The judicial settlement of labor-capital disputes

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Content C T A The.is Presented to the School of L ~ un · versity of Southern California I n p rtL 1 fulfillment of the requir ement for the De r ee of Juri s D ctr RF . 1934 By Ugene Uel Blaloc\ 19 1 /76 oo .l.:s Or r -~:· n i zed 1 ab o r i n A rn r i ca - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - G- r o t La b o r .. ::'r ob 1 e rn s- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - d Ou t 1 in .I s of B con o rni c s- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- . 1 ly T 11 e Indus tr i a 1 ~ ..., v o 1 u ti n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · r i J~ ~ t r.111 e lune r i can ~ .r or kn u-n- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ·- - - ..!J e v a 3 e r In ustrial ., . t t. 'f' t r oi rL 1 n -------------- ----------- .0 e Soci a l ~roblems---~--------------------------- ~o me P r inc i pl e s of 1. _., o 1 i ti ca 1 ~ J con o rny- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 e ' ~Crale Uni l.,nism and · .J bo r ::_,_ o le1 s----------- ·on ans t ·ne . . :ican .. ,n cyclopedia J.Ia. az i ne s 1\nna 1 s of Ame i can .' c d erny - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - o 1 • 31 l fe ~ , ~ .{e public--------- -·------------ 0 1: 22? --- ~~2 : 3?2 r· _ t erna ti ori.al v u ,11·1 1 ~urv v ------------- --------------41·3 ,1 --- v • ' . 3 ( -. . ·/orl .. ' ~ . ~ ,ore--~------------~---------------~ - I itera .cy Di t;est-- ---------- ----- 63:1~ --- G5 :13 Inclustr i al 1 · . ""ana e u1ent---------------------- l'.'onthly Labor _) e i evr----- 10 : 3 ') 3 1126 - - - 11: 5 ' 0 ' ' F o run1- .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - •- -· - - - - .. - - .. - - - - - - - - - - • ... 6 3 : 1 Livi ns _ · ge----------------------------------30 5 : o 2 Current --- 6 · 47 ? • loJ Inde) el de t---------- - ------- - --------------1 ' : 317 J - : ·\r 1· ~ , , r o - .1 · ) e v 1· e ·rs 61 · • ' 1 ------~--~------~--~--------- • I 11 i no i a L 1 ~ vi t::: ·,- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 29 }J a J'Vc .. rd L VI _ _,Vi ~;,----------------------------1 3 1 \mer i c ~ n Lav .. ievi ev.r-------------------------- 52 : 2 · ,.. t . .... a 1 on - - - - - - - - ... - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - .... .... - - -- - ---110 : 1 ) , 2 t ------------------------------1 > • 6 ••J • ases J?arj er s Lo- n an • I• • l i l C ... ... ... , 0 ·_. ed . 803 ,]o rr u-1 - n.., -- = ~ l th vs . ... _runt---------- ' ... etcalf 111 (1= s J 1 t ("1 3 I e 9 > _.. ' 4 x · · c · e o - - - - - - - - ~ -- - - -~ e .. , .j .. .J .; • ~ :3·-1 r et al vs • . ~s ;.:)e.I " r •· e s Council et 1. 3 . J. J~g . 1 0 1 o n1n o 1w . 1th vs • Ju cl d - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 ""a~;, s • 3 2 ·.> , -· ter Stevedores b SO C. VS. J 1 s11- - - - - - H - 1 1 ~ ati nai Protectire ~ sso i ~t i e • • • 369 II Arth.ur vs. Oa },. ,· s------------------- 63 ~ ,e d . {ep. 310 t .. . . u.. .L~l 11 8 et al vs. ~letc1 er Go . et al. 5 l · 1 ·i scellaneous ~ 3pe c1 es o· l - B I "t • • .J.. e o . ,. e oy - - . .1 __ 1 s l, e of or, Sixt e .:ntl Annual .l{e _ )o:rt, / ederal ·· urea· of Lab r. Cana · i a n ~ndu. t ·ial i s ; u t s 0 p e e c: s o - . ' . J.J • G • ~ a r l i C , i3oard • . . ) t c. t e s t : _ · tu t e s 4- c l, • ve 1 or / ecleral Jle s e r .,. e .L !:l ns:J. f J Co rt o · I n lustr i a l ~ela t i n s (.A .ct ;j ~ G c _;_ e S of G ve r 1 0 r ----en:.. r • Allen of III • I. Introduction A. Justice t hru la'7 the c n t _ ·o l l i r_ p: f'a , ·.,or in progrecis. 1- u r s y s t e1n If l rl. \.V fJ n t . e - f e t C • B . Method o·· settlernent not elii1i nnt i on of labor-ca pital dis . ~; tes a i 111 of t .._ is p per . I I • .i) e fin i ti on s of ci t r i <e : _ n .. - i o c .... - out A. Yederal Bureau of L· bor definit i on . B . Legal de . initi un C. ~1ement of Gons ~ira~y prese nt. III. · ist o r y of Strikes. A. Sl c ve insurrecti ~i s, pea ant · evolts, ~ore runners of r odern stri~e. -:, . ~:,.-_rly stri k -~ s in r ited 1t a tes. 1. J·ournev11an _jaker..., 1741 ... ~.; . .1.{ egular t ;,b -.lat ion ber-ran in l u8 3. i'-ajority unsuccessful. c . ..Jince 1 801 1. ~r evalence of industril troubles growing. 2. Serious industrial problem II. Causes o~ Strikes A • . lassification ofllepartment of La ' or into f 1lrteen causes. IV 1. (lu :.:: sti I ns concerr .. ing wages, hours of labor and recognition of ~nfon, most im1 1ortant. V. Results of J trike A. To the individual B . M ~ects public generally 1. Loss in producti 0n a n u c o:_se c:ue n t in creases in price of commo diti es. 2. Indirect loos thru effect on r ela ted or de- endeJ:t industries. VI. Substitutes ~or Strike A. J?ai lu . e of Arb i tra ti n . 1. om~ulsory-- oluntary a. Do not go to root of · r -oleJ • b. . . ..,. at t er1 1 ts by labor ca ~ ji tal. , ... umerous a n a 'forded only te1n ora ry reli e i·. 4. L3ased . • t pri nci ples .C • on co1npr1m1 se n on 0 .J. ri 1. J. t anc.l 1 .1ro ng . 3. -· 1 tima te a pp , ..;al to use of f orve. VI I Development of t r e 1.;a,·r. A. ~egality of Jtrikes 1. Doctrine o· · c ons _.)ira cy. a. Unquesti )n d ap:)li ..,at ~on too strict. B. ight to strike establiohed i n most jur·s dictions. 1. I 'i:ore liberal vie r11- -p rson- 1 r i t_ :': to rnore fully r ,_jco _1iz e d. VIII reoe1 t tendencie of t , e Jaw. A. rtig}1 ts of i ndi vi du n~ l be i _ r su _ o r.,a e I to rignts of p u blic. B . Sub. ti t ute deinanded for stri k e r n d loc ~~- out. I \ ... 1he r ansas i'lan A. ~ stablisrunent o- vourt _·· •or judi cial settle- ment of labor-capita_ is uute . .... B. tli gh ts of pu b 1 i c t , e c n t .co 11 i n g .r.• a _, t or . C. .:a1-- s s tri e u n l a 7ful. D. tJontroversi e s a_·f ct int . l ubli d e c i ed X. Operation of 1 ansas a 7. A. Friendl y Sl)iri t en · ✓n -ere cl bet-r1een c a -:r) i t a l and labor . .u • J. nd us try co - op - ~ r a c i ! r-,, 1 i t : c o rt 1. ~qualized justice done. eo nle of \.ansa :.::; f . v r t ' e .J.: . t . 1. ~eJent e l ecti , ns over -helmi n~ l y e1 ore it. LI. l..1r ·nciple o ··· ---udici a l , .Jettle··1e 1t A. · 7 ver":;~ pha~ e of :human - if e .)ove 1 ned by lav . VI . B. lTe '""trly e --v ery hase of l abor-capita l rel :: ti ns 1n industry are c~ove r ned by lav; . 1. ours of l abor , .r - ~ € : e s , v 1o r _;_= i ng c ;nclitions--only a p neal i s to stri ~-<:e et ... ~\.I I Conc l usion A. rinci p l ~s of e < u i t . and justice Jnu s t prevail over doct r i n e of' orce---use VII It has been Hell said t }at a dmini s tra t i on of justice by l aw i~ t l e corners t one u p on v n i ch civilized prosperity 1 1a s been builde d . The j_ e are some v 1ho will say, t hat our civilizati on has reached t h e zenith of perfection; t ha t our s:/ stem of lavrs is capable of t al'"ing care o .J;• all cifficulties. On the oth e r ~ i.a 1 d , vve f ind a group of chronic pessimists vho mainta i n t ha t we have too many laus already , th~t too many of our individual and group relations a r e contro l l ed and directed by law. The \"'1ritcr claims exemption f' r om eitr e r of these groups--rather ta~in 6 t 1e 10Qiti o1 t t there are certain defect s in our sy s t em of l a vs 1hich cun be remedied by intel l i e t a cti on ; that instead of being t.e subj ect of over-legisla tion we are the sufferers of insuffi , i en t le ~isla tion, with especial re f erence to t "' ever prese1 t and of recurring disputes be t · e e n c - i tal and 1a·bor. -1- Disputes bet~een la o nd ·pita are not a nevi )he11omenon. Th.ey e a· .1i t 1 t h e establish ment of the employer-employee relation and will ever exist so long as t , is relation continues. It is not my purpose to attempt to point out a way to the elimination oft e e disputes, rather it io 1ny purpose to suggest · metl1od fo r t ... eir settlen~nt t · ru the mediu. o legally constituted courts of justice. l -' r-1 ) T ,.... ' .L - - U1 • In its Sixteent~ Annual ~eport, t e Federal Bureau oI Labor sa ' 'A strike occurs v;hen t : e employee of an estaolishment re l· se to ~10 1·1" unless t: e m na ~er ent con1plies FTi tl'1 some demand; a loc 1 out occuTs -1~:en the n1an ~e: ent refuses to allov1 the employees to -ror}r unles s t ey ~1ill v1or} u11cler some condition indicated by the management." In 1906 tl1e Bureau defined a stri .. :ee a;:; being u a concerted ;vi tl dra ,val fror!l \VOr.t .. by a part or all of the employees of n establishment, or ueveral establishment s , to enforce a de 1 nd on t e part of th.e er · · · loyee s." - 2 - The Canadian Industrial Di~putes Act says a strike is the cesdation of 1ork by a body of employees actin in combi 1 ation, or a concerted refusal or a refusal under a conm1on understandin _ of any number of employees to continue to work for an em ployer, in cons quence of a dispute, done ._ s a means of compellin their employer or to aid othe1 employees in compelling their employer to accep t terms of employment. 1 In the case of Farmers Loan and Trust Co., vs. Northern Pacific • • o., 60 Fed 803, the court, attempt i ng to analyze the various defini tions of strikes, literary and legal, sa·s a strike is, "A combine d effort an1ong 1orkmen to compel tle master to the concession of a certain demand, by preventine t e conduct of his business until com iliance ii th t h e demand. 11 From these state ents it can easily be seen that while the matter of an exact definition is not in entire agreement, et tee are two controll ing ideas necessary to any satis actory de injtion of a stri_;e, viz: e;cterting b compulsion ·rom t l e employer certain conces~ions and cessati n of labor, but, not the abandonment of em· loyment." -3- The Strike has be n the ciief and ractical ly the only werpon in t h e hands of the laborin man since the establi shment of the v,a ge system itself. The earl slave i nsurrections peasant revel ts, and l abor wa r s V11ere in reality only fore runners of the h i ghly organized strk e of t Je present era. The first recorded strike in t r e United 0tates occured an1 ong the journeym .. n balers of lTew York City in 1 ?41, wl1en an increase in ·, ges ~as denied to them. During the years f r om 1796 to 1799 a series of strikes \Vere called by t h e journeyman shoem ers of Philadelphia, all aving to do with t he question of wages and were only partial successful. In 1805 these sa 1 e journey en "turned out" a .::iain, demanding more wages but were unsucce ssful. It is in the settlen1ent of this di sag_ eement that vie see the fir s t atten1 t in the United otates to settle labor-capital disputes tl1ru the medi um of the la 11 . The masters broug_ t char es of conspiracy a ainst the leaders of the strike in the I ,::ajor's Court of the city of Philadelphia. The strikers were found guilty and were fined eigh t dollars eac h and costs. Prior to the year 1881 noreeular tabula tion of stri es was ep t or ~as any systematic investi tion of them nu ::i de . o,vever t l e records of tr1e Commissioner of Labor sho,v a total of 1,491 strikes and lockouts in t l e United States prior to this year, 1,0 9 of ·v,uch related to wages. Success followed in 316, failure resulted in 583, while 154 were compromised and in 438 instances the outcome is un .. no m. Sihce 18 r l t e Fe eralBureau of Labor has regularly investi ated st ikes and lock-outs occurine: in tl1i s country and t j.e statistics made available by tis Bureau converin t e period from 1881 to 1905 reveal t e f act that 38,303 strikes and loc - ou~s occurred inthe United States , involving 199,594 esta lishments and a total of ? ,444, 2 79 em loyees. Te ave - a e length of stri es v~ s enty- fi e days and of lock-outs ei ~ hty- ~ou r d ys . The United tates epartment of Labor Bulletins inform us that the United States sub stantial in 1918, 2500 stri es and 85 loc~outs- in 1919, 2700 stri ces ad loc outs--in the first six months of 19~0, 1800 strik sand 46 lockouts. - 5 - These st~ t istics do not erhaps tell the ,vhole story of t e strike c~nd t e lock- out in the United ut t e s . T ey , owever , should be careful l y stud' d fo t}e r do ind·c te , i f nothin more , t 1e seriousness of t e stril'"e and lockout as an i d 1 tri 1 r oblem . Au (' '{ 1..,.J. u r <' ") I ,. I J. I U I n attempt i n ;) to u > _ :est a s oluti on f t , e d i sputes bet .re n C ital nc l a bo t h e nest l ogical step . to detern·ine j u :-j t t 11 .., l a e cau 0 es f t n e t r·ike _n t 1 e 1 0 C 1<:- 0 U t ; for rhat reas on c do m n lay do rn t eir tools a nd refuse to work ! The Dep rtn1ent of Labor in an eshausti ve r epor t cla ,·si r ies t e s e causes as follo;r;s : (1 ) F or i ncr ase of 1ageo; ( 0 rages ; (3) For red 1 cti o of h ·r ~ ; (4) A ainst i ncr ease of hou ; (5) o c rnin . _ec o nition of union and uniop rules; (6) Concernine e 1 ploy ent o_ cer -'· a i n p :. s n ~ ; ( 7 ) Concerni g em~ lo..,~ ees \Vor} ~ i ne c Jut of regul r occupation; ( ) · ~oncerning overt i me ?Or r ant pay ; (9) once ning met od and t i me o-· ayment ; (10 J Concerning ~at rday pa- t l ol i day ; 11) oncerning do cl(ing , fine , an d c --. [ .- es ; (12) Concernin 'i/ O.i.. ~ i n h ondi tion ci n rule : - 6- (13) In sy1npathy ith strikers and e ployees locl- ed Out el P.. • ,.,here·, I 14 J ,r • 11 __ , ~is ce aneous caus s. Geo. G. Groat in his uor :,anize l IJ bor in America I estimates that o · t 1e .e c z c •ei.J, disputes concernir g ,a ~es, ou so l ab ran eco nition of t 1 e union cau e a_J J oxima tely 06':,. o · t e stri res in t e nited Stats, int e follo~ ing propo~ti ns, v1: gcs 53~ · ; ; hours of labor lOi · ; union r co gniti on ~ith regard to loc routo t he i m ortance of causes change s sorr1.e1rl1.a.t • . ~ ~ec o ni t ion o t 1.e union and union rules h ~ d t · e list witl over ✓age s 25 ~~ ; hours of l abor 7 1 0 . di s ..)utes Almost every t a ulation of statistics by ecuno 1ic a· d labor ,ri ters se ·.ms to in a.ic te tr a t the results of stri~e , a t least o far as the den1ands of t t. e stri __ e s a 'e concern P. cl, h ve been in the t1o .. jority o ·· instances , f c.: vorable or p rt i ally favorable t t 1 e stri~ ~r ~. Io , ·v er, these 1ri ters , al ~o t without exce 1ti on, fail to take into accoun t the enormous indi et losses oc c si oned by or attribut·:~ble to the strike, which t e public . enerally must bear. -7- 1 O.o"er . • Babson, in a c· r f 1 analy ..::i i s of the s e indirect l oss .s, estim a tes th~ t t he loss in produc tion of necessities durin the f ir s t nine lont s of the year 191 Y, c u sed by sties, to e--in t h e minine of coal 2, - ;4 O tons--in t 1 e retail of coal 616,300 tons undelivered--in t he anufac t ure of machin e made women's hats 88,0 '0--1,768, 0 pai so~ men's shoes--in t h e gar ntent tr· 1 ,de, l h , 86, 5 0 men's sl1irts and 19,183, 800 wairs of overalls. This loss i n p ot ucti on can mean only on e tin ,- increase in p ices , for 1 en the i mpe i ments are placed in the progress of su .. )_ ly, den1and increases and pric :s necessarily so~r . It is the ublic, tlose one hunc red mil l io n folks n t cncerned d i rectlv .--,i th the stri __ e v; o pay t e b i l l. . . • J . bar di n 6 , S })eal( i no- au ove rno r of t e _, ederal _\.ec•erve Bo rd , recently said, "I f t e rorld would de ·lare an i ndustrial truce for six month s , it \Voulc do n1ore to bring do v-n 11i ,, h pr i ces that v1or"~ers coul ev~r accompli b strikes and a ita~ion.' The stri e or the lockout is lik e a pebble tl1ro,m into a o 1 o vater; as i strikes the water it cau e s a small ·ircle--tl1e dee e r i t sin_ -::c t 1e la r " • ·e r t 11e circle becon1es , v1i dening an i J ver \Vi den- ing until it envelops the entire oo l . r - · - o the cost resulting t cupit 1 or to 1 or from the st r ike or t ·e loc}·out i C"' only t l1e first small c ire le in the seri s of 1 r ,e r circles, w i ch s- red nd widen urtil the r rea ch the uttermo s t boun L ies of soc· ety. •ore ample: a strike in the textile rni l ls a f f ects every industry de p e1 dent upo n textiles--it slows u p :men~ trades--it increases t e cost of ~l te tiles, ven o those al - eady ma.nufactured, bee use the su ~l of such textiles is redu ced. ~f 'orts o · statistici ~n an opini on· of labor leade ·s to t l e c ontrary not 1ithstanding, the histor~ o~ t e .adjustment o la or-capital dis Jutes sho .;s a steady tendency on the part of both labor an capital to find an amicable and just method forte settlement of their difriculties. 1 ince the i' i r tJ t instance of industrial arbi tr· - tion in the United St tes in the co per mines of Connecticut in the early part oft e 18th century to the Newlands Act of the present day, which provieds for voluntary arbit~ation of ailway dis putes--labor and ca pital differences have been subjected to every orm o rbitrati on and conciliation J<no, n to t t.e mind of man. -9- Orie o the committees of the ational .Labor Congress in Baltiwo ~e in 1866 made a report die countenancine; strikes and recommende d t e a p oint ment of an arbitration commit .ee by each trades asse11bly. The Industrial Con ress meetine at Cleveland in 18?3 endorsed t he idea of arbitr ti on as a substitute for strikes, which were declared to be usually detri ental to bo t partie · • In 1910 the loak an tJUi t l'anufacturer' s ~rotective Associa tion and va ious local ni ns of the International Ladies' Garment Yorkers Union, entered into a voluntary a gre lm nt, L.e n~in provision of wl1ich is, that no strike o 1.ockout shall tak e place and provided for an elaborate system of arbitration, Arbitration, as a means o· settlement of labor-capital di utes, as indeed accom1li ed admirable re ·ults. 1-al difficuties have been settled ir.. tin1es passed thru tr1e med .~ um of arbi tra ti on and many future con trove si es \Vi 11, undoubtedly, be settled thru tni b a ency. o,rev r praiseworthy the results obtained by arbitration, the history or its operation in labor-capital controversies indicates very clearly tat tie ultimate solution o this industrial -1 - social-econo ic proble is n t t be oun with in its possib e ramificrtions. 1he essential and ar ct~r~stic feature of any nd a . 1 form of ar Jitr~ti on is tl tit is a com~ ro r1i se b :. tween t·w or 1nore op ) O in ) forces. It is a co1n.t - on i s e in v 1i c the dispute.:> be t ~/1/een the pa ties a e settled, not wit re _' rd to t n e p r i n c i l e Ei o . · r i r:2) t a 1 ~ 'Ir n ; , no t u : _; o t :· e rela- tive merits of the c ontroversy , n t u ; o_ a basis o~ justice an e ~ uity--rather i t . . e c 1 s 1 on · :.• re dete~ ined by the relative strengtn, t e relative in~luence o · labor an - ca ital. I t is a deci s i on of ~or'e, a parley in ~ ic t e stron !est party win~. 1he ulti mate a r eal f 01n all for •~ s of rbi t a tion an 1 conciliation is to ~ e u s e of 1orce, thi. t i s , to t e us of the stri ~re ( t e .L. oc_ ou • it is t is fina a ... ~eal to fo r ce anc violence th t 1s t be do e a a · ·;vitn an it is to t e more l ogical, just aid e ~uit able s ce of a r e a l , the adrn · n i s- tr, ti o u jus ·ice ir labo ~- ca ital is J utes thru le gally constituted court ~ of ~ u btice t ha t devote my attention. -11- i..vill T ; I :r One of the o Q t irnportant v l e: .. - ion nd one of the raost dis .i.)U ed ue ti ns r 1 ti_.~ to stri ~ s is t _1_1 ·1 t of 1 e gali ty . 1 ' rou r t l e ye ~ s i in nu ·! b .., r an 'i' ich stri .. ,. s have been i c e been hel( r uni on 1 ore ,. s a ·,ea ... on of in- c re sin . i m ) O rtanc e, t 1ere 11c.~.J been tion of legal o~i nion conce'n· g t e . slor ·volu- he la- appli di n t e ea ly c ~e , 1 labor-c a >i t a l d i S !_)U t e rere a e t '-- e obje ·t of le al deter i natio , ; s t e -~ n c,li ;-:, cor r n lavr of . cons : ·)i r c. c on 1. i r:e d , . o 1 1na- tion of t10 o r more p r sons , by oncerted cti on, to a ·com·· ive or im- r. o r a 1 , b T u n 1 a . 'iTf · , 1 , o - .1; re s .) iv e o i 1 • o 1 -- 1 me ans • ' (A , aras and Suran r--L " or ::i_ r o er s) In t}e ~ixteent~ Annual e port oft e Corrnn- ,_ issi oner o Labor--Ch . 8 , e yo~tin~ the ca s e of the ?hiladel 9l ia cor ivaine · s in 1 · 06 th t t h e prosecution contende d ·'ti at no an is at liberty to c ombi n •. , con ~· •Ji e , c n r ed r te , a11 unla- 1 ully le ody o City• ' .1he fense re ) lied, 11 1h .. re . 10 o c ime • i11 rny refusing ·., o v 1or c ri th a man w·l o is not of the saI e association ·\vi th rny ..,e l · • .. ·u uosin -- .. t e ground of my r ~ fusal t o be verso unr s nable or ridiculous--- to b e i n :ce c.. .. l i ty, m :.. e caprice or Vil1im---s ti 11 it i .. ) no c ri1ne . emotive o my refusal may be il l ibe r cl, but it ···urni s11es no legal foundati on for prosecuti on. I ca }not be . indicted f or it. :~very man raay choose J.S om· any or refuse to associ a te vv-ith a nyone r,rhose company 1nay be disagre cab: e to hirn, vii tn.out being ob l · ged to give a re ~ s on or it: and iithout viol tin~ tl1e la .rs of t11e land . ii In his charge tot jury the jude; ·ta ted "A combinati ~n of -~-rorlane n t o raise t l1eir Ia f_Ies may be considered in a twofol d · oint of vie "vv : ' one is to benefit themselves; the otner is to injure t }1ose w}10 do not join t eir society. The rule O i la :r condemn both--- ne 1 an detl.Jrmines not to rork under a certain - ice and it may be individually the opinion of all: in su ha case it would be lav;ful in each to e "use to o s o, for if e a ch stands alone ei t ne r rnay extr· ct fro m his deterrninati on "vhen he · lea.. ues---Eut they were -13- bound dovm by their a gree· ent, and ledged by mutual enga.aeinents, to per sist in it, hor,ever contrary to their o ,n jud~ment. Te continuance of improper conduct n1ay therefor e vrell be a ·· tri bu ted to t - e combin ti on .' efore lon , , r owever (1 ~l ) the certainty o .L' · r1e com i"1on lav1 of c on s 1Ji a y l·• ca l led i r. to question. The unqu e ~ tioned a1. licati on o r • ~ n glish - ecedent s beg - to a p_p e r too strict. Or aniza..ti c n o -'· l _..,·bo re_ s had beco :c e d fa · .,. , one t/ a ~ - 1 a ~.~ , c o u 1 _ _ n e i t · e _ over 1 o o k nor suppress. In 184hJ t e ...asn· chusetts 1 upre1 1e Court hande l dovm an op i nio n (C om mo n re~ l tn v · . 1 . unt (l.Ie t'""alf 111 fully est~b _ _ i -- inu -'c: e ri :,ht of ,rag e vro r ,... e J. s t 1 _ u i t ro 1- for t he 1)U pose o· improving t n e con iti on s 0 1 their em loyment. It wa held to e nee 0 ary in o- der to c _ re the quilt of a crimi nal cons · i cy tit must be proved t at t e object v- s criminr~ l. he principle o··· i t i nsist d on by t h e court i n t his case v1a s t at II eve r:y f ree man , whetl er skilled laborer, ar1 er , or ome s tic servant, ma orl: or at V/O-.C,. 0 , ,ror ,. o ~ refuse to ,o r ~ v-i t any com an., o· indi v i al , at 1 s o·:,n opti o· , exce 1J t so far as h e i ,· b oun"' by excerci se t ~ ese ri h ~s . -14- The mere or a niza t 1on o · 7o r l:e r s i n to a v.ras no lon o-er re arde d a s a " co ns . i racy ." As was sai d by th , _ o r .1 .. sta tutes in 1 28 , "ya me t hy sica l t r9..in f . rea s on1n'--' , ha ~ n ev j r e e n ad J t e d i n a ny other cas e in t e q} ol e c i 1 ni a 1 ,r, t} e o j_ fen e 0 i . n 2; _._; i -, Cy l s rll(. de t O C C • i O t i 1 t } e i 11 t ent ; in an act of t e mind ; a n to revent the sl ock to c orruno- s en c e vhich sucl a pro p o i t i on \Vou l b e sure to p · e ·· r !i a ti 0 . t l i nte 11t b any interchc.. :1::;) e o t hou :>h t s i ~:i rn -=.de it self a n overt act, d n e i n pursu nee o tha t inte r c a . e e or a . r eement---- ~cts and ee ts _- e t e e su j ect s of human l a';; ; not t ou r,h t a n d i nten t · unless ac c o.np~ . ,ni ed o·· ac t B . i i Lltri (e 1 ·, in t e ni t ed '· a tes is not _ene r al i n i · s n tu e : se pa a t e juri sdict i on. bou k 'i teen st t e s l1ave the ol d l a :. of . c nsp1 _ac , speci f icall c onf e r in~ - n t h e l abor th~ r i ~h t ,_, t o co1 bine tor to i nduce b y ~3a ce- able me -- ns, arzy- pe r son t o a c cep t or ··1 u i t any -15- emp loy1ne11 t. " h e ·ennsy lvania sta t · e J.. ~ • U lJ O l z- ing 7orlc111en, intP.r ali a , t o c ombine t o uit '.11/0rl~ whenever the c on t inued l abo r by t h e rn v v u l d be contr~ r y to t h e rul es of t hei uni on; the i e w Jer 8ey , Colorado ai d Texas s t a t ~tes e ~ 1i tt in~ c omb i nations fr t le purpose of pers· a d i :~ others t o stri ke or . . I u · I. . ., f r r . , 1 1d to 1.- r y l an d a n d ,-'a l i f o r nia s ta t t e s decla · , t} .. t n c ornbin - tion to do a ny act in furth eran ce of a t r a de di s 1ute shal l be i ndi cted as a con ► i r cy, i such a ct comrnitted bvr on e p e r s n v ll d not be puni ,· ab l e as a n o ense. Jith t "' ese exc e ) t i on s t b.e sta t u t s not a l tered t e co nT! 1 10 L l; \V , par t icular l y as r e . ~ rd s t l1 e c iv i 1 1 i ab i 1 i t y o i s tr i , _ e r s • h e evoluti on of s t rik e l a v ha fj a c •se d t i u c l e arly d ·e:'ined st· .g e • Bound at f i rs t to t e p ece cle n t c n. ·~ 1r a ey t e e 1 a ~· b een a ste dy T! ov e 111e :nt t ov ar a jnor e l i ~ I a l v i e -r • · erson t.- 1 ri ·lits h · v be e n 1nor e . 11 u .., re c o --- - 1 6~. ., .. ) , - -r·, l •• I I • • • J. -· .... ' .J ( - I,' , ) . ' - T1e · ast 1e " 1 ye rs ecided c l1an O e 1 t e ,. rt o ,-. t J e _ u b 1 i c , :;, en e :.. al l y as reg~ ~ rd the C' use and ef .L ect of strikes a n d. t 1 e met 10 ·· s emp oy__,d in t e settlement o labor-ca- ital di s :pll t es • r he r i r~h ts O f ' t '1 e - u 1 i C in u C 1. C on tr o vers i es h ve be . un to clamor fo reco ni tion. 1' e dis_pu.te bet·-reen labor arc c c- - ita l ha s lea ed t 1 e bounds o· "' a private alt .., rc ti o a · d has eco1ne one in .rrnich t 1 e 1 eo :ple au a Tr"' ol e are vi tally con cerned. loc_<:ou t is d e ir l' n ed a1 · 1na· 1 e b een ~~ o ose d , trie d out an - disca :.. ded s iner ··icient. he most recent substitute o·"' t 1· stri e an t 1 e locl -- u-t is to ~ e · ·ound in e e s t lis :1e· t oy t e J tate o· :•, n as in 1 :~O o tre C .urt of I11 1strial .i.:e1a ti CJ 11S f o ~ e settleH1: t o~ lab r- rt s of justi ce. 7he e st ., b 1 i ;:;lu el t O t e _; an :> a 1 v Ou I t . ·,a t e ans .. er .:-• t ~( e ..;t a t e o .:..ansas to t. e in i l i ty o .:.• t1. e c oal 1c11ne s a i.d t 1 ei· e ol o ... o ad j 1 .. t -17- differences, and t e r su l t n t c o~ l wni ne of 1 9 1 ~ . • ri'he l a v1 p r ov i 1 ec:• fo ' t C ec-• t bl i . illl nt 0 C our t o... Ind u s t r i a 1 .L ~ e 1 a t i on s , c o rn · o s e d o 1 th .. e e judges c~nu em- o ,,ers such t r i b na l to hear a n d de- • tern1ine all c ontrovers i '.; wl1ich t hre a te n to 1'1i n r.' er, d e 1 ay o - ._. u pend. t e ope t i on of e o en t i _ 1 i n cl u s t r - ies, n o..n1ely: (1 ) rn nufac t ure or p r epa s.t i on of f od- stuffs or cloth i n ~ , t h e r1inin~ or produ cti n of any substance use · a s fuel, f acilitie s , \ 4 ) other pu ., lie uti l iti e s i nl-1.)res sed \Vith a publ i c i1 t erest · n( 1 S t j -; ct to t ~1 e ..:uper vi sion of t e st ,_,,, t e for t } 1e }JUr .-, oo e o pre serv i n g pu b 1 i c ,_.ace , . r o t e c t in.: t e :.JU b 1 i c h ,..; a 1 l,, . , ing industri ~ l stri f e, d i s orde r and ~ c s t e . i. t provi de s for t Le i n c r porat i on of un i ons or a s s ocia t ions of ~o of coll ectiv e ba rg ~ini n ~ an r e cogniz i Lg t e r i ght ~i v i n ~ ful l fait1 and c r e dit to any an u all C ( nt :c:tc t :.: made in pur s ua n "\ e of sai d right. It do e.J n o t t a a ,a y a person's ri ~h t to 1or~ but it doe s k . it u n . a - vf t 1 for worker s t o co n B 1)ire together to quit ior: 11en uch cons1ir <.; .. cy thre c.,t ens the e[ ce and security of t1e ublic. The provide u met1 .od s r brin~ing dis putes beJ.·ore tlie co rt an of tr.1.e la,v. 'ixe · enalti c s for vi lati on TI .r..;i o - ., ,. 1 ,..., T , -. - 0 :, 'l.CI .LJ ~ 1 J. ) ': 1 The first im_ · rtant case ,hich t h e ill.nsas Court had to settle, ~ r 1a t ~t 0 the 0t· te of The co , laint alle ~cd that a controvers~y had arisen as re _, · . .. rd rages and hours of 1 2..bor. 'J.he ac•si ::,t o.. ce o· the t a te's attorney had been asked 1n - r esentin ~ t 1eir nee t the court. r, e court i t . t' + vr.:i. s a _:: e ,_ o 1 n v e s 1 0 a "' e , and after due he ~rinr to : e ~cr i · es c c. ,n cl ,::)u c ou _ { • of 1 oor, etc, as it mi ert ·find ju s t anc 1 e ... uitab_e i t r1e r e11ises. The com any alle ged tll ·J. t t ... _ey ad or f ~ed an increa~e of 2 2 cent ~ per h ur, b _t t ~t 10 cents per hour increase de1 anded 1 s unr asonable and coula not be pai d. , an co1 clu e a t ei r ans ·re· "res Jectfully submits a nd tenderd the i .. ue here re- s en ted, and v1elcornes t * .1.e good o· f i es o - -. l, 1e c u_ t in a Ju i c i z~ 1 s e t t 1 e n1e n -.:. of \V a t i s j u t • t an tl e u i t - able in the premises. 1 -N O- The one important pha ·e of la or-c pita l dis) tes vve fi d illustr ted in thid ca~ is that a friendly s irit b c t1eJn cap i tal antl la or m ni feuts itsel ;•. C 1trast t his i/i J L t - 1 e i riction, hatred, ec on riic lo . ..,.J and f inancial di t>aster occa sioned by the strike a , t1e lock-out. A air in April 1920 the court ,a s calle d u on t o de c i de a c on t r ove r sy be t ve j n t _ e ... \mfl .. l e_: m e t e d Ascoci t i ,n of et and ~1e c ~ric ailway ~m1loye s of Alnerica an the Joplin and ' 1 i ttsburg .1. ail ray Co1.1pany. 1he c 1 t oversy .. ,a f- over ge • i ·ter thorough 1nv ·ti c,- .. ti c 1 t e c urt a7arde , t l e rnen an incre .se 1n 1ag ~ s o fro n i ve t o t e n cent~ ne r 11 V asn' t it ra tl er stiff on t11e Int erurban Company? '' Ir. :✓ • A. Satte lee, General . . _ a na -er of t h e cor ~any , was askec. 'The av, rartl 1 i d see11 a little 1 igh to us,'' he · d 11 · ··. ·/e co ldn' t h av e t h u •ht t h sa1 , . a~ gran ng sue c scale under the ·ld condi t i n s , but thi n . s are lo - ing aifferentl vi th t ., _ i S CO rt a t TO r k • ~.r OU kn OV { ou:r." lives run through tl1e r ining district s , c.nd a lot o miners live in ton and ride 0 ir t ror - in our ca.rs. 'ihe str i .. g r a t hol sin o ·•cvenu u . If t 1 e ou .. t a.. --eep r e t i n1e , :. ' e c n a f ord to pay i-- .i. r· '· ..) The la , si1n ly ext ~ nu. , t t J e la :Jori n1an . t 1 e s~1. e gove nin n tal pro te J ti e n 1i th res pect to his industri a l f ai _ , tn ·-• t he nov, enjoys ith respeGt to a l l ot: er af 'ai s . Tl1e cl1i e f b sis 0 t e C"• >.J CC e S c:• ul r a tical oper - ~ i , n of t 1 e ~ ··our t of ncustrial {el· - +· it . u.rt , . + ~ justice it "ions , a t""" l S a ny 1S ~.!1 e render , anc t '1e in11 :rent la abi :iin - ., nature of ,\rnericun ci tiz ns . Its actual o~ Ji~ tion i J.(an as nas n t re aulted i i t h :..t s secure 6. ~.nd saf e - au_ rde c°' econ . 1i c justice to all . ,, e recent .. .. ns ~:i electi 1s t :'r1e best evi - dence ot t 1e a .l.- ti tuc e o t · e .l; eo_) le of :i ... an '= s to en: y J . Al len , gov - or of t e ~ 1 1 , was re - elected b ... a l a nclsl i e . He __ ; ,, ried every co int-, t , st Oi g - } 0 . { 0 -...... , I 1 !... 1 i SJi • In J. r i ,.., ~ u r t h e .L. V l,e • t .: ta t e Legislature w , o .t ,_.vored the l r "1 s elect1 ... d .. nd every ca..ndid;1te ~ho OIJ•)ose i t r C, c• de e ~ t d 1 n- , cludin;,, the op ·Josition Cv1 didate .1.ro u1 Cr "ford County. It is not m r OVIV t, - to su· ) ort t '. e l '"ansa s Cour :.:. oi' Industri , _l d elat..:. ns 1·-i 1 1 its detail. It is t ~ _ e princi Jl e 0 1. j u dicial settle- ment exeJn lified i n t h e ope ,a tion o t h e c urt 1:v i th v t 1 i c}1 I a11 no re . P ~ r t i cu 1 - r l J , , o 1 c e r n e d • - ~atica ly al l of t l c r c s Jective ri e h ts of 1 e gal or 1 e ~ i . · 1 a J. i v e a c ti n i ::·. n ear .Y eve ry s t t e in the Union. Chi l ·~bor la rs , v ,orkl 1en' s com- .i.;ensati on acts, n11n1n1Ln1 -~a.r:, e la s, s f ety la-..7s, sani t . ~,.,ry la .'/ · t e st ·t 11te oo ... s o.t ne rly e v ~ry Con non r·> 1th. The la-; --~overn s t e 110 :- ,:; t i n t i n 1a4- e a f · .... ir~ of nini:= tn life. ivorce; i .l. depri v s p a r ent s of t ' .l c stody ·f t 1.eir c1 i l d- justi 'i~s, it deprive~ people of their lib., r ty, ~Ven of their li ,,,·es. Surely t ~ese s ~ e )1 in- ci _l; les of ·la\v and justice t .. at have functi ned -23- thru 1 ~~ally con stituted .Jourt Ll s i 1 ce c1 ilized gov~r r ,1en t b e~ a r c n f or11 t e e c 1 · i on a s t - d 11: 1 ... s • ... -v - • .J to ·.,. cone . - 1 ns i . i ndu wtry . ne o the ba s ic la,·, in s cri b ed u p n t h e \.ncient to 1 n;_. n t b 1 e t ~ 1 c: •.J 'let t e "'a :i. ety o t 1 e p ~le bet e su. e -e law.' It 1s u ~ o 1 t _ -:is pri · - ta.tal l l c··1 i s -based--it is U J O _ s dee- lara ti on t -:1n. t vve 1 ust bui l d t1 e st · cture for t h e admi n i s tr a t i o _ of ju s t i '_; e i n 1 ab o r - c , n i t ;- 1 i . _:_JU t e .j • 1he ri p; ts o · t 1 e i. u i v · d u ~l, t .L e ri 1- -. t s o t l e g :c c,u p , rnu o t s ubs e : cv e t e r i 11 j-J o t tl e , e o ol e • ..... - Ju , ti _.e i n (l u ;j t r i a 1 c o n t v e r ·-· i ..., s , e v r' n a s aeci s ion 1n dis ,ute s o -- ..... -re ..L .L , J u . ~ 1 l, ,icta te •, t h .. civil na t ure.

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Creator Blalock, Ugene Uel (author)

Core Title The judicial settlement of labor-capital disputes

Contributor Digitized in 2022 (provenance)

School School of Law

Degree Juris Doctor

Degree Program Law

Degree Conferral Date 1921

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses