. mu1 . i c ipBl c r p · r <'. ti · . l t ~ ta dpo i t u· i on of h : t h C l rlV/ i t ;l 1Jnd co L1ty i · t r-- one c rp o r r t body . :1 1 r it is a et t l cd pr op si i n f lDY'✓ t hn t th ci t , .... n ., c ount of ··~n i r ' n c i s c o i ~ 2 mu i c i p r1 l c or p r ti 1 ~ na in rn t j er c• ct 62 C i - (~ .id e r · a ~ c. • u- ·· i c i i 1 it y ., rj '"'ht 0 l ,ct off · c or s t · J •· -- c · · t e t -: · p . · e r · r t , e t r t .. .L• .I • _._ - . .. i •-4 ·1 l - CJ - LJ r YlLO ex· s t - ce • l et u t t L '.} C ti G i t } be El C OUi t y • .O\/ a city i .. o 1 n '~ · · r c r p r u t i on for d f r th be· efit o a c on .u ·:ity t t1 e r qu st of t l e inhr, i r...tr ry su.bdivi 0 ion .L t J. ; • t ("~te creDt ·d ·:,ith ollt c on s 1 t i -1 t r_ ·.r i he 0 o t c e o 1 e v1 o 1 · v e · i t I'-in t 1. c 1 i . - . it s cm b r c d : it h in. p a r tic u r e lnty . -,or t _is r ,iJ s n t o tho exte · t o · t· _ · p lrp os s r 7 . i cl ter r itory i s c: county t t ha t ext - t t., of i cers of the c r pornti 'JD , are c ounty 0 .1.fic ru n r d su "' j -ct t ..,. . o -.1-iccr s r d 0 ext ~1 _c te r · it r ,_;r i ·-~c l 1 d d ':it1 i · t1 , c orp T c.i i o· is i c th e ,L. . v ,L. -- IJ L r t , _e nc t o C er ed a c:- u (~ t i ,. (; 0 U, t i (_ t ... t ny .J 11 it ~ nolitic nl . d.: : al 1 t · -' 1 ( l r ns I.., ,I f or t : 8 :~ .. ..J the C. "' -4- Ou 0 ..L _c- • C r s 0 ·t d ple . 1 ~ ti I , _ 1, r ~ duti C -; 1 i ch , e 1 Oi 0 t : u ,rs , s c h r e t of ic ·r ~ o- t , uount~ - ut r t of 'icer ~ o1 • t } e City • 1- It i · almoc t im s~ibl divi s i .. , .. . . I ~· 1 e m u r i c ip c. 1 of ic o obta i :' ·1h i e 1 l ' T p r f ct x 1 ~iv ly 63 as a roo ttcr o- flic t - eRrl ·· ell o..: t . 1 n r o c om b i · - ation oth ru ., '1ch of ·icer s n re .. nd e u ,. j ct to tl ' cit~- r ul ., 0 d r prir:a rily a - d ar t 1 : r -~ r · ·: t o be 1 c d to o~f ice up n t .. ~ d t u s e t f or .L .. str l vti o 1 ' 8 and ., t (, t r m, 'c i 8 T o - t } · ~ . - : r d s • C ..oa c t that t e r r;i , 1 r C Oun t y • , i S OU ' r . C ~ · t is _,.,, - 1 - d ' ' ' - l ... 1 1.. ·i..L~ .. 1 c ere nc e t ~over and c unt y". OTl C ; T TI in: c"j nc i t ,J so '.lb e c l _ at .c - ta 1 f un tions ''cit~ ,ill rin - result , nd t - 1 ·a e c o1 1fusion ,. h i 1 e t y t er n , '' c it n : a c t .,. r .a t Oll d o ~ m '- t .. e r ~o t rr:is . • •• 1 i t . r c fe r en c t h e oe o r hicD l ound ri JS t _ city i tt eguival n of C ( U .1.t ~ a l • 64 fac t i r .cognized i r1 t , provi ion · -v r11i 1P t _ · e le ct i on of j 1d , e c- t -'· I.J T O h O 1 d tr.. n t t }- . c- C or O r '"' t i n i c C OU t ~ " .. U a \ r 11 0 c ircumsta ncG vv n c. t . U "' i On ~ d -:-~. C i TI j 1 t i C r • d :: <_ U 1 d r n d . T . r -f t~ ~ e c r sti tuti o nl c t m 11t (" i J1 r c t i v e .i:- or . 1 c i · u < c · r D n ~ ch · r • r • h b o st ex · mp 1 o ..1.. t _ -- c f u u i _._ ,!l i c h Y r ) 1ld u c2u~ ed is ... t of t e tri ul of one o he t hr e con titu i o1 1 l . c 1 ~c i n or i ~ a pc r t; c ") s i r d o r i · ~~ 0 u h a u u i t h :1 J u 1 d i · !) j ud o .. e t ~ re obt ~-.; i - ed in n c urt tic on s me other . r und t _ e.: Y.' ul . - .. T " - 1 cJ o- ,n - re i n i t sD l e o re n l > T ) ert .:::d r ~ . j u d ~ .) h I ,_ C t lie • u i c ip 1 1 o c n 1 El ff a i rs .. , i t u t - · £'~ "· _ :r f c r c n c e r1 i t 1 c ·r t ,· i n e x c p - or s, it a oe u n t ol l o\v, ·} t e cou - · t he d t q; V Y m , 11t S --_ · r ed i t 1 ) El d - u n ~ c e ·'"" it- 1 • r c .J •· t / · 0 1 tr o 1 . ., 0 C - t ;· • • bd i i "i o .J.. • -, -4 .- t GL) u , 0 ·1a t d t c. r t r O th Ci t t n ·l (• (:, 1 i t h · s c er t t-J i au t i c -r i c 1 i e bey cr1d o+- .. u :-~icip r: 1 c · t rol. ~ s XD .pl c spr e r Y . lC Ct-; C t -_e t 7 o b ,. d i e -· it i ~ und 1 Elt t c ro or i 65 county offic er ( nd 1 i'"' cl ti s r · uir h i t be pr ,c·1t in cv r y part _f_• th c c unty. r1 1 -_e r , i s , 0 r ovi s i :n on.;1 ~ 1h er J. or n cit • c or or1or a d t1, e _ act t -- a t t l 3 C O U.l t r t 1 1 ) s m e a s t 1.--.. u e of o pBrt·cul~r city a c o un t ~ o -l:Of i c e r • C I BIL e i .::i ntatus as J r nn ci~co : s b tha c i t 1 a i d a county c d th 1 el ct rs 0 . -I ' . l, • a . e tc r i tory vote 1 or of i er· ~11 o e u cti .J nS are derived ,,xc -~ llc- i vq l y roL. t L c _ o r t r o .. r..~ city \''lhilc ·t - 1ncti , n o ot ~er e.: c r d -riv d .·r m t .. such 12\vs P v e r n th _, c U ' 1 Lie 0 n .L stflte only. It ·i ust f ol 7 . 7 . r om o -r · e r D r e · un i c i f:J 1 o , .. .a i c c r s ·, h ~ 1 e o t _ .,_ E r s fJ r c o u : a t "' o ~ · i c er c, • O TTcv 'r unus1ol t l e circu , s ~7c c• y ...-, ' 1; •. c •J c LJ nn o t 1J G .3 [J • d t t B t t r~ e a r o i 1 c on i c-. L n t • f of 2: i c o r s ta k e c ~ .: r c o e it r --u - ~ c t i o 1 s f! r d b e i t . c; l 1 I n d ea 1 i 11 r ~ - it } t }'-_ e ...., e C) f - i Ce r s ~ -Le i r Ch Dr [l C t , r ~ust be determined 01 J s our c e of tbeir authority , ► ·u c.;r .!. c "ourc c bein° deterr i i ed th t:articul2r of f ·c .r is to be ~ v -rnod a c e · rdi:- .. 0 .l and this i s t r e i r1 t t - r s r e l ati C? to t h - electi · 1 , suc1 of -c" i r s 66 In a c tun l practice h O\Tevor i t r_ :, bee ;· : ~ our1d t be a ver. difficult thi t o s J arate t t c ii f ercnt of.a ·.ces a r d to c 1 0ter , inc t} c c • urcc o · utl ori t t)r and it h e s bee n f ound tllat in t11c 111fljori t , o-r c(.,ses, he duti D are s mi- Rl ,d t r nt t _, t h mu i i p n 1 c. :! a c o 1.n t , : r k • r t 1 Js t ·e c· vcr n.ed Thes o t 1: ., r a i J. f , r e }. city c_n cl c · rporoti ns not o: 1., in tl~is state but i t 1<2 · i t ea cor r, or n ti on 1 12 s bee · c3 n lJ e ~i e 8 t o p e cu i 1 D r i r t c r < • t t ~J 11 · o ha v ,/ ive their tirne nna e nde , 1 r t o t r.o advn cc. ~ t cspect - ull - suo~itted. t ).., .•. -:J - l '•~ -- ' Dillon. l.~unicipal C( rportJti ons . 1::ent' s Comrrer1taries. Guizot. History o ~ Civilization . 1Iallam. History o tr e .~id le /J r:.. c • j ',illoughby. Politic d l ·1he ories o t c 1 •ncie t · ,·. rld. 1 . 7. A. Du1ming. Ii tory of t n _ .,oliticn l ~h cori : o of th e ' ncie11.t · .. rorld. Re id. 'rhe "unic ipa lites of nc ie n t 1. ome . ,ncyclopoedia Britannica • .Ja stman v s I.Iered i th 36 Nevi Iar psh ire 284. Philadelphia vs ~lani en 47 Pa . Jt . 21 Dartmouth Colleee Case. Good,1in. 'l1he ~stabli shmen t of Jtate ,-, ove r ment in Califo r nin. Jrir in~l Consolidati on ct o 1856 . Constitution o · t he t•t2te o - Cali r n ill. City of ·nn ? r ancisco vs Haz en : "'nl. 169 . I. cCrEJken vs San ~ranci co 16 cal. 591. 1 7ood vs The ---~lection Comr; i 0 sio e rs "l Jan ~roncisco vs CBnavan 42 Col. 541 Desmond vs Dunn 55 Cal. 242 . dtaude vs rhe lecti on CoTIU:1is ion Jr c, 61 al. ~13. Ex Porte Hoach 104 Cal. 272. Kahn vs sutro 114 Col. 316.

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Creator Herlihy, Bernard L. (author)

Core Title The historical development of municipal corporations

Contributor Digitized in 2022 (provenance)

School School of Law

Degree Juris Doctor

Degree Conferral Date 1922

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses