University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

The evolution of orthodontic diagnosis etiology and treatment

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The evolution of orthodontic diagnosis etiology and treatment

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Content HE
i
r e ente t o tl e De r t -t of Jentistr
iv r ity of outter C 11 r i
I
e '-)r
r
i'"'l ul fill nt
of t e
f r t
s t er o
I;
C. ..◄ • _ en o illon
c e
This thesis, written under the direction of the I! IS K.
candidate's F acuity Committee and approved by
all its members, has been presented to and ac-
cepted by the Council on Graduate Study and
Research in partial fulfillment of the require-
ments for the degree of
.J ' !.. >_ ...;u
I
Secretary
D ean
Date __ _ . __ __ ~. °':'_ :~ .1 ____ . _. __ ~: ?_ ... _ ____ ... ________ _
Faculty Committee
-- -- - -~- ------c~-- - - - - ---- --- --- -
C hai, rnan
An Historical Survey of Orthod ntia from
its Concention to t~
0
Present DaJ ev lo .ents ,
Includina Brief Biographical Cornrnentari
0
s on
Those fen Whose Interest, Thu ht and Effort
Furnished the .... ecessary Impetus .
W h atever may be the sci ence or th e stu~y t o , i ch
we devote ourselves , ve may oromote ou r a vanc e ent
a.nd facilit a te in, _ uiry in t o L.y s e t i re l y if r ent fro m each other.
T e one c nsis ts i n p t i e 4 t l i r e- .., i i , . e r
of d oubtful cha r ctr c rt i it o ci e _ ~
in question m ay involv e , i u itti n ~ t t o ~
new investi ,tion, enli htene b " t no 1 l e , e of
the first causes; t hen to c educ e from t e er 1
princi ples in harmony ith t h e r e of c t
to wl1ich other parts of our kno .led e 11.av e a ,
wh2t have with them either s i m : le a 1 v i or · ✓ 1
or direct relations of t ie end .
Tle othe r consists in coll ecti n
all t e f ,ct t
experie nce h ~s nositivel ,n
in bindin t h e t w o to~ether ,
thelr metho ica l r ese .. l ance
connections, princi ple s i mme
practic e .
a
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The presentation of a paper of thi s t ype
does, by virtue of its nature , r equire the
perusal of record s extendin ba c k be;ond the
ken of this present day civilization. In
justice to t r e subject it bec ame necess ry to
consider evidence as anci ent as f our thousand
years before Christ. Such a n extende ; perio
of investi
0
ation rou ,ht to li 1t
te i a l
lonv since f or otten , and ye t t _ ·
of
m aterial coul d not e expur t fort
of conveni enc , as it i s of i m e sur
for reconstructiv e thou ht a s v·ell as
l e v ~ l u.e
i s tori cal
accura cy.
It i s i mperati ve t n t t h i ~ e .1th of
m aterial be pre s ent ed i n chr o .olocic 1 o e _ ,
else the result woul Je bu t confus i on 2n ch ~o •
To fulfill these sti pul Rt ed require ~ents i n ~
rhetorical and noveles ue manner Vi ou l pr o uce
a thesis the len th of ~ ~ich w oul e xcee ju t i
fiable expectation. Rathe r t h ,n sacri f ic e
valuable materi a l to conve ni enc e or t o su, j e
I
interest to volume , v e r ose intro .u ct i on will
be omitted and t h e subj ect matt e r pre te i n
as concise a m anne r as 1 s conducive to t ho r ou h ness.
Orthodonti a , s a s ci e c e , i s o but recent
d evelopment, ho wever the nee o ci 1 n oral
orthonedia vas r e co ni ze
n ~ even tt e p t e many
thousand s of years a o. The fir t avail le recor
indicatin the truth of t his sta t e e t are those
brou l1t to ligh t y Sir . 4.r r 1d .. uf er , d d ted
four thous and yea r s before Christ . I t i to
a s sum e that, prior t o t h a t t : Le , li t t l e or o
thou ht had b
0
e n '--'i v
0
n t t
1
e D a e e or .. i ty .
It will be cons i de r e t lere or , th tort o on i .
a s ~e unders t and it ,as nee e a t t~a t ti e ,
though no atte p t s at it • r ~ nti ~
t his, proce :, u re ··ill b c .L r n 1 r- • cal i f r ,
intern tiona l in s cope " _ p r so1 . "l i n re e ~nee
f rom the year four tl1ousand • C. to t e r es e t
ti .. ne.
In order to m ke the ev ol uti na
c
1
. r ct r -
istics of sci enti i c pro r es s
r e s tr1 i , i t
II
1s not ami s s tha t a brief r evi e of t h e odern
concept of ortho an t i · r facet e it rical
text. B y s o doi n , the r eali ti on of re ent
d ay nroc edures cont 2s ts nore vivi dly •1th t _e
efforts, i d ea s an conclusi on o our r ed e cessors a nd yet r eveal t ~ e r ~ress i on y means
of which our m etho s c me int o in ~.
Orthodont ists of t his ay a r e not _ri arily
concerned vii t h "str c_.__i t eni
t e t ee t h " .1 t ou h
t his is, decid ed l y , art ofte r ti ~e i ever~
case . T e r t ...
.,antic r o , le. , r:re vie · it
to
consists of thre e ma j or
ent
•
i - s t ·
'
di
ere tial
d i a ,...n osi s to de t ermi e , n t .1.l " he
t •;· e
-
of malfo r m .tion u t l ao t }1e
•
i. Or i s this
differe nti ation
li · i t ed to
t, e
entiti on
lo 1e , b
includ es i . its s cope a
ul l an
1 -s1 o:: den to-
f acial
-Porm t r y . This
•
ence bei n
0
ac-
an
sy.
evi
cumula t ed
by a c e: h 1
e r i c , r t 1 r a
ent 1
su.rvey .
Y,
t
The
sec ond fun a
ent
•
t t f tio l o y . I n
l
orde r to succ es f ul ly
n., er s t t e con itio
under which
treatment
rius t be C rri e
t i t i s
i mpera t ive that, whenev r _ s i
, t h e c s tie
I II
factors be determine and an E? ... ort m e t eli i _ te
them when they are still eYist nt . Thi s i s com Llex
f ield , embracin, s it does , factors n infl e ces
oper tive ov er a
re t period of years , throu~h
.
l-
verse channels and manifeste in
rnyri s •
Reg rdles s of its com ,. le "' .. ity, it ust e cons i ere
seriousl · , and avoi d.
0
, onl in
i a nostic sens e .
The t hird m "_jor f ctor i n orthod on ic r c
re
i s , of course, tre a t m e to · t e
nor n lit • . I n con-
trast to tee ni ~
of
t de ca e , we a i e not co -
oel c t rel so l l J
on
f act ,
ec1 nic s t lay ~ in r D ~t n ' , i n c " p .ri son
to the ·:,roc e ures of t_ e p c, t .
.... ,
·•· e Ile~ e , ., o 1r
Oa
various t De
echa
•
myolo ~ical, psycholo
0
ic 1 an . en ocri no
of hi ch l ay t eir part in th
0
eo t ~ lis
.' 1 C
'
e_ t o:
function, or 1 he lt ,
n to- f c i 1 h e r
s
11
'
-
lo ic 1 n r ality
•
T, i s
t he oal towar~s vhich 9 are 11 stri ins
Villi ch ·:
0
h ve m e L,r ti f · .,r i . •
cal,
11
ii e t
,
C 0-
•
1
IV
1
1
' J..P'I c'.1. I
, - I
1
I 1 OF · .• -E O .. I ODO -'I IC
Prt BLEI
1
Evidence that dental irregularities have been an a f f lic-
tion suffered by humanity for tl101.1sands of yea r s i s r a t he r
startling in the light of the but recently atta i ned suc ces
in the treatment of these abnormal1 ti es. · ,fode r ni ty 1
r ne
to believe that any science v1l1ich is at thi s tim e j us t ne w l y
established as definite, tangible a nd succes s ful n 1ust, of nec essity, be the outgrowth of a m odern nee ana as such ffer
0
a new problem which was met and s peedity conqu er ed . O r t : o dontia does, without que stion, f all into t he ca t e or y of tne
recently developed science but the i d ea t hat it i s sc1° -
tific resnonse to a modern proble ~ is erroneous .
S1r Arm and Ruffer, i n his studi ~ ft
O
tlol
: t ... e
ancient Egyptian t eeth, di s cov ,r e l .ri U n r :-, 1 .:.. tie
.
n
number, position and structure of both t e deci uou s an ~e -
1
m a.nent teeth. Sir Arnand pla ce s the dat e of i C' ci t r e.1 te
specimens and sources of ev i d en ce t f our t _o
before Christ. Thus it is evident t ha t no att er
e r
the development of the sci ence of or t _ _ odonti m y e con · _ere ,
that need of it and the necessity f or its dev
0
l opm ent h ex-
isted for nearly six thousand years.
Hippocrates of Cos, 460-377 B. c.
2
Although the need of orthodontic proc e ures ha exi te _
for hundreds of years prior to the adven t of Hi L_ ocr te ,
there is no available evidence that any atte. _ t w
neet this need before his time. The observ~ tions and r ec
1
sir Ar1nand Ruffer, A r~erican Journa l Physi ca l
1920, vol. III, p. 340
2F. H. Garrison, History of ! edicine , • 65
2
of - ippocrates are not le fort, eir scone and lnten ity of
thou~ht. ot onl h conc ern ith the local dental
deformities •Ut l so not r eco r e t_ e ;)~ s 1 1:, ical
a n mor holo
0
ica l nornalitie s atten nt pon t hese irre -
ul ri tie co ent upo n the C nco it nt ills . T e
followin quot i on fro
__ i noc r
te i st n i 1 tenin
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CB PT. l.:-1 II
9
Pierre Fauchard to Joseph Fox. 1728-1803
The era of Pierre Fauchard and John Hunter (172 -1 803)
can truly be designated as the period in which Dentistry emerged
from the realm of ignorance and superstition into the light of
science and reality.
Dentistry, and particularly ortho ontlcs, 0~
0
s l a1 "' e e t
to France for its conception and promulgation. B e inning in
1728 and proceding in rapid order there were 240 excellent
volwnes written in French a nd concerned primarily ith the
dental art and scie!1ce. A survey of the En. slis h li terat _~ r
of this period reveals 1 t a . .1azin n-lv sterile.
v·ere made ·were but abortive, far . ---- in t. e ~r '""nc. c te1 . · or aries and appare ::itly written wi tl1.out no !'led e o t h
0
~re c
acco rrrolishrnents •
ts
. John Hunter (1728-1793) was t ~ 1 ci first in En - la.d to vrite
at any length conc
0
rning orthodontics. Three chaoters i n is
1atural History of Human Teeth are devoted to irre ularities
of the teeth and their correction. He al s o tri ed to establish
a scientific nomenclature and t ' e terms cu i
ori inated with him.
b iCLlS ._ i
The first English Dental text book wa T
1
ri t ten
.Jos . _, )l
~ox in 1803. He gave explicit direct o!1s for t _ . c, rrection
of irregularity of the teetn ard ~is a vic e
generallv for half a century.
"
oll e
Several books nov,1 mad e their ap1 earanc e , 1ich
1
ere ev te
10
exclus i ve l to t h
0 j_ • 1 C C 1 l i on •
In Ger,any s v e r 1 a t l or s r e l 39 o~
C i
.,
rthodonti c •
'
• .,.
e H .
... )P.
i r
on t, e Ger:i .i
Fr ch t
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e .J r Gl ._. 1
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11
Crtlde in form and c Y1structio , e t not i i mi l to he r nt
i on rch C v ro oun e . b . l e . The at c en
ever, was of m t 1 r il~ li a t
•
:e l s scri .. e s
prefere tre nt a r a i d o e l
1
ich con i ste f g r s : in t e
tooth firm l y 1 1th the lien o trai t ore p · or ci n
0
it i nt o pos i tio 11 t o· c e . 'I'1 is
retenti n and f r e en se of
ri
0
e t 101.; th •r .s eu . '~ ere
i s n int r es ti ~ co . e _ t i n his 0 0
1
on t1e ten , c
tbs
num er of enti ts i
t l1 s · · or s .
ere .-1 1 soo1 b e o e
d e ntis ts t.an °rson
· th e t 1 d i u e . e • "
t l1e
v o e s t o __ ern .r
o r t ,, hi
t e
he c ondemned the use o_
do· ted t t ... e .. et c-.1 s tri ·
or bane
..
them a step fart ~r . ~o uot~ :
·hen the cani e nd inc i sor
f t
the li p , the efor it--
1
e c or
strips . To put t _ t -.- t
lower~ to s micirc i o
surround the teeth ro t he seco
corres on in ct t oo t h on t ~ ·1e o
pro 1 e vit h 1 ,
ou~ht to bP, e ctl o s
i or r , so th ,t t ~ 1e r
t"1 erve f r .· .cl t o tl
e a l s o s ti
1 t e
_ i 1 1 and t e · n ..,_ i .1 .r
s
C C p i Il.!'l en t r ti' 11
t · on in 17 7 .
1
In it
s , o cifie
etc .
Te
1
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e J
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1
ourd t ,
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r l'Art
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•
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I e .L i
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r , 17
,
ol. I I, I ) • 31
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on
1 2
oul d be call 4 in our . e t 10 o c l s 1 ~c t
otraction
I ,X . 1 1 retr cti o 1. . .:.,.0 t t . n t t clu S i • c-
~tior or or erl r i nos · 1 evi e n i i s c e i ti on.
To .uote fut r . " o e tim s ·h en t e p r ~ - ent n n e
co s fort n uffici n t r oom
t e e o r e r o ,
t I
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III
-·-T _r, p
, .ti w a • 1
15
Joseph Fox to Cl1ap1n He.rr1s, 1803-1838
Joseph Fox in his !~atural History_ of Tuman Teeth.J Des crib=.
ing _!,he Proper ~pd e of Tree., tment to Preyent. Irre13u]-e.ri ti e ~ o
the Teeth, published in 1803, was t ·_ e .pirst to ,.·ive x_licit
directions for t he cor rection of i r re ul _ r itiP
is et or
of treatment was in vogue for near l y h ~ lf
centur·. Fo '
method was a crrea t improver1e11t o- e r F u chard a d .:> u.rr_et. In
explanation of 1 ts u ,... e Fox said, " To re _ _ or e t r1e forr of irre .~ ulari ty, tv·o objects m ust be accom · 0li sh ed ; one t o ap ?lJ a rce
which s hall a ct consta r tly on t ! e irreb l ar t oth
_ d rin~ it
f orwa ,_·J , t · 1e other to rem ve t : e o tr 1_stion vr1ich t e nd e r
teeth alwa•,.s occass ion.
111
Fox did not fail to see.: for the c .U o o thes e irre
lari tiPS and recorded his idea in no uncertain te rms .
his basic reasons for t he cause of irre ~1lar teet
1
e ave
.L C,
'-'
1. Fa ilure of the root of tle deciduous t oth to be a sorb e
with the resultant ~isdirection of the succeedi1 ~ t
2 . The greate r size of the se co1 t 0oth ~nd it in . ilit to
~surne the place occu- oi ed , y t"'" e exf li t _ too -•
His observat ~ons on cro vd ed teeth ar
t he presAnt day dentist, na me l to extr ct the of n i n~ toot_
and a llow the obstruct ed tooth room in ~ich to erru t . ~ o~e
he was most emphatic in stat1n t, at the up er c nine
1
never be removed, but rather t he first pr molar, a 1 e v·
1
Joseph Fox, ~atural History of H ump Teet, De g_r_i __ ~
t ne Proper Mode of Treµtment to frevent Irregularitie~ oft e
Teet1 , Lona on, 1803.
1 /
cognizant of the 1 ) .. portance of t ~ u e r cus i d in rn _ int i _ in
the shape of th.e mouth. It W0 1 l d be 1 ell i f 0 . our - Jr e
nt
de,y ~ontempora.ries \ oul d f shi on their olicie .c-t '"" r e m -, 1 r
of this man \ J ~: o orec '2 e .: t e
C
.__nt r a
•
Th e applianc es of Fo x ere bu t
1 ove et a n r ~ine-
ment of tho - _ e of F'attcha d
U 'V
t , r l t l1 i
•
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:,
the u Tl
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0
mental tend en c n e n of W J. i C al l
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cc o rn p 1 i u 11 e
•
•
Jac qu E Rene f'uv
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l •
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tre a t ment a s eqrly a s 1
2 . 1
i s co.
f or his atte pt t r c o.cil ---- f .c
conclus i o s in ti
•
The conformation o_ t e f Je
of t ~ .. e t eeth, . '---n t i f l t
c ntou r _ lv a .. s ci r c 1 r ·_1il e
r e p:1..,11 · i t -; on t
1
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9ro,j ectin · in the . i a l e i t_J.
the sic es , t he .j _ s · r u t t
0
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the teeth, he~ce ;e h 2 ---- r
rov of t eeth.
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Duv ,l also coun e l e t e r e 10 1 0
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cco l i s e :1ts · er e er tran itorv .
11,i
This , he attri ute tote v nc t e p c ti e _t
.OS t e Dh . ti C i i s I . ice to tre t e · l y or n tat all. e
s eci i e e i g t t o s1 ~teen -e s ~ t ne ~e li mits fr orth -
d ntia treri
of correcti on s . r erl .p l yed . H e i s ot , 0 '18V
unjusti f i ed i n · i s st .t nent •
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23
This fore oing period r eveale tha t pro ~ress ~as being
made in t he observ ti on of alocclusion, ~ti olopy , cl ssifi c tion n tre t ment of irre ~l ,rities of the t eeth .
C AP·
1
:...R IV
E ~ ArtLY Ort'l 'HOLOi
1
TIA A'~D OH.Gk IZAT'lOh
OF DE1TISTR Y
24
Chapin Harris to John Farrar.
The years 1839 and 1840 are, ~lthout dou t, the _ ost
important in dental history. Amon t e co ri t-lt i n
0
f act
are; the publication of the first perior ic 1 i 1839 , · he
American Journal of Dental Science; t e orr a niz .tion of the
Baltimore College of Dental Sur ery a,na t he for nat i on o t _ e
American Society of Dental Sur !1'er- • The e ev
0
t w 'Y ~ ..., to t
struggling science of Dentistry t e tren th f nity
added imoetus of roup t hou ., tan e1eray .
Prior to 1840, entidtry
1
·1 thin t he sp ce
f t
1
e n t
nae to remedy t his defici e1cy , s
. D r i t
.ay and are us efull · and accur t ly ap~li es ,
for. ott
0
n and still other ne sict in
are no¥ ross r1isno .. er- .
In 1829 Lefoulon tre
teeth under the title
w s propo ed by C lv1n C
0
~ i n 1 3 .
wc s dissatisfied w·th t1e ter
0
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1
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L'
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" .
n
w 1i ch he proposed a s a syn on· _ o~ ,.. t _ r to r
0
1 ° t 1e
) Opular but "v1.1l '1' r" t rm Dent !:'_ l i1 ° t
1
P. J. Lefoulon, Orthop 1a Dent .·r~, ~
"' . ~
a cl:.J
1 39, pp. 111-119
ire l s t anc e s er
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that the co n tltution o t
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the directions of the teeth. 2 . Retrocession i s an o _po ite
deformity to the prec e in • The nt eri r t eeth re inclin ..J~
obliquely back ,ards. 3. I nv r s i on of tl1e ent 1 arche •
Vhen the inferior ja passes befo r e t i e p p
•
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I
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attention to the ever p r , ent err r o ~ ttem tin to ali3n
teeth without havin
r eviJ sly prori e sp ce or the . _e
also denounced the use of t e fil e as .. e ns o~ p r o i i n
6
space. He di , hovever, a ppr ove t e r ctic e o re~ vin6
the upper first icusp i sin correction of .nteri r
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ies or evi 1 ns
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58
John iutting Farrar, 1875:
Ori inator o f first "syster ", foun ec 1.in t _ . on t_ e
theory the.t th
0
avoidance of pai n
. s
a
C ,r 11 - 1 nrinci
- 1 SJ '
fo:~ this reason, pressure sho 1 b~ un er t C
nt_ ol C)
t h SJ
patient. Farrar advocate
t _ Cl u ... e
0~
i_t e r ittent -Jr
rather than continuou ~ a! i tio
' Q".n
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co ._taineo over 15GO p .-- es 140 0 r . i
•
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L,
oracticall.., all necesspr- . - virt l9S a :,,e t
\
e
ou _ i n tl e s c r __, .: ,
and stated that t he t
0
eth vill n vei n
irectio ,. I I _ r
"
continuously maintain .d . e a t r ib
-'- p,
._,
to:J t
ei t J:1er or both oll
•
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r t e
bendin~ of the .lveol r
.~t thi s ti me he decrie t he ,.,e of rute f r e~ o.,~ ... , _. v a-
c a t ed the use of intelli e _ _ t a : __
ne .L t. T __ o nr
0
ence O D i n i t ot __
In movin teeth, t he s11 ._ ht i £' t ion o:' t
at the point in t e soc k
0
t in t '.e r ear f t
causes in the s ame way (so far a 1e a ~
0
~ 1
~eposit of car tilas e mat - ri~.l i n the ,., _ c
0
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t
i l.,~,
1
•
l·veol
op ti. ,.,
....., -
j - .::-e Y
It will be seen that 1n this act or mov e e1t o~ a to t
physiologic a l operauion is oin on,-- bsorptio on
deposit on t he other. ~xactly hoT t J i s a
1
s rptio - t
is not well understood . First, pr
0
sure i pri ry c
absorption the result. These are fact s ·• te all c '""'n u e .
r e . ' lt
t
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C9 , ~
eth ,
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As it is ao co ~on to theori7e, I nay b e n ~ r on ...., ~ i f I 5iv ~
m y views. The press re o~ t he t th p n t
1
, oft .1 reol"
cess, or socket, causes 1 r ~ or l ess devit li z v t io 1 o t _e c
ti ~uous c ells, ¥hich ar
0
ro ren dovn n~ c~r: i o~ t .....,
so~bents , which possi ly are soa9W a t stim 1 t
0
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J. .J . Farrar , An Inq ir;s i nto t h
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loeical Changes 1n Anima l Tiss1e,
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Asset Metadata

Creator Dillon, C.F. Stenson (Charles Frederick Stenson) (author)

Core Title The evolution of orthodontic diagnosis etiology and treatment

School College of Dentistry

Degree Master of Science

Degree Program Orthodontics

Degree Conferral Date 1933-05

Publication Date 05/26/1933

Defense Date 05/26/1933

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest

Format theses (aat)

Language English

Contributor Digitized in 2022 (provenance)

Advisor McCoy, James D. (committee chair), Ford, Lewis E. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC112719520

Unique identifier UC112719520

Identifier Or '33 D579 (call number),etd-DillonCharles-1933.pdf (filename)

Legacy Identifier etd-DillonCharles-1933

Document Type Thesis

Format theses (aat)

Rights Dillon, Charles F. Stenson

Internet Media Type application/pdf

Type texts

Source 20230127-usctheses-microfilm-box6a (batch), University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA

Repository Email cisadmin@lib.usc.edu