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The isolation of personality traits in the domain of military leadership
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The isolation of personality traits in the domain of military leadership
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TE ISOLATION OF RS LI T_ ITS I
D O I OF MILI Y IE DERS IP
Dis erta ion
P esented to
the Facu l ty of the Graduate Sc ool
-nive sity of Sout e valifornia
In Pa tial lfillrnent
-- ----------
THE
of the equire1ent s for the Degree
Docto of ilosophy
by
Jasper · 11 o olley
uly 1 51
---
Ph. o Ps H1
This dissertation, written by
_______________ .J.AS.P_ER __ W.ILS_QN __ ROLL~------- ---------- ---
under the guidance of his.. ____ Faculty Committee
on Studies, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by the Council
on Graduate Study and Research, in partial ful
fillment of requirements for the deg1·ee of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Date _________ u July .13, _ 1951 ____________ __
Committee on Studies
t1
TA LE OF C ONTE. TS
CHAPTER
I. STATEl..E T OF TH PROB LE
• • • • • • • • • •
PAGE
1
1
2
Introduction
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Importance of the stud
• • • • • • • • •
Organization oft e rema nder of the disser-
tation. • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . • 4
II. REVIEW OF THE LITERAT E . . . . . • . . . • 6
Histo r ~cal introdu tion
• • • • • • • • •
Review of the ex erim e tal li~e atur e
The Te man stu ies .••••••
The Cowley study .••••••.
• •
• • •
• • •
The American Institute of Res ea ch i1vesti-
6
7
7
9
gation •••••.••••••• a • 12
The Hemphill study . • • • • . • • • • • 13
AAF Redistribution Stations ' studies . • 1.5
The Stogdill survey . • . • . • . • • • 17
The Jenkins investigation
The Barnes study
• •
• • • • • • •
• • • • • • • •
20
26
The M ackie s t dy ••• e • • • • • • • 27
Criticisms oft ... e literatu e • • • • • • • 28
III. DESCRIPTION OF Y OTHES S D T 4ST • • • • 33
Rationale underlying the select ion of
test variables •••
Statement of hypotheses
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • •
• • •
33
35
iii .
CHAPTER PAGE
IV.
v.
Construction of the new test items • • 43
The internal consiste1cy of the test
item s ••••
• • • • • • • • • • • •
SOURCES OF DATA .
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Description of t he s ~mples .
• • • • •
The administration p ocedure •.
• • •
Statistical treat ent
• • • • • • •
FACTOR AIXSI OF T D T
• •
The intercorrelations oft e tes0s
• •
44
46
46
48
48
.51
51
Extraction oft e ent id factors . • 57
Rotatior o· t e centroid factors .
• •
Interpretation of t he factors
• • • •
Factor I • .
• • • • • • • • • • •
Factor II
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Factor I
T
• • • •
....
•
•
• • • • • •
Factor IV
•
• • • • •
•
• • • • •
Factor V
• • • • •
•
• • • •
• •
Factor VI
• •
• • • • • • • • • •
Factor VII
• • • • •
•
•
• • • • •
Factor VIII
• • • •
• •
• • • • •
•
Factor IX
• • • • • • • • • • •
•
Factor X
• • • •
• • • • •
• • •
Factor XI
• • •
• • •
• • • • • •
60
68
68
72
72
77
81
84
84
89
92
95
97
CHAPTER
VI.
Factorial co position o~ the t ets.
• • •
THE EVAL TIO OF iYPO SE
• • • • • • • •
The ypot eses
The evaluation
• • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
ypothesis 1 (Kindline s)
• • • • • • •
Hypothesis 2 (Compuls ven ss)
• • • • •
Hy othesis 3 tion)
• • • • • • •
nd ypot. sis 9 ( mp t · e nt- monetar -
ex ib·t onism
pot esis 4 (
• • • • • • • • • •
llib lity) .
• • • • • •
Hypothesis .5 (Social ependence) .
• • •
• • • • • •
Hypothesi 6 ( on- emocrat)
Hypothesis 7 (Discipline ;
• • • • • • •
Hypothesis 8 (Laissez-faire)
• • • • • •
iv.
P GE
100
103
103
103
104
104
10.5
105
106
106
107
107
10
ypothesis 10 ( uritanicrl-a t -f i is 108
Te res1lts oft s tudy
• • • • • • • •
VII. SUM1.~ RY , co CL s~o
co D TI O S •
Summary
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Conclusions
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ecomme dat ens
. . . . . . ~ . . . . . .
BI BLIO GRAP Y
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
APPENDIX I. Questionna e
• • • • • • • • • • • •
109
111
111
114
11.5
117
121
APPE DIX II. ewly cone ructed test items g ouped
accordin to pothesized f cto s • • 129
v.
CH.APTER PAGE
APPE DIX III . A suggested method for co puting bi
serial co relation coefficients to
APPENDIX IV.
be used as measures of internal
consistency ••••••
Instructions for testing
• • • • • •
• • • • • •
143
148
LI T OF TA LES
TABLE
I. Summary of ypotheses •••
• • • •
II. Subdivision of scendance F ctor
• • • • • •
III. Subdivision o · ersonal elation0 Factor
• •
IV. Subdivision of O b jecti ty Fa e or .
• • • • •
V. Interco ~ elations of Tes t V a i ables Facto
Analyzed
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VI. Fre enc Distr but on for the Co~relation
Coe ficient s
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
VII. Frequency Distribution for the Eleventh F c-
VIII .
IX.
x.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
xv.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
tor esidu ls
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Centroid Facto Loadin s • • • • • • • C, • •
otated Factor Loa ings and Co mu alitie
• •
Estimate of Interco· r elat ons of F ct o s O -
t ained by t his Investigation nd t e Gull-
ford-Zi me rman Tempe ament aits •
• • • •
Loa · n s of Varia 1 son Factor I .
Loadings of Var ables on Facto II
• •
• • • • •
Loadin~s of Varia les on Factor III .
• • • •
Loadi n s of V riables on Facto
'-'
IV
Loadings of Variables on F ctor V
Loadin s of V r~a-les on Factor VI
Lo adings of V· . iabl cs on Factor VII
Loadin s of Va iables on Factor VIII
• • • • •
• • • • •
• • • • •
• • • • •
• • • •
PAGE
36
40
41
42
52
56
59
61
64
67
69
73
75
78
82
85
87
90
vii .
TABLE PAGE
XIX. Loadings of Variables on Factor IX.
• • •
• •
9.3
xx. Loadings of V o.riables on Factor X
• • • • • •
96
XXI . Lo o.din s of Vari ,.J ble s on Factor XI
• • • •
•
98
XXII . Variance and Com .. unal i ties of the Experimental
Tests
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • •
101
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 . Final Loadings on Factor I
•
8
• • • • • • •
•
70
2 . Final Loadin s on Factor II
• •
• • • • • • •
74
J.
Final Loadin
0
s on Factor III
• • • • • •
• •
•
76
4. Final Loadings on Factor IV
• • • • • • • •
•
79
5.
Final Loadings on Factor V
• • • • • • •
•
•
83
6. Final Loadings on Factor VI
• • • • • • • • •
86
7.
Final Loading s on Factor VII
• •
• • • •
•
• •
88
8. Final Loadin s on Factor VIII
• • • • • • •
•
91
9.
Final Loadings on Factors IX and X
• • • • •
•
94
10 . Fi al Loadin
0
s on Factor XI
• • •
•
•
• • •
99
TE I
ST TE ,E T O F T HE P 0
I . I TRODU CTIO
The p rpo e of t l i~ stud was t o 1 ola e new per-
sonality t ·a i in t he um of 1 a e thro rh t he
u e of pe sonal-in ent r quest · o
·were expected o be usefu n de c
ual d ffere ces i n p sona i th c
in ili ry-lead hi p fi e e c .
ires . T h s e n w t r it
b n · und rly
nd · v
ccoun or v
0 C ve h i s pu po
, r ev
op h po t e ·e e··son t t i
of su ce ful
gre et e p
no · th
tar l e d.er •
pon .,_ er ona
Th e pot e es p
r ents
ced
i
bee n p eviousl i ted or v
_ t least t o tes s ,~er
of t he pot ,es z d f a t o •
t een te t s administe · e
ta ts h
f
•
canst uc d to e
resu1t· ng b t e
1th o _er pr viousl
not
ure each
of nine
construct-
ed tests to a sample fro ! a populat on of milit r pe son nel . The resulting corre ation matri obtained fro these
test scor s f actor -naly ze .
~~ fu ction o t e older tests v
Fir st , t : e p ovi e conveni tr f e ce
i n o of th v ri nee int n rt
t l ee-10 ~.
ford c i -
t . I n -_i tion
2
to this, t ise of eve aloft e e olde f ctors enabled
t e in e ti ator t o deter1 ine · t er or ot t h pothe-
siz e d v riables rere actu 11 ne: f acto s . Finall , .e
ished to over ff cto r ev ou ly iso-
nve i ,at
ated udie it coll re st de ts oul _ e. ere n n
11 son .eJ. com sed th opulation .
t e t de n his t t obt in a
11
ove a l'
•
t ain l
•
u
ino
0 0 e ,
it cop \! no a ng V e .
oug r ,
6 listic 0 e. T e p t he-
d fa to ·l
e
n'"
d to a.
'
i r f SC n
• :.I
,h
T OS
•
h . Cl
1 t
se or u Ola
.
liter t
0 0
{.
n -
0 .I
- e r ,
•
-h
p
t ,
tra of_ Jd
C
h po t e es t
•
18 s u
e nte na. d t e
a .. P
ble to uch te
•
8 p pu-
r
..
omo i o al
•
v co ·d ,
n.,
en
g
I_;
a e
a ... mer 1 8. s i
•
•
OF
u of l t r i i o nar cu m-
...
0
.,I..
nc
..I-
t t lJ IJ Lll cur co
,..
tl1e
e ~ i c_e ed i ti pr le
.
pro ~
.
0 mi c·
nc
•
In
j_·t · o
t h s . c o di evol to
,
J
of the str tu e of m lita 0 a on e t
pro r essively greate ds of le ders · ip il ty f r m
officers of 1 rank . S ls re o t
li
udy of our o nt
disclo es pronounced
of act i ties
m f histor
r _ iz ti
Thee fe e
of this is to place g·e
d to v~ a · ::I de c n
d res onsibi i •
te r . ight on t h e
t o t e o '"'icer
em nt
for eaders~ p on t le
level . Th sis · efl
has o l ,ade s ·
i nc l us on of 1 t
several o f f er t
sity . (14)
The fi nd n 0
te d nth r Fo c
0
· n
in r · c p l n ng a
ands n r on le de
i~ ch o of t e lr
rv
"
rn-
tr1e
in
s s u y , ho1• v · , nee d not e
ted in pl 0 t o t J:1 oi a n of t r le e -
ship . On tr1e co r
, OU
b usef t di s
of
is
oth .K ds of r
•
T h
app re
If
1 e
C 1
ta
If
divid
hal
no
ti t 0 s C e e Y'al ly a pli
-'-
cco 0 C le 1..: .
0 ro c.uc n
r
l., s '
i .. ed · av e
ctic 1 ce
cont 1 f hu
it coul
1 l o
doz e n p
b e s id fo
pr t ions
u t it
.n t b
'
h.3nt C
::, .
n -
J.
)hL b
b h
•
J.O
•
e a . p e, th
r leade
'
. · i ch · e
i
b
• ... 8 U i d
• i l
u h v o· ,
V C r C V
t b
e
uch e ~
e factors
s v.
"I
the ret
-
.
in 0 r un _
or
, C. 1
b
e g
es
- 0
e
4
cert ty d isi n.
(":) ,
14Lr-157 )
Th 1 e of a
{no,~ rled .. e of sucl traits,
o ,ever,
is not limi to the stu of eade sh p . In d~ t on to
t }'.
til t y n 1 a n p
P-
b e s , th s f cto OU
h V t id pl C bi l ty . \A hen
□
i t othe solated
leme nt ,
th y
1 p av de s uct r basis fo de e r b-
jng
t e e do n 0 n iv
d f ,:\
ces .
Tn · s t
d ... ,
h b d
-
b s
.
C n , .
c.L '1
•
s u
~
........ 0 s n C } n •.rle d b te
..L n .
ec
· nt o
pr vi l_, UlC a t d
.
g ns of er n t t sho
•
0 u C
.
h
•
sci
.
it
O'
s n p Jl l n I in
0
-(\
t 0
,
0 p ini a l J no .. t r r:• s 0 ..L
b ...
.
r: n rob of
.
al i nd e 1 t canst uc t l r l
•
C veme t
Q_
uch m, t o e
r
itte n 1 01, s :
of
f
I
i
e
(17
•
n r : h tr I
0
C
0
p
Q_
SE
i ,,;
d
t
h-
fo
l
. r .J.. r.,. •
o. L •
1
Ch ter III o ·fe s
study; C l pter IV de s
5
e8criptio of the tests use in this
1 · es t e sourceC! of d ta; C~ pter
ft e f ctor n ys · Cha ter VI
V r
cont
a. ffe·
s
t
I u
OU t
t n of the
z the di
e or m end ~ in ~ f o
o h s tests · n
et tio, r conclusions ,
f uture t di •
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
I. HISTORICAL I TRODUCTIO
The investi~atioP of psychological f actors in ili-
tary leadership has been an ncient proble . Ase r s
4.50 B. c., Sun Tzu (18) discussed problems of militar
leadership . Situationa l tests ere us e
the selection of raiding p rties .
n D ,vid f o
Plato was concerned wt t he selection nd t r in
ing of military l e :e e in hi
' And t he h i her the dutie of t h
said, 'the more time, a s il , _d
catio ;ill be neede d him,
1
o doubt,' he r p i
•
., dian , ' I
r t, an ap_li-
1
ill l1e not also ·eq i r e nat u al apti t e for is
callin ·?
1
1
Certainly.
1
'Then it will be ou dut to s lect, f ca n,
natures which a _e fitted ~o r t f u r di 1 the
city?'
'It will .
1
1
And t selec t io 11 b sai ·
'
' but ie mu t be v
' e must .
1
( 11 , p . J 74
Re atus (lJ s scr b d c ·plinarJ oli ci s of
the earl Roman il t . rs . f tent h-
centur En 11s translation oft is o
7
(4, p . 7) indic tes
a co cern s t o the select on of l ..... ta rsonnel .
Of my hty men fl st is thelec on
To In£, e , n em to ler, e , n e e ... cise
no ate of e fo , is p ectioun ,
Ben bre t1enne ; ad af i s e t he
Of str n atai , fi
0
ht ng i n iuers
I c -ft o bi d , and rt to . al e
For s (ee) d ond, i t r et s I i
Thel ctiou of
e r .. e o
s ood
I n euer l o
-
de · nd. south•a d th
The 0 e 1, it
,
•
h blo o 8l ess
,
Fo r t to ble e e i , a1d t
Re e e
t· e
m to 0 ...
a r,
to lo e ,
n no t
e ,1
r
. a.t
ore bloo.
\vi t , ana 0 fi
0
and bl de an
I • R E ·
•
'
n
f ne .
or e ,
e f
~ e
e
n sse .
numJ 0 u : e t in es ns of ers ' i:o
i too gre t or a comp te r evie· to be pr sente
In "t te d , onl
b e offerei.
i t ".. samp e of
Tl1e
· nvesti at on ras con.
e p l e tom t lo-s ·
onn
db
s ppro
e
400 q e
f goo nd po o stu t
ver i
(16) in 1904 .
•
non s u
ct d r epo
d r . B
C
e
t
r n o il d .
, t' th s
ro m the e d va,
00
rm
nd poor
r po t
...
•
11
e
p 0
nd
ders
0~ t -
fou r te rn s
0
c · u ed
u le
•
et aits
8
ranged from
11
good loo s ,
11
"polite ,
11
n
11
.. e 1 t 1 , " to
"bo stful ,
11 11
s mo ed,
11
and
11
sh p-tongued.
11
Te rman onducte ano t her stud
children i n t e sec o t o ei ,ht s.2"r de
n one hund ed
ere used s sub-
jects . Variou gro ps l t for sub jects n acl too
part in a "learning exp r .i.L ent .
1
n observe not the
es on e
orig 1al t of esponse , t , en robe
of a rou i m t e e c oft e o es .
•
tim es eac p 1
...
lso ob r
s u estioilit a mea u b te ube
ject re ponde o a
t
t io
e c sub
t is ,
h · t echo 1 a e _e ould
rath be o t h r t· an
s lf . T r ud 6 0
-
ti~ro bio ~
p. ic a l dat n perso 1 t e r. s -,;ere t e 0 -
t ained.
As a second tep , t he pupi ls ere fo med a gai i to
new gr o ps 0 r ac
•
Ever r o p d,
lee ed 0 t o
C nt n n le d t o
ll
.
e o e a. 0
•
ne same
~ 0
e ures
we e t hen f 11 01,re d s n the f ' rs se f th e m t .
Fro s s d
m e :r
· n 0 t a
1 .
tu _
m
·nt · ned
a 1 -
d fine d
ct
or st n gr o·
•
•
1 a V a av SU e
b ' l
t
•
T gr ou - an
of 1 n t con
ser 't a r i ffe r n om i t d been in
9
t e f i r st.
4 . The 1 ader s i n t t ., t , .ccor ing t o t he t est -
many of t ei~ t each e s , re on tle ave a e 1 r er , bet
te dr e s s e d , of ore o i n nt p eta e , b g te r , ore
noted ford in , r e f l ent of peech, bett e lo i~ ,
be t ter re de s , 1 s e ot o , a n l e s lfisl than the
' au t omatons .
1
(16 , p . )
Te rman tien o_fe ed seve r 1
f urt c l . Thes
a ership hy: ot he es for
e e t at :
•
e s te n t o outs nd_n ether n of
10
0
cal co ti ul.n <) .ollo~e s nd to
g O •
---
2 . e .. e s ' ip i if e in t_me of
It ro · s i . ct , t ·~ t e n e d er c-
ton .
3.
It or .port n 0
,
lea r t o ea
t · e
0 e right .
4.
•
-I a, lp s s .. ation 1 . 0 X mple, i
ual s ood lead one s t ua i on
po r 1 a n
no .,,__ e
(
6,
I
)
•
D. 4
rr
•
t · o
t 0 ...
•
l
me
n
. ( s
SU D O ed b 1
(
.
1
"-
n a
l.,
•
add "t · o t e per nta
,,.
h
.
t of- 0
'
n r
e ,
d ever 1 nt
I •
t ·eo cal is t t on
•
neld t 1 d
.
no t
•
a r s.
p
rvc..S a s p a
,
c.o ple of m
V
t ra t f i n d to getl e· as a
"
nit
'
(J ,
1-}4 )
,j
1 n
p a
• l •
1 a r l ·o
1 on h Ou auc h
co r n 0
· nd
ual un t
•
... 0 t t a
0-0
d 0 1 no. d 0 ce 1 t 0
10
t raits hie ... , v .en co _ ined, a e p t e 1 der .
Cowley istin ished bet e n leaders nd those w o
~ old le ders - P p 1 t · on , but re " o
1 y l eade- s .
11
eferre d to t l eir He c. 11 d
,
!J.P sec on _
ro
II e
e " an
f unction ~s one of
11
hea atl1 t an true le cde s hip .
He defined l eade as
II
n indi vi ual \
1
ho i ovi n n a
particul ar d ect· on , succ ds n i nduc i n oth rs
to fo low· fte r h i m.
II
ef
..
nea. a n , 0
t_ e ot_ e
and, n
ndiv · u 1 0 tt ne d pos
,4.. •on
of h ad-
s' i p , ven t 0 gh it is a c h i
ve _
b e of ab· l or
p· es t
e . 1 d r , tJl'le n ,- per on
•
0 s go nR: om
-
~
t-h ·ho otive , ho
.
r,
ro~r e an lS , Ci,.
•
n i i du 1 0
,.. 8
no 0 s n
•
d vi n l ual ot ve or
a rogr
•
Co m
., e
e 0
- · s t · 1
n n a d to i-h t
l1e te · J d
! s · tua
on .l p
st ·
e
t - ....
s .
I
e d f er i ated
b en t e tr
· ts
.J.. na
an ndlv ' d
1
pocses s aid th
tr t a itu
•
ul n d m n
•
Si u 1.tiona e t
t a t · 11 st· ted b tho ._ tance in m 0 m t
p 1101 n hen n d 1
•
C!
bee us h
po e ose a
t; cu
l t
....
vS '\
.
lC .. qu -r
a_
.
n C
t i
.
b . d out t iv t n ua e
t 1 a t ir -fi e 8
ol ~
•
0
1
der in t o on r e
0 the Pre idenc 0 th ted t es . An n
•
i .ual , too ,
l
11
must be a ?.faster 1 ason if e is to become a Shriner in t he
:Masonic order .
Cowle pointed out that this d i tinction necessitates
a breakdown oft e i nve t ti on of lea ership and headship
i nto t wo p rall 1 stu is . Tle fi r st oft _ e is t e study
of i ndividu 1 traits , ~ · 1e t he seco nd is cancer e it
the tudy of situ tio ~s .
Evey si uat o stres ses s o t ait s or e t n
othe s, a t n i ' t l e unde s -cand ng of in-
dividual t r -~ th- 1 - relati ons i p to eads hi p or
to leaders ip unl s t se situational stres ses ar e
known ad un e tood. (J, p . 147)
e furt
r e •
zed t
II 1
de r r e C
and he a en att
•
t ad s in e r p onl
.
en t e tra · ts th y
posses s are t OS
=ier:1 n
b the Si uat
II
(3, p . 148)
•
t
•
d mad by e r nc 0 le
.
0 i VO V t e
qu s t on t o h t e or er
a ~
r nc e-
n ea er i ul
•
...
t ab 1 p si a e
t o e a ea r n V ral t ua i on
•
0 par n co e s
on a e ti o n e 0 p rsora t s wn cl h be n a -
mi niste ed t o o· ps 0 1 a. rs an r n V r i ou
it ati ons , s ve a
•
.
e~ e
de . n ing
e av di cov r t th st do f e -
t t t ad f ol lo ,
•
t r n in s .a-
ti n . e d re , oo , l e
e_ -
en
•
ua d po s h t $
•
150)
12
Co,rley cone uded:
.•.• t e ex e .eta i on 1 t th s e 1 ader and ollo ier
has proved to thing s : fi t, th 1 ders po sess dif
fere nt tr its f om t _e . follo 1ers, _nd secon , th t
leaders in t h s four dif r ts tuation do ot possess
eve n a sin l e t rai t in common . Tis oun s bri fl t o
a demons t rat on o th fact t a t leadersh s a f u c-
tion of a defin te situation and t· at e annot talk
about l eaders i p t rc its n ge eral but tha i st d re
r~ut t l r a o t 1 ader hp tr in t cu ar t u -
tions . :.e ust alk bout t1e t -~-_js of army l ea er ,
the trait s of pol t cal d r , an s on , w s
de s i g t · "' t e 1 a e p s · t ua t on . ( J , _ • 51 )
The Inst te of esea Inve tigat on.
st dy of 1 d
s_
p r u r nts n
t· e
,.
r 0 ce
ra
con-
duct in 47
an ...
948
b-
the
I
e~ ic
n°t
tute fo e-
search. T e pu 0 e 0
C!
inves 1 t 0 ·l s 0 ne
-
he cr · tic
1 r qu r m nts in p e f
C,
d
•
rm C , e .L 1.ne
\ e t l r or not no r ·c o 1 ~ be · dged ffecti ve his
s pe 0
•
Over 600 0 ficers ere · nterv e ed by means of the
critica - · c · dent techn ue . F or:1 t es i 1te - vi v mo e
than thre e t ho 9 d descriptive s .te.ent~ about
b , or
0 effect V nd ·neff ct ve off C s
·we comp 1 d. Th se
de pti ns l re 1 s accor ng t o t e r s ..I r
•
T e f nal e
__ t
,.
8 h c .... 1 st of
58
.,_
t me t bout L,
behavior hi h rer g ouped und r ix ate 0 es b ch
r Fore o~ficers could ev lua ed b th ir sup r o s .
lJ
The ~nphill study. Group dimensions, a s related to
leaders ip, t ere studie by emphill. (8) In th s investi
gation , respondents , ,. ere a ed que stions ..-..bout the rot.ps
to which t · ey elo ed. Eac r esponde n t first ans1-ered a
series of quest ion s concernin ~ his group ' s composition ;
second, :1.e sc i bed is elation t his ro p ; thi d ,
e .ade a judg en oft e 1 ader•s ebav o i n te rm~ of its
ade qu cy; a.n Q ourth, ~ e re ort his obse vatio s of ti
fre que n w th which t e leader enga ed ·n eac oft e
70 items of b av or listed o the ques t onnair us d .
From
tion of oup ,
obta ne fron 5 0 que tionnai r e desc i p-
ftee group dimen°ions re d€ veloped.
T ese di .en · on inclu d
flexi l t, tabi t y , p -
ze , vi se dit , homo ene ty,
-bi it , polarization , llton-
o , i ntimac , , nd control pertai ning t o the gr cup as a
unit ; ana position , pa tic ·pat on , potency, hedon c tone ,
and dependence e press ng t . h r esponden t
I
s ·elation to hi
r oup . h me ion repres entea ontin um ic , ·rhen
ap lie to a pa ic le.r group , elde a score escrip
oft at o .p . T e ~poss tote a ious t co pos n
q t ionna ~ ere coded into core
0
for each of
f ft n d m n ions . ..c oup could te n b d er din
e nurner.c va ues, o or e cl n.
fo n
- e
m ns on co v.l e cod d · th
14
adeq ate gre et bet ee n wo indepe dent code
•
The
el"ab11 t co fficients r n ed f o . • 53 to .95 v r in ~ vit
t e din 1e n n . D es anal core
0
c oded fro. the questio -
n i de er · ti o furni he d by to ob erv r s of t he s e
ree vent oug t eir in ivid al relctions gro p tendea to
to t
•
r o s ho ; d ve r ·
little t . eir s greeme
T n e correla on a ong t h fifte n
~ro
p 1 en-
•
t' e lo t r el t SJ. ODS r e 0 a e ge,
•
r c o ons
r obta ned bet1 ee n
-4--
e i e n
•
otenc l n p
-
•
Cl.-
I
on ( . 7
, ,On
rol and p r
• •
( . 667 J. ion
,
n V
s-
C t an h on C e
( • 640) .
-.
la on b t t r o n-
s n
1 '°' ,J. ter of 1 de s , b sed on t e ti g
0 r 0 , e e te i n ed . de r p ade u co r e-
d
t· .I.
he
•
v · sc i t ·
. 52
. . t
do
i
1. en 0
~one
. 51. 0 g o up di en 0 v er- co
_el
e
e d r d e.c , u 0 nuch mal d r e - . 06
to
• 29
•
In SU ma n t t , tb n e t i go.to te
h
G
1
1 0 n
con us 0 .0 s
th b
..
•
( ) to t
n
e __ o
0 h
ce
for t ve t
-
.
ion .
u
.
(2 ) s s t en of gr ou di ension has
1.5
e i t poss le
t o discovers n f nt r e l tions
gr oup and t he behav or oft e le de r .
ee f actors in t e
(3) Th que tionnai : e
s t udy of group pheno 1
.nformat ion ~d to be
roved a usef 1 to ol in a
n whic a 1 rge . out of
tl re fror any s ource s .
(4 ) ituat io a l appro c tote std~ of 1 ~de r ship
as iel~e dd~t- n i nsi h t int o t e fu n t of
in i i a s i n a l e p ro e . ( , p . 101)
i but Statio s s
(
9 )
ev r
f lea d u e d
.
st
. bu
0 e , c o .e
1
t
ions d r 0
•
r
_r,
,
n __
e ee r•· p rted b Cranne
d 0 nkopf .
r.,he
e 0
e , ....
...
ca_ _e d
t n
r r e T
• -4- •
!l
.
d co l ec- a r
' ] . l 0 e
•
,
"
ti n of e V i o abou 1 . er , ev ed
s of t . n t Orrlb t i t u t ns ri g
~ e • ro . t 1. s an cdo "'- .1. C 1• r t d f· 0
•
,
ev ra t 0 s d retu· n e f
no· o f f · ,
- . V
ade p
h 1 )
.
i · ti ..
a g r m e r· ·e a . e as er l
nt
:"'I .
( ~)
rof
.
k i i es n
r, .
u e 1'c ; cienc a
1
.
ng
~ t
(J
di s perso
•
4) p o-
•
or 1 , ,
f en
y
i - a n
.
-'-
t t e
•
an (.5) p r 0 .L - lJ
a
r- .
tics .
.
o· ct or pr
,..,
lO c;..
"
b t
.
h ch
l. r on C m ri
e .n 1 ct
•
16
i 1en t is sc ale a pp a me ~ev ce
to 350 ilots n t thi st ge, a consi te t re ati onship
w s found et ee n consistenc e f ort, enthus s nd
conscientio nee 0 t t in and t e p r for ance of e ch
pilot ' s or ani at on . The e V'r bes ~ere r epor ted more
fre quently in the anecdot s from 1 ~hich t he i te t s 1 ve e o -
t ained. The e va
a 11, ., t of m nimu
o s e er 0 vve e
inter of t h s e
les
u
o ran ed ~i gh i n freque cy on
ica
ich e~
l a e et
t v lu ~ ·e co b t ect·ve e
- c le em •
o e n est t on r e -- or te by he e tor ,
the
to
la ans p bet
General I f or i t o
pro otion i n co.bat nd re sponses
t an Bio ·ra ;' ic a t ank
sl o :ed no p te :r n of di f r ntiation 1-1 ch o 1ld make t
po i b l t o
-i
i n
•
sh bet n d ot on u e ~n .I. pro OU
', O
e n f
(
9,
T.)
74- 9
) so r·ep o- t on co b
,j,.
•
V 1 a t n s
•
u ies , , ... r .
.
d str b 0 t on c e n ers ,
•
rt
.
t1
•
of 1944. nf orm c: t.on lC · ere Su n
p
l
IT
r
-
ceive ro re t · 1
•
n e l
J
off rs ncluded m ss i on
I
flo
II
' p cei ed
II II
f d
.
rayed ,
,
0 0 0 r 0 s a , rcr s
II
i gh deco 0 d
I
'fl
:n ,.
ci ents n pr ,
-
co ~b t,
I
f
-,;
n cc .ent n combat ,
I 11
pos
- i
n fl ...
,
of e ic C g C ived ov
.. II
•
r 1 t t h
.
t h
"'-
0 0
le
u
s .
I
17
classifi t ~ o -test co · es ~ nd tanin s of these in ividuals
~hen chosen for fly · n t inina o ed V fev1 osi tive
correlat on . Fo co- i or.o t re as a ositive o el -
tion fo - um ss ion flo, n . '' For fi t lo then mer
i h t s t of ccident i n cob c r elated· o itivel
scores.
Fo n
• ,..,
1 n te d b t ee n cri-
].
0. 0 8 e
t
.
nd te ts .
'
ro.otio s 0. 0 e e
It
a d
II
osition
f lo m " corre at
...
ne at l y t bo r le sco s . ol
-
en_ op s.L..ated,
I
n
~ene·al ne
at · c o e t ions t end t o
0 C .r bet · en test sco s ..-~n
...
0 ot ons 0 erse s,
d coratio an pos n 0
•
(
9, p • 91)
T Stogdill
St o ,
•
1
•
l
(
5)
8 r e 4
stu 0 th · t e
, t
0 n 1 f C rs s a e d
th e r h i
•
f oun.,
hat s C cl . 0 r
s upno t d b
..,.
f n or 0 t e u
•
e
p r h cc es .
0
•
of ip faun
].
on as 0
C
t· J. ,
r
•
J.S up
• . •
t in r
g e C C 0 b li C
.
no~
J)O
, p n
r
C
bi t na.
.
..t us . d nc
•
'
ClO- no J C 0 V in
t h s stud es qu e
, t
j_
t C
'
an -: . l .
qu e
.
r d
r o ~
0
t ic
.
t o n e 0 n
J_
as
a e
•
18
Other conclusions iere upported by ten or ore
of the studies surveyed. It as fou_ that the veraBe
person who occu ies a ositio of leaders exceeds the
verage member of his rou to so e e ee in e ard t o
socia ility, ni i tive, persistence, kno in
t hin 'S one, self-confidence, alertne s to an
o to et
nsi ht
into s t uation, coope r t ven , popul ity, dpt bility,
and ver c l it .
In addit on to th e ttributes, a nu ber of f ~ctors
ere found rich •ere pee fie o
Fo exanp , athl ic bilit anr
faun to be character s
· c s
of boys
1
Int 1 fo t ude
~
r · t -
ana
"
11-defin d roups .
ysic 1 pro es~ · e· e
angs nd y g 0
· er tr t OU d t
p
e e i
,
ent e er hip n m t r
-
•
St g 1 oun tha. t he · te
l h gh
..
a t it'
•
t V r .L C --r
on · e r or1 n ,
0 ul ri t , oc a 1 t , judg e
, r
•
88 1 en s
, de r
t e C
'
1 r , C p r t ven
s '
1 velin , a d h-
1 C ab li ,
n
an
.):/ , ,.
ro t 0 d of 11 n tude of t e
ag e coe+-'f n o f cor· a ion .
:n u th
,..,
.
on b l g ve e denc
-
18
,
h g
_e
l
t-
nd 0 t 0 d b s
•
0 l s
C r a b en E d r h . d
-
r
' b C ~g h 1 ei -- ht, h s qu
'
•
-
19
energy , per.ranee , domin 1ce , an
ood control . The
v lidit of sch v·riabl s s intror r ion- e traversi n,
self-s ficiency , a e otio 1 control \vere bout equally
SU ported b the ev d .ce on bo h 9 e
•
Ev l uation 0 th tud u
Es
t t h t
... le der b te n V r 0 s ~chool itu
d into .... te C t
0 1 of the
hip J r
r n ob u
•
,
di nt nd
- •
u 0
r
: 0 rui C:
,
+'
0. t in 0 e of un t n ing 1 .... d r hip , a ve J.
n hie 1 a n p 0 18. r e C d
n -
d th
"
of bs V
•
n 0 s r- C l n r
of
b · o
C se-hi to a
•
C n e e
u h. r he or s h e n b
C t
:,
h 1 d rsn co rob ~D e C r· d
under h g n 1 in s f
•
C
t)
C y (int n ,
.Pn ~ .:u,
f' v / J. a.v
2 . hievem
(
C ... 8 i .
.
sh
\
a C en )
•
p n
. bi
· t
(d ni
. .
D e l
•
enc 1
' '
C ,i,. - ~-d nc , C
4. r
.
C . p ~
.
n
].
, C C a n ,
.i
2. 0
S. St tus ( oc o- ec 1 m c p io, pul rt)
6. Situation
( ent 1 eve , tu , s ,
nte r t of fol _ e·
to be achie e d , etc.)
, ob
The ~rite conc l ded t h t
. . • • person
posses s o
tern of pe _so
bear s m e r
activ tie ,
0 C
n
C
a
0
Thus r p o int r
inte· ctio of L"c in cos
and c ane . Te fac or c h e pc
acter stic of t h hich b
ltere d b tne d iti os o . b r ,
in p anal r e lat · on ' i , ,, ~ a g i
ue
t
,
ve
f
o titian f e - -r p infl e s, an e like .
Th t i
f ol o , o ,
pe tence o nd
i face of co
to be a p r m ob t cle e co
pr~ tice of 1 ad rs p, u
p 1 c e e t o _ 1 e de • t ..
cut t o d pe · son , o re e
~not r te- to place t'
le
1
der
a
d o
n be
n e pe rs
ton int
c on and
. d.
s
situat o 1· t e are cti o
..... t b com s cle , .r t l r t o ~ n ndequ te
n eo no on s uA of leaders
t · on • ( , _ .J • )
on . ns
9)
r .
e -four r n ... 000
~
.
lat
.,
r
.
de f lV n 0 ro t , 0 lo s :
1 0 In n
st·
a one ·
'
.
0
•
( 2)
t d ci
t ·
•
prof ona so J.C n
r
e
t-
e
J
•
J
( 3 ) nvest i a t ons o
n p e-s cr ool n ~
h C
., tra-
f c ildr en
situa t ons·
'
21
( ~tud s in t e chool sit ati
•
'
(5) m i it r r e ders
In t i nd tri 1 nd ·over nm ntc
, tudies
ve sh o n
t·
t
rj o
ut V
.
•
tl t 1 er l ni C
nd e e t n 1 C
_o
e t e e
-
•
r
t a ,
0 s r .n i r e e
-
0
b i ,
or on C t
F ,
..
-
Ur♦
, s , _Q
0 gn~ (n t
) ,
n ) e
•
r 0 und
Soc i et
...
•
0 C n r.1 o ,
n - e-
.
OU O!: 0 n r..! - s ud 0 V u
•
0 0 ne
'
go p r
•
1. n
n
•
strat s t o 0
-e·
0 .n _: .V cu n e
·/
0
.J.. ~
r an- -i On t h B
- n
u the s Ll
•
1"'
r f un1 to 0 80 S ot
•
r ...
n 4 n s in -
"'
r e ,nd, n h more r.J.
.
,
n
, 1 ~
.
.,
nt ,
.,
0 l
B,
s
•
o·
u 8
c.:::
la ho n ha
- 0 l
h
,i c
.L..
p
ti
~
e s m 0 re : 0 n ~Cl
I
,
i n r dr
'
C v , n
e . r
0 -
le t , t
r
-Ci.
'""'
t::.,
s
o,vert
n fie n cliff
_e
C s et ee 0 nd 0 r
e V s r -er e e , s h o 11
"' ,
nd m
1 ,
r
-
erv ce
reco·
•
0 C C n f e ·s 1
e ho C ent s , .... nd
....
-
.r . el 0 ,
l,
V u e r i cio- e C b C r o n n e C 0
•
. ,
t
-
e t .ee
35
ae D r -
.
e
r t C t .
s 1
h .
. ~
d
+
t , L, I.I
. t t
1
1
•
-~
[ 0
0
00 .... s
i - ct e
-
...
' ,
n 0 .1. ct n- ad
•
t •! "'~8 0 oun
t -nt
h N - U . 0 u Ct-
.... .
u t ... .i.c n
.,_
J-
. .
i r~u 3-J ~
l,
.r
D e
L, -
L,
0 l
•
0 d s . r 0
, r ,
-1,..
- e o·. i r_e l, ,
t
•
, mo-
0 .. r
-~r ,l
r
,
:,
rlO:i.
.., n
.
n r- .
[i
C r th r u-
c,n
~-
or i G<, ..
y-. ~ ....
.
· t
'.OU C r
"'
._ ,. l
. , ,
.J...
-
t
.
-
L,
0 n
l Q. • , •
r
.L.. '
L,11.e s · tu C t s 0 g~
n
.
t
~
> l. r ... o
,
·h
~
0 C 8 0
..,_
PI'
.
•
d X 1 l
•
r
,
...
2~
_,/
colle ·e e tra- cu r i t lar ct.i vi t leade · s
, ere
~
in .J..
domin _ nee
n -
lo r
in .nt1ove 8
•
C
de _ s
e
. lso foun t o h ave fe't er V l on , m or co l or
ominance an d superioY\it C l o
,_Cl
r s r n t t,
ere e s ub t tn
sa
ont
,
, sno
slo, e r r a t f a ter 0
,...
a b u pe t · v
t h ec
I''!
b n C ac
--
1 8. rs I.I
-
•
1
ce 1
.
h i n r n r r
•
t h .
rce.i; t t g n s r , s_io . r r
...
t e c y o·
co
-
C rdo ,
_n
s ra 1umb
t t c o C
-
i co :t to th b
-..h ·
e .
C r .
•
J n 0 V the
•
it
c t · o _
f o
('"I
b ...
llP
B r s h nv n
s
e
...,,
b ud 1 .-. V
. -'-
po
'
L,
s t o th
.
., . 1
0 -
y V e
•
it 1 0
•
C iq es .
I n th it oun-_
.
ho b
• •
ri
n -
OT1.i 8 rs
.....
a. f er ...
fr
b lQ.d .
.
h f
•
b
.I- t
' l O· I
'
•
.
•
c · p
d , mo 8 C t J. e
7
h 0 g i Ar
r
r t h• e , n
0 t e t
'
a
n- 0 m. p
o~
•
on- con j s·
n 0 C
e 0 nd t hf- ... V or d n, n
24
.. nd ch~ ic a l titu e ,
nr
t e sli ht y ller nd
8 cJVier
t - ,
t priv t s . I
( stud h h
co p poo
.
1'!10 a e n i es it
ch
o--
, ;.J ·1 oro
.p 11 t i · e
SS ..,_ O
0 i t e
~
i n t t OJ.fi
e-
I s of
•
,
,.... .
.
at be
•
1 bJ
' e · r
OI-l e s
( n o· com-
t..)
s
•
f . . C
r-c t t
,
e C s w
-
,
e1 o fn 0 l C o. e
-T
a ro -E- i
,
0
0 .. en
c_
s
, .,
ti or , s C
I V
nto_
J
n a L
V 1 of r on n t r
•
n
o t_
0 176
comb
•
(
.
t t (1 ic
_in
\
, J.. 1 a 0 C C
I
er V lo
- .... e
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-
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1-
ca tly and positivel it t e rite ion :
Of icer Evalucti
Co b oint I
I te r vie
ious Effie
r .!.ic 1 I .
it anal A rmy
_ e ort
de"'
c e ort
r . tio an
oard
T e
1 .
t o_ C E'.ll e o t · e fol o i
2 .
J.
4 .
i
• of
r c iv · t
t erist c
t . l
rac t i c
so.
Cl C
· tr
t o
. i ~L.
•
"de , r
•a
n
u
. 60
. 67
conclu i ons :
a t · c· 1 .. r
, lead r
s of
25
ic
s-
poorly defined pe o ality traits
individuals ol d n
0
p o
0
iti on of
It is p r a t c 1- 1 pos b l e to
2
cl a· cte ze
su ~ e tion ,,it out d~i t io a l · e s e
ons bil ty .
t t ese
roh.
-
num ber of tu i s
over t se
t he · r
C t .:.o , nd oc ~ O-
need fo r furt 1e r
evident
•
(5)
The
")
of t he levels of
in Fre dian p ol
.,
,
)
I-Iis 'tv O k s
-~ela -'-
to !l
t· e
r e e . l oy 9
~ Tis
r.1et o d 1-vas
.,_
0
lite r t u 11
•
er_ C
1 1 b e
i e
to- ·
C
s
0
u
1 d
t p r 0 it or 1 ers
up i s q e ,
-
m C
c _r.. _;'r ou. ,
C
in · i s
1 s
op.
0 f
nt
0
,
conn e 0
ie t
s
q s .
o , s nc
n
.,_
s L, •
pot s ~ o _ p c' oa a l i c
so e on
a
.t..
up e 0 n
erorno v con co
o t he .,_l r
t t· t n _ e i no· C r. r
ela el s of t, t e or ,
t e anal , a n - t_ p
1 c , vO
1 1"
b 0 n 0 D
p r
C r oup d t i r 'L n t eorr
T i l f o n ·es t 't a
n-
i te r t o t
.
n s s ve
Ba
•
d r
f 0 n r
•
0 0
•
a
o t e la t
0
.._ r
con i c t
.,
n
•
7
metic
,
, nd
p
ioni
• •
ne co 1 d ecl t a 't r u or 0 e ls
of ps t 11 not b
~:> o- t
..
C ose u 0 e s
r
a
ole
11
•
r , au C o ~P
d V lu
- ,
...
tio
•
-
c l-- e t t ,
nc
'
a . . e an
....
titud t 8 0 on a
roup 0 40 0 mplo t 0 0
m on So~ ...
.
·V.! S ( '
r e l 0
u
"'
0
•
,,
0 p
-,...-.
lO
- ..
'
...1..8
_,
[ _
0
0,
u r-
•
d 1 d e • Gt
.
l 0
11 --
m n n n
•
• C ~ J. :1.C
th_ ee
of c.C or t
•
,
s l e s
.
n. te ~ b t
.,_
l 0 ·r
re
CO i n
I., s
C
• .L.
.L v
-
on · a s co.po e of e av
-
0
r n
0
s
..
oy 0 s .
, i ~
l.10
t_
n t 0 th r es on of
t r t test or
C
t t
'
0,
0
•
e
8
C u 0 0 .
p
st
ano
r
r
OPU
f
It
.
oach
.. if
., d
e
t t he
n-1 · e
III .
pare
bee n p C
epartur e fro
ti 0
o:. t C
n
•
I IS ~ :s
t t t s .. i e s
.
•
' h
0 a e pl or
t · o
0 e
a s ect 0 1 de r s _ )
b en
,
1 i e nrobl e.
r . f
., .
Q l
bs
of on 8
·d
te 0
+
proo e of ano r .
L,
Lcl
r
0
c:..,
r
t · uc
f
.
e r .. , C l
t i n e d .c 1
co
(10 ,
in t
b
nti
•
nv 8
.
ces
e
e
- 0
'h
n d
. 55 )
a o ·
0 ol
.
1 l
•
e
f f C
-'-n
.p 0 e
.
()
t n or t i cal f r:l ·O
is -
n
-
C.L l t
t 0 t a bl n s !10
0 r · a tu tota 1 f · 1 J. 0 s
"I,
nu n
u
o .... th s r a 0 , t.
.
r in or s
I
ra
,..
~. s 01
.,L. .,L.'
to J.
.,..,
I.,
DD lJ L e
•
t · on
0
"Y'to
e l o·
tl r n
.
".:"l~or
T !
, c;...
•
s ,
V ~~ u e 0 '3 0 t .
n s u coo- e
0 en t :i
e b n u
-
0
df; to co
I.. t i~
•
in 1 C
28
ted
1 a er-
p 1 cu-
n one
•
t
•
in
,
,
t c .
r
b e
.
c .
s u-
. C1 0
ro C 1
d
r 0
29
0
i ctlv~ i ~~ces .
espe 1 11:}
.
.J,. icult •
This ma o succes ful p ediction
In order to obtain signific nt
carrel tions At1een t~o easure e nts , e c oft e two
V r . ol e u nu-t _p o "" 6 l t
O
s me und.erlyi c;; f e.ct 0 . . 0 p
off ctors . Fore o~le, , cce~" int fel of rate-
_£ co r rel&t c cl · t .. r i h e,...o es in tests f u. e 1-
cal res i n . a
•
s ses o o
•
l ..._ l
nume·
cor e n al fo r c e s a s · r si
r s vor· 1 te d , i t
•
1 -
sc res ~ te t s of - r b
abil_.L. • e , o ld a , t r ,
t fl f : rba . t . u S . 01 -
s _ 1
0
P,
.i.. J - e r TY\
1... 4J.,J.
cce u
t r .:_ ,..
te co
•
n , ... t.mer
s r 1
1 • · t · 1e r · o : · s
7
•
n
r CCC
1
1 r e so n ,_, e ,
---
0
t
,
.L.o s ce
a
Q _
lat ....
n t s i n
1
1 e t 1 r e C 0
u f a c or o· .... c
•
e
h
0., r
1 e th po s sses abo
t f c r a
ors , t
as r t · e i
t o ·
tr t
on o
i t is fo
c · t o
C
the e c-
•
c-
t
•
JO
Wiu o ts ~h lno Qed e p ·e · ct_on bee es extre. ely diffi-
cult.
t i ely e i 0 0 e
" iC
1
te • o d up
~~
l _mit d n mo 0 te n 11 co
~ St co struct Sue co t t
..
o·
f ul~ ~
•
0
J_
a
co
.
e
_n
. .-
OU t uat .on 1 iffer- c:::, .. ,
~
,
en es . h s on e s 0 1 b 1 i de e en
a ·e n V in
')"\
r 0
t l_
it
"> • '"'
..,G
.
-
- .
a
.L.
pre .. i
t C
•
d.o. 1
L,
s l 0
0 e
) r.
i on of e a b g n ra
i n
re~
• •
ic: C st l. s
t eup e to
~
te tn oach
.
ph
0
ic 1 I. J. v p 0 .ne
SC nt
•
s ea fo nv to t 8 u
l'l t
"\
oec s n oC e n 0
f·
te it
p
t ·
u e . ,
sc __
0 p s
~ •
-
~l .I.
•
s
✓••
er 0 trut:1
')
m J t t e
•
0 El en nic 1 p
SJ
_ Q_
•
1
, t h
b
.
d.
.i..
J..C p l C · le
L, C
J
a orc e re
t th n 0 nt 0 r 1
•
Su 1 co
-
e.i; t 0 1
•
)_
u 11 0
-
t s
J-
0 h re
•
I.,
J
1 or re D u C s n C-i. t
31
servers. These concepts can be agreed upon, both in
terms of being important as basic concepts, and in terms
of what the concepts mean. The isolation of basic con
cepts in such a domain does not depend upon the reduc
tion of empirical data by means of statistical analysis .
These concepts have been the starting constructs
of the physical sciences. From such crude entities ave
emerged more refined and subtle analytic . fra e rorks a
those found today in nuclear physics.
Investigators started from this er de point of
agreement in tne physical sciences , ec us e no er tical
problem of this type existed on that level in this field
of researcn. Social scientists have, too, often, t aKe
this startin
0
point for their own syste ms , completely
ignoring the question as to whether o
ciplines were suffi iently alike to
The fact that the hy o. ical scientist
ot t e t wo dis
u stify such sa •
an s art •wi t h
such concepts as wei ht, heat, an _ fo r ce does no t gi ve
the social scientist lice ns e to tall glibl ' of "initiative ,
11
Usociabili ty,
1
and
11
a.mbi t ·ion
I
as ele e ts in a t heoret -
cal structure, unless t l1ey are accompanie b an adequate
rationale .
It would seem to the prese n
this problem is faced sqr rely , n
w ite t ~at unless
p oac e g ess i el y
f t
0
.,
r e t e rea of leadership 1111 continue
it a s been in t l e past •
32
CHAPTER III
DESCRIPTION OF HYPOTH ESES
D T ESTS
I. RATIONALE NDERLYI T
TIO
OF TEST VARI L ES
In this study, forty tests e · a
nis e ed, ine-
teen of which h' be
r ece ntl · c nstr cted b t s it e .
Eleven of t he tests ha been de v e o ed n a pre v i ou n-
ve ti g tion b r n e . ( The fo n Te
perament Survey accounted for the r e . i ni n te v
In t his nv stigati on t hr e oft f c t o d t
Guilford-Zi rnn r . n Te .pr t urveJ er eac h
into three su -test 0 t f na f a.ctor a n s
The s a r c f or 1 pe r so al· t tr t b n
of t h e
v i d e
•
survey f t he lit er ' u e . U nf o t u a te , s ch re v
was ot ver fr · tfu , - nc t V · i i a . ong s u-
tions in t h r epo t e i n st ~a ons r r o 1, i i t ed
the ap 1 c tion of t he f 1d n ° . Th i l not s t
f o· exp cti n · v r 1 in on it i on t o be a ny b
be ap 1 1 i n othe - . 0 . t h m n n
lite atur e, onl y t i nves t t 0
c nt · ed descripti s o o tl c A
ed h r e .
r
of ... r
epo t b Pr t on (12 )
b
t
34
vie s t h mi t
..
p r s nnel a d ted, hich ve
i nf o tio t t
up~le~ nt t li t of f ft -e h t
C it · c
1 ~q
•
l em nts of Preston . The
re n .
s of these
i ntervie e ran ed
f • 0 l Pr · va t o Bri d r C..-eneral .
out e p r cent o f t he se intervie s er conducted
at an " Fo ce b s C forni u ing t sum .. e of
950 .
T _e
othe t t cen e·
C r e u t . 0 her
A For ba t u OU t C
•
h C 0 n
e~
.
8 n ov n
v a a s r ~ ort n - te m
a s ce u t h ' i
•
u on
1 cte t
•
• -
onalit ents
].
0 ener r e
fo a ucc 1 C e r . m s s s
p l ace.,
C t f .c
•
se nau
r · e
D in
..i;
ne e
.
l h . b 0 r p r V OU b h crit
-
nc h q e .
r om t t· ...
.
st f
-
m t s , au e
-
1
d t r ..
.L.
e b a r a ,
..,_
l,
•
e
t b e s 1 ct d or
f· h r t u
•
h e e
, h p t
re
-,;
e :i
h e
.
t
,
se n a.
_n
hi h 0
•
.t .
0 th r ot t h 0
•
d b t 1. ,
ion i
SlZ .r u Jr 0
3.5
l ea ers .ip roficie C a left t f ture ali -ation
st dies . T e b.ypothe s n t is t ef
.
ed to r ela-
tio s ps n ng v r 0 8 ed ctiv d e
•
0 fo . 1
refere nce to ma e to ct d V oef ·i ie
-'---
L,
•
I .
Y OT,. E S
T e fi r h
.
ent d
.
ble oup
0-
- po
8 "O
...
cor n he po
.L.
0 of
•
'
L, _ e
...
• .L.
O l~ld o- e co n
e h r,
£,'
c ~ r e de er b d
t rm co of the co um
•
E ch 0 e po h
•
f ac z o·
-
ness ,
·u l ib1
1 · , n on- 0 ra d
.
e d , r
SC. J.
on UC e t
8..1.-S .
ne cons d r d t o b r e-
at ruus s s eri , pat
•
T n·
C h b. de .an
..
of g
n t ll 0
ll
n V e ing K d nes ld
•
th t b n C e 0 t h 00
a ..
•
n PO h .c 0 ibi
....
b e d t u
,
., ~
1 ·
Dl
J
er
•
s n e
•
a C
r b
.
C s 0
, g
... J. 0
.
t
•
i
•
lp 0 l
_Q
p up r 0
•
h t C a. no
..
.ocr
•
-
l
f "
t b i V d 0 be
Hypothesi zed
Fact o s
1. I indli e
Trai
be
ewl
med t o
ne r e
36
e v ope nes
_ __________ s _ ~_ m ______________ _ ______ _ _ _
2. C o pul s _ve- Co m n
ne s s l an
3.
4. l l i b i
6.
on
ge
m .1
b 1
ss
..1
La bi danc
____________ _;....;._.l(.. y_ _ _ ________ ___ __ _
8 . ivism ..1
· on
In
10.
* 00
e a e t
i 8c: S U 0 t h p o ized
1 0 r n
,
nob ness ,
s
to
e hem - c s te te i e t r
co e i t h C
ou_d
con□ s t
Fo 0 e
epe ce , isc
s b Ban
•
0
r
...
of on r .
fo ucc
es , h g
a e eman
- ot. s z d
n ., , n 1
re --
t vo ne co ct d te t
n
s t
s d b t
- tion t
he ne
r e •
n
r
el e
f ul .
be el d o h co o ~it ~n
s a '\ 11 r 0
p enc ·es t . s · nce oc d e d ce vilO
n e ec v~ ontrol of
or. inc .... e ,
n n
·1
ea r at
37
y op_po ed
ri le
h ob.
on , soc a l
ac
n o 1e
t t
ne
ot
est
t 0
enc iva
it
d e
n rf e
de
. b s
0 r 1
1
t o f ic t ne s nd
mo 0 r o f .rr e
,-
i l'r , s e- r s e b t e
ne'tA
...
co J_ and l n · n ts st n
co .pe on . il
. . h s
e in h C
-
in
•
b
v _
l
i on
e 1 ta a l f
1 '
1 - a r
t r ·
C
OU d O i qu co
•
e
the or anized system.
The second hypothesized f ,ctor , om lsiveness,
was thought to et emetic lo nes f actor f nd b
ne
ests. er el o f ered ad_i~i on 1 s
38
Barnes . T
variabl w ic s o d be lpf 1 in des c i n ttr b tes
of milit r le des . S n t e·e a r o an det ils i n
which c o1. ulsive t .1. 0 0 ... e 8
•
l por ant, h s a t
is held t e a equ s
•
T, o 0 t po t i ze f ~ C 0 a e n p v i ously
isol ted by r n
' .
e e i P"' t . e t- mon t - e b -
tion m, and nt - f e mi u e d b a ab n
'
t
-
femi nism, n p nc t . -1 t r• ot of t h f t o ar 0
-
•
er t o
,
d i b
1 ·
s .1.ip t e
s ·
m
~
- •
Ce D
•
on 0 t 0 t e p h z f c-
tor , t h s n fi rs t co u n 1 I d SC b
t r i t l C r c S ra . le n ir F e e
~ -
T e
e res ent tt b
.L.
· ch ,
•
s co nde re so
l,
1
,
-
a l t
•
i t e s o f
fe ·
r eq l e ve
•
1 t l e de r
•
oc
d e p e nce an a se- f i , on oth a d , a.r 1
t o f .... c ors e - ti ve 00 le d p .
Th i t m
•
ma .. ing up t e co t ruct e es t s ,
t et
.
h
•
r n ' l u.P l ro
ns ~ r n
e
,
a prese t n p p C s n II . e a
i e f err d t o rn for an ct on o t
! I 6
39
test ite s .
In ad ition to th v riable liste in Tabl I ,
t s t u
r
in lud e ni ne ot e 3.ri bles , ei t of
\ Th . C
ere i nc l u ed i tl1.e r ·n 1 f ctor nal sis . The e
ia. 1 s \ e r ta _e fro. t Guilford-Zl . e ma Tempe
-
t Sur
•
T h b v i
.
t·
•
fo t f ctor s 0 l e s
C r r e out it t
.
V n i f obt i n n p C 0 0
a 1 a i n 1 gro · in s
· or eac_
0 e con t u nt
u -
e h
•
•
l c ... te osen 0
b a· pas
•
ele t n 0 u i e s
fo r C e
, t e -
s bl if s et n h 8
b a :t o a t e c e T
•
•
0 0
0 d 0 r g p 0 so t i b f 0
n an s . T n 0
t
0 ,.
t
.
UC 1 cto t d
, l , 0
en 1 e s 0 fo t a t pop on •
•
e
•
et l 0 l oro on co 0
0
C,
a le ion n 0
'
0 te 0 e r
•'
el to p cho
•
0 nin fu
•
SU d i o s
of nd C , per o 1 r on , d b C iv
C e n b
,
I
, a d I
•
r
s f r
ot ·
iz d tl i t h e
-
e 0 l,;J e lfo
-
•
r n
..
tt l. e-
r 8 p r e 0 f 0
1 ,
.
0
40
TA LE II
BDIVISIQ_ OF ASCE D C F 0
Test ariable Con i tue t Item
ASCE! DANCE I 2
'"l
73 7
10 128
.)
Leaders ip h
b·ts
ASCEr DM CE II
3
43 63
68 1 8 123
Self-defense
Bein con p i uous
B l ff n
ASCEJD CE III 8
3
18 2
33
48
5
Speakin
ri t p p l
83
8
93
98
08
1 3
1 4 3
Spe in i n D b C 138
1 '8
...
Persua i n · t e ...
41
T IE III
S D- ISIO OF . E 0 0 o F CTOR
Test V ari ble
p so -
Tole ace
p
RS
III
.. 4.. -
0
Lacko up c · on
c _ of self-p y
Constit en
54 164 174 179
274
5
4 204 209 22
26 27
te s
4 2 4 2.$4
234 249
16 1 9 19 219 224 239 244
259 69 284 2 9 299
T LE IV
S .. DI" I IO OF 0
Test Varia e
OBJE T VIT
ce vi er e i
0
0
C
tiv
TIVI II
VI YI
ot anc ng
._.
t i it
c r of
Sta
"' 0 t
troubl
OS-
of
C o f s p C 0
Con tit ent I e . s
15
1 6 46
76 6 23 1 2.5 26 1 2
61 166 171 1 1 6
91
206 2 2 6 22 2 6
256 26 2 6 2/ 2 96
42
2 6
201
241
43
corr elation matrix.
III. CO STRUC TIO OF T HE E
1
T STITES
Several r nciples we r follo re d i ' t e ri t ng of
the test items .
•
Ambiguo ,ords rere a oided s much
pct of feel ng or benav· or
pos ible .
2. A sin
test d y each :te~ .
3. The five ult ple-c oice as e t o eac i e
covered as i e a of emotiona in es. ty
as possible .
4. uestions e · e esi ea fo m 1, m lita
ersonnel .
,.
any or te.s e
1-1r · t
an er used.
6. As ~ y iffe e t aspect ..
n O'
or be-
havior · e e cov
. ~
a p l e 0 e h t s
abl
•
7.
0 e 0 m n n an effo t
t C eas t .L r 1 1
y of t e t e ts .
•
0 ra
1 ..... 8
t ha1 n: e t
, s r nc u a
•
gl
Th · o
u b J.
•
r m t DOSS 1 0
u C t C 1 st
.
e or or e
lumn 0 .L I a
•
44
IV. TH
OF
L O SI TE CY
TEST ITEMS
E ch test used i tis stud a c ec ed fo i -
tern 1 consist cy . A t 11 re a i is t ed t o ver
one u re tuden
sity f Souther. Cali . nia and t o a sim 1
t he Unive -
populatio
at Eat Los n eles Ct
The 1·- eq encie of t
o lege .
e poses a ch of t e
five categor · of the ans er wee ta ul te d f o e c
item . T
, . t tho
r sul n d
div " d n . 1 ne
r bu i ons e-e uhen d cl t m ized
t_ e edi n .
A nuc es
1 cted s t at
f t ns
c h 1 m
ecte d w1 · ch ere ne re t
e e h
- es e d r nt n e ni ng
t apparentl measur d t es m e test var l • T e cores
of t he tes ts e u ed n c lcul tin t h 1n ·ernal-
consiste ncy coeff · cient 1ere based u on t h a 1;rers to
these five i te rns .
iseri A..l co relation co f
ic_ent s v ere s ed t o
determine i ntern 1 con·i te C of t
.L.
Th t 'lO e uem
•
ic ot o . V o..
.
1 l es of t h t ~
'
re u ed n th cor e-
1 ions f h ., en a inst tot t st sco-e
•
n 0 to av i d h spuri ous co r el tional eff ct
45
introduced by
1 cludi
-
a test item in t e tot .l score
ain · hich t e ite is correla ed,
et od w s devel-
ope b t h v rite
o"' c a i t rn 1-con "stency
coeff c n s . T h et!- od is r se te d ppen ix III .
Jo item W 8 _et .. n
fo the f n t sting which
did not co el t a t l e t , JO
~
t t he t er terns in
the t st n hie. to e i clu e d.
C APTER I V
SO CES OF D T
descriptio of he gr up being test d a the
procedur d
obt _
he d a 1 be "'f ered in
t his chapter . Si th
~
cl, t b ind
•
td ere ce
]_
8 s
subject d to statis C t m t, r u fo t e
u e f e 0 h e =d t be et .
•
In t h
.
f om u y mi p n
thre ul 0
•
h r 1)0 u .tio
.,_
con st d 0 n 1 commi
•
h cen'tl
0
1.one 0 e
gra u e fr rn e g
•
-· 1 0 tne .. en n h p e
had t e OT t a i nin i n hool . The Le n age or
t h s r u
,e
s en, t h n s ro
nt
- o
'
0 t
•
h th a na r .
...
e e adm
C .:..e "
,_ L, ,
h . en a t nd 0 r
ing Sc l1 ol c.. t
L d. or e s , t
•
no , s .
h se or opul 0 on
.
t d of 187
~ d
nt "
er a t Of
.
l .n
•
ate S 1 o o l ckl d
]_
Q
•
r C fro a
•
0 s
r, ;
- one 0 t'J n n,
•
,
. r a e f e t
-
0
•
o · o s · s do 0 v 1 0 C
Cadets a t the Un i vers i t of o tern Ca l i o n i a . Al l o f
t t d.e nt s in t is gr o . e r e int eir l a s t ye a r of
colle ge . T e r an~e i n ge 1as f o. n t n to t -
f our , i t ... e dian oft e t - one .
lt
1
OU h one i t expect a n a r o r a n -- e of C
r ,
fr om t es op 1
t · o
on a 1
t J
, ab .. it r i n
t e t r a t es t ed cou Q p be d qua e .
T e -·e
n no V 0 .;;
el
ct · on
of
tn ·
po ul t on
0 t e b s 0 of e e .u s
estr ict d s C i l
•
e t e t rm el C on
t e ba s of t tr
h · c
te t 80 t 0 m as
0
· t
v a
•
bl e 0
~
1 le m e es , t hi
n e s t
•
t o 0
a i=i
0 s
1
ch
Qel ct · o
•
I n f t o n 1 b of ests ,
•
de- z e r
i rable 0 tes o.
,e
s po_u 0 a
· 1
e &-1 ..... a
,-. s
e t a diet 0
•
n
t , .
s I a ...... r n s 0 e r V C poJ
t · o
...
ca be s r d nd iv mp oppor n 0 er
•
i t ts rn
"'-
b dev ope to se 0 m r lJ
p rs n 1 s t
•
s L, ... J. , e
f 0 C an C d
-
r ld 0 pp
p
• ...
48
II. TE ADMI. ISTR T 0 CCEDURE
T e a ter of test u ed n t i in-
istere 0 e p 0 co n- t t n r
r
...
08 t d n pp n ix I
•
E C po ul t on tee
a " r ou
•
T e testin .- a t ckl d i ore se C
:,
C e uri
on,
of t r t t peri of the
tra · nin
p 0 r
•
tes ra o r ro 0 -
1 p ho r
•
in har~e r n
of 1 t a For CS
•
I .
,
C
•
po nt
,&,o
co n e ch t of .c
te t d C d C
.l. r eac 0 po .. c'e C orie an le t
t SC n t
•
le 0 1 0 for C
s 0 n co e of '
1 con t
, ,
i e s . r uen
•
t~
Cl 0 0 t s 0 es
1~
r t n
obtai f o C po .A, t n n r . T
t st see r UC
:,
0 0 0 a 1
b ..
,
e t cut
.
·w i l 1 -.er e r t th m di
fo e C
- op
a
•
1.0
•
- ,C\o
t · o
bl s 0
01 te 0 n
re
1 e 0
•
1 C y C z f
indications of curviline a rel tins. p s . In th c se of
the v riable ObJectivity_ I, curvilin a it 't as s u s c ted.
This variable wast e n e lude d f o th , fi nal corr l ation
matrix.
Fro s uer fo r-fol t bl t
-
C 0 i c
or~e a t 0
coefficient
,,...
ob t a d
br
e nQ 0 co t no"' d a ams . .J.
0
l e n t e e e n a of r po s s f 0 di e en
p 1 ti o 8 d e re t 8 r e or
r e s 0 s C t 0
Y,
t t 0 C C r..re ons
1r; e _
a l cu-
l ate ep,ra e l r
.s:> 0
e po t · on . T e lu e e
t n 0 d
b~
a g t e on t t 0 e l io n
•
h t e i n, t o t
C,
l ati cco u n 0 n.
T r t a C e a mus t m for
te r a. or C cor_ e l
i on t o be s r e l omo c e a C t
,
e t n
r i t ,
of e io
'
0 al
0""
n
bot r1 b l e , norm 1 s ns
n t nd ol . s J nd co n
t·
in s
. b
t 0
•
n OS _ble
8 r 0 eac i ·e 4
.
t s a l o .er p J.
0 t t e er
-
•
of
t ·
'
t
,
rio co 0 a 1
t . s he
, ot
m s scores e obt
.
e r o
....
ve n r r 0 on n as a l so
e t C e of h es
· abl
•
0 on
·)
t e fo r- old d ib 0 p ... o
a C eek o p s
. ., .
• •
o f s on . 0 l r
50
Th tetrachoric co relatio coefficient norm lly
les oft o hundred in or d r to assure ade-
b • e the .umb r i th . 1 in thi~
fou , ade te tabi t s re o ably
ass me .
CHAPTER V
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
This chapter 1s concerned with the intercorrela
tions of the test variables and the factor analysis of
the matrix of these correlations. The sections which
follow describe (1) the correlations, (2) the extraction
of the centroid factors, _(J) the rotation of the centroid
factors, (4) the interpretation of the factors, and (5)
the factorial composition of the tests.
I. THE INTERCORRELATIONS OF THE TESTS
The tetrachoric coefficients of corr elation are
presented in Table V. While the majority of the corre
lations are positive, the proportion of negative corre
lations does not encourage rotation towar d a positive
manifold.
The correlations- in Table V are moderately l arge .
The frequencies of the various magnitudes of correlation
are presented in Table VI. It may be observed that several
of the test variables did not correlate very ighly fi th
any of the other variables in the mat rix. The higher
correlation of variable 14, for example, , as .18. o
test variables, however, were excluded from the corr ela
tion matrix becauoe of their low correlations _ 1th the
T
.52
I E
s t
1 2
3
4
.5
6
1 . s
2 . -t-19
a ·
76
-+16
➔4J .... 36
39 •
5. 2 22 -t4J
/'
u ess 12 -t O -t4
•
•
Orderli ss
07 ➔J -+J
•
.4 -t 24 --t 21
•
-t07 -t 2
-+
4
o.
-t ... -t 26
- 6
1 .
-04 - 0 - 06
... 6
2 . C -0 0
J . 0 i m
....
7
-04 ... 2
-1- 27 -t
7
14.
-t 2 -0 - 07
-
-t O
lit
OJ
-t06 - 16 00 -t lO
-+
7
-+ OJ -t 3
... 16 -t l 4 ... 0
Jl
-t 2 -t 21 -t 2J ... 9
-r 0 ➔ 6
-+ ~ 5
4
6
.... -t 04
• 7
-+ 09
-t 2
-+ 07 ... oe
-21
20 . Env · ronme
10
..,.
7 -07 -t OJ -0 ... 03
21 . o b ne 0
-r 07
- 0 2
-t 25 34 -t08
22 . Eq ti. n "t 4 20 -t 22 -t -t 09
2;r
ne 16
J4 -t 1 -t
-t J
2 •
•
52
26 60 -+41 2
2
•
07 . 24
-t
26 .
-tl6 16 0
-t
27 .
1
•
6
- 3
29 .
7
04
o.
-0
31 .
•
.., 00
6
')Q
.... _,
•
04 0~
. 0 -t 09
J
02 0
09 -
~2
J6 .
onn 7
- 1 -0 6 01 -+ 1 .
J7 . n 2
OJ
-+ O ~o
•
-04 -t
9 OJ
T B (cont u )
.53
I 'E _ co:RE S OF TE T V I S F TO ALY ED
Te t
7
8
9
0 12
13
14
1.5
6
1 .
2 .
J.
4 •
.5 •
6 .
7.
8 . ... 27
9 . +l
10 . - 06 -4-10
....32
1
•
- 0 -12 .... 27
12 .
-23
4 03
....
2 .... 3
4
30
~a·
.118
+40
+ J
-tl8 -tl4 + 0 4
- 04
-+ . --, 8
+ O
- 07 -tl /
-,. 06
..a.1.5 .... .
15 . .... 07
+09 - 07 - 07
00
-t 07 00 +07
16 . -+24 ➔07 -1
- 9
-18
02
-t 9 - 1 -f·O 7
17 .
➔02 -t-18 ➔16 ... 28
OJ -03
-+ O -02 18
-&.
0
0
-+13
-+11
3 Jl
➔07 00 18 -07 +06 ... 3
•
19. ➔l -+ 0 -t-0
-+ 0 -+ 0 -+18 1 -+ 01
-+ 19
+06
20 . 00 ➔08 -12 00 -01 -+ 05 -06 + 18
-t l'" -12
2
•
-t- 0 00
JO
... 29
9
08 6 - 02
- 7
+03
2
•
7
06 -14• ➔OJ -04 - 20 -0
.... 01 40
+0.3
23 .
.... 1
07 +13
➔18 00
- 07 .... 3 07 -13
...,. 07
24.
7
-1-19
-OJ -
0
- 9
8
-
0
,36
2
• J -3
O J OJ -1 16 .. 07
. 4
0.5
26 . 00 -02 -t
3
07
00 00
3
•
-4- 0
12
-0 ,
-17
-04
-
0
09
- 3
-0 -+ 14
.. 1
➔
6 - 2 0 -07
)
00
~ o
-t l 6
29. - 06 -01
4 2
07 1
7
6
-
3
0
30 . - 2 -0 07 20 -06 0
-07
1 .
_ Li
2
p
(
4 00 4 .....
32 . - O J
-L07
07 26
- 07
00
0 (J
- 0
7
J
- 06
5
-09
....
-02 -1- l
-'- ..I
-01
- 6
+ ()"
..I
-Z.l 00
J
_0
- .... 0
7
r
6
•
- -
T (c o ti iue d)
0 TE T V· .I
, F TO
LY
Test 7
1
9
20
3
24
2.5
6
1 .
2 .
J.
4.
5.
6.
?.
8.
7 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
00
➔
-t .
-i'
•
-t .
...
0
•
39 .) 7
2 -
'"t
J
.J,
1 24
2 I")
34
....
0
-0/
0
-OJ
'i
0 C.....)
•
- 02 -0 6 20
-0 OJ
-0 6
/
2 0
•
...
Oo - t:.,
•
- 04 00
-0
•
➔ 0
-0 )
•
00
-
0 0 22
- 0
-07 -
c
00
J
QI'.'
• ~
•
-10 04 - 04
-i oo
0
-OJ /
•
-07
.... 0 I"
1 09 --t09 ➔
35 .
- 0..)
05
-Q I~
-+ 06 00
I"
0,
-0,...
oo
00
o .
- u
-1-
3
-0 0
'"'\
•
3
•
-
I
_ co_ E .T o
Test 28
9 30
1 .
2 .
J.
4.
~ .
•
7 .
...., .
,....
_;1 •
•
•
23 .
•
0
C •
2,, •
n
v .
•
-'-
32 .
➔
..,
J . -+ OJ
J4 . -01
•
4
36 .
0 0
37 .
-+ 29
J
•
0
T
OF
31
4-4 1
... .56
..i.
.
·+04
-0..)
l
-'--
V (continue )
55
ST
32
33
J4
5
36
37 3
-+ 0
.... ()7
-+ 0.5
3"
-
...
J
.. 33
...
+ 6 .. 4 7
-1-1 6 ➔ .5
➔
9
Ra ·e
• 70 • 7
. 60
. 69
. 50 . 59
. 40 . 4
. JO -- . 39
. 2
•
9
• 10 --
•
•
0
- - . 09
- . 01
-
•
0
-
1
. -'- - - . 2
- . 21
-
":)
• ,,,I
FRE E
co
T LE VI
RI FO TE
T
Fr qu nc
1
5
2
9
6
1
2
60
5
56
57
othe . var i 1 s . T ni
_n
ti ato elt that sue tests
mi t le d e irable sup-co t, o iev r sli t, to t l e ppro-
riate
""
cto s n ~ f C th
.
er i from n-
• e
1 is .
I a b no e t t 0
.
t V t I t 1 eluded
1 e C 0 lJsi
•
Snee
•
is
V .-4,r
le te n e t o
el ted curv 1 ea t the ot I e
J
be
•
n ed f om fu r con r on •
II . XT E T F CT
T n r o
_e
t ns of the · rt -e i l1 t V a 1
e e Tabl f ac 0 z b l1ur t
I C
-
CJ
oen ro · d 0 T
...
C i b d
•
qu r: S e n e
or
•
( 7,
•
513)
,l
lve nt oid f . C ors r e r ct 0 t hi
m t 1 Of
hec e ,
.
to
,
•
nine v r e n
tl i
•
Th 0 d to val te
•
f · c
nc
t C t o " d f a
-'-
s
•/r'
as 0 p 0 he v
est lo
.
he of
•
al
in O' or l
co ons . 0 ctor e ea in-
.
uni
· cant
i t t t f 0 u 0 C or
---
.
.h st lS s n r e or o t 0
1al co r 1 t 0 b n th bl s on rn
•
ch
a case it may be a sumed th~t t e gre test contribution
which the factor is ma _i . ' i o g1e ter th nth t cc u t-
ed for ca c vari nee .
Varia 1 s um r 5 n umb r J2 h d t i est
loadings on F ctor x, . 2 2.1 an
•
38
re ectively . The
product of t ese t 0 f a ors a • 067 . The 0 i inal corre-
1 tion et 1ee t hes t 0 varia le ➔ . l
•
he t nd r "'..
e r o f t
.
fi o r e
•
l J. es e d to b • 076 . C or
to this rite on , t ... n , t e te n centro cto" C
be r e d d 6 n
E re ctio
sine e ra facto ~
entroid 1 adi s .
her C n
of f o·
c o pu 8 ' fr .l
V r
•
J..
en v a i
y
en ro d 0
be-o d 1
on bl-
lev h .c
T bl
n
n . i n
e on
e e
"" er i on
0 h
l o
fu t
s lo\ , ..
qu
st '
o th
0
b
d 1
•
po .
t co t nu , ow
f r t i o 0 t
i s 0 e r
~ ud e r s
d .
t racti n i ble.
V , r e e r. t ion
n bl
.
nif cance . l
r t C n t e
0
r nt 1
1
v'r ab · 1 0
•
g J.
ld
ve
'
1
FRE E CY I TRI
R g e
. 090
--
• 1
. 070 --
•
8
•
0 . 06
• 030 .o
. 010
--
. 02
- . 009 . oo
•
0
--
•
2
-. 30
•
4
-
•
5
. 06
- 7
.o
9 •
-. 0
--
0
•
-.
1
--
•
26
T LE VII
FO TE LEVE T
LS
re qu c·
7
23
.54
75
3
w 5
1
6
4
J
.59
CTOR
this dietri ution in ate t t sto pi
f er t
ti lf , f actor s so bl .
he t •
1
1 e ce o d f ctor e t ted int e st dy
are pre ente in T b e r- .
III . FACT
le e
n
n l, o i •_ fact r
er.!
e t h ori- 1 u
'-'
0
-,e
t 0 ma r
...
a 1 er n 0 r i s , u
t ps c. ol
r
C g s 0 n b I r •
•
0 0
.
cholo
.
1
•
.
f cto al C ni ... C no 0
,
ot
... .
of d .
'
od v 0 C n 0 e p 0
of ro u e SC
.,
D d b
•
an . r:l
(20)
n
t h . s
ech
•
que , facto pl
+
e d 0 p r 0 8
a_
lJ
0 0 1
•
C 0 din 0
_ es
e cor p nd
0 h or 0
n o-
C
0 he p 0 r V
•
r1 b
•
a r
0 he e es 1 b 0 t 0 ha t e s Trl an-
n u n u ion be ob n
•
r
•
d nr nc l p
•
.
h
.
• •
ol J. 0 a 0 C. 1 1 n
•
0
'
b
•
ning or din i- ,
0 l po
V
.
C
•
ion D D
...
n
, b nu 0 l u
-
ion
•
it t1 t
.
.- o
1 e
I
1 ... a .... C •
61
Te ts Factors
I I II IV V
1 . s ne s
57
- 29
24 - 24 - 28
2 . uy
36
- 12 14 0
- 0.5
2 :
46
- .51
JJ
- 17 - 25
Complet · o 4 - 3/
08
05 -16
5.
Plan n
5
- 29 - 23 -05
6. "e tic 1
3
-16 - 28 22
7. 0
:, e 1
s
33
- 1
-OJ
... 2
34
8 . Clea li
JO - 19 - 0 - 07 39
9 .
•
s i 24
-25
-42 26
10 . Pr e
9 -3
- 2
J
1 . 0
_41.i
-
'
1 2 .
-12 - 6
it
n -1
- 32
22
7
- 2
15.
· 1
23
2
16.
- 19 6
-
•
-2
5
14
1
•
l.4-1
7
2
19.
9
C 6
20 . 08 16 08
27
ss 8
-23
- 2 1 - 0
on 42 20
47 2 2
39
- 2 -0
-
-09
56 - 4 -
25.
4
-07 1
3
0
26 . 2
5
-14 -20
27 . 20 04
- 9
24
2
•
20 -0 9 27
08 20
29 . 0
- J
- 20
JO . Comp t itian
0 ~
24
J
• 3
22
2 .
9 -
- 9
•
32
2 -44
- 9
•
4
7 - I
2
3
•
22 44 22
5
6 . 1 . 6
J 7 -OJ
3 7 .
2·.
36
4 20
9
- 0
JS .
•
JO
46
43
J
-11
T B E VIII (c nt
ET OI F CO OD
Te ts VI VTI
1 . -30
21
- 0 -02
2 . 24
- 9
- L1
•
- 1
08 -09 - 07
I
25
•
24 -0
5. 23
4
- 10
6. 26
13 -
5
7. 11
- 01-1-
11
•
- 06 -16 11 07
9.
16 - 04 04
- 4
10 .
- 09 - 0.5 - 4 16
•
-1.5
0 -0 -06
12 . - 42
- 7
09 - 23
13 . - 9 -
6 4
1
14. -14 04
- 0 - 07
15 . -23 -0
.5
-04
1
•
- 08
-
0
19
17 . 09 -21
- 7
4
18 .
- 5 -13
-1 1
1
•
-14 -21 1
-17
20 .
- 25 14 -'"'2 -10
21 . 24 2 08
17
22 . -10 08 - 21 1
23 .
7
-12 -19 -13
24. 00 -02 -12 - 0
2
•
04
5
4
-0 6
26 . 06
- 29 - 09 - 32
27 . 17
- 26 -10 -07
28 .
- 0
3
-15
9. -0 12 -01
30 . -07
- 37
-17 -08
3
•
-26 28 02 06
32 . -22 04 0 -01
J . - 4 1 0
5
4. 6 6
3.5 .
3
-21
36 . -20
3
•
- 9
3
•
04
62
d)
I XII
-06 0 12
0 I.J
5
4
- 4 -
0
2
7
-0.5
06
13
2
-03 03
11 07
. o
-12 - 03 -14
-04 -06 05
-
7
04
4
- 9
2
-14 1 8
-05 - 09 - 07
- 12 0 -22
-14
_ 02
1
-1 2 0
14
-1 0
13
- 5
-05
1 21 11
09
14 0
-07 -07
22
0 - 0 16
24
07 -18
-15
-04 -10
- .5
-14 02
17
0
13
0
10 -0 6 - 0
- 4 1 -18
- 2 10
- 07
- 07 - 05
24
-
2 04
07
7
12 -26
-13
4
09
-"0
o')
4 08
63
could not be achieved. Fo ti re son , rotations to\ rd
t his oal were stop ed fte a pr actical oint o t1enty
three rotations .
Anot er rinc le enerall follo e~ vast t
many zero load n po i 1 bould be obt e • The
object ve was kept in vie1 t · oughout the process of ro
tation n this stud .
·nethe r con e r in st a t of o t nin psychol-
o ic 1 meanin . e r '"'bl s
'tvo uld be mo ·e highly elated int
n generou n ss
se t han either is 1 ith
r alism . \hen such r ions p u pot he
gnitude s o t ne cor el tions , r ans to1 a d sue
oal i ea on le .
In d i ti o to p~ inci 1 s , it s e
"
ao e
to rotate cons i ste ntly t _ro g previous1, solated fac
tors if such di e ns o s are reasonab y upper ed by vi-
dence from t e cor el t i o
in the rot t ona process .
"com u t" of c o epts on
SU s t ves r i
uch i nc i pl~ encour es a
nvesti tor a is con-
•
tent
j_t
t ob·ectiv of factor analys SJ. e
cren
r 8 s .
The f o.Cto:r 0 fte ro on re
en d T le IX.
le
~r ~
C 0 n 1 ce r wa follo ed,
e C a 0 ~ th
.
ca nd ica
T
- OU
s
2 .
•
•
5.
6. s
7.
•
-
•
•
-
.
,
55
•
20 .
,.,
J __,
•
o e :
0
•
'
IX
s
-
-J4
04
-
50
__,,
3
5
/
0
IlIE *
- 02
- 04
_ (
- 25
-
o a
es .
64
51
02
46
1 -
IX con e
6.5
I IE
Te ot -
t o
s
VI : I
2
1. -15 -+12 20 2 00
-24 1
78
2 .
17 - 13
0 -0
3
1
35
•
-22 2 .... 0 1 -24
-
0 2
•
3
14 1 -16 0
7 7
.5 . 29 -0 01 -06 02 14
5
/
0
6.
3
-+
- 4 6 -0 1 6 60
7.
02
-
04
- 05
0
3 3
•
0 - 81 -1
7
~7
-
o4 2 2
-0 06 4
0 04 40 40
- J
""2
5 /
- 09
4
'3
• -
6
7
0
•
2 1 42 42
16 .
L:
-02
0-..
0 10 4 4
• -
2 0
9
4
•
- 01
27
0
- 07
0
49
•
2
- .1 2 0
':I J
2
o.
1
- JO
0 6
la
7
21 . 14 0
-
2
9
4
2
•
12 0 0
19
2 6
~ 3. 0 00
2 41
24. 0
67
7
2
•
6
-
2,, .
04
-
0
6
•
-02 -t- 0
- - 2
•
-0,
.,/ - - - 2
•
2 00
26
27
•
-
-0 2
J
4 41
•
- 0 2 00
") 2 .
- 24 0 0
- 57
- - 0'
')
-
-1
•
- 0
25 -
- 0
•
1 - 02 -0
~/
-20
23
.... o .
37.
4
54
•
4
b-
c o pa ; it t e rap ... i v ue . Th s a u e
n t his process .
Th e carr el to s of t h f ac t o! sol ate
i n e ti
0
a t i n ~ith t h G i fo· -z m ·m n
f ctor s e r e t · en det ned n~ are e
X. The f or ula (2 0 , p . 463 ) u ed i c cu t
v ~ l ue i f ol
-
-
.
-
co r
.
e n one
C
-
p
CCU cy
t l s
e t
din T e
s e
0 t
on
.i.l -
s n v a
•
Jbl
t n ard
.
h .
- l 0 0 e co□ one
-
-
-
or ti n bet n n
n -
r
co po nt
d
.t:'
he e C r 0 s lo r
-
h of he f or
.
ala t h t C l s r ne
nes . h i ghe
C ·r at n
.
X is b in a een
.....
tn re t
.
f _cto
Gui fo d-
•
ain 0
,J.
e
-
. n Su a h c,....C or l a n
•
On
0 0 0 r on t n
•
~
. 4 '-4
on.
.
h r b . 2
•
•
66
i
t
1 .
4.
•
•
•
•
•
1 .
S TI1,,. '· •
Kindliness
Opuort unism
.:...i.~ .,, ... uv ul a t eness
),Jelectiveness
'-' \J .1. 1. µ .._, \,I ..i.. '-' _._ y v ,l l. \., t...1 I.J
-~\., .... ~ f"-\..&..V,&.l.
v v.u. v vJ. .L U.,\.. U J..1~lism
Discipline
G
R
08
02
17
08
24
00
06
02
, . . .. :ce
bociab _
n
14
- 05
47
12
20
09
14
10
E Emotionalit
X
IONS OF F.
RD-ZIKl! ..
Guilford-Zin1me
r,
s
-03 32
05 01
26 26
06 14
16 16
06
15
- 08 15
-0 5
00
0
t 0
- 03 05
00 - 02
16 10
04 06
24 20
-01 00
08 07
18 11
bjectivi
Friendlin
lerance
Y TP~S INVESTI GATION
TRAITS
F
16
-12
-04
- 10
- 02
10
09
12
s
el
ty
T
17
04
31
o4
07
1'3
02
02
ions
p
07
-01
04
03
20
0'3
10
05
•
•
M
- 24
Ql
- 20
-10
15
-12
- 03
07
°'
--.]
68
OF THE FACTO S
In order to eter ine th nin of the
factors c. fter the rotati nal process , it is su lly desir-
able to loo f the co 1 one e t i 1 of the v r abl
h ,.. vin
t e
.
h t lo a ii g s on the i u e r con 1 ra-
l
tion . In som ca e n
u_
of he factor i imm
d -
tely ap rent . At tbe r t m th
cle ar- 0 n V a an b ffe r
•
t
t hen., eco.
e t of furt t n y i a d -
a f C or 1 i s 0 a
· r
h n
•
s s ) , t o d t th e Q 0 t h
r of he n r o d s . Th
rt,
r r ef
e-
l nt f d t r e 0 e t f r s
of t er
•
.n e
I . T h t hes oadi t
-
0 to 1
• J
r
•
t - n e , ,
•
, ,
.ilo r ,
n bl
•
h f n 1 ot t
l o~
.
t h l
,
or s 0 n
•
h f ac or
+-
t p i s !.,
1 n e . 8 0 t s r t h h gh 1
•
t 1 rt 11
I
f
. n .
111
n 0 0 r 0 e
,
de r 0 t 0 ·---·ht
1 of and b in
I •
0 n h
Te t lu b
3
1
4
S m a h
u
,o ali t
T mid""
t
s
F ·CTOR I
0
0. 77
. 69
0 • .5
0. 5.5
70
.3
• I
FIGURE I
FINAL LOADINGS ON FACTOR I
.. l.
. ,,_
.'lS
• 2S
. ,,
. l. \
· 'l-
·Cf
31.
.?
• -1.1,
· ~o . 3~
7I,.
.,
,.,(.
• I 3
•
• :l'f
"
.. a1
.JS'
• JI
,.
• J:,
• l.'7
'"'
•
·Jo
. 33
3
'·
71
r 1 h n
•
They nd C .te , too , e. d r e to hel needy
p p e
,...n
mpa hetic attitude to ard t s e eople .
nt tin 0 obs ve t h ve a
r t av a 0 .... • .3 n -t • , ectiv ly ,
•
n s C or. h e ti n oul d e
-
a
hi ctor do t
..,
of r 0 u p
y
•
,
d es 0 to d i a e r ct n re
-r~
a
-,
....
.1.r gl t C
•
e . u l.
owed
' ,. t
- CA
t he d
0 e r f rt n n t r
'
n . ..._ r 0 b i ~ed
0 s · s
........
'
s con
-
,.
t e e
n~ s
h st
•
rv' ti
::lo•
c.C 0
-
.p~ ea
0 e
de C
•
lp 0
e
•
It ' u C pp r t t ' is
•
t t h .t e r n
C
-
1is or ..;o uld
.,
~
.
r:::~b "f t i s
-
'"' 11 e
ade
s it 0 t s e it
'
•
1 ni c:..C r a n
re
s
P'-'-'h
•
...:>
s k 0 c.r
•
l
r
•
Yo
•
e h J. 0 p op
•
n u
.
ri h
•
co 0
-4
•
ev
•
s · tr
I
ng
•
f
.•
C
be
,...
a.
r ., a
- .
oral t :
Ti
•
it
• J_
•
•
72
eopl , o ld be ette r off if t ey a i d
o e t t e1 t to h ri _, t n on •
You e
OU
OU . a t t
f
•
-
l
.....
•
T h
t·1e p o icy
a s b p
t s
s u t n
t ests of
II B
or an -
II
•
el
no hr e o
1
n
e r · ved
o ... d- Z r:1 p n s V h t he
t l o on
C!
C (Ta XII) . Th ~
h C a ct
•
h " r~- . ul
pt 0
+
f C
r
'.J
•
a ho
.
•
s r m ,,~ h 0 h t h
•
•
no
•
th n on h
)r a
k
•
nee
•
r t
~h
n
n
•
A C ne e I
•
OU
I r •
~
0
•
h und p 1
· c
o t n Gu ·
d- nt
ab
•
d co l o i
•
LOADINGS OF
Te t u b r
32
31
T LE II
Te t T t e
F CTQ_ I
o. 64
0. 5~
0. 5
73
74
FIGURE II
·32
FINAL LOADINGS ON FACTOR II
.13
.'l. ·20
---------------- ,l.7 _____ ___., ____ . 3_(, -- • ~ s-_7 _ rzIL s
0
2A ·
.•?..~
,,7
3
2
I
Eq
75
T LE XI I I
F TO III
1
z t ·
76
FIGURE III
FII{AL LOADI IiG S o·r FACTOR I I I
•
-~
.,1 . 'l-
•
13
al
IX,
. --•
.).,1
,.
,, •• J /)
,>/·'-"·,,
31
33. · t, •
·7
''l,..
•
,.,
•
.a~
·'
;1:i
•
•
If.
·~c.
.f
77
T' er a i n
f ( ct r i con idere
b,.
t he rit e- to be a s r bl e t ra t for ef ctive 1 der-
h
•
s
•
1 em f 0 t h te t ith
oa _
r e
r nte be 0
•
•
r on a t on II
•
e r1t,
r
u t
)
0 t D 0 s up
•
( n
...
•
qu 10
•
'~ 0 n b '· 1 t to
•
-
s
' c
1 .
~ h s C C
·e d )
...
e n 0
-
•
p C ".U
h
•
n
h 11 ,
•
n
•
ig gs
-
X ro : i ·h
0 r
•
r i C ,
•
,
,
... n
;
, or
(
a
•
e
f 1 ated oadi n g- f o- t l1i q r n i e
4 .
Op ..
u s
•
s c u
t
l . p
p
c, •
~
•
t i ... 1
d e r
-
e , m
78
T L I
s
Te t m Te t T tle
10 o. 0
C . 4
1 ~·. 0 . 41
6 r d ' li - 0 .
ira,ion o.
- 0 . 2
79
. 10
I I •
FIGURE IV
FIN AL LOADI N G S ON FAC TOR IV
., l.'i
18
.. ,1
. 3 t>
. ,,.,
., 3
• :10
. l'j
1-6'
s-
•
>I,
• 2.J
,J
IS'
121 I
•
.i
3
,ol..
.l-3
•
• 31 J3 '). 3,-
. 37 l.' •
•
•
• I
. 3-'
,?
?>i
• 31,,
•
.a'I
. ?-1
# '
• ')..'1
Ov.l~
1 a 0 s
h n
. 1 ~
.l
t o meas
.
a d
a
x ...... p
es
•
•
~ -" on
r
J
•
•
.
n
- av
o ... ... J
•
.·or
•
a
eren
0
0
•
in .J •
•
Cc r
0
e
C
e wt
n
e
s i po·
b o e
t r •
rn
.,.
\
to
ra
_Q
•
c ·s
l
r-)
•
.
c~l c:,-;.!' ne
. d
.ol., •
re;,., _ons .
•
1
ba
lV
1 s
1·
s pol
p.,r
C .
tivel ..
80
' . t
t l 0 1 ctu lly
a of e te ts (:! eek s
0 0 n or t i s
•
The fo llow-
-
s d:
e 0 -~ p t 0
vl1
comn-o _ _ _ the
. u
a t r •
a s o p
le i
6
or
10_
.D t n OU
· b o:.. a .J.: ro on ,
0 :e .Oo · CTpOr at CO -
poe1s ·
le .
.
.I,;
ra
•
b 00 u
•
(
)
.
l ~ u u ,\ 0
l
•
-
1 SC
0 1 ·O b
more att ntion t o
wrong • ..
tis ri t nd
Yo e ore the pol c
you r 11 al ys be hap
-- ti
It
•
e ✓oo
::,
and
Factor y. Tes-'-s it . t he hi h st o di 1 - s on t· i
axis , from 1 · to l o f, r : 1 - _ng , 1 anli n s , Or-
81
derliness , Meticulo
final rotate f _ctor
i Fi re 5. Th e
i it_o n ( Ta le V) . T e
r t s f ac or are sl-io1
sts se en to eas re 0
methodical i m cul te ness . ec s oft e m a pa ed
f cl s s , or r i n
,
in t ' m lita r s ~vie , ore n ti C 0
ood le a er . -ost oft e follo -
ing test item s i 8 actor d elop b arnes .
Planni g. 0 r r · o 0 r 0
i n re a t
et ail be 0 e n
•
t o ollo s p t o tr ..
,
r
•
Clean l ne
t o 1 8 0
,
n b r r
eal .
Or erl_n
.
1 · -t 1
s po .... n
.
av in ng t n
0
u\, t
so . o )
" 0 ~
ir t a
.
po~
0 r r ,
imes 0
ar
i 8 r 0
•
I
-& t o· t m t o t t o e ,.p
•
82
T
F 0 CTOR
Te s s T t s
5
o.
1 a nes o.
rd r s o. 0
ss . 49
0 . 4
83
FIGURE V
FINAL LOADINGS ON FACTOR V
•
/0 J..I
•
•
3J
,,
.
as ..
•
31-
. 3't _________ ~-------------Jr 'A
84
n its 1 ce 11 the time .
T e
t .
of do n t 1 s in
ce
0
•
.,
t oni m.
( B
'
)
D
0 d
o be t e t r
C 0 d .
a - so
t o h v a
of
d
lf.
ct0r
•
t
•
e
. ].~ e
-
• C
ob "' .
T na t t n f
l.
•
-
p
fa 0 n r 6.
r
..
C u l
IP
0 e ~ 0 0
0
i .
r a
, con t nt t h
of e ra C i a social lu e
off · r r
-
n 1
.
h
e ('I t t o
n .r e a or e
•
0 e
•
r e
C 0 r
•
10_ s iven s a 1 I) •
e f o l o t 1 r· MO
,...,.
r o d :
Snobb
e sso
0
•
,,
.
n s
e
•
tor .... I . h
. ,
o "d
11
7
n
n ·s
-
h . s
to
o~
c: r
•
0 p
..
t 0
,e
,
'
IJ
(
•
e f "n r a 0 g 0
s 0 e
•
T e t t ur
LOADir GS OF
Te s t
r o.
T
Test
Titl
X I
BLES 0 ~
21 S obbis e ss
85
TO I
ad ng
o. 41
86
•
(}
•
•
2.<-
2'1
3f
•
•
,. 3
•
.., .
¥-,._
). '1
lo
•
. 30
•
'""' ii
"''
•
33
".
3J.
•
•
• ~ l,.
·'
I~ •
•
J'l
/Cf •
•
I ,,,_
3
. .
31
J.O
.
FIGURE VI
FINAL LOADINGS o· FAC TOR VI
eo
o .
J O
/
0
t e
0 p t t 0
OU
I
0 R
0
0. 3,.,
. 32
87
88
. l,O
rlf
...
31 •
~~
'31
.~
. '
•A.A
· 17
•
,_q
" , 'l.?
• II
, . ,._
~3
.3
.,~
.'l..
•A'
XIJ_ I
,
·s-
.,
.J~
. 16'°
.31
. ~'-I
• .)3
. (3',s
. 3~
' II
. • q
,)8
IO
" ,.,
.)I.
,,7
FIGURE VII
FI NAL LOADINGS O F CTO VII
p of co e
•
It o
p e r
0 C titi u l
e or
s
tore c r . So oft
et it
o 1pe t
e ar a d
n (
oop
i 0
8 C
count
•
U 0
a
b , 0 1
. ::al
r
-r:,i .
b
e
s
o.~
.,_
•
.. lJ J.
].
0 s f
nd
d
ro.
,U U r:1 .
"'( ou n n
e o·
•
.
0
s
0
s
c.i...:i.
s. ..n ....
0
ti
u. nos
-Y I
... ...
C
0
:'I t""l •
- LL
0
uld
e
()
C
0
i
0
t
..
•
· t h
l -
. '1 , a
"'-
Li
t
a
th
0 C
•
•
b
· 1: n c o
S C e S
ze s i
n
s f o
c l ni
i
' es t lo 0
iv y , s . e s t
an
(
a
f cct o f r
.
n 0
ti
•
e l
-
C r
.....
0 r
c",-o-
L,
"-
•
. ,;" , 0 C
,
E
r n
' .
..1.1.J.
e
inp ti·
89
e
Test Tuber
35
1.5
28
2.5
IE X III
R
Te t Tit
Obj ct vit
Su 0~ est
D
11
Coll ct m
a b dan c
C I
0
o.4
. 36
0. 3
0 . 29
90
1
•J~
•
.,.
, .
•
a,
•
• 2,.9}
,,
•
JI
•
·2.1
•
•
) 3 •
•
,,
,,
32- ·2J/
I I.
,,·.'.'.
rs~
•
~? .,
~1
2'
• •
JO
VIII
FI AL LOA.DI G If C O VIII
a
0
1
nq-n
,,.
n
,
lac .. ,c of
ot
•
5
0
0 d
0
.
0
l u •
•
("1
s t coo
n C ep
ost · 1
,
(",
on
t
e t ·~
.,
0
I r .
ra
Cr
t'
•
6 ~
0
th
s
.
J.
0
m
co
u
d
dul
l•.1
,..
•
ac
I
r ,.I,..
r te t
nee of e t
p cio
t' at
•
f
L.C 0
n op
0
, t~
•
t
•
}10
•
-~e c;._
92
ot e n gr o ente
-
bl i s e r 1 s a el B
•
I
nt rest to
t .
I d a
tes i
•
n
_e
n lo
•
a r 0
0
•
r.,·
... 0 ' ( e a
0 po l 0 u
C"€
( scor
C e a
•
V
i t
✓ st 1
r t d f tor
r
•
a
, , 0
TABLE XIX
IDADINGS OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR IX
Test
No.
16
Test Title
Credulity
Loadings
o.42
93
94
•
Jo
•
. 3?.'J,
3
..
•
'"
,.,
r
• •
. I'
., is
. a$
•
a'l-
•
2.~
2i
~-
•
•
· •'
t'i.
.
1 .
FIGURE I
:z.o
,
Fil L LOADI GS O F CTO SI
ID X
95
the nature of this factor can be adequately determined.
This test seems to measure a belief in religion . The
following items were used in the test defining this fac
tor:
Credulity: Miracles a r e possible .
There is po er in prayer.
Factor X. Tests ith t h e hi hest loadin son t , is
axis, from hig to 101 , are: Conformity, Competition,
Environment, and Morality (Table XX). The final rotated
factor loadings for t his f actor h ave bee shown in Figure
6. These tests measure co ventionalism, a desirable
trait, generally, for effective milita y leaders ip . The
following test items a ea few of those used to test
this factor:
Conformity: An in ividual
1
s reputation is impor
tant.
You re in favor o a person's behav
ing as he pleases, even t hough others
do not approve of it . ( e atively
sco r e d)
Competit·on: (B rnes)
Environment:
Coop r at· on is bette t an comp titian
in mo~t tings . ( e gatively scored)
Free compet·t·on m ong its citizens
is the c ef ey t o t e s uc ce of any
country . ( e at·vely scored)
Heredity , as compared ith environment ,
TABIE XX
I.DADINGS OF VARIABLES ON FACTOR X
Test Number
17
30
20
24
Test Title
Confor ty
Cornpe ti tion
Envi onment
orality
o. 4o
0. 31
-0 . 30
0 . 26
96
97
is important in determining the charac-
t er of the individual . ( egatively scored)
Success in life depends mor e upon a per
son ' s heredity than upon his environment .
(Negatively scored)
M orality: People vould e better off if they paid
more attention tow at is right and wrong.
You endorse t e policy --
11
Be good and
you will al1r1ays be happy . u
Factor XI . Tests, ith the highes t loadin son this
axis , from to lo, are : Sever t y, Punctualit, tr ct-
ne s s (Table XXI) . The fi nal rotated factor loadings for
t his factor ares own n Fi re 10 . T ese tests measure
discipline . This trait would seem to be a desirable one
for effective mili ta y leade sl1ip . few· of the test
items which ere used in those tests wit
loadi ngs are as follows:
i h factor
Severity: You are in favor of a maximum ·ail
sentence fo a hit-and-run driver .
You are inf vo of a mini um jail
sentence for a person ilty of man
slaughter . ( egatively scored)
Punctuality ( arnes)
Strictness:
You alnost always
in t he morning and
hour at night.
ise at the same time
etire at the same
ost people vould be happier if they
could throw 1.ra their timepieces . ( o)
The str ctness of the old-fas oned home
Test Number
2
27
23
TABLE XXI
LOADINGS OF V RIABLES ON FACTOR XI
Test Title
Severity
Punctu lity
Strictness
Loadings
0. 37
0. 34
0 . 32
98
==========================================---- ---------
FIGURE X
FINAL LOADINGS ON F C TOR X I
?-'7
•
/CJ
.
I '1
q
. '7
-----------------~~----------!Zll,
i .
•
3',
13
• I
3
100
was a good thing.
A good leader 1s strict .
V . FACTORIAL COlPOSITIO OF THE TESTS
The vari nces contributed byte factors to the
tests are p esented in Table XXII . The variance for any
factor lo ding is defired as th ~nuare of t hat lo ding.
Variances are prefer ed to loadings for this task since
they are comparable and may be d ed o subt_acted 1 e
numbers . In addition to this, variance provides direct
indication oft· e p opo ~tion o d spe sin in a trait
w ic may be attributed to t he diffe ent f actors .
The total v a iance is ea ded as being equal to 1 . 00 .
Ero variance is take to e the diff rence be tween the
value o t e eli b lity coe fi ent and 1. 00 . Specific
or uni que variance is interp eted as being equal to the
di fe ence between t e com unalit an the eliability .
The amo nt of specific va lance in each test could not
be estimated, however, since t e reli b lities of the
tests we ~e not now .
The vari nces et acted int e facto analysis
a ged f om . 17 to . BJ . The ma ority of the conmunalities
-re e belo . 50 .
TABLE XXII
101
VARI CE r LITIE OFT E EXPERI E TAL TESTS
Tes t s
1 .
2 .
t
5.
6.
7.
8 .
9.
10 .
11 .
12 .
13 .
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19 .
20 .
21 .
22 .
23 .
24 .
25 .
26 .
27 .
2 •
29 .
JO .
31 .
32 .
3_, .
J4 .
35 .
36 .
37.
38 .
*Dec
Generousness
Severity
Sympathy
Completion
Plannin
! vetic :lousness
Orde liness
Cleanliness
Aspiration
Prestige
oney
patience
Exhibitio ism
Realism
S1ggestibility
Credulit
Conformity
Ti idit
Dependency
Envi onment
Snobbishness
Equalization
Strict e
1
I!o al i ty
Law 1 a ce
nti-fe em
Punctual t
Collect v sm
Cr cing
Competit on
scerdanc I .
seen enc
sce nd nc I I .
Obj ct · vi ty •
Ob ·ect v ty II .
rsonal Relat o s 1
ersona l Relations ' .,
al Relations 3
oints om · te •
I
47*
12
60
29
07
00
00
00
00
0 7
01
01
00
02
02
05
14
Jl
01
00
02
07
15
33
02
00
02
03
00
OJ
00
04
04
00
01
00
01
00
II
02
00
01
00
03
06
00
OJ
03
02
14
01
01
01
01
01
01
00
OJ
01
OJ
00
04
00
00
02
00
01
0 .5
01
33
41
34
19
OJ
00
08
01
III
00
00
02
01
07
01
02
04
11
00
01
02
11
00
09
04
00
00
00
07
00
26
06
01
01
07
00
03
02
00
01
OJ
01
01
1.5
28
25
42
Factors
IV
02
00
00
00
00
09
03
00
14
25
17
21
01
OJ
00
15
02
OJ
01
01
08
01
00
10
00
01
08
00
05
02
01
00
01
06
02
05
01
05
V
OJ
02
01
02
27
24
25
26
01
01
00
0
21
02
06
02
05
05
ga
02
17
03
06
14
01
06
04
01
02
01
00
04
00
00
0
02
01
VI
02
03
05
15
08
09
00
00
08
00
00
06
02
00
02
00
02
02
04
08
16
02
00
00
02
00
00
00
02
00
00
06
00
02
07
02
00
00
ot : I ,
l at ions;
t ve ess.
i ndl n ss ; · , · ce nda c ; III , e r o 1 e-
V, Opport .1 ; V, ·" ac ulaLJeness; I, el c-
TABLE XXII (co ntinued) 102
VARIANCE A D cor-n. NALITI O F THE EXPERil ENTAL TESTS
Co mmun-
Tests Factors alities
VII VIII IX X XI X I I h2
I
o4 06 1. 01 08 0 0 02
78
2. 00 02 00 00
13
0 2
34
3.
00 o4 01 02 06 01
83
4. 00 02
03
02 00 01
5.5
.5 •
00 00 00 00 00 02
.54
6. 10 00 00 00 00 01 60
7.
04 0 0 00 01 00 00
35
8. 00 0 01 01 00
()? ':l?.
..., _
42
9 . 01 01 00 02 01 00
10. 02 02 01
05
00 00
5
11. 0 0 00 01 00 00
0.5
39
12. 00 04
09 00 00 04
52
1a.
01 00 02 04
01 01 45
1 . 04 02 00 00 00
ga
17
1.5 .
00
13
00 04
01 42
1 6 . 0 0 00
17
00 01 01 46
17. 01 00 00 16 01 01 43
18. 01 00 00
07
00 00
49
19. 0 6
05
0 01
0.5
00
4~
20 . 06 02 02 09
00
g4
21 .
OJ
02 00 01 02
43
22. 01 0 01 00 00 04
63
2a.
00 00 00 00 10 04 42
2 • 02 06 00
07 01 02 6
2.5 . 01 08 00 - 00 01 00
29
26 . 00
07 02
05
08 04
37
27 . 00 00 00 00 12 01 29
28 . 02 1 0 00 02 02 01 28
29. 0 0 00 06 00 02
OJ
26
30 .
08 00 OS
09 09
02 41
...
31 .
04 01
09
00
09
00
59
32 . 01 00 00 0 01 00
58
JJ .
00 00 10 00 02 02
.58
34. 01 06
OJ
01 00 00
39
3.5.
01 20 00 0 0 01 02
52
3 6 .
04 00 04 0 06
OJ 58
37.
02 00
05
04 o4
OJ
5.5
3 8 .
01 00
09
00 02 01 62
rote: VII ,
·'o np
...
IX , Re-
ss.
V
.
J
,
ligion; , Conve t onalism; XI , Discipline ; II , No t n-
t pre ve d .
CHAPTER VI
THE EVALUATION OF HYPOTHESES
I. T HE HYPOTHESES
The hypothesized factors offered in t 1is study
are as follows: kindliness , compulsiveness , ambition,
lais se-faire , i mpatie t- nonetary-ex · itionism , puritani
cal anti-femini sm, ascendance , personal r elations , ana
objectivity . The first te n of t hese hypo heses were
offered in Table I (p . 36) . The last tree hypothese s
were tat t e ascendance , personal relations , and objec tivity factors oft e Gui ford-Zimme an Te perament
Surve would emerge as sepa ate dimensions .
II . T EV LUAT 0
Generally t e results oft e factor analysis have
supported the hypo theses offered, alt oug there are
several differences . In some cases t e pothesized fac-
tors have appea ed as ualitative nits out ave been
described b a slightly di fferent gro up of variables
t an was xpected. I other instanc ,s , the pothesized
qualiti di not appear eve n t ough ev ~a1 tests of each
hypothe ized facto elua t e ed to gether int e predicted
manner.
Hypothesis 1 (Kindliness). This factor emerged
in a clear-cut manne r . ··rhe t raits which were ass ume d
to measure this dimension were severity, generousne ss,
104
and sympathy. Gene r ous nes s and sympat hy ere f aun t o have
high loading s on t his factor . Se verity, on the ot he r hand,
was correlate d p osit~vely witt t, s f a vtor , hile a ne a tive cor e l ation had been predicted.
Other vari ables supporting this factor 1ere tim i d ity and morality. These tests h ve bee desc_ i bed in
Chapter V. It ma e noted that each o t se last t1,;o
variabl e s seeks t o measure a "goodness u or " enevolence '
quality in peo le. The t im di ty variable , for example ,
attempts to m easure a reluctanc to commit a os t ile
act to rard others . The morali~~ variable sees to measure
a since r e de s i e t o
11
do t· e i g t ting,
11
rathe than a
propensity to ass er t do gmas f o othe s to follow .
Hypothesis ~ (Com pulsiveness) .
as the i mmac 1 t eness factor . Of th
This fac t o emerged
five vari ble s which
1 rvere a s s u e t o be measu es of t s compulsiveness trait ,
all had positive loadin s . Four o t ~n had loadings
from . 49 to .52. Becau se oft e facto loadin of . 46 on
the var iable exhibitionism, whic as pr mar ly desc iptive
105
of a "pride in appearin neat and clean ,
11
t hi factor
was called immaculateness . type of compulsiveness
possibly unique to be ing immacul te seems to b e described
by this factor . This contention is supported by the co re
l ation of . 47 with the restraint f actor of the Guilford
Zimmerman test, 1 hie seel s to easure a type of "rigidity . '
~o etary-ex i it1onis1) . T ese to hypo t hes zed factors
are ot s ·mil r to the oppo tunism (Facto IV) . There
are some di fferences, ho~ever. spiration , prestige, and
money, oft e pothesized ____ facto, obta ned load-
ings of . 38 , .. .50 , ana . 41 , respectively , on t he "opportun
ism facto . Te variables of money, impatient, and ex ibi
tion·sm of t he hypot esized Facto X o tained loadings of
. 41, . 46 , and . O, rep ctively, on th s obtained factor .
mhese varia les , ho1vever, do not accou t for all
of the tests it igh loadings on this axi s . The co re
lation of - . 39 of 'credulity" and t e correlation of - . 32
of oral ty g vet is dimens on a element of "self sh
0
raspi gness .
1
T us , t s obt i ed acto vould seem
to e more descriptive of an opportunist than of o e ,ho
i simpl· ambit "ous . It ould s e. to desc i be t e indi
vidu 1 ho . ht be nethical n s atte J1 pts to ach eve
is , ..L ti ous oals .
106
H ypothesis ~ (Gullibi l ity ) . This hypothesized
factor di d not emerge , alt houg it can be compared with
the obtai ned f actor of re l igion (Facto IX). The two
variables of re alism and surgestibility, o ever , do not
have the high loadings on t his factor t hat the support
of this hypothesis would r equi r e . Te f actor oa i· s
of these test a -ro ld see .. t o i clicate -'-- at a beli ef i n
t~ose aspects of religion
j_c.1._ tne i te. s seem to desc i be
is not t e res lt of a general naivete .
,2_ (Soci 1 Dependence) . T is hypot e-
si ze :, f a ctor
tough t his
d not emerge in .e factor analysis , al pothesized dimen io may be comparec i t
the obt ~ i ned factor of conventionalism (Factor X) . Sev-
---- ----
eral qualitati ve differences , ovever , are apparent . Al
thou · c onf or ity obtained a load n of . 40 on t e conve n-
tionalis~ f ac t o , t e h,pothes zed variables of t· m i dity
and dependency have correlations of only . 27 and . J l ,
res ectively . Te othe var able int e conve t i onali s m
f c or of envi on ent , morality and co ~etit on wold sug gest t hat t 1is obtain d factor ,as a t a measure of an
inability t o i ve orde s or enforce regulations . It would
rathe i ndi cate ah g evaluation of •st s quo
11
concepts
a nd a 1 c k of conce n bout t1e reactions of indiv uals
wit om t e leade · s to deal .
107
Hypothesis£ ( Jon-de ocrat) . Tis po the sized
factor map be consiAered as the equivale t of the selec
tivene sf cto w i h emerged from t e f ac~or analysis .
The traits of environme nt, snob ishness , and equaliza
tion which vere a sumed to be measu es of the dimension
had loadin
0
s of - . 28 , . u1 , and - .13, espectively . These
values are consistent w·ith t he expectea loadin s and may
be regarded as giving support to the hypotl:1esie . ile
ther ·re dif erences bet en~ e pothesized and t e
obtained factor, t · ey do not seei to be serious ones .
For example, t e co ulsi e var les of completion,
planning, and eticulousness ad loadings of . 38, . 29,
and . JO, r espectively, on · is factor . These loadi gs,
w ich ad not been expected, would seem to suggest a
strong ele m .t of r gidity mea ured by this factor .
othesis 7_ (D pline) . vi ently t e tests
as urned to be me sue of this h po hesized f ac t o · iere
not as accu ate as tley mig t , ave been . Fortunately,
the factor analys so tained a cluster o v ri a le ~ ich
were even . or e descri tive of the discipline than were
the hypo lesi zed va ia 1 s . The v rr·a les of moralit
an· law abidan e ~ad loadin s of - . 09 and -.10, espec-
tively, o h s d m n io, h 1 strictnes lo d n
108
of .32. The suppo ting loadi gs of severit~, . 37 , and
12 nc.tual:tty . 34, gave a·surance that this obtained fac-
tor was truly descripti ve of an endorseme t of and an ad-
herence to rigi standards of discinline .
....
Hypothesis~ (Laisse-fai e) . This facto is simi
lar to the competit:o f ctor obt a i ned from h f actor
nd chancing, ho ever, received
load~ngs of only - . 14 and . 07 , respectively . s , t e
factor obtained did not describ t e dev 1-may-care
attitude w ic the
In a ddition t o t is
pothesize f acto sought t o measure .
fe ence, o e rigidit y seem to
be measu ed t e obt ne f ctor tan b t e hypot e-
sized ci ension . This rigi auali J is sug ested b
the loading of . 32 o~ m ticulousne s s . Th s, t e obta ned
f actor of com etit veness see,s to be mo- e of a met o _ i-
cal t pe of tr it t · a n st eh pothesi ed trait .
factor did not emerge from t factor a al is . Te
tests of La 1 nee , nti-fem nis , and · c t uality
whic -e e expected to measur e t e y ot ized dimension
ob t i e loa ng of . 29 , . 26 nd - . 06 , r esp ctiv ly, on
the bjectiv y f ~c o .
T ey y ot esize d f c~o r e of asce
-
109
relations, and objectivity emerged in the factor analysis
and have been discusse in Chapter V.
III. THE RESULT OF THIS STUD.
This investigation has yiel ed the foll owing
eleven traits: kindliness , ascen ance , personal rela
tions, opportunism , j_mme..culate ess , selectiveness , competi
t iveness, objectivity, relig on, convention lism, and dis
cipline. Three oft ese factors wee identical lit
test s from the Guil ord-Z ~merman Tempe a ent Survey .
Of these, the fdctors of ascendance an 2ersonal
emerged in a very cle'r-cut n nn r . Teti d f cto
o jectivi t:y:, ho eve , ~ as l ess distinct .
tions
of
Te hypothesized f actors of ullibilit , social
de pende1c~, and nuritan cal-ant .-femin sm did no
from t he factor analysis . Tests oft e hypo e
emerge
zed fac-
tor s of ambition ana i□12at ·ent-monetary-exhi itioni sm
cluste r ed together in the obtained facto of opportunism.
The hypot esized f acto · of co pulsiveness , non-democrat ,
discipline, and lais e-___ ener ·ed a t he obtai n d
dimens ons o selectiven ss , d sc pline, and competitive
ness , respectiv ly . lt oug the s e t ee obta ne fac
to s did va froJ t ose uot es zed t - a ts , t e sim
lariti s be ie n heh poth ized and obtaine~ dimen ons
110
\vere greater than their differences.
The kindliness factor emer
0
ed most clearly in the
factor analysis of t ni s study .
The factors of immac lateness and opportunism
may be regarded as the re-defined factors of Barnes .
Barnes' tests also recei ed all of t he i gh loadings on
the obtained fa.cto r of c ompe titiveness. The remaining
five t sts may be re arded as newl co tributed factors.
All of these traits may be considered to be independent
of the tests of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey .
CHAPTER VII
SUMti RY , CO CLU.:,IO S, AND RECQM1J IENDATIONS
I ,. SUM RY
The purpose of the present std v~s to explore
unstructured are .s of pe r sonalit through the use of
personality questionnaires . The questionnaire scores ,
i t was contended, 1ere related to militar leade sip
proficiency .
In order to achieve t his purpose , it was neces ary
to revie t e 11 erat u e and t o conduc t approxim atP:y
sevent nformal intervie s, th milita y personnel in
an effort to obtain fruitful pot es s for study . From
a knowledge obtained f rom sch ources , ·ob requi ement
of t~e military leader which coul d be desc ibed in te ms
of cu· rently known f actors iere el iminated from further
study . Of t he r maining traits, t ose v ri ble s which
could be most easily m ea.sured b questionnai re techni ues
ere selected fo r · nve stigat on .
Seven new h pothesized f cto s we e offered which,
it a s co nte nded , ere related t o milita l eadership,
some ositivel d some ne g tively . The ere: kindli-
ness, a ti on , sug~estibilit, socia _ dependence, non-
democ at, disci 1 ne , and la sse- aire .
112
A secondary problem of concern in this study as
the verification of six factors which bad been isolated
in previous investi ations . The f actor analysis from
which these six f ac tors were obtained wer e based upon
questionnaire sco es of colle e students . It vas highly
desirable , t
1
e n, t a t f actor analysis be performed iith
t est scores obtained fro a ilitar pop lation if such
tests were to be ed eventuall on similar p opul ation .
In order to secu· e i
was further hypothesized t hat t
previously isolated b Barnes,
esired ve ific tion , it
f actors 1 hich d been
eticulousn ss (called
compulsiveness int is s tud) , i P' tie nt-monetary-cxhi bi tionism, and purit nical anti-fe inism , ould also emerge
in the factor analysis of this t udy . In order to secure
a verification oft e variables , de~ cr ptive tests of
e ach of t hese f actors vere i ncluder int cor elation
matrix i ich \ as f .ctor analyze . In add tion to these
hypothesi zed f actor , thre e f cto · sf om th Guilford Zi mmerma Tempe r m t urve inclu ed 1itn the e xpectation
that t ey would em ge in t e facto analys s . Test
variabl es des criptiv oft es t r e Guilfor - Zimme man
f actors were ep e .. ie .:..ed in t e co lation m tri ich
wa s l ate · f actor n 1 -z d.
These t ets alo wit all of the r man n tests
113
of the G ui l ford- Zimmerman Temperament Survey ·were given
to thr ee samples of military personnel. Ne·wly commissioned
office r s and Officer Candidate Cadets int aining at Lack l and Ai r For ce Base , San ntonio , Texas , and aval ROTC
Cadets a t the University of Southern California comprised
the sam ples of populations tested.
Tw'elve centroid facto s 1ere extracted from the
matrix. These centroid factors were ten otated toward
p os i t i ve man1fol1 and neanin ~ful configuration. T1e ty
t hree or t hogonal rotations y the Zimmerman graphic method
were requi ed. The fi al isolated factors wee then
compared wit11 the list of variables w ich were expected
to appear .
Correlations rere computed between the scores of
t he Guilfo_d-Zimmerman var ales and scores of the new
f actors isolated in this st dy .
Rotation of the cent oid facto s yielded the follow
ing dimensions:
I .
II .
III .
IV .
v.
VI .
Kindliness
scendance
ersona Relations
Onpo tun · sm
Im .aculateness
Selectiveness
VII .
VI I I .
IX .
x.
XI .
"II .
Competitiveness
Objectivity
Religion
Conventionalism
Discipline
ot interpreted
Te thee factor from t r e G u_lford-Zirnmerman Tem
perament Su vey -- ascendance, ~erso al rel tions, nd
114
objectivity -- remained intact in this investigation.
Six new f actors -- kindliness, selectiveness , co petitive
ness, (described by Barne·s• tests), religio11 , convention
alism, and discipline -- were also added to the known
11st of personality dimensions .
In addition to thes e isol tes, two of the three
factors hie ad been ext acted p eviously Barnes were
re-defined n t
1
_s nvestigat on . ~~tient-~onetary-
exhibitionism was renamed oppor tuni~~ while metic lous
ness as called immaculateness .
I I . CO CLUSIO S
It was concluded that the domain defined by the
thirty-eight va ia les in the mat ix could e explained in
te ins of t e eleven f acto s isolated in t is study . I t
was further conclu ed that the three sco es of t e Guil
ford-Zimm erman Tempe _ament Su vey etained thei · facto ial
integrity in th s matrix wen ad.min stered to a military
population.
In a similar mane , it was concluded that two of
the three f actoro · h had been p ev ·ously isol ted y
Barnes eme 'ed as indiv dual uni s even thoug all the
relat d t ests were no ep ented on the final otated
loading s .
115
I t was further concluded that six f acto s which
e merged in the factor analysis - pre ented new vectors
of personality .
The resul t s of this study may be regarded as su -
ea t ing directions to1 ard whicl f uture tests might be
built in oder to p ovide full cove age of the area with
a minimum of correlation amo g t e dimensions .
In add tion to these conclusions, t e riter suggests
th t t e more clear-cut f actor al a t erns obtai ed ith
t he Guilford-Zimmerman tests, a s compared ith the Barnes
v ria les, can be att uted to the more rigo ous te
analyses t , rough ihich sch v i able s had ee n subjected.
tin in
ship:
III . CO · vE D TIO S
The followin g recommendat·ons are offered for con
t e exploration o t h domain of militar leader-
I . It s suggested t a t an tern analysi be con
ducted, fo ~ all items used n this stud . In suc
1
an
evaluation , it is reco f!ended t t eac tern e co related
, 1th all tests of e ach f ~ ctor . It is ecom ended that
items be included in a f ~cto ed test only af t er t~ey
ave demonst· te ~ a hig correlation wit t e teat in
w~ich t ey a e to e ncluded and, a t t sa e time, a
low correlation with the scores of t he othe r f actored
tests.
116
II. It is recommended, in addition to this, that
tests constructed of s uch items be validated against such
criterion scores as are available from t he Armed Forces.
III. It is furthe r recommende d that new hypotheses ,
new tests, and new criterion measurements be developed
and further validity studies be conducted to extend our
knowledge of the f actors of effective military leadership.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
118
l. Barnes, C. A., "A Study of Certain Psychoanalytic
Concepts of Personality Development. u Unpub
lished Doctor's dissertation, The University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, 1949. 174 pp.
2. Chesire, L., M. Saffir and L. L. Thurstone, Computing
Diagrams for the Tetrachor1c Correlation Coeffi
cient. Chicago: University of Chicago Bookstore,
1938.
J. Cowley, W. H., "Three Distinctions in the Study of
Leaders," l• Abn. ~ Soc. Psyohol., 1928, 23.
4. Dyboski, R., & z. M. Arend, Knygthode and Bataile.
London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press,
1935. 20.5 pp.
S. Garrett, H. E. "Second Report on Combat Leadership,
11
Mimeographed l-1emorandum, Applied Psychology Panel,
National Defense Research Committee, June, 1944.
6. Guilford, J. P.J Fundamental Statistics in Psychology
and Education. New York: McGrav-Hill Book Co.,
1950. 633 pp.
, Psychometric ~Iethods. New York: l1cGraw-Hill
--B-o-ok Co., 1936, 513 PP•
8. Hemphill, John K., "Situational Factors in Leadership,"
Bur. Ed. Res. 1 , 1onographs, No • .32, Ohio State Uni-
versi ty Studies.
9. Jenkins, W. o.,
11
A Review of Leadership Studies 1vi th
Particular Reference to Military Problems,u Psych.
Bull., 1947,
10. Mackie, R.R., "Norms and Validities of Sixteen Test
Variables for Predicting Success of Foremen." Un
published Master
1
s thesis, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, 1948.
11. Plato, The Republic of Plato. Trans. by Benjamin
Jowett, Third Edition, Oxford University Press,
1922.
12. Preston, Harley O., The Development of~ Procedure
for Evaluating Officers in the United States Air
Force. Pittsburgh: Am. Inst. for Res., 1948. 67 p.
119
13. Renatus, Flavius Ve getius, The ___ _ Institutions
of the Romans. Trans. from Latin J . Clark,
T. R. Phillips , Ed., Harris bur , Pe nn.: The Mili
tary Service Pu lishing Co., 1944.
14. Sells, S. B., "Leaders ip Re searer n t he ir Force . "
A paper presented before the meric s.n ducational
Research Association ( • E. • ) at St . Louis ,
March 1, 1949.
1.5. Stogdill, R. 1'-1., "Personal Factors ssociated with
Leaders l1ip: A Survey o t he Lite ature,
11
Jour .
Psycho 1. , 19LJ-8 , £2_.
16. Te rman, L. M.,
11
p-.-.elimin c.. y tu in t e Psychology
and Pedagogy of Leadersh i p , ' Ped. em . 1904, 11.
17. Thurstone, L. L., ultiple Facto nalysis . Chicago :
University of Chicago Press , 1947. 535 PP •
1 8 . Tzu, Sun, The Ar t of ar, mrans . Liond Giles ,
Har is urg , Penn.: Military Se vice u l i e ng
Co., 1944.
19. Wickert, F., Army ir Forces viation Psychologi e
search Reports , Repor o . 14, • s. Gov•t .
Print .ng Office, vas ngton-;-n. C. , 1947 . 298 pp .
20. Zimmerman, rayne S . , " S · mple Graphic 1 ~ .. e t od for
Orth ogonal Rot tion of Axes," sychome rika,
g_, r
1
1arc b., 1946 .
APPENDIX I.
121
_ QUESTIONNAIRE
IN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE YOU WILL FIND A NUMBER OF
STATEMENTS. READ EACH STATE1J IENT CAREFULLY. THERE .A.t_-qE
NO "RIGHT" OR "WRONG" ANS\vERS IN THE USUAL SENSE OF A
HIGH SCORE BEING NECESSARIIX THE BEST. THE PURPOSE OF
THIS SURVEY WILL BE SERVED BEST IF YOU DESCRIBE YOURSELF
AND STATE YOUR OPINIONS AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBIE. YOU
MAY NOTICE THAT MANY I~E~IS ARE SIMILAR. ACTUALLY, NO
TWO ITEMS ARE EXACTLY .ALIKE.
The appropriate answer is to be given on the
answer sheet according to the following key:
(1) very much so
(2) fairly much so
(3) to some degree
(4) very slightly
(5) not at all
Please answer every guestion.
1. It is important to you that the other person like
you. • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • ·
2. You are in favor of an individual behaving as he
1
a:
pleases, regardless of what others think of it. 2
You endorse the statement -- "Success at any price. "3
An individual is judged by the company he keeps. 4
s.
6.
Miracles are possible. . . • • . . . . .. • • . 5
You are in favor of the policy of "rug ed indiv-
ldualism.
11
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • •
You would dislike insulting another person ..•
Generousness is a quality which you admire in
people • • • . • . • • • • • • . . • • . . . .
When a fellow is jilted by his girl, you feel
6
7
8
sorry for him. • • • . . • • • • . • . • . . . 9
10. Most people need to be told what to do. • • . 10
11. You are in favor of a maximum jail sentence
for a person guilty of assault and battery. • • 11
12. When you set deadlines for jobs which you under-
take, your work improves. . . • • • . . • • . . 12
13. A position where people look up to you would ap-
peal to you. • • • • • • • • • • . • . . . . . . 13
14. The strictness of the old-fashioned home was a
good thing. • • . . . • • . . • . . • . . • • . 14
1.5.
16.
17.
If you had sufficient funds, ou would like to
speculate in stocks ••••••••••.•••
You hate to leave an unfinished job ••••••
You would like a Job which com . ands t he r e spec t
122
1.5
16
of others. • • • • . • • • • • • • . . • • . • 17
18. You regard the achievement of s cces s e
most important thing in life. • • • • • • • . 1 8
19. It is important that a person c ltivate the
proper kind of friends. • • • . . . . . . . . 19
·20. Religious faith is important. . • • • . . . . 20
21. You endo r se the policy of "rug ed individu .1-
ism.
11
• • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21
22. You accept most state ments v it rese vat on . . 22
23. Heredity, as compared rith e nvironme t, is i -
portant in dete rmining ht kind of perso _ality
an individual wi 11 have . . . . . • . . . . . 23
24. You enjoy helpin ople r o are re tl in
n e e d of he 1 p • • . • • • • • . • • . . • • • • 2 4
25. Being concerned about the v,elfare of t he
"common man" is difficult ,'.\or o • . . . . • 25
26. You are in favo r of a minimu ·ail sentence
for a person guilty of assa lt and batte . • 26
27. You prefer to plan your JO b in great detail
before starting it. • • • . • . . . • • • • 27
28. People would be better off if t ey paid mo e
attention to what is right and vrong . . . • 28
29. Leadership aoility depends more upon a per
son's heredity than it doe s upon his environ-
30.
31.
32.
JJ.
34.
35.
36.
37.
JS.
39.
40.
ment. • . . • • • • . . . •
• • • • • • • •
You would like to spec late in stoc sand
bonds, providing you ad sufficie t funds ••
You feel compelle d o turn o ·f a dripp n
water faucet. . • . • . . • • . . . . . . • .
You 1 r;ant the other pe v-.son to ap prov of you .
Becoming an outstandin s ccess i mo e im
portant t ha any t ing else i life •••••.
You dislike a a
0
oci ti g i t h t e ene r 1 "run
of-the-mill" people •••........•.
Visions are possible ...•.......••
Y ou endorse t he policy - - 'mi ·ht is i ght .
11
•
You are skeptic a l of m os t state m ents t hat a e
made .•••.•.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
You would dislike criticiz· g anothe pe son .
The fello w t no is "pie ed on
II
arous a o
sympa t r y. • • • • • • • • . . . • . • • . • •
Trying to educate lost people is a, ste of
tim e. • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • . . .
29
30
Jl
32
33
34
35
36
37
J8
39
40
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63 .
64.
65 .
66 .
67.
68 .
69 .
123
You are in favor of a minimum jail sentence for
a hit-and-run driver . • • • • . • • • • • . . • 41
You prefer to schedule your orK in detail. • • 42
You endorse the statement -- "Honesty is the
best policy. " • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 43
You woul disli ea job in whic you er e e-
quired to vai t on o·~hers . • • • . . . • . • . • 44
You like to ta e chance • • . . . . . . . • . 4 5
You are insistent ·on finis ing a tas _ 1hich
you ave started. . . • . • . . . • • • • • • • 46
You wo la want to pass something u , if others
f e 1 t it w sn
I
t ~ rorth le • • . • • • • . • . • 47
You ,ould dislike menial job . • . . . . • . • 48
You dislike assoc atin
0
·i t mediocre people . . 49
It is possible for mi acles to happen . • • . • 50
You are in favo of t i: e pol cy "might is right .
11
51
ntil a statene t h s been proven, you doub
that it is true . . . . . . • . • • • • • • • • 5 2
You a _mi re generousness in others . • • . • • • 53
Heredity, as co pared ; t h environme t, is in
portant in dete mini
O
t e men 1 ility of an
individual . . • . . • • . . • • • • • . . • . 54
The majorit of people -re v1ot capa le of k otv-
ing ·what is best fo t · em • • . . • • • • • • • 55
You are in favor of a maximum jail sentence for
a hit-and-run dr ve r • . . • • . . • • . • • • 56
You like to plan ou 10 kin detail . • • • • • 57
It is difficult for a di onest person to be
happy. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Discipline is a neces s r p of any organi-
zation . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . .
•
Taing a chanc appeals to you .••.....•
Setting asi ea t&a k that you have undertak en,
even for a inute , is d 1ficult fo ou .•.•
If others felt hat so ethin
0
,ou wanted to do
wasn
1
t 1ort doi g , you would ant to pass t
up. • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • •
You 'tvant t e other perso to t hink ell of -ou .
You te nd to e exclusive in yo r selectio n of
friends . • • • . • • • . . • . • • • . • • . •
59
60
61
62
63
64
It is possible to cure p ysical illnes es t t ro gh
faith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
you endorse t e po l cy - - "Lett e bu er beware .
11
66
You doub t stateri nt u til it has een pro n . 67
Yo en oy contri uting to ard elp "ng ne dy peo-
ple. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Y o old dislike hurti g a o er p s on •s feel-
ings . • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
69
70. The majority of peo le are etter off following
others rather t an trying to decide for t_em-
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81 .
82.
83.
84.
86.
87.
88 .
89 .
90 .
91.
92 .
9J .
94.
95.
96 .
selves •••••••••.•••••••.•
• •
You are in favor of a maximum jail sentence for
a person guilty of manslau hte ••••••••
You like to plan your day's activ tie s a ead of
time in detail •••.•.••.••••.•••
You endorse the statem e t -- "Do unto otl: ere
as you wold ve t hem do unto ou . " .••••
Discipline is lacking in our societ today •••
You ·would disl ke ving a "socially inferior
11
job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
You dislike eaving an un·inished ·o .••.•
You wo ul d dislike doin somet ng "h"ch others
disapp r oved of •.•..••...••.•..•
A pe son can be too ambit ous .••...•••
It is i po_ta t to out at o job not e
considered 'socially fe ior . ' ••••••.•
It is possi le for Aome people to have visions .
Yo are i favor of t e polic "I.et t e
buyer be1-vare . " • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • .
Yo re in the abit of question ng the truth
of most statet ts that have ee made ....•
You enjoy co tributing to charity .••.•••
The fello w o is ·11ted by is girl arouses
you r sym~at y .•••••••••••••••
Heredity, as compa~ed it_ environment, is i -
po tant dete mi :ng the c aracter of an in-
di V idll B~l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
You are in favor of a mini um jail sentence for
a pers on gu lty of anslaug te .......•
You liKe to follo? a pl ane procedure ..•.•
Doing t e rig t n is a policy w. ic as
off in t he long run •....•.•••••..
Societ t oday needs mo d scipl ne •..••.
Yo are in favor o follo ing t e pol c
ua bird in and s wo th 1 o ln t e us • ". • •
Once you start at sk , ou insist pon fin~s -
i n it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
n i dividual's eputat · on is im o tant •...
Becomi g an oust nd nB success s o th all
t e effort it r qu · r s .•....•....•.
The oth r per on
1
s opinion of -ou is impo t nt
to OU • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ray e c n n · s t :_ n gs . . . . . . . . . . •
ou endo se t h policy --
11
The end ·ustifie
• •
t he
means . " . • • . . . . . . • .
• • • • • • • • •
124
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
4
85
86
7
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104 .
10.5.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117 .
118 .
119 .
120 .
121 .
125
You are insistent in de anding proof for state-
ments whic 1 ve beeh rn de . • • . • • . • . • 97
You like to contribute to charity. • • • . • 98
Kindliness is a quality 1ic you ad i r e in
people • • . • • . . • . • . • • • • • • • . • 99
You would dislike a'job involvin enial tasks 100
You are in favo of a minimum jai ente ce for
a erson gull ty of arson . • • • • • • • . • • 101
You prefer to follo~ a set plan t o the let t er
in your , ark . • . . . . • • . . • . . . . . • 102
You endorse t e policy --
11
Be good and ou
will always ben happy . " . • • . • • • • • • • 10 J
A ood leader is str ct . . • . . . . . . . • 104
If ou had sufficient f nds , you 10 ld lie
to invest in a s _all business . . . . . • . • 105
You dislik le avi a proble. befo re tis
solve d •.•.•.....••. • •.•
• • • •
You are in favor of a person be a ing as e
pleases , even t ou h ot es do not pprove
0 f it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The achiev .et of succeos is important to
you. . . • • • . . • . • • • . • • . . . • •
A persons oul d be c oosy in selectin s
frienc1s . . . . • • . . . . . . • . . . . • •
.e ed·ty, as co ,par 'tilit environr t, is
im or~ant determining he r or not a
pe son ill succeed in life . . • . • . • . .
You a r e in f var of t e policy -- "The e nd
ju s t 1 fie s the 1 e n s •
11
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Before you com ple t ely accept a state ent,
you are insiste t upon poof . .... .. .•
You en·oy g·v1ng one y o elp t ose pe sons
who a· e in need. • • • • . . . • • • • . . .
You admire kindlines in people ••.....
T e e l f e o the "common m n" is over-
emphas zed n our society . . . . . . . . a •
Succe s s in l i fe depe ds more u on a per o
1
s
heredity t an upon s e nviron .et •....•
Detailed pla na s i po tan~ for the su -
cess of any ob .•....... .....•
Yo ag ee ri t the st teme t -- "If a person
te l ls a lie , soon r or later , it ill catch
upwit him . " . • . . . . . . . . . • • • •
Strictne s s necessa for goo d lecdership.
In esting ~n a s 1 11 business would peal
to you . . . • • . .. • . • . • • . . • • . • •
Le a · ng a problem befo e it s solve ould
0 t e OU . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
11.3
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122. Y ou would ant to pass something u if others
felt t at you tere no t o ng about it in the
right . ay. • . . • . • • . • • • • • . • • • .
123. Becoming a success is i po tant .•..•..•
124. A person sho .l d be particular in is selec-
tion of friends .. ~ •.•...••.••.•
125. You are concerned vit hat t e ot er person
t hinks of you .•.•.•...•.•...••
126. You e ndors e t e policy --
11
1 t every .an look
out for himself . • • • • • • • • • • ; • • • •
12 7. You are a
II
Dou ting Thomas .
11
• • • • • • • • •
128 . Y ou believe in be n a "Goo d Sama i tan .
11
• • •
129. You endorse the policy -- "I am my brother 's
keeper.
fl
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
130. The ma · ori t of people ·-r st pid. • . . . . •
lJl. It is im ortant tat the ·ob which ou hold be
one ta t comr ands t ~ e res ect of o ers •.••
132. The work wh·ch you u sually prefer is tat
which has een planned ahead oft me ••..•
133. You agre vi-th t e state.e nt -- "Ci e doesn't
'
pay . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . •
134 . In a ,ell-run o ganization , ·scipline is
strict . • . • . • . • • • . . • • • • . • • •
13.5. You endo se the state ent -- u id in and
is wort ti o in vhe bus •
11
• • • • • • • • • •
136. You disli e setting as · de a unfinished task .
137. You regard an i diridual's : reputation as be-
i ng impo tan t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1J8 . You agree t hav noth·ng i m or e po tant t· n
- acl ievi g success . • • . . • • • • • • . . . •
139. Yo ar e a socially exclu ive person .••.••
140 . mhe - e is power in praye ..•••.••.•.
141. He edit , as comp ed 11th env onment , is
142 .
143.
144.
14.5.
146 .
147.
148.
149.
import nt in dete min.n het r or not a
perso w· 11 be n outstanding le a er in 1 fe .
Fo t e most par t , yo are ske ptical .••.•
Cont . ibuting to charit s en ·oyable for ou .
You 11 ... e to elp nee people • • . • . • . •
It is a wa te of tie tot y toed c te the
a !or t of people .••..•...•...•
You a - e n f vo of a axi 1um ~ail sentence for
a p rso guilt o~ arson .•.......•.
person ' s c acte~ d pe d more upon is
he edity t ' ·n upon is env ron ent ..•..•
Being ood pa of . . ••••••.•..•
Str t d sc plin is ne cessa yin a well- un
126
122
123
124
12.5
126
127
128
129
1.30
lJl
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
127
organization ••..•...••••••••• 149
150. After having checked the answer shee t, you
are absolutely positive that you h ve answered
every item ..••.•.•.••..•..• 150
APPENDIX II
NEWLY CONSTRUCTED TEST ITEMS GROUPED ACCORD
ING TO HYPOTHESIZED PERSONALITY FACTORS
129
The following are the experimental test questions
which have been listed in Appendix I. The tests have
been grouped according to the hypothesized personality
factor which they are purported to measure. The numbers
in front of the items are the numbers of the items as
they appear in the test. The answers indicating the
presence of the trait in question are presented with each
item according to the following key:
( 1) very much so
(2) fairly much so
(3) to some degree
(4) very slightly
(5) not at all
Kindliness. The subtests considered to be descrip
tive of this hypothesized category are Sympathy, Severity,
and Generousness. The 0.uestions on each subtest are as
follows:
A. Sympathy. Key
Ans.
9.
When a fellow· is Jilted by his girl,
you feel sorry for him.
• • • • • •
1, 2
24. You enjoy helping people who are
greatly in need of help.
• • • •
•
1, 2
J9.
The fellow who is picked on arouses
your sympathy.
• • • • • • • •
• • •
1, 2
84. The fellow who is Jilted by
his girl arouses your sympathy .•
99. Kindliness is a quality which you
admire -in people_ • • • • • • • .
114. You admire kindliness in people .
129.
144.
You endorse the policy -- "I am
my brother
I
s keeper." • • • •
You like to help needy people
B. Severity
•
•
11. You are in favor of a maximum jail
sentenc· e for a person guilty of
assault and battery ••.••.•
26. You are in favor of a minimum jail
sentence for a person guil ty of
assault and battery ......•
41. You are in favor of a minimum jail
sentence for a hit- and-run driver .
56. You are in favor of a maximum jail
sentence for a hit-and-run driver.
71. You are in favor of a maximum Jail
sentence for a person guilty of
mans laughter . • • . • • • • . • •
86. You are in favor of a minimum jail
sentence far a person guilty of
manslaughter •••••••.•••
101. You are in favor of a minimum
jail sentence for a person guilty
of arson •••••••..•••
146. You are in f avor of a maxi mum
Jail sentence for a person guilty
of arson •••••.•••••
•
130
Key
Ans.
1, 2
l
1
1, 2
1, 2
1, 2
4, 5
s
1
1, 2
4, 5
4, 5
1, 2
lJl
Key
c. Generousness Ans .
8. Generousness is a quality which you
admire in people .
• • • • • • • •
•
.5.3 • . You admire generousnes s i n othe s
•
68. You enjoy contributi ng totvard he l
ing needy people .
• • • • • • • • •
SJ.
You enjoy contri outing to charity
•
98 . You lik e to co ntri bu t e to charity.
113.
You e njoy giving money to help
those persons who are in need
• •
•
128 . You believe in being a uGood Samari-
tan.
fl
• •
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
143. Contributing t o C arit is en ·oyable
to you
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Non-Democrat . The subt ests he l d to be des cr i p tive of this hypothesize d f ac t or a e Snobbishne~s ,
Equalization and Envir onment. T e questi ons on these
1
1
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
1 ,
subtests are as follows: K ey
2
2
2
2
2
2
Ans .
A. Snobbishness.
4. An individua l i s
company e keeps .
udged by the
• • • • • • • • •
1
19. It i i mport ant that a person cul
tivate t h e prope r inu of friends . 1
34 . You dislile a~socia t ing wit the
general
11
run- of- the - i ..... 1
11
people . • 1, 2, 3
You dislike soci t
mediocre people ...
g ivi t 1 1
• • • • • • •
1 , , 3
132
64. You tend to be exclusive in your
selection of friends. • • . • • • • 1,2
109. A person should be c oosy in his
selection of friends . • . • . • • • 1, 2
124. A person should be particular in is
selection of friends. . . • . . . • 1 , 2
139. You are a socially exclusive pers n . 1,2,J
B . Equalization
10. Most people need to be told
,,.hat
to
do .
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
25 . Bein conce ed a bout
.&..
el are Li
of the "co mon man° is di ficu t for
you
• •
•
•
• • • • • • • • • •
• •
4o . Trying to educ te most people
.
a l.S
waste of ti me
•
• • • • • •
• • •
•
55.
The majority of pe ople are ot capa-
ble of lrno rin what is best for t em .
70 . The ma o ity of pe ople a e bette off
fol lowing oth r s rate th n tr ing
J,4,5
5
5
4 , 5
to decide for es lves . . • • • • 4,5
115 .
T: e welf ~re o t e
11
c ommon man
1
over-emphasized in our society .
8
• •
4, 5
lJO . The majority of people a e stupid . 5
It is a
ca te t e
C. Environme nt
aste of tie tot y toed -
a·ority of pea le ...•
23 . He edit , as c o pared ·t environ ment , is important n d term n ng
4,5
vhat kind of personali t an ndivi ual
wi 1 ha ve . . . . • • • . . . . • J , 4, S
29 . Le des · i p a ilit depends mo e upon
a person ' s e edity t an t oes upon
is e v ro nme nt • • • . . . • . 5
54 . Heredity , as co pare d ~1t e nviron ment , is i mpor t ant tn de t ermi ning
133
the mental bi l ity o an i ndivi al. 3,4, S
85 . Heredity, as compared with environ ment, is i mpor t an t i n deter ining t e
char cter of an i ndividual . • . . • 4,5
110 . Here dity , as compar ed i t env_ron-
ment , is i mpor t nt n de t er nin
1 ether
or no t a person will succeed
in life .
• • • • • • • • • • • •
•
4 J .5
116 . Succe s s i l i fe depends ore upon a
person 's e edit t an pon is en-
viro ment.
• • • • • • • • • • •
•
.5
141 . Heredity, s compared ith enviro -
ment , is i portant in de t er 1i n ng .
v e t he r o not a person ill b an
outs t anding leade in life .•. • 2, 3, 4, 5
147. A pers on ' s cha cter depends mo e
upon i s er edi t y t ~an pon sen-
vironment . • • . • . • • • • • • • 5
Compul s ivenes s . he ne 1 construe e test s
consider ed to e des c ipt ive oft ' sh pothes e d cate-
ory ~re Gompletion and lann ng.
e a c oft es tests are as follo rs:
ne qu stions o
•
Co pl tion
16. You hate to le ve an unf nis ed ob. 1
Jl. You feel co pelled t o turn off a
d r ip i g ~ te faucet ...... . . 1 , 2
46 . You ins stet on fin i s hin~ tas
, ic you e started . . . . • • • 1
61. etti aside t a s l t t you have
undertalen, ev n fo am nute , s
d ffic lt fo ou .......... 1 ,
-·
134
76. You dislike le avin an unfinished
job • •••••••
• • • • • • • •
1
91. Once you start a tas . , you insist
upon finishing it. • • • • • • • • 1 , 2
106.
121.
136.
You disli e leaving a
fore it is solved .••
r o lem be-
• • • • • •
Leaving pro ble m be o _e it i s
solved wold bother you •••.
• •
You dislikes tti
fi ni s hed tas .••
a i de an un-
• • • • • • • •
lanning
12 . When you set de adlin s f or j obs
w' ich y o under t a e , our vo k
1
1,2
1,2
i proves . . • . • • . • • • • • . 1 , 2
42 .
57.
You prefer to plan you
detail befor e s t art n
0
•
0
• •
You p r efe t o sc ed le ou
in detail .
• • • • • • • •
i n great
• • •
ork
• • •
You like to p l a o r r"" in
detail • • .
• • • • • • • •
72 . Y ou like to p l an yo u d y
1
s ctivi-
1 , 2
1,2
1 , 2
ties ahead o tie i n detail . . • 1 , 2
87. Y ou li_e to follo a planned po-
ce du-re
• • • • • • • • • • • •
102 . 0 1 p r ef r t o follow a set plan t o
t he let t e r i n ou York •••.•
117 . D et i led lan ing impo-tan t fo
1,2
1 , , 3
t he s ue e of n Job . • . . . . 1 , 2
132 . The ~ o
i tat
ead o
h
t
ic OU SU 11 p efer
a b e n pla ed
• • • • • • • • •
1 , '
13.5
Ambition. The newly constructed tests regarded
a s descriptive of this pothesized category are s-
pirat i on and Prestige . The questions on t es e tests
are as follows : Key
A. s _ir tion
J . You e ndorse the state et -- "Suc
c e s s t an r ice • '' . . . . . . • •
1 8 . You egad t e ac~i e ement of uc
ce s st£ not i ortant thi gin
lie .•..
• • • • • • • • • • • •
33. ec omi ng a o ts ndi ng succe s i s
□ore im ortant an ant i1 g else
78 .
9J .
i 1 life . • • . • • . • . • . . • •
f. per so can
•
ecomino an 0
orth all t e
too ambit ous .
• •
tanding succes s is
ffort it requi es .•
108 . , e a c hi evement of success is · m -
Ans .
1, 2, 3
1 , 2
1 , 2 , J
J , 4 , 5
1
portant t o ou . • • . . . . . . . • 1
123 .
138.
Becomi ~ a success · s i po tant
Yo a· e a t othing is or e
portant tan achi r · n~ succes
• •
im-
• •
B. r est e
13 .
17.
44 .
"' posJ. on -.-he · e
rou 1 o ul .. "'
0
p eal
eo le loolt up t o
0 OU .
• • • • •
You iou1 · 11~e job
t~ e ·espect of oth rs .
c co ! an:-, s
You o 1
ou ere
• • • • • •
r~ i 1 i , ~ a j O in
eq i d to ait o
1 ,2
1 , 2 , 3
1
1
1 , 2 , J
48 . You wold dial ke
75.
You woul d disl i ke
ally i nferior" job .
136
m enia l ·ob .•• 1 , 2
vin a "soci-
• • • • • • • •
79. I t is important to you t t your
j ob not be cons i de r ed "soci a l l y
i f r
• r II
n e i o • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
100. You wo l d dis l i ke a job involvin
menial t a sk s . . .........•
131 . It i s important t
you eld be one t
r esp ct of o t he
t the ·o which
t commands the
• • • • • • • • •
piscipline . o struc~ed test re-
garded a s des c r iptive oft i ~ hypothesi zed fac or a e
St rictness and orality . Te qu tons o each of
t hes e t sts are as fol o -s :
A. ..... trictness
14. The strictn s of t e old-fashi oned
home
'
s a rood
t ing .
• • • • • • •
.59.
Di c ·pli
e is a n C ss r part of
a ny or a nizat · on .
• • •
•
• • • •
•
Di scipline is lact ng n our socie t y
t oday • . .......
• • • • • • •
1 , 2
1 , 2
1 , 2
1 , 2
1 , 2
1
1 , 2
89 . Socie t o ~ needs more disc pline . 1 , 2
104 .
119.
1J4 .
A g oo d le der s stric
Strictness is neces a
l eade S 1 p .
•
•
• • •
I n a ell- un orga i za
cipline is strict .
•
•
• • • •
for good
• • • • •
ion , dis-
• • • • •
49. St · t d scipl · ne s nee ssary in
• •
1 , 2
• •
1 , 2
• •
1 , 2
a well-run o g niza ion ••. . .• 1 , 2
B. l1oral1 ty
28 . People ould be et ~er off f they
pai d rrore attention to .hat is right
137
Key
Ans .
and wron .•••.......••. 1
43. You endorse testate.et
es t y s the bes t p ol icy .
11
II O -
• • • • •
.58.
73 .
8 •
lOJ .
118 .
133 .
I t is di ficult for a dishon
pe son to be happy .....
You endor e the sta · e J
toot s cS OU rould ve
t
• • • •
o un do
t
.,
un o o • • • • • • •
• • • • • • •
Doin
C
the right t in
0
is a polic
J a s o ... in t e lon un .
• •
c
1
Be ood You endorse t e
n :i ou i ll alw· s be hap y . "
• • •
ou gree , t t · e state . ent --
11
If
a p ---.s on tells a lie , soon r or
1 t.Jer t •will c tc ~ p ri tl1 hi_ .
11
You agre e .it he sta ement
•
"Cr me do sn • -~ p y .
1
• • • •
• • • •
Being good pa off
• • • • • • • •
Laissez-fair s m . Tne ewl const cted tests
con idered to e elated tot · i
tor are C anci · and Collecti ism .
.. p0t esize fac
he questio son
t ese tests a e s follows:
•
C ancin
1.5 .
JO
ou ~d su r·cien f nds, you
w ul 11k o sn culat in stocks
,nd
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
You oul lie to pee late in stocks
nd bonds , pro id n ou ad suffi-
1
1 , 2
1
1
1 , 2
1 , 2
1
1 , 2
1 , 2
4.5.
60.
cient f unds ••••
• • • • • • • • •
You like to take ·a cha ce .
• • • • •
Taki ng a chance appeals t o you .
• •
90. Y ou are in favor of follo in t e
policy -- " bi rd in and is wo th
138
Ke
Ans .
1 , 2, 3
1 , 2
1 , 2
t wo i n t he bush. " . • • • . . • • • 1 , 2 , 3, 4
105. If you d suf fic e nt funds , you
would l i _e to inve s t in as all bus i -
120 .
135 .
ne es. • •
• • • • • • • • • •
I nvest:1 g i n~ s a l l
appeal to you •••
• •
si ess
• • •
You endo se th stat e rn t
11
i n and i s 10 t ~ two in t he bu
B. Col ectivis m
• • • •
J'O Uld
• • • •
bird
• •
6. You a r e in f avo of t ne pol i cy of
1 , 2
1 , 2
J , 4, 5
"rugged i ndi v uali sm . '' • • • • • • 4, .5
21.
36.
You endo r se t e policy of "rug ed
indiv i dua l i . " . . . . . . . . .
You endo1se t e polic
tis
•
ri t . " .....•..
• • • • • •
51. Y ou e in f a vo:" of tne polio
0
J. 1 uh t i s r i g t .
11
• • • • • •
• • •
66 . You endo r se t he
oli y - - "Let t b e
b y r e are •
11
•
• • • • • • • • •
81.
You r e i n f· vor of t e policy - -
"Le t t h e buye be , ar .
11
• • •
• • •
96. You endor et
us t fie t h
'T e end
• • • • • •
111 . ' ou
end
e · n f vor o t _e olic
ustifie s t e m e ns . ' ..
II
• • •
4, 5
5
5
4,5
4 , 5
4 , 5
e
4, .5
126. You endorse the policy -- "Let
every man look out for himself .
11
• •
1.39
Key
ns .
4, .5
Social Dependence. Te newly constructed tests
regarded as desc11pt1ve of this hypothesized f ctor
are Timidity and Conformity . The questions on t his
test are as follows:
A. Timidity
1 . It is i mportant t o
person 1 ~e you ••
ou that t he o er
32 .
63 .
• • • • • • • • •
You wo uld dislike insulting an other person •••.......
You l nt tr e othe pe r son t o ap-
p ove of
rou
• • • • • • • • • •
You would disli k criti 1 in an-
other pe r s on
• • • • • • • • • •
• e
• •
• •
You .. nt
t ,
other person to t i nk.
ell of OU
• • • • • • • • • •
Yo 10 ld isli l e u ting anot1e
p erson ' s fee 1 ng . . . . . . . .
•
•
• •
94. T e othe e r son
1
6 opinion of you
1
1
1
1 , 2
1
1 , 2
is i .port ant to ou ..• •• •••• 1, 2
125 . You a e conce r ned with
person t hink s of ou .•
B. Conf or ity
2 . You re n favo of an
•
l.
t t e othe
• • • • • •
dividu 1 be-
h ving as he pleases , regardles s Of v
otn rs think of 1 t .
• • • • • • • •
47 . You would ant 0 pas so ethi up ,
f 0 he s felt it 't ort il
1, 2
t
4 ' .5
1, 2, 3
62 . I f others elt that something you
wanted t o do w sn
1
t worthwhile , ou
140
10 1 want to pass it up ••••••• 1, 2, 3
77. You wo uld disli e doing omething
which othe s disapproved of .••
• •
92 . An individ .al
1
s reputation is impor-
t ant . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • 1
107. You are in favor of a p er son behaving
as he ple see, even t hough othe r s
do not approve of i . . . . . . . . • 3, 4
122 .
You iO 1 want to pass
if ot s !elt t t ou
i ng about tint e ri
omet ing up
-ere o o-
t a.. • • . •
rd an individual ' s rep ta-
1, 2, 3
137 . Your
tion
bing porta t .. •. . .• 1
Gulli ility . The evl
eveloped tests used
to des cri e t hi s
poth s zed f actor
e ugg sti il-
ity ,
Credulity and
eali s
•
Bee use t la
0
t en-
t ione t est as pr s ted on t e same t st for s t e
i t e s in t e a es t ud , t e ans vers r e n te s
of t 1e
"ye s ,
11
II ? II
,
"no' cat gories . The q estions i
t hes e tes t s are as f ollo~1s :
A. ugg st "bi lit
22 .
You acce· t most state e ts w·t
vation . . • . . • . . . . . . .
• • •
1,2
37 .
You are 8 e tic 1 of ost statem .. ts
t· at
a r
□ad
• • • • • • • • • •
• •
1,2 , .3
.52. Un il staLe1 as een p oved ,
OU oubt tha.t it is t e .
• • • • •
1 , 2,
67. You doubt a state ,e nt u nti l it has
been proved .••••••••.
• •
82. You are in t he habit of questioni ng
t he truth of most stat em ents tat
have bee n made .••......•
97.
proo f
1,2,3
1,2,3
You are insiste nt 1n de m a ndin
for stat em ent s h ch ave bee ade . 1 , 2, 3
112. Befor e you co pletely ac cept a state-
ment, you are · ns i stent upon proof . 1 , 2 , 3
127. You are
11
Doubt ing Thoma
I
• • • • •
1 , 2 , 3
142. For t he os t part, you a~ skeptical . 1 , 2, 3
B. Credulity
20.
35.
l
1
1irac le s are poss i ole . . .
• • • • •
Re l i gi ou s f aith is importa t .
• • •
Visions are possible . .• _
• • • •
.1 , 2
1
1, 2, 3
50. It i s possi b l e for m i racl s to happen 1 , 2, J
65. It is possible to cure ph, sical ill-
nesse s t hrough ait • • • • • • • • 1 , 2 , 3
80. It is p ossible f o some peopl
h ave visi o s ......••.
to
• • •
1 , 2, 3
95. Praye r c ng s thin gs . . • . . . . 1 , 2
140. T e
1
'"'e is po er in prayer . . • • • 1 , 2
C. Re alism
60 .
64 .
68 .
T ought transfe e nc
l i s e f ct .•..•
is an estao-
• • • • • • •
It i s oss· bl
conce nt r·at on
ie t a l t elepat
cal l y proved
t o contra dice
• • • • • • • • • •
can be cient fi -
• • • • • • • • • •
0
0
0
142
72. Luck ca1 be controlled by means of
concentration. • • • • • . • • • . No
76. Mind reading is a fact.
• • • • •
No
APPENDIX III
A · suGGESTED METHOD FOR COMPUTING BISERIAL
CORREIATION COEFFICIENTS TO BE USED AS
MEASURES OF ~NTERNAL OONSISTENCY
Biserial correlations are often used for coeffi
cients of internal consistency. When this statistic is
used tor such a purpose, the "pass" or
11
f'ail
11
score 1s
correlated against the ~otal score of the test.
144
The use of a biserial correlation in this manner
introduces an erroneous increase in correlation in a
positive direction. This distortion is the result of
counting the item as part of the total test score.
The magnitude of the error is inversely related to
tbe number of items in the test; the fewer the items, ·
the greater is the error which is introduced.
This paper offers a simple arithmetic method which
eliminates this spurious effect. By means of this tech
nique, a correlation may be obtained between an item
score and a score based upon all of the other items in
the test.
Let us consider some illustrative scores from a
test of five items. Let us assume that we are attempting
to find the correlation between item No. J of this five
item test and the other four items of this test. The
frequencies for all scores obtained by those passing the
145
item and those failing the item are presented below:
SCORE FREQUENCIES
Score Obtained
Distribution
4 0 1 2
3 5
Total
A. Number passing
Item
#3 5
15
20
15
5
60
B. Number failing
Item
#J 5
10
15
10 0 0 40
c. Total 5·
15 JO JO 15 5
100
In order to eliminate the effect of Item #3 in
the correlation, a distribution of total scores vhich
are based upon the four other items in t he test, (not
including Item #3) must be determined. This distribution
may be obtained from the total score distribution of the
five-item tests by subtracting the f requency of scores
of individuals who passed the item and who received the
identical score, and by adding the f requency of scores
of individuals who passed the item and who received a
score of one point higher.
Using our illustrative data, the calculated total
scores for four items would be as follows:
146
SCOHE
Distribution 0 1 2
3
4
5
•
c. Frequencies of Total
Scores
.5
1.5 30 JO 1.5
.5
A. Number passing Item
#J
(Subtract)
5
15
20
15 .5
B. Difference
5
10
15
10 0 0
D . .lumber passin Item
3 and eceiving
scor e one oint
higher (Add)
5 15
20
1.5 5
E. Fre encies of Total
Scores based on
fou i t etlS 10
25
3.5
25
.5
0
In a simil ~ manne new frequency distrib tion
of score s of those individuals who passed the iven item
mus t be determined. The new frequenc - for each score is
the same as t he freque nc of the next hi he scor1e , in
the five-item teat, o those ho passed te rn 3. It may
be obse ved tat the s e approp · ate f eque~cies ave been
presented in distr b •tion D .
T ese tro ad usted distributions (D and E) fford
t e basis upon ic' a biser · a1 co elation a be com-
puted co din~ tot e for la
X 12_
y
The distribution from which to compute Mt and tis
distribution E while distribut on D p ovides the basis
for calculating!\ · These distributions are equivalent
to those which would be obtained from a resocring of tests
to obtain total scores base d upon four items.
In a similar manner t may be shorn that
or 4 Jt =5 t
4
5P
that
~ = _§.Q and that 4!\> - .5 p -1
4y 5Y
were t he numer~cal su script ind cates ~ e number
of items int e distributio upon ihic t e coeffic ent
is based.
With these adjusted values int e nume ator of
the first term of the formul , t e ma ·o ity of co re
lations ma t he be computed. Since the differe ces in
the standa d dev ation are sl t for the two distribu-
tions , t , e
a be computed onl- in t hose cases in w ·c
the signif1 ance of the obtained f res are questionable .
APPENDIX IV
149
INSTRUCTIONS FOR TESTING
The first 285 copies of Questionnaires A, B,
and Care clipped together with two answer sheets; one
answer sheet for A, and one answer sheet for B. ~here
is no answer sheet for Questionnaire C. These first 285
copies should be passed out first aince there are only
this number of Questionnaires A and B. The remaining
answer sheets and Ques· t1onna1re C, approximately 230,
are clipped together. They should remain clipped to
gether in thib way and should be passed out as a unit,
together with a copy each of Questionnaire A and B.
The tests and answer sheets will be passed out
to the examinees.
The test administrator should rad to the examinees:
May I h ave your attention, please? Each of you
has been given three tests and two answer sheets. Print
your name, last name fi r st, your class number , and your
age to the nearest birthday on the two ans,ver sheets
and your nam e only on the test booklet whic h~s t he
letter "C" on it. This letter "C" will be fol l o ed by
a number and will be found in the upper right hand corner
of the Questionnaire. On both of the answer sheets you
will also find a letter "A" or "B" followed by a number .
This letter indicates the nane o t e test ad 1ust co~~g_
spond to the letter i the upper ri h t and corner of th
questionnaire with which it i s u sed .
Now please take Questi onnaire C, keeping the o t her
tests and answer sheets fast ened ith the paper clip . Be
sure that your name is clearly prin ted at the top o this
test. Give me your atten t ion the while I read the i nstruc-
tions for this uestionnaire . n I give the signal, but
not until, you rnay start working .
This inventory seeks t o determine yo r likes and
opinions o t hings met in ever day living. There are no
right or wron g an swers; all t hat is anted is as clcse a
description of your f eelin sand opin · ons as it is pos sible f or you to give. This is best acco plished if you
respond witl your FI RS T impression promp tly, without
trying to onder the variou s possibilities or exce ptional
instances.
11
Let yourself go" and record your reactions
as the y come to you.
Indicate your response b circl·n · the appropriate
answer given with each item. If t he stat met se ems true
or if you agr~ee with it, circle t e
11
s" on this question naire; if more tha true , circle t "no" . void circlin
the"?" as much as possible.
B S RE TO S IBR EV-r.>R I
\Allow 1-S-minutes f or th_ e_ c-ompletion of thi s test)
Attentio 1, please . Stop working on tis test .
Put your pencils i n the air and look at m . ether you
have finished this uesti onnaire or no t , please stop work-
-
ing. You will have an opportunit to finis t1is question-
naire at a later time. ow take t st Bas indicated by the
letter in the upper right hand corner of t he questionnaire ,
together with the answer s _ _ ee t for
151
uestionna i re Bas in-
dicated int e s p ace where it says na 1 e of test. Keep the
other tests and answer sheet fastened w· t h the paper clip.
atch n1e
1
h i l e I read t he directions or t his test . When
I give t h e si nal, but not until , 01.1 ay start to work on
t his te st.
In this uestion a i re ou will find a number of
statements. Read each s tatement carefully . There are n o
"right" or "wrong" answers i n the usual sense of ~ high
score being necessarily the best. The purpos e of this
survey will be served best if you describe your elf a nd
state yoir opinions as accura tely ~s possible . You ma
n otice that many I 'tens are similar . ctually , n o two items
are exac l y alike .
The appropriate a swer is to be ·iven on the nswer
sheet accordi g to th~ follo i ke :
(1)
(2)
( 3 )
( 4)
( 5)
very m u ch so
fairl uch so
to some degree
very slig tly
not at all
lease answer every question .
llow 18 minutes for this test .
ttentio, please . top working on this test . Put
your pencils in the air and look up at e . hether you
have inis ed th s questionnaire or not , please stop wor -
ing . ou will have an opportunit at a later time to
f inish this qu stionnaire . Take test as indicated by th
letter in th upper rig th d corner of the ques t ionnaire
to gether with he answers eet for questionnaire A as in
dicated i the space here it says - "name of test." Keep
t e ot er tests and answe r sheets fastened with a paper
clip . W atch me while I r ead th directi ons for thi
.15.Z
" .::i L, •
When I 'i ve t he signal , but no t un til , you ay s tart to
work on thi s t est.
PL~ASE DO NOT rm I r
_ IS
QUESTIO
J
-RE .
I n t his questi onna i re you wi l l f i nd a numbe r of
statements . Read each s tatement carefully . If the sta t e ment seems to be t r ue , or i f you a r ee with it, mark
answer " T" on your answer shee t . If t e s tatemen t i s r11ore
false than true , or if you disagr ee with it, mar k "".
If you cannot de cide be t we en " T" and uF", you may mar k t he
third column of the answer sheet . B UT VOID DOIG IS I F
PO S I B •
Be s ure t o answer every item .
TheJ.~e ar e no "ri ht" or "wrong" answers in the usual
se s e of a hi gh scor being necessarily the be s t . The
urpose of thi s Surve will b e served best if you describe
yourself and stat your opinions as accurately as possibl e .
You may noti ce that many items are similar .
ly, no t wo items are exactly al i ke .
(All ow 45 minutes f or this test . )
ct ual-
Attention, _lease. Stop working on this test . Put
your pe ncils i t h e air and look up at e . Vl hethe r you
have r ·n i shed t h ·s questio naire or not , please stop work ing . You will have an opportilllity at a later time to
f i n i sh th i s questionnaire . Take t est as i ndicated by t he
letter int e upper ri ht hand corner of the quest·onnaire
to ~ e the r with the answer s heet f or quJsti orn1aire A as in dica t ed in t he space where it says, "narne of t..,st . " eep
t he other tests and answer sh ts f astened ith paper
clip . atch me bile Ir ad th dir ctions for this test .
When I gi ve the s 1 , but not until , you may star t to
15;
work on this test.
Those of you who have not finished your tests wil
remain a ter the other examinees have left. The f ollowing
instructions apply only to those who have finished all of
t he questionnaires.
DO T H I u TION IR~S O L
S IEET LL VE BE _I C TED .
Thos of you who hav finished all items, please
ive e your att ntio . Pl as examine your two answer
sheets and questionnaire C to see that you have answered
ever question . This is very important. uestionnaires
will not be scored unless ver- item in the tree ques
tionnaires has bee answered . If you are not sure of an
l
• +:em Q ,:) 7 I" t an On O ~ A""' 111,b ~ '"'"" .,.,..o~ u.-- .i. .p A 1
-., ,. , w -.J _._-.J .._,, ~J.J. U W v .t.. U J. ..L \.,J..L J '-"
·s ·11- - .J
.L l l.U~ u ap1Jlicable •
ow, use the pape r clip which as given you with your
questionnaires. Pl as e clip the two answ r she e ts to
uestionn ire C and look up at me en you are finished .
Now pass t h e t wo answer sheets which you have clipped to
test C to the right and the pr oc t ors will coll ct them .
r o pass uesti onn ire
will collect them .
tote ri 'ht and t e proctors
ow pas s uestionnaire B to the right and the
proctors will collect them .
ow pass your p ncils tote r i ht and the proctors
will coll ct th m.
154
Those of you who have fi nished your questionnai res
may now l eave the ro om, ui tly . The r mainder ill stay
and fi nish the ques t ionnaire s . Pl ease clip the two answer
sheets with uest i onnai r e C an d bring them to t he front of
the room w hen you are f i nished . There i ll b one pile
for the t wo an swer she e ts a~d uesti onnaire B, another
pile for ues t ionnair e , .1.d anothe r pile for ue s ti onnaire
C. There wil l b e a box into whi ch you may depos i t your
pencil . Pleas e b e care f ul t o ge t the que s tionnai res in the
proper pile . You ay continue or king .
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Asset Metadata
Creator
Holley, Jasper Wilson
(author)
Core Title
The isolation of personality traits in the domain of military leadership
School
College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
Degree Program
Psychology
Degree Conferral Date
1951-07
Publication Date
07/13/1951
Defense Date
07/13/1951
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
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OAI-PMH Harvest
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theses
(aat)
Language
English
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https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC112724847
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