Close
About
FAQ
Home
Collections
Login
USC Login
Register
0
Selected
Invert selection
Deselect all
Deselect all
Click here to refresh results
Click here to refresh results
USC
/
Digital Library
/
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
/
Radical disenfranchisement and the constitutional conventions of 1867
(USC Thesis Other)
Radical disenfranchisement and the constitutional conventions of 1867
PDF
Download
Share
Open document
Flip pages
Contact Us
Contact Us
Copy asset link
Request this asset
Transcript (if available)
Content
IC I F 0 1867 Thesis Presented to TU I tie Faculty of the a t, Lt of Histo,y U iv rs ty of 1 outher 1 al fo ia I oft art 1 lf. lln1e t equirements for the e , ee 1aster of ·rts by Alene G. ei tman J nuary , 19 1 L This thesis, written by under the guidance of hl.ft ... Faculty Committee, and approved by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Council on Graduate Study and Research in partial fulfill ment of the requirements for the degree of M aster of Arts ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ······································~·. Date ...... J.'.an11ar.Y ... l2., .... l9~.l. .. Facult1 Committee Chairman --- ..... !.:...... ······--"'----"-- ~Q..., ... o.:dii ... T LE OF O T ~ T AC ']_l • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • RF CE. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • IT ODUCTION •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Background. Tennessee • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Congression 1 Disfranch s m nt ••••• CH PT • • • • • • I. T II. FI T . ILI I 'T IvT--VI II I • • • • • Gener 1 Order on econstruction ••••••• e istr ti on ~loct on •••••••••• The Constitutional Convention •••••••• The Battle for atificat on. • • • ••••• Ratification and eadmission ••• • • • • • • ◄, v2 CO ·, ILI I 1 I vT-- 0 LI , OUT OLI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Public Opini n. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Gener 1 Orders and eco truction Dis ranchisement Under the cts •• "lection • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Re istration n North Carolina •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Convention •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • atification and eadmission •• • • • • • • 11 1 3 5 21 30 32 3 42 67 70 75 76 81 91 4 5 99 110 CH PT I III. T IV. TH outh C rolina. Convent on . • Ratification THI D I' ILIT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • an~ eadmission •• • • • • • • Y IT ICT-- ·LABA ~ , GO GI , FLO ID • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • isfranchisement •• • • • • Registrat on and laba.ma • • • • e istrat on onv ntion •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • lection •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t ficat on . • • • • • • • • • attle for The 4t construction ct . • • • • • • • • Geor ,i • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • e istrat on and lect on •• • • • • • • • Convention •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • atif ication and eadmission •• • • • • • • Florida • • • • • e istratio n and • • • • • • • • • • • • • • lect on •• • • • • • • • onvention. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The onvention, .adical and ·oderate •••• Ratification and eadmission ••••• • • l1 OU TH ILIT Y I T IGT-- KA , I 'I I PI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • General Orders on · econstruction •• • • • • • iv 114 115 126 13 134 137 138 145 163 l?O 172 173 17 189 195 1 6 198 201 209 V PT ➔ r ansa • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 0 e stration nd lection • • • • • • • • • 1 onvention. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 atific tion and eadm ss on . • • • • • • • 24 Hississippi • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 3 e istration an 'l ct on • • • • • • • • • 2 onv nt1on . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 • ct on of onst tution 273 eJ • • • • • • • • • Final es tora t on • • • • • • • • • • • • • 274 v. TH•' I T IILIT y I T I T--LOUI I , • 77 General Orders on econstruct on • • • • • • • 27 Lo isiana • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 87 e stration nd lect on • • • • • • • • • 287 0 V nt on. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 290 atification and eadmission . • • • • • • • 312 Texas • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 314 e istration an 'lection • • • • • • • • • 315 Convention. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 Ratificat on and ea ission. • • • • • • • 330 VI. co CL dIO • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 3 Disfranchi3ement. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 33 The 14th ndment . • • • • • • • • • • • • 034 The cts. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 5 vi CH T p om Obs rvations. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 338 ore Observations. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 347 BI BLIOG y • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 350 p I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 358 I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 445 • J. CK 0 D In res t n 0 th f n s ed pro uct in part 1 s t - isf ct on of the requ rem nts for the de e of st r of rts, I would lik t o ex ress mys ncere thank to the f ollow g peo 1 nth or r th t yd bt to them OS • Thus , to r . r n r y , of t e Un· versity o al fo ni t Los n 1 s , I OVl'-J C r r t d as ... fir g ve me on th t • I th n1 t 1 r i s t th Univ rs ty of , o th 1 • orni fo t e pati nc an ndul ence n n m t ecur th e c r b bl h cal mat rial; to r . rt u • Kook I m d bted f or the any he l ul SU e t ons h V n d f or the t he ha nt in r • nd 1. r - n the scri t · , I am V ry r t ful to th 0 e b of my ommitt Tracy ~ s e , e n • tr V an ~ r . Ca 1 ton C. 0 e f or the tim and e ort th h V pent n re di n corr ct n [j th several s ct ons; n fi lly, I • 1.S to cknowled e th • in ira- tion o f y I. fe w thout hose a th. s stud would never have reached t final form . ii uc h s b en r tte one rning the r o imm t -ly follo1 ng th ivil ar d tr er co struct · on me su n t t d by th f der•l Co re in the r stor - tion of th for r onf rat st t s 0 t Unio • e- , ore , rnuc 0 this stu y .. duplicatio of p V ous r - searc • However , t s of p rt cular nt st to note th tho ts n action 0 th n n e h o __ th ou th r t t I 0 0 C rry out th 0 l r $ on 1 1 11 reconstruct on, s the u OS of th ollo ~ C ters to recor th se loc 1 o nt of vie • Th s wr tr h ou t tom nt in n utr 1 po - t n nth conflict of te cons rv t v v s e o- c rp ta -sc 11 w O artie • n h bel ves , u on look ng ack ove th s te al , th t h has a tt ined an ob t V ap ro ch to this robl m. T r · t r ' on connn nts e as·1y ct.:sce r 1 in th · mass o mat rial ; otherw e , the s 1 ction o · m teri 1 has ten ed to v n ic te no one f c- tion nor to glor f ano her . If the r ea er c n follow th oicture a pr sented i each of the conv nt ons , nd can assim 1 te th fact ther from , th n this pap r will have accomplished ts purpose . u g ne • F · s tman INTRODUCTION RADICAL DI 1 FR T D T CO 'TITUTIO! L co TION OF 1867 I. s early as Decemb r, 1863, President Lincoln, in his Amnesty Proclamation of December 8, 1863, attempted to seize the initiative in returning former Confederates to their allegiance to the United States gov rrun nt. L ncoln hoped, thereby, to pl ce the quest on of reconstruction n the hands of the executive, rather than the legislative branch of the nation. This is evident in his rejection of the Wade-Davis Bill, although thew r-time President left the choice of recons ruction up to the individual states as to whether they preferred h sown 10 per cent plan or the more restr ctive ade-Davis plan. Under the provisions of this early A..mnesty Proclamat on , L ncoln in- dlcated that former Confederates m t be re-adm tted to their full status as citizens provided that an oath be taken promising, in the future, to rema n loyal to the United States government. Certain classes of men were pro hibited from taking this oath, thus, barring them from amnesty for their part in the rebellion. These exceptions included all who are, or shall have been, military and naval officers of said so-called Confederate Government above the rank of Colonel in the army or of lieuten ant in the navy; all who left seats in the United States Congress to aid the rebellion; all mo resign ed commissions in the army or navy of the United States and afterwards aided the rebellion; and all who engaged in any way in treating colored parsons, or white persons in charge of such, otherwise than lawfully as prisoners of war, and which persons may hav been found in the United Stats service s soldiers, seamen or in any other capacity.I ndre Johnson, successor to Lincoln, similarly on May 29, 1865, issued his Amn sty Proclamation differing but slightly 1n tone from that of his pred cessor. Jchnson, of "Tre son must be made odious" fame, h b en on over to a more conservativ vie by the time he occu ied the execu tive chair. Those disfranch sed included civil or diplo matic officers or domest c or foreign ag nts of the Confed eracy; all who left judicial positions to aid the Confed eracy; ofricers in the Confederate service above the rank of colonel; members who resign d their seats in the United States Con 0 ress to aid the rebellion; persons who resigned from the United tatas army or navy; those who mistreated prisoners of war; all persons absent from the United States aid ng the rebellion; graduates of the United States Military or Naval cademies; all Confederate state govern ors; Confederate seamen; all persons held as prisoners or war; all parsons whose property was assessed, in 1860, at l Walt r Lynwood Fleming, Docurnent~rl Historx Q.f Reconstruction (2 vols., Cleveland, 1906), I, 110. 3 a value greater than 20,000; and all persons a previous oath and then violated 1t. 2 o had taken By tha close of the year 1865, under presidential reconstruction, new state governments, supposedly loyal in character, had been est blished in the leven former Con federate states. Provisional overnors were appo nted; constitutional conventions met and amended or drew up new state constitutions whereby it was hoped readm ss on to the Union would become immediate. The ne state gov rn- ments in Tennessee, Virg nia, Arkansas, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louis iana a.nd Texas were composed largely of men who had held prominence in the rebellion. Laws governing the status and behavior of the newly emancipated Negro were promul~ gated, commonly referred to as Black Codes in the North. Generally, it may be indicated that these codes imposed no greater restriction upon the Negr than the laws governing his behavior that existed in many of the Northern stats. more feasible reason f or the existence of these Codes was present in the Sout~, for at one fell swoop the thirteenth amendment to the United States Constitution had abolished the institution of slavery; yet no provision 2 James D. Richardson,! Compilation of the Messag ~ and Pa2ers .2.t the Presidents, 1789-1902 (10 Vols., Washingt n, 1903), VI, 310. 4 other than the Freedmen's Bureau, had been instituted to show the Negro his responsibility as a citizen of his com munity and the responsib lities of ais newly won freedom. n add tional irritation to the Republican control led Congress of 1865 was the fact that the President ap- pe red to grant amnesty ani pardon to thousands upon thous ands of the former Confederates. By May 4, 1866, Johnson had granted pardon to a total of 7,197 in the t enty cho sand dollar class alone. 3 In all of the former stats in rebellion, a mere han ful oft a men elect d to the House of Representatives and the enate (though not admit ted as members) were able to tak the oath of office. 4 The views of travellers from the North, who visited the Southern stats in the first two years after the ar, ere widely read and probably influenced a good portion of the Northern populace who in turn vented their feelings at the polls. Thus, one such traveller records the "dis loyaltf' of the men in the provisional governments of the South, such as John • Inglis, who had introduced the seces sion resolution in the South Carolina convention; 5 • P. 3 House Executive Documents, No 99, 39th Cong., it ti - - 1st Sass., Oath of Office, p. 16. 4 Sidney Andrews, The South Since the War,-! Shown il Fourteen Weeks of Travel and Observation in Georgia and the Carolinas (Boston, 1866), pp. 51-63, 136-138, 239-242. 5 Ibid • , p • 51. 5 Aldrich, also of outh Carolina and the so-called leader of tile "unconquerable, sullen, fire eaters"; 6 William Wallace, who introduced a resolution in the provisional legislature of South Carolina: Whereas, by the fortunes of war, our noble and beloved magistrate, Jefferson Davis, is now languish ing in prison, awaiting his trial for treason; and Whereas, the fanatics of the North, not satisfied 1th the wld spread ruin and destruction wh ch they have caused, are shrieking for his blood;--resolvad, That it is the paramount duty of South Carolina, who led the way in oo.r stru gle ~or independence, and for wh ch stru le he is no sufferin, to use every la ful means in her power to avert the doom wh ch threatens him. 7 Another traveller 1n the post-war South writs The loyalty of the people is generally, of a nega tive sort: it is simply disloyalty subdued •• • They acquiesce quietly in what cannot be helped, ani sin cerely desire to make the most of their altered cir cumstances . a It appears, too, that former rebels were held in greater favor than those nen ho boasted of loyalty to the Union . Of the eleven states formerly 1n rebellion, Tennes see alone was enabled t gain readmission to the Union under the plan initiated by the chief executive and 6 7 Andrews, The South Since the War, p . 51 • . Ibid . , P • 54 . 8 J . T. Trowbridge, The South: _ Tour .2f Its Battlefields and Ruined Cities, A Journal Through. the Deso lated States and Talks with the People (Hartford, 1867) , P • 584 . 6 supplemented by Congressional restr ctions. Tennessee, under the leadership of its fiery governor, William G. Brownlow, was not destined to be included among the unre constructed states in 1867. The extreme radical governor, known also as Parson Brownlow, used various and question able means of maintain ng the Union element in control of the state government. His opposition to the former Con federates as ell as to the lenient policy of President Johnson is well illustrated in a meSsage to the legisla ture where he said, "secession is an abomination which I cannot too strongly condemn, and one that you cannot legis late against with too much severity. 119 In the fif?P,t for ratification of the state constitution of 1864, Brownlow stated: Those who voted for separation in 1861 are for rejection (of the new state constitutional amend ments) now. Let them vote against it, putting their names on the backs of their tickets, and when they have done so, let them quietly prepare to leave the State. The ratification men are going to prevail, and they are going to govern the State.10 It would appear that the legislature was directly influenced 9 Senate Journal of the Second Adjourned Session -~~ -~---- - ~- ---- -~---- -~-- £!. the General Assemblz Q! the State .Q.!. Tennessee, Convened !.i Nashville, Mondai the 5th dai 9.£_ November, 1866 {Nash ville, 1867}, P• 19. lO Quoted in James Welch Patton, Unionism and Re construction !n Tennessee, 1860-1869 (Chapel Hill, 1934), p. 86. 7 by the powerful Tennessee governor, for, heeding his warn- ing, it succeeded on June 5, 1865, in elim nating the so called disloyal element from the govermnent. The new limi tation placed on the elective franchise reserved the bal lot to free white men, t enty-one years of age, "known to have entertained unconditional Union sentiments from the outbreak of the rebellion to the present time.ttll Six months residence was required of each elector in the county herein the elector chose to vote, "provided he has not been engaged in armed rebellion against the authority of the United States voluntarily.ttl 2 Persons who are in ducted into the Confederate service were requ red to prove their continued loyalty to the United States by the testi mony of two voters. Tha ballot was guaranteed to all ho cast their ballots at a president al election of November, 1864, and the elections of February 22, 1865, and March 4, 1865, as well as all ho took the oath of allegiance to the United St tes and were known to be true friends of the Union; and persons who would have voted in these elections had they been able so to do.13 11 House Report !2• £2., 39th Cong., 1st Sass., "Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction at the First Session Thirty-ninth Congress, Part I, 13. 12 Ibid., I, 30. 13 Ibid., I, 31. 8 The second section of the franchise act provided: That all persons who are or shall have been civil or diplomatic officers or agents of the so-called Confederate States of America, or who have left judicial stations under the United States or the State of Tennessee to aid, in any way, the existing or re cent rebellion against the authority of the United tates, or who are or shall have been military or naval officers of the so-called Confederate States, above the rank of captain in the army or lieutenant in the navy; or who have left seats in the United States Congress or seats in the legislature of the State of Tennessee to aid said rebellion; or who have resigned commissions in the army or navy of the United States, and afterwards have voluntarily given aid to said rebellion; or persons ho have engaged in treatin other ise than la fully, as prisoners of war, persons found in the United States service as officers, soldiers, seamen, or in any other capaci ties, or persons who have been or are absentees from the United States for the purpose of aiding the re bellion; or persons who held pretended offices under the govermnent of any State in insurrection against the United States, or fled before the approach of the national forces and passed beyond the federal military lines into the so-called Confederate States, for the purpose of aiding the rebellion, shall be denied and refused the privilege of the elective fran chise in this tate for the term of fifteen years from and after the passage of this ct.14 Section four, however, provided that after five years, anyone disfranchised by the above section mi~~t pe tition in Circuit or Chancery Court to be readmitted to these privileges. The testimony of two or more loyal citi zens in addition to the petition was necessary to regain the elective franchisa.15 31. 14 House ReRort No. 30, 39th Cong., 1st Sass., I, 15 Ibid., I, 31. 9 In order to be assured of total victory, Bro nlow caused many of his political opponents, or Democratic candi dates and officers, to be arreste immediately preceding the election of 1865. Said he, I call upon the civil authorities throughout the State to arrest and bring to justice all persons who, under the pretense of being candidates for Congress or other office, are travelling over the State de nouncing or nullifying the Constitution and las of the land and spreading sedition and a spirit of re bellion. 16 Despite this, as ell as the rigid franchise la, the legislature that assembled on January a, 1866, might ell have been anti-Brownlow had not the governor reviewed the election returns . 17 After a stormy session, which witnessed the arrest of nine members of the lower chamber, in order to secure a quorum, the fourteenth amendment was approved;l8 and Tennessee was readmitted to representation in Congress on July 23, 1866 . Brownlow, victoriously telegraphing ne s of the passage of the amendment to John • Farney, Clerk of the United States Senate, on July 20, 1866, wired: 16 Quoted in Patton, Unionism and Reconstruction 1n ---- -- -------- - Tennessee, p . 104. 17 Ibid . , p. 111. lB House Journal of the Called Session of the -~- -~~- - -- _...___ --~- - ~- Gener al AssemblX of the State .Qf Tennessee Convened _!il Nashville .Q!! Wednesdaz, the Fourth Daz .Q!. Julz, 1866 (Nashville, 1866), p. 12 . 10 We have fought the battle and won it. We have rati fied the constitutional amendment in the House 43 to 11 against it, two of ndre Johnson's tools not vot ing. Give my respects to the dead do of the White Housa.19 The vituperative governor of Tennessee held his office un til February 25, 1869, at which time he was then sent to the United States Senate. II. In the period from 1865 to 1866, Congress ou t unsuccessfully to exclud former rebels from participating in the ne state governments bein formed under presiden tial reconstruction. While Congress did exolude the for mer Confederate states from representation in the national legislature, restrictive measures in the individual states did not come about until two years after the end of the war . In this early period, the general opinion of Congress was to disfranchise many of the Southern hi tes in order to secure "loyal" state governments. Thus, such men as Hill and Dumont of Indiana desired to exclude from the govern ment "those who have voluntarily borne arms again~t the government of the United States, or given aid and comfort 19 Quoted in Patton, Unionism and Reconstruction in -- -------- -- Tennessee, p. 223 . 11 to the enemies thereof;" 2 0 radicals such as Senator James w. Nye of Nevada would have granted forme r rabe "nothing but bare permission to exist, but on the condition of peaceful conduct;" 21 Co an of Pennsylvania stated, "I would punish cr1m nals, not enslave commun ties; I would single out the guilty, and not confound the innocent 1th them.tt22 A more pronounced shift in emph ~is as discern able after 1867 with Congress desiring not only a proscrip tiv clause in the United States Constitution, but more particularly desirin g that each of the unrepresented states would include proser ption in the new state constitutions to be promuleated by the conventions assembled by the pro visions of the econstruction ct of March 2, 1867, and the acts supplementarJ thereto. The overall purpose of disfranchisement at this point is readily apparent and two fold in intent. Congress des ired not only to ensure "loyal" state governments in the states ately in insurrect on, but it also wanted to establish and maintain radical Repub lican party ascendency in these states. In several of the 20 Quoted in William Adam Russ, Jr., "Congressional Disfranchisement, 1866-1898" (Unpublished Doctoral Disser tation, University of Chicago, ugust, 1933), pp. 8-9. 21 22 Ibid • , p • 10 • Ibid. , p • 10 • 12 border states pro er ption was a necessity for the purpose of retaining Republican representation in Congress. In short, the reconstruction acts degenerated into a sheer party measure, more so in the manner that tt~ese acts were carried out in the Southern states. Thus, the Washington correspondent or the Anti-Slavery Standard wrote: The success of the radical ing of the dominant party will, in a large degree, depend upon the pro gress of the reconstruction movement, and the clear ness w th which the newly enfranchised citiz n shall see on which side stand their faithful and sincere friends. The color d vote to be added to our on poll are go n to do mu h mo e than restore as loyal the now unrepresented states; they are going to make dominant that party for h ch in the near future of remoulded pol tical organ zations a major y of their votes will be given.23 In the South today, the utter lack of anythin that might be termed a branch of the Republican party presents undeniable evidence as to the failure of the Republican dominated Congress of 1867 in this latter objective, for Democratic nomination for any office generally mea~~ ulti mate election. Republican success was, in part, prevented by the men who carried out the provisions of the reconstruc tion acts in the former Confederate states. They were, for the most part, men of low character, avaricious, scheming, merce ary, corrupt and politically ambitious. These 23 Quoted in William Adam Russ, Jr., "The Negro and White Disfranchiserent During Radical Reconstruction," Journal 2f. Negro Histor~, XIX {April, 1934), p. 176. 13 sentiments were voiced by L:ynian Trumbull, Senator from Illinois, when upon looking back over this critical period, he stated: Why are these disabilities continued? Why are they not removed and all the people enfranchised? I think there are two causes that prevent it--one mercenary and the other political. The mercenary one that these adventurers, by excluding from office the former leading men, who though rebels, were not thieves nor plunderers, may contirue to use the power to possess and enrich themselves. Under· their rule the debts of the southern states have been s ollen in some instances t enty-four times hat they were before the war ••• another reason for con tirming the polit cal disabilities is of a partisan nature. The men in authority use political disabili ties as so much capital upon hich to trade.24 III. The groundwork in Congressional reconstruction was laid early in the war with the passage of the test oath, or oath of office, prescribed by the act of July 2, 1862, entitled" n Act to Prescribe an Oath of Office." This oath, also known as the iron-clad oath, as one of the most obnoxious presented to the Southern citizenry and was to figure prominently in reconstruction policies and radical disfranchisement. Under its terms, few could qualify for any provisional state, county or municipal office in any 24 Lyman Trumbull, 11 Speech of Hon. Lyman Trumbull of Illinois at Cooper Institute, Ne York, Apr 1 l2, 18'72, 11 Collection of Speeches 1n Congress on Reconstruct · · on tN. P., 1872),-p. 3. - - 14 of the provisional gover:rnnents of the South, for all new appointees or elected officers were to take this oath after the passage of the acts. Its primary function in the early months of 1867 was as an oath to be taken by regis trars of elections. This oath excluded every southern cit - zen who had even remotely been connected with the rebellion, from acting as an election official . Its terms ere as follows: I _____ do solemnly swear (or aff rm) that I h ' ve never voluntarily borne arms against the United States since I have been a citizen thereof; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostili ty thereto; that I have neither sought nor accepted, nor attempted to exercise the functions of any office whatever, under any authority or pretended authority in hostility to the United States; that I have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended govern ment, power or constitution within the United States, hostile or inimical thereto. And I do further swea~ (or affirm) that, to the best of my knowledge and ability, I will support and defend the constitution of the Un tad States, against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and alle giance to the same; that I take th s obligation free ly, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and that I will well and faithfully dis charge the duties of office which I am about to enter, so help me God.25 Generally, the Southern reaction to the test oath was opposition not only to the oath but also to persons qualified to take such an oath, for, said one Southerner, 25 I, 191. Fleming, Documentarx Histor: .Qt Reconstruction 15 We would not vote for such men. We had rather have no representatives at all. We want representa tives to represent us, and no man represents us who can take your test oath. We are Rebels, if you choose to call us so, and only a good rebel can properly represent us.26 The basis of Congressional reconstruction lay upon the creation, in December of 1865, of the joint connnittee of fifteen on reconstruction. On January 6, 1866, Jcnnson was requested to cease "all further executive action in re gard to reconstruction until this committee shall take action on that subject." 27 This connnittee proceeded to interrogate witnesses and to formulate what was ultimately to become the fourteenth article of amendments to the United States Constitution. sub-committee, including Senator James w. Grimes of Iowa, and Congressmen Jenn A. Bmgham of Ohio and Henry Grider of Kentucky, were con cerned with affairs in Tennessee. Although a brief resume of Tennessee's readmission, with its disfranchisement policy, has previously been indicated, it is of interest to note the testimony of General George H. Thomas on the question of loyalty in Tennessee. Thomas, as commander of the United States troops stationed in that area, stated 26 Trowbridge, The South, p. 587. 2 7 Benjamin B. Kendrick, The Journal of the Joint Committee of Fifteen on Reconstruction Thirti=iiinth Congress 1865-1867 TNew York, 1914), p. 39. 16 that he did not believe the former rebels in any marmer constituted a menace . 2 8 The consensus of opinion of other witnesses as well indicated there was no question of loyal ty of the people in east Tennessee , while others held that middle and west Tennessee ere not as loyal. 29 Thomas held that personal animosities, rather than the rebels them selves, presented greater difficulties; however, Brevet Major General Edward Hatch, also of Tennessee, believed that middle and e t Tennessee ere as dis loyal as any section of Mississippi . 30 On February 15, 1866, John A. Bingham introduced the r solution in the House to admit Tennessee . The radicals in that tate must have antici pated the desires of their brethren on Capitol Hill, for Roscoe Conkling o New York, also in the Committee, favored readmission of Tennessee on the condition: The said tate shall for not less than five years from the ratification of this resolution as hereinafter provided, exclude from the elective franchise, and from offices of honor , trust or profit, all those who adhered to and voluntar ly gave aid or comfort to the late rebellion . 31 28 House Report !!,Q. ~ , 39th Cong . , 1st ess. , I , 109. 29 30 Ibid., I, 109. Ibid . , I, 109 •. 31 Kendrick, Journal of the Joint Collmlittee on Reconstruction, p . 68. ---- - -- --------- Although Bingham moved to omit this section, it already existed in fact in the Tennessee Constitution . 32 IV . 17 The acknowledged leader of the radicals, Thaddeus Stevens, exercised considerable influence over the joint committee, of which he was a member, as well as over the House of Representatives. Stevens influenced Edward Mc Pherson, ho o ed his position as clerk of the House of Representatives to him, from calling the names of the dele gates elected in the former Confederate States under the Johnson plan of reconstruction. 33 It was also Stevens who introduced to the committee the forerunner of mat was to be the fourteenth amendment, although he credited the idea to Robert Dale Owen, son of the famed reforme and humanitarian . 3 4 The disfranchisement clause, as it ulti mately reached the House of Representatives, read: Section 3. Until the fourth day of July, in the year 18?0, all persons who voluntarily adherred to the late insurrection, giving it aid and comfort, shall be excluded from the r gp.t to vote for repre sentatives in Congress and for President and Vice president . 35 32 Kendrick, Journal of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, p . 69-. - - 33 34 35 Ibid., p . 142 . Ibid . , p. 2 96. Ibid . , p. 304. 18 Steven's own sarcastic connnent on this was: I might not consent to the extreme severity de nounced upon them by a provisional governor or T nessee. I mean the late lamented Andrew Johnson of blessed memory--but I would have increased the severity of this section.36 With the report of the joint committee of fifteen on reconstruction to the Congress, the question of proscrip tion waged hot and heavy; Southerners protested against the abuse of their rights, Northerners against the lax punishment of the ex-rebels. A fe~ Southerners, such as rormer governors A.G. Brown and McRae, both of Mississippi, acknowledged the fact that the South had no rights whatso- ever. aid McRae: The (Confederat) overnment was overthro n by the sovereign po er of the United tates, and its people as a conquered people had no rights except such as the conqueror chose to concede to them in accordance with the las and nature of humanity.37 The majority of the joint committee on reconstruction, uoted in William H. Barnes, History .Qf the Thirty-ninth Congress .Qf the United States (New York, 1868), p. 437. Stevens is here referring to the speech made by Johnson, as provisional governor of Tennessee, at Nash ville, Tennessee, on June 9, 1864, which stated in part, "Traitors should take a backseat in the work of restora tion. If there be but 5000 loyal men in Tennessee loyal to the Constitution, loyal to freedom, loyal to justice, these true and faithful men should control the work of reorganization ••• Treason must be made odious, and 36 .traitors must be punished and impoverished." Fleming, DocumentarI Histori .Q.£ Reconstruction, I, 116. P• 2. 37 Quoted in Russ, "Congressional Disfranchisement," 19 however, imicated opposit on to this mere acceptance by the outh of the results of the war. In its report to Congress the majority report read: The question before Congress is, then, whether conquered enemies have the right, and shall partici pate n making laws for their conquerors; whether conquered rebels may change their theatre or opera tions from the battlefield, where they ere defeat ed and overthrown, to the halls of Congress, and through their representatives, seize upon the govern ment which they fought to destroy.38 The fear of Democratic control of Congress is very apparent in this statement. In Congress, debate on the proscriptive clause of the fourteenth amendment brought forth speeches of elo quence, pleas and intimidation from both sides. Samuel McKee of Kentucky spoke at length favoring proser ption , for his seat in the House of Representatives depended upon it. 39 He di shortly lose his seat to a Democrat. A Democratic representative blared forth hat no appears to be the naked truth. "Stripped of all its disguise," he said, "the measure is a mere scheme to deny representa tion to eleven states; to prevent indefinitely a complete restoration to the Union and perpetuate the powers of a sectional party." 40 James A. Garfield and M. Russell Thayer 38 p. 7. 39 Ibid., P• 11. uoted in Russ, "Congressional Disfranchisement," 40 Kendrick ~ournal .Q!. the Jgint CQllllilittee 2.lll Reconstruction, p. ~o. 20 opposed the clause not entirely because they opposed pros- cription, but on the grounds that the section was not clear and m ght foster new nsurr ctions . 41 Thomas D. Elliott favored the majority report of the joint connnittee, stating: Those men {ex-Confederates) cannot vote for Pr si dent or for Representatives in Congress until, in some way, Congress has so acted as to restore their power . The question, then, is ver simple: hall national po er be at once conferred on those who have striven, by all means open t o them, to destroy the nation's lif? Shall our enemies and the ene mies of the government, as soon as they have been defeated in ar, help to direct and to control the policy of the Government--and that , too, while those men , hostile themselves , keep from all exercise of political power the only true and loyal friends e have had, during these four years of war, within these Southern States?42 Ephraim E . Eckley of Ohio was more vehement in condemn ng the former rebels, and, opposed to the time l imit set by the proposed amendment, stated, "I would dis f r anchise them forever . They have no right, founded in justice , to particip te n the administr tion of the Govern- ment or exercise political power . " 43 Representatives such as Fernando c. Beaman of Mich gan appealed to the emotions by declaring : 41 P• 444 . Barnes, His tori .Qf the Thirty-ninth C,onf-9::ess , 42 P • 17 . noted in Russ , "congressional Disfranchis ment," 43 Ibid • , p • 1 7 • What now 1s the proposition? Why it is to admit without delay those traitors direct from the fiold of battle , with fresh blood on their hands; w th the odor of Florence and Anderson prisons still on their garment ; with the anathemas of dying Union men, womon and children upon their heads; with unrepented treason in their heart ; and words of disloyalty on their lips; with perjury on their souls, and with im- mortal hats and bitterness towards the government , to represent tion n these Halls , where they may at tempt to accomplish by pol tical skill and dark in trigue what they failed to do by the sword . 44 21 There are many more expressions of sent ent favor in disfranchisement that m ght be c ted here; ho var, they don t concern this study directly except t illustrate before-hand the tone that is to predominate in the Southern st tes themselves under the progran1 of Con ress onal recon struction , \'hich , together with the freedman ' s desire for political and social equality , was to dom·nate the spirit of the out for almost a decade . v. On February 4, 1867, George H. Will ams introduced the first milit ry reconstruct~on bill on the floor of the Unit d tates enate . 45 Although nearly a month elapsed until it was enacted into law, the few changes made during th s period were merely for clarification, despit the P • 11 . p . 516 . 44 45 uoted in Russ, "Congressional Disfranchisement," Barnes, Histo~y £f the Thirty-ninth Con ress , 22 fact that according to Gideon Welles, ecretary of the Navy, the bill was originally opposed by many Republicans . 46 This first act, passed arch 2, 1867, was known variously as the Military Act, the Sherman Act or the First Reconstruction Act. It first declared that no legal state governments existed in the stats of Virg nia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Mi sissippi, Arkansas, Georgia, labama, Florida, Louisiana and Texas.47 In order to aid these states in the maintenance of law and order and to afford a equate pro tection for life and property until such time as they aga n constituted states within the Union, military districts were to be established as follows: The state of Virginia was to constitute the first military district; North Caro lina and South Carolina comprised the secorrl military district; Georgia, Alabama and Florida, the third military district; Mississippi and Arkansas, the fourth military district; Louisiana and Texas the fifth military district. The President , as commander-in-chief of the army, was to appoint an officer of the regular army, not below the rank of Brigadier General, to administer each of these 46 Gideon Welles, Diarx of Gideon Welles (3 vols., with an introduction by John T. Morse, Jr., Boston, 1911), III, 40. 47 Fleming, Documentari ~istorx 2f Reconstruction, I, 401. districts. 23 48 The fifth and sixth sections of the first recon struction act are perhaps the more controversial and lack ing in clarity. The duty of calling a stat convention for the purpose of framing a constitution acceptable to the United t tea Con ress rested wit the people of each state. 49 Qualified electo s for members of these conven tions were: male citizen o sad tate, twenty-one ye rs old and upwards, of whatever race, color, or previous condition, who have been resi ant in said tate for cne year previous to the day of such election, ex cept such as may be disfranchised for participation in the rebellion, or for felony at common law ••• 50 The utter lack of further quali ication of th s section contributed in good measure to the confusion that existed in the South until the passage of the second and third reconstruction acts of arch 23, 1867, and July 19 1 1867, respectively. The th rd section of the proposed fourte nth amendment was also to be included as a measure of qualifying I, 401. Flem ng, Documentari Histori 2£ Reconstruction, 49 Ibid., I, 401, reading in part, "Section 5. Be it further enacted that when the people of any one of said rebel states shall have framed a constitution of goverrnnent in conformity with the Constitution of the United States in all respects, framed by a convention of delegates elected by t1e male citizens of said state ••• " 50 Ibid., I, 401. 24 an elector. President Johnson, in his veto message of the act f March 2, 1867, stated: The Negroes have not asked for the privilege of vot ng; the vast majority of them have no idea what it means. This bill not only thrusts it into their hand, but compels them, as well as the whites, to use it in a particular way. If thay do not form a constitut on with prescribed articles in it and aft r- ards elect a legislature which will act upon certain measures in a prescribed way, neither blacks nor hites can be relieved from the slav ry h ch the bill imposed upon them. it out paus n here to con s d the policy or impolicy of africanizing the southern part of our t rritory, I woulds mply ask the attention of Congress to that manifest, well known, and unive sally acknowledged rule of consti tutional la which declares that the Federal govern- ment has no jurisdiction, authority, or power to regulate such subjects to any State. To force the right of suffrage out of the hands of the white people and into the hands of the Negroes is an a bi trary violation of this principle.SI The President's veto was of little avail, for the same day both Houses of Congress enacted the measure into la, two-thirds of those voting overriding the veto. as did many moderates of the perio, mourned the rabid radicalism of the Congress Said he, "There is neither ellas, wisdom nor sense in the House, but wild, vicious partisan ship continues and is increas 1ng.tt62 If th s first act was an indication or things to come, the second reconstruc- 51 VI, 507. 52 Richardson, Messages and PaEers £! the President~ Welles, Diary, III, 41. 25 tion bill of March 23, 1867, fulfilled the wildest fears of the Southerners. Tb.is act, similarly passed over the Presidential veto, provided for the registration of the eligible male electors in each state before September 1, 1867, in order that an election for candidates to a con stitutional convention mi ht be held in each 0£ the un reconstructed states. 53 An applicant applying for his registration cert ficata, first was to subscribe to the follo ing oath: I ______ do solemnly swear (or affirm), in the presence of !mighty God, that I am a cit zen of the State of __ ; that I have resided in said State for next preceding this day, and now reside in the county of __ , or the parish of __ , in said State (as the case may be); that I am twenty one years old; that I have not been disfranchised for partici pation in any rebellion or civil war aga nst the United St tes, nor for felony committed against the las of any St te or of the United tates; that I have never been a member of any State legislature, nor held any execut ve or judicial office in any State and afte wards engaged in insurrection or re bellion against the United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; and I have never taken an oath as a member of Congress of the United States, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an execu tive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constltution of the United States, and after wards engaged in nsurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereor; that I will faithfully support the Constitution and obey the laws of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, encourage others 53 I, 411 . Fleming, Documentary History Q.£ Recons~ruction, so to do, so help me God . 26 54 The second section of the first supplementary act authorized the command ng general of each district to call for an election to determine whether or not a constitution al convention should be held in the former Confederate states . At the same election, representatives to these conventions were to be elected, members of which were to number the same as "the moat numerous branch of the St te legislature of such stat in the year 1860 1 " 55 with the e caption of Virginia, who had lost forty-eight col.Ulties i n the formation of the ne state of West V rginia . majority of the vote or registered electors was required to determ ne the validity or such election . Each general commanding a district was empowered to appoint as many registration boards as necessary, each to consist of three " loyal" persons . In order to establish ho were eligible to act as members of boards of registration, or to aid i n conducting any elect on under the acts, each person was r equired to take the iron-clad test oath or July 2, 1862 . 56 From March 23, 1867, and even prior to that date, 54 I , 411 . 55 56 Fleming, Documentarl Historz 2!. Reconstruction, Ibid . , I, 411 . Ibid., I, 411 . 27 the question as to who was actually disfranchised remained unsettled until the third reconstruction act of July 19, 1867 . Among the unanswered questions was the meaning of "executive and judicial officers . " Whila it is true that a governor is recognized as an executive officer and a circuit court judge as a judicial officer, did such exclu sion extend through the ranks of inspectors of tobacco, keepers of lighthouses and justices of the peace? After several months of controversy, the third act was passed on July 19, to clarify the point in question . Also, the pro visions of this supplementary act en bled military command ers to remove any state , county or municipal officer at will inasmuch as the provisional govermnent was made sub servient to the Military; and the date for completion of r egistration was extended to October 1, 1867 . 57 It was the sixth section or the act that dealt with qualifica tions of electors, stating: The true intent and meaning of the oath prescribed in said supplementary act is, among other things, that no person who has been a member of the legislature of any State, or who has held any executive or judicial office in any state, whether ha has taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States or not, and whether he was holding such office at com mencement of the rebellion, or had held it before, and who has afterwards engaged in insurrection or 57 I, 411. Fleming, Documentary Historz .Qf. Reconstruction, 28 rebellion against the United States, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof, is entitled to be registered or to vote . And the words "executive or judicial of'ficer in any state" in said oath men tioned shall be construed to include all civil offices created by law for the administration of any general law of a State, or for the administration of justice . 58 Thus, the govarmnent in Washington paved the way for the question of proscription in the former Confederate states . Congress established the laws by which the parti cipants in the game of reconstruction were to conduct them selves; and 1~ each state the to opposin teams girded for battle, for battle it was, radical versus conservative , while the Federal Congress, as umpire, smiled benignly on only one of the contestants . Reconstruction in each of the states formerly in rebellion began, actually, with the passa e of the act of March 23, 1867; however, the newspapers and public opinion anticipated the battle with flaming articles and inflamatory speeches. A writer of the period formulated certain procedures whereby recon struction might achieve a successful unity of sections and races . He wrote: There are at least five things for the mtion to do: make haste slowly 1n the work of reconstruc tion; temper justice with mercy, but see to it that justice is not overborne; keep military control of these lately rebellious states till they guarantee 58 I, 416 . Fleming, Documentarl 1!1stor;t: .2f. Reconstruction , 29 o )Ubl an o o th po s e 0 SC V n t th · n s on1 wh· t s nd t o co ·.nr; to popul r u do n.nd r ons::..b litios . 5 ment; rut • C A lly niz n n C 0 n th r ss of' th Un t t c:, • ..:, , nc a t sh 11 ta b - C s nd a d .J ch cl ss n - · ts pr vile e s r o0 th,se sto , b 18'7 h d al 0· d y b en , trt , non ~it l ny r;ood 0 1, s t in · ·.,f ct • Co cr os d ·.d e ' nlo,l f o t JO C, - 1 d rom the e 0 tho , t. u ar nt · 1 th at j_on o Con r i al 0 struc on ; .) t 0 'I t Jr ju ... t _ . C s t I m . • • t ly s C 1n opin on , or OU or mer l o 11 po l . · tic 1 r · hts r _, l • iv y hor d r t· , t' .. s b ·.n t onalty or th blo a · o~t C n lt t thu f r r d i th ir edm n ' s B b th d to b a ut t tr rou~_,.. this t i admlnis t r ti o s ·1 J 1 s t ~l · te nd b 1 cl be caus of it v apon . t n onp ns t · r le 1 o 1 t i t os o d b e - se as oliticnl "ii t' t l"l ·tv h ck ound , t v ll , of the Concros u on 1 m su v a n ed a. to sot the pen .lun1 l n rn tion , 1 t s · n the quo tion o pros ri tion in ,ach of th 1 o t!:1.ern states formerl ~n insu rection . ndr ws , '1 1 he the ·var , p . oo . - CHAPTER I VIRGINIA--THE FIRST MILIT ARY DISTRICT The effect of the fourteenth amendment am th3 re construction acts upon the people of Vi r ginia was diversi fied in character. While former Confaderat s continued to protest the abuse of their rights and privileges 1 the so called Union element argued for even s t r onger measures . E. F. Preston of the Norfolk Repub l i can pleaded with Sumner l to strengthen the acts inasmuch as it would still maint in rebel men in office under the provi s iona l state government . l z. Sykes of Norfolk similarly pleaded for greater proscrip- 2 tive measures. On January 9, 1867, less t han t w o m nths before the passage of the first reconstruct i on a ct, t he provisional legislature of Virginia rejected the f ourteenth endment by a vote of 27 to O in the Senate and 74 to 1 in the lower chamber, this being done despite G overnor Pierpoint 1 s urg ing that the measure be approved. 3 Shortly thereafter , the 1 2 Russ, "Congressional Disfranchisement , " p . 55 . Ibid., P• 55. 3 Hamilton James Eckenrode The Political Histori gJ;_ V1rgi~1a During Reoons~ructlon (Baltimore , June -August , 1904), P• 51. 31 Alexandria Journal was prompted to rite: It must be very apparent that the number dis franchised by section three of the amendment is a vary small minority of the rebel hosts. It leaves the vast bulk a qualified voting body and qualified for office. Ths localities 111 be ex ceptional where they will not outnumb r the loyal is ts, nd run the rebel machine as heretofore. S ction five • •• is too loose and indiscriminate to mean anyt. ing. A rebel election judge and register ould drive at ndwn team through it with am rry histle at its frailty.4 Republicans maintained that all branches of the gov r?l1'Jl nt ere in the hands of the former Confeder tes. A visitor from the North as elcomed as "a single loyal f ca in that nest of secession." 5 The formation of the Republican party in Virginia may antedate June 12, 1865; howev r, on that date a con vention of Republicans ssembled at Alexandria headed by 3. Ferguson Beach.6 This organization, known as the Union Associ tion of Virginia, continued to meet at frequent in tervals. The passa e of the Freedmen's Bureau Bill in 1866 .f'urther aid d the Republican party cause inasmuch as it offered a central organization to the Negroes who war p. 55. 4 Quot d in Russ, "Congressional Disfranchisement," 5 Trowbridge, The South, PP• 70-71. 6 Eckenrode, Politic 1 Histor~ .2£ Virsini~ During Reqon~truotto~, p. 33. 32 soon to associate their best inte ests with the Bureau, s well as the p rty that established it. On May 18, 1866, another convent on w s held by th Union Republican Party of Virginia at which tiln resolutions were adopted calling for disfranchisement of the former Confederates.? By 1867 the Republican pa ty had achieved a degree of unity among the Negroes, the carpetbag ers and the loyal Southerners. I. On arcn 13, 1867, Gener 1 John M. So ofield, former military commander of Virginia, ssumed command of the first military district, which, under the terms of the Re construction cts, comprised only the tate of Virginia.a Not until after the passage of the second act of March 23, 1867, did the congressional reconstruction process make any progress in the state. From arch until the middle of May, Schofield appointed the registrars who were to enlist the eligible voters. On pril 2, 1867, the Board of Officers were appointed to select the boards of registration. Men so selected were to be "an officer of the army of Freedmen's Bureau, if possible, and the others either army officers or 7 Eckenrode, Political History of Virginia Durin Rec~nstruct~o~, p. 47. 8 Ibid., P• 52. 33 honorably discharged volunteer officers, or loyal citizens of the proper city or county, or any other loyal citizen. 119 None of those persons selected were permitted to be candi- dates for the proposed convention. lso, in General Orders No. 8, Schofield suspended all civil elections pending the COJllpletion of registrat on.10 General Orders No. 9, issued shortly thereafter, provided that all officers hereinafter appointed as officers of the provisional government of Virginia, ere to take the reconstruction oath, hich dif fered slightly from that of the iron-clad oath.11 Two 9 Ed ard cPherson, _ Political Manual for 1868, In.- eluding~ Classified tumnarz gt the Importan~ Executive, ~egislature, Politics-Militarz. and General Facts .2f the Period, From April 1, 1867, 12_ Julz 1§., 1868 (Washineton, 1s6a, p. ss. lO House Executive Documents, fu?.• !, 40th Cong., 2nd Seas., "Report of the Secretary of War Ad-Interim and General u. S. Army," p. 218. 11 Ibid., P• 218. The reconstruction oath for all officers to be appointed by General chofield was: •I __ , do solemnly swear in the presence of Almighty God, that I have not been disfranchised for participation in any rebellion or civil war against the United tates, nor for felony committed against the laws of any tate or of the United States; that I have never been a member of any State legislature; nor held any executive or judicial office in any State, and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the Un ted States, or given aid or com fort to the enemies thereof; that I have never taken an oath as a member of any State legislature, or as an execu tive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Con stitution of the United States, and afterwards engaged in insu:rrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I will faithfully support the Constitution and obey the laws of 34 months later, on June 3rd, in General Orders No. 34, Scho- field finally gave his interpr tation to the disfranchise ment section of the second reconstruction act after Grant had informed him, and other military commanders, to use their own discretion. The following classes were excepted from registering a3 voters for the reconstruction conven tion to be held after the completion of registration: mem bers of Congress, officers of the United States, civil or military, who took an oath to support the government of the United St ts, and m mbers of the 12 tate legislature . Executive and judicial officers era to include Governor, Lieutenant Governor, ecretary of State, Auditor of Publio Acoounts, Second Auditor, Register of the Land Office, State Treasurer, ttornay General, judges or the Supreme Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, Court of Hustings, justices of the county courts, mayors, recorders, alderman of any city or incorporated town, who are ex-officers, justices, coroners of towns and counties, escheators, inspectors of tobacco, flour, eto. 13 As further clarification, Schofield 11 (Continued) the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, encoura Te others so to do: So help me God." 12 The American nnual CzcloEedia and Register of Important Events.!!! the Year 1867 (New York, 1868) VII, 760; also see House Exec. Doc., !!.2.• 1, 40th Cong., 2nd Session, pp. 357-8. 13 American Annual Cyclopedia, VII, 760. 35 stated that if the action were voluntary, this made for disfranchisement; whereas, if the action were forced, the applicant was not d1sfranchised . 14 lso, all who voted for the ordinance of secession, or held office 1n the Con federate government, whose off ice aided in the prosecution of the war were disfranchised . 15 Two weeks later, Attorney General Stanbery, on June 20 , 1867, issued his interpretation of the disfranchisement section of the acts . 16 Two days prior to this, the nine points of ecretary Stanbery' s interpretation had been dis cussed in cabinet meeting . Thee points stated: (1) Every person who can take the oath nmst be registered as a voter; (2) Registration boards may adm nister the oath provided by the acts, however, no other oath may be required nor could the board g o behind the reconstruction oath; (3) Actual participation in rebellion, or actual commission of felony does not make for disfranchisement; but the person so accused must be convicted according to law; (4) Under the reconstruction oath, two elements must occur in order to disfranchise; first, the holding of office which requir ed an official oath to support the government of the United 14 McPherson , Political Manual for 1868, P • 57. 15 American Annual Cyclopedia, VII, 760. 16 Richardson, Massages and Papers of the Presi- - dents, VI, 520. 36 States; second, actual part cipation in the rebellion. Both factors must occur in that order; thus, a person who held office and swore support to the United tates govern ment, but did not participate in the rebellion was not dis franchised; (5) Militia officers of any state were not disfranchised; (6) Municipal officers of incorporated towns and villages ere not disfranchised--such as mayors, alder men, town councilmen, police; (7) Persons who exercised me e employments under the tate authority ere not dis franchised. This included such officers as commissioners to lay out roads, commissioners of public works, visitors of tate institutions, directors of tate institutions, examiners of banks, notaries public and connnissioners of deeds; (8) Persons who were drafted into the Confederate service, who could not safely refuse to serve, were not disfranchised; (9) Mere acts of charity and forced contri butions did not make for disfranchisement.17 The Secretary of War, ~tanton, alone, argued many of the points presented in Stanbery's report; however, on June 20, these instructions were sent by the Adjutant General's office to the commanders of five Military di~ tricts.18 Less than one month later, on July 19, the third 1? Richardson, Messages and Pa~ars of the Presi dents, VI, 528-531. 18 Ibid., VI, 520. 37 reconstruction act became law and incontrovertably upset the more mild executive interpretation of the disfranchise ment question. It was the express purpose of this third act so to do.19 chofield, therefore, had no alternative, but to issue his General Orders No. 47 on July 26, wh ch modified his previous order of July 3. The list of disfranchised was enlarged to include Governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, first and second aud tors, registrars of the and office, state treasurer, attorney general, sheriffs, sergeants of a city or town, commi. sioners of the revenue, county surveyors, constables, overseers of the poor, commissioners of public works, judges of all courts, justices of the county courts, mayors, recorders, aldermen, coroners, escheators, inspectors of tobacco, flour, etc., clerks of all courts and attorneys for the commonwealth.20 Nor did these interpretations satisfy the conscience of the Southerner who fitted into none of these categories, but who ere included in that group who "gave aid or com fort" to those in rebellion a gainst the United States. Thus, while Schofield held that acts of charity did not disqualify, many instances arose that required further 19 20 Seep. 370. Russ, "Congressional Disfranchisement," P• 84. 38 clarification. It as held that "giving individual soldiers :food or clothing eno h to relieve present surf ring did not work disqualification. 112 1 Neverthel ss, Schofield as still forced to decide upon such questions as that of Jolm R. Kelly of uffolk, Virginia, who had held no civil or mill tary off ice under the C on.f edaracy, but who had been in the State legislature 1849-1852. Wrote Kelly, ••• yet my wishes ware with the South as every descent )sic( man was among us ••• "22 As late as eptember 25, 1867, addi tional instructions were given by Schot'ield, who, at this time, dee eed that persons ho held no orrice prior to the rebellton, who were elected and served as members of the secession convention, and afterwards took no part in the rebellion, were not disfranchised.23 II. The work or registration proceeded slowly, but by the beginning or September, the :first tabulation was com pleted. A total or 216,450 were registered including 24 115,068 whites and 101,382 Negroes. On September 12, 21 McPherson, Political Manual ror 1868, P• 57. 22 P• 85. uoted ir:. Russ, "Congressional Disrranchisement, 11 23 McPherson, Political Manual for 1868, p. 57. 24 House Executive Docru.ment, !£2. 1, 40th Cong., 2nd Sass., pp. 294-5. 39 however, Schofield ordered the election to be held on -the question as to wheth r constitut on 1 convention should be convened in the state . 25 Simultaneously, he ordered that the election lists be revised to permit those persons not yet registered, who were eligible, to be so enrolled; also he decreed that delegates to the proposed coovention be elected on the same ballot . The election was scheduled to begin October 22, 1867, 105 delegates to be electea . 2 6 By October 22, a total of 225,933 persons had regi stered as electors under the acts . Of these 120,101 were w tes am 105,832, Negroes, the whites maintain ng a majority in fifty two of the state's 102 cities and coun ties . 28 On November 2, follo ing the election, the re sults were made known . A total of 169,229 votes had bean cast of Virg nia's 225,93 29 registered voters . Whereas the whites could have carried at least half of the 102 cities and counties, they polled a majority vote in but 25 26 McPherson, Political Manual for 1868, p . 57 . Ibid . , P • 57. 27 Documents of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Virgini~lRichmond, 1867), pp . 51- 56; comli'are , House Exec . Doc . , !.Q.. 1, 40th Cong., 2nd Sass . , pp . 396-403 . 28 Documents of the Constitutional Convention of ------- - -- -------- ------- Virginia, pp. 51-56. 29 Ibid., pp. 51-56 . 40 forty-i'ive election districts inasmuch as 76,084 o:f the 120,101 registered whites had one to the polls, wh 1 93,145 of 105, 33 Negroes had voted. 30 Of those districts carried by the whites, twenty-seven returned a negative vote on the question of holdin g a convention, while all of the Negro distr cts carried the question in the affirma tive.31 For the most part, the whites did turn out in full strength, however, in a few districts such as Pittsyl vania.,, Rockingpam, ottoway, Bath, Highland and others, less than half of the registered wh tes went to the polls.32 Oft e men elected to the conve ton, seventy-two were Republ cans, thirty-three, Conservatives; 33 ho ever, sever al of the conservative Republicans ident fed themselves with the actions of t~e opposition. 3 4 Numbered among the radicals were twenty-four Negroes; while white Republicans i eluded fourteen native V1rg nians, thirteen New Yorkers and representatives originally from Penns ylvania, Oho, Vermont, Maine, Connecticut, South Carolina, Maryland, 30 Documents of the Constitutional Convention of - ------ Virginia, pp. 51-56. 31 Ibid., pp. 51-56; vote on holding of: ccnvention was, yes-107,342; no-61,887. 32 Ibid., PP• 51-56. 33 Eckenrode, Political Histor~ Q.f. Virginia DurinE Reconstruction, P• 87. 34 Ibid., p. 87. 41 Washington D. c., England, Ireland, Scotland, Nova Scotia and Canada.35 Further analysis of the election resultq shows a startling relationship of racial factors to those of the political. Thus, in Richmond, the five delegates elected from that district received no more than forty-nine white votes but were elected over the five next lower candidates who received from 4,760 to 4,788 white votes. 36 The same picture is evident in almost every other election district.3' In Goochland county, Williams. Mosely was elected over Richard P. Banks , the former receiving only 1,284 Negro votes while the latter had a comb ned white and Negro vote of 231. 38 Other delegates elected who received not a single white vot.e include Frank Moss of' B uckingham county, Edward Nelson of Charlotte, John Robinson of' Cumberland, and illis A. Hodges of Princess Anne.39 Many delegates race ved but one white vote; among these are Edgar Allan 35 Eckenrode, Political Historx ~ Virginia During Reconstruction, p. 87. 36 House Executive Documents, No. l, 40th Cong., 2nd Seas., pp. 404-409. 37 Ibid., pp. 404-409. 38 Ibid., pp. 404-409. 39 Ibid., pp. 404-409. 42 and James W. D. Bland, both of Prince Ed ard and ppomattox counties, John Brown of Southampto, and anford • Dodge and John iatson, both of Mackle berg . 40 In only a few in stances were radical men elected with a white vote greater than one hundrea . 41 Charges of election frauds were not too widespread but nevertheless they were present . Individual elections were contested by both parties . In the contest between James c. outhall, conservat ve, and the Republ can F • • Tukey , it as stated that in one district known to be loyal , Tukey received only th e otes; and that the ballot boxes 42 f r om this precinct had been brougµt in unsealed . In an- other instance it was charged that at the end of the second day of votin , the windows had been closed for whites who had not yet voted while the ballots of the Negroes were still accepted at another w ndow . 43 III . t 10:00 A. M . , on Tuesday, December 3 , 1867, the 4 0 House Executive Documents, No . 1, 40th Cong . , 2nd Sess . , pp . 404- 409 . 41 Ibid . , PP • 404-409 . 42 Documents of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, p . 21 . - ------ 43 Ibid., P • 21. r con truction o v ntlon as bl a i hmo d . 44 ve member wer r corded bsent at the f s roll , 11. 45 The 44 The e ntion of chm --·--- - cts o - ------ OS of the - of the the - vent ion, o Ln wood , , , • 'lo , o n l:fa ixhurs t , C . C. Thomn- T • • Ta or , • 1 · eke on , o ve 11 Yl j s on , 11 , m...,s ou 11 , • H . 1 1· 11 :. n1 , 1 n / • Bro du ) L - , o ton • Cu t s , al , 1is Li kJ illi L ahy, ill . 1 L hlin , Jos Jame • Fre ch , • u 1 • • elso , 1 . . f i 11 , var d ., 7 n , e t t e nu z , John son , o olrrios , · ill:i L ick , , r.ru 1 F . x , J 1 s ter , ohn L . 1ar o Jr ., c1 • tr , Jo • ~r vatt , fill m • eke r , ◄ • ns , L bco ' J OS nh ' C • in rl vld B . i . II " _ , es D. Barret , r 1 1 0 1. , t •• ribson , 1 ill" rr • I'oselr, on s , • • s Bur el l Toler , V lli 1 bo ad' , J 0 :r , h om , G.., o e J • • ndr Den · I i • .L Orton , , rru d . • : SS0"'" , n , B rkle o ~ • ste , uel 1 u ua , hn B . I d o C un an , ·' ord II! . o d , , · s 01 , 1 · r.j. dlove , da:m _. Flana ~ a , iilJi a.ri. • ll bertson , l r I. Bo·1d0J , Tho , s I • C n s , Lu t r Le r • , Ge or e oh , d s i3 , ra·· ash , ichur er , Yr d rick • ill • ~ s , ~ . F . B . Tl rlor , • F . o er son , 1 J • B la 1 , avid G • Carr , ' r-· 11 i l c , Ja • , 0 er G. i.or.....,an , Jev · C. Thu er1 , Iorbert c os lton , ore; • ust , st co i · 1 , s ' • - unnicutt , James orris e , Le~ s Lin se , Jo~e Cox , ohn C. o dson , Jacob • L ~· tt , George • Coin , B . F . L , 1s , Jo h T . Campb 11 , John H. Thompson , Jon rovn s G' J ony . 5 bates a1d Proce~din~s of th onvent · on .Q_ Virgini , I , 6 . 44 following day, the strength of radicals and conservatives became evident in the vote for president of the convention, the radical John c. Underwood receiving sixty-four votes, the conservative Norval Wilson polling thirty-three votes 46 while three votes were cast for Judge E. K. Snead. Promi- nent among the conservative delegates were such men as Eustace Gibson of Giles, James M. French, J.C. Gibson, Jacob w. Liggett, w. H. Robertson,and Norval Wilson. Radi cal Republican leaders included John C. Underwood, Judge Edward Snead, John Ha xhurst, James W. Hunnicutt, Charles H. Porter, Edgar llan, James H. Clements, James H. Platt, Orrin E. Hine, David B. White, and Henry M. Bowden. Promi nent among the Negro delegates were Dr. Thomas Bayne, Willis A. Hodges, and Lewis Lindsey. Underwood, in his first address to the convention, set a moderate tone, stating: God grant that with Christian charity and bene volence to all, and with as much forgiveness and forgetfulness of past injuries and past conflicts as is consistant with future safety, we may all ad dress ourselves to the great work of framing the most humane, beneficent, equal and just Constitu tion ••• 47 The first clash between radicals and conservatives 46 Debates and Proceedings Q.f.. the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, I, 7. 47 Ibid., I, 7. 45 arose over the question of seating. Some Republicans, such as David R. White of Elizabeth City and Warw ck showed a willingness to sit together, and cooperate in all matters, however, the question was finally resolved by drawing for seats . 48 The disfranchisement issue arose early in the conven tion . On the third day Hawxhurst proposed that the printer for the convention must be eligible to take the Congression al test oath;49 hile Hine resolved that the oath of office for members of Congress be administered to the members of the convention . SO Hine 1 s proposal came despite the order of General Schofield on September 24, 186?, that delegates to the state convention need not take the oath prescribed for officers of the United States . 51 At that time cho field had decreed: Delegates to the Convention cannot be required to take the oath referred to {iron- clad) ••• No oath hatever has been prescribed by law for dele gates to the State Convention, and there is no authority, but congress competant to prescribe such oath . 52 48 Debates and Proce edings 2£ the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, I, 10 . 49 50 51 Ibid . , I, 21 . Ibid., I, 21 . McPherson, Political Manual for 1868, P • 57 . 52 Documents of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, p . 39. - - 46 On December 9, 1867, Charles H. Porter of Chester- field and Powhatan proposed to disfranchise and exclude 11 f'rom o.ff'ice anyone who may discharge f'rom employment an employee on account of his political opinion, or the char acter of the vote which he may cast at any election." 53 This, of' course, was based on Republican charges that many Negroes were discharged, or threatened with dischar e, by conservat ve employers if they voted the Republican ticket. 54 On December 7, Underwood appointed the several com mittees who were to report on the several sect ons of the constitution. The eleven members of the Committee on the Elective Franchise included Hunnicutt, Clements, Wilson, Bland, Marye, Maddox, Mosely, E. Gibson, Toy, Liggett, and Morgan. 55 52 (Continued) Schofield further po nted out the fift section of the Act of March 2, 1867: No person excluded from the privilege of hold ing office by said proposed amendment to the Con stitution of' the United States, shall be eligible to election as a member .of a convention to frame a Constitution for any of said rebel States. 53 Debates and Proceedings .Q.! the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, I, 47. 54 55 Ibid., I, 44-5. Ibid • , I , 60 • 47 Throughout the debates of the members, their views on the disf'ranch:ls em nt issue came to 1 ght; thus, there were contirruous accusations on the part of Bowden, Nicker son, and Hunnicutt as to the loyalty and motivation of mem bers or the other side of the House . 56 The Negro, Bayne , stated : under the guidance of God, the men who are loyal to the State have triumphed over the rebels and have seen fit to select loyal men and send them here to make a loyal constitution . We have in this assembly an antagonistic party, a set of men whose hearts still cling to the old Constitution . As was stated by the gentleman on the other side of the house, the old Constitution is good enougti for them • •• I said there were two antagonizing parties in this Conven tion . They are the loyal and the disloyal- - the Unionist and the disunionist--the friends of the State and the enemies of the tate . The loyal Union party prepares to frame a constitution for the gov ernment of the masses of this State . The disloyal ists have the land . 57 Hunnicutt, on January 6, 1868, introduced a resolu tion relieving all disabilities imposed upon former confed erates by the terms of the reconstruction acts; however, this resolution was to be passed only if the conservatives would II grant to all men, irrespective of color or previous condition, all the rights, civil and political, that any other man has in the community and in th is commonweal th, 11 56 Debates and Proceedings .Qf the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, I, 70-71 . 57 Ibid. , I, 62 • 48 knowing full well that the idea of political and civil equality for egroes as obnoxious to the ideals of the conservative Virginians. 58 Two days later, Milbourn , who favored proscription, introduced a resolution calling upon former Confederates worth five thousand dollars or more to pay an extra tax sufficient to repay all loyal men for dam age inflicted upon property durin the rebellion. 59 Throughout the course of the proceedings, various resolutions and sug estions were referred to the Committee on the Elective Franchise . Thus, illiamson offered, "that th ght of suffrage should be as universal as liberty it self."60 On January B, 1868, Morrissey proposed that: no person shall have the right to vote or hold off ce, ho was an officer in the military, naval or marine service of the so-called Confederate or rebel States; nor shall any person or persons who held any execu tive or judicial of ice, or who held any office what ever, by appo ntment or otherwise, in any county, city, town or State in hostility to the United States, or who has advocated or sustained ar on the United States Government, by public speaking or writing, or who compelled any loyal citizen to take up arms, against his will to fight against and subvert the government of the United States.61 58 Debates and Proceedings of the Constitutional - Convention of Virginia, I, 215. 59 Ibid., I, 254. 60 Ibid., I, 104. 61 Ibid., I , 254. Three days later, Cox off ered a resolution, also referred to the Committee on the lect ve Franchise, de claring: it shall be the duty of the Gene al sembly to provide from time to time for the registration of all electors. But th ollowing classes of per sons shall not be pe rm tted to register, to vote or hold office. First, those who, during the late rebellion, in flicted, or caused to be inflicted, any cruel or unusual punishment upon any soldier, sailor, marine, employee or citizen of the United States, or mo, in other ays, violated the rules of c vilized war fare. Second, those who may be disqualified from hold in office by the pr posed atn8ndm nt to the Consti tution oft e United States, Known as 'Art cle XIV,' and those who have been disqual fled from register ing to vote for delegates to the Convention to frame a Constitution f or the tate of Virginia, under the act of Con ess to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel States, pe.ssed by Congress arch 2, 1867, and the a ts supplemen tary thereto, except such persons as aid in the re construction proposed by Congress, and accept the political equality of all men before the law: Prov ded, that the General ssembly shall have po er to remove the disabilities incurr d under this clause. 62 49 Underwood, generally considered as a lead ng radical, nevertheless gave up his role as convention president, on January 16, 1868., long enou h to offer a resolution, "giv ing the f ranchise and t ... e right to hold civil of f ice to 62 Debates and Procaeqi~g~ of the Constitutional Convention of Virgini~, I, 381. 50 every c tizen of the tate of full a e, of sound mind and of good reputa t on•" 63 He did, to a certa degree, favor compromise and a franchi e law without proscript ve clauses. Addressing the convention, he stated: I urge our opponents not to countenance the mad efforts of the r bel press and rebel pol·ticians to bring on a war of races. If aid is expected for this purpose from Northern Copperheads, you will be as much disappointed as you were when you re lied upon them in 1861- 1 62 and 1 63. Promote peace with the best and cheapest cultivators of Southern soil that can anywhere be found. Treat them kindly. Do not oppress them by extravagent rents; by im- po ing hard cond tions, eithe of social or polit ical existance ••• I hope that we shall keep our tempers sweetened by Christian charity and univer sal love. When taunted by our opponents th out motley and varied complexions on this s de of the House, we may perhaps ask them whether what they regard as a reproach is not mainly attributable to their own violent and ungovernable passions, and to the licentiousness of the r own sons and brothers, and whether it is exactly manly and honorable and chivalrous to punish us for the r own vices and crimes. Let us resolve that while others threat- en war, we will labor for peace, conscious that the only permanent peace-makers on earth are truth and justice, freedom and equality. Let us do nothing for revenge, but everythin for peace and safety. If it is necessary for a time to exclude from voting the unrepentant and bloody minded enemies of the country, let us keep the door open for returning prodigals and converted Confederates. Let us confidently expect that may a persecuting Saul will, in the future, as int e past, become a preaching Paul, laboring zealously in the cause of equal rights and impart al 1 berty.64 --- - -------- 63 Debat s and Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of Virg ni~, I, 458. 64 Ibid., I, 466. 51 Despite this conciliatory tone, Underwood soon vio- lated his own principles by refusing the conservative M ye an opportunity to defend himself against the verbal attacks of another member. 65 How ver, in a call of the chamber, the rule ot: the chair was not sustained and Marye was permitted t 66 proceed. The listener may we 11 wonder as to the truth ot: the words expressed by Underwood. Were they merely uttered to give a false front ot: righteousness to the actions ot: the radical wing? Any answer to this ques tion is merely conjecture; nevertheless, the convention president did vote in favor of many ot: the dist:ranchisem n proposals. Underwood may have been pourin oil on the troubled waters of the Republican ranks, :for some discord is ev dent. On one such occas on, the Republ can, Carter, arose and virtually demanded unity of action, stating: Why do we fight and quarrel amon ourselves? We cannot expect every man can entertain the same views on dif:ferent subjects, but then, when we come to the cardinal points, let us stand together as one man. That is what our enemies are going. They have come together to do v.hat? Simply to counteract all we may do ••• The majority have it in their power to do whatever they please, but, through courtesy, they have extended the privilege to the minority to do what they please to create confusion and to carry out schemes and plans they have concocted to de:feat the Republican party.67 --------- 65 Convention 66 67 Debate~ and Proceedings QL Virginia, I, 468. Ibid., I, 469. Ibid., I, 466. of the C nstitutlonal - -- . . 52 The resolut i on offered by Lindsey on January 00, 1868, was perhaps t he widest sweep n in its proposed dis fr nchisement. Referred to the Committee on the Elective Fra~chise, he requested that: the followirg classes shall not register, nor vote, n r hold office in the state, to wit: All persons who were elected to any office of honor and trust by the citizens of this State, city, town, or county, or appointed by the Execu tive department, or by the Judicial department, and afterward known to have given aid and comfort voluntarily to the enemies of the United tates, in the late rebellion. First, embers of Congress, members of the Gener al Assembly, clerks and off icers thereto. Second, the Governor, lieutenant-Governor, ecre tary of the Commonwealth, Treasurer, uditors, mem bers of the Boards of Public Works and all officers and clerks thereto. Third, the Judges, Magistrates, ayors, alder men, Attorneys for the Commoniealth, Constables, Sheriffs, policemen, clerks of county or incorpor ated courts, Inspectors, Overseers of the Poor, Coroners and all officers and clerks thereto. Fourth, All officers of any incorporated Company, such as Presidents and Cashiers of Banks and branches thereof, Presidents, Superintendents and Treasurers of Railroad and Canal compan es. Fifth, all milit ry or militia off icers who are known to have given aid and comfort to the late so called Confederate tates: Provided, that the General ss mbly shall have power to remove the disabilities from all those who were forced in rebellion against the United tates against their will, who produce evidence to that fact, and the above clause shall cease in March 1, 53 1880. 68 By far the outstanding cons rvative le der was Eustace Gibson. Pressing for enfranchisement of the whites, he nevertheless opposed enfranch sement of the Negro. In reply to Hawxhurst, who stated that the right to vote was inherent, Gibson retorted that if this were the cas , an infant should also be eligible to vote. 69 Gibson con tinued: Only he is entitled to the right of suf ra e who can exercise it for the good of the hole canmun ty. Why do you propose to disfranchise so many of us? Why do you propose to dis ranchise men for opin on St:lket70 On January 14, General Butler, of New Orle ns fame and notoriety, had been invited by the radical members to address the convention. Eustace Gibson and J . c. Gibson, together with other conservatives attempted to forestall such a move. J.C. Gibson bluntly and to the point moved not to listen to Butler , 11 in disrespect to General Butler as well as from a matter of principle . 11 71 Upon Butler's arrival, White moved to adjourn several times, each time 68 Debates and Proceedings .Qf. the Constitutional Conventio~ 2..t Virginia, I, 520 . 69 70 71 Ibid., I, 508 . Ibid., I , 508. Ibid., I, 431. 54 unsuccessrully. 72 Eustace Gibson, meanwhile, attempted to have Butler ruled out of order; however, on a call for the previous question, the Gen ral was admitted to the floor of the convention. 73 As he addressed the delegates assem bled there, the conservative members arose and left the chamber.74 It did not appear reasonable that an individual, in his private capacity, should attempt to in luence the convention. Referring to the question of the franchise, Butler stated: I hold distinctly that Universal enfranchisement is the reat central idea of American 1 berty. It is the right of every gov rnment, where a portion of its cit zens have rebelled, to prescribe the terms on which they shall be broue'J:}.t back into the govern ment . A constitution, therefore, should assert, it would seem to me, such disqualification as will insure safety to those who are loyal to the General Gov rnment. And in the new State Government, as a part of the General Government, they should have, and must have, and ought to have, the control of the Gov rnment . 75 :Eustace Gibson was unlike several of the die-hard conservatives 1n the convention. While he protested vehe mently against the constitut onality of the reconstruction acts, he did not go to the extreme as did such men as Hugh H. Lee . It may well have been such men as Lee who 72 Debates and Proceedings of the Constitutional - I Convention of Virginia, I, 435 . 73 Ibid., I, 435 . 74 Ibid., I, 441 . 75 Ibid., I, 437 . 55 helped to un fy the interests of the Negro members with the radical Republicans. Thus, it was that Eustace Gibson re placed Lee on a committee waiting on General Grant. Lee's refusal was based on the fact that another member of this committee was a Negro.76 On January 28, the major ty and m nority reports of the Committee on the Elective Franchise were presented to the convention. 77 Under the terms or the majority re port, only those persons who were proscribed by the acts and the proposed fourteenth amendment were to be disfran chised in the Virginia constitution.7 8 Also included in the majority report was a simple oath of office which nevel' theless bound the person subscribing thereto to, "reco nlze 76 Debates and Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, I, 557. 77 Journal or the Constitutional Convention or the - -- ---~---- -~---- - -- State .Qf_ Virginia Convened in. the Citx .Qf_ Richmond, Decem- ber~' 1867, Q.I. fill Order of General Schofield, Dated Novem ber g, 1867, In Pursuance of the Act of Congress of March 23, 1867 (Richmond, 1867), p. 128. 78 Ibid., p. 156. Persons disfranchised for par ticipation in the rebellion, according to the majority report included Sect. 4. All persons who, by the proposed Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, Known as Article Fourteen, or by the econstruction Acts, who are prohibited from holding ofrice, or from registering to vot for delegates to the Convention to frame a Consti tution. Provided, that the General Assembly may, by a two-thirds vote or both houses, remove the disability im posed by this clause. and accept the civil and political equality o f all men befor the laws.n79 A minority report signed by 'amuel F. Maddox was somewhat more proscriptive. It proposed that: No person shall be entitled to vote who has bean a senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President or Vice President, or who held any office, civil or military, under the United States, and shall have engaged in insur rection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof, unless such disability shall have been removed by Congress . Provided this clause shall not be construed to in clude county officers . No person shall be a qualified elector who voted for and subscribed any ordinance or act intending or attempting to re eal or abro gate any ordinance or act of this or any other St te ratifying the Consti tution of the United tate s . No person shall be entitled to vote who shall have held or discharged the functions of any of the following offices under the late so-called Confed erate States, viz: President, Vice-President, mem bers o the Cabinet, members of either house of Congress, diplomatic, consular or diplomatic agents at home or abroad, all officers of said pretended government above the rank of colonel in the army or lieutenant in the navy, or who shall have commanded any independent military organization, and all who have engaged, in any way, in treating otherwise than lawfully as prisoners of war, persons found in the United States service ·as officers, soldiers, sea.men, or other capacities . BO 56 79 Documents of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, p . 156 . Oatn of office in the majority repo'Ft: " I , -~' do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and maintain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitut on and las of the State of Virginia; that I recognize and accept the civil and political equality of all men before the laws, and that I will faithfully perform the duty of __ , to the bes of my ability. So help me God . " 80 Ibid., p. 157. 57 In the section offered by Maddox a lengthy oath of office was proposed which similarly demanded the recogni tion of the civil and political equality of all men. 81 Another minority report, signed by Marye, Liggett, Eustace Gibson, and Wilson, was submitted on the part of the con servatives. It was rather a protest against the two re ports submitted by the Republicans. There were six prin ciple objections indicated: (1), the ballot was given to the Negroes, while immigrant Negroes and paupers were not excepted; (2), it vigorously protested the proscription based on the acts; (3), Negroes were perm. tted to sit on juries while disfranchised whites were debarred; (4), Negroes 81 Documents of the Constitutional Convent on of - -- ------------- - Virginia, P• 158. Oath of office proposed in minority re- port by Maddox: "I, __ , do solemnly swear {or affirm) that I will support, protect and defend the Constitution and the Government of the United States and the Constitu tion and Government of the State of Virginia against all enemies, whether domestic or foreign, and that I will bear true faith, allegiance and loyalty to the same, any ordi nance, resolution or law of any State, Convention or Legis lature to the contrary notwithstanding; that I will freely accord to all men equal political and civil rights; and further, that I do this with a full determination, pledge am purpose, without any mental reservation or evasion whatsoever. nd I do further solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have not been engaged or concerned in a duel, as specified in section __ , and that I will not be so en gaged or concerned, directly or indirectly, in or about any such duel, dur ng my continuance in office. And further, that I will well and faithfully perform all the duties of the office of __ on which I am about to enter (if an oath), so help me God, (if an aff rmation) under the pains and penalties of perjury." 58 were eligible to any office in the St te but the whites were disfranch sad; (5), no oath should be required of an elector; (6), there should be no stipulation in an oath of office concerning political and civil equality. 82 The rem.a nder of the minority report is indicative of the die hard feelings of the conservatives in g v n the ballot to the Negro . It is , in short, a protest against the consti tutionality of the acts themselves : No Republican form of government can subserve the beneficent ends of its institut on , unless the power which controls its administration 1s vested in those who hold the following qualifications : First , intel ligence adequate for t discreet exercise; second , moral culture , such as inspires true patriotism; third, such stake .Qf. properti in the community as to make the ruling class feel the burdens of maladministra tion ••• While universal suffrage is granted to the Negroes, a sweeping disfranchisement is enforced against many thousands of white people of Virginia , embracing all of those who heretofore have been called to the public trusts, because oft eir emi ent in tellect, probity and capacity to serve the State . A double humiliation and wrong is thus deliberately inflicted . Surely the strain upon endurance was severe enough, in the sudden elevation of the Negroes . To this is added fue proscription of eminent white citizens, for no other reason , than that they faith fully represented and executed the will of their constituents . The seeds of dissention, strife, and war, ~~e thus sown in the bosom of the Constitution . 8 3 While the question of the elective franchise was 82 Documents of the Constitutional Convention of - -- -------- ----- - Virginia , p . 193 . Ibid . , pp . 195-200 . 59 contiruously postponed on the floor of the convention, tem- pers of the assembled delegates flared again and again with conservative and Re ublican seiz ng every opportun ty to discred teach other . In utter disgust several of the con servatives moved resolutions which depicted their feelin of frustration and contempt . Thus J . C. Gibson at one in stance offered a resolution proposing : That a special committee of five be appo nted to draft articles of impeachment against ndrew Johnson, the so-called president of the Un ted tates of the North and the military diatr cts of the outh . 84 This , of course, was ruled out of order . On March 6, the disfranchisement section of the franchise article was taken up for consideration . J . C. Gibson immediately proposed to disfranchise all persons of less than three fourths Caucasian blooa . 85 Hine submitted a substitute for the major ty report which in essence proscribed all who were disfranchised under Schofield's interpretation of 86 the acts . Platt moved to exclude county officers from 84 Journal of the Const tutional Convention of Virginia , p . 213 . - 85 Ibid . , P • 219 . 86 Ibid . , P • 219. Hines substitute pt'Oposed to disfranchise : "Every person who has been a senator or re- presentative in Congress, or elector of Pres dent or Vice Pr esident, or ho held any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, hav ng previous ly taken an oath as a member of Con ress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State 60 those persons proscribed; however, after due consideration, he withdrew this motion. 87 need attempted to modify the substitute offered by Hine, resolving that: Voting for the ratification of the Ordinance of Secession, or acts of human ty extended to the so called Confederate soldiers; or acts of kindness by parents to their sons enlisted in the so-called Con federate armies shall not be deemed such engaging in rebellion, or giving of aid and comfort as is men tioned above.SB This, however, was rejected by a vote of 34 to 53. 8 9 In the evening session, the subst tute offered by Hine was adopted by a vote of 49 to 28, whereupon Eustace Gibson, in bitter jest, offered an amendment stating that no white man should 86 (Continued) Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. This clause shall include the following officers: Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public ccounts, Second uditor, Register of the Land Office, State Treasurer, Attorney General, Sheriffs, Sergeant of a city or town, Commissioner of the Revenue, County Surveyors, Constables, Overseers of the poor, Commissioners of the Board of Public orks, Judges of Supreme Court, Jud ge of the Circuit Courts, Judge of the Court of Hust ngs, Jus tices of the County Courts, Mayor, Recorder, lderrnan, Town Councilmen of a city or town, Coroners, Escheators, Inspectors of tobacco, flour, etc., Clerks of the Supreme, District, Circuit and County Courts, and of the Court of Hustings , and ttorney for the Commonwealth." 87 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of - -------- ------ - Virginia, p. 220. 88 89 Ibid., p. 220. Ibid., P• 220. 61 be eligible to vote or hold off ce. 90 Before the evening session was concluded, Hine succeeded in adding to the list of disfranchised all former Confederate officers above the rank of lieutenant in the army and master in the navy. 91 A week later, on March 12, the report of the Commit tee on the Elective Franchise again came up for considera tion. At this time additional proscriptive measures were suggested by Bowden, Allan, Hine, Hunnicutt, Haw.xhurst and others which would have disfranchised notaries public , all civil officers created by law for the administration of any general law and administration of justice, any person who voted for delegates who were pledged to secession or advocated secession by writing, or speaking, or anyone who engaged in guerilla warfare or who were members of the seces- ~ sion convention. Debate on the question of an oath of office simi- larly drew heated discussions. addo offered an oath of office which was as stringent as the federal oath of office (iron clad oath). 93 The franchise section, as it was finally 90 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, - - P• 221. 91 Ibid., p. 221. 92 Ibid., pp. 238-243. 93 Ibid., P• 251. adopted, disfranchised the following classes: Sec. 4 . Every person who has been a senator or re presentative in Congress, or elector of President or Vice-President, or who have held any office, civil or military, under the United tates, or any State, whol having previously taken an oath as a member of Gongress or as an officer of the United Stats, or as a member of any tate Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof . This clause shall include the following officers: Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public ccounts, econd uditor, Register of the Land Office, tate Treasurer, ttorney General, heriffs, ergeant of a city or town, Commissioner of the Revenue, County Surveyors, Constable, Overseers of the Poor, Com missioner of the Board of Public Works , Judges of the Supreme Court, Judge of the Circuit Court, Judge of the Court of Hustin s, Justices of the County Courts, Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, Town Coun cilmen of a city or town, Coroners, Escheators, In spectors of tobacco , flour, etc., Clerks of the Supreme, District, Circuit and County Courts, and of the Court of Hustings, and Attorneys for the Common wealth: Provided, that the Legislature may, by a vote of three-fifths of both Houses, remove the dis abilities incurred by this clause from any person in cluded therein by a separate vote in each case . 94 62 The oath for all persons seeking to register and the oath of office remained the sam.e as the one offered by M addox in the minority report of the Committee on the Elec tive Franchise, reading: I, __ , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support, protect and defend the Constitution and the Government of the United States and the 94 Documents or the Constitutional Convention or - -------..-----~~ ------~~ - Virginia, p . 288 . Constitution and Government of the tate of Virginia against all enemies, whether domestic or foreign , and that I will bear true faith, allegiance and loyalty to the same, any ordinance, resolution or law of any tate, Convention or Legislature to the contrary not ithstanding; that I will freely accord to all men equal political and civil rights; and further, that I do this with a full determ nation, pledge and purpose, without any mental reservation whatever.95 63 One safeguard provided by the Virginia Constitution, not to be found in many of the other reconstruction consti tutions, was the sixth sect on of the proposed franchise law, which read: Sec . 6 . In addition to the foregoing oath of office, Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Membe s of the General Assembly, ecretary of State, uditor of Public c counts, State Treasurer, Attorney General, all per sons elected to any convantion to frame a Constitution for this State, or to change, alter or abridge this Constitution in any manner, and mayor and council of any city or ton, shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the follo 1ng oath or affirmation: Provided, the dis abilities therein contained may be individually re moved by a two-thirds vote of the General Assembly: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have never voluntarily borne arms against the United tates since I have been a citizen thereof; that I have voluntarily given no aid, countenance, council or encouragement to persons engaged in armed hostility thereto; that I have never sought nor accepted, nor attempted to exercise the functions of any office whatever, under any authority, or pretended authority in hostility to the United States; that I have not yielded a voluntary support to any pretended govern ment, authority, power or Constitution within the 95 Documents of the Constitutional Convention of - -- ----...;....;;.___,______ ------ - Virginia, p . 289. United States, hostile or inimical thereto. And I do further swear (or affirm) that, to the best of my knowledge and ability, I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all ene mies, foreign and domestic; and that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I talce this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evas on, and that I will well and faith fully discharge the duties of the office on mich I am about to enter. o help me God. The above oath shall also be taken by all city and county officers before· entering upon their duties and by all other State officers not included in the above provision. 96 General Schofield, addressing the convention early in April, voiced his protest against such widespread dis franch sement and he indicated what the consequences ere ultimately to be. He said: 64 I have been now for more than a year administrating the laws in accordance with the Reconstruction Acts of Congress 1n this State. I have had to select and appoint registering officers as well as civil offi cers in the different counties throughout the State. In some of the counties I have been able to find one, and only one, in some two, and in some three, men of either race, who could read and write, and ho could at the same time, take the oath of office. There are, I believe, in Virginia, some counties which will re quire to carry on the government thirty or more civil officers such as magistrates, sheriffs, constables, overseers of the poor, etc. You cannot find in these counties a sufficient number of men who are capable, of filling these offices, and who can take the oath you have prescribed here ••• I have no hesitation in say ng that I believe it impossible to maugurate a government upon that basis. That provision, if left in the Constitution, will, I believe, be not only opposed to the wishes of your friends, but will be 96 Documents of the Constitutional Convention of -~--- - -- -------- ------ - Virginia, p. 289. 65 fatal to th~ 7 Constitution, and perhaps, fatal to yourselves. The military commander, later writing to Grant, pointed out that a peculiar situation existed 1n Virginia inasmuch as persons who ould be elected to public office under the new constitution could not be sworn in or fulfill the duties of their office until Virginia ere readmitted, for the iron clad oath would work for disfranchisenent; however, once in the Union, only the fourteenth amendment would be the measure of qualification. 9 8 On March 13, chofield rote to the convention remi ding the assembled delegates that they had not as yet provided for the submission of the proposed constitution to the electorate; 99 however, it was not until the middle of April that some plan as advanced for this. On ednesday, April 15, the president of the convention appointed Hine, Thomas, Curtiss, Owen, and osely as a spec al committee to draw up an ordinance in the elections. 100 The following day Hine presented an ordinance providing for an election 9? American nual Cyclopedia, 1868, VIII, ?59. 9 8 House Executive Documents, No. 302, 40th Cong., 2nd Sass., "Disqualification of Certain Officers," P• 2. 99 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, p. 251. - -------- ------ - 100 Ibid., P• 315. 66 to begin June 2, 1868 and further ndicating that members of the General ssernbly, members of the House of Representa tives and all state officers were to be elected at the same time that the proposed constitution were submitted for rati fication.101 An amendment offered by Platt further pro vided that all city, town and county officers were to be elected on this date. 102 Immediately preceding adjournment, a vote was taken on the constitution as a hole. On a party basis, w th a few Republicans joining the conservative ranks, the consti- tution was passed by a vote of 51 to 26. 103 t 11:45 A • • , Friday, Aprill?, 1868, after four and one-half months, the convention adjourned subject to the call of Underwood, 101 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of - -- ------------- - Virginia, P• 377. l0 2 Ibid., P• 383. 103 Ibid., p. 389. Voting aye: Allan, Bayne, Babcock, Barrett, Brown, Bland, Clements, Cox, Carter, Curtiss, Canada, Carr, Dodge, Dixon, Fuqua, Hunnicutt, Hine, Hodges, Holmes, Jones, James Kelso, Lindsey, Leahy, Morrissey, Moss, Mosely, Maddox, Milbourn, Nickerson, Nelson, Nash, Platt, Parr, Poor, Porter, Robinson, Reed, Staley, Swan, Teamoh, Thayer, Thomas, Toy, J. T. S. Taylor, c. L. Thompson, Toler, Williamson, Watson, 1cker, Under wood; Total= 51 . Voting nay: ndrews, Berkeley, Broad us, Campbell, Dickey, Duncan, Eastham, Flanagan, Gibbony, Gravatt, Harris, · unter, Hugh H. Lee, Linkenhoker, Lewis, Mayse, Owen, Plater, W. H. Robertson, Seay, Snead, South all, J. H. Thompson, W. F. B. Taylor, Will ams, Walton. Total• 26. 67 Clements, Curtiss, Hine and White should the Consti ution fail of ratification . 104 As indicated by Schof eld, great difficulty was en countered in maintaining the civil government of the state throughout this per od . It was also Jartly due to Scho field , in neglecting to provide for the ratification of the constitution, and partly due to the convention , which had not provided adequate funds for publicizing the constitution, that the election did not take place as sch eduled by the Election Ordinance . Among the many problems faced by Scho field was the fact that he could not furnish sufficient persons who could fill the position of registrar of elec tions , nor even the civil offices in the state . In the period of military rule, the commanding eneral filled 532 of the state ' s 5 , 446 off1ces . l05 General Stoneman , successor to Schofield as commander of the district , ap p ointed 1,972; while only 329 of those incumbents still in office were able to take the test oath , still leaving a 106 vacancy in 2,613 offices . For one year aft r the con- vention adjourned, a situation existed whereby the status 104 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of Virginia, P • 370 . - - -- ------ -- ------ - 105 American Annual C.zclo~edia, 1869, IX, 709 . 106 Eckenrode, Political History of Virginia During Reconstruction, p . 106 . 68 of Virg nia could not be det rmined . In the civil govern- ment, H. H. Wells had succeeded Pierpoint as governor, only to be removed on arch 31, 1869 by General Stan an and re instated in orrica on April 2 . 107 In the battle for ratificat on, the elements appear ed to favor the conservative cause . The conservatives were, for the most part, unified . When Alexan er H. H. tuart, und r the pen name of enex, published an article in the Richmon and the Richmond Di atch, advocatin the acceptance of Negr suffrage, he was solidly opposed by 108 the conservative ranks . Other prominent conservatives such as T . J . Mitchie , Judge H •• Shef ey, N. K. Trout , and J . B. Baldwin similarly favored concession; ho ever, they, too , were solidly opposed to the proscriptive clauses of the constitution . 109 The Richmond Enquirer was perhaps the most outspoken conservat ve paper and its infJuence may have accounted for a part of the vote that was to lead to the defeat of these clauses . Also , hile such men as ex- governor Wise, R. T. Dani 1, ex-governor illiam mith 107 Eckenrode, Political Historz Qf_ 1irgini~ :Quring Recons~ruction , p . 106 . 108 l09 Ibid . , p. 110 . Ibid . , P • 112 . 69 and Robert Ould opposed the constitution as well, these men, together with G. • Boll n, Jame • eddon, Thomas • Flournoy , Frank C. Ruffin , Jude Meredith and D. C. DeJar nette were similarly uni ied in the . r opposition to the disfranchisement sections.110 In the Republican ranks, Wells , the Republ can nomi:ree for Governo, caused a split in the ranks of the party by requesting that the Negro, Dr. Harris, be nomin tad for the office of lieut nant-governor.111 The nativ hite group and moder ta Republicans combined w th the conserva tives to nominate Gilbez c. alker on an opposition ticket. Walrar as aided largely by the withdrawal of a separ te conservative ticket whose supporters, almost en masse, voted 112 the Walker ticket or abst ined from going to the polls. ells, meanwhile, took no decisive stand on the proscrip- tive clauses of the proposed constitution. t first, urg- ing the passage of these clauses, he lat r wit drew his sup port and left the decision up to the electorate. 113 While the conservatives played for time, the radicals 110 Eckenrode, Political Historz of Vir5 nia Durin5 Reconstructio_!!, p. 112. 111 112 Ibid., P• 110. 113 ckenrode, Political Historz of Virg ni~ During Reconstruction, p . 125. 70 urged the election be held as early as possible. Congress, however, could find little sympathy for the radic ls inas much as the proscriptive measures of tha Virginia constitu tion were too severe even for the R publican Congress. Since a similar situation existed in Mississippi, Grant, now President, race ved perm ssion from Congress on April 10, 1869, to order an election on the constitution, submit ting separat votes on Article three, section one, clause four; and section seven, the proscriptive art cles. 114 The election began on July 13; 115 however, the results of the elect .on were not made known until September 9, althou h General Oanby, now military commander of the first military district, had tabulated the results by July 22.116 Several weeks prior to the election, the registra tion lists had been revised showing a total of 269,884 registered voters, 149,781 hite 0 and 120,103 Negroes.117 Of the 219~713 votes cast in the election for ratification 210,577 were for ratification of the constitution, 9,136 against ratification.118 On the question of the proscriptive 2nd 114 115 116 117 ass., 118 American Annual Czclopedia, 1869, IX, 709. Ibid., 713. Ibid • ., 713. House Miscellaneous Documents, No.~, 41st Con ., "Test Oath in Virgin a," p. 23. - Ibid., P• 23. Sea p. 71 articles, the disfranchisement clause was defeated by an overwhelming vote of 4,410 to 124,360, while the te t oath suffered a similar fate by a vote of 83,458 to 124,715. 119 Not voting at all wer 24,637 whites and 23,898 Negroes. 120 Not a single county or city carried the ques tion in the negative for rej ction of the constitution; however, twenty five counties and cities voted in favor of the dis ranchisement articles, each district so voting having a larger number of registered Negro voters and actual Negro votes oast.121 Of the several Southern states to be reconstruct d in this manner, Virgin _ a alone succeeded in electing the conservative-moderate ticket headed by Gilbert c. Walker. The fusion candidate was elected by a vote of 119,535 to 101,204 for W.W. ells, the Republican nominee.122 The legislat-ure elected at this time was also conservative in nature, only thirteen of the fifty-six senators being radicals, of whom six were Negroes. 123 Of the one hundred ll 9 House Misoellaneous Documents, No • .§, 41st Cong., 2nd Seas., "Test Oath in Virginia," p. 23. - 120 121 122 123 Ibid• , p • 23 • Ibid., P• 23. Ibid., pp. 12-13. American Annual Cxclopedia, 1869, IX, 713. 72 thirty-eight representatives elected, ninety-five were mod erates and conservatives, including three Negroes, while forty two were Republlcans . 124 Among the ranks of the Republicans in the lower chamber were eighteen Negroes . 125 While Republican control of the remaining nine for mer Confederate states was unquestioned, the conservative succeeded in eliminating carpet bag rule in Virginia; how ever , the radicals, as 1n Georgia, did not take their de feat lightly. Charles H. Porter, president of the tate Republican Convention of November, 1867, asked Congression- al aid in setting si e the election . aid 01 11 ter: The Republican party of Virginia ••• respectfully represent that the election held in this State on the 6th day of July last resulted in a Confederate triumph , which e unhesitatingly assert was achieved by artiface, intimidation and fraud ••• We believe that the secret of our defeat can be found in the unfortunate submission to a separate vote of the test oath and disfranchisin g clauses of the State constitu tion, in direct conflict with the section of our con stitutional convention, and in opposition to the de liberate and unanimous opinion of the rank and file or the Republican party in Virginia . 126 Porter continued to point out that the Negroes had been intimidated from staying away from the polls . He stated that in 1867, only 638 Negroes cast their ballots Con 124 American nnual cxcloRedia, 1869, IX, 713 . 125 Ibid., 713. 126 House Miscellaneous Document, No.~, 41st . , 2nd Sass., p. 2 . against the constitutional convention out of a total of 93 , 145, while only 12,687 Negroes abstained from voting. 73 However, in the last election, almost double that number had failed to vote . 127 Porter does not 1ndicate that a large number of wh e voters failed to go to the polls; also , had every registered Negro, who had not voted , cast his ballot in favor of the disfranchising clauses, the results would have remained the same . It is true, however, that had this group of votes bean ivan to Wells, the gub ernatorial race might wall have bean changed; nevertheless , this is reckoning ithout the vote of 24,637 whites who did not participate n the election . Concluding his protest, Porter again waved the 11 bloody shirt," which by this time had become standardized in many Republican campai 0 ns: We ask that 1 t pass int the history of rur na tion, and be recorded to our honor, that despite blandishments and threats , 84,000 men of the Old Dominion did in the year 1869 declare by their vote that treason was a crime and should be punished £I disfranchisement and exclusion from orfioe . 128 On October 5, 1869, the first legislature elected under the new constitution assembled at Richmond. Three days later the fourteenth amendment was accepted in the 127 Cong . , 2nd 128 House Miscellaneous Document, No . 8, 41st - - ass . , P • 2 . Ibid . , P • 2 . 74 Senate by a vote of 36 to 4 and in the House by a vote of 126 to 5, while the fifteenth amendment as also accepted unanimously in the lower chamber and by a vote of 40 to 2 in the Senate.129 By an act of Congress of January 26, 1870 1 all of the el ct d offic rs oft e tate simply took an oath affirming the principles of the fourteenth amend ment.130 Thus Virginia returned to the fold of states in the Union after an absence of almost a decade. 129 Eckenrode, Political Historz £f. Virginia Durin Reconstruc~ion, p. 126. 130 Fleming, Documentarl Historl £f. Reconstruction, I, 490. Oath prescribed for all state officers: ~I __ , do solemnly swear that I have never taken an oath as an officer of the United Stats, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution or the United States, and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebel lion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the ene- mies thereof; so help me God" or, --"I ____ , do solemn- ly swear that I have by act of Congress of the United States been relieved from all disabilities imposed upon me, by the fourteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States. So help me God." CHAPTER II THE SECO D MILITARY DI TRICT-- NORT D OU TH CAROLI A The passa e f the reconstruction acts of March, 1867, achieved as l'!UCh divers ty of opinion in North and South Carolina as it h d done in Virginia. Under the terms of the acts, these two states were to comprise the second military district. As in Virginia, t e Union element press ed for greater protect ve measure , h le the conservatives could but congratulate Johnson for his feeble gesture of veto. The Charleston ercuri, on arch 7th and 8th stated that the veto was "a noble vindication of the truth; a powerful appeal for the integr ty of the Constitution, against its wanton v olation. 111 The seemingly hopeless and helpless position of the former Confederates was to give way to more v gorous protestations on the part of this con servative organ. By M rch of the year 1867, the political picture had already been somewhat formulated in these states. In North Carolina, Republican conventions were held denouncin secession and demanding civil enfranch sement for the Negro . The radicals part cularly noted the words of one chief P• 54. 1 uoted in Russ, "Congressional Disfranchisement," 76 justice of a United tates court who stated: Those who engage in rebellion must consider the consequences. If they succeed, rebellion becomes revolution; and the new government will justify it~ founders. If they fail, all their acts hostile to the rightful Government are violations of la; and originate no rights wh ch can be recognized by the courts of the nation, hose authority and existance have been alike assailed.2 In the mountain areas, Union and Confederate parti sans were almost on fightin g terms. As one orth Carolinim stated,"• •• thar's jest six G-d d-n infernal sneekin' Rebels up in my deestric' as cain 1 t no how at all live thar six weeks longer. That thing's settled ••• and thar ain't no u e talkin'. 3 w. W. Holden, a former Confederate and provisional governor, now turned radical, wrote in his paper, the Ralei tandard, on March 13, 1867: The Union people of this State especially have bone as much and as long as they intend to bear. All honest, thoughtful, decent citizens will either unite with them (the Republicans) in the work of re storation or retire and remain quiet. Traitors must take back seats and keep silent. The loyal people, thanks to Congress, are now about to take charge of public affairs. The issue is Union or Disunion.4 This politically ambitious individual, frustrated in his desires for public office, made a complete about 2 American nnual Cyclo£edia, 1867, VII, 547. 3 Andrews, The South Since the War, P• 112. 4 Quot din J. G. De Roulhac-Ham lton, Reconstruc tion in North Carolina (New York, 1914), p. 241. 77 face from his former position. He was ultimately to become one of the most corrupt and vindictive radical reconstruc tion governors. His editorials weekly increased in their vindictive tone. Should the former unrepentant Confederates attempt to take pa.rt in the work of reconstruction, Holden stated he would "pull down on their own heads that final and irrevocable ruin hich they so richly deserve." 5 A northern visitor recorded the conversation of two conservative neighbors, indicating the apathy exist ng among a good portion of the white population. Upon one neighbor asking another whom he will vote for in an election, prior to the passage of the acts, he received the reply: "r shan't vote at all." "Oh yes, vote for somebody,--vote for me if you can't vote for anybody else." "No; I won't vote. I don't Imo~ as I 111 ever vote again." 11 Why, man, how you talk1 What do you mean? Not vote when so much depends upon who is sent to Congre s this winterl Not Vote?" "No, I'll be d-d if I do; and I 1 11 not vote again till I can do so without asking any d-d yankee who I can 6 Ham lton, Reconstruction lE_ North Carolina, p. 24L 78 vote for 1" 6 Daniel R. Goodloe, editor of the Union Reister, at tempted to warn the Negroes against many of the turncoat native southerners. Although a Republican himself, ·he wrote& Listen to no man who whispers the word confisca tion in yo rears, or disfranchisement, or injury in any form to your law abiding white neighbors. sk them how long they have been champion of your rigp ts. In 99 cases out of om hundred you will find that such men ould have sold you to the cotton planters of the far south at any time before you were free.7 In South Carolina, a similar picture 1s discernable, perhaps indicating an even greater apathy, for the Negro population in this state w&s much greater than the white population. The Freedmen's Bureau acted as a dynamo 1n uniti g the Ne roes throughout the state to the handful of carpetbag ~ ers and native hites turned Republicans. Both , conservatives and radicals sought for control of the egro masses, for their votes alone ould control the political machinery of the state. Late in 1867, the conservatives under Wade Hampton and Benje.min F . Perry made an attempt to secure support of the newl enfranchised class, avowing1 We are not unfriendly to the Negro; on the con trary, we know that we are his best rriends. In 6 ndrews, The South Since the War, p. 114. 7 oted in Hamilton, Carolina, p. 245. econstruction in North ---- 79 his property, in his life and in his person we are willing that the black man and the white man shall stand together upon the same platform and be shielded by the same equal laws . a It was too early , however, for this bid of support . The promises of the radicals had not yet had a chance to go awry; nor had the Negro had his fling in an attempt to se cure equal political and civil equality. In the governments of North and South Carolina, there was little to distinguish from that of the other for mer Confede ate states in the per od 1865 to 1867 . Both states had their provisional govermnents in the control of former Confederates or rebel sympathizers . In South Caro lina, the more prom nent men of this period were Benjamin F . Perry, James L. Orr and Francis W . Pickens, each a for- mer provisional governor or governor, also Paul D. Hammond , son of the pre-war fire-eater, Senator Hammond, and many other notable ex-Confederates . large number of these men receiving execut ve pardon or amnesty returned to gov ernment positions in the state . Within a year after the end of the ar the President pardoned over eleven hundred f ormer Confederates of the 20,000 . 00 class in North and 8 Quoted in Johns. Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865-1867 (Columbia, South Carolina, 1905), P • 75 . 80 South Carolina. 9 The provisional legislature of North Caro- lina included nine members of the secession convent on, four persons who had held positions under the Confederate States of America and many others who had acquiesced in the r ight of North Carolina to secede . 10 In the period 1865 to 1867, the North Carolina legislature appeared to con duct business as usual, almost as if there had been no civil war . The Republican element, of course, was not re prasented in this early period . Concerning the political make up of the legislature, ndrews wrote: Here in North Carolina, I iscover, with proper amazement, that the old parties are both alive, and neither of them a whit older or less pugilistic than it was twenty years ago. To be an "Old line Whig" is to be a perfect gentleman while to be an "Old line Democrat" is to be a vulgar fello outside the pole of good society; or on the other hand, to be an "Old line Democrat" is to be a man of good sens and sound opinion, while to be an "Old line Whig" is to be a conceited fool and bloated aristocrat . 11 If such were the case, the reconstruction acts and the f ourteenth amendment rudely shook this lethargic situation out of existence, for unity of action alone could overcome the sudden growth of the Republican competitors. 9 House Executive Document, !!2_. _22, 39th Cong. , 1st Sess . , pp. 34, 54 . 10 11 Andre a, The South Since the War, p . 136. Ibid., p. 135. 81 I. On March 21, 1867, General Daniel E. ickles assumed command of the second military distr ct with his headquar ters at Charleston, South Carolina . Sickles, unlike Scho field, depended upon members of the provisional government for support in carrying out the provisions of the acts . On May 8 , 1867, in General Orders No . 18, he init ated the machinery of regi tration . t this time, Sickles decreed: Any citizen desiring to serve as a member of a board of r gistration may forward his application to these headquarters addressed to Captain lexander M oore, A. D.C. No application will be considered un- e companied by a writt n reconnnendation si d by either the provisional governor of the State, a judge of the circuit or district court of the United States , a collector or other principal officer of customs or of internal revenue, the assistant com- missioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, or the commard ing officer of the military fort within which the applicant res ides, certifying the applicant to be a fit and proper person to receive the appomtment . 12 All registrars, of course, were supposedly able to take the iron-clad oath, which, again eliminated the greater majority of ex-Confederates or men of conservative s~pa thies . Included in this order was the announcement that registration would begin the third Monday in July inasmuch as Sickles wished to await the ttorney-General's 12 House Executive Document, No . 342, 40th Cong., 2nd Seas., "General Orders--Reconstru"ction, 11 p. 43 . 82 interpretation of the disfranchisement section of the acts.1 3 On June 12, Attorney General tanbery made known his interpretation of the reconstruction acts.14 A week later they were forwarded by the Adjutant General's office to the five district commande s. Stanbery dwelt at length on three particular terms of the acts. These included: "executive and jud cial officers," "giving aid or comfort to the enemies of the United States," and "enga ging in re bellion.•15 The Attorney General held that if a person held an office any time prior to the rebellion, and he engaged in rebellion, he as i sfranchised. Executive a.t1d judicial off icers, he held, did, and did not, include county or municipal officers, such as mayors, recorders, aldermen, etc. These officers were disfranchised only if they took the oath to the United tates and then violated it. 16 Aid and comfort and participation in the rebellion, 17 said tanbery, must be overt and voluntary. The third reconstruction act of July 19th, however, nullified any 13 Senate Executive Documents, fu2.• .li, 40th Cong., 1st Sess., 11 Mess'age from the President of the United States," pp. 60, 66. 14 Ibid., p. 284. 15 Ibid., pp. 266-284. 16 Ibid., P• 284. 17 Ibid., P• 271. 83 status that the Attorney-General's opinion may have had. On June 19th, General Sickles offered to resign his command because of difficulties encountered with the Attor ney-General over the interpretation of the acts . 18 Sickles said: Congress having declared the so-called State Gov ernments illegal the declaration of the Attorney General that military authority has not superceded them prevents the execution of the Recomtruction Acts, disarms me of means to protect life, property or the rights of citizens and menaces all interests in the States with ruin. 19 Upon refusal of Johnson to relieve him, General Sickles wrote to Senator Trumbull requesting additional time to extend registration until Congress met, and until further Congressional action could clarify the intent of the acts . The commanding general continued: If I proceed now and disregard the instructions of the President, my action woul~ be regarded as in subordination . If I follow the instructions, many would probably be registered not eligible according to the true interpretation of the Acts of Congreas . 20 Neither Schofield or the other commanding generals appeared to be as troubled as Sickles over the order of the Attorney General, for Grant had advised them to follow 18 Quoted in Russ, "Congressional Disfranchisement,'' P • 73 . 19 Ibid., P• 73. 20 Ibid., P• 73. 84 their own interpretation of the acts until ordered to do otherwise; he did not, however, inform them from whence such an order migp.t come. It was clear, nevertheless, that Congress at this point would broach no interference from the executive dep rtment in interpreting any phase of the reconstruction plan. On Au st 1, in General Orders No. 65, ickles offered his brief instructions to the registrars, which stated that executive and judicial of f icers meant all of fices created by law for the administration of any general law, or for the administration of justice.21 From August 1, until October 31, Sickles supplemented this order with vari ous other instructions. On ugust 27, he indicated that policemen, members of a town ard, persons holding depu- tations as deputy sheriff, clerk and assistants employed by civil officers, pound masters, jailers, local health offi cers, weighers, measurers, and inspectors or merchandise and produce were not disfranchisea. 22 Other minor officers such as overseers of highways, commissioners, overseers of the poor, were disfranchised. 23 21 House Executive Document, No. 342, 40th Cong., - 2nd Sess., P• 50. 22 Ibid., p. 58. 23 bid., P• 58. 85 Registration proceeded slo ly in the Carolinas; and on October 16, in General Orders No. 99, it was ordered that an election was to be held in South Carolina on Novem ber 19 and 20, on the question as to whether a constitu tional convention should be held in the atate. 24 At the same time 124 delegates were to be elected to said conven tion should the majority vote in the affirmative on that question. 25 A ~ort time later, in General Orders No. 101, the same regulations were prescribed for North Carolina, 120 delegates to be elected. 26 The registration lists were to be revised beginning fourteen days prior to the election. After a careful screening, persons not eligible to vote were to be stricken from the rolls, while persons who were elig ible but had not registered could be added to the lists. From the onset of registration until its ultimate completion, General ickles was forced to decide on many questions of eligibility. To clar fy the position of the individual case that arose, as well as to aid the registrars, a circular letter was sent to the registrars with a detailed 24 House Executive Document, No. 342, 40th Cong., - 2nd Sass., P• 63. 25 Ib:1£_., P• 63. 26 Ibid., P• 65. 86 27 11st as to who were disfranchised. This letter was a set of some n ne tables, the first six of which definitely -------- 27 House Executive Document, li2• 342, 40th Cong., 2nd Sass., p. 69. This circular consisted of nine tables as follows: Table I. "The following offices are cons id ered to be sufficient grounds of challenge, when held before the war by persons who afterward aided and abetted rebel lion." Sheriffs Captains of patrol Assistant surgeon U.S. rmy Marshall Members of secession conven tion Militia officers who have held command in the execu tion of the patrol laws County assessor Members of Congress Connnissioners of wrecks Coroners Officers in Federal Army Members of tate Legislature Constables Postmasters Commissioners of Roads {s.c.) Clerks of District Courts Acting Constables Magistrates Tax collectors Custom-House officers Delegates State Convention Commissioner Public Schools Just ce of the Peace Ordinary Commissioners n equity Held off ice m State Legis- lature State officers Judicial officers Magistrate of police County trustee Warden of county Clerk and master Officer of patrol Table II. The following offices are held as insufficient grounds of challenge, though held before the war by per sons who afterwards aided and abetted rebellion: Deputy marshall Judge advocate Assistant postmaster Commissioner of Post {office Notary public unknown) Holding executive office with:- Ministerial magistrate out specifying office Warden of poor Keeper of light-house Clerk of the State Senate Surveyor City registrar Lieutenant colonel and aid on governor's staff Holding office before the war Town commissioner Deputy Sheriff Attorney Staff officer Roadma.ster 87 proscribed or enfranchised the applicant for registration. The latter three were definitely groups who were proscribed; 27 (Continued) Table III. The followin acts establish the charge of aiding lions are held to be sufficient to and abbetting (sic) rebel- Invested in Confederate bones Engaged in Confederate ser- vice Furnish n horses to rebel lion for sale Conscripted, but can't take oath , the word voluntary being omitted Hirin horses to Confederate service Engaged in SRlt orks for Conf der t tates Held office under Confeder ate States Encouraging men to enlist Government contr ctors Con federa te St ts Loaning money to equip a can pany for the war Collecting supplies for the Confederacy Convicted of hunting U.S. prisoners 1th dogs Inspector for custom-house and mail messenger for Confederate States Patrol Confederate State of America Hired out hands to work on blocade and gunboats at Newburn Held oivil office in rebel lion Members of examining board at T~oy for Confederate States army Engaged in rebellion Hoisted Confederate flag over u. S. arsenal at Fayette ville, April, 1861 Home guard dur ng the ar For arrestin deserters and forcin them back to rebel army Commandin g rebels who took u •• arsenal at Fayette ville Held office dur ng the war to get out of service Contributing money to equip State troops Officers Conf derate States of America Encoura ing war by sp eechas artermaster 1 s agent In company wl th raiders when a man was shot iding rebellion Loaned cotton to Confederacy rchitect of Fort Fisher Engaged in Confederate ser vice Furnished horses to rebel lion by sale Table IV. The following act are held to be insufficient to establisa the charge of aidin and abett ng rebellion: 88 however, it as a matter of form in reporting tliis to the commanding neral as wel as r cording the reason for 27 (Continued) Charitable contributions Feed ng Confederate soldiers Aiding son in Conf derate service Hiring horses t Confederate soldiers Bad r bel Regarded as disloyal to u •• Voted for an appropriation of 10 , 000 for the ido sand orphans of Confederate soldiers Challeng d s patrol Clerk 1n time of war United tates soldier after vards sympathized with re bellion Vot n o conv nti on to secede Opposing reconstruction in public (violent ecesh) Candid ta to rebel legisla ture Tabla v. The follo in additional nds of ch 11 n a are held sufficient to authorize re action: Doubtful as to age Res idin out of county Doubtful as to residence Only 10 months in State , but Naturalized cit zen re stared for fear he Minority could not vote after 12 Living out of district months residence Not resident t elv months Belongs to fourth ward Not living in parish Non resident of the State Could not take the oath Ignores u. s. goverrnnent L v ng out of precinct Disfranch sad while a citizen Born in Africa of Tennessee Insane liens Deserter United tates army Table VI . The follo ing additional grounds of challenge are held insufficient for rejection: Too old, over 100 years For seduc ng a white women Has not signed (said to be deficient in n- Citizen papers not shown; tellect) they are in the clerks Publicly whipped office Would not take off his hat to Challenged qual fy or swear Cama to U. S . when 4 years old Rejected as incompetant never been naturalized-- Disloyalty parents were naturalized-- Sentence to nine months has been detective in u.s. impr sonment army Refu ees from Tennessee Conser pted Res ding in North Carolina 89 rejection in the registration books, for more complete reasons for rejection were desired. Those included in the 27 ( Con ti:nued) Report having lost naturali zation papers-shows letter from War Dept. of his hav in served in U.S. rtillery Convicted of tradin with Negroes before the war Chall nged by C.V.Hamilton Wishes to change his name Cannot read or write Pauper Fu itive from justice Office of' Clerk of county court Oath to Confederate govern ment Born in district-absent 18 months-and in district 2 months Registered twice over as Levi Deaf and Dumb Patroller Convicted of murder nd par doned by governor Charged with breach of trust Took oath of allegiance be fore rebellion Non-payment of poll tax Taking oath of allegiance and violating it Town police Clerk of market Tried and convicted; granted a new trial because of plaintiff's son havin been on jury Disfranch sad by the laws of Tennessee for partici pating in rebellion. Table VII. The following statements on the grounds of rejection are held to be insufficient: Captain of militia Militia officer Captain of heat company Brigadier General of Militia Lieutenant of militia Colonel of ilitia Regimental quartermaster of Captain heat m litia company militia Inspector-General of Militia The subjoined formula is ~iven as sufficient statement of grounds of rejection in such cases: Militia officers, and held command in the execution of the patrol laws in the State of South Carolina. Table VIII. The following statements of grounds of rejec tion are held to be insufficient: Members of Council Town wardens Intendants Aldermen Table IX. The sub jo ned formula is given as a sufficient statement of grounds of rejection in such cases: 'Council members,' 'Intendants,' 'Wardens,' etc; after the office 90 first table, who held any of the forego ng offices, were defin tely prohibited from re staring or voting, such as sheriffs, captains of patrol, assistant surgeon United States army, marshal, militia officers who held command in the execution of the patrol laws, members of the secession convention, magistrates, tax collectors, custom-house offi cers, commissioners of public schools, justice of the peace, county assessor, and others.28 The secom table listed offices wh ch if previously held di not work for disqualification.29 These included: deputy marshal, assis tant postmaster, notary public, keeper of 11 thouse, sur veyor, clerk of the tate senate, ov~rseers of the poor, attorney and others. 30 Th remaining tables indicated what 27 (Continued) desi nated insert 'and ex-officio magistrates.• The follo ing statements of grounds of rejection are held to be insufficient: Felony Convicte of felony Char ad with felony Convicted of rape Convicted of grand larceny Accused of larceny Convicted of stealing Convicted of murder Concealing stolen property Larceny Convicted of house burning Manslaughter The subjoined formula of grounds of rejection by a court of competant Charged w th willful perjury is given as a sufficient statanant in such cases: Convicted of felony jurisdiction. 28 House Executive DocumentL !£. 342, 40th Cong., 2nd Sass., p. sg. 29 30 Ibid., P• 69. Ibid., P• 69. 91 might constitute en ging in rebellion or giving aid and 31 comfort to those n rebellion . General ickles, as well as other commanding ener als were troubled by requests from ndividuala to determine eli ib111ty . It as, in pa.rt, due to this that General Sickles had published the tables described above which did cover many individual situations . d ed to this, conser- vative men in North Carolina were particularly satisfied with the statement or D. H. tarbuck, United States ttormy in alem, North Carolina, who placed the qu stion or eligi- bility up to the indivi ual . tarbuck, on eptembar 26, 1867 , had published in the Raleigh Standard a list of offi cers disfranchised under the acts. This, for the most part, substantiated the orders of General Sickles . He con tinued: The right to take the test oath mainly depends on the status of the person during the war and his in tents and purposes and is in a degree a matter of con science (except in relation to certain large national offices) . Where it depends on the intent of a per son, every man knows his own heart, and whether he was a friend to the Union or not; whether any aid which he may have rendered was voluntary or of his own choice . 32 31 House Executive Document, fu?.• 342, 40th Cong. , 2nd Sass . , p . 69 . See f . n . above, pp . 85-86 . 32 William A. Russ Jr . , "Radical Disrranchisement in North Carolina 1867-1868," in North Carolina. Historical Review, XI, No . 4, 1934, p . 278. 92 The native whites of North and South Carolina were almost totally disorganized as the coming election approach ed . With the best known men of the state disfranchised, the masses could but look to them for advice . Perry and Hampton of South Carolina opposed a convention, preferring military occupation to Negro rule . 3 3 The Charleston Courier M on August 6, 1867, sought to rally the disorganized elements of the conservatives : . No outh Carolinian whether by birth or adoption, who is entitled to vote should voluntarily deprive himself of the rigp.t to cast it if occasion should require . He should not debar himself of this means or defense . How he shall use it or hether he shall use it is one thing. He should not however cast away his right to its exercise . The register can do no harm . Not to register may result in great injury. The fonn r gives you the ballot and enables you to ield it . The latter course renders you at once po erless and deprives you of its exercise, however circumstances may demand its aid. We should not yield to indifference or surrender to despair .34 Wade Rampton, who together with Benjamin F . Perry, exercised the greatest influence over the conservative whites in South Carolina, and who decried ttle thou ht of Negro rule, still sought for a reconciliation among the races . Said Hampton: Let us remember that the Negroes have, as a general rule, behaved admirably, and that they are 33 John Porter Holl s , The Earli Period of' Recon struction l!1 South Carolina (Baltimore, 1905), p-;-77 . 34 Ibid . , p . 77. .. in no manner, responsible for their present condi tion of affairs . Should they, in the future, be mislead by wicked or design ng men, let us con sider how ignorant they necessarily are, and let us the more, try to convince them that we are their best friends . 35 93 In North Carolina, Holden wrote in the tandard on September 21, 1867 : The man who gets in the way in this crisis of restoring the Union according to the will of the nation should not only lose the last acre of land he has, but he deserves death by the halter . 36 A personal feud developed between Holden an:1 Goodloe to the extent that the former desired the exclusion of the conservative Republican from the Republican pirty, to which Goodloe retorted in the Register: Seriously, we would suggest to :Mr . Holden the propriety of his getting inside the Republican party, be ~ore he attempts to read out of it men ho were of it and with it when it was founded . If he were not a disfranchised rebel, he would be but a probationary of less than six months standing; and his effort to put us out, who, in our humble way, assisted in organizing one of the first Republican organizations in the United States, may seem to some people immodest, not to say impudent . 37 On September 4, a Republican convention assembled in Raleigh where the attempts of the moderate IOOn of the party 35 American Annual ciclopedia, 1867, VII, 697 . 36 Quoted in Hamilton, Reconstryction in North Qarolina, P • 249 . 37 Ibid . , P• 249 . 94 to secure a resolut on asking Congress for the removal of political disabilities was defeated . 38 Three weeks later a convention of the conservatives met in the same city and adopted a resolution stating it was unjust, unwise and wicked to proscribe men for past political offenses. They further resolved: That the unmistakable developements of a vindic tive and persecuting spirit in the speeches and cb ings of a majority of the delegates to the late Radi cal convention in this city, towards the body of white people of this State, call for the unanimous efforts of all trul· 1 conservative men, of all classes, whether white or colored to endeavor to check the progress of that spirit, ad to defeat the aims of those bad men among us who seek to destroy the ~ace of our people, to stir up strife between the whites and blacks, and to inaugurate a state of things in North Carolina Yti.1.ich must effectually prevent immi gration, check the investment of capitol, destroy confidence in all busines s enterprise, and diminish largely the sources of emplo-yment to our large labor ing population. 39 Before registration could be completed and prior to the scheduled election in the Carolinas, General Ed ard R . S. Canby succeeded Sickles on September 5 , as the com manding general of the second military di tr ct . 40 II. By mid-October, registration was completed in both 38 39 40 - American Annual Ciclopedia, 186?, VII, 550. Ibid., VII, 550. McPherson, Political Manual for 1868, P • 58. 6 orth and outh Carolina, showing a total number of 174,717 registered persons in North Carolina and 125,328 in outh Carolina. 41 The 1 sts of the former indicated a white majority of 3,403 whites, with a reg stration of 103,060 whites and 71,651 Negroes . 42 In the latter, the Ne roes held a majority of 32,636, with a total registration of 78 , 982 Negroes as comp red to 46,346 whites . 43 In the first week of November, according to the instructions of the commanding general, the re istration lists ere revised beginn n g fourteen days prior to the election which was to begin on November 1 . Thus, immediately before the elec tion , it was shown that n North Carol na 3,936 were added to the rolls, for a total of 106,721 whites and 79,932 44 Negroes . In South Carolina there was little change . t the election held in North Carolina on the 19th and 20th of November, a total vote of 126,030 was polled of the 17 1 653 registered voters . 45 The question of holdi~ 41 42 43 44 American Annual Cyclopedia, 1867, VII , 549, 699. Ibid . , VII, 549 . Ibid., VII , 699 . McPherson, Political Manual for 1868, p . 58 . 45 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of the State of North CaroITna ~ its Session 1868 (Rale gh-;- .c. , 1868) , p . 108. 96 the convention was carried by a plurality of 60,045; 46 31,284 whites and 61,722 Negroes voting in favor of the con vention, while 32,961 whites alone voted against the conven tion,47 and 42,476 whites and 11,210 Negroes abstained from the elect on, indicating a slightly greater white vote cast over that of the Negroes . 48 The election distr cts of Orange and Currituck alone of the state's seventy districts carr ed the question of holding the convention in the nega tive.49 The composition .of the convent on which ultimate ly assembled at Raleigh in January, 1868, was thoroughly radical in nature. Opposed to the thirteen conservatives were 107 Republicans includ ng eighteen men of the North and fifteen Negroes.50 Prom nent among the so-called car petbaggers were such men as General Joseph c. Abbott of New Hampshire, a former editor, lawyer and gem ral, Albion W. Tourgee of Ohio, Byron Laflin of Massachusetts, H. Grant of Connecticut, David Heaton, a former agent of the treasury department, S.S. Ashley, am nister from Massachusetts, 46 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of North - -- -------- ----- - --- Carolina, 1868, p. 108. 47 48 McPherson, Pol tical Manual for 1868, P• 58. Ibid., p. 114. 49 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of North ---- - -- -------------- Carolina, 1868, p. 108. 50 Hamilton, Reconstruction in North Carolina, p.253. 97 John R. French, a newspaper editor from New Hampshire and former member in the Ohio legislature; other rad cal lead ers included W . B. Rodman , an able lawyer and former seces sionist , Calvin J . Cowles and J . M. Turner . The latter of these men, though disfranchised by the acts, was not un seated . 51 Negroes who partic ated in the debates of the convention included James H. Harris, an orator w th a mod erate educatio, J . W . Hood and A. H. Galloway. Of the th rteen conservatives, John W . Graham and Plato Durham stand out as the leaders of the opposition . They were joined by Philp Hodnett , a moderate Re ublican who became disgusted w th antics of the radical leaders . Goodloe , the conservative editor of the Union Register characterized the convention thus : As you may well suppose , with the former governing class of the people disfranchised, the delegates are for the most pa.rt infer or in intelligence and char acter . Thirteen of them are persons of Afr can des cent--only one of whom, a Pennsylvanian, has any edu cation worth speaking of . He is a methodist preacher , and seems to be a man of good character . Two others - natives, without much culture, show considerable tal ent for speaking. Others are barbers, and two or three , literally, field hands . bout twenty- seven of the delegates are recently from the North, and not the most disinterested characters ••• The difficulty about electing better white men s party due--per haps especially due, to the disfranchisement of the governing class, but also in a great degree to the 51 Hamilton, Reconstruction in North Carolina, pp . 253-54 . 98 i norance of the Negroes . They are dupes of the lowest and meanest demagogues . The basest men are the most popular among the Negroes , because the basest men will bid the hi est for their votes . 52 In ou th Carolina , the election wa similarly a radi cal victory . A vote of 71,046 was polled of a total regis trat on of 127,453;53 2,350 whites and 66,41 Negroes voted in favor of the convention as comp red with 2,278 whi e votes , alone, cast against the convention. 54 total of 4,628 white votes were polled of the 46,882 registered whites, w le the Negroes polled 66,418 vote of the 80,550 registered Negroes, indicating that 42,254 whites and 14 , 132 Ne oes abstained from voting . 55 Of the 124 dele gates to meet at Charleston in January, 1868, fifty-one were white and seventy-three, Negroes . 56 Of those hites represented only twenty-three were n tives of the state , including F . J . Moses, who had hel ed haul down the Union colors at Sumter and was at this time to be the ultimate in radical Republicanism, T. J . Robertson, a former war 52 uoted in Russ, "Radical Disfranchisement in North Carolina," p . 279 . 53 54 55 McPherson, Political Manual for 1868, p . 114 . Ibid . , p . 114 . Ibid . , p . 114 . 56 Hollis, The Early Period £f Reconstruction .!Ee South Carolina, p . 83 . 99 speculator and later United tates enator, C. C. Bowen, who was tr ed though acquitted of brib n a man to assas in ate a Confederate officer, J . M. Rutland, who offered to take up a collection for a new cane for Brooks after the Brooks-Sumner incident prior to the rebellion. 57 Among the ranks of the carpetbaggers were Niles G. Parker, D. H. Chamberlain, later governor, C. P . Leslie of New York, formerly with the internal reverme department, G. Pillsbury, vice - president of the Union League in the tate, J . K. Jillsen, ho ach eved prominance by marrying a Negro woman, and B. F . Whittemore, who ater was elected to Con s but was turned out for selling West Point cadetships . Non r esident Negro lawyers included J . J . Wright, L. s. Langley, and w . J . Whipper; of the seven Negro preachers, R. H. Cain later became a member of Congress . Conservative representa tion was nil; however, several of the more moderate Repub licans, Negro and white alike, moderated the tone of the proceedings and sought for the removal of political dis abilities . III . On January 14, 1868, the constitutional convention assembled at Raleigh, North Carolina, pursuant to General 57 Hollis, The Earlz Period 2f. Reconstruction.!.!! South Carolina, p . 83 . • 100 Orders No. 165 of General Canby. 58 Will am B. Rodman im- mediately, upon the convening of the convention, proposed a simple oath for the members, searing allegiance to the United ·tates constitution; however, no action was taken on this motion.59 The contest for president of the 58 Journal of the Constitut onal Convention of North - ~- ~~~--~~~ ---~- - Carolina, 1868, pp. 4-6. Members of the convention were: John S. Parks, W •• B. Murphy, w. H. Logan, Jesse Rhodes, Julius • Garland , George • Gahagan, J. H. Duckworth, Thomas J. C ndler, • G. B. G rrett, Mark May, Geor e • Dickey, Samuel Forkner, van Benbow , George W . Bradley, Edw n C. Bartlett , Calvin J. Cowles, Calvin C. Jones, esley, Milton George, John • A. Bryan, Jerry mith, Allan Rose, Dr. Milton Hobbs, Isaac M. haver, Plato Durham, James R. Ellis, Joseph H. King, ilot J. ydlott, Edward Fullings, Silas N. tillwell, William Newsom, • T. Blume, Levi C. Morton, George Tucker, Henry Chillson, R. F . Petree, • B. Teague, Isaac Kinney, • Mullican, T. L. L. Cox, R. F . Trogden , G •• Welker, A. W. Tourgee, H. Barnes , John French, W lson Carey, P. Hodnett, Henry M. Ray, Will .am Merritt, E. M. Holt, J •• Graham, J. A. McDonald, • T. Gunther, S. D. Franklin, J. P~ Andrews, B •• D. Williams, James H. Harris, J. W. Ra land, J . J. Moore, c. Mayo , John Hyman, Jenn Reed, John H. Williamson, James T. Harris, W. A. Mann, J. W. Hood, J.M. Turner, S. s. McDonald, George A. Graham, R. T. Lon Sr., H. L. Grant, J . Hollowell, Dr. Jame Hay, Nathan Gulley, J.M. Patrick, w. Daniel, Jacob Ing, Henry Epps, J. H. Renfrow, w . J. T. Hays, R. c. Parker, H. T. Grant, J. H. Baker, Henry A. Dowd, Henry C. Cherry, R. W. King, •dwin Legg , Ha-ynes Lennon, Joshua L. Nance, o. S. Hayes, A •• Fisher, F. F. French, General J . C. bbott, s. S. Ashley, • H. Galloway, J. i . Peterson, amuel High smith, Sylvester Carter, Alexander Williams, E.W. Jones, Samuel W. Watts, P. D. Robbins, Bryant Lee, J.B. Hare, Thomas L. Hoffler, John R. French, Dr. William Nicholson, C. C. Pool, M. Taylor, Thomas anderlin, David Heaton, w. H. S. Sweet, C. D. Pierson, Jaspar Etheridge, bra.ham Cong leton, David D. Colgrove, w . B. Rodman, Will am Stilley, Byron Laflin, D. J. Rich, Andrew J. Glover. 59 Ibid., P• 8. 101 convention was a mere formality, for Calvin Cowles received one hundred and one votes to the five votes secured by Plato Durham, a die-hard conservative . 6 0 On the third day of the session, Plato Durham added his protest, concerning the constitutionality of the acts, to the list of protests that were ultimately recorded through other conservative delegates in many of the other reconstruction conventions . In a resolution, he offered: That, recogn zing the helpless condition of orth Carolina and th Federal Government to force the ac ceptance of the terms of reconstruction proposed by Congress, it is nevertheless the sense of this con vention that the measures, known as the Reconstruc tion Acts ar unconstitut onal , unwise, unjust and oppressive, subversive of the r ghts and liberties of eight millions of people, and calculated to hasten and complete the destruction of that wise system of government, which, when faithfully adhered to, secured so much happiness and prosperity to the American people . Resolved, that the wh team black races are dis tinct by nature, and that any and all efforts to abol- _ ish or abridge such distinction, and to degrade the white to the level of the black race, are crimes aga nst the civilization of the age and against God . Resolved, that the Government of the United tates and of the Southern tates were instituted by white men, and that while the lives, liberty and prosperity of the black race should be protected by just laws, these governments ought to be controlled by white men only. 61 60 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of - -- ------------- - North Carolina, 1868, p. 11 . 61 Ibid . , pp. 32-33 . 102 Durham at t emp ed to make the subject of th s reso lut on the special order of the day for the followin Wed nesday; however, it suffered the fate which was naturally expected in being indefinitely postponed . 62 A week after the convention assembled the president announced the stand ing committees on the canst tution . Those members com prising the connnittee on uffrage and 11 ib lity to Office, were C. C. Pool, Jones of Caldwell, re ch of Chowan, Rich, Candler, ndrews, Benbow, Con gleton and G raham o Oran e, Harris of ake, cDonald of Chatham, and Cherry. 63 Before the end of January, reports from the several committees were presented in the convention. Throughout the course of the proceedin s Durham and other conservatives introduced r solutions wh ch stood no chance whatever of consideration or passage . On February 7, 1868, Durham proposed that, "no person of frican descent or mixed blood shall be eligi ble to the off ce of Governor, Lieutenant Governor, or any other executive office .n 64 This, of course, was defeated by a vote of 11 to 83 . 65 62 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of Carolina, - - North 1868, p. 35. 63 Ibid., p. 43 . 64 Ibid., P• 162. 65 Ib d., P • 162. 103 Durham, the young conservat ve leader, d splayed a violent outburst followin the report of a committee to relieve about six hundred persons of disabilities, of whom a mere handful were conservatives . He said: Th s report is a fraud upon the people of orth Carolina and it is so intended to be . The secretary may take my words down . I don't care for the secre tary or fo the convention either . 66 There as little d scussion as to the question of this franchise unt 1 February 18, 1868, at w ch time the majority and m nority reports of the Connnittee on uffrage and Eligi 111ty to Office were reported . The majority re port, si ed by C •• Pool, C . C. Jones, D. J. Rich, J . H. Harris, J . P. Andres, E. Benbow and H. C. c. Curry pro vided for a simple re gistration oath which affirmed the principles of the United States constitut on and the laws and cons t tu t on or the state of orth Carolina.67 Wh le two classes of persons wer e disqual ed from off ice, there was n proposed disqual fication for voting ar holding of fice because or participat on in the rebellion. minority report offered b y Thomas C. Candl r and Abraham Congleton was more proser ptive in that it pro posed disfranchisement of: 6 6 uoted in Russ "Radical Disfr nchis ement in North Carolina 1867-18 s,d p. 280. 67 Journal or the Constit tional Convention or North Carol. na, 1868, p. 233. 104 Those who have prevented, or endeavored t o pre vent any vot r from the free exerc se of the elec tive franchise by threats, violence or bribery. Thos , who are disqualified from holding office by the propos d amendment to the Const tution of the United tates, known as art cle fourteen , and the act of Congress passed March 2, 1867, and the sev eral acts suppl ment ry thereto ••• Those wh, dur n t h late rebellion, inflicted, or caused t be infl cted, or were acce sory to the crime of infl ctin any cruel or unusual punishment upon any officer, soldier, sailor, marine, employee, or c·tizen of the United tates, o n any manner v olated the rul s of c v 1 zed warf re . 68 Th reg strat on o th prov in this m nor t e- port was more in keep n with th usual oath of the radi- cals. Under th s ath, n ppl was forced to swear : nt seek n to rag ter I do solemnly swear, or aff rm, that I will sup port and mainta·n the Const tution of the United States and th Constitut on of the tata of North Carolin; that I w 11 nave count nance or ad :In the s cession of th s tat from t he United tates; th t I accept the political and civ 1 equality of all men, and t hat I w 11 faithfully obey the laws of the United tatesA and encoura e othe s so to do ; so help me God . 6~ The minority report offered by John · . Graham and Plato Durham was in keep n wt their previous points of view. It was a protest rather than a proposed section of the constitut on . Concerning the Negro franch se, the re port read : 6 8 Journal of the Constitut North Carol na, 186S: pp . 234-5 . 69 Ibid . , p. 235 . nal Convention of - 105 We cannot view, w thout serious apprehension, the admission to all the h est rieP-ts and pr vi leges of citizensh p of a race, consisting almost entirely of those recently emerged from slavery, and unfitted by previous education and habits of thought and self reliance, for the intelli ent d s charge of the duties and responsibilities, wh ch would devolve upon them ••• While we do not deny that there are mdividuals of that class who m ght be expected to express their own convictions at the ballot box still the reat mass of them are so ignorant and pre udiced that they easily become the dupes of design n ad venturers and demago es, and through secret asso clatiC11s, introduced from Northern tates, merely follow nstructions , and reflect the vies of those who control t em ••• e tremble for the safe ty of epublican :1nstitu t ons, when 1 t shall be de termined to conf r this trust upon those, who men tally and morally are unfit to adm nister it.70 Durham and raham alao expressed their op osition to the proposed proscriptive measures, stating: We deny the power of Con 0 ress to prescribe to North Carolina who shall or shall not vote. This has always been r con zed as one of the reat rights reserved to the tates ••• Congress cer- ta nly recognized North Carolina as a tate in proper and constitutional relation when the ratifi cation of the XIII Amendment was submitted to the legislature in 1866-67 for ratification. We can, then, only re ard the present measures as a punish ment for our conduct on the latter occasion ••• We consider the whole scheme as intended to advance party purposes, in the expectation that the tates of the South being Africanized and adicalized may more than counter balance the loss of electoral votes that will occur in other sections of the Union. 7 1 70 Journal of the Constitut onal Convention of ---- - -- ... ----- - North Carolina, 1868, p. 235. 71 Ibid., pp. 23 -236. 106 A separate minority report offered by John R. French agreed for the most p rt with the majority report; however, he would have proscribed those disfranchised by the four teenth amendment. 72 These reports were ordered printed, arrl on February 24, the eport of the Committee on Suffrage and Eligibility was taken up for consideration . Generally, it may be stated that the question of suffrage did not occupy muc of the convention's time; however, various and sundry resolutions were offered by members before a definite franchise section could be framed. French of Bladen offered to disfran ch e: All persons who, prior to the year 1861, held any office under the United tates government, or held any office as a member of any State Legisla ture, or as an executive or judicial officer of any tate, and afterwards en 0 aged in nsurrection or rebellion a a nst the United tates, or ave aid and comfort to the enemies thereof; but the General Assembly may by a vote of two-tl ds of each house, remove such disability.?3 While this was defeated by a vote of 23 to 77, Jones of ~ashington offered a registration oath identical with 74 that proposed in the first minority report . Turgee moved to substitute this for the oath of the majority report; 72 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of North Carolina, 1868, P • 238. - 73 74 Ibid., p. 251. Ibid. , p. 251. however, this was defeated by a vote of 33 to 65. 75 107 bbott, thereupon, proposed a substitute oath which he later with drew. Th s oath rad: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I am truly and devotedly attached to the Union of all the tates, and opposed to any dissolution of the same; that I entertain no political sympathy with the instigators and leaders of the rebellion, or with the enemies of the Union, nor approbation of their principles or purposes ; that I will neither by word or act, encourage or countenance a spirit of sedition or d saffection towards the Government of the Un tad States or laws thereof, and that I will susta n and def nd the Union of these States, and will encoura a and resist all efforts to destroy or impair the same.76 Heaton, then, offered the oath of the major ty eport and the second section was adopted without change. On March 10, the report of the committee was again placed be fore the convention for consideration. French of Bladen , thereupon proposed an oath which would have disfranchised those proscribed by the acts. 77 The majority report, with 75 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of - ------ North Carolina, 1868, p. 252. 76 Ibid., P• 254. 77 Ibid., P• 387. This oath was as follows: "I, ____ ,do solemnly swear (or affirm) in the presence of Almighty God, that I am a citizen of the tate of North Carolina, that I have resided in said State twelve months next precedin this day, and in the county of __ thirty days, that I am twenty one years of age, that I have never bean convicted of any infamous crime since becoming a citi zen of the United States, that I am not, nor have I ever been disfranch sad by what is known as ta) Reconstruction Acts of Congress, and that I will faithfully support the 108 little chance, was ultimately adopted as the franchise art icle by a vote of 80 to 8, only Candor, Durham, Ellis, Gahagan, Graham of Mont gomery, McCubbins, Merritt and 78 S nderlin dissenting. Nevertheless, before its f nal adoption, attempts were ma.de on the part of Marshall to disfranchise those prose ibed by the fourteenth amendment as did French of Bladen also. French's proposal was de feated by a vote of 35 to 58 while Marshall's subst tute lost by a margin of 40 to 57. 79 ccordin to the on February 22, 1868 1 one delegate sough t permanent dis- franchisement of those at resent under d b lity ~ while E.W. Jones wished to disfranch se all ho voted against the proposed constitution. 80 The final passage of the section was recorded by a vote of 79 for and 9 against the section, those vot n g in t he negative being Candor, Durham, Etheridge, Garland, Graham of Mont gomery, Holt, In, Merritt and Sanderlin. 81 Rodman, before the conclusion 77 (Continued) the Constitution and laws of the United States and of the State of North Carolina, not inconsistant therewith. So help me God." 78 · Journal of the Constitutional Convention of North Carolina, 1868, p. 403. - P• 268. 79 80 Ibid., p. 404. Hamilton, Reconstruction!.!}_ North Carolina, 81 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of North Carolina, 186s"; P• 405. - 109 of debate, attempted to secure the passage of a resolution which would have petitioned Con ass for the removal of political disabilities from all persons in the state . This resolution lost by a vote of 26 to 75 . 82 On the con trary, one of the last acts of the convention, was to re peal an ordinance passed by the General ssembly on Decem ber 22, 1866, which had granted amnesty to all officers and soldiers of the rebellion . 8 3 In a speech prepared by Will am B. Rodman and George W. Gahagan, the Re ublicans congratulated themselves on framing so liberal a policy with reference to its citizens formerly in rebell_ on man and Gahagan : ad Rod- While giving suffrage to the colored people, the convention has not been so inconsistant with itself, and with the great principles of Republican govern ment, as to deny it to any portion of the whites . It is an undeniable monument to the wisdom, and equity, and magnam nity , of the Union people of North Carolina, that in three years after the close of a bloody and devastating civil war, in which wrongs and outrages were endured that can never be forgotten, they have framed a Constitut·on , in wh ch not a trace of animosity or vindictiveness can be founa . 84 In no manner whatever did the convention provide for mixture or segregation of whites and egroes in the militia, 82 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of - ------ North Carolina, 1868, p . 413 . 83 Ibid . , p . 413 . 84 Ibid., P • 484 . 110 school or marriage. These questions were left to the 85 General Assembly to decide upon. On arch 14, an ordi- nance wa adopted providing for the submission of the con stitution to the electorate for ratification or rejection. 86 n electi on wa to be hel beginnin April 21, and continu- ng for three days . At the sam t me elections were to be held for all state, county and municipal officers . 87 On March 17, 1868, after fi ty-five days of almost continuous wran lin and debate, the convention adjourned . SB Before the end of the convention, both parties were already girding for the comin battle of ra ct on and the first election under the new constitution . On February 6, 1868, a conservative convention was held at Raleigh which included many of the mos t prominent citizens of the state such as ex- overnors Vance, Bragg, Graham, Judges Manly, Merrimon and Fowle, also eldon N. dwards and . L. Steele. 89 With the rerusal or Vance ror the conservative nomination for governor, second choice rested on Thomas • 85 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of - -- ~~----------- - North Carolina, 1868, p.485. 86 Ibid., p • 472. 87 Ibid., 472 . p . 88 Ibid., p . 485 . 89 Hamilton, Reconstruction in North Carolina, 278 . - P • 111 Asha, formerly a member of the General ssembly, a member of the lower chamber 1n the Confederate government, and a nominee to the Confederate senate. A Republican conven tion held on the same day chose w. W. Holden as its candi date for governor. The election campaign waxed hot with charges and counter charges. While it is true that the convention framed a liberal document in view of those perfected by the other reconstruction conventions, the fourt enth amendment and the acts were still the criteria for determining eligi bility in this election inasmuch as North Ca olina as under the military command of General Canby until that state were readmitted to the Union. B. F. Moore, a moder ate Republican, who later joined the conservative or demo cratic ranks, wrote to his daughter shortly before the election: The Radical party proposes to fill our Congres sional representation with those men recently in troduced from other quarters of the United States, and to impose them upon us through the 1nstrumen tability of the league .90 Daniel R. Goodloe, editor of the Register, favored approval of the constitution, but joined with the conserva tives in opposition to • f. Holden. 9 1 Oblivious to the 90 p. 283. 91 Hamilton, Reconstruction ,Yl North Carolina, Ibid., P• 283. 112 remarks made by Rodman at the close of the corwention, adical Republican element vieorously w ved the "bloody shirt" in arous ng opposition among the Negroes against the conservative whites and f ormer Confederates . everal weeks prior to the election, the electio lists had been revised, showi g a total of 196,876 regis tered voters includ ng 117,431 whites and 78, 445 Negroes . 92 At the election held on pril 21, 22 and 2 3 , 1868, a total of 167,099 votes were cast, 93,084 for the comtitut on and 74 ,01 against adoption . 93 Less than 30,000 wh tes and Negroes absta ned from the contest . 94 The vote n the gubernatorial contest was less than the vote on the con stitution, nevertheless, Holden's margin of victory over the conservative, Ashe, was almost as great, the former receiving 92,235 votes to the latter's 73,594 votes . 5 The d fficult es of the Republican party were not ended, however, for Canby, in a telegram to Grant pointed out that the governor elect, the lieutenant governor, as 92 Amer can Annual Cyclopedia, 1868, VIII, 554 . 93 Ibid., 554; also, see McPherson , Political Manual for 1868, p . 114 . p . 286. 94 95 American Annual Cyclopedia, VIII, 554 . Hamilton, Reconstruction _n North Carolina, 113 well as numerous other of f cars elect were neligible to off ce until the state as actually readmitted in smuch as the fourteenth amendment, the acts, and oath of office still made for disqualificat on . Grant's opinion on this matter has already been cited, for Grant d id no consider this to have been an ordinary election under the terms of the acts and the disfranchisement sections were not a pli cable ; 96 however, this w sat a later d te . In Gener 1 Orders No . 79 issued ay 2, 1868, and n General Orders No . 83 issued on 1ay 12, 1868, General Canby officially declared that the state co t t tions had been approved by the electorate in Sou th C~rolin and North Carolina respec t vely, and added that those men elected to off ce would have to take tl t est oath of July 2, 1862, unless : the said ninth section shall have become inopera tive by the fact that the people of the tate have been declared b law to be entitled to representa tion in the Congress of the United tates . 97 This meant, in fact, that the provisions of the acts and the fourteenth amendment were operative until the state had already been readmitted to the Union . 96 2nd ass . , House xecutive Document, No . 276, 40th Cong . , " second Military District , n-p. 3 . 97 House Executive Document, !!.2,. 300, 40th Cong. , 2nd Sess . , 11 Elections in Georgia, North Carol na and South Carolina," p . 19 . 114 In the lower chamber of the state legislature, the Republicans r eturned eighty-two members while the conser vat ves won thirty-eight seats; in the sta e sen ta, twelve conservatives opposed th rty-eight Republ cans . 98 Two months after the election, on June 2, 186, Congress pass- ed the bill readmitt ng North Carol na to the Un on a soon as the newly convened leg slature would pa the fourteenth amer:rlment; and six days later, on July 1, the low r cham ber of the state legislature accepted the amendment by a vote of 72 to 23 while the senate approved the measure by a vote of 36 to 2 . 99 Thus, orth Carol na, after an absence from the Union of e ght years, was again repr sented in the national leg slature by a political party hated and non- existe tin the state in the pre-war icture of outher politics . IV. On January 14, 1868, the const tut onal convention of South Carolina convened at Charleston pursuant to General 98 Ham 1 on, Recons ruct on!!!. North Carolina, p . 34, compare, American nnual Cyclopedia, 1868, VIII, 554; and Samuel, . Cox, Union, Disunion, Reunion (Prov dence, Rhode Island, 1885), P • 497 . 99 McPher•son, Political Marrual for 1868, p. 353. 115 Orders No. 160 of General Canby.lOO After preliminary or ganization was established, Robertson of Richland assumed the chair as temporary chairman. Addressin the convention, he sat a moderate tone for the proceedin s, stating: lOO Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of Sou th C rol na, Held at Charleston, South Carolin~, Begin ning Januari 14, and Ending March 17, 1868 (Charleston, South C olina, 1868), p . 6. Delegates were: Hutson J. Lomax, Nelson Joiner, Jno. A. Hunter, Bailey ilford , Thomas Williamson, William Perr, Dr. N. J. Newell, amuel Johnson, Charles P. Leslie, Niles G. Parker, James • Hayne, Julius ayer, Charles D. Hayne, bram iddleton, Joseph H Jenks, w. H. W. Gray, Geor e Lee, • C. Richmond, D •• Chamber lain, Wi11·am Jervey, Timothy Hurley, M. F. Becker, Benja min Byas, rancis E . ilder, James D. Bell, Robert malls, J. J. Wright, R. G. Holmes, • J. Whipper, L. s. Langley, A.G. Mackey, F. A. Sawyer, A. J. Ransier, William McKinley, Robert C. DeLarge, Francis L. Cardozo, Gilbert Pillsbury, c. C. Brown, Richard c. Cain, • Sanders, P. lexander, B. Burton, Elias D ckson, William Nelson, William M . Thomas, John K. Terry, William Dr ffle, illiam M . V:iney, Jesse s . Crai, • J. Donaldson, H. L. hre sbury, Jordan L ng , B. F. Whittemore, Isaac Brockenton, Richard Humbird, R. B. Elliott, George De Meddis, John Wooley, Prince R. Rivers, John Bonum, David Harr s, Frank Arnim, Henry J r cobs, James • Rutland, • D. Edwards, Franklin F . Miller, Henry W. Webb, Joseph H. Rainey, William B. Johnson, James • llen, James • Run on, Wilson Cooke, Augustus R. Thompson, Henry Jones, J. K. Jillson, S. G •• Dill, Joo.n A. Chest nut, Lemuel Boozer, imeon Corley, Albert Clinton, Charles Jones, Nelson Davis, Joseph Crews, Harry McDaniels, Y. J. P. Owens, Calvin Stubbs, George Jackson, William S. Collins, H. E. Hayne, Benjamin • Thompson, J. W. Johnson, Lee Nance, B. Odell Duncan, James Henderson, R.H. Cai , E •• M. Macky, Benjamin F . Randolph, T. L. Sasportas, W. J. McKinley, Alexander Boyce, M . Mauldin, Dr. L.B. Johnson, William B. Nash, Charles M. lder, Coy Wingo, Samuel B. Thompson, Thomas J. Robertson, John • Gentry, J.P.F. Camp, Rice Foster, T. J. Coghlin, • E. Johnson, Samuel Lee, F. J. Moses, Jr., Abram Dogan, Samuel Nuckles, James H. Goss, C. M. Olsen, S. A. Swails, 11 irun Darrington, W. E . Rose, Dr. J.C. Neagle, J. H. White, John W. Mead. 116 I trust there will be no class legisla ion here . I hope we 111 act harmoniously, promptly, judici ously and in such a manner as w 11 reflect credit upon ourselves , and secure the confidence of the people of the Stat e, whom we represent . 101 O n the second day, A. G. Mackey was elected per manent chairman and in an even firmer tone voiced his op- p osition to a strict policy of disfranchisement . id Mackey: I am opposed to any general disfranchisement of the masses of the people . It is too late now to dis franchise as a pun shment for treason . Pun shment should be inflicted for the sake of reform . To :in flict it now would be only tog atify revenge . I want no more disfranchisement ether as to number of persons or as to duration of time , than is absolutely necessary to secure the safety of the nation , and if that can be secured by none at all , then would I favor a eneral amnesty . 102 Amon g the irs t items aken up by the con vent ion was the expulsion of the reporter fr om the Charleston Mercur~ for urlesquing s~veral of the delegates . Concerni g two of these members, the ercur~ stated that Joseph Crews was a white man , "well known to many merchants in Charleston , w ho have had occasion to regret his acquaintance ; " and of S . A. wails , the Mercuri stated that he was II a light mula - to with scarcely any of the features characteristic of the Negro race . He sports a t h ck black mustache and when 101 Proceedings £f_ the Constitutional Convention .Q.!: South Carolina, 1868, P • 6 . l0 2 Ibid . , p • 15 • 117 sober would make a good lookin bandit•" 103 Though the mo- tion to expel was not carried at th s time, the reporter from the Mercuri was ejected from the hall before the con vention drew to a close. hortly after the convention got under way, provi sional goverrx:,r Orr addressed the members, expressing his viewpo nt on the unconst utionality of the acts and on the new franchise law to be drafted. He pointed out that Negroes were ncapable of voting and advocated educational and property qual fications for the franchise. 104 He then cont ued: You are aware that the disfranchisement in the Reconstruction Acts of Congress excludes the ntel ligence and the wealth of the State . In one of the districts of the State, I know th.at the colored people wa ted upon certa n ntlemen and requested them to become candidates for the Convention, but they were constrained to decline, because of the con dit on of affairs wh ch exists in all the distr cts of South Carolina--the most intelligent men being excluded . In starting a new government all of this intelligence and experience should rot be ignored . The tate cannot afford to give it up. She is en titled to the counsel of such men, and to their ser vices . 105 On Saturday, January 20, 1868, the president I0 3 Quoted in Hollis, The Earll Period 2.£ Reconstruc tion in South Carolina, p. 90. 104 Proceedings 2.£ the Constitutional Convention 2f. South Carol .na, 1868, p. 50. 105 Ib id • , p • 5 2 • 118 appointed the stand ng committees to report on the several , sections of the constitution . The members composing the Connnittee on Franch se and Elections were R. C. DeLarge, Jame D. Bell , C. P. Leslie, Isaac Brockenton , Elias Dixon, John A. Chestnut, H. W. Webb, M. F . Becker, and John • Gentry. 106 Throu out the course of the convention vari ous resolutions were referred to th s comm ttee concern ng the franch se . s e rly a January l?, L. S. L n ley pro- posed that there be no further disqualif cat on because of politic 1 of ense . 107 For the present, th s resolution was tabled . On January 20, T . Hurley offered that there be no disfranchisement section n the proposed franch se 1 108 h p art c e, w le on the same day • G. arker resolved: of - That th s convention recommend to all persons in outh Carolina, who are at pr sent disqual fed from registration under the cts of Con . ass, who are w 11- ing to swear alle iance to the Constitution wh ch this Convention shall adopt, and to the Const tution of the United tates, to forward their names to this Convention, with recommendations from the Governor of the tate, the Commandin Officers of the several militar y d stricts, the United States Judges, Inter nal Revenue Collectors, Distr ct ttorney, or other United States Off cers, or Union men of note through out the tate, and th s Convention will i:etition the 106 Proce dings of the Constitutional Convention outh Carolina, 1868, p . 56. 107 Ibid., p . 40. 108 Ibid., p. 72. Congress of the Un ted 'tates to remove their dis abilities . 109 119 B. F . R ndolph on Thursday, January 23 , offered to include educational qualifications in the new franch se 110 section . everal days later J . K. Jillson referred a resolution to the Franch se committee which disfra chised no one for participation in the rebellion . 111 It is appar ent that all was not harmonious among the members of this committee, for c. P . Leslie, once, after a resolution had been referred, sarcast cally commented : If you refer Elections , that think that body should blow his t to the committee on Franchise and will be the last of it . I do not can be gotten together if Gabriel trumpet . 112 There is further indication tilat al 1 was not har monious within the ranks of the Republican party itself in asmuch as the native whites and the carpetbaggers did not al~ays act together . On one such occasion, D . H . Chamber lain arose to defend the latter group , stating: There are reasons why men who have not been ident fied to South Carol·na in the past , who have f ormed their opinions in a different atmosphere , 109 - - Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of South Carolina , 1868 , p . 72 . 110 111 112 Ibid • , p • 9 9 • Ibid . , pn . 212- 3 . Ibid . , P • 254 . 120 should not only hav an equal ch nee, but pre ferred for the most important offices n the gift of the people of this tate ••• it is an advanta e in a candid te that he should not have been born and bred on the so 1 of South Carol na ••• it is rather t his advantage t t he was born where he could not have imbibed the prejudices of outh Caro lina.113 Various other affairs pert nent to the buo 1-r:lss of the convent on could not bed s posed of until t e report of the committee on Franch se and 1 ct ons was presented . One such instance arose over section 36 of the Bill of R1 ts in wh ch several le tes d red to knot the d f - nition of privile es an ri hts of lectors . 114 In section 31 of t h e Le islative article, an oath of office wa provided for all state officers which merely acknowledged the supremacy of the United tates const t - tion and th t of the tat constitution -115 Othe _ has 113 Proce d n s of the Constitutional Convent on Q.f. South Carol 1868, P • 550 . 114 Ib d • , p • 44 9 • 115 Ibid., pp . 44 -50. The oath ran as follows : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case rray be) that I am duly qual fed according to the Constitution of the United tates and o f this State, to exercise the duties of the of . ice to which I have been elected , {or appointed,) and that I will faithfully dischar ge to the bes t of my abilities the duti s thereof , and that I recognize the supremacy of the Constitution and laws of the Un ted Stats, over the Constitution and laws of any stat , an:i that I will support , prot ct and defend the Const tution of the Uni t ed tat and t he Const tution of outh Caro lina, as ratifia by the people on __ • o help me od." 121 of the disfranch sement issue centered about the qu ut ion of ncludin g or excl ding former Confederates from the state militia . One gr up favored exclusion of the orm r rebels on the grounds of safety to the government wh le a second faction favored inclusion of the former Confe erates on the same grounds, for it was believeG necessary to know th whereabouts of any element that mi e;h.t be dan erous on the home front in time o emergency. 116 On the f orty second day of the convention , arch 4 , 1868, R. c. DeLarge presented the majorit y report of the Committee on Franchise and Elect ons , when provided that persons twenty- one years o a ge , cit zens of the United States , and residents in the county vherein they reside , were elig ble as electors : Provided , that any person coming of age aft r the year A.D. 1875, to vote, be able to read and write . Provided further , that no person shall be allowed to vote or hold office , who is now , or hereafter may be , disqual . fied therefor by the Constitution of the United States , provided that the General Assembly shall have power to remove said disability by a t wo thirds vote . 117 Thus , the fourteenth amendment alone was to be a measure of qualification . Yet it is remarkable that in a Negro dominated assembly even t his exclusion was considered 116 Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of South C rolina , 1868, pp . 673- 4 . 117 Ibid . , PP • 772-3 . 122 as unnecess ry and abusive by several of those cred ted with being amon the more radical members of the conv ntion . In amino ity report subm· tted by C. P . Lesl . , this is all the more evident . Said Leslie: I confess that I agree with the vary liberal re port of the conm itt e on every proposition save that contained in the second proviso to the second section of said repo~t, which reads as follows: 11 Tha.t no person shall be allowed to vote or hold office who is now, or hereafter may be, disqual1 ied there f ore by the Const tution of the Un tad States; provided that the en ral Assembly shall have pow r to remove said disability by a two-th rds vote. • ." I assert and main ta n that n a Republ can form of Government every citizen has the absolute right, unqualified and unrestricted, unless convicted of crime, etc ••• I simply state that the evidence is clear and conclusive against disfr nchisement , and there can be no use for continued disqualificat on, unless it be the aim of a large and admitted majority to sustain and perpetuate themselves in power and office at the expense of a to be c ontinued an oppr ssed minority, besides sub ject ng us to the suspicion that we are afraid of the people, because it_ may be supposed th.at they might vote against the epublican unless disfranchisement is continuect . 118 W . J . hipper uttered these sent ments earlier, stating: When I left the army at the close of the war, I was zealous to sea the leaders of the rebellion hung, and every man engaged in it disfranc ised and their lands confiscated. The government of the country has thought proper to pursue a different course . I think for us to act now and suffer anything to be done hat savours of anything like vengeance is wrong , cruel and unjust . If we are truly representa tives of the people, we will suffer noth n of the 118 Proceedings 2f the Constitutional Convent on of South Carolina, 1868, P • 742 . 123 kind . 119 Debate on the franch se section cent red about the educational qualification rather than the proscriptive clause . Several Negro members sought to move the effec tive dat o the educat onal amendment as far in th future as possible; others sought to exclude it altogethar . 120 Referring to th s sect on, • J . Ransier stated: o long as the question of suffrage to the white man was concerned, I have never heard of an educa tional or other qualification . o soon, however, as the colored man applies for this privilege, you at once , on every side , hear the demand that he must be surrounded with both property and educational re str ctions, which ould deprive a large portion of our race of this inestimable privilege . 121 The dis ranchis ment controversy centered about the explosive resolution orrered by R. C. DeLarge on March 14, 1868. Though brief, this resolution contained exactly what the conservative throughout the South desired . It s tated , "Res.olved that th s Cor,vention petition Congress to remove all political disabilities from the citizens of this State . " 122 • J . hipper immediately moved to make 119 Proceedings 2f. the Cons ti tut ion al Conven ticn of South Carolina, 1868 ., p . 130 . - 120 Ibid . , P • 825 . 121 Ibid. , p . 829 . 122 Ibid . , P • 877 . 124 this r solution the special order of the d y for the fol- lowing Monday at 4:00 P.M.123 J. D. Bell then moved to have it indefinitely postponed.1 2 4 Concerning his own resolution, R. C. DeLarge stated: Nothing is so surpris ng as to see what appears to be an anxious des ire on the part o some members not to meet fairly a question like the one now be fore us. I confess I am anxious to have th s reso lution discussed. I am anxious that its friends should have an opportunity of advocatin its passage. At the same time , I desire to hear the r asons that may be urged against it.125 • J . Wh pper again urged passa e of this measure , and supporting the resolution of DeLarge, declared: I hope tie opponents of that resolution are not afraid to meet us in the discussion of that question. I am in favor of the resolution and ready to give UlY reasons. I only ask to have it fairly arguad.izs F. L. Cardozo added: A motion to postpone is only a polite sort of way of dodging a question; and that is but saying, in a poli ta way, we are not in favor of a removal of political disabilities. We hope those opposed to it, however, will have the courage to say so, and ill not shift the responsibility. There are some of us who favor the proposition as an act of generosity, and we wish to discuss it. We th nk it a matter of expediency as well as of policy to do it; and I hope when the question comes up, it will 123 f.roceedings of the - South Carolina, 1868, p. 877. Constitutional Conventicn of' - 124 Ibid., p . 877. 125 Ibid., P• 877. 126 Ibid., P • 877 . 125 be shown that our party can exercise a generosity and magnaminity unparalleled in the history of the world; and that although our people have been op pressed and have every inducement to seek revenga.127 Among those who spoke against the resolution was S. G. w. Dill. He said: I hope the motion to indefinitely postpone will prevail. I have not so much confidence as others in what outsiders say they will do for us. I do not think it gocx:1 policy to put a weapon into the hands of our enemies.128 L. s. Langley and J. H. Rainey similarly argued against the resolution on the grounds that discussion of such a topic required extensive study and such time was not now availabla.1 29 w. B. Nash proposed to pass this resolution to n show the men who have raised their hands against us, that we can exercise a magnaminity of which we can be proua.ttl 3 0 Said J. s. Craig, "Let us show our sense of justice, nd a desire to accord to every man the privileges which we enjoy.n131 The motion was made the special order of the day for Monday, March 16, 1868; how ever, when DeLarge reintroduced this resolution, the m 7 Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention .Qf. South Carolina, 1868 1 p. 878. 12 8 Ibid., P• 878. 129 130 131 Ibid., pp. 879-880. Ibid., P• 879. Ibid., p. 880. I 126 intent and pll'a93ology had so been a.l tared as to cllan e it alt ogether . The motion to postpone indefinitely lost by a l arg3 majority of 22 to 72 . 132 The resolution now r~ad: Resolved, that this Convention hereby request Congress to remove the political disabilities of such cit zens of this t teas may petition for the same after the adoption of the Constitution framed by this Convent on . Provided , such persons make oath to support the Constitution of this Stat and of the United tat es; said oath to be f 1r t deposited in the of ice of the ecretary of State, and a copy of the same forwarded with the petition to the Con ress of the United tat s . 133 s the convent on drew to a close, G neral Canby had published his en ral Orders No . 4, pirsuant to an ordi nance passed by the convention, affirming that the elec tion on the constitution was to take place beginning April 14 , 1868 . The acts were to be used as a measure of eli 1 - bility and all officers created by the constitution were to be elected at the same time . 134 On Tuesday, arch 17, 1868 , the convention adjourned sine die , a.fter f'if ty- th1•ee da-ys of an almost cont rmous session . 135 v. Even before the convention drew to a close , the 132 Proceedin~s of' the Copstitu tional Conventi.on 2f. South Carollna, 18 s,p. 880 . 133 Ibid . , p . 918. 134 135 Ibid . , p . 883 . Ibid . , p . 918 . 127 battle for rat fication had alr ady begun to take shape . The Republicans, confident of victory because of the large majority oi registered Negro voters, in a select nom n ting committee, nominated General R. K. cott for governor . 136 Scott, from Oho , h d been an assistant commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina . In the meantime , the conserv tives sou t toga n the support of t least a pat of th Negro popul tion . Thus the Courier on ril 6 , 1868, rote: Your race has noth n to a n and everything to lose , if you invoke that prejudice of race, wh ch since the world wa made has ever driven the weaker tribes to the wall . Forsake then the wicked a:rx:1 stupid m n who would involve you in th s folly and make to yourselves friends and not enemies of the white people of outh Carolina . 137 The conservativ s held the r convention early in April, 1868 . The chairman of the convention lamented the proscript ve pol cy to be used in the com ng election . The conservatives, or Democrats, m de no effort to elect offi cers ; they concentrated primarily on defeating the consti tution . 138 A petition was forwarded to the Congress over the eigith article of the proposed constitution, which 136 uoted n Hollis , The Early Period of Recon- struction in South Carolina, p . 100 . 137 138 Ibid . , p • 101 . Ibid • , p . 103 . 128 11 enfranchises every male egro over the age of twenty-one, whether a convict, felon, or a pauper," and dis ranchised "every white man who had held office in outh CarolinaJ' 139 While apathy and a realization of their own helplessness was to keep many whites away from the polls, others advo cated oing to the polls and votin against the proposed constitution. hortly before the election, the registration lists were a an rev sad indicatin a total number of registered voters of 133,597, an increase of about six thousand, white ani Negro comb ned. 140 The elect on, held as scheduled on pril 14, unanimously returned a Republican administra- t on, and the con t i tution was accepted by a vote of 70,75 for and 27, 288 against adoption. 141 While 35,551 wh .tes an:l Negroes abstaine from votin, there was a considerable increase of some twenty thousand white voters inasnmch as it cannot be supposed the votes cast a ainst ratification were those of the egroes. 142 If it is indicative of any thing, this increase of white votes tends to show that the 139 Samuels. Cox, Union~ Disunion, Reunion, (Providence, R. I., 1885), p. 503. 140 141 142 Arn rican Annual Cyclopedia, 1868, VIII, 697. Ibid., 697. Ibid., 697. 129 apathy of the conservat ves was beginn ng to wear thin as the conservative s formed a nucleus of the Democratic party that was to form the opposition to the Republlcan dom n ted state goverrment . There was little disturbance at the election , for the period of strife that was to come in the state elec- tons of South Carol na di not beg n until 1870 . ever- theless , James G. Blan has characterized the elections in outh Caroli a as follows: In South Carol a there appears to have been no elect on at all in any proper sense of the term . There as a seres of skirm she over the st e in which the following places were reg rded as forts to be captured by one p~rt and held against the other . 143 In the newly elected legislature, the Democrats won seven of the thirty-three senator al seats and forty-eigpt of the 124 seats in the lower chamber . 144 outh Caroli a gained readmittance through the Omnibus Bill passed in C0ngress on July 25, 1868, the act wh ch also provided for the admission of Alabama , Florida, Georgia , and North Carolina . 145 The only remaining obstacle was in secur ng 143 James G. Blaine, Political Discussions, Legis lative, DiElom~t c and Popular 1856-1886 {Norw ch, Connect - cut, 1887), p . 202 . 144 Hollis, The aply leriod of Reconstruction in South Carol na, P • 104 . 145 McPherson,! Political Marrual for 1868 , P • 77 . 130 the pas a ge of the fourteenth amen m nt . This had previous ly been acc omplished on ul 1,188 when Governo -olect R . K. cott called the le gislature into session , and the measure rece ved the appr oval of both Houses . 146 hortly after the new le ·i 1 ture conve e , n tor "Daddy" Cain offered a resolution th t indicated the now approach that was to be taken toward the disfr chised white citizens an the oppos tion party . He said : Resolved, that a committee off ve be appo n t ed to qu re and report h the r t e sen tors who voted ·n the ne g t ve on the rat ification of the amendment to the United tates Const·tution have or have not violated their oaths and committed per jury ; an if o , to recommend ihat cour should be dopted by the House to v nd cate the purity of its or anization . 147 VI . With t _is study barely under way , let us examine whatever conclusions may t us far be found . ou h Ca ol na , with a dominant Negro fact on , pro eeded to frame its organic law with as little dis f ranch sement as possible . The egroes dom nated two- thirds of the const tutional con vention , yet it was their express desire to accord a liber al treatment to their former masters . So- called radical 146 Hollis , The arly Period of Reconstructio in - - South Carolin , p . 106 . 147 Reynolds, Rec onstruction in outh Carol m 1865- 187'7 , 109 . -- p . 13 1 memb Jr lt I · like op ,1 ly • d t : '1.e · • obj c - a er; VO .L , t · o to an • GTI1 • J .L n ,all nL d th 0 0 un s c• l lJ l,J to s hov1 lJ wh ...,u h a 01 · r, 1. ould b · )Ur u od . or • tr to of 0 th c: I linn (. as 1n ~ na n mo s . L d b y l u 1 t th • the a i:-, C wa 5 - C r p a C ru , Q i'1 o , l 0 w, ,I min r it h r , follo ~ ,ed tl o lo ·-id of t n , n1,; n o · w _orr1 1or~ f' 1•J avo 0 Vi ini • ho 1 v - , no t .1 n oO s er: Jt · poli . i n J.eS stj t · on o th ta t r , t:1 C1 ..., cter . Th n1 mi t b id · t 0 0 st tos , t h- Un on ti ,_t cl on 0 h ! OS t ro - In Vir • • o r a • l ia , in lo 1 , li s hoc,tility the l lt::d Un • dis - Uni on ,.. so - n C n ..) into p .. r hap s t o the xt n t of such • ul ~10 101'1 se spi n , l , .eo l ation , vhil · n l o t h a 1 · na , h mountain • pe ole h d no · nterest in th I r n vould hav err d to r • lo . 1 , th s t c te,. ent . pp l y • The l e ck n1 in s run Til' y • 0 proo r iJtive s ,nti ent in rt OU t: C rol n b ccoun t - o b the · r jor ty of Ne g o opulat · on , indicating be l e on th rt of t he e~ blicnn nde s th' t t e tha t o d s: . nl y el tis into a o iti 1 weap ov r·vh t e hits a t t e polls vh t he r proser ptio t o or ot . It is , h owe v r , too rl t o dr 1 any d co n lus ion or v to co be ond the r 0al o SU . .. OS l L, on , I O n ,ly thr e of tho t .n s tat e under e 132 consideration have been examined. Lat us, than, regard the situation as it existed in the t hird military district. CH PT III THE RECONSTRUCTIO CO TION T HE THIR ILI Y DI T ICT-- GEO GIA, FLO RID With the failure of presidential recon truct on in 1865 and 1866, Congress undertook to wrest cont ol of th s process from the executive branch of the gov rnment . Th s is not to say, however , that all movements in th s direc tion originated only aft r the beg nning o the year 1867 . Various resolutions, both in support of, an n opposition to, Johnson's plan had been suggest d . The d -D vis bill has already been alluded to ; shortly ther after, W . M . Steward, Senator from Nevada , introduced h s restoration resolution, declaring: I am of the opin on that the outh cannot be governed except by a majority of its people . I do not believe that one-tenth can govern the rest of the people. In order to govern them they must necessarily re sort t o such arbitrary means as w 11 destroy free goverrunent in the outh ••• I read an extract from M r. Greeley's paper , the Tribune •••• "Let it be distinctly understood if the wh tes of the South are not r epresent din Congress it is be cause they deny the right of representation or power of self protection to the blacks"--I say they have not yet had an opportunity to say wh ther they would or would not deny those rights ; that the op portunity has not been extended to them ••• 1 1 Resto ation Resolution Introduced~ Hon •• M . Steward, of Nevada rwashington , 1866), P • 5 . - - 134 The work of int at _ng r storat o, however, began ex ct- ly one ar later w th the passa e of the cts . In the tr e stats com is ng t th rd mill tary d tr ct, labama, Georg a and lor da, the po ular reac t on to the avts and the fourt enth am ndment was nod f ferent than the reception it had receive in Virg n a, Nortn Carolina or outh C rol na . The conservative whites wer similarly shocked, sappo nt d, and truly made to feel the r own helplessness in the situat on, by such men as enator Howard who averred," very possible precaution must be adopte, ag i st rebel agency or nfluence in the function of these goverrnnents . tt 2 ativ 'outnerners, wh during the late rebellion were prom nant in Confederate affa rs an ~ho now press d for cooper tion wi h the Republ can Con 0 ress or comprom se with t era icals of the out, were disl ke by the con servat ves as nt nsely as th carpetbaggers who flocked to the outhern stats . or was such a well known person- al ty as General Longstreet exempt from this disli e . Longstreet, as an advocate of cooperation, was forced to 3 leave ew Orleans . rote the Georgia Journal and essen- ger of him, "Far bett r had [heJ died under f re that 2 3 New York ess., P • 5 eekli Tribune, July 24, 1867. 135 prostrated him t thew lderness than live nd go so far 4 a tray . " 'l 1 hose form r Confe erates w o h d com back into prom nance n the pro sion 1 ov nm nt wer ga n to be pushed nto the backgroun of the pol tical p ctur, for y di r nchisement lone could they e kept out of the work of reconstr ct on . Thus the ew York Times cor- re pendent, on the eve of the passa of the first mili- tary bill, wrote: Under t ~ e proposed law disfr nch s n all who bor rm ga nst the Un t d t ts, or av a nd comfort to the en mes of the Un on, it is no exa 0 erat on to estimate that not 5,000 out of the 120,000 )of Georg a( votin g population could take the oath and qualify as voters . Therefo e, under the territorl 1 ystem, the gov rrnnent of th s 'tate would be imme iately transferred to the 5,000 whites and the 80,000 or 90,000 male Negroes who have acqu red the requ red a e . 5 In a like ve n, the York 1867, wrot : 11 The work of re g st r n s of the gr at st importance . It is the faun ation on which is to rest the whole work of reconstruction ." 6 In the out 1 , again, the ra icals felt the reconstruction measures not strong 4 New York ,eeklI Tribune, July 24, 1867 . 5 oted in William • Russ Jr . , "Radical Disfran- ch sement in Georgia, 1867-1871, 11 Georgia Historical Quar terlx , XIX ( eptember, 1935), p. 175 . 6 uoted in William • Russ Jr . , "Reg stration and Disfranch sement Und r Radical econstruct n," .Liss ssiJ:pi Vallei Historical Review, XXI ( ept mber, 1934), p . 166 . enough . umner, on arch 1, 1867, read a letter from correspondent in Alabama, wh ch stated: The military and reorganization bill passed by Congr ss will not do . It will result in again passing Atlanta nto rebel hands . The persons ex empt from holding off ce and voting w 11 ef ect nothing; the persons not exempt will control the state ; so you may put down another failure . egro votes under the bill will be used by the rebels . The convention , if one is held , will be turned to r ebel purposes . • • have no hope in the uture of labam . The rebels h ve t and will hold it under th s bill . 7 136 While former Confederates were still to play some roe n the r construction process, t1e old leaders , such as obert Toombs, Howell Cobb , lexander and Linton Stephens , t phen allory , and many others were one , al thou ~ in Georgia , Charles J . Jenkins , Benja.m n H. Hill and Hershel V . Johnson, ant - secession sts w l10 had gone with their state , were still looked u on as the lea ers of the people . 8 Moderates, such as ex- governor Joseph E. Brown , who urged cooperation, did not have as much n f luence . 9 7 pp . 7 - 14 . 8 Congr ssional Globe, 40th Cong . , 1st ess ., ndrews, The Sout Since the War , P • 242 . 9 c. ildre Thompson , Reconstruction in Georgi!=l,, ( New York, 1915) , P • 174 . 137 On April 1, 1867, General John Pope off cially took command of the th rd military district, and in General Orde s No . 1 issued that date, he prohibited any further elections in the three states comprising this area until such time as registration was completed . 1 0 t the srune time , General wan took command of the sub-distr ct of Alabama . wa·n, also in command of the Freedmen's Bureau at iontgomery, was an invaluable al y of the radic ls. st r te board of registration was establ shed n each of the three states, which in turn aided in establ sh ng local boards of registrars . These men were to take the iron clad oath of July 2, 1862 and wer to be 11 civ lians where it was possible to obtain such as come within the provi sions of the act and ar otherw se su table persons . 1111 ilitary personnel were not to be used for th s purpose, save a a last resort . 1 2 On May 21, General Pope issued his first orders to the registrars on the disfranchisement sections of them litar acts . These instructions, though lO House Executive Documents, --2. • 342, 40th Cong . , 2nd ess . , p . 99. 11 12 McPherson, Political Handbook for 1868, p . 59 . Ibid., p. 59 . 138 brief , were all nclus ve , declar ng : Unless otherw se instructed hereafter ; boards of r egistr tion are d rected , in determining wh ther appl icants to register are legally qual fed , to hold that the terms "executive and jud cial , " in the act of Congress of March 23, 1867 , comprise all persons w h omsoever wh h ve held office under the executive and judicial departments of the tat or national gov rnrnent ••• Persons who apply to register, but w ho are considered disqualif ed by the boards , will be permitted to take the required oath , wh ch , with the objections of the board , will be held for adju dication hereafter . 13 By June 17 , General Pope was able to elaborat on the pros criptive claus s, and di so in peci 1 instruct ons to the b oards of registration . Part II of these orders rad : Persons not entitled to registration , and incap able of taking the oath , are those who have been dis qualified as follows: l . Those wh were at any time members of Con ass or officers of the United tates , c vil or military , and , as such officers, took th oath t support the Constitution of the United tates ; and all who were at any time members of any tate legislature , or of any body that passed a state ordinance of secess on , or executive or judicial officers of any tat , and afterwards engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United tates , or gave ad and comfort to the enemies thereof . It will be note t hat the words "at any time , " apply to all who , at anx time previous t o the rebellion , hel any of the off~ces named . The follow ng will be regarded as executive and judicial officers ••• wit in the meaning of the law : Governor of the tate, secretary of tate , State treasurer , comptroller , attorne general, register of the public lands , chief justice of the supreme 13 House Executive Documents, No . 342, 40th Cong . , 2nd Sess ., P • 102 . 139 court, judg so the circu t courts, clerks of the circuit courts, sheriffs, justices of the pe ce, coroners, judges of probate, county com.missioners, county treasurers, county surveyors, tax assessors, tax collectors, jud es of any c ty or other court of special jurisd ct on, mayor an ntendents of towns and c ties who re ~-off co just ces of the peace . 2 . Tax r ce vers and tax collectors who have acted in levy ng or collect n moneys (sic) in aid of rebellion . 3 . ny judicial or executive officer not herein nam w o has exercised h s off cal funct ons in furnish n men, mone, mun tions of w r, or ny mat r al a n favor of the rebell on . 4. Those persons who h ve been conv ct d of felony aga nst t e laws of any tate or of the United tates . 5 . 11 executive or judic al off cars who held or exercised any funct ons of of ice under the so call d confederate government , or th ov rnment of any one of the United t tes, wh ch functions were of a nature to ai in prose ut n the rebellion or gave ad an comfort to the enemi s of the Un ted tates . 6 . Those execut ve and jud cal of icers who volun~ar ly furnished supplies of food, clothin, arms, am.mun tion, animals, or any ot er material of war, or labor, or service of any kind to the confederate milit ry or naval forces , or money by loan or otherw se to the confederate government , or dad in any ay the ra sing, organ z ng, equ ppin of troops, gave d and comfort to the enemy, an participate in rebellion an civil war against the Un ted tat s . 14 14 House xecutive Documents, .....Q. • 342, 40th Cong., 2nd ess ., pp . 106-7 . This circular letter, although directed to the re strat on boards in the 1 tate of Florida, simil rly appl ed to eor a and Alabama; see enate Executive Documents, No . 14, 40th Con 0 ., 1st ass., pp . 122-3 . 140 The thir section o this same or er ind c ted th t min s- tarin t th s ck and wound d not constitut V ng t- ad and comfort; also, a p rent m ·ht ad hi son, f ng in the rebel army, with food and cloth n to meet his own needs without being d squalified; how ver, i h g ve his son any art cles of w r, such as arms, munitions or horse, the p rent wa giv ng aid and comfort to the enemy. 15 The op non o the ttorney G neral on th nt r- pretat·on o the d sfranch sement clauses of the acts very appar ntly disconcer ted eneral Pope, for on June 27, rant rece ve a latter from th commander of the third military str ct, stat ne : Day before y st rd y I rece ve a coy of the op nion of the ttorney eneral on registrat on , sent me for my information through the Assistant jutant General, by ord r of the President . Ten days a o I had r ady and published instructions to registrars, wh ch will have to be dropped if the ttorney General's o non is enforced ••• I ask that I be informed by telegraph whether or not I am ordered by the President to conform my action to the ttorney General's opinion . 16 The following day, Popa received h s answer from rant by telegraph , stating: 2nd 2nd 15 ess . , House Executive Documents, No . 342, 40th Cong., P • 111 . 16 enate xecutive Documents, --2.• 30, 40th Cong., ess . , " General Pope and Genera Meade,"pp . 4-5 . Enforce your own construction of the military bill, unt 1 ordered to o otherw se, the op non of the ttorn y General has not been distributed to distr ct commanders in language or manner en titling t to the force of an orde; nor c n I sup pose that the president intended t to have such force.17 141 Congress ultimately, wt the passa e o the act of July 19, 1867, su ported th views of Pope and rant. On August 3, Grant wrote to eneral Pope: It is certainly the duty of the distr ct com manders to study what the framers of the reconstruc tion laws wanted to ex ress, as much as hat they do express, and to execute the 1 w ac ordin to that interpretation. 18 Despite such clarification as came from the office of the d str ct comman r , eneral Pope rece ved many n quiries of the sort th t mi t well have made him ponder over the judiciousness of h s str ct interpretations . One such letter, from John M. Burke of ilcox county, la bama, informed Pope that this wr ter had been a Wh gall his life, and in sking f or the removal of disabilities , stated: You will see th t my becoming a senator was to put down ulification (sic) which it took four mont s hard labor to do, this principal (sic) of ulifica tion--was equivalent (sic) to ecession, I have looked back upon this act of my life with pride and approbation , and for the very best thing~ ever done , 17 2nd Sess., p . 5 . Senate Executive Documents, ---9... 30; 40th Cong., 18 Ibid., P • 5 . as a public man, and to be c st away by my Country for that act-- eems to me to be a hard case . 19 142 By mid- u st, reg stration was completed n labam The lists showed a total of 160 , 91 registered voters , in cluding 72,748 whites and 88 , 243 egroes . 20 On August 31 , in General Orders o . 5 , an election was or ered in the State of Alabama for October 1 , to vote upon the que tion of h olding a con titutional convention . 21 lso , be inning f our teen days pr or to the elect on, and continu n g for f ve days , the re stration lists were to be revised, de leting those persons declar d n li ble, part icul rly tak ng nto consideration the h rd m lit ry bill of July , 1867 , and addin g the name of any ad itional persons who were eligible but had not yet re istered . At this same election , ninety- nine delegates wer e to be electe to the proposed convent on . 22 By October 1, there were a total umber of 165 , 813 re g s tered voters, 61 , 295 wh tes and 104 , 518 Negroes . 23 In the two weeks preced ng the elect on, 19 uoted in Russ , "Registration and isfr nch se ment Under Radical Reconstruct on ," p . 164 . 20 Amer can [mnual Cyclopedia , 1867, VII , 27 . 21 House xecutive Doctllllents, --2.• 342, 40th Con g., 2nd Sass ., P • 111 . 22 23 Ibid . , P • 111 . cPherso , Polit cal Manual for 1868, P • 114 . 143 the Negroes had added over 16,000 to their rolls, while the whites lost ov r 9,000 because of the act of July 1, 1867. 24 The avera e wh te vote in labama pr or to the rebellion had been 82, 24 . 25 On Augus 18, General Pope declared that 95,866 votes had been cast on the question of holding a constitu- to al convent on n the tate o labama, o a total re - str ton of 15,813 . 26 Of these votes, 90,283 had been in favor of holding a conventi n . 27 The election distr cts of Covington and P ke, alone , c rr ed the qu stion of holding such convention in the ne ative . 28 Elected to th convention were t 10 conservatives and ninety-ei t Republ cans . 2 9 Of these, e ghteen were Negroes, th rteen of whom had certified the r on elect o 24 This appe rs to be the only plausible explana t o, for compare f gu.rez and tables in .Amer can Anrru.al Cycloped a, 1867, II , 27; cPherson, Politic_!il anual for 1868, p . 114; and alter L . Flem ng , Civil ar and Recon struction in labama ( e Yor, 1905), p . 491 . 25 House xecut ve Documents, o. 1, 40th Cong., - 2nd ess., P • 335 . 26 House Executive Documents, o . 342, 40th Cong., - 2nd ess ., P • 116 . 27 Ibid . , P • 116 . 28 nnual CicloEedia, 1867, VII, 27. 29 Flem·ng, Civil ar and Alabama, p . 516 . econstruct · on in 144 while act ng as re str r , and s x had cert f ed to th 30 election of th rty- one other delegates . Promi ant among the carpetbaggers were • J . Applegate of scons , rthur Bingham of Ohio, D. H. B ngham of e York , M . D. Brain ard of ew York, ierce Burton of Massachusetts , Datus • Coon of Iowa , Charles W . Dustan of Illinois , Thomas Hau ey of cotland, and • ilsby of Massachusetts . ran rd , elected to repr sent onroe county, did not even know the locat on of h s constituency . 31 The carpetbagge s num ered thirty- seven or th rt - ei t n all . Among the Negroes , J . T. apier stands out as the most outspoken , if not the most ntelli gent of the e ro r presentat ves . 32 3 ° Flem ng , Civil War and Reconstruct on in la bama , P • 517 . 31 Ibid . , P • 549 . 32 The other Negro delegates included Ben Alex- ander , field hand ; John Carroway , ass stant editor of M obile National st ; Thomas iggs , field hand ; Peyton F nley; James K. Green , carriage driver ; Ovid Gregory, barber ; J ordan Hatcher and Wash ngton Johnso, field hands ; L. S . Latham ; Tom Lee , field hand- -moderate ; lfred Strother, J . W . McLeod; B. F . Royal ; J . H. Burdick ; H. Stokes and Jack Hatcher ; imon Brunson and Benjamin Inge ; Samuel Blandon ; Lafayette ob nson and Columbus Jones . Flemin g , Civil ar and Reconstructio L labama , PP • 518- 19 . 145 On Tuesday, ovember 5, 1867, the elected delegates ssembled at ont gomery, labama, for the constitut al convention.33 E •• Peck, unan mously elected pres dent of the convent on , succeeded in getting the bus ress of that body under way almost im.n10diately . On the th rd day of the session , the pres ;_ dent appo nted the standing comm t t es on the constitution . 34 The Committee on the lect ve 3 3 Off cial Journal of the Constitutional Conven- - -- -------- tion of the tate of labama · eld n the City of ont omer Com.men"c ng .Q!! Tuesday, ovember £,--:. Q. 1867 1'Montgomer, Alabama, 1868), p . 1 . The delegates were: Gustavus Horton, lbert Gr ff n, Alfred • Buck , John Carroway, Ovid Gre gory , Mark D. Brainard , tephen Moore , u stus i . Jones, Samuel • Gardner, ~illjam R . Jones, • M. Johnson, R . Deal, J . C. Jolly, Dav d Lor , • C. u sell, Thomas i s, • H . Black , James Falmer, L. ' • Latham , B. F . Royal , James H. Howard , C •• iller, • D . tanwood, lilliamt . Buckley, R •• Reynolds, J . H. Burd ck, • L. organ , Jame M . Jackson, Luther R. mith , J . J . G lder , Georee Ely, ash ington Johnson, Littleberr trange, J . J . Martin, H. C. Semple, James P . ·tow, Charles • Buckley , John C. Keffer, Pe ton Finley , B . S . Saf old, D. E . Coon, J . lsby, • Strother, J . Hatcher, Pierce Burton, Charles J. Dustan, J . Wr ght cLeod, imeon Brunson , Benjam n Rolfe, B. Yordy, Benjamin Inge, John H. Meadors, aJ:nuel Blandon, B •• Norris, C. H. Cabot, John L. lexander, J . H. peed, G. w . Graves, Thomas Lee, W . T. Blackford , B •• heelan, James K. Greene , Charles Hayes , B . lexander, T . Towles , arly Greathouse, Timothy J . Russell, J . F . Hurst , James R. Walker, Jesse W. Mahan, Jose h • Dav s, rthur Bingham , George P. Plowman, Thomas ndrews, E •• Peck, H. cGown, L. L. teed , J . H. Autrey, H. J . pr•ngfield , • A. Wal er, J . F . orton, J •• ilhit , • T . Ew ng, • C. Garr son, George I . Dykes, lfred Collins, • A. us tin , C. o. hitney, S . F . Kemnore, Thomas Hau e , Thomas M . Peters, B. O. Masterson, • J . pplegate, Columbus Jones, Lafayette Robinson, James • 'tewart, Da1iel H. B n am , James T. Rap er , illiam • kinner , • H. Russell . 34 Journal of the Constitut onal Convention of Al abama, 186'7, p . 9-;- - 14 nch .se ·ncluded lbert r ffin , ose h H. tpeed , • J. orris , Thoms Le , Jo eh II . vis , J hn C . e f r , d Benjamin e0ler . rin ; t ourc 01 the conv nt on 1an r e olut on 10 o re orr J to th t 0 tt o con dorat ~ n . One o 1 a d r of Butle r , who th urli st o t se was th t o t t d : ere as · t is 1 no m th t r1a y p ho h e been o 0 aged as _ri ;ip l e or ac in th mu - er of Union.lo , .1ho , i pro h ou ts , ou ld n v e n o i ct d o th r ob y d ls - franch:sed , a r e n o though th de au t of solicitors a d f_;r n ··ur cs , n t e osses ion of all civil rij'lts ; es lvod , thn.t th ommitt o on lect v - Franchis be in r ct od to look into th x p di nc o sfra ch1~ · n su h rso s . 3 n tho ame day , Du tan of ~ re go c od fur or b r solvi that : It l s t 10 s nse of th Ls co vention th t t h now Con tit tlon sh 11 be in no degre proscriptiv , ut th t the < nv .. tion · nte s , 1:... th har: t r to ,ards all , ~alico t rd none , to so condu tits d lib ra- tions th t it 0 a c t ons m lns re t ~ eneral wel- f r e of th tat of lab a , and of th United t ates . 7 Dust n then calle for tho aye s an nay ; ho·1e e r , B ne;h I n1o ved to l ay th re s ol11tion on the table , bu.t then 35 Journal of th Const tutional onvention of - 1 laban1 , 1867 , P • • 36 I b id . , P • 17 . 37 Ib d • ' 1 • • withdrew his own motion. 38 Griff 147 of Mob le, sugge ted omitting that part concerning no degree proscriptive, and this motion was oarried .39 Thereupon , B ngham again moved to table; however this was defeated by a voe of 30 to 51.40 Semple, then , moved to leave the quest on of pro scription as it was in the military bill . The question was finally resolved by Griffin who su ~ sted that the whole question be indefinitely postponed . This was carried by a vote of 63 to 22. 41 Two days later, on the sixth d y of the convention , November 11, 1867, the majority re ort of the committee on the Elective Franchise, was reported to the assembled dele gates.42 The disfranchisement section read : Sec. 1. Ever y male c tizen of the Uni ed tates and every male person who has legally declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States , twenty-one years old and upwards, who shall have re sided in this t ate six months next receding the election, and three months in the county in which he offers to vote, shall be deemed an elector . Provided, that no soldier, sailor , or marine in the military or naval service of t he United tates 3 8 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of - -- ------------- - Alabama, 1867, P• 21. 39 40 41 Ibid • , p • 21. Ibid • , p • 22 • Ibid., P• 22. Ibid. , p. 30. shall hereafter acqu rears dance by reaso of be ng stationed in this state. 148 ec . 2. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide from time tot me, for the reg - stration of all electors, but the follow ng classes of persons shall not be erm _ tted to register, vote or hold office: 1. Those who dur ng the late rebellion, in 1 cted, or caused to be infl cted, any cruel or unusual pun ishment upon any soldier, sailor, marine, employ e, or citizen of the Unit d t tes, or who in any other way violated th rules of civ lized warf re. 2. Those who embezzlement of er me pun shable penetent ary, or h ve bee conv cted of treason, ublic funds, malfeasance in off ce, by law, th rnpr sonment n the br bery . 3. Those who registered n accordance w th the provisions of an act of Con ess, entitled " n Act to provide for the more efficient goverrnnent of the Rebel States," passed 1'-arch 2, 1867, and tho acts supplementary thereto, shall refuse to vote e her for or against this Constitution when it shall be submitted for ratif cation. Provided, that no person shall bed sfranch sed by this clause, whose fa lure to vote shall be n consequence of s ckness, necessary absence from home, or any providential occurrence rendering t imposs ble for him to reach the olls; and Provided further, that the Gener 1 Assembly shall have authority to remove the d s abil _t e s ncurred under this ct. Sec . 3. All persons before register n g must take and subscr be the following oath: "I ____ , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and mainta n the Constitution and Laws of the United States, and the Constitution ad Laws of the tate of Alabama; that f I have ever believed in the ri t of a ta e to secede, I hereby abandon it, that I accept the civ 1 and pol tical equality of all men, and agree not to attempt to depr ve any 149 person or persons on account o f race-color, or pre vious condition, of any political or civil right, priv le ge or immun ty enjoyed by any other class of men; and furthermore, that I will not in any way injure or coun enance in others, an attempt to in jure any person or persons, on account of past or present support of the goverrunent of the United tates, the policy of the ConFress of the United States, or the pr nc ple of the pol Jical and civ 1 equ 1 ty of all men, or of affil ation with any pol ical party •" 43 umeric lly, the number di r n ch sed here would probably h ave been gr eat due to the th r d clause of the second sect on, nasmuch as thousands of conservat vs r e maned away from the polls . The connnittee felt some ex planat on of ts act on was n order, for an explan tion did accompany the majority report, read n g n p rt: It must be ap arent to all, after we B the above prov s ons, th t a majority o the committee are disposed t o be as magnanimous towar s the 1 te enem es of the n tion, as s cons stant w th a due regard for the welfare of the 'tate, and the safety of the loyal citizens. The only ques t on is, whether we have not been too liberal . Bu t one class of men is posit vely disfranchis ed for deeds done in the rebellion--those wh o h a ve violated t e rules of civi lized warf re; and it is alto gether improbable that a loyal man can anywhere be foun, willing to entrust with power to rule th s land, the incarnate fiends, whose atrocious conduct during the late war, shocked the moral susceptib lities of the c v lized world . e will not insult the Convention by ar ing this proposition . 44 For arg~ments on the th rd section, the committee 43 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of Alabama, 1867, pp . 30-31. - 44 Ibid., P• 32. 150 report po nted to the reconstruction acts, p rticularly the fifth section of the sup lementary act. The report then continued: Congress s not bound by t is or any other law to refuse to accept our Const tution fa majority of the registered voters do no vote upon the ques tion of its ado ton; it is nevertheless ev ent tha that body desires a majority of the register d votes to be cast--and cast in favor o f the Cont tution . Now we respectfully as of thos who believe that Congress w 11 stickle for an exact compl ance w th ts w shes, how can its mem ers kno that a majority of th qual fed electors prove of the Cont tu- t on, if they do not vote upon the qu st on? t 1s a well known act, that at the 1 t lect on , many thousa ds of men , who favored reconstruct on, were kept from the polls by i timidation, dece , and false reports that t e election was postponed, and the opponents of reconstruction publicly proclaim their determination to play the same ame at the next elec tion . Thay will then be better organized than they were in Octo er, and expect to be more successful, and f some such provision a the one we have recom mended is not adopted by this Convention, it is not impossible that they may prevent a majority of the votes from be ng cast . We all know what the moral effect o such a result woul be . Tal s we m· ht of nt dat on , dee it, etc., t e masse of the country woul believe that those who f led to vote were opposed to the Constitution and would shr nk bacl at the idea of fore n upon tate, a Consti- tut on whi h was distasteful to a major ty of its citizens . We o not demand that all should vot forte Const t tio , but simply that the shall vote e ther for or against it . e are willing th tour opponents shall muster their full strength , but we nsist that they shall not be allowed to add our sick and diseased to their muster roll . The great majority of them would undoubt 1 vote, were t not f or that refus n to do so s supposed to have the same ef ect of vot n no, and the add tional effect of int a- ting Union men whose abs nee from the polls almost 151 amounts to a ne gativ 45 vot . The r port ga n ttempted to cl ar t lf by virt- ually i g for this secti n an the rema n r of the report to be dopted . Memb rs oft committe lam nted aga nst ealthy mplo s who n r a ly proclaim ng their determi tion to ru n 11 wr10 vot for the Const tution. 1146 The fear wa xpressed .n an g nth t the Constitu- tio would not fail o ratific ton by vot s cast nst it, but y vot not cast at 11 . Conclud n th r r ments for th th r clause , the report co tinued : s to th r to th i a measur , it i only nece loy 1 men of the nat · on h to reg st r , if they wish oath b fore th coul re t s t te cert nl h ve must vot, i they re convention to o t such s ry to s , that f th th r ht to compel me d to vote , an to take an st r, the loy 1 me of tn r t to sa .. th t men to b re-registered . 47 ltl OU t times this r port rea s as an apolo y to the conservatives, a excuse to the r die ls, an a ple tot a minority of moder te , for the steps propo e here , th m jority r port nevertheless nclu e a test oath for regi tr ton wh·c many men n the state as t e oul ave d squal f e as on- cla o tho ~ July 2 , 45 Journal of the Constitutional onventio of 1867, p . 33 . - , 46 Ib d . , P • 3 3 . 47 Ib . , P • 34 . 152 1862; wh 1 th 1 tter oath ould have proser bed m n for partic pat on n the rebellion, the form r was m ely a matter o pr nciple and conscience w th the outherner, who would not &nit of the c v 1 and pol tical equality of the races. Concern n th so th , the report of the committee rea: He who oul r fuse to tak th propo e oath, has no fa th n the pr nc ples upon wh ch our nation xist nee w s founde , and cert f es h s hostility to the Con titution and 1 ws oft e Un te tates . He o refus s to take sue an o th, would an plun et t nto seas on--woul an apply the torch to the homes, and the rope t the necks o h s fello men, nm efforts t destroy the country and 1 berty . 48 In n lus on, the report ag in ple e, threatened and cajoled the c nservativ elem nt nto acce tin g the concl sons reached by this r port : We hav offere an almost universal amnesty upon terms more libera than were ver before tendered men sim larly situ t d; requ r ng only that the re cipi nts of it shall agree th t if they get control of the tate, they ill not deal w th us more harsh- 1 than e have w t n them, and if they should re use to accept it, none outside their own ranks would sym pathize w th them ••• Beli v ng th t the provisions we have proposed are essentially just, and that f they are open to objection at all, it is for being too m ld, we re spectfull9 submit them to the judgement of the Con vent · on.4 4 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of labama, 1867, p . 34 . 49 Ib id • , p • 3 5 • 1 3 Th majority report w s s ned by four members of the comm ttee , lbert r ff n , John C. effer, Jo ah H. Davis, and • • orr s . 50 t the same time , a minor ty report w s pr sented , s gned by Joseph H. eed , Benjam n Whe la and Thomas Lee . 5 1 act on one of the minor tyre - port was the sam as that of the majority report except th t t d squalified from the elect v franch se anyone v olat ng the rules of c vilized warf re . 52 Th o th pro- V e nth s section erely orce the applicant for r gistration to sw r to protect and def n the Const tu- tion of the United t ts and o c nt nued : labama . 53 The report The minority are of the op non that the provi s · ons of par graph three of section two of the major ty report, ar unjust , unw se , 8nd n dir ct violation of the Constitut n of the United tates , and of the acts of Congress known as the reconstruction measures, under which th s Convent on is acting , and which def nes its polars and limits its actions . 54 The members of the minor tyre ort must hav simi l arly been aware of undercurrents that were operating against the convention and the proposed constitution , for 50 Journal of the Const tutional Convention of labama, 1867, p . 35 . - 51 52 53 4 Ibid., p . 35 . Ib id • , p • 3 6 • Ibid., p . 36 . Ib i • , • 36 . they coun eled moderation and wo 1 have practice 154 t w th a more moderat franchise sect on . In conclusion , the report read: The qu tion of the elective franch se s the mot vital question to the people of labam that this honorable body will be called to act on. It af ects the r ght and interests of eve y cit zen of this commonwealth . The minor ty trust t econ vention w 11 act w th moderation, discret on, w s dom and justice, and w·th charity for all , and malice toward none . 55 The follow n day, Tuesday, ovember 12, 186?, the r port of th committe wer tak n up for consi erat on by the assembled delegates . 56 Griffin of Mobile imme tely moved to adopt the major ty r ort; however, Hau ey of or an, on of the more radical membe s , offered to mend this by further proscriptive measures, wh ch st ted: That no person shall be deemed a qual f ed elec tor in this ·tate before the year 18?5, who ever held a milit ry off ce above the rank of capta n , or ever held a seat n any pretended legislature, or held any executive, judicial or min sterial office under any government , or pretended govern ment, in hostility to the governm nt of the United tates, or acted in any way as agent of any civil or military authority then enga ed in host 1 ty to the government of the United tates, or held a seat in the ecess on Convention of labama, in 1861, and voted for or signed any pretended ordinance of secession, or killed, or otherw se abused citizens of labama because said citizens were known to be friends of the government of the United States, or treated United tates solders when capt red in the 55 Journal of the labama, 1867, p . 3'7": 56 Ibiq., P • 42 . Const tutional Convent on of 155 line of duty, other se than s prisoners of w r . 57 Haughe al o presented an o t h for registration embodying all of the above proscribed classes; howev r, action on this question was po s tponed unt 1 the following day . 58 Whan th franc s e que ton a ga n arose, ar son of Blount offered a list of seven class s of men to be disfr nch sed: 1 . Thos men w owe members of the tat Con vention of 1861, and voted for or s tgned the ordin nee of secession. 2 . Those men ho ere members of the Confederate Congress, an vot d for the conscript law . 3 . 11 men tho ar now disfranchised by the re construction laws of Con ress . 4 . 11 men who re istered under the reconstr c tion laws of Con r ss an afterward declared them selves o posed to Congress and its laws . 5 . 11 military officers of the Confederate tates, above the rank of Capt n . 6 . All exe utive or judicial officers of the rebel tates, or, so-called Conf derate gov rnm nt, above the office of justice of the peace and bailiff. 7 . All men who treated soldi ers, sailors, marines, or employees of the United 1 tates, otherw se than as prisoners o ar, or abused Union citizens for their loy lty to the United t t s . 59 On these two days of ovember 12 and 13, there were 57 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of - -- -------- ------ - labama, 1867, p . 42 . 58 59 Ibid., p . 42 . Ibid. , p • 53 . 156 num rous attempts to amen the majority report of th com mittee , only one of wh ch , that of ussell of Tallapoosa , sou ht to lim t the disfranch sin g clause r ther than to extend t . 60 Reynold of Wilcox proposed to disfr nch se those who nflicted cruel or unusual punishments during the lat rebell on , those who violat d the : ules of c vilized w rfar, an t h os w h o took n oath as an officer of the Un ted 'tate s , appo nted or elected , in any capac ty, to support the Constitution of the Un t ed tates , and then r - belled a ain t the authority of the Constitution. 61 Burton of Marengo, Blac of Bullock and B ngharn of Lime stone sou t to dd educational qual ficat ons ; 62 'a fold of Dall s sug ested a shorter test oath for electors , which still retained th t p rt concernin the acceptance of political equality for all men . 63 It is notable that this oat ma s no mention of civil equality . pplegate of Madison sought to amend Haughey ' s amendment by removing the disabilities of those men who since the pass ge of the acts, have aided in th reconstruction pro ram; 60 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of bama , 1867, p . 43 . 61 62 63 Ibid., P • 43 . Ibid., pp . 44- 46 . Ibid., P • 45 . 157 however, he added: nd further, that no cit zen, or officer , holding the same under the Provisional Government of 1 bama, or editor of a public newspaper, publ shed in this 'tat , shall have used their influence aga nst the reconstruction acts of Con ress, shall be perm~tted to register or vote until after the year 1875 . 4 Bin am of Limestone aga n sou ht to proscribe those per sons who could not swear that after March 4, 1864, they would have abandone the Confederacy wer they able so to do . 65 'pr n field of 't . Clair then offered to add to the list of d sfranch sed thos who re stared under the acts and then voiced the r opposition to the United tates Government; 6 6 and in the same veln, Russell of Barbour sought to proser be those who voluntar ly part c pated in t e rebellion gainst the Un ted tates government , unless such person "has a sisted in restor ng the ate to her proper relat ons n the Union . « 67 Coon of allas proposed to isfr nch e all who were at the present time disfran chised by the acts an the military orders unt 1 relieved of their disability by a two-thirds vote of the General Assembly; and on the following day, Coon offered this as 6 4 Journal of the Const tutional Convention of labama, 1867, p. 47 . - 65 66 67 Ibid., p . 47 . I id., P • 48. Ib d., p. 48. 1 8 68 a substitute for the majori.ty report . Moore of Baldw n similarly off ered a substitute for the majority report , which, although much shorter, was just as proscriptive , for he offered as the test oath, the iron clad oath of July 2 , 1862. 69 Hu hey of Mo an, then sug ested that former rebels who could prove by the testimony of two witnesses, th t by ovember 1, 1867, he was a frien of reconstruction, should not be disfranch sed . 70 Thus ended the first two days of debate on the propose fr a chis section; and this was merely the prelude to the a.rgume nts on this topic . From ovember 18 , 1867 until the last day of the session, a running battle of sugbest ons, resolutions , . amendments and substitutes were av nee on the franch se sect on . Haughey of Morgan, a ain, on ovember 18 , sou t to disfranch se those he had previously spoken aga ns~71 and he proposed an oath w h ch would have excl ded from registering , voting or holding office those who inflicted cruel and urrusual pun shments , those who violated the 68 Journal labama, 1867, pp . of the Constitutional Convention of - ------- 4 , 52 . 69 70 71 Ibid ., pp . 54- 55 . Ib d ., P • 82 . Ibid • , p • 82 • 159 rules of c vilized warfa e , members of Con ress or members of the 'tate le slature , or execut ve and ud c 1 offi- cers of any tate who en ge n rebellion , nd those who registere under th ac s an refused to vote on the ques- tion o rt fy ng th s canst tution . 72 pple te of Madison then offered a subst tute for the seco d s ction of the fr chis art cle, wh ch woul h ve xcluded from registerin, vot n or holding office: Those wh volunt rily part cip ted in the recent rebellion nst the Un ted 1 tat s , or who g v ai nd comfort to sa rebellion, or who have been con victed,of tr son, per ·ury, bribery, forg y , em ez zlement of publ c funds, malfeasance in office or felony at common 1 w; or who are now disfranchised under the Const tut onal Amendment, known as t e 14th art cl , and the Act of Congress, passed March 2, 1867; prov de, that no person shall be disfran ch sed for partic pation in the rebell on , who has mater ally aided in restor ng the t t to her proper relat ons n the Union, under the reconstruction laws of the thirty-n nth and fortieth Congress .73 Peters of Lawrence would have cont nued n force the exist ng disabilit es unt 1 relieved by the leg sla ture, or until the p~rson so disfranchised would take an oath favor ng rec nstruct on and restorat on of the state under the reconstruction laws . 74 The Negro, Rapier of 72 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of Alabama, 1867, P • 82 . - 73 74 Ib id • , p • 83 • Ibid., • 84 . 160 Lawrence, offered one of the least proscript ve clauses s a substitute for the second sectio, which read: No person shall bed sfr nch sed n this tate , for pat cipat·on in the late rebell on , or for any political offense whatever ; Prov d d , however , that t ose persons who are now disfranch s y certa n acts of Congress, shall not be entitled to vote until their disabilit es are removed by Congr ss , at wh ch time such disfr nch sement shall cease to be opera tiv in this tate . 75 iith these numerous ro osals, and many others , Dustan of arengo at em~ted , on oven,.ber 20 , to recomm t the r port to the comm ttee ; however , th s fa led b lsb , and peed of Perr then sou t voe of 51 to s .76 assent ally the s roscr:pt ve me sures ind sfra ch s - ng thos ho ere now and would be disfr nc sed by the Act nd the fourteentr endment . 77 aren o called for the vote on the fr t length , ur o of sect o of the fr nchise repor . This was accepted b a vot of 84 to 8 , those vot g n the nega ve be g Alexander of' utau o, Cabot , Falm r, Howard , Latham , Rus 11 , tr ce, and Wheela • 78 Debate on the second section cont · nued until it was decided to voe upon th s cl use y clause . ingham of Limestone , then, mov d to amend the f rst clause by 75 - Journal of the Constitut onal Conve tion of --- labama, 1867, • 84 . ----- - 76 77 78 Ib . , • 90 . Ibid., p . 1 . Ib iq • , p • 9 5 • 161 includ g all who were at the r sent t me disfr nch sed by the acts ad the fourteenth amen ent; 79 and Wheelan of Ha e followed by mov n .- to amend this am n ent strik·ng out all relating to the const tutional rune dmen; ho ever , th s was ta led . so cGown of Tuscaloosa pro- pose to ta ble ·ngh 1 s amendme nt, but th s was def ted b a vote of 25 to 63 . 81 Thar upon, the firs claus of s ction two was do t ed Wh l ·1e Bi ·n am's amendment whi ·ch , passe b a vote of 59 to 26, was cons dere d s the second claus of the s ecorrl franchise sect o • 2 heel n of Hale , then , moved to lay on the ta le the ent re quest on concer in the controversial third cl.au e ; ut th s was 83 defeated by ate vote of 43 to 43 . cGown, upon call- n g f or a vote on the th r claus , forced ts defeat by a voe of 42 to 53 . 84 Theo th of the ma·orit e ort was ult mately adopted by a vote of 60 to 24, 85 after a ? 9 Journal of the Constitutional Convent on of labama, 1867, P • 95 . 80 Ibid • , p • 94 • 81 Ib id . , p • 95 • 82 Ib d., P • 98 . 83 Ibid . , p . 98 . 84 Ibid., p . 99 . 85 Ibid., P • 109 . Vot n g nth negat ve were : Alexander of utau ga, Black, Blackford, Buckl yo Foundes, Burdick, Burton, Cabot, Collins, w n g , r eathouse, Hurst, Howard, Latham, M ahan, art n, asterson, M or g , Russell 162 substitute offered by Haughey o~ Mo r gan had been tabled . This substitute would have combined an oath of alle g ance and· elements of the ron-clad oa th a at st oath for elect ors • 86 Perhaps in an effort to appease the more rad cal or proscri tive member of the convent on, or for some other reason not so rea il appar nt , the Committee on the Fr anchise r orted on an add tion 1 sect on , which stated : The General ssembly shall have powe1, at its first session, after the adoption of th s Cons itu t on, to alter or change th s article; Provided, that such alteration shall not enfranch se any person or persons now d sfranch sed by th s art le . 87 This section, reported by lbert Griffin , John C. Keffer , C . H. Davis, • • orris, Thomas Lee and Thomas Haughey , could h ave been advanced f or one purpose alone . It cer tainly did not and would not permit the le gislature to re lieve disabilities; on the contrary, it a pear that the legislature was to be empowered to enlarge the proscrip tive section and perhaps ultimately include the controver sial th rd clause of section two in the majority report 85 (Continued) of Tallapoosa, Saf fold, Semple, Smith, Steward, trange , and Wneela.n. 86 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of Alabama, 1867, p . lOU. - - 87 Ibid • , p • 186 . 163 after the state w r re dmitted to the Un on . Debate on t s sect on , however, was postponed and never a an taken up for con erat on . 8 On the at noon of Thursday , ece be , the con- t u ion, nits ntirJty, was red for at r time a adopted by he conv t on by vote of 67 to , those vo - n g a inst ado on nclud n r Alex d r o u tau , C bot, wlng , Gr vs , L th , Me ors, r empl , peed urst . 9 The follow n g aft rnoo , the conv nt on a ·ourned, subject tot C 11 0 • • c , c nv nt on pres de t , w tr n 90 one year rrom the date of a journment . If he conv n- tion were not reasse bled 1th n the year , it he stood ad ourn d s i ie • Prior to a journm.ent, th re were wo items o us - ness th t occu p ed the conve ton's t · e wh ch are wort y of mention . The first of thes was a n1e 1orial of the con vent on; passed by a vote o 50 to 6, requesting Congress to perm t the ra fication of th s constitut on by the vote of a majo ity o tre votes cas t ra her than by a majorit y of the registered voters . 91 labama, alone , of 88 Journal of the Const tutional Convention of Alabama, 1867, p . 186 . - 89 90 91 Ibid ., pp . 239-40 . Ib d • , p • 22 7 • Ibid., p • 244-5. 164 the former Confederat states d cated such a at fe r of rejection of the new constitu on . The second tern, wh ch calls fo some atta tion, was the assa eon ece - ber 4 , of n ordnance prov d ng for an elect on beg n- n n r 'l'ue day, F 1 e ruary 4, 18 · , to su m t the pro osed con titut on to the r gistered voter of Alabama for adopt on o r ject on . t the same time , mm r of on ress an all stat and county off · cers wer to be elected . 1 ct on re urn were to be ma e to the rs - dent o th convent on, who woul election . 92 ssue cert · icates of Exactly one month and one day after laba had convened its convention, a canst tution ha been drawn up, passed by the elected dele ates , and referred to the people for approval . It s to be born in mind that la.bama was to hold its election for rat fication of ts const tu tion at at e when many of her sist r states were still in them dst of debate and dee sion in their own conven tions . The eyes of the ~outh , then, looked toward laba a in this critical per od ; nor was she exe pt from the close scrut y of the North . --------- 92 Flem n g , Civil ar and Reconstruction in la.bama, p . 492 . II . One of eneral Pope's 1st off c 1 cts as m 1 - tary comMander of the th rd d s r _ct was to author ze the election n Alabama for ebruar y 4 - , 1868, for the sub mission of the const tu on to th people for rat f ca tion or rejection . On ecember 28, 1 67, he was removed from his comman • 93 week later, on Janu ry 6, 1 8 , General ea e assumed command of the th d military dis - trict, and neral Julius Hayden re laced er as commander of the sub - distr ct of labama . 94 Whereas the conservativ s, althou~h well organ zed , had treated the convent on w th scorn, th now set bout to estroy the fru ts o t e convent on by defeating the pro osed const tution . They d not dee it nece sary to select a slate to op ose the rd cal Republic ns runni g for office, led b 1ill~am H. m th , cand date for govern- or. The conservatives a aled tote electors , sta n that 40,000 persons , exclusive of those who could not take the oath, were disfranch sed b the terms of the constitu tion . 95 93 Flem · ng , Civil ar and econstruction in am~ P • 400. 94 Ib d., P • 492 . 5 rican Am nnual C1clo~ed a, 1868 , VIII, 15 . 166 everal weeks pr or to the elect on, nd cont nu ng for a period of five d ys, Gener 1 ade ordered a r v - s on o the r stration lists . h reas, i Octo er, 1867 , 61,29 whites and 104,51 regroe h d been r gister ed, the number of e oes str cken fro the rolls , at the nsti ation of General eade, amounted to some 1 ,ooo. 6 Thus b lect on time on February 4, 1868, there were ac- cording to General Meade, 170,734 re istered voter, 75,000 whites and 5,000 egroes . 97 vote of 8 , 000 wa ne ed n order to esta 1 sh v 1 d t for the election and to ass upon t e accep ance of the constitut on . The con servative , r ther than defeat t J con t·tution by a ne a t ve vote , elected to rem in away from the olls in order that a major ty o f the registered votes would not be ob tained . Beginning February 4, 1s·s, and for four consecu tive days, the re iste ed voters cast the r ballots for new state officers nd for rat f cation or rejection of the constitution; however, when the vote was tabulated, a total of 71,817 votes had been polled . 8 70,812 votes were cast favor ng adopt on, 1,00 votes for rejection of the 9 6 Flem ng, Civil ar and laba.m_~, p . 359 . 97 Ibid . , p . 539. econstruction in 98 McPherson, Polit cal Manual for 1868, p . 114 . 167 constitution . 99 Thus, while the vote f vor n rt fica tion was overwhelm ngly in the major ty by a rat o of 70 to 1, less than one h lf of the registered voters ha one to the polls, nullify ng the election and ind cat ng re- 100 ject on of the constitution accor n .to the acts . Meade stated that the constitution had legally been re jected; lOl however, the Republ can 'ta e Executive com- mittee ordered ts men to secure evidence of fraud . Gener al Hayden preceded this move by nstigat ng h s mvn stud of th election . A 1st of e e;hteen quest ons was sent to every county board of registrars . 102 These quest ons were to be answered and re turned to the military commander . 99 McPherson, Pol tical anual for 1868, P • 114 . lOO Fleming, Civil ar nd econstruction _n Alabama , p . 539; th s author shows 170,000 re g stared voters and r jection of the constitution by 15,000 votes less tha a majority . Compare, cPherson, Pol tical Manual for 1868 , P • 60, where nth s authority states that 8,114 votes less than one half of the re g stered votes were cast, further .ndicat ng a total electorate of 151 , 748 . It s apparant that the exact number of register ed voters in labama snot known or clearly establ shed . 101 Fleml g , Civil Alabama, p . 543 . ar and Reconstruction in --------- - 102 2nd ess . , House Executive Document, --2.• 30, 40th Cong., "~lections in labama," pp . 4-63 . 168 It is vident f rom the elect on returns , that the whites in labama had ach eved suffic ent un y of ur pose, n order to defeat the co t tution , th t most o them had abstained from the elect on . In Colbert Coun y , 311 of 1 ,400 re gistere wh es went to the olls· 1 0 3 , Lauderdale polled 150 white votes of 1,500 re g stered whites; 1 04 Pickens county re gistrars sho ed th t 60 to 70 of the 1 , 100 re gistered whites went to the polls ; 105 while, arshall and Tuscaloosa coun es polled one-t rd and one-fifth oft e re gist red whites . 106 the exceptions; thy are , rather, the rule . or are these It was the urpose of a n's questionnaire to as - certain the purpose of this abstention from t e polls . Included amon g t he quest ons asked of the registrars, Hayden stated: 2nd Di any of the members of your boar , or any of the messengers of election canvass for voes for or agai s the constitution , or in any otherwise take a prominent part in the elect on dur n g its pro gress , outside of t h e r bounden duty as re gistrars or mana gers ; and if the did , who were they , and what d d they do?l07 103 Hous Executive ocument , o . 30 40th Con g., - , ess., • 36 . 104 Ibid., P • 36 . 105 Ibid., P • 58 . 106 Ibid., P • 42, 57 . 107 lb id., PP • 4- 63 . In bout f fty pe cent of the answers , no interfera ce was noted on t h p rt of registrat on offici ls ; n many ca es , re e strars , judges of elect ons an other election offi- cials were ace ed of nterferance by deterr r a c 1 wh tes from vot n g . }egroes or Registrars were also sked : Iow doe th number of wh e vote cat compare w th the num r of whiter g stered voters , and ht s th c us o the difference1108 s sho n above, the number of white votes cast as , n almost ever registere • ns nee, less than half of th total num er lnore county poll d a mere ozen of the 1 , 000 or 1 , 200 re gistered wh tes . 109 In ever rep y o the query as to the c use o such a sm 11 white vote , either one of two answers wer r corded . ~h tes wer e ther deterred by "thr ts , inte ns e exc te ent agai _s t them , and fear of priv te njur , 11 or the simple desire t o defeat the const tution . 110 In ot er instances , rad - cal wh tes were run out o town , beaten , fired from emplo - mentor threat ned for vot ng in favor of the const tu tion . 111 108 House --xecutive Document , Jo • 303 , 40th Con g., 2nd ess ., P • 4 . 10 Ibid., 4 . P • 110 Ibid . , P • 6 . 111 Ib:i.d . , P • 66 . 170 Technically, the con titut on stood rejected in the minds of the 'outhern whites . In the · rst election held under the reconstruction acts , the conservat ve whites , I despite disfranch sement , had defeated the Republican plan of reconstruct on . The elation of the conservat ves was but short lived, for on March 11, the rad cal Congress passed the fourth reconstruction act . This bill , passed in the House on February 26, 1868 by a vote of 96 to 2 , and n the Sen te on the same day by vote of 28 to 6 , becar e law on March 11 by lapse of time , the President not havin 0 signed it or returned it with h s ob"ections w thin the ten day limit . 112 This supplementary act provided that all elective officers of the state and representatives to the federal Congress could be elected at the same election wherein the newly completed constitutions were submitte to the elec torate .113 The act also declared : That hereafter any election authorized by the act passed March 2~, 1867 , entitled," n act supplemen t ary to ' An act to provide for more efficient govern ment of the rebel states,' passed larch 2 , 1867 , and to facilitate their restoration," shall be decided by a ~ajority of the votes actually cast ••• 114 112 113 114 McPherson , Political Manual for 1868 , P • 77 . Ib id • , p • 7 6 • Ibid • , p • 7 6 • 171 th the passa e o this act, the pl n stance or the conservatives er m le in ver oth r outh rn t t b na r stor C> und r onLres on 1 1 g slat on . Con erva- t1ve acti n , her aft~r , was to be n tu db ner t me ur s of opposition ratr er than p ss v m neuv rs ch a tho e .xhibit0d by th Vvhites n labama . On June 25, 1868 , the Omnibus Bill , provi i or the ss O 0 labama , orth olina , out C rol n , Lo ·.s na and Ge o p ssed oth hou s ov th same d y . 11 mot o b ood 1 of V _ mon t to stri labama rom th · me sur wa lost bJ a vote of 60 to 73 in the lo , , r chamber ; whil in the ena te , labama w s , for ' t irne , del te fro th b 1 but re nserted by , a vote of 22 to 21 . 116 Th s th ond tt mpt in the wa se dent to xclude l a.ma front a • • m ssion ; a s parat b 11, • the passe in ouse arc 26 , 186 , to adm t la ama , was not tak n up n th 'ena te . 117 The constitut on , then , as passe n the convent on in for e a d an rat ie n the electlon , was declar valid n the state of labama , and ·r· lliam • m th as 115 116 cPherso n , olitical anual for 18"8 , p . 77 . Ibi • , ... • 79 . 117 cts of Julx , ~ezt mber , ove . er , 1868 of !he General ssembll of labama ont ornery , labama , 1868) , p. 140 . 172 n t lle as ov nor . On July 13 , 188 , he newly con- V e labam 1 gls l ture ov rwh 1m nulY prov the fourteenth am n nt . 118 Republ · c n 1 ct d to Congress were u bl can , a - as later , the tted to rep e- ~entation in the u e , whil th enators cho n by th stat le sl ture w e seate on July 2 , 1s·s , br · n 0 n to n n on ph s o the re onst uct on u st on n 1 ama . G O I Those ener 1 orders publishe b ne - 1 Pop er - ta · n ng to reg strat n 1 ma wee e ually 1 cable to th st te o lori , compr s or ia , w ic , to gethe e t ' re e st t s o it th stat of he th r 1 t y i tr ct . The c nte ·th re for su r macy bet~ en cons v - t V S ra ic ls w s waged equally as fiercely a in the other to st tes of the istr · ct . egistration , forte most p rt , proceeded slowly but smoothly w th one excep- t 0 n av nnah . The United tates istrict ttorn n tlanta, when as ed, " wheth r or not citizen p rdoned by t r e Pres ·de t , for his artic pation in the r bellion , before the assage of the cts can be legally incl d dam 118 Flem ng , Civil Alabama , p . 552 . econstruct on in - 173 the di f nch s d , tt eclare s ue ars on m y 0 0 st r n vote at elections . 1 1 9 I consequence of t his , there a - p r several as 1-t n a v nal journ 1 an V r - ti ment wh ch eel r that f 11 p sons wh o h d e - e V rs ent 1 r on wou ld c 11 t the of e o t e Presl nt of the Boar of e g str rs , the o 1 be uly ra gi tr d . 120 p tch ro Pope ' ha quart s imma tely ounte r de the r t le • d r uS to H n • vetmor , Pr s ent o t h Bo r o r e 0 str r s for 'av nn , t e p n r a : o sue nounce in ct ons are uthor zed as you an av nn pap rs . You w 11 be u ided pr vious pr nt d nst ctions . Re t sement . 121 by the 1 w and c 11 you a v Ultim tel , 188 , 671 persons wer r g ster d un r th acts and ene r 1 Po e ' s milit r y or ers . 122 Immed te ly pr or to the election , 3 , 178 p rsons ere de to the re ist at on list , for tot 1 of 11,506 . 123 This in- e lude 6 , 333 whites a nd ,1 8 s . 124 In ener 1 119 Am ----- Annual Qyclopedia, 1867 , VII , 364 . 120 Ib d • , VI I , 3 4 • 121 Ib i • , VI I , 3 64 • 122 House xecutive Document , o . 300 , 40th C n g., 2n ·es • , " ,lections in Ge o_ gia , orth rol na an outh Carol·na," pp . 2-3 . 123 McP erson , Pol- tical anual for 18 ·s , p . 114 . 124 Ib d . , p . 114 . 174 Or ers 69 ued on epte ber 1 , 1867, an lect on w s or er d t be hel n Georg a to t rmine wh ther a con- st tutional convent on shoul be assembled . 125 t th s m t me 169 1 gates wer to be le ted to th propose conv n on . 126 The elect on was o beg non Tue d y , October 2 , and to run or three days; how ver , on October 30 , th s f n 1 d t of th elect on w s ext n e until 6 : 00 P •• on ov mber 2 , 1867 . 127 Th re istr ton 1 sts wee to e rev se be nn n ~ fo rteen ys pr or to th s elect on . Thus, on the ev o election h e w re 188 , 647 reg ste_ed vot rs in h stat • 128 On ova b r 19, n ral Pop had ubl she th re - sults of the elect on w h h show d that of the 106 , 410 votes cast , 102,283 p ss the convent on . 129 Vo n f vor of the conv nt on w r 32,000 whites an 70 , 283 egroes ; while 4,000 the convent on . 130 125 h t s n ot votin 127 were gro s voted a 60 , 33 s and in . nst House Executive Docum nt, o . 342, 40th Cong., - 2nd ess . , p . 113 . 126 Ibid . , P • 113 . 127 Ibid . , P • 117 . 128 Ibid . , p . 118 . 129 Ibid . , 118 • • 130 cPhe son, Political anual for 1868, p . 114 . 24 , 758 egro s . 131 Of the 16 175 elegates ele ted to the conv ntion , thirty- sev n w re Nero s, n new te carp t bagg rs , tw v con erv tives an the rema n er were na tiv eorg a epu 1 · c ns . 132 Th s latter roup comprise the 1 rest single lament nth conv nt on nd y ar outnumb rd the north rn wh tes . Th s , of course, may be one of th re sons av ced for t h e mo erate pro r ultimately adopte • Prom nant amon 6 th n t ve ear ins in the co nv nt -'-on r • • ulloc , enjam n only, Fo ter lo ett, and • v . Beard , a mulatto . The bett r known egro delegates ncluded Tunis G. Campbell of cinto h an • r adley wa later eip lled from th to the state le i 1 tur n also The carpet agger group included J . of a .oe an • L . arr s of Oh o • • Br ley o v nn h, • • Turn r of con • convent on , elected 11 th 133 xpe e rom re . , . Bryant, C. H. Prince Wb.en the re ults oft eel ct on in eo gia wee made known , the tlant w s prompted , on ov mber 3, to write , "This eorg conv n- tion , therefore, will be deci ly more odoriferous than 131 cPherson , Polit cal Manual for 1868 , P • 114 . 132 C. Mil red Thompson, Reconstruct on in eorgia ( aw York , 1915), • 18 . 133 Ib d . , p . 190 . 1?6 the one now n sass on at 134 ontgomery.' On ecemb r 9, 1867, the delegat s sembled in tlanta ursuant to General Orders 8 . 1 3 5 On the fist ay of t he conv ntion, all o the delegates not be n g pre ent , bus n ,s was o tpone unt 1 the ollowin day . 136 t t e 134 Rus , 11 Ra c 1 Disfr nch sement n eor 0 i ," p . 182 . 1. 5 Jo 1 oft Proce of the Constitution- - -- --------i-.- - -- the Peo · eld in the Cit of - of ________ ,and _____ , eb- __ • ________ an esolu tions d- , ia , 1 8 , p • 6 • 136 Ibi ., p . 611; elected del gates were: oseph A kins , • T. ckerman, Robert lex nder, Isaac H. nder son, 1 . L. ng e , •• shburn, D •• B ldw n, James c. Barton , Peter B. e ford , J •• Bell , Moses H. Bentley, Madison Bell , John • Bi by , irneon . Be rd, Foster Blo gett , Jose ph • Blount , Alfre Bo en , John c . Bow en, • F . Bow rs, Jame R. Bracewell , aron • Braley , h d ck Bro , ohn • Bryant, John Br yson , J . M. Buchan , R. B. B ullock, George P . Burn tt, John · • Caldw 11, • J. Cameron, T. G. Campbell, • C. Carson, J . C. Casey, John • T . C tchin 0 , Peter • Chamb rs, Geor 0 e • Chatters , Isaac • Christian, • H. Christ an , alcolm Claiborn , lte L. Cl ft, 'amu 1 • Cob , E . • Cobb , Henry • Cole , Benjam n Conley, artin ooper, John T. Cost n, D. G. Cot tin , ill. am T. Crr ne, ' . W. Crawfor , Thomas Crayton, Robert Crumley, J . L. Cutler, amuel E . Daily, Ch rles • Dav s, • ~ . ews , Jesse Dink. ns , Benjam n Dunnegan, James L. Dunn ng , ill am P . dwards, C •• Ell ngton, • • Fields, John • Flynn , illiam A. Fort , l bert G. Fost r , Thomas J . Foster , Thoms G bson , Thomas Gilbert , H •• lisson, nry • Glover, W . L. Goodwin , amuel F . ove, illiam • Golden, ill am Griff n , lliam Guilford, John E . Hall , orge Harlan , sa L. Harr s , John arr s, • • Ha r son, A. • Harrison , John Hi den, E. I . i gbee, Charles Hooks, • W . Holco be, c . H. Hopkins , r . P . otchk ss, • T. Houston, W . J . Howe , J . R. Hudson , R. B. Hutchison, avid Irwin , J •• Jackson, Philp Joiner, Van Jone s , . F . Jordan, J . I . ey , John H. King , L. J. Kni ht , 177 beginning of the second d , Fo ter Blodgett took th ch ir from James L. Dunn n, n in an openin ddr ss to the conv n on, stat d: Those ho controlled affairs at the outh pre cip tate the result by av ·n effort to wrest these plantat on stats from th Un on-- n ffort th - t n volve nits failur the complete overthrow of that monstrous system wh ch h ld millions of human be ngs in a bona e that it requ e a nat on 1 convuls n to destroy . 137 lt ou r th open ng lines ppear d to set n om - nou ton b ore the con nt o , lo ett cont nu d: Let no pro er ptive sp:rit sway our counsels or dictate our me sures . e must be wisa--~e must be just--wa must let our moderation be seen n all 136 ( Cont nu d) James Knox , • V. Lane, 1 • C. Lee, Geor ge L n er, J •• Lott, Robert Lumpk n , J •• a den, Po y Maddox , C. c. art n , Philip artin, . B. art n, • L . rler, J . ath s, J . G. aul, · • • cCay, filkey c an, Jos h c horter, • V . :M . Miller , • T •• Mino , •• Moore, Romulus oor , lton oore, John urphy, John eal, • H. oble, Daniel Palmer, • • Parrott, Lewis Pope, • • P o t ts , • F • P o 'v e 11 , C • H • Prince , • H • D . Reynolds , J • • ce, • C. ichardson, Lewis • oberts, Robert Robert son, , • H. Rozar, T. P . affold, • • ault r, Isaac eeley, Josiah herrnan, J . M. Sh els, esley 'hropsh re, B . D. humate, Benjamin ik , F •• mith, • C. imith, • C. mit , F . T . nead, L. L. tanford, imon tanley, James tewart, T . J . peer, Alexander tone, Henry itr ck land, 1. C. upple, L •• Trammell , J •• Traywick, H. M. Turner, James D. addell, eorge vallace , O •• alton, F . o. /elch, • H. hitehead, Robert 1 h tehead, Jenn h taker, R. H. itely, G. G. lbur , amuel illlans, J •• oodey, • oaten, Presley, Yeates , P •• h bley, •• Marshall, Vesley Prettyman . 137 Journa of the Proceed ngs of the Constitution al Convention of eorgia, p . 11 . 178 t t we do . 138 The conv nt on th n settl irst to th ork of organ zat , then to perfect n th n w st t co titu- tion . J . • p rrott was elected perm nent pre id t of th conve t on by vot of 103 to 4 ov r J . L. Dunn ng , while avid Irw n r ce ved two VO es . 139 Parrott sim 1 rly ad - dre se he c nv t n u on e n e; n t 11 d s re nt , and h s words ar m r of a art s and n n n tur tr an thos o lo t • i P rrott : ubl c n party of th n i swat n g with nt ns anx ety t movem nts of th s boy . Our friends will soon be bl to et rmine wheth r we shall b a burden u on th m, an our ene mies we pons with which to wa w r o th m, or a th min the reat wor of restor n our 'tate to her place ·n the Union ••• The better an pro ser ptiv sp rit ma f ste tow r us your nei bors, because we de ir th tour t te shall be pl c u on n qual ooting w h hr sit rs in the Un on , should not in 1 ence our act ons , an we sh 1 not ecom ma en y passion and ct fool hly because thos oppos to us o act . 140 On c mbe 12, committ es were appo · nte to draw up reports on the V ' r ous ect ons of the proposed con sti ut on . The s v n men com risi I the Committee on Fr nc ise ncl ded J •• ryant, a car etb gge , sly 138 Journal o~ the _roceedings of the Co on- al Conv ntion o orgia, p . 14 . 139 140 Ib . • , p . 4 9 . Ib d . , p • 16- 17 . 17 'hro sh re, • L . An ier, P . B. Be ford , • • Cobb, re - ley Ye tes and J . L . unn n , who att en1pted to bar the conservative press on the secorrl da 141 of the convent on . hile the franch se question d d not play as pron1 nant a part s d in the 1 bama convention , various resolu- t ons were referred to the Committee on B 1 ranch se wh ch ran ed rom total exclusion o the forme Confederat s to total exclusion of th egroes as el ctors nth state of eorgia . Te cons rvat ves took th n ·ti tive on ecem- ber 1 , with r es olut on b Burn tt , wh ch eel re d th t in the ju em nt of th conv ntion , the Un te tates of A.me ica and the so- call stat of Geor ia are now an have ever been re ga e of this t t as be·n Gov rnment was secure y the white man , whos b the ite man, nd over hose de man shall pres de . 142 by the people whose terr tory laws were created t nies the white · chardson, th reupon, move sup ns o o t e rules until the journal cold be exp n g d of this r solution ; an pend · n ~ suspension, Burnett w thdrew h s resolution am d the protests of otner d le gates who d d esire its pass - ag . 143 week later, Adkins ntro uced a resolution for 141 Journal of the Proceedings of the Constitution al Conventi n of Georg a, pp . 40-41 . 142 143 Ib id • , p • 4 9 • Ibid., • 49 . 180 imp rtial suffra e ; 144 w le other conservatives ga nad st r ength enough to propose pet t on for the r . . on of Jefferson Davis . 14 This , however ; was lost . On ecemb r 20 , th convention Pop as an honor d guest , and as such , h delegat s n a moderate tone , stat ng : lcomed General ddressed the I trust ad bel eve th all th del berat ons of this bod w 11 be marked by mod r in and jus .c , a d th t the Const tution ch you ay ado twill be affirmed and approved by the people to hom it s to be submitted--hav O for ts e d , s I bel eve 11 , the best v elf re of the peopl of the tate , and of the whole count r y . I trust that our act on here w 11 not ind ca e any pass · o or pre ·udice , and that othine will e n erted n the Cons tution w h ch you are about to frame , that w 11 f orb d its ap 1oval by the peopl . 146 l ittle mo c han tw o weeku later , eneral e e , oh d succe ded Pope a~ comm der of the tr d m lit y district , s m la.rly addr ssed the conv ton . Hiss eech w s some - w at more coldly received in v ew of h s a par nt d s1 ke of the duties that devolved upon him , for st ed eade : I am assigned to the posit on I now occupy under a law of Co gress , by direction of the Pres_dent of the United tates and the Secretary of War . y duty i to execute a law wh ch has been assed by the Congress of the United tates . s a soldier , I conce . v I have nor · ht to quest · on the val dity of l 44 J ournal of the Proce ngs of the Constitut on ~1 Conventio of Georg a , p-.- 6 -8 -. ------~ 145 146 Ib d . , p . 68 . Ib i • , p . 7 4 . the act from which I derive my powers ; nor c I permit it to e questione by those unde1 n1y com n1and . There is a pro er course to be ursued in test ng the valid ty of all ts , bu I no he a ·ent for t urpose . 147 181 Concern n th del berat on of his body , eade cont nued : It . not my dut to d ct te , tor commend, or to adv se , but I fe 1 ju tif n couns llin mod ration, and earnestly hop ng t at w c.•dom , ca - ness, nd re son w 11 gov rn your proceed ngs . 148 goo d charges brou t charac er of cer o time was s e t n d al i c w tr tile the ___ t _a_ Intellige1ce concern ne the n ele es . 0 hose mor OS ly in ulted were Caldwell and Br dle . lso, Cost n a d ryant cam ·n forte r sh re o in gn y from the ew 1 149 York d . The more serous of thee charges dealt s a forra r 1 ew Yo k r conv cted or f lony . committee w s a po nte to invest g te thes ch rges . I its re ort to the convention , h s s eci 1 com1n ttee no led ed t at Bradley , convic e of se uction , ha s rve two years n prison; lso , as lawyer i Boston, radle had been de- barred for contempt of court and malpractic 150 • The 147 Journal of the Proceedings of the Cons tution- al Convention of Georg a , n . 114 . - 148 149 150 Ibid., P • 115 . I • , pp . 178-9 . Ib d • , p • 2 7 4 • 182 major ty o the comm ttee , Vihile acknowledg n g that these were grave ch rges , r 1sed to reconunen ex uls on because , Hs uct o is not a felony at common law , nor s s mple s uctio felony o the laws of Georgia t a11 .tt 151 Con cernin g t e rema der of the charges , the committee st ed it would no go beh nd a person ' s pr vate 1 f eve f h · 1 .. 1 152 Th t were irnmo a or er m a • s r or a s gn d y • • N cCay, ryant , r, . • ea r , John T . Coston , an • H . fu. te ly • 153 ..1r dle , denyi g his des ite the accumulated ocum ry evidence before the convent o , was not exp lled at th s time . o unt 1 February 12,18 8 , was Braley forced to vacate his sea in the convention . 154 lt Un · · 1 the r ort of t e Comm ttee on Franch SE: e debates of a1y length or impor ace were forced on • is- franch sement . On Jarmary 14, 1868, art roposed : of alhoun That no person shall be ent:tled to vote at any elect on n this tate , or shall hold any off ce of prof tor favor n the same , unless he can read the Bible and th Constitut on o f' this t te ; rovided 151 Journal of the Proceed ngs of the Cons t tution- al Conve ntion of Geo'r's ~ , p . 27 . - 152 153 Ib i • , p . 27 5 . Ib d • , p • 2 7 5 • Ibid • , p • 2 94 • that no free to any of ce er son of color shall nth s 'tate . 155 V be eli ible Th s , hoveve , was to be the 1st rect conservative t - tack for som t e , for on the same day , Bryant subm d tre re ort o the Committee on Fr nch s • The f rst sec tion of the report merely p ov de that all 1 ctio s h 11 e by ballot • 156 act on two rea: ver male person born n the nited tates , and ver male person who has been n tural zed , or ho h s le g lly eclar his ntent on to become a c ti z o th un · ed ates, t1en y-one y ar ol and up ar .· , who sh 11 h ve r ded n th· 'tate s x m nths n xt precedi c; he election , and shall have resided three mon hs i the county n which h of f ers to vote, except as hereinafte provided, whall be deemed an el ctor; and ev r male nhab tant of the a e foresa d , wh may bear 'Lento the ta eat the time of the ado ton of th s Const tut o , sh 11 be deemed a elector , and h 11 have all the r Ghts of electors as afor a d ••• ec . • It shall be the d ty of the General ssembl to provide from t ~ e to time for the regis tration o all electors ; but the followin g classes of persons shall no be per tted to register, vote, or hold off ce : 1st, Those who may bed squal fied from holding of ce by the pro osed amendment to the Con stitution of the United ~tates, knovm as rt cl XIV , a those w o have been disqual fled from r ister ng to vote for delegates to the Convent on to fr ea Const tut on for the 'tate of Geor g a, un er the ct of Con gress to "Prov de for the more eff c · ent gov er ent of the re el states ," passed by ongress arch 2,187 , an the ct uppleme tary ther to : Prov ded , th t when the Congress of the United tates shall remove such d sab 1 ty, 11 person affected 155 J ourna l of the Proceedin 0 s o he Constitu on- al Convention of Geor'g a, p . 143 . - 1 6 I id. , p . 148 . 184 thereby shall b re tared to all th r ghts pr v - le ge of wh ch they have been rest ained b ~ sec- t on; and rov de furth r, th t such sab lity sh 11 o t d squalify any person s an el cto ter J uar 1, 186 ; 2n , T ose w o shall ve been conv cted of tr aso, emb zzlement of . ublic funds , malfe sa ce n off e, er m punishable , by law wt im risonme in the penit nt ary, or b r bey ; 3rd , Those who re dots or ns ne. ec . 4 . All persons , he ore reg ster ln, must take and subscribe the followi g oa r1: "I, __ , do solemnly sw r (or aff rm) that I w 11 su ort n ma tan the Constitut on and laws o the un· t d tates a t Cont~ ut on and l aws of G orgi; that I am o excluded f rom r g s e ng by any of the clauses of sec ion , rt c l e __ of the Co - stitution of eorg a ; t at I w 11 n ve count nee or id in the secess on of this tate from the United ta es, ,o hel me od . 0 157 The report was si ned by all seve members of the comm t- tee, J . • Bryant, cha rman . l 8 shburn , later defe d n the test oath for electors, state t hat t wa ~ an effect v instrum nt of ove rnment and that t must keep from place and po er ose who till hola to the ernici us dea which bro to n the war. For this urpose the Tes Oat h is an effec tive ns t rument; it fun shes, in some measure , that secur ty for the futu r e wh ch t s the part of wisdom to demand, and wh ch it would be the height of folly to ne glect . l 9 Debate on the f ranchise section be gan n earnest on Febru ry 2 . Both, conservatives an rud cals sou r t to 157 Journ 1 of t h Proceedine;s of the Constitut on a l Convention of Geor'gia , pp . 148-9. - 158 Ib i d • , p • 150 • 1 9 Ib id • , p • 1 7 • 18 clu o e ucational qu lific tions for elector . on the first to propose such resolut ons were Turner, ck rn1an and Sianford . 160 ch se shbu s ht to exclu e from -the fr - t os wh volun ar ly eng ged mak c w r a t the overnment o the n d u tates, who sh 11 not be allowed to vot until the year 187, when the Leg sla ure ma extend them, b~ vote of two- r r , he elec v f r chis a . 161 to - Foster of Pauld n, reupon , of ered su st tu e for the fr nch se section at t o l .m. t th fr nc se to free wh te person • 162 This was amende , however, by cC y to r d : op rson who sh 11, f challen ed, refuse to t ke the follow n 0 oath, shall vote at ny elect · on in this tate : " I do wear that I have not p· ven or r ce v d, nor prom ed tog ve or r ceive, nor do I ex act to g ve or fl ce v , any mone , trus , or other th g o ~ value, by ,h ch m vote , or any vote, is ffected, or ex ect d to e af ected at this elec tion; nor have I g v , or prom sed to give, any r - ward, or made a thr t by w h ch to revent any person ram voting at th s election ." 163 While Foster's orig nal substitute was not ado ted, the amendment pror osed by cCay was acce ted . The f rs two sections of the franchise report ere ado ted with little 160 Journal of the .froceedings of the Const tu t ion al Convention of Georgia , p • 26 ,279, 280 . 161 162 163 Ibid • , p • 2 81 • I b id • , p • 2 82 • Ib d • , p • 2 82 • 186 d scussion or op os ton from ether conserv t ve s or r d - cals , althou a substitute of1'ered by 'tanfor pr opo ed 164 t o establ sh property qualif c tions fo lector • On e dnesday , February 12 , the conventio p ssed on the t h rd section of th franchis art cle , as mended by ller , whose su st tute remove all of t he pros cript · ve claus s f rom this s ect on . 165 Th c rpetbagger Bryant , th upon , sou t to off er a su sti ute for the sect on just ado p howeve , the ch ir ru l e h out of or er . On an peal to t h convention , the tained. 166 C sion of the chair wao SUS - O n the follow n day Whitely moved to str 0 t he f ourth sect on . D unn .ng , then , offered a subst i tute f or section fou r , which read : 11 electors , f requ rd to re gister , mus t take and subscr · be t he f ollow n g oath : " I , _ _ ___ do s olemnly swear (or aff rm) that I w 11 su port and ma ntain the Constitution and laws of t h e United tates , and the Constitution and laws of eorgia , and that I w 11 never countenance nor a in th se ces s ion of this tate from the United ~tates . o help me o . "167 M cCay moved to om t that p rt of t _ e oath following the 1 64 Journal of the Proceedings of the Constitut - - al 0 vent ion o f a , P • 280 . - 165 Ibid., 300 . P • 166 Ibid . , P • 300 . 167 Ib d.' P • 303 . d · , on- 187 word 0 Georg , 11 an Dunn n 's subst tute , as amended by cC C ary a t e ted . 168 The • • clauses of the fr Y, was acce re ai in,. se sect ion were ado ted w th little debate . On Febru- 1 · , after t e ratif c t on of the franch se art cle , ell gav notice th t he woul off a substitute for tent sect on , r c1d g : e me, onl , shall be el gible to ny off ce of trust , honor , or p ofit , or emplo ent , whether mun c pal, ju ic al, or politic 1 , in th s ·'tate , and wh t men , onl , s all serve as jurors i the courts . 169 econsiderat on of sect on 1 wa , ho eve1 , lost by a vot of 19 to 103 . 170 iith the a opt on of th franch se s c- tion and the reject on o ad ~ell ' s mot on o recons d r , debat on isfranchiseme t came to an end in the Georgi convent on . A p t shot was o fered by oble who pro- posed a resolut on stat ng that elegates who refused to s gn and support t.he Constitut on a oped b th conven- 171 tion , should not rece ve the r per d em . n- On arch 10 , an ordin ce to " rovide for the 'lec- 172 tion of Civ 1 Off cers," was approved . Th s ordina ce of the Constitution- - 168 Journal of the Proceedings - al Convention of Georgia , P • 303 . - 169 Ibid . , P • 322 . 170 I id . , 322 . P • 171 Ibi 471 . . , P • 172 Ibid . , 67 . • 188 provided for the rat f ct on of the constitut o , 1 ction of governor , and th elect on form mber of the neral Assembly , represent tive to Congress , ad all other elec- . tive off cers . ccording to the ord nanc , electors were t t ke the followin ~ o th be ore e gistering : You o solemnly swe r (or aff rm) th t you have been dul reg ste e arr .eably to the ct of Con ress; th t you ve not prevented , or ttempted to prevent , any p rson from votin at h selection ; that if t Const tut on , u on wh ch th vote is no~ en ta en , is ratif ed , that ou will truly and f ithfully support t . o hel ou God . 17 In smuch s the state wa st 11 under military autho it , tis oath , swell as the un v rs 1 ma oo suffra e in the state , prov e i t e new franchise 1 w o th state con st tution , could not be applic ble to th vote on th ado tion o the const ·tu ion, but for th elect o of all st te off cars . The follow ng da , on I rch 11 , or i - nance was pas ed providinb for t he reconv n ng o f he con vent on at the call of the preside t , or president pro tempore , J e • Dunn n g , or the co 1a din gener 1 of the th r milt r y str .ct . 174 If the convent on were no reconvened within twelve months, then the convent on would be considered adjourned s ne die . 175 O the same day of 173 Journal of the roceed n Ps of the Co stitut on- al Convention of Georg a , p . 569 . · 2 - 174 Ib d., p . 371 . 175 Ib d . , • 371 . 189 th appr oval of this ordinance , the convention adjourned aft r session o n n t - two d ys . On rch 1 4 , thr ee ays 1 tr , eneral ad ordered n elect on be held n Ge or )i , to commence on April 20 an to continue fr four d s , on the r atif icat on o reject n o the co 'tit - tion . 176 o t unt 1 pr 1 16 , d d the c ommand ng g n ral • n c te that "tate and county officers an r pr s nt n on r s mi Jht be ele ted at the same ~let on on 2 , or h rat fie ton of the on t tut on . 177 1.ves 1 Th conserva t ives n Georgia at irst xh bit d the vame pa iv n ss u sho n · n 1 b a , perha hopin that if les than' m • 0 t w 1 ld vote on t e proposed c nstit ton , th state woul at least rema nun er mili - tr juris · ction rath r th n be dom _ nat by a r ic 1 ~ publ can state gov nment . vents in lab . a assur 1 must have h · some nflu nee in exci~ n 0 t, e conse r va- t vs to act on . I n 1 ovem er and Decemb r of 1867 , numer ous conservat ve clubs had been organized all ove r the st te ; on e cem.ber 5 , 1867 , a conservativ convent on as sembled at ~aeon . Judge ees and Judge Ir; n , the f rst nd second nominations of th conservat vs for overnor , 176 177 IcPherson , Political r anual for 1868 , • 60 . Ib • , p . 60 . - 190 w e ee l re n 1 y e er e • 178 Th r cho · c ell on en r 1 John • or on , a fo comman e o on w n ~ of Lee 1 0 rm, ho h not held off c be or th s 1 t thi , the tlanta ~ra , on r 1 17 , 1868 tate th t en r 1 ordon w s simil rly nel ible , p o· nt n~ out t t the oath for prov s onal gov nor w ld r end r him nel ble to th of lee o ov r 1 0 even f h sho ld be el ct d for th former Cone rte ene could not take t e rec ns ction oath requir of all p ovision- 1 off cers . 80 0 po e to Gor on w s _ • u loc l , • f 01 .,me memb of the conv nt on and r ad cal ~e ubl c n . Desp te t lack of proser pt em asur n h propo canst t to , t~e orme onf rats cons r - vativ lea rs oppose the passa e o that instrum£nt . Her hel V. Johnson , ex- 0 overnor ad former Confe erate 1 a er stat • • 2nd I w the po I advi t o take ter , an 178 11 never a prov , or consen to , or cc pt sone cnalice offer to our 1 ps , nor ill m fellow c tizens o do so . If perm tte n vi w of a turn of events , I h oul re gis I hope every n n in or ia who can will do ess ., Hous ~xecutive Docum nts r --2. • 276 , 40th Cong., " econ 1ilitary D str c ,' p . 4 . 179 Jam s F . hodes , Histor Q_f t ___ -ttates From the Com ron1ise of __ to th inal on of Home ule ~ the th in 1877 7 vols . , 1926T, VI , 1 9. 180 2nd ' ess ., House lxecutive Documents, --2. • 276, 40th PP • 8 - 10 . on • , 191 so, w th the Vie I of def t n ::.:> th sche1ne f o our e gr adat on nd th ov rthrow of epubl can ov n - m nt . 181 General 1 e de , suppl mentin h s previous or er , on pril . ordered , in eneral Ord rs T o . 52 that the re g s- , trars s oul particul rl not the d sfr n his n nt pro - vis on of the tr r reconstr tion at an t e out nt ame ndment nth i r vs on o the re istrat on 1 sts to i t th 1 t . 182 we s pr or o e c i on . By ay 26 , th compl te results of the 1 ct on ha been t bulat • On the qu st on of r tif catio of the constit tion , 158 , 372 v otes were polle o 2 1 ,7 8 r gs - tere vot rs . 183 Th• vote fo ·ov rnor polle n t · on - 11,400 votes . 18 4 The ma ·ority for the canst tut o w s 17,982, t he vot be "n · 70 , 1 5 op os d an 88 , 177 for rati - cat on . l 5 F ift - three o the state ' s 132 count es vot d 181 Americ 182 House 2nd 'es s • , p • 6 • 183 Hous e 2n es ., "lect So th Carol na " , nual ______ , 1867 , VII , 36 . Document , L£. 2?6 , 40th Con ., cutive nt , --2. • 300 , 40th Con ., n Ge o orth Carol na an • 2 - . 184 Ibi • , p . 3 . 1 95 House Execut v DocumenJ?_, ....Q• 330 , 40th Cong., 2nd ess., P • 3 ; see !cPh rson , Polit cal anual for 1868 , p . 114; the number ndicated here is in confl ct w th the more deta'le report o General Tuea e . 192 against ratification, there be ng no election in two other counties. 186 Bullock captured sixty-two ounties, with a total majority of 7,172 over the conservat ve, Gordon. 187 Gordon won fifteen Negro counties while Bullock won the support of nine white counties.188 Georgia, unlike her sister states who ware to be reconstructed in the year 1868, succeeded in electing to the lower chamber of the st ta 1 gislatura a conserv tiv majority. The House as to be composed of seventy-five radicals, nin mod r tes, eighty-a ght Democr t, hile the Senate held ten moderate Republicans and sev ntaen radicals aoo Democrats eaoh. 189 The question of eli 1b111ty of th members arose to a considerable extent in both Houses of th state legislature, finally r sulting in the expulsion of the Negro members. Bullock had dasir d that the reconstruc tion oath of office be administered to the newly elected members of the general assembly.190 In his st1mation this would have prevented such an expulsion and would have halted many conservatives from t king their · 186 Hom:ie Executive Document, 2nd Sass., pp. 2-3. 187 Ibid., pp. 2-3. ......S?.• 330, 40th Cong., 188 189 Thompson, Reconstruction.!.!! Georgia, p. 203. Ibid., p. 208. 190 House Misc llaneous Documents, No. 52, 40th Cong., 3d Sess.;''Condition of Affairs in G80rgI'a," p. 1. 1 3 sets . On July 21 , the newly convened legislature , by joint resolution, a opted the fourt et amen m nt by a vot of 27 to 14 n the nate n 89 to 71 nth House . 191 Follow n 6 the ep sode of the expulsion of the e ro m mbers from both houses of the gener 1 ssembly , Bullock appe red b f ore a Con - e ional committee st t n that the only o th dm n ster d to the members of the leg sl tu e was the oath prov de in the newly ratif e state consti- tut on . 1 2 In his op n , Bullock decl re , there w re forty persons elect d n the ous and fifteen t . i teen elect d n the enat who were inel g ble to th r seats inasmuc s h y coul not take the reconstruction oath . 193 General e d, two e ks r or tot end of the Geor ia convent on, had ntic ated such a situat on an on nebru ry 2, 1868 , ask d en ral G r ant if the new state officers elected un r th cons itution ould have to ta e th test 194 o th as members of the provis·onal government . Grant replied th the id n ot consider such an elect n for officers under the provisional government . 195 im larly , 191 Thompson , Reconstruction in Georgi~, p . 209 . 192 House Miscellaneous Documents , -o . 52 , 40th Con . , 3d ass ., p . 102 . 193 Ibid., P • 2 . 194 xecut --2. • 276, 40th ong., 2n ess ., P • ]2 • 195 Ib g., P • 12 . 1 • F • ar ns orth , or e • outw 11 , d H. E . P yno o the e constr ction co itto e h d , in ,h C'S O o~ Lo eclared tat pe ons disqualified b th fourteent an , n1ond - rn nt should not 1 . . b 1 to f _f' • Ce · · l th. ).O J. . le : · s lt... tur ; O\ ever, tho rn .,mbe of ea h onoe Jr , bilit oft ir ow m mbers . 196 to d t 1 th , th dee 1·- e , no o th co1 ld bo . qu e o .,nib r..., o " tl 1 r• 1 t re <..) oth th· n tL on o o ro ided in th, onstitut on . 1 7 eo g · a , ori inall to be t or ,,d in th - 11nlb s ill of Jun 2r.: , 1868, was not destin d to . ain r ,- it- tance until uly 1 , 1 870 . In th · nt_ rin , G or 1 i , under - of eneral Te 1, n Governor Bu lock , the 1 slat 1 wns r li ed o tho m beru 'Jho COl d not t 1 .. e th re - construct on O' th . Throuuh To y 1 s n G , l,.tre; Repub - lican majoriti o~ o established in 98 The po ition of G1;orgi' i ron 1868 until 1870 i inde d a sin 1lar one , fo t ·ti..., t te ulf · 11 a ll th 196 Con· 3d I ss ., • 4 . Ibid., p . 4 . 1 7 198 Th r:1pson , econstruct on in G orRi~ , pp . 260 - 26 • 195 prerequisites est bl shed by the ederal Congress ; yet, with strong proser ptive measures and an equally strict interpretation thereof, the peopl still elected to man tain the state government nth hands of its whit citizen ry. Desp te Conuression 1 disfranchisement through the fourteenth am ndment an th acts , military occupation, Republic n co trol of the overnment and the elect on box, the sweep ng Democr tic v ctory t t e polls in 18?0 set Georgia on the roa to home rule and a r turn to its cle r cut policy of white supremacy. FLO IDA The state of lorida, for all of its small popula tion in compar son to any of the other outhern states , was perhaps the more troublesom of the three st tes th t dur in the convention perio comprised th th rd military district. dventurers fr om the ~ orth foun n excellent opportunity f or exploit tion here in th0 three years fol - lowin the end of the rebellion . any of them who appear- ed before the Congressional reconstruction committee pr or to the passage o the acts sou t to d sered t the wh tes and to obtain the ballot for the Negro in the desire to use tegro votes to further their own political a ms . 199 fgg · Flem · g , Documentarx Histori of econstruction , I, 59. • I 196 The orm r Confe er tes an conservat ves, on the other han, accept d the results of the war an esire only to aid in th r construction o the state nd in secur ng re- ad.mis ion to the Union . 2 00 B th ti d o , conserva vs an epub- 1 can, sought to en st the su~port of the eg oes in securing polit cal control of the state . Gener 1 Po , upon ssum n comm nd of the third milita yd st i ct, was a ed by Col . John T. ragu, who connnand th sub- istr·ct of the ·tate of lori • The mea ures ta en b y Ceneral Pope for the re g stration of the electorat have alrea y been c ted in the examination of 1 am 1 s registra t on proc ure . 201 Th se regula- tions were equally applicable to franch e ent me sur n this state . taken by Po lori a• and the dis - ' w res m larly use R is tra t on procee ed slowly , and enerally with out th viola ce shown i n labam or the Carol ·nas ; ho1ever , northern o f ice se kers haran e the e groes at huge mass meet n gs, wh le the conservatives appealed to the e gro vote thr) ug:-i their own rallies and through the ne spapers . Thus the Floridian stated: 200 201 nnual Cyclopedia, 1867, VII , 13 . ee above pages 137-142. The whites co s ti tute the class from wh ch the fr e edmen gt their living . By actin wt prompt ness nd c ommon sense every freedman c n be made to vote the conservative ticket . 202 1 ? On Oct ober , 1867 , n General Orders o . 74 , an - a l Pope orde ed that an election be held in l or da , beg n nin g ov mber 14 , 1867 and continu ng f or three consacu t v da ys . 203 Th e r egistration of the electors had b en com- p l t e witn a t otal of 26 , 582 re st red v ot rs of w hom 11 ,148 w r w h t n 15 , 4 4 le r o . 204 Te white obta ne m ·or ty in 26 of the 3 counti s ; 2 u 5 h owev r , th a r r n e . nt of the electoral stricts , counties hav n a h e a v i r egr o reg str tion were merged with counties h ving white majorit i es , much t o the ben fit of the te r o sand t he Re ubl ·cans . 206 In the two weeks preceding the elec tion 762 white and 655 egroes were adde to the re stra tion 1 sts , for a t otal of 28 , 003 reg ster d voters . 207 On ecember 2 , neral Pop decl red that th con- 202 uo t n i l liam atson avis , Th e Civ 1 ar and e constru c t ion in .rc lorida { ,ew York , 1 1 31": p . 442 . 203 2nd ess . , 204 205 206 p . 469 . 20? House :lxecutive PP • 114- 5 . ocurnent , _£ . 342 , 40th Con g . , nnual Cycloped a , 1867 , VII , 314 . Ibid . , VII , 314 . • avis , ar and Reconstruct on in 1 8 v ntion had bee carr d lor an c lle for the elected 1868 . 208 eleg s to met at Tall ha see on J nu ry 20, tot 1 o 14, 03 vot s b en olled n the 1 ction, 1,220 wh te n 13,080 roes vot n or the convent n nd 203 wh ts oppo e . It s nd ct ve, to say the least, th t the ppe ls or th ts of the con- s rvat ves d h d no ffect n s u n6 he egro vote . Further, t m y be see th t the lor onv on , as ~ also rue n other o th rn st tes , '{ called to- the s olel a gro vote und r th n lu nc 0 the few whit s ho vot d th th m. Oft fort • del at elec d, tw lve w -nin s e , ublic ns, men of the nort, e most nota 1 and noter - ous o wh m wa Lb rt 11 of e am sh ·r • 210 •i hteen elegat s w re regroes , three of w m had co e from oth r state , n d th rm nder, i h the except·on of one or two con ervatives, were na ve e ubl can wh te s . 211 On January 20 , 188, the elected elegate p . 477 . 208 209 Ib d • , p • 114 . 210 Dav , Civil ar and Heconstruction ...1l Florida, 211 Ib id • , p • 4 3 • 199 ass mbl d at the Cap tol, T llahassee, for the const tu tion 1 conv nt on . 212 C. H. P re w s cho n empor ry chairman nd h roll call t ken wh ch nd c ted th t only twenty- n ne o the elected forty-n ne d legat s were pre ent . 213 The follow n j , niel ichar was chos as permanent ch rman . 214 R. hard, a carpetbagg , wa to play a more promi nt role s c nvention pres· ent than d d the c nvont on pres dents the other forn1er Confed- er e sta es . s one of e le s of t e arpetb el - m nt, he nruffled m n attemp - of· them derates to prevent 212 Journal of the Proceed n s of the Const tution- - al Conv nt on of the t te of Flor d , begun and held at the Ca itol, ~ Tallahass~e, _ 1ondax , Januur~ _Q, 1 ·s lfallah ssee, Florida, 18"8), • 3; elected delegat s were eorge all er, eorge J . lde, of M ssachuset s; Lyman • Rawle , rad cal; John L. Cap ell, cons rv t ve; L. C. r- rnistad, ro; • J . Purm n , of P n s lv n a ; • ort n, 1'e ro; I ome rya , regro; D nl 1 ich rd , of Ill no-ts; • "• Saund rs e ro; Frederick ill, e ro; J . W. Ch lds, carpe b ger ; • • Osbor, of re Jerse; Jos ph • . Oate s , e ro ; C. II . Pearce, e ro; John fyatt, e ro; ree v d - son , ro; O. B . rmstronr, gro ; John • Powell; • J . Bass ; Robe t eac' am, e ro; nthon 1 11s, egro; 11 am • one· ol d T . omb ue ; ndre 1 huler • Thoma Urquhar, Nero ; J •. Kr 1 n er; Horat o Jenk ns, Jr . of ew York ; ill. am • Cessna, carpet agger; Jos ah T. alls, e ro; • B. Conover, carpetbagger; u ur Irw n, Negro ; B • • c Rae ; Libert, 111 · n J'S, of ew H p "'h re; • C. Denne , of assachusetts, ill am Bradwell, egro; J . C. Gibbs, e ro; W. Ro rs; J . H . oss; • Chandler, le gro, • D . owse; Samuel A. earce; C. R . tobley; avid izell, ldr de L . Ware . 21 3 Journal of the Proceedin Js of the Cons i tution- - -- al Convent on of Flor a , p . 4 . - ----- - - ---- 214 Ib d . , p . 5 . 200 rad cal le g slat on . Th s lso presented an opportunit y for Lich rds to ppo n t to of ce n t conve tion oth r rad c 1 rends a to explo t e me r, resource 1 of the st te . This was done desp te his open n g ad res to the conve ton , h en ho stated : It w The e n w ch we 1 come after us , the stern w 11 hold us to a r d which d spose of the by an affl. ct d unfortun v , gonerat o s th t uncomprom ing h s or ccount for he manner eat tr s t conf d d to te p ople . • • to ith t e mantle of c y w ould o er th d h res es, monstrous njus ce an r d c uelty o the p st , and th m 1 ce toM o ch r ty for all , and "firmness in the r eh t as Go ives us li t , tt let us ter upon the m jes c ork of ying deep t' e foun at on of a over ment tha t shall sacre - ly care fo an protect the r .hts of all , and that h 11 de erve d recc ve he res ec , lov nd con f dence of 11 our cit zens . L no recollect ons of the onda that ia so lon he w h r ne; dis - race o ~ r can c v 1 zat on be mpr ssed up the Cont tution w are about to for . Let t not be t nged w th the blood st ns of aw eked rebellion nd terr blew r b pres t r 0 featur so r sent - ment , r~tal at Jn or r venge , but let contain som cautious , jealous p ovisions that shall forever here after vigilantly guard , as w th a two - edged sword , a l l appro ches to the Temple o Libe ty , just ce ad equal r ghtu to all ••• 21 5 the closing words of this ddress that nd c ted what was to li he d , for st ted ichards : Let us nsure to all who have not forfeited the r ri ts by treason or rebellion a common inte est in our i st tut ons , our laws and our gover nt , by 215 Journ 1 of the P oceed ngs of the Constitution al Convent on of Plor da , • 6. 201 relig ously secur n to them t er t to vot and be voted for; and the consc ousness that we are e ch part of the government w 11 soon induce a feel n8 of sel - r spect, ma hood an r de manta~!~ la~ and order and ood gover ent n oc et . ft the relim nary bus ess o the covet on was set in or er, urm pro ose that mem es o t e co - vent on tak an o th to sup ort and prot ct the const tu tion o the Unit d 't tes an to kept e secrets of the conv tion; t ho ever, w s ostponea . 217 on the f rst actlons of he presiden was to appo t th s ver 1 committees to report on the constitut o -• [embers compr s - ing the Committee on Fr nchise were Con , yatt , Bi~~ings , 0 te and Conover . 218 ereas n t e oth r 'outher conve tons , clashes occurr db tween conservativ s d rad cals, Flor pre - sented a novel situ· ton n that moderate and rad cal Republ · cans were to compose th two oppo ing factions , nd th s to such an extent that further bus ne s could not be accompl shed . Purn1an , in op os tion to the carpetbaggers, state he would offer a resol tion th t y pe son not n the st te one year and not a r istered vot r according to 216 Journal of the Proceedings of the Constitut on al Convention of Florida , p . ? . 217 218 Ib d ., pp . 7 - 8 . Ibid., PP • 8- 9 . 202 ct h d nor ) t to vote on the constitut on . 219 , the lden d offer a r solut on that no mem r oft e conven- tion be el g ble to the off .ce of governo , 1 eutenant governor , secret ry of 't e , aud tor, tr asurer, or register of ubl . lands for a p riod of two ye r fter 220 the adjournment of the convent on . fuen th convention d jou e or the da on ebr ary 1, the moderate element s ceded fro the convent on and ssem led at nearb 0 t - ello . From :1e r ry 1, unt 1 F 1 ruar 17, w y-two radicals sat in r p s ss on at Tallahassee and twenty- two moderates attem ted to carr o bus n ne er oup be n le to secure a quorum cont nue w th matters pertin n to • ing at [ont cello , o der to cons i tut on • On e ruaI' 8 , th rump convent.:.on t Tallahassee adjourned after adopti g const tution wh ch would have deb rred from publ c off ce all ho had n any manner su - ported the Con ederacy and all who had ven aid and com- fort to the rebell on after havin g held off ce in any stat or un er the Uni ed tates . 221 On the ni t of Februar 10, the seceded r up stole nto the convent on h 11 and persuaded the military to dra i to the sess on 219 Journal Qf. the roceedings of the Constitution al Conv ntion Q.! lorida, p . 28 . 22 0 Ibid . , p . 27 . 221 p . 50 • Davis, ivil ar a econstruction n 203 two members from the opposition . 222 With this bare quorum present, Daniel Richards was declared deposed as president of the convention and Horatio Jenkins Jr., elected in 223 his stead. A week later on February l?, General Meade and Col. John T. Sprague sought to bring both groups to gether. With Col. pr gue in the chair as temporary chair man, both Daniel Rich rds and Horatio Jenkins Jr., re signed as president and a nev election was hela . 224 By a vote of 32 to 13, the more moderate group he ded by Jenkins triumphed. Voting against Jenkins were rmstrong, Billings, Bass, Broadwell, Cone, Davidson , Gibbs , Johnson , Meacham , Mill O t P d ! 1 yatt . 225 All ff1 t d s, a es, earce an v o cars appo n e by Richards were removed and the convention rules were re vised.226 New committees were appointed, and that of the Committee on Suffrage and Franchise now included Goss, 227 Gibbs, Mobley, Osborn, and Alden . Before proceeding 222 P• 509. 223 Davis, Civil ar and Reconstruction 1!! Florida, Ibid., P• 510 . 224 Journal of the Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of Florid"a; PP• 34-35. 225 226 227 Ibid., P• 35 . Ibid., PP• 35-36. Ibid., P • 40. 204 onto the r orts of the co ittoes , th convent on cle ned house by removi g ~ 11 am aunder , who arr ved n Flor a n July , 1867 , Lb rty Bil l ngs , who on u st 12 , 187 , swore he wa st 11 ant ve of the sta of ew Hampsh re , n c. • rce , native of ana a and citizen of re<t Br tain . 228 It was imilarly s own that Dan el ich rds , for r dent of the conve t on , ias not even a reg s- tered voter n the district fro w ch he h d been elect- d 229 e • ollo i g th expuls · on of these men1 Jers , the con- vention peed ly brou t s business to a clo e . On ebru ry 20 , the comm ttee on misce laneous prov sions , he ded by ' . • Conover , presented ts report , wh ch read : rt _ _ , ec . 1 . ny person debarred f r om hold ng of ca n the t te of · lor da by the third sec- t on of th fourteenth article of the pro osed Amend ment to the Const tution of the Un ted 'tates ••• s he eby ebarred from holding off ce · this tate ; Prov · ded , that when such disability from hold ng of fice shall be r oved fro any person by the Congress of the United tates , th removal of such dis ab llty shall also apply to this tate , and such per s ons shall be r estore n all respects to the r ts of c tizen ship , as herein prov ded for electors .230 n oat of office for off cers of the stat e was also r - porte , which merel provide for the elected off cer to 228 al Convent 229 230 Journal of the Proceedin 0 s on of Florida , p • 44-47 . Ibig., . 47 . Ibid., • 82 . of the Constitut on - 205 swear support to the Constitut on of th Un ed tates and the tate of Flor a • , no mer t on of equal ty of races , p o l t C 1 or civ 1 , was f rred . 23 1 The same day , e committee on SU frage pr sented its re ort which ave the ballot to ev ry male C zen , twenty- one years of a e and over , one ye r res dent n the state and • six mo ths n the county wh re n hers des . 232 The th rd sect on of th s re ort provided for t he f rst election under the constitu tion under th authority of Congre s , the recons ruct on acts , and t he proycr tive measur s thereunder . 23 The oat for ersous seekin~ to re ister was to be : I , _ _ , do solemnl swear that I will support , protect , an efend the Constitution of t he United States , and the Constitution and Goverrnn nt of th tate of Flor da , against all enem es , whether dom e tic or forei 0 n; that I will bear true fa th , l oyalty and alle g ance to the same , any ordina ce , r es olution or law of any tate convent on or Legs lature to the contr r notw thst ding . o help me Goa .234 Two days later , on ebruary 22 , t er port of the Comm ttee on _ uffrage was taken up for cons deration and passed with - d 235 out ebate . Cessna , ho ever, afte the app:.,oval of 231 Journal of the Proceed bS of the Constitution - al Conventi n of , • 84 . - - 232 Ibid . , P • 89 . 233 Ibid . , P • 89 . 234 I id . , p . 89 . 235 Ibid . , 117 . P • 206 sect on , mov d tor cons der the r ch s at cle , h was a reed to . 2 6 o ley, then, sought to include educ - tion 1 quali ic t on fo el ctors whl h oul n t h ve becom op rt ve until 1888 . 237 o s desired to postpone th s que to 31 to 26 . 238 n ·f nit 1 , but it w lost b mo ifi d ucat on 1 p ovis on w vote of ten dopt a vote of 26 to 15 . 239 Th vote on the cont tution whole ook pl ce on February 25, hl h was 2 o 16 n favor of op lo . 240 1st o opposition on th part of the r d:c 1 w made w· th the res ntation of a protest, stating : e , the und r i ed, re s ectfully show to e nv nt on th t w e h ve s· gned heretofore a Consti tut · on wh ch ha been pronounced .. val d y m li- t ry author ty fo want of quorum of all the m mbers returne ; therefore , h_le not agr e .n itr the pr sent const tut on in all its parts , s the journal w·11 sho , we have, from the charact r of circumsta ces ro n us and from the necessity of the case~ conclu ed to i .n he Const tution und r protest . G41 This r port w s s 0 ne by J •• Goss, • • Con , • L • War , red ill , • J . ss , R. e· cham , J . • .Krirrunin er , 236 Jou nal of the Proceedin al -- Conv ntion of Florida , p . 124 . - 237 Ib d.' P • 125 . 238 Ib d • , 125 . • 239 Ibid . , p . 126 . 240 Ib d . , p . 130 . 241 Ibid . , PP • 130-1 . 20? Anth ony Mills n Green av son . 242 The y prev ous to adjo nm nt , on February 24 , an o inane wasp ssed pro i n fo th u bm s on of the const tut on to th reg tere vot s of the t t • 243 n el ct on w s to e hel on the f st ond y , Tu and Wedn sday n Ma , 1868 , f or votin g u on the co st tin and l ect ng all st t o fi cers , merbers of tne Gen ral ssembly an repr s ntat v n Congr ss . 244 y - Flori a , tho t;h. not un qua , w s just in p v d n tha two sets of ball0 boxes be us at the polls . The milt r government h d control over ones t of ballo t boxes ; r i would be deposit d those ballots for an a nst adoption of th constituti n . ~lecto s votin :, here would have to 245 conform to th r gistr ton r e qu r ments of the acts; ho 1 v r, the ordnance also prov de that a separat poll 1st shall be prepared by sad jud . s of e l ection o f all person q al ed to vote for sad off icers, an 11 ars ons qualif to vote un er the Const t tion shall be allowed to vote for s i off cers . 246 242 Journal of the Proceedin s of the Const tutio - al Conv ntion of Florida, p . 131. - 243 Ib i • , p . 123 • 244 Ibid., P • 123 . 245 Ibi P • 123 . . , 246 Ibid., 123 . • 20 11 ballots fo of icers wer to bed 1 vered to the st t boar o thre ca vassers, to be composed of or to Jenkins Jr ., uburn Irw ~n , and o. or an . Th ue thr were to canvass the vot sand t ssue certi cates of elec- tion . ~ 47 On arch 16, 1868, ener 1 ea e proved t s elect on for the atific tion of the constitution althou no mont on was m de, unt 1 1 t , for the 1 ct on of off cers . 248 an Jenkins' closin speech to h c nv ~nt on~ s br ef, or the most part true . a Jenk ns : I con at1lat you on the result, as ell s the end , o our impo t nt work . vo· in~ th xtr mes of part·s n b . rot , p ju c and an mos t , ou have succe ded n fram ng c onstitut on and c v 1 government which, n 11 its features, is founde on the pr nciples of universal just ce and the equal r ts of all men . 249 The convention then a journe on ·ebruary 2 , 1868; but by vote of 38 to 7, it empow red t e presi ent or ten members tor conv ne th s body if necessary . If n such steps were t en by January 1, 18 9, the convent on would stand adjourn __ a . 250 247 Journal of the Proceedin s of the Constitution- - -- al Convention o f Flori a, p . 123 . al 248 249 Journal of ~he Pr~ceedings of the Constitution _____ o_n_ of Florida, P • 133 . 250 Ib d • , p • 13 4 • 20 From February until ay, conservativ s , pu· 1 cans and rad c 1 ubl cans eJerted thems lve toga n ad r - ants for the coming elect on . Th conservativ s w r to be h aded by orge ' • cott, cons rvative candid te for governor . - ·cott ha forme ly f ou ht f or the Conf erac • The Repu 1 c ns wer e st 11 spl t ; but f nally , the mo r - ates re ted th r hops on r son e d of s cons n . ill ng ' s rad cals electe to run an nd pend nt t cket . In the two weeks pr or ) the 1 ction , t re g s - tr ton 1 ts ad been r vised , sho n a tot 1 of 31 ,4 8 registered pers ns ncluding 1 , 6 8 whites and 17 , 800 e roes . 251 The el ct on took pl ce on y 4, 5 , 6 wt a vot of 24 , 011 vot s be i ng polled . 252 14 , 20 we cast f vor n dept on; 9,491 aga nst rat ficat on . 2 5 3 Three weeks later, Jenk ns set the con titut on sign d by fort - six memb rs to President Johnson , who eferred t to Congress for a provai . 254 e d , the Republ can candi d te , received 14,421 votes ; cott , the conservative , 251 ar and p . 528 . 2n 252 253 Ibid . , p . 114 . 254 House xecut ·ve s s • , " Con t tut on of econstruction in Flor da , 210 polled 7 , 731 vot s ; w 1 the nde endent rd c ls secure 2 , 2 1 votes . 255 rom these f rs , it would ap ear t t the r cals vote a nst rat f at on o cont t ton that they cons ered to be too 1 beral . El cted to the leg sl tu.re w s xteen e ubl cans and e t conservativ senators , nd thirty- eve1 epubl - can and fifteen conservat ve r pr entat ves . 256 Of the seventy- s x leg slator , 13 were carpetbaggers , twenty- one n tie white epu licans, and twenty- three conservative wh tes . 2 7 Flor d, s orth Carol na , outh Carol na , Louis ana , Geor and labama , was to be readm tted on the basis of the Omn bus B 11 passe June 25 , 188 . 258 To fulfill the last requ rements , the newl conv ned Florida legislature ha a opted the fourteenth am ndm nt on June 9 by a vote of 23 to 6 n the House and ten to three n the enate ; and on July 4 , 1868 m litary rule in Florida came to an end . 259 255 p . 527 . 256 257 av s , Civil far an Ibid . , p • 52 9 . Ib i t • , p • 52 9 . econstruct on in Flor da , 258 McPherson , Pol tical Manual for 18 8 , p . 77 . 259 Davis, ivil iar and econstr ction in Flor a , pp . 31- 533 . 211 The th r m 1 t y istr ct pr s nts the extremes n Con ress on 1 r constr ction . On the one hand eo a refut a pol cy of d s r nch ment pros r pt on s w d s r t e federal Con ress , while 1 b adopted one oft worst roscriptive constitut ons n the outh rn states . Flor d , on the other and , presents a itu tion n ch the cons rvat v wh ts m inta ned balance of o r betwe nth, mod rte and r die 1 Repu 1 c ns wh cont tute the oppos n orces in this stat • ac sec- ton , sim 1 rly , pr sents a f erent histor cal back- round o i jring cultur s an social or n zation . ·ith all poli ical actors , then , ccounted for , it s pparent th t th nv ronment and cultural backgroun , as well s infl nces from the orth , h v had som fact . Howev r , it is a yet too early to raw any concl sions or even g nar lizations . Factors of env ronment an soci 1 b ck groun , wh le of inter st , are not directl appl cable n t s stu Y• If th s enaral inquiry can merely show the proscri tive sent ment n eac of the ten states und r con s derat on , and to point cut some of the differences , it shall have accomplished the purpose of the writer . TH O U TH [ILIT Y DI TRICT-- , I I IPPI Durin the relat v ly short period of time from th end o the r bellion until the passas of th r onstruc tion me ur s , the orthern st ts took an active nt rest in t he aff irs of r kans s an ississ·pp; conv 1 ' these two st ts look to the ort for their punishme t bee use of the r att mpt o le v the p rent or 0 an at on , the Un n of th st t s . xtern 1 nfluences we r to be of major importanc in arming the o · n ons and actions of bot the cons rvat ve and rad cal eleme ts in each state . The epublican p rty, which h d rkans sand Mississipp i t h en non-ex st n t in te - bellum prod , took he rt from the wor soft ew Yor .. eeklJ: Tribune wh declar that : e, who have put do~n the r ebell on , ha t he r gt t o dictat e t rms to conquered r b ls . o den es the ri t? ot the rebels . on they lad down th r a r ms to rant and herman and 1 her dan , t y laid on ev ryth ng . l ors such as these tended to lead the Republicans to beli v that the stat ' s polit cal ma chinery woul be en truste to the; statem nt such a that of umner , that , 11 Loy 1 ty, be yon suspic o , must be the , asls of permanent 1 _ __ l~y Tribune , July 24 , 1868. 21 gov rnm nt ," stren thened this bel ef • 2 On th oth r nd, na t i on 1 0 n n was not 1 te t o orth nd out , or a f r w e t as C 1 or , overno • H • t pr ot t ga nst the treatm nt accorded the forme Co fe r t , s tat ng , " The r our countrymen ; th y are t 10 bone 0 our b one and the fle h of our flesh ." 3 r vi 1er of t r is eech quote anoth port on of the B bl n r ply to tl is ; he s d , " I th n eye o en t e , pluc ,,. t ou , an if t · · n Pavi nd off n t . e , cut t of J. • " 4 the way for th Congressional reconst uction me 0ur e wee such reports as that of Carl 'churz , who , in h s tr vels throu hout th out , reported tat there a r e t he inc orri ibles , ho still in ulge in the sw gg r which was so custo ry before an durin 6 th w r , nd still h ope for at me when th outh n confe - eracy w 11 chie e ts ind pJn nee . Th s c l ass consists mostl of the young men and com rises the l oiterers of the towns and t e i lers of the country . They pros cute union men and egroes ihenever they can o sow t impun ty , nsist clamorou ly u on their r ghts ••• This element is by no means un - portant ; it i stro 6 n numbe s , de ls in brave talk , and dresses itself irectl and incessantly to the pass ons an preju ices of the masses , and 2 Congress. onal Glo e , 40th Con g., ls t 'ess ., p . 3 u st s Layre , _ ' efe~ of the econstructlon of H. H. Ha nd Cr tical ev w o tne Inau ral of of California Ts n sco , 1868) , - - --- pp . 10- 11 . 4 Ibid., pp . 10- 11 . 214 comm nds the t on of the women . It wa ar chu z , who t a 1 r t me, s d o f th con- servative whit s ' "The outhe n d mocr t did not co si er hims lf a fr • he not pe m tte to 1 wallo a man 1 s n gg r ' w 1 nev r it pl.Jas d h m ." 6 In rans ts lf , the mith ouse of stat on w r . . ~ , " Le t us • • • bu ld u a new foun at n , emov ng the ec yed and rotten t bers . 117 In missis p · a stron 0 co serva- tiv 0 ro ppr pa ed to oppose ny r ical chang in the st te; hoiever, the radicals ov rcame this tr n 0 th with Congr ss·onal support . On arch 26, 186? , G ner 1 • o •• Or assume command oft e fourth m litary d str ct, c mpr~sing t e states of ' r ansas and iss i ssipp, ith h s headqu ters at Vicksburg . hortly thereaft r , all elections war ordered to ce se unt 1 re g stration coul reg strat·on began th n a s soon as qual i e complete ; 8 electors could 5 1st ess ., enat x cutive Documents, ~ o . 2 , 3th Cong., "Report of Carl churz, 1 ' p.5 . - 6 Freder ck Banc .oft, ed., - eches, Cor dence and Politic 1 Pap _ rs of arl churz ew York, 1 , P • 439. Arkans 7 uot d n Thoms • ·t ples , econstruction in s, 1862-1874 ( ew York, 1923), P • 115 . 8 Hous ____ v_e Documents , --2. • 342 , 40th Con g., 2nd ess ., p . 1 2 . 215 be foun to act s registrars in each election d tr ct . Th sin tself wa d f .cult ts , as n cated b Ord w o , writin to r nt stated: It is diff·cult to find competent men who can qual·fy to fill vac nc es ••• some of wh ch are left vac nt for want of such ••• n a major · ty of the count es of my d str ct there r but few m n w h o can take the test oath, an the~ ~re not dispos d to def publ c opin on by accepting off ce unles supported ya milit ry force afterw r s . 9 By the end of pr 1, neral Ord was able to nst ct th reg stra s to us t e stric st nt r tation of the acts unt 1 the op nion of the ttorn y General was m e known, an ten to not fy t r ose rejecte • On a 1, in structions to the r g strars became more specific; these read : ny rson who h s hel an of ice under the General ov rnment pr or to entering upon t e ut e of which he was requ red to take the oath of alle- iance to the Unite tates, and who afterward en gag d n , or ave ai nd c mfort to, rebellion or secession, is disqual fied as a voter . ny person who h s held an exec 1t ve or judicial office un er th tate government, and who afterwards engaged in or voluntarily aided rebell on or secession, s disqual f ed as a voter . Unt 1 the ecisi.on of the ttorne -Gen ral is receiv d upon the subject of disqual cat on, the exclusion of all applicants for re istry n this clas w 11 be carried into eff ct w th th most ri 6 d nt rpr t tion of the law . Undoubt ly the d cision of the ttorney General w 11 rel eve from this disqual ficat on many nth s class who hel only m nor offices , 9 uote n uss, " Congressional isfranchisement," P • 5 . and who w re not nclu law, but , until that e not wit in the province discr t on . 10 d t e int ntion of the ision i made kn w , t of th boar d t exe c s 216 s any In a circular letter to the bo rds of re strat on, issued June 10 , Gen ral Ord eiterate the statement that doubt ful cases w re not to be dee ed upon by ind vidu 1 b oards ; but they were to be repo ted to the commandin g ener l's office . 11 11 applicants fr registration, howev r, wee to be r egistered, aft r be n g warned of th consequ nces of per jury, for an applic nt "must determine on his own responsibility and t his peril his abil ty or dis bilit J ]2 action V of th s letter continued: The fo loi ng off cars n this distr ct are re garde as clearly ncluded with in the terms execu- t ve and judicial off ·cers of any tat , viz : ov ernor, seer taries of t te , aud tors , t t a treasur ers, attorney generals , judges of th supreme court , of the high court of appeals, chancellors, jugs of the circuit court, judges or justlces of county courts , sher ffs , coroners , and adjutants g neral and quarterma tars general who h ve actuall exercised the duties and received the salar es of the r offices and mayors authorized to act in a judicial capac ty . 13 Two weeks later, General Ord or ered the reg stration of all persons ho had been in the state nine months , esp te 10 Ame nnual Cyclopedia , 186?, VII , 4 - 50 . 11 House xecutiva Doc ants , o . 342 , 40th Co g., - 2nd 'ass ., 145-6 . 12 Ibid . , P • 146 . 13 Ib . P • 146 . . , 217 the specific stat ment in the acts wh ch called for one years res dence . 1 4 riting to Grant on June 15, General Or stat d that he had proscr·bed more men than General chofield in the belief that this more closely approached the true de sire of Congress . 15 Nevertheles , the radicals st 11 vinced a. dis like for the commander of the f ourth military district as s shown by an article that appeared in the The replac ng of G neral Ord by a straie;ht for ward Republ can, or a conservat ve even, like Scho field or ickles, di ,posed to carry out the spirit of the laws as made by Con ess 1 would be hailed by every Republican with deli@'.lt . lb Gener 1 Grant , in a letter to Ord, on June 23, dis sented from the latter's inte rpretation of the acts, stat ing : 2nd 2nd p . I enti ely dissent from the views contained n paragraph IV . Your view as to the duty of the reg istrars to register every man who will take the re qu red oath, though they may know the applicant per jures himself, is sustained by the views of the t torney General . My opinion is, that it is the duty of the board of re gistration to see so far as it li s within their power, that no unauthorized person 14 ess., 15 es s ., 16 136 . House Executive Documents, No . 342, 40th Cong., p . 147 . Senate Executive Document , £_£. 14 , 40th Cong., p . 141. uoted n taples , econstruction in Arkansas_, 218 is llowe to r eg ster . To cu e th send , r - g str s ould be llo ied to a n ster o ths a exam n w tn sses . h law , how ver , makos strict c o an ers th iron nter r ters of h r pow r duty un er t ; nd n my op n n, the ttorney Gen - r 1 or mys lf c n no more ve ou o inion a t o the mean n of the law; ne th can en orce their views a 1 a nst th ju g ment of thos ma er spons ble for t he fa th ul exe ution o th law, h d str ct c omman er s • 1 7 The general commandin the fourth military distr ct fac the sa.m. problems th t pr sented themselves nth other m 1 t ry dist cts o f the outh ; th qu t on of "aid c omfort " was d fficult one to d c e upon . T us , Ord on ay 1 telegraphed Grant , statinb , " [any conserv tive U ion men ask f they can re ister s vote wh n th have furnish a ch 1 cloth n g wh le in th r bel army . Can I get the op non of the ttor ney General the eon?" 1 8 Paternal solicitude, ho iev , wa generally no t cons e ed a wor ing disfr ch sement . slate as ugust 31 , Gener 1 Ord was still clarifyinu the d f ranchisement claus s o f the acts . In a notice to the boards of reg stration pub lished th t d te , he t ted that II an attorney or counsellor at law snot an of~icer in the sense o f the acts . • • and voting for secession was g vin 0 aid and comfort to the l? 2nd S ss . , 18 p . 61 . enate p . 143 . ocument , --9. . 14 , 40th Con . , uote in us s , " Congressional i franchisement, tt 21 enem s of th Un te ta., s . n 19 Conservat ve prop g nd must ve tro bled ner 1 Or con i rabl , or with th fall n 0 of o e o re g s - tr ton , he was force , on July 2 , to sue an ord r which was "ndic t v o h s rs . Gener 1 Or d ere • • s mist ken as on the subject of re ster g and vot nB may be spr or r se amon th re< - men in th s str ct, w ch, if no cor c ed, ould tend top ev 1t th r f om r gister ng and vot g , sub -d·str·ct co n r will r ct the nts of the Bureau of u s, Free and andon lands to vs t v r import nt pla tation h nth r ch an nstru t the ree nu on es o nts . The and th re istrars w·11 norm fre en that the re 0 istr ton, wh re the r names have to be en tere and an ath, is not f or t ~ e pu se of mos ing ny tax, or holding them to any military or other service, but imply to enable them to sh re equally w th w h . t m n n the priv le ~ of ehoosin who shall hol o f ce in the county, tat and th Unit d tate wh r in the res id and unless they reg st rt ey ma be eprived o th s r v lege . 2O On June 20 , n res n e to ttorney Ge eral tan- bery 's d cis . • to Or and t e ther on, or er er l ue co an in enerals n compl ance to this dee sion . There was , however, little mod f cat on of th re stration or ers to ,tanbery's decis on and no modif cation whatever to the th rd reconstr ction act unt 1 two weeks efore the elections for the constitutional convent ons . t that 19 2nd ess . , 20 House xecutive Document, p . 136 . I id . , p . 1 4- 5 . _Q . 342, 40th Cong. , 220 time, elect on lists were to be corr ct d accor ing to the act of July 1 . Comm nte the th s a.ct : valanche on Th alacr• ty w th which Con ess passed th su - plemental b 11 ••• over the irrefr gable v to of the Pres nt , wa lik the or of all th ev s , who are ever anx ous to g t aw om the sc ne o the crime .21 By th end of u st, 1867, registr ton h d een completed in rkansas; 6, 1 persons wer re stered , 43,170 whites and 2 ,146 egroes . 22 In forty- e gh of th state ' s fifty - e ~1t count es , th wh s hel a majority of t he re istered voters . 23 O n 'eptember 26, en ral rd or ured a n el ct on be held o the f rst Tuesda n ov mber on the quest on of hol in a consti- tutional convent · on . 24 t the same t me, delegates ~ere to be electe to the proposed convention . wo weeks prior to the election, the 1 sts were revs d so th by the be inn ng of over,1be , 66 , 805 persons ~ere on the rolls . 25 21 p . 82 . 22 24 2nd ess ., 25 · uoted in uss, " Congressional isfranch sement ," Americ n nnual 9yclopedia , 1867 , VII, 53 . ~§~:-, -xecut v Ip . d, • , 143 • o . - 342 , 40th Cong., 221 In Gen ral Orders o . 37 , publ shed on mb r , Ord nounc d tat the que ton for t he conv nt on had b C r d · , total of 41 , 1~4 vote db en cast , 27 , 7 for th conv ntion , 13,5 8 against th convention . 26 Fourte n counties carried the quest on n the egat ve . 27 Irre 1 rit in vot n g we not din ten count es . 28 The compos tion of the conv ton w s of var ed ch ract r . The men who wer to antagon ze the R publ.can roup most wer T • • Bra 1 y . Twe ty- thr y ert, E . , • tt and John • c r tb gger and e t egroes controll d th proceed n [,c ; the resident and four o he - six vie - pr siden s ere men of northern interests . 29 They 1 oh 1 the cha. rm n hips of ni eteen of the twenty- s x stan n g comm t es· the 1 r rres t si gl -;roup was thirty nat ve Re ubl ca 1 wh tes . bus was hea ed upon the con- vention at the h nds o the conservat ve pr ss ; the Van 26 Hou xecut --2..• 342 , 40th Con • , 2nd ess ., pp . 143-4. 27 Proce d ___ _;. _____ of the Convention wh ch - - . ssembled at Littl _ _ ~~~ ...,__ 7th , 1868 , Under the Pro of the ct of Con ·res s of arch 2nd 1867 and - - - the __ f rcr 23d and ___ 19th , 1867 , , to m ~ Co1stit n for __ t s 28 29 oc , rkans s , 186 , • 807 . lb id • , p • 7 7 0 • tapl s, const rkans as, p . 221 . 222 uren Press b tterl opposed t " b stard collect.:.o ," "30 or " the mon grel assembla e , while the pro dly bragged that every ember could wr te h s n me , an event th J wa not true of oth r democrat c bodi • 1 On Janu r r 7,188 , the elected d le gates asse bl d 32 at L ttle Rock for the c lled conve ton . hor ly fter the conve tion wa c lled to order, Thomas M. Bowen o Crawford was chose as perman t chair an . 33 Vice 30 31 tales , econstru lb d . , p • 218 . n • 218 . - 32 ouse xecutive ocuments , --9.. • 42 , 40th on ., 2nd oess ., pp . 14~-44; elected members i _e : John cClu , J es / . 1 la on , Joseph · ri ~ t , ·' olomon xo , H les L n e;ley , John H . utchinson , ohn 1IT . radley , • e nolds, ill am • Beasely , eorge V✓ • lcCown , nt on Hinkl , red R . Poole , Thoma s • Bowen , sa Ho ':es , Jeffr; • Hou gh on , G. H . Kyle , Cl.fford ~t ley ,iins , •• Iatth s, • G. Puntn , Robert Hatfield , ~ill am • iyatt , ampto T . llen , John • ont ome , olomon D. Balde , Richard amuels, John • H rr son , • H . P ckett , Pe r c. isner , Geor ge • ale , dams , John • rber, amuel • I\1alloy , o. P . nyder, Jaj es '1 . Gra , 11 am Turph y , ouldin Duvall , George cott , Monroe E . Haw ins , ranc s I\ . ams , Parley • illi s , ohn C. Pr ddy, . H • .; 1 va s , J . P . Port:is , a vl ngs , ·'lijah Kelly , ' alter • rasher obert • Gannt , / 11· m F . H cks , James Hinds , runes L. o g s, Thomas Johnso1 , Her c or, Jos Brook, James T . 1 ite , Thomas mith , · llia I . Gra r , Han1 . • atcliffe, James H . hoppach , oses Bell, Charle - • Oliver , Jo e h • Corbell , Daniel Coates , Ir L. lson , Robert C . Van Hook , Isaac N lksap , C. • alker, J . i . Ho ,e , J . • Cypert , Thomas Owen, i • • Gra , and T •• ounsav lle . 33 Pro ·s and es o the Constitut onal ------- Conve .tion of s , P • 223 presidents ncluded Jams L. Hod es , John 1. McClure , Joseph Brooks, O. P . 'nyd r , George • ·cott, and 1 er w . Brashear . 34 Hinds , t hen , moved that each of the dele gates take the followlng oath : I do solernly swe r (or affirm) that I w 11 sup port the Constitut on of the United ·t tes , and wil impartially dischar e the duties ncumbant upon me as a delegate to the Const tutional Convention of Arkansas cord to the best of my abil ty . o help me God . 35 This oath as unanimously dopted and adm nistered to each of the elected memb rs . 36 Not until the sixth ay of the convention d d party animosities flare u p . This as prec p tated by J •• Cy ert follo i g h __ s proposition th t the Cons itution o 1864 be ado t d w th some mod fication. 37 Hinds, thereby, moved to refer this resolut on to the Comn1i ttee on the Penitentiary; 38 an Cypert retorted by ob ject to the interferance o the out o f state men, or, uThe ca. - 1 t stay at home elsewhere" delegates . 39 ypert sim_larly attacked 34 Proceedings and Debates of t he Const i tu_ tional - Conv Jntion of rka.nsas, P • 11. 35 Ibid ., P • 5'Z o . 36 Ibid., P • 53 . 37 Ibid., p. 88 . 38 Ibid., P • 88. 39 Ibid . , P • 88 . 224 Brooks stat g that the sn eri s c rpetbagger cot1.ld p ck his carpetba g nd leave the st te at the first sign of t rouble , wh le hi o v m dest ny 1 yin rkansas . 40 When r eferred t o as u the gentlerr1an frorn Tennessee , n Cypert ably r eplied that he h d been in th st te of rkansa for seventeen years by cho ~ ce, no t by compulsion a a sol- dier . 41 In an attempt to clarify his o ta ted : posit on , Brooks e are not th v p rty of proser ption; we are not dispo ed even to disfranchi e w h t , in the judge ment of he ational Congress and t e loy 1 en of this state , is absolutely essential , in order to se cure t he pu 1 c peace and safety . 42 Brooks continued to say t h t even the disabilities imposed by Con ·r ess mi ht be r moved , But ••• f ••• facts should be developed which shall chan ge our views , defe t our hopes , and over throw our ur oses , in that particular , we shall mou r n any necess ty that may arise , t o f x , to any considerable extent , n the o Janie law of the ~tate , a disfranch sement of any portion of its nhabitants , beyond that imposed upon us by the authority under which we now proceed . 43 ; Several days later , Cypert again replied to this speech 40 Proceedin,~s and Debates of the Constitutional - Convention of 1 r ansas , P • 89 . - 41 Ibid . , P • 89 . 42 Ibid., P • 111 . 43 Ibid., P • 111 . 22 by Br ooks , and he rid culed the statem nts of th s rad c 1 epubl c n : One 8 ntle a ( r . rooks) sad he was not a proser ion st--he was fo enfranchis g all classes . I know the entleman s mistaken . I know he s n favor of proser b B n v duals . " h ," he w 11 answer me , "but tr_at is only as a punisbm nt for r bellion , ncurred because those s o proscribed have proven themselves unworthy . " But where do you ~et the author ty to jud e of man ' s er s? If you have a r ht to assume that I h ve comm tted tr ason, you h ve a r . eht o assume th t I h ve connnitted murder ••• o pros r ton ist s th · s gontleman , he is extremely liberal . He mista es h sown nature 1 I know he s a pros er t onist . I kno he s lliberal . I know _ e h as ente n xcomrn un cat ng me bers of the denom tion to wh ch he belon s , on accoun of their pol t cal o nion . 44 Another radical , yatt , adm tted to Cyper, "e want the egro vote , to control you rebels . " 4 This staterrent was again adm tted by yatt on the floor of the convention hall . In an eloquent reply , Cypert averred : I am not a rebe l to the Constitu ion of the United 1 tates , nor o the United tates government ; and never was . I am a rebel t fanaticism t I am a rebel aga nst oppress on t I am a rebel a ainst proscription of mJ7 race L I am a rebel against t-yr anny forever ••• I am a r ebel a gainst certa n pol - ticians who h ave no benefit to extend to their c on stituents ••• Loyalty n the lexicon of some gentle men , means , fealty to the Re ubl:c 4 party . 46 If the events recorded t hus far a ppear to cente r about 44 Proceedinss and Convention of r kansas, p . 45 46 Illi d . , p . 147 . Ibid . , • 147 . s of t he Constitut ional 2 Cypert, so twas in th convention . Cypert, by fr, exceeded any other conserv tive delegate n he sp rited but hopeless oppos ton of the conservat ves . Perhaps the two greatest conservative leacers n this per 1 ·od and each of the st tes under Con r ssion 1 recon truction we Cypert of k nsas an Plato Durh of orth arol na . On the thirteenth day o · th convent on , the b t le for disfranch s ment chan ed from accusat on nd reply to th t of resolutions being re·ferred to the committee on the franchise . on th f rst was th t of le, h ch read: Resolved, ~hat the vom.mittee on Franchise be , and are hereby, instructed to nquire into the exped ency of disfranchising the following classes of persons, viz : first, all those who are d sfranchised in the present econstruction cts of Con gress . econd, all those who, durin · the late war of r bell on, by cruel ty to Union ct zens or r sonars o f ar, or other _se, violated the rules of c vilized arfare . Third, all those w ho, after th openin 0 of the war, took and subscribed an oath of alle iance to the United tates govermnent, or oath of amnesty under any order or proclamation of the Pres dent, and afterwards v e lated its provis ans. Fourth, all those who, having bee d s ranchised , for rebel l ion or armed hostility, to the government , in other tates, have removed, or may hereafter remove, to th s 'tate . 47 s soon as ale had completed th s esolution, 1 atthews r - ferred a resolution to the san1e committee instruct n , them to look nto Uthe expedie,ncy of disfranch sin no one for 47 Procee ebates of t he Constitut onal - Convention of , P • 234 . ----- 227 p rt cip tion in ny st r b llion . 1 4 8 cClu e op o d th econd resolution st ti J t h t t w 1ith th r o structi n cts• 49 , tt e 1c- ob j ct to c ur ' s L tc f c , ·_nu 1 u h a..:, it w ..:, o t t e p tir f . . 50 B k r i cus io • roo o , ga n , su po ted 0 t I v ous ont ntion t t th o mor pro c i tio is t . I w d ,i to s c ed n r ✓con t r u ion , ••• t constitut on · c h w port to th pe ople , f or t h ir ceptan , nd to on s ~~s i ~tified b t 1 , 11 b onfo med tot o i ncipl ~ of the r co str ct · · n · ts · · rt of th provis ons o t r t ct ce ta · nly is , t h e is r nc is -ment of c r tai n i i vidu loo classew of pers s . I t h e constitut on ~hic1 we sh 1 1 ado t shoul d s · r an e no p r on , sur, l ,! it 1ill no con irn1 to t r q: m nts o t l rct · n to fail i o co g i , is , o cour s e , t d ctr ✓ on truction . r it , e 1e o · ct of tn,, hono1 ab l mer11 b r , i n pr , nt - i n ~ :> t he notio n , t __. cu ,, t , t o · n t i n o t - t · o , or t hv ur OS O inL 0 con°t uctio 1 nd ke ,p - i nu t :1 , t a t e out f t h J Unio , nd to ✓ - n i n _ i_ t i ·1 its pr n t at t i tu , d o not r ~ ru , 0 d i ; but _ t ainl y t hu, rfil l b J ,r , ..,ti a l • I . c p - __. 0·1e v c r , t o h e r j e c t ion (of t h r s ol1 tion) sir p l - Je ' e I h old · t ri c ji t nd or t h .1onor c.. .. l v m mh to r '- v th c t t n - on o f t h onu·1 i t e,, d r c ;vn o t ,, thr t he s ·i , n r1a t ,r h o ab urd , or ho 1 : _r •n t o p 11r t)os Js o t r co n n tion . • . 51 Pr '. a n r l )9 o _ of s , P • 23 49 Toi • ' 50 1 Ibi __ ., Again, it was Cypert who r pl ed : The error n t re m nds of members of the Con ve ntion , seems t o be as to the powers with wh ch 22 we are clothed , h ere , and the business wear to perform ••• By way of dire ct g the manner of hold ing the elect i ons f o r the call of this conve tion , and fo r t h r atific tion of the Consti ution , t provides t ha t certain classe alone whall be compe ta nt voters u pon th ose subjects . Bu t , sir , wa are not requ red to disfr nnch se · div duals ••• I the adoption of (the f ou r teenth amendment), we pre clude specif _ed classes from holdin office . It doe not preclude t hem f rom the exe r cise of the ri t to vot 1 but merely o f the r: t of holding off ce . 52 Dale, t h en , s ou t t o r ng discussion on th s to a close by affi rm ng that his ori inal r solution , wh ch had pre cipitated the debat e , was merely for invest gat on pur poses only ; 53 however , the debate had gotten out of hand . McCown, first s tating he wa favor o the most lib er al constit u t ion t hat could be fr ed , then agreed ith Brooks that the r e' olution by atthews was an "absurd · ty . 054 "I am," said M cCo, n , tt op osed t o encumbering th tables of the committees with abs urdi t es , n the shape of reque ts for inquiries into the expe iency into this or that pre - 55 pos terous measure•" ith the cone usion of this spe e ch , 5 2 Proceea· ngs and Debates of the Const tutional Convention of r kansas , p . 236 . 53 I b i d., P • 2 ? . 5 4 Ibid., P • 238 . 55 Ib d •, 2 ~ 8 . P • 22 tf eld r so lved : That the cormnittee on the elective fr c se be instructed to d sfranchise all men who were 5 n ged n r bell on up to the fourth of July , 1864 . 6 Matth ws , then , aga no fered h s rev ous amendment of truct c the comm ttee to look nto the exped ency of d sfr nchising no one for partic pat on n any p st r bel lion . 57 Matthews , hoN ver , after rece v ng assur nee th t the preced n resolut on was merely a mot on to refer , w thdre i'I his ent . 58 Thus, ende t h f rs t roun n th battle o proscri tion . ·hen Brashear proposed th t a resolut on be referre d to the comn1 ttee on the franch se to exam ne nto the exped ency of d sfr ch sing those persons opposed to reconstruct on, t as r e erred with no debate . 'cott , then , re erred a resolut on to this committee "to inqu i r into the propri t of disfr nchisi ~ all per ons who have ta e ••• t e ' iron- clad' oath for the purpose of acce tin office , and who ••• oppose reconstruction .n 59 This , too , was referred w thout debate , as was a r solution by Bell w h · ch propose d to disfr nch se no one ~ho had aided 56 Proce c ,din,· ~s and abates of t he Constitutional Convent on of rkansas, p . 243 . 57 58 9 lb d . , p • 243 . Ibid., P • 244 . Ibid . , P • 265 . 230 n recons truction . 60 The fra chise quest o rose me a t m ga n in d scuss on on other sub jects a s well as in pol t c d s - cuss ions . oth, e u 1 ·c ns an co erva t ives ould not an d not refr i frorn alin s with pe son 1 t • core, B r dl y , G ntt and Gyp rt C m n or cont nuous round of accusations from the r d c 1 m mbers . ilson, t us , accused L oore of bein g lecte on a str:ctl nt - ct 1 rt to elm t th recon r on pro rm; s 0 ce , " s a ch ce of two ev ls , I v ould prefe to e overned by the mil tary comrnander , ra t h r an by sevent - five r- res pons ble men ;" 62 and en tcClure ro osed to d s n - ch·se all p rsons op pos ng recon t r uct on or vot n a g · _st the adoption o the Const ution , Bradle , understood t to be a personal a front to himself and humorousl , perr aps sarcasticall, resolved: hereas it s understood that the resolut on or ginated in an intention t en race one man , who threatened to oppose the ratification of the Const - tution , prov ded the door to amal amation was left open; and wheres, For the goo oft e country , t would be better that one su fer than m any; Therefore , resolved: that th resolution be so ended as to 60 Proceedings and ebates of th 1 onstitutional Convention of .. rkansas, P • 266 . - 61 Ib d . , 432 . P • 62 Ib d ., P • 39? . 231 disfra.ch s John • Br ley , and nobody else . 63 Br aley , especi lly , as desp sed byte rad cal me bars o th convent on , or heh d been electe o the conven- tion as a r ad cal epubl can . Unable to cont rrue his sup- por t of a amalgamated oup of egroe , carpetbag ers and recalc tr t sout ern whites , ra ley bolted arrl jo ined the conservat ves . Bradley ' s 01 tu nco t t ct cs were t rown u to h mat every opportun ty . t one n- stance , speech of Bra lay' , which had ap eare nth epubl n , C t , h e n he h state : ' e must cast off the ol 1 aders who ule th t t until he plunged ·t nto wh rlpool of sec ss o • I say , listen to their counc ls no longer , but act as your ju ement ind c tes . e must recons ruct the tat ours lves , and ot leav t to pol ticians--e pecially to those who have re uce the tate to its present unh ppy condit on ••• I tell you, n 11 fr nk es , th t I am satisf ed tat on 0 ress rvv tends to place th s 'tat , or a 'outhe t which cast ts fortun s w th the Confederacy , th hands of th men w o , by th ir counsels dee s , brour ton the late con - fl ct of arms bet eon the twos ct ons of the country ; muc less ~ 11 the do so , no 1in 0 a thy o, that the old 1 aders here as rebell ous n the he rts , an a much opposed to the principles han down t us by he blood or our Revolutiona y fathers s the · were ·n 1861 . 64 On February 6 , 18 8 , the t enty- fourth da of th convent on , the committ eon the elective franch · se re ort- roe s and ______ of ----~' P • 232 ed th franch s a ti 1 to the convent on . The majo ty re ort was as pr oser t ve as any reported nan oth r convent n . It r d : ec . 1 . very mal p rson born n the Unit d at s , and every person who has been n tu al zed or w o has 1 gally decla e h s nt nti n to become a cit zen o the Un t d t ts , twenty- one y ars old , or upw r , w o sh 11 hav res ded n this tate s x m)nths next eced . n the elect on , nd t n da s n the count ln which he off rs to vote , except as here ft r provi e s all bed em d an e l ector . ec . 2 . It shall bet ty of th G ner~l ss n1bl o pro vi from t e to tirn f o th r - gist at on of all electors , but the follo · n class s of erso ns shall not e perm tt d to re 1st , •Tot or hold of ce : first , Thos w o sh 11 have been or may be convicted of tr • son , b zzlement of the pub - 1 c funds , br b y or perjury. econ , tho who dur n t;:; the lat reb 11 on i licted or c u d to b lnfli t , an er el or un sual nishment upon any sold r , sailor , rine , employee , or c tizen o the Unit.... t t s , o who n an other wa viol te the rul s of _viliz w fr , or n ,age n that system of warfare nown av b1s wacki nG , or guerilla . Th d , t hose who ma b is ual ied from holdin off e b the p opos d Am ndr.1 nt t the Const tut on of the Unit d tats , own as rt · c1e XIV , an d those who hav been d squalif e from re isteri~g to vote for dele- g test the conv nt on to frame a Const tut on for t he t te of rkansas , under the ct of Con 6 reos "To provide forte mor 1 f · cient Gov rrnnent of the ebel 1 tatvs , " passe [arch 2 , 1867 , and the cts upplementary thereto . 11 persons who durin 6 the l ate rebell on took an oath of allegiance or amnesty , under y procl ation of the Presi ent , or 1 ener 1 O r er , t o the United tates Gov rnment , and aft rwards violated it . 11 persons who h ve been disfr ch sed n other tates , for participation in r bellion , and have or may 1ereafter remove to t h i tat ; Provi ed , that the Gener 1 ssembly shall have pow ,r , by a two tn rds vot of each house, to remove the disab lit es incurre un er this clause , upon th r commenda ~ on of t io - thir s of the re ·istered voters of the township 2 3 ,r r o t l p le t r . de • 'ourt , 11 tho , ' o are i d ·ot o • n ne . '7. 0 • 0 . , ea I a o .. 8 , i t e r or n v f the Un d t of t his ·'tat Stats , 11 be dee ed a r i conseque ce of elng st t·on d with n t he e . 'ec . 4 . •'or t votin ·, n pe o s all bed e,ed to ve lot a r ·aence by re so of l is abs enc w r i l e em loyed in the servi of the United ·tat , nor whil n _ red u pon t he ater s of t r s t t , or of the Unit d - ,t ates , r w h ile a st de t of ny se nar of le rnin , . ec . 5 . In all elections by tho peopl e , the e l cto s shall vot e b ballo t . ec . 6 . · 11 perso s efore r e -ist rin .·, mu t t k and subscribe the follo I ne oa t '1: u I , __ , do sole nlr er or aff rm) th t I will support and a · tai t e o stitut ad 1 1s oft e un·t d t te , n t ' e onstitut o nnd l aws of th~ tate of ansas , t lat I am not excluded from registerin by y of t 10 clauses n 'ection II rticle __ o the Constit tion oft e 't te of ·rk as ; t at I ill nev r countena ce or aid in t he se cess on of t his 1 t t fro the nit d 0 t f tes ; t hat I ccept t ~ civ 1 and po l ical equ l ity of 11 en befor e the l aw, a, ee not to tt empt to depr ve y person or pr sons , o a count o r a ce , color , or r e v ous cord - tion , of any olitical or civil ri ht , pr v lee or irmnunity enjoyed by any oth e r cla s of 1en . Provided , that fay persons all knovin l and fa ls ely fake any o th in this onst tution , such person so of fendin , and being duly convicte d , shall be subject to t he fies , penaltie s and disabilities whic h by l aw r e provided for the er e of willful an cor rupt perjury . 65 The seventh and ei hth sections exempted from arrest all electors except for treas on , felony and breach 65 Proceedi gs and Convention of r 1,.unsas , p ebate oft e Constitutional 512 - 13.- of the peace ; 66 also , every lector was co 234 deed qu li- fied for ubl c off ce . 67 The ninths c on , how ve, , of int - est n that t prov ded that : This tive No person who ever volunt r ly aided or ab tted the rebellion aga nst the United t tes , shall be eve eligible to fill the off ce of ether Gov rnor or L eut nant Gov rnor , nor become a member of Congr ess . o person who has o enly advoc ted or voted fo reconstruction proposed by Conr;r ss , and accepts th equal ty o all men befor the 1 w, shall be deemed disqualifi d as an lector , Prov ed , th t nothing here n contained shall e so construed, as to prevent any person who has been honorably discharged from the Unit tats vie , never the aft r r- t icipat n in th rebellion a a nst th Un ted · tats , from vot n or holdin o fice . 68 report o f the major lty of t _ e co itt e on t' e lee- franch se was si ned by James H nds , the carpetbagg r cha· rm and . H. Gra .. olomon J . Hutch n , V • xon , • nson , , George ~ . ale , and Jal ter • I Brashear . 69 s ngle m nor- • ity report , subm tted by Cypert , vehe ntly d nounc the re port of the majority . ai Cype t : The art i 1 reported by the said major ty of your committee proposes to d sfrancnise a large class of cit z ns of the Un ted tates , and of the tat of Arkansas, wh have heretofore been nv sted with th sacred r· t of suffra e . 6 6 Procee,dings .§;_nd Debat s of the onsti tu tional Convent on of rkansas, • 513 . 67 68 69 Ib d . , p . 513 . Ib d • , p • 514 • Ibid • , p • 514 • 23 ••• it pres s that d i class, propo e to e de prive of -h ele tiv__., franchi , has b en ilty of disloy lty or tr ason aga-nst th Const tution and Gov rnm nt of the Uni .. e tat • It is well es tabl sh d principle of our law and ~ overnm nt hat 11 are pr sume nnocent t 11th guilt i shown e fore some ju cal t bun 1 hav n con zance of th crime . 70 Cypert prote t d at 1 nbth th denial of th ri~h t o suf fra e to 11th whites an heh a t~ly con mned iv ng the franch se to th e ro . 71 e po nted ou t that future enerat ons i t not h v any us forte cont t of such no th fo re istr t ·on, d t t t shoul not b clu in the pro se const tution . Concern ng the c pa- b 1 ties of th re o s an lector , Cyp rt w lt on the ol theo y of e o infer ority ec us o the siz of the br n and body differ nc s . He cont nue : Four thous an ears o, he [ the e gro 1 was ex act l wh t he s to ay . 11 history emonstra tes his utt r nc pacity for self ,.,.ovvrnrnent , and h s utt r want of p rec·ation of fre n tut ons . But, beyon 11 this, our o ,n expe ience, and the teach n s o f history, inexor bly po nt to this dread- ful r sult . The nv st of an nfer or race ith social and ol t~cal qual ty, is the stepp n g stone to misce enat on, and the consequent utter det r ora tion a d egenerat on of the dom nant rac . 72 Cypert adopted a somewhat more mo fie and concil a ory tone oward the e ro, almost as an apology for t . burst a a nst them , st ting : out- 70 Convention ?I Pro ngs and ...... .....,;~ ....... the Constitution 1 of as, • • 72 lb . , • 514-15 . Ib i cJ. . , • 515 • 236 Th und rsl ✓ned N 11 not slan e the people of rk ns s so rossly , as to assert or bel ev J th t mpa t · 1 ju tice w 1 1 not b ccorded to the e r ce , or th t they w 11 not enjoy all the r q s protect on fo per'on , property , nd rep.1t ton , un less nv sted w th th elAct ve franc se ; t e con - tr r he bel ves an asserts to be the truth . The un e i i not influence - y 1 1 11 o ht t ot gr populat on, buts ncerely esires the r social, ntellectu 1 n r 1 ou mprovement . If , in th co 1rse of y ars , th y should d monstrate the r fitness f or thei exerc se of a r i t (which in many h ly civ l.z d n well gov rned countr es s en cd to a lar class of cit zens ) t w 11 then be t · me enou h to d seuss the propr ety o putt ng the b llo t n h s hands . They ar now only fitted to be the f cile tools of w eked and d sin ng su periors . • • 73 In conclusion, Cypert proposed a franch se arti le limited to all wh· t c tizens o t e stat , with no ref r nee what- ev r ma e to d r nchisement , or to the r ebellion . 74 H v- in rad th s r port , he then reposed that them norit report be ado t d . Th s , however , w s e e ted b, vot of 13 to 50 ; 75 votin in the fftrm r tive were Bra ley, Corell , Cypert, Duv 11 , G tt , icks , Hoge , M oore, lorman , Reynol s , 'hop ch , 1 er an r cht . 76 Bot: , the major - ty and mino .ty reports were then referred to the 73 Proceedin s Debates of . e Cons ti tut · onal an - Convent · on of Arkansas , P • 74 Ib d., 51 P • • 75 Ib p . 516 . . , 76 Ib d., p . 517 . 237 Committee on th Const tut 77 on . O n b ary 10 , th s comm ttee pr esent d to th s - sembled ele gates a compos te pic t re of the constit tion from all of the major ty r ports of the r fJsp ctive co t - tees . Them JOr ty r rt of the fr ch · se connn ttee wa in clud d as rt cle VIII of the proposed const tut on . 'Nh le the word ng h d been slightly alter d , t he were no chang s i t _e proser t ve policy . Debate on all phases oft e constitution was suddenly cut off hrou a mot n of Mallo y , who moved to ado t the constit1ti n as a whole , wt~ ebate onl while votin, not to exceed f ve minutes for each delegate . 78 allory ' s mot on was passed by a vot of 4 to 21 over the strenuous protests o f ypert , w ho c lled the attention of t ,., e president and t he conven t on t o the fact that a motion was already on the books call n or a d vision on th vote . 79 Matt ews also vehe - mently protest d , callins attention to the acts and ndi catin that the fourteenth amendment proscribed certain i .1div· duals fro n holdinG of f ice and d d not disfranch se them from vot ng . 80 lorman , a c onserv t ve , similarly '7'7 Pro n gs and ebates of the Const onal - Convention of sas , P • 517 . 78 Ibid., 611 . P • 7 Ibid., P • 614 . 80 Ibid., P • 619 . 238 condemned t e constitut on in long e loqu nt speec , wh ch worked to no v 1 . aid orn1an: The broad and st rtling proposit·on s anno need to th world, that no goverrnnent c n be made in these outhern tates, loyal , and true, without the aid of the egro votes . Every wh te ma who puts his f st to that cl use of the proposed constitution, signs a libel upon h s race, and san ons a wron 0 wA ch he must know s unwarranted and unwarr ntable ••• Look at the horr d and wicked oath wh ch t e proposed on st tution req ires to be taken, rrl do you believe that ther s any honest desire tor construct the t te government upon honorabl n just te s? Do you see that every decent white , who "re rs God or regards men" is forever debarred th ht and pr iv le e; of part cipat n 0 n the ov rnment of a st te hich s to tax h m, to rule him , to de his da ly 1 fe and work . Bl verbal battle ensued between oore and the radical Hod es, in which the form r gave vent to his feelings b roundly denounc ng sever 1 of the mor radial members of the conv ntions . h n Ho ge sou t to int rrupt for an explanation, th conservative or ered h m to h s set , shout ng , "Ta your eat . H ve you anymore r soners to kill? If you have no more egroes to k 11, let me go on now . 11 2 Moore, continuin w th h s argument , sad : That nstrument proposes to disfr ch ea JB.rge portion of t he people of rkansas . It ou ght to dis franchise the gentleman who has just spok n) odges ( ••• The instrum nt wh ch lies on the 'ecretary's table 81 Proceedings and eba te ntion of rkansas , pp . 625-6 . 82 Ib d . , • 35 • of the Constitutional 239 does propose to disfr nch se the o le of r as , it g further ,--its prov sions woul sfranch · se the people of the outhern tats, and I say o epub - 1 can governm nt can affor to do th t . r, wh n ever you d sfranch ~ t .e intelli ence of the coun- try, you organ ze in your own land , en my • • • • now , s r , I am called upon to vote for th tin strument, when by so don I would be v olat ng th s cred oblig ton , you adm n ster d to rre ••• I would not swear to a li , for th bene f t of 11th members of the Republlcan party , n the world. I would nots ear to a lie , f or 11 the world its 1.f . 83 Hod 0 es , in d fense of t J ranchise article , cont nd d that no on wa disfranch sed ho no approved o , or a ded th process of, reconstruction . 4 Only those ere d sfran chised , he ma ntained, who still oppose the new order of things and who st 11 abused votes, re istrars and other el cted or appo nted offic als . 85 Duvall, another con servat ve , correctly ndicated the g neral attitude of the outhern wh tes in po nting out that they would nev r swear and accept the civ 1 and pol tical equality of all men as the franchise oat prov ded . 86 Hinds , too , sou t to defend the propose franch se sect on, declar ns : ir, no man is di~franc ised b the provls ons of this constitut .on , unless he disfranch ses h mself . 83 Proceedings and ebates of the Cons t itut onal Convention o f Arkansas , p . 632 . 84 85 86 Ib d . , p • 640 • Ib i • , p • 640 • Ibid . , p • 644 • 240 The Const tut on onl provides th s : that those who have sought to d stroy the governm nt , and st 11 seek to destroy it , and stab ·tat t t ls , h 11 d s r nch sed . It not fe to allo this to e ruled by imn who h ve , t e r pas act on and b their presen co se , ev ced themselves to bet e e es of the Government ••• Th s Const·tution ro v des hat the ballot--a m hty power th han s of the people - -shall b welded for the pot ctior of the loyal en of the t te ••• 87 Hind was the v rtu lly accus d by M oore o using the egro votes tor de nto ublic office, a accusat o wh c Hinds r fut d by st ti , that the lo al whi wo ld also support the epu 1 can pro • 88 Th follow n · da F b- ' ruary 11 , the Consti ut on was adopt d b a vote of 4 to 21 , t del t not voti 89 ach dele gate • was p r- m tted f V m in wh · ch o st e h po nts of objec- tion or approval at the ti h cast h b llot . The vote of he minor t , to gether w·th t t e b tterness of t h r def t and the s tuat on . Thus , sta ed Bradle, e r hel lessn ss of I asl to b que th to poster t no gr at r oon , than tor cor y vote a gainst th t da n le ene ne of opp ess on and ruin . I ~km 1 ngua e be cut in rock , and le d poured into the letters, to stand for eve • I vote nay . 90 8"/ 88 89 90 Proceedings and of sas, p . Ibid . , P • 47 . Ib . ' p • 56-7 . Ibid . , P • 661. ates of the Constitut:onal - • 241 Brooks called for unity of ct on among the Repu licans n accepti g the labors of the convention and condem.ned the conservative course of oppos tion . 1 Th v nd ctive D le , no t satisfied with the extensive disfranchisement clause , r emarked : The art cle does not xactly suit me , although t was the 1 est I could do . I got it in pretty strong in the start ; but what w th all the cutt n gs and shavin gs tha t it h s under gone , it has come out nothing more t han the me r e sh adow of a skeleto , and that clause , I though t , almost anybod r could accept , leaving as t do es , the door wide open for every disloya~ wh te ge tlem n to come in whenever he should be r eady . I thou e;ht n o oppos tion v1ould be made to that . 92 aid Duvall as he cast his vote : I was loyal to my country throu the r ellion , and I am yet ; therefore , I will not vote f or a con st tution that will exclude me from the right of an Amer can cit zen , to gethe · with many others 1 might name . I vote nay , and re gard t as the proudest act of my life . 93 vans , although voting for the constitut on , stated tat a more 1 beral franch ise section would have been desirable .. 94 A wr tten protest against the adoption of the constitu tion was then pre s en t ed by Gantt , si gned b y h mself , Cypert, 91 Proceedinhs a nd Debate s of the Constitutional Conve ntion of rkansas , p . 663 . 92 Ibid., P • 664 . 93 Ibid., P • 665 . 94 Ibid . , P • 665 . 242 dams , eynolds , £I o e , lker, r ·ht , Hicks , nd oore , wherein twelve rgurnents a gain t adopt on were 1 sted : 1 . Th cons to is no re ubl .c n form . 2 . It is proscriptive . 3 . It i des ruct ve of the d arest r chts of t e people of the itate . 4 . It d - sf c wh te c tiz s of es a lar ,e number oft · he 'tate . best 5 . It enfranch ses class o inhabita ts total ly i ncapa le of s lf- overrunent • • I a opted and r ti ied b the peo 1, t 1 d 1 ver ov r to he stol d and rut ~h .nor nee the ol t cal control of the t te . 7 . It ncoura ·e s th social equal. y of t e wh te and black races . B. It nuls and decl s vo d a lar ge cl ss of debts contracted upon a valuable considerat on, prior to the late rebell · o • 9 . I t oses t e nt re the w te inhab tants of the by its ter , dis f r anc ise ; tio1 almost the e nt · re e gro bur e o t xat · o upon tat , man of ho e , and rel eve fro tax - populat on . 10. It co p ls thew · e cit zens of the ' t te o contr ute , by taxati n , to the su pot of the pub lic schools, from w h · ch t eir ch ldre w 11 ef actual ly be excluded . 11. le r egar this Convention t he cts of Con 6 ress, under wh ch s bein held , as uncons tutional . 12 . I n our o inion , the 'tate of rka as is in e Union , unde r a Const tut on , republican in for, ent tled to all the r · jlts of a const· tuent part thereof, i elud i ng representa ion i the atonal Le islat re; and consequen 1 tat a ne constitu · o 9 sno t n cessary. 24 nether v nd ct ve , tfield , d cried the "li eral" fran- chise sect o ; when cast n g h s vo e n the const tut on, h r marked : I have , spec ally , opposed th d f r chisem t claus have co te .. ded ha all m n w o h ve enem s to the countr, o h ve eser ed e r - est oft r countr, br cht m ue nd ruc- tion upon tle 1 nd , nd who , et r e set t - selves u to co trol the lo al elcmen , ou t to have been dis r nc · · ed . • • t very s s e o .P he w o 1,.. , it ' 11 b p 1 :, to • • • every l o al m n i t e tate o ran s , e hold oppos 1ese mur ere s nd cu - hro , to b tter end . I ould h ex:le man oft em from the nited tates , an have pl a y of h e penete t ary , f or swe r·n · d ck , 11 I vote na f o th o th • • • • i was concocted n secret, a brou t ort etw e two d y • n The e ubllc n La gley s d : I w nt - · t un er 00 tr t I a r i ca l . I - lieve in un i versal freedom , in ti 1 suffrage equal ri t • I w 11 vote for th Constitu on a w hole, th nking it a good thin , for t h me that ma e . 98 To 9 hich Moore sarcastic lly added , " I think so myself . " 95 Proceedings and ebates of he Const · tutional --- Convention of r kansas , PP • 665-6 . 96 Ibi PP • 667-8 . . , 7 Ib d • , 668 • • 98 Ib d . ' P • 671 . 99 Ib d •, p . 671 . 7 244 The e ro , so , per aps yp f st att tude of he re- ma er of th T egro dele ates as well as the egro s througho t the state , or , fo th t matter , the outhit self ; for , con rv t ve m , while seek nG to encourag e e gro follows s , d couraged them by the r act ons as w 11 a b t e s ok .... n 10 rd . ason ' s comment , ten , viv d ly portr ys h son f el n s s -- 1d t he ndec sio ht tro led m ny memb rs of his ce . aid ason : I objec to th cont nued isfr c seme t of all p rsons ho are o s r ch d y t e pres co rue on cts of Con ress , a I b liev y a r e no d sfr nch · sed who ou • t not to be ; but , n th f ce oft re - erate assert ons of gentlemen from th Cons rvat ve t, tha t he re not will- in to rive us t erg to suffr g under any cir- cum tances , I forced to accep th Const tut on a be ''. ood a whol , and as bein~ he best I can et unde h e c rcumst s , and c v up my id as of limited disfr nch se ent and qualified suffr e . 100 Here , in effect , is a b r ef surnn1ar o f th e tire recon- truct on problem . The e ubli cans , 11 n to grant e veryt in to .the e gro in returr for he support of radi cal asp rants to office , rece ved the sup ort of the newly e nfranchised masses ; the Conservat ves , not w lling to yield an nch of terr tory, could an no adherents from t he Negro class until the fa lure of carpetbas governments 100 roceed ngs and ebates of the Const onal Convent on of Arkansas , • 672 . 24 n no fulf llin th golden promise of 18 7 and 1 68 . t l erst under a conserv tive state gov rnment , thy m t be more secur n their persons , r opert~ , an wold c rtain - ly r eta n the su port of their wh · te emplo ers . Th would , probabl , have desired to 11 himself with h s f ormer master a ainst the polit c 1 invade r s f r om the e gro orth ; however , a forced franch se , ncendiary a 0 itators against all forms of comprom se on the part of re native white elemen t , prov ded for no outlet save t e · gro join ing w th h sonly apparert fr ends , the car etbag .ers . nother proscri tive rad _ cal , in vot .ng on the con st · tution , also desired a harsher policy; t his e ublican , M i sner , c omn1ented , ". • • it m t , to adv tage , h ave been a little worse on the rebels . I would h ve disfr ch ed every one of them." 1 1 cCown , op os d tote dis - 'ranchisen1ent sect on , neverth less approved t he constitu tion , leavin , it up to the elector te to pass judgement 102 upon its f nal merits . The same is true of Ports and Rawl ng , the latter opp ose to di sfr an ch ~sement beyon the reconstruction acts . 103 Rector , vot ng in favor o 101 Proceedi, gs and Debate s of the Constitutional Conv e ti on of rkansas, p . 672 . 102 103 _ I _ b_., p . 673 . Ibid., PP • 674- 675 . 24 the constitution , comnented, "I am not well sat sfi w th t e constitution in all res nects . he dis r nch sing 104 clause is not strong enou&i- for me •" Rounsav 11 and cott both approved the constitut on althou they op osed the franchise sect on; 105 'hop ac vot a ai t th co - st tut on because of th:i.s s ction, · d ilson , ~ho m r - ly op osed th rat fie t ·on o d ce . 106 Th egro, h · e, accepted the const tu on and vo c d a s·m lar st tem n tot t of a o, assoc t g h est erests tr th radical rty . 107 inally, t h stateme t of ell, who vot in favor of th constit t on, bro, 5ht a clos to the voti Said ell in concl • s1.on: I am of the op non th t there snot m mber n th s convention who would no m ke a ch n e o alter- ation in th s constitution if h the power o o so . 108 On the 1st ay of the convent on , tt i t ro uced an explanation for th s dee sion not to ign the constitu t on . Th s writt n notification declared: 104 Proceedings and Debates of the Constitutional Conve of rkansas, • 676 . - -- -------- 105 Ib d . ' p 677-678 . • 106 Ibid . , 678 . P • 107 Ibid . , P • 682 . 108 Ibid . , 683-684 . p • • Th e , t e unders gne , delegate to the Con titu tional Convent on , do he by protest agai t the bove and or goi ~ con - tut on , an eel n to e dors e or s gn t ; a t s am , n our op o 1 , s ant - re publican, po cript ve , and destruct ve of the 1 b rt · es , rJ. ts and pr v le g , oft s tate . 109 ocument wa gn by Cypert , Owe , dam, f 1 r , 247 Gantt , Hicks , 1 h opp ch , r ght, Duv 11, Iloor , n Brad ley . 110 In hi f i 1 spee ch , or vale ictor pre ident , 01e, co rmed e act on o mem ers . ad the presi ent : em rk , t e he rad c 1 The plac n of our uta government in th hands of th avow d and undisgu sed fr · e s of the Gov r - ment , in pref rence o s ope nemi s or secret f oes , was not to b overlooke ; nd the fr' :ng of a tion tate ov rnn1en , re ubl c n in orm, was im era tive . l 1 t th sam t e th t the Commi tee 0 the Cons ti tu - presente th com leted n trume for r f cat on, a schedule was also propos , an adopted, wh ch provi ed that an election be eld on arch 13 , 18'8 , for the elec- tion of all state and co nty officers an for the subm s - sio of the constit tion to the electorate for ratif ca- tion . 112 ualif ed electors were to be those declared 109 Proceedin s and ebates oft e Con titut onal Convention of rkansas, • 756 . 110 111 112 Ib d • , p • 7 5 6 • lb id., pp . 761- 762 . Ibid • , p • 60 8 • 24 el g ble by the franch se rt·c1e of t h co stitut on and not by the acts or mil tary govermnent oft e fourth m 1 - tary str ct . 113 board of three commissioners , consist - ng of Jame L. Hod es, Jose _ h Brooks , and the convention I pr ident wee to act a judges in case of contests and to issue election certificat s . 114 They could also appoint election ju ges . The tenth section o the schedule spec - fically stated : op rson d squalified from vot ng or register ing un er the Const·tut on , shall be candidates for any off ce , nor shall be perm tted to vote for ratif ic tion or rejection of this 'onst tution at the p olls herein authorized . 115 On 'rida- , February 14 , after a br ief but stormy s ession of thirty- e ght days , the convention adjourned . 116 Gen ral C. H. 'mith , commanding the sub district of rkansa , on ebru ry 14 , ordered the election for ratifica tion tot ke olace on March 14 , 1868 , the s e date speci- fie 117 by the convent on schedule ; however , the election fo r ratification of the constitution was still to rema n 113 Proceedings and Debates of the Constitu tio al - Conv :ntion of rkans s , p . 608 . 114 Ib d •' P • 609 . 115 Ib d •' P • 610 . 116 Ibid . , P • 764 . 117 Ibid . , P • 78 • 249 under them lit ry authority in conform ty to the recon struction acts of Congress . The elect on lists were to be rev sed beg nin B February 28 and th votes sent to th ssistant djut nt General . lection off c als were still to take the ron clad oath . 118 This was ndeed to be a battle fo rat · ficat on . The odds aper d to be even n smuch as the h tes thor ou ry ly isliked the pro osed const ution while the rad c 1 epublica shad welded the egro s nto stron pol t cal mach n that would vot one a r only . General llem , 11ho had succeeded Ord as commanding eneral of e fourth mili- try distr ct , ordere eneral m th to pre are forte elect on on the appoi ted day afte attempts to h ve t move up to the fir t of Apr 1 h'd fail a . ile th epublican made much of the "white n ' s party, 0 the Cam2a gn Aazette showed that the radicals had disfr ch sed 40 , 000 electo sin order to et the r pol t cal party in power . 11 In this nter period , many prom·nent men of the state left the ranks of the e ubl can part for they could not stomach the radical proscriptive policies and 118 Proceedi gs and Debates oft e onvention of rkansas , P • 786 . 119 tap le s , econstruction n 2 0 v d c t v tb ~ o he ed t he or an zat o • t t e nd o th first eek o rch , there w s total e ,; strat on of' ?r-7 , 784 re , s t red vot rs , i c e e of son1e 7 ,o O ove th pre v ous elect on . 120 ... t t 1 is t e , however, thee wa no sepa at on as t o races in the regis t at on 1 sts; therefore , t is ot po s le to deterrni e h exact number of w i es an to est te th t out 46, 500 we egroes , exc _t pe r h ps , h te and 2 , 00, gro . On · r 1 1 , 1s·s , the st t o rd o f election com- s oners m e kno n t the canst tut on h overwhelm- ngly been atif ed by a vot of 30 , 380 to 41 . 121 Thi , how ver , by no moans · cated th true extent of the vot - ·n. ccordi g to he r epo ts fornrul ted by ener 1 Gil- lem , 4 , 510 votes had enc st on the qu stion o t e constitut on , 27 , 913 for ra a opt on, with j or ity o ficat on, 2 , 597 aga · nst 122 1 , 31 or ra if ca tion . Th rty-seven o the stat ✓ ' s 58 coun es voted a ,ainst rt f ct on . 123 I rregularitie s were noted i several 120 Ho 0 2nd ess ., If lect 121 Proceedings Convention of Ark nsas, - 122 House 2nd es . , P • 5 . ocument, _2, . 27 8 , 40th Cong., 123 Ibi P • 4 . • J 251 count ies , more flag ant of these rr gul rt s app ar - · n count s vot n for r tif cation , th ~omen and children cast ng ballots , ballot box s be ng mpti d or tuf ·ed some votes be ns refuse or t orn up . 124 Over two score complaint of fraud w re re g ster fron1 both parti note 125 u e The most outstand n n Pulask county , wh ch of th s..., f raud w s g st red 4 , 919 votes for the consti ution , 997 ainst , for a total count vote of 126 5 , 916 ; how v r , th total :mun r of reg st r voters in the district was only 4 , 721 , in c ting tat 1 , 1 vote were r ec ived ~ an er actually reg stared , if more every qual f e perso n this county ad actually voted . 127 In Jef erson county 730 non - county vot s wee r e cor • 128 Gen r 1 G llem, e ort n g th t th canst· tu- tion h been approve , despit thes flagr f rauds , mer ly stated that no prov ion had been de for t e con- tin enc of voters casting th r ballots outs de of he prec · nct w n they had r J ster ct . 129 lso,he nd - cate l , that since t could not be det ne d hether these 124 Hou e ·,xecut ve Docum nts , o . 278 , 40th Cong., 2nd 28- o. - ess ., p • 125 Ibi pp . 28- 50 . . , 126 Ibid., P • 4 . 127 Ib 4 . . , p . 128 Ib d •' J . 4 . 129 Ibid . , PP • 4 - b . 252 votes a be n cast o or nQt th co tit t 01 , ~ ey would h veto e cou ted n the total . a the vote of Pulaski and Jeffe son counti s not b en cou te , the con nt i 1tion would have stood rejected . However , since G 1- len cho e to ace pt the qu s tionable votes , th cons t - tion was cons d red approved and the Re ubl c n slat of offi se ers head d b Powell Clayton , the bern tor ial ca di at , was declar d el cte . 1 3 o a ical men1b e s of the canst t utiona conv n t on electo to publ co ic - 1 de Jam inds s a member OL Con ress , ob rt J . T . t , sec r et ry o stat , and John cC l ure and Thomas • Bow n as associat su pra e our On 1ay , Thomas • Bowen sent to Pr ~dent John s on c opy of the state constit ton still affirm · n e that 131 • the docum nt ha bee approv d byte electo ate by vote of 30 , 38 to 41 . 132 1 he follo in r• rnonth , on June 22 , rkansas was rvad.mitted to repres ntat on in Congres after Johnson ' s v to of the~ ill had been overridden by a vot of 111 to 31 in the House and 30 to 7 in the 1 enate . 133 130 onvention 131 132 2nd ess ., 133 Procee~ines and bates of rkansas , P • 797 . Ibid • , p • 7 97 • of the Constitutional House ~ xecutive Doc s , o . 27 , 40th Con g . " out 1 Carol na and sas 7 pp . 45 - 46 . • 77 . 253 conunented Gideon ✓elles , on June 20th: The Pre i ent put a veto on t r s o - s co stitution , nd the Hose , unable to co tr vert is posit o , astened to accept it b at o- thirds vote . One ca not but be ashamed t t e de se nd user vient p rt s nship 1h ch coul not ex bit as ngle in epend nt i behalf of tle ederal onst·tu t i on and t e eat principles on ;hich our political system is found d , ong th r ic 1 jor ty.134 O n July , CJ.a ton was inau rated s governor of the st te of r ansas . 'hortl th rea.f t r , the ne ily con- vened legislature unanimousl ccepted th fourteenth end- ent nd militar occu tion ave wa to car et ;va rule . -sc 11 - I I 'I I General Or 's order on ,eptembe 26 , 187 , c lli for an election in rans s as also ap lie le to ~ iss s sip i in smuch as all general orders perta ning to re .istra tion of electo sand t e order on t his ate callin forte election ~ ere issued for th fourt litary distr ct . By t e end of u st , 1867 , 10 · , 03 persons had reg stered as e l ectors in the state of ississippi , includin • 46 , 6 6 I whites and 60 , 167 e oes . 135 I 28 of the 61 counties 13 4 1el les , iary , III , 388 . 135 iclopedia , 1867 , VII , 517 . 254 t wh~t s, how a · o it ; 136 ho~ever , the egro count cou t s wer to elJct 70 del 0 at s while the 28 w · t s co 1 137 only lect 30 del gt s . Th , n t em antime , sought to s c vot hold n G m t - • ng whit at w 1 ch refused t s o f both pr ont . Other c ept them n ny m nnJ a all ol t · al • l • On Vi \.s ur· n er le d • • J u ev r gentleman of th Ord ' electlon d c nt ~ht an , ev Ca c sian race o avoi h o 1 p t lence an honorabl G n al pr ...ion . 138 In th two ~es prior t th 1 c on , the 1 ts ha a ain b en revis d o th t b the b ~inn · nu of ovem- b , 13 , 327 per ons re ist r d . 1 39 1 s i s ipp , om th point Jorv r , as nth of d not ep r tel r cor h t an l gro re s r t · on . 0 Decemb r 5 , Ord nnounced t~at th elect~on , held e prev · ous month , ha au roved he hold nG o const tut on- al co vo tion and er ad that the elected d 1 at s meet t Jackso on Tu sd y , January 7 , 1868 . 140 leven a s 136 rican 137 J mes Wi l ford arner , sipp (!ew York , 1901) , p . 187 . const ction i • ssis - - 138 Ib • , • 181 . 139 H U t . VA ocuments , 2n ie s . , p . 142 . 140 Ibid., PP • 140 - 141 . 2 5 latJ the gen r 1 announced tha 76 , 01 votes ha een cat nth el ct on, 69 ,73 ' or the convent on , , 277 ppo d .141 t t s met , th le t d le ,. t s ere ....., nnounc . 14 2 These ·nclude eventeen I e~ro m rnb rs , n n - t n con rv t v ..., , t~ nt m n rm o th rn state n twenty- nlne n tlve white outh., p tbag es w re 1 ter to met vol t ive o th . 143 Cr- 14 o . 34 , 40th on g., 2nd s • , p . 142 P • 142 ; el ct d 1 w : Ch r s P • i ls n , a c n i 1 s , • • Con 1 e y , J e .. 1 i ls back , J . c r ; ' . Geo ':, tov 11, tephen Johnson , lliam L • I ennn ne;w , • J • o , • • : t t , . d , ichol s ri e; , Jam i , eor e E . .. ol n , th ~ • ewso , 'w rd · . til s , • us ' rov , a los Chapm , • • Peyton , a 1 an y , V. • oll ns , or tio r . Ballar , i 111. m B • r a , 111 • es it t , C • • Be , Joh n oo y , la oss , H y son , • eyton , Ch rl C ld ~e 11, o n • ar ons , H. • B r , • le 11 . , • • ont m ry, Henry • Fox , Jo 1n lliott , ~ill am c i ht , 1 s n , 0 . • 111 .. s , e e er , • Vau hn , P •• Tue utch·n , · • • ither , Jal • c . er1·. n , J . ar ) n oor , e..., le La son , lien • en , B . B . ' gleston , Joseph • ·vl , Isham G. a ney , G o ee V n Hook , • Ben . Gunn ngham , os r ine , John V. C . rlatson , illi·m • Com to , Charles • To\nsen , • B . oodn1ansee, James L . erbert Jam s --,lliott , illi m • Hutto, • • Lon i , . I . owell, Isham tew rt, • Chappel , • or c , rza e , Pe es Bonney , Thomas • Jon s , Cyrus y rs, John C . 3rins on , os s · • Lac , avid • u nn , • c. Barnes , John 11 . P ·.llips , · lliam elms , tr cklin, • k , Terry alton , • l\y att , G. c . M c e , • Leas, i . T . tr ng r , • Johnson , ohn F wn , r . tit s , illiam T . Combash , lliam Yeoman , illi.am H . Gibbs , Charles • Fitzhuc.P , ared ichar son , obert J . lcorn, • J . Lilley , Charl s • Clar , illiam Leonard , an • T . !\ organ . 143 the fiv wh Garner , econstruction ·n Tu ssissi2p· , p . 187 • mt vol nt death w e Caldwell '( Negro) ; ' 2 6 On Janu y 7 , 18 8, lston 1 ybatt of · r n called the cont t ton 1 convent · on o oder w th 83 mem rs 144 pres nt . the as mbl yg tt , electe pre et ro - tem , w lcom d legates w th thee ords : The hou or ou ass mbl . h s arr v d--the hour th tour e str rs have so lon toiled to br n about--th h our tat all loyal men o this t t, have 1 bor t hat n , n now r joice to b hold--the hour th tall o onents of recon - st ction nd d sloyal ress , h ve str v n hard to prov rt, h s co111e . • • he destruct on of the 1 f horten . n g i fl 1ence of s l· very m y h ve its con1pensat n val .e in savin3 more from an unt~ ely r v , in th long un , t h nth war ha estroy • Le bloo o th us s o lot sol i c you a .a nst t ose o si ·ned t e tr asonable instrument ; 1 t th scalding tears o~ t _e i ow orphan ur upon the r consciences; 1 t th wreck of thousan s an thousan o f ru ned fortunes prot st a 5 ·nst th m; and v to h o ai e r construct on ; let th s Convent on pl• ce th m on the.1.. dis a ch sed 1st ••• O ur enem s pr dicte a failure . nd stall we fa l ? ot 11 the ow rs of an apostate President , w. th all is offic al s at· ze _ s , and the power of host 1 pres , and t b tt r o onents of recon truct on sh 11 cause us to f il . But if w de cend to w eke co promi s , time savin 0 e dients, then we shall fail and our ~ork shall p rish . 145 O n the second a of the convention , B. B. g lest n , a c rpet a g r was elected erm net pres dent of the 143 (Contin e ) ombast , hun u b K ; Orr , shot; Fawn , sot , Fred arsons , hot . 144 Journal of th Procee ings of the onstitution- tl _ _____ o_n_ of the-tate of ississi i , 1868 (Jackson , 186 , 145 I b i ., p . - 4 . 2 7 convent on . 146 The d s r c i ement controv s e n a Jmo t im- me i t ly w t .. • 'i . Compton offer n f:._> a res olu t on t t the U it t tes ha no canst tution 1 auto ity inc 11- ln ~ th convent · on , th t the convention was unconsti u - tionally conv ned a1d th - the convent on h no power to accept ay or th s ork . 147 Holland , th n , re olve that ompton hold leav th convent on · he bel _ ev d t unconst tut on 1 ; 148 Ti or6 n offer a t h t Co p on be c n ore an 5 rant d ourteen d y le ve • hoiev r , h was m rely censored . 149 le som of Cla i b orn offere art - · cles on th franchise w h ch would have elude no one , except the insan, cri nals , nd p rsons conv cted of br bery , • frorn th i t p r Jury , n orge r , , xer c s n o f t fr nch se . 150 M rr 0 Lau erd le osed e a pro e ucational clause • the ranchiso 1 w· l 1 howeve this in , , was simply t bl and not ev n reac_ a commi tee . 146 J urnal Mississippi , P • 7 . Constltutional Convent on of - 14? Ib • 3 . , • 148 Ib . d., P • 39 . 149 Ib d .' P • 9 . 1 0 Ib P • 51 . ., 151 I d •' P • 53 . 2 8 arren ted n oath to b take one year ft r the meet n of the xener 1 h v h d to wear : s mbly , to wh ch n lecto woul I , __ , a c tizen of the Un ted 'tates , an of the t te of M ssiss p , pr r to the __ d y of __ , 18 ·1, o sol mnly swear , that b lw v n t to be ettl b t lat C_v 1 ar , or reb 11 on , that the Union o the Un te t tes cannot be s- solv ut b s c essful re olut o or univ rsal consent , I w ll h Jr aftJr ne the s y nor do any- th n 5 ~alculat d o disturb ts unity , will d sco ra e allot rs from do _ n ors y n any. ng likely top o u e t , hen ve the subject s a· - rtain • nd I als swe ht I will ustain an u hold th t o un 1 u r g to e v ry m 1 · nh b tant of iss i, not er _ in 1 , or - eve ; so help me o . 152 Th s re solut;on as r ferre to th ommitt e on Or in c and ch ule . On Janu ry 20 , C s te llo of da ntire franch e article to that committ rt on . Tis proposed sect on, wh - 1 not r fe red or consid- o ted as such , perha s gav th co 1 ttee h tev r deas er ul tim t ly f o ulated . C stello's art · lv prov ded : t an e 1. ct on held b th e o 1 , un r th· Constitut on , or in ursuance o th ~ la of th s ' t te , or un er y or inance, o oy law of any munici al corporation , no pJrson shall bed emed a qual fed voter w o . as ever b en in e hos - t 1 · ty to the United ·tates, or ·to the authorit thereof; or h sever ~iven d or comfort, counten ance or su por·t , to e son enga ed ln uch hos til ty , or h ever in any m nner , adhe ed to the enem ~s t ereof , fo r 1 e t 0 n or domest c, of the Un J-ed 152 Journal of th Con titut onal Convention of --- Iv ississipp i • 53-54 . States , either by contributing to them , or by un- 1 wfully sendin g w. thin their li es , money , goods , l etters , or info mation , or have ever disloyally held ny communi0ation with such enemies , or has ever , by open act or word , declared th s dherance to the cause of such enemies , or his des re for their triumph ov r the arms of the United tatos , or h sever , except under overpowerin8 compulsion , submitted to th authority or been n the service of the so - call d Confeder te 1 tates of America ; or has ever left this State and one with n the 1 nes of the armies of the so - called Confederate tats of Am rica, with th purpos of adhor n to sad tates , or the enemies thereof ; or has ever been a member of , or connected with any ord r , soc ety, 259 or orga ization havin 0 for ts obj ect toad or en courage rebellion a a nst the United ,tates, or to promote t he d ssolut on of the Un· on there o , or to oppose b n y unl ful means the 1 ws or author ty thereof , or the laws , ordinances or author · t of this - tate ; or h ever been en 0 ed in guerilla warfare a.e;a nst t1. loyal nh bitants of the United tates , or in that description of maraudin co 1only known as bushwackin , or has ever been eng ge d n persecut - · ing , maim ng- or killing loyal men , or has ever harbore , ided or countenanced any person so en gaged ; or has ever left this t te for the purpos e of avoid n g enrollment or draft into the military service of t he United tates , or has ever , in order t o es cape the performance of duty in the milt a (of) this ·,ta te , enrolled h · sl f , or caused h ms elf to be enrolled , as a is loyal outhern syrnpat izer; or havin 0 eve voted at any elect on held by the people of this dtate or in any other of the United ttates , or held off ce in this ·,tate or any other of the United States, shall hereafter have sou tor re ceived , under claim of allegiance , the protect on of any f orei n goverrnnent through any consul or other officer thereof , in order to secur exemption from military duty in the arrny of the United "tates, nor shall any person be capable of hol ing in this tate any o fice of honor 1 , t r ust or prof t , unde r its authority , or of bein g an officer, councilman or other mana er of any 1n1blic corporation now exj_ ting , or hereafter established by its authority, or of acti g as a professor or teache r in a n educational in- st . tution or conunon school , or any other school which i sustained , in whole or n part , b funds 2 0 provided y law . Theo th to be taken , as afor id , sh 11 be non as the Oath o Loy lt , and shall e in the followin tr s: " I , . . , do sole ly swear , th t I ell acq ainted w th the terms of t e t h r section of the __ article of the Con titut on of he tate of ssiss ppi , doped nth ar 186_, an h ve care - full consid 1ed the same ; that I h ve ver d rect ly or _ ndir ctl / done any of the acts in s i . sec- t on spec f ; th t I ave lwa s been truly and loy lly o the s e of th Un ted tates , aga nst all em ~ thereof , foreien and domeJtic ; d that I will alwa s be r tru f ith and unqual r i d alle ~ to t he Un ted )tates and will supper h Con tit - tion nd law thereo as the 'upr law oft e lad , any law or ord· ance of any st te to the con rary notv:t st ndins ; that I ill al,a s , to the b t of my ab l it , protect ad fend he Uno of the United tates ; and not allo~ the same to be broken up and dissolved , o the Governme t thereof to be destro ed or ove 1tho n , under any circumstance , fin m power to prevent it ; and I ~ 11 always d s - countenance and oppose all combinat ons, plan d fforts hav · n for t ir objects the d solutio of said Union , or th overt r o said Gover ent ; at I 11 al ays , word and deed , eme n myself as a loyal an faithful citize1 o f the United tates ; t at I iill support th said onst tutio .i. of the t te o i siss_ppi , tut I acce t the c v 1 ad politic 1 e uali o all m 1 , and are not to at tempt to de rive an . erson or p rso on account of race , or colo- , or pr vious condition , o .J.. an politic 1, religiou or civ 1 r_· · ts , privile e or imn1u ities enjoyed b any other lass of me ; nd that I mak this oath without any mental reservation or e vasion , and hold it to e bindin b on me . 153 The meth for re ovin > an disabilit incurred n the above pro vis ions was unique, to s y the le as t ; it a certainly th most hum 1 - atin e; sug;;ested in any convent on, lb 3 Jour 1 of the Constitut.:.on 1 Conve tion of M ...,sissippi, pp . 63- 64 . 261 readin : In orde ereto he shall , in person , preset s pet o to the C rcu t ourt of the county o h s res:tde ce, stat · n c sp c · ·ticall h acts o act hich produced such isq alification , a nd he g ound upon wh ch he pra to be r 1 eved th refrom; an the co1rt shall set or e ri e the c use , no less than fiv d ter t b e pre e tation of the et on , when , tap cars by compet& 1 t proof, h at the pet toner is justly entitled to e rel ef ra ed for , the cour shall make a decreer mov D6 such d qual f cat on; but ny ct don by such erso s , fte r the te of such ecr e , w hich vould m ose a disqu lif cat_on under s id th rd section of h s article , sh 11 m ke s ch decree null a d void , d rem th t his prev · ous condit on of disqual f ca t · on; and no su h decree shall be gr nted as co t 1e n h s favor . l 4 V'/hile his was the most complete re olutio of ered , others followed wh . ch were no le s 21 , resolved: roscript ve . Goss on January That all er mes he_ e ofo e cormn tted durin g the rebellion and not yet puni hed , i f er .es aga 1st the 1 ws of this ta te in force on the ninth of Janu ar"t , 1s·1 , shall r~main crimes and be proceeded w th ac cor in to the laws of th s 'tat e wh ch w re in force on the ninth o January, 18 1.155 Conservative ct o i the convention a s for the most part ne gative . Cos rvativ , when present in the conve tion , fr quentl refused to vot on r esol tions or other pr oposals . This was true to such e; tent , th t 154 J urnal of the Co stitutional Conve tion of ississi • 67 . 155 Ibid., • 77 . 2 2 the ra ical , F elc , move a r ol tion that er·ons o vot ns hen res nt h 11 b cons dered to h ve vot in the aff rmat ve; 1 - 6 tis mot o wau carr ed . r1.1nkenne s and other unorthodox proceedin °· ... w r e r corded t e jou nal of th convent on . st o onserva- tiv was r gistered in ~ ch propos tons as ht of • • tr C 1 , ho of e ed a pr able, beginn le , the c rpetbae~ers an sc of oh · o , Vermo t onnecticut , or ain and procl im th s to , e we r dicate all our ho s d cal party . 157 wa G s fro the ne , d f ica , t docum nt pon t s cces 0 e tate do 1h ch This, of cours e , was 1 d on the table . On '1a ch 4 , the report 01. he Comm ttee on .B r C s ed by 1 ton , iyg tt, - 1 J . C tello , us • • , • • Iv1or s , and T. • r ~n _,er, was .,ad in th convent on . 158 s the propos d f ftr ticle, t e r epor read : ec . 1 . 11 elect ons b al an special , shall be b the people , bo h ballot . ·ene - Sec . 2 . ve m~ le person ove we nt , - one y ar of a ge , born n e Uni .,ed 'tates o naturalize , and who h s r esided one ear n his ta e , and thirty da s pr or t rye e J election in the county whereof .A ofr Jrs to vote , may become a qual fied elector . rovided , 1 . That no id ot or insane per- on , or one who s b en sente ced to th penite tiary , 156 ss ip12_ 1 7 158 Journal of t he Constit tional Convention of - -----------~ ------ - • 124 . Ibid • , p • 209 . Ibid., • 295 . 2 or who has been eng ed n any uel , ~heth c p 1 or accesso y , sh 11 be llo ed to vote . i - Pro le c- vided , 2 . That no person · 1 y of br ery t tons , alse vat n ~ or v olence to d ter othe s rom the r ht of uf 1 aue , sh 11 be allowe to vot • Pr ovided , 3 . That no soldi , sa lo or ar ne , in th militar o n val serv ce o t e Unlted ' t te . , w ho shall h reafte1 acqu r a r _ d nee b , r t ason of being so stationed , sh 11 a~lowed o vote . ro vide , 4 . Th t n pe son squalif ed by th re - posed am nt t th Con titution oft United tat es , n wn as the 14th art cle , nor b os e who ave bee d sf r nch -ts ed by th r e ·is trars , un er the c passed by Con res , 1 arch 2 , 1867 , and tre supple men tar cts thereto , sh 11 e allowed to vote . Prov ded , 5 . rphat no person who s n d the ord n ce of ecess on, pa~sed the 9th o Ja uary , 1861 , exce t ose who h v s c aid d n reco ru on, shall ever be llowed to vote . ec . 3 . It shall be h uty of t h e Le b slat re , to r e late from t e to t · e , the r J , s Jra t on of all electors, who before r g ster · r:g , shall take he follow n oath : "I, __ , do s olrnenly swear (or aff rm), that I am over twe ty-one ears of age , t I h ve res ded n this t te one yJar at least re - ced n th s date , I h ve resi n his count th rt days pr or t ot s date ; tat I iill sup ort the Const tut on of the United ·,tates and the tate of ississipp , and the las thereof , nd that I am not e cl ded from re p · s ering on account of any of the provis ons enume ted in section 2 , art cle V of th s Consti ution ." ec. 4. 11 persons , exce t those d sfr ch sed und~r the 14th article o_ the proposed amendment of the Constit tion of the United ' tGtes , an for er e , may, on applicat on and proo of lo alt , have their disabilities removed by a two - tr rds vote of the Le _ slature . Sec. 5. 11 off _cer s of th s ' t te , elected or ap o t d , whether e ecu ive, le g slat ve, or jud cial , shall be ore en e ing on the duties of sad office , t ke and subscr · be the oath passed b on ress the second day of July , 1862 ( ron- clad) ••• 1 9 2 4 The onl y othe sec on p > taJ n n to the franch se was t te th s ct on wh ch stated th t th [;OV e nor o th 'tat , would , on July 4 , 187 , · .. sue a gener 1 pro cl mat ion of mn sty for 11 except thos pro ...,cr ed by th f ou teent mendm two had not yet received Con gression 1 pard n . 1 ·o 1 · x days later , • T . Mor n pr ~s nted am nority r e o t w ich was almost as proscr i tlve . Ultim tely , it was e minor ty report that was o b e adopted . i f r chisement was ased pr · arily on the acts an h f ourt enth d - nent . In addition o this , the ifth section prov-ded : •e c . 5 . o pe r son shall be eli ible to the office of 'over or , Lieu t ant Gov erno r , ecret y of '"'tate , 't te 'r easur r, u to of ublic c counts , 'uper · ntendant o f · u l lic Instr1,lction , or to t h office of Judge of t h e upreme Court , or to a seat in either branch of the le gislature o f this 'tate , who ever held ny office o f rofit or t st , c vil or milt , by e l ect on or appo ntment under t he 1 t so- called Confederate t ates Goverrnnent , or w ho ever volunt a ily bore arms a gai st t he Un ted tates , or aided and abetted t he said Confede ate Government in any anner . 161 O n iarch 19 , the r e or ,s of the Comm ttee on the ~r an chise were taken up f or considerat on . The f rst t,o pr e1 · inary sections of the minority re ort we e substituted n pl ce of 159 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of _j.ssissippi , 160 161 Ibid . , P • 321 . I b i . , PP • 381- 382 . 265 162 the major y eport almost w thout ·ebate . 1 ection three followed and this section oft· e minority report was similarly adopted . 163 This third section provided an oath fo r electors to be taken as a requ site for re gistration . Th e oath declared : " I _ _ ___ , do solemnly swear , (o r aff irm) , in the pr sence of lmi e;hty God , that I am tw nty one years old , that I h av e resided n this State one ye r ; and n __ county three months ; th at I wi l l faithfully support and obey the Constitut on and laws of t h e Un t e d 'tates a nd of the tate of Mississippi , and I will bear tr e fa th and alle giance to th same, tha t I am not i s fr nchi ed in any of the provisions of the acts known as the Re c onstructi on Acts of the 39th and 40th Con gress ; nd that I adm: t the politic 1 and c vil equal .. ty of all men ; so help me God . 11 rovided , Th t if Con ress shall at any time remove the disabilit es of any pers on disfranchised in the said econstruction cts of the sad 39th and 40th Con . ess , then so much of this oath , and so much only s refers to the sa d econstruction Acts , shall not be required of such p rson , so pardoned, to entitle him to be registered . 164 ith little debate, sect on four of the minority report was also substituted and adopted, this section merely pro vid ng that a. person , in order to be elie;ible to off ice , must be a qualified elector . 165 After an adjournment of several hours , the convention reconvened and adopted the 162 Journ 1 of the Constitutional Convention of Mississip£i , PP • 381- 382 . - - 163 Ibid . , p . 382 . 164 165 Ibid • , p • 3 21 .. l b id • , p • 3 84 • fifths ct on of them nority re ort . lderson o 2 t t 0 offer amendm .. nt o t is section ~h ch 10 ld h v s - r nc sed er on "who · d t n a o th to su port the Con titut on of th Un d 'tates and afterwards volunt r - 1 tal en up a s a _ st the s e , or who voted fo or o ly ndvoc ted ' ces s on . " 1 6 he mot on t o 1 hi on the t ble lost by a vote o 2 7. to 3 , ut efor a ur r act on co ld be ta , 1 t , conve ton djo n or t e day. 167 The followin d C .s ~ello offere s· il r re - solut on r .. J.. J.1g : o per n shall ever be el.gibl to ho un r th Gonsti ut. on , · t Le sl t v , xecutive , or Judie al office , w o held ny of c under t e so- c lle Confederate ~tats , and no mem er of the Convent on o 19 ·1 , who s g n d the ord n e of se - cess on pas ed th t Conve t on , shall ever hold off ce in this t te ••• 168 fter cons der ble debate , secti n f ve was sus e de , nd the co vent on roceeded to conside the s xth sec io . This , too , was approve an then reconside ea . 169 On rch 24 , t 1·i lin of T ah res i ned hi eat in the convent on, in dis ,ust declari g : 166 Journal of the Constitutional onvention of - Mississippi , P • 384 . 167 Ibid., P • 384 . 168 Ibid ., 3 4 . P • 169 Ibid., P• 411 . I 2 7 r . rs dent : Irsi .yseat sameberof this co v \Jntion , and tend t to so e abler an . I do t h sf rst , be cause I be l eve the acts of Con- ress unde which e e ass b l e d, r e uncon t tu - t on 1 , un ·u , tyrann c 1 nd o ess ve . xt , be ca se wh t her the ac s of Congress unco situ- tonal or not, the member o f th s onve tion are transcendin i· the lim .. t o f wh tever power t hey m hav d r ved by v r u of t h r const tut onality . g i 1, because t bod ·nfl c L u on the people b tax tons , b r en they r e lly ble to bear, a to wh i ch I do not des r e to offer further co ntr bution . Lastl , b cau s e I tota l - ly s sted with t s nonsense . 170 hortly t re ft r, • P t ls . d 171 • ey on a o r esi 0 ne • This , ho ~ev r , s · 11 d 1 t ch n ·e ton or t o s cr ti e clauses nor le sen the numbe of such clause s offered . r·t an 1 yga t es re prescript on based on the acts , t he f ourteen me dn1 nt , and th se who had a proved o f the o dinanc o secession . 1 7 2 n endm nt i ent ·cal to at of Herb rt' s was s 'ested by o e;an ; this , too, however w s r jectea . 173 0th rs who introduc d proscript ive sec- t ons , v r in n phr eolo y t ot inten , were G bbs , Parsons, • unnin , arren , Com1 sh , Barr and othe r s • 17 4 These mend ents, ener 11 offe r ed s the roscr ptive 170 J ourn 1 of the Constitut onal onvention of • • 411 . ss i :pp i , • 171 Ibid . , P • 480 . 172 Ib 48 4 5 . . , PP • , 17 I bid., 4 8 . • 174 Ibid., PP • 4 9 , 01- 0,. 18 . , 268 sect on of th fra chis e articl , u ually f ollo ed e lin s of the one offered by Barry, wh ch proposed to dis franchise those who , as a menber of the Leg slature , voted for e call of the convent on that passed t h Ordi nee of Seces ion , or who , as a deleg te to any co v. tion vote f r or s _Gn d any ordinance of secess on , or ~ave volunt y id , co t n nee , counsel , o encour a gen e t to th pe sons ensa d n a ed host il ty to th United t tes , or o accept d or tte p ed to exercise the unct·ons of any of f ic , i vil or 1 tary , under any uthor ty or etended govern met author ity , power or const _ ution , w th n the United 'tate s , ost·1e r in mical thereto , except al p 1· ons wh o aided r co struction by vo i F for this Convention . 175 The it section as ado t d wi t n ou endTient by a voe 0 44 to 25 . 176 Cn tello's motio t recon de , howev r , wa tablect . 177 considered , whe vention , reading : subst tute - . ld rs n as bo 1t to be documen was prese ted befor the con- ✓ , the undersi o·ned embers of t r_e nstituti 'l n - al Convent on o the tate of 1is iss ppi , now in session in the c ty uf' Jackson , , 0 0 le ve mo t re spectfully , as they d o , to tender our resi gnations of s id body . 178 Di s guste d with th p oce din •s of the e ublican d minated 175 Journal of the onstitutional Convention of the 'tate o i , P • 518 . 176 Ibid ., P • 519 . 177 Ibid ., P • 519 . 178 Ibid . , P • 519 . 269 convention , J • W • C • , ts on , ✓ 11 . am L • mmnwy, J •• p ill p ' • H. Ivlont ornery , • • on ire , . a t • • • J . Goss, J . • :McCut hon , 11 B. rr Y, 11 am • Compton , Charles Towns nd , and il • esb - ·tt resi gn- • • tr e se ts in tb conv nt on . 179 Compt n moved to c - c pt these re i nations ; 180 hor ✓v r , t · over unt 1 the follow n day . 1 1 0 t e Vu n al o resin nd th nam of Terr dd d to the 1 st si ing h st t m nt of On the e ht - e hth da of the conv nt o 17 , the re natio of th cor:s rv t V S s sue rv h ld t , • • lton w s t ·o 182 re n • , Fr Y, pr 1 were cc te 183 • • Deb t on th f ollowin 0 days on the f ch e ssu cont nu des ite the absence of t e conse V J... ve m mb e L, • t on • ve , the proscri on rch 20 , but , act on later , section ve, with 1 Journal of th issis s i2pi , P • 519 . - 180 Ibid . , P • 520 . 181 P • 20 . 182 Ibid . , PP • 52 183 Ibid . , P • 523 . 1 84 Ibid . , 5 6 . • tive clau w s n con i re • os J..pone 184 Two as gain • a • amendm ts , adopted by minor was Constitutional Conv nt on of - 522 . 270 vote of 4 to 1 • 185 ' hile 1 ct s e_e o ·crioe prirnaril by the fourteent amen nt an t~e act , the numb pros r b d f om hol · n , u 1 c of i c s f r gre t - er . whol to th th w o do )te comrni tt 0 r nch se se e t by vot f'orm r nch es ct on s of 37 to 10 an then r f re d t 186 O ar n ~em n . n ay , inc e be o 1 e c nv nt on , t s tim i Or ts fin 1 r in . The f st fours ctions w r .... ad ad sil p s ; but section f v w ore u tll the ollow·n 0 Y• ld on , t en move u ensio of t : ul an opose S '--'t 0 W C W ad opt s follo 1 : op rson s h 11 e eli ible to ny offi e o prof ort st , cvlorm1·t ,· th· 'tat , who s rnb r of th L gisl e , vote fo th c 11 of t· conv n · on that p ed he or inance of ecession , or ho v volunt ry a , count nance , cons 1 ore cot em nt to persons e J n a o ho tility to the Unit tates , or vh o ce t or att mpt t ex rcjse the f cti ns of of ice , c vil or mil·t ry , und r y ut ority or retended o rnment author·ty , pow or constitut on , wit in the U t d 'tates , hostile or n ical the to , ex cept all persons ho aided reconstruct on b voting for this convention, or w o have c ntinuously advo cate th assembl n o th s convention an shall continuously an n ood faith advoc ue the acts of the sam ••• 187 185 J 1 of the Cons ti tional of - - - i , 3 . 186 Ibi 44 . . , • 187 Ibi P • 636 . . , • ..1. ve 271 I th tho clo e of t on th r nc, se s ct o , th ff rs o tre convent on cam to a clo e . The t ' c f nal sp ech of praise on "the unan · it o eel- 11 wh ch so pervad your body, 0 rang hollow n vie of the absence o h cons rvat ve dele 0 t s . 1 8 On the 114th d y of the convention , ay 18 , 1868 , the convention adjourn d . 189 Pr or to adjo nm nt , till ord n ce had b en pprov d prov i • Lng or the subm ss on o he constitutio to the elector 2 190 ion of fiv w s on une • comm p- po nt d to count th ., votes for all el cted o ficers nd to ssue ce t f cat s of elect · on . 191 This co ittee was also to sit w th ene 1 illem to WO k out some metho of fer • the constitution f or rati t on 1 2 • h r in C l asmu , as oth en r 1 G llem an the c nv ntion claime e r · t t o superint d t e com n e elect on , the for ointing to se t ion .1. ou , th la t clause of the act of 1· · arch 2 , 1867 , while the latter po nte to sect on • t o f the l 188 Journal of t' • - S lpl?_!_, P • 719 . 189 I bid., P • 719 . 190 Ibid ., P • 741 . 191 Ibi p . 745 . . , 1 2 Ibi 74 . , P • • 272 same act . 1 93 Th s c ommittee of j ve , wor i • in the st te build ng ' s off ices , re , t one t :I.me, set upon y mob 0 conservat ive wh t s th such prom n nt men as u d e cRae and X - P:OV 0 rnor • L. h r ey in the f ront ranks . Pi t els w r rawn an shot fi • how ver, no on w , njured an tho mob retired at th appro ch of e ral troops . 195 1 4 Conserv t ves throughout the st t un ted n comb t - t n the pro os constit ton . Th ex cut · ve c mm ttee of the Cont tut onal Unio n p ty , ult mately t o b com the D mocr t c part , a activ inf 0 h gainst th adopt - · on o f tha t nstrument . B. • H umph ys was nomin te as th conserv t v can · ate or gov rnor . umphreys , a orm r b r g er - en r 1 i n the ,onfe r cy , wr neverthe - 1 ss a man of un on s:vm at~ es . Oppose to -umphr es was l e s ton, f orrner r e i ent o f t const tut · onal c nven- tion . Conserv t ve s damne t e loyal lea es and appealed to the egroes : Con P • Fr ee There is 193 . , 2nd 7 · , see p 194 195 en o f ississ · ppi , lo ok before you l eap . n awful lf no ye arn ng befor you . House iscellaneous nts , _2. • 53 , 40th ess ., Condition of s • Mississippi , n in 3f£ nd page 368 i n ap 4 endix . I . , PP • 4- 5 . Ibi . , P • 5 . T vot you may c st n this elect on ma b e - c sive of your f te . If o bandon t peopl wt whom you have ever live n who now v e you to th r protect on for t f .ture , you cast your de - tiny wt an n my betwee w~ om and us t re is ete - nal war . Th s stem of plun e an robb ry they have inaugur ted by the r convention procee n s c n n v r be endorsed by ny people . Th ent re pr oducts of th e r 1 t ' ind.ustr t 1 oople n o t pport th urdensthey 1pose . tat andalj_ts n- terests w 11 w ther int 1~ han sand become ster e and denuded as the sands of 'a~ ra . 196 e or t eel ct·on , General Irw _ cow 11 r lac Gillem as commander oft e fourth military strict . Te el ct on took place sche uled on un 22; howev r, he res ,1lts were far ifferent t an ntic p ted or found in ny otl er outh rn st te . Of the 120 , 0 1 vo t s cast, ,231 were f or the constitution , and 63 , 860 against rt f ca- t on . 197 Th const tution lost by 7 , 629 votes . 198 lso , • B . ggleston r e eived ,2 0 vot s to 63 , 321 forte cons rvative umphr es . 199 Of f ve Con ess en e le cte , four were consarvatives . 200 The committee of five apooint - e y th convent on recounte t ballot and fin lly declared t 10 e l ctions in Co ah , Carr oll , h ckas w, 196 ,erican nnual C:yclopedia , 18 8 , VIII , P • 13 . 1 7 Ib d .' VII P • 515 . , 198 I) d • ' VIII , P • 515 . 199 Ibid . , VIII , p . 15 . 200 Ibi VIII , 515 . . , 274 e oto , Lafa ett , nl n and Yall ush count e null 201 and vo · d . ith those vote thro~n out , the constitu- tio d most o f th e blic n t c et was suppos 1 ap - proved by a majority of 3 , 380 votes . 202 :tviil. t y rule , owevar,, wa r - e t 1 she until Con gr s could pass on this s i tuation . lith the 40th Con s bout o a journ , , th · n- d ci v re ults int e entire roe din rs , and w th hree ifferent comrnLtt es at th n tion ' s c pitol , th recon- struction acts rem ine t e basis of government n • ss - sippi . The me tin of th 41st Con ss an th elect on of r nt as re ident id chan e this statics uat on . G r ant received perm.i.ssion t o or er an elect · on in issis - • • S lppi , h ch the constitution would gain be pr ent to the electo t wi t th f r anchise sections ' ein vote upon separ t ly . 203 On July 10 , 186 rant , or ere 204 elect on n th tate for Tu s , ov mber o. The election on that d te , by a vote of 105 , 203 to 9 4 , ov r - 1 whellningly approve the constit t on ; 205 however , the ~01 Cong ., 3d 202 House iscellan ous Docurn nt , ..:..£• 53 , 40th ess ., P • 5 . Ibid., p . • 203 erican 1 Cycloped a , 186 , IX , p . 45 . 204 Ibid . , IX, • 459 . zo 5 ]bid . , I , p . 4 O; al o , se struction in ississi2pi , p . 245 . arner, con- three dis r 'nch em nt clause almost a over h 1.m·n~. 206 r r ject d by a vote 27 Te epu 11 n rt , ho, ever , ri1 s swept i to of ice by t second lection . J . L. lcorn , t e e ublic nom nee for 0 overnor , ef t d Lou _s ent , the co serva- tiv can te by a vot o 76 , 14 to 8 , 133 , the former • • rece v n th vot s of fteen white count · es . 2 7 hortly aft r th newly conven d le g slatu assemblAd on J nuary 11, 1870 , the fourte nth amendment was oppos by a vot of 23 to in the J n te nd 87 o 6 n the ouse . 2 08 On Fe ruary 2 7 , the Pr i ent si ned the b 11 re drn tt state to ull r presentat on; thr e days later , m litary rul cea din the state . 209 ~ 1h reas in the t h r mil · tar str ct , proscrip- tion ran ed from no e at al. n eor a to a large de ree 1 b ma , th fourth military district t least showed unan mity in proposing re tr ct ons t h t would have dis - f r chised every white n the state t h th exce ption of t h e few wh t carpetbag ers or seal wags . rkansas , with 206 207 208 rner , econstruct · on in ~i sissi:ppi , Ibid., P • 246 . Ib i • , p • 271 • 209 Ibid . , p . 273- ~77 . • 24 • 276 a large h te population , a opte r strict on a h'rsh as tho e o li s ss , wher the egroe e e the dom nant f ctor . In both instances the const tut on was probably rejected; certa nly · none ther is no quest·on whatever . ere , in th ·ourth istr.1.ct , the lines of divs o of the po ulation are more easil viewed than in any other sec- t on, n one c n h v neit e praise nor con mnat · on or e th 1') m j or faction . 1 he hite , refusi any mann r to reco nize civ 1 or olit c 1 r · uhts o t e e lro cl ss , alien ted t h m and virtually threw them into the arms of a cl ss of men see in self adv cement . ew men inclinin toward the epublic n party co11ld sanction the rabid pro s er ptive measure a o ted to enf'orc the equality of the new en ranc ised f e dmen and y t console thei own on science w th ideas of un versal manhood suffr e . . s we approach the term nation of th study , cert in factor are be inning to pre·ent themselves, whlch upon evaluation in each state , and in each milita y distr ct , are the actors wh · ch d c ded t h e r in 1 tuy,n of eve ts and the di ferences in proscr · ptive polices adopted n each are • Let us , then, complete this stud, with the examination of af a r in the fifth mil tary istrict , the states of Lou s iana and '1 1 exas . CH T V ILIT I T I T--L UI 'I Lou i n and x , pe hap , ill tr te the two ex- t remes n the dis r anc isement controve sy as much as ississi p and or g a • Lou i a , th its y Ct of l ew Orle ns nd th h mes of ol established mili , look d fo war to its d _ post on a the hands 0 1 t e ort ern con u ors i th no little interest; on t other hand , v t uns t - , far r moved rom the nation 1 sc n , tle an tu.multous are of or n z ,,, outla ry , maraudin Indian , and bad ele nts , of en from the former Coned r cy pr ing upon the countr si e, wa not so much nt r - est in olit s s it as n e t 1 shing order out of ch os. In t h 1 r er tov sand citi , ol tics di play part i the 1 fe of the T x • ntic p tin the a ts , epublic n organizat ons aros in bot o th se states as ea 1 as 186 . Union lea . es spra g up in Lou · iana and Texas which were usu 1- ly supplemented by , or controlle by, members of the red - m n ' s Bureau . 1 t first the conservat ves could f , t back in unor g ize groups except for the conservat v 1 ~ee Charles 11 · Ramsdell , truction in Texas (le Yor , 1 10) , p . 55 ; also , see John ose F cklen , Histori .Q£ econstruction in _____ throu h 18 8 (Balt - mor, 1910), p . 111 . 278 w 1ic oun er cl so w h tes a nst newspa e th free n . 2 One re cent c n hi stor i has ctured t cons rvrt i es d form r 0 e rates s those 'who hav- n rece tl SU ed t h_, t d a po ntment of m 1 tary fe t , s e th elve on the r ck , aw itin r~ anot r turn 3 In Lou th e~ Orlean • di- 0 the screw • 0 ian rot C t early oppos tion to a u 1 n egro p rty , while t reject on o th ourt tD en en"c o ,e rua , 18 7 s ow d oppo J. t 0 to th ·ir s of t • 1 n J. onures ; an T as , t e formation of the Lo al U ion soc tio on ul 2 1 , 18 · , o g n ze "to vot fo no o h y cts of h_s own tr ed .o man for of ic ov rthrow ov r ent , but o su pot Un on m n al- wa s , n 4 fo esh dowe t he :)ro t of e e ubl can p rty there . Th ss e of the irst to acts o 1 tende to excit an alre aggravated s·tu tion n to establ pat lin s mar fir ly . In Lou sin , forn r n r ls Lon tr et and Beu e rd w e learned t e e ublican , c verts . a, almost in resignation , declared : 2 Rich r Talor , estruct · on and econstruct · on ( aw York , 187~, pp . 248- 24 . 3 Radical 4 Russ, "Registrat on econstruction , " p . 1 Rams ell , econstruction i fr chis erne t n er n Texas , p . 5 . 27 In my humble o inion w h ve but one o two th n s to do--res st or subm t ; the first s in dvisable , n our pa nfully e austed condit on . Four years o f a desperate w r h ":Je taught us that the "ar ent of the swor 11 c n no longer be resorted to by us to redr ss our c;rievances . Je must, therefo e , subm t ; but w th that calm d n t becom n our manhood and our lost independence . 5 so en r 1 eaure ard p ssed fro t picture , for s in the ca of LonLstreet , a man ho wold ~ ve up h s ls ev n in the face of defeat could no 1 · e lo g i lon ·er counsel those ho t le st fi at vely rem i ed e com at, nor could he be ful l y trusted b n w all .es . T stage, in fact, as bein se fo a new cas of char ct rs, not onl i Louisi na , but in 11 the outh . Co ented o e native tout ern r: co Her old ree of statv men has lar 6 ely passed a dur n - ands nee the civil war , and the few survivors are naturally dis rusted , as r esponsible for past er rors . umbers o her gen r fell n battle , and the men no 1 on the sta e were ouths t the ou bre of s tr fe . • . 6 On hl ch 19 , 1867, General hilip I . eridan took nd oft e fift milita district ; 7 and within two weeks t e process of reconstr1ction unde the acts began to take effect . 11 elections were to be cancelled until 5 Am rican nnual C clo edia, 1807, VII , P • 4 5 . 6 Taylor , estruction and e cons t ru c ~ ion , ) . 269 . - 7 dell, econstruct ·on in Texas , P • 149 . r gi ra t on in Louis an and Texa could be c m 1 28 ed · 8 , b y pril 20 , he dan was able to or r re g strat · on to be on May 1 nd to b e com ted b Jun ;70 , alth ou h th is d J dli e was la er e xte ded . 9 exper erced g r t difficult s her d , ho v v r , r · ndine suf c ent regs - tr rs or electio off cials who could take the ron clad oath . 10 eneral ffin , in co 1and o the su - i tr ct of Texas , ec l are , 11 I can ot find a sinule off c r hold- ing a post on unde ho e a tee d ... n s will ·u tify me n r · os in trust in him · a' s ist ng • e lS - r at n . ull Huh C 11 h CU OC , ecretar o h rea , abl sun i1ar zed t is s u ti n :_ connect on w • th revenue off cers ho were lso requ ed to take he iron clad 0 t l , t ting : 2n 2nd I 11 sat sfied that it wilJ e d f ic lt , ·r no ossible, to find compet t men at the 1 outh . who c qu fy under th statut ••• I the r o- gr e s of th r ell on , ver, fe ersons of char - ct e and i i t 11 r;ence . • • fa led . • • to part ci pa te in the hos lities , or to connect themselves with t he nsur~ent vernment . 12 8 enate xecutive ocume t , o . 14 , 40th Co g ., 241 . - 'ess., p . Ho ocument, 1 0 . 34 , 40th Con . , - ess ., 64 . 10 uss , " ee s at ion and isfr nchis eme nt Under adical econs truction, u p . 168. 11 12 • • • uoted i _ s_ t~---' I , 190 . Flem in[; , of econ - 281 s 1 e s u r:u s t 2 , , n the is tr i ct o f · e i Or 1 a s , or eorg • Forsyth w s fo ced o sue a o ce to elect on of ci als in h s dis r ct , statin : The s pervising o cers of th Bo rd of - str r s throu r out this 'ta e , and umber of Boards o g trars , also , havi st t d th t cannot a suf cient num r of per o s mo c _n qu lif comm ssion rs o elect on b takln o th pr es er in C rcul· r 1 1 0 . 5 , from these he dqu r ers , su perv s of c rs r e h e d rected to s 1 ct · var ous p ri he , where comm ss o er c n ot e found w ho can ualif b taki th s id oa , the ables men the- c n fin for the post.on of kno loyal rocl v ties 1h o a r re r star d oters ••• 13 By 1'v1 1 , 1867 the r g str rs ere full awar of the pr oser ptiv olic o Ge ral 'her dan , alt ou the commandi e 7' n ral h · self was ot too sur e o his gr ound a first . O n ril , rat had received a coed c her fro her d n ski which clas es wee d i fr ch ised . 1 4 The f ollowin e; day e r pl e : Your quest·o n , s to 1ho are neligible for re istrat on , vas submitted to the ttorne Gen ral . o ns 1er has be n received . Go on g vin~ your own nterpreta ion to the law unt~l s er ·s g ven . 15 ccordin to instruction issue on pr 1 10 , her dan 13 uss , " e g str tio an adical e construct on , n p . 168 . 14 ena te 'xe cut 2nd es . , p . 196 . 15 Ibid . , p . 196 • isfr ch ement Und r 282 st te : ndin United ch se d int st at may the ecision of e ttorney Gener 1 of ·t te s on the qu. t o to who are d - tho law , r ,r strars w 11 g ve the most pretat ·o n to th 1 wand e cl de rem n any p son about whose i ,ht to vote e a doubt . 16 t the same time , m oranda we e s n t to th r s rt on off cers, which wee about proser t ve as any offer d nth ot er outh rn tates . T cont over~ial me o- r an a proser bed t e follow g class s : 1 . ver er on w o has acte en t or or repr sentat ve . Un ted t t 2 . 11 who h v0 acted selector o · Pr c:, •aent or V ce - re ident . 3 . or n v ver p on who held any position in the a of th Un ted ' t tes . 4 . 11 per on who hel n po ition und r t_e Un ted · tates in w ich the w re r qu red to e an oat afore the y ntered u on the dut es of their office --such s off c rs oft Un ted t e co rt , United tates marsh 11s d deputies . 5 . 11 w o h ave been eove nor of the ~tate , y 'tate enator or Repr ; sentative , secretar of State , treasur r, and 11 officers provided for in the con s t tution of the 'tate , made in 1845 and 18 2 , includ ing judges of courts , justic s o p ace , clerks of co ts , and deputi s , sheriffs a nd eputies , constables and de uties , tax collectors , assessors , coroners , police ·urors , auct oneers , ilots , harbor masters , 16 .Senate - 1 xecut ve ocuments 1 o . 14 , 40th Con g., 2nd ess ., • 242; also see House tiv ocurnents , --2. • 242 , 40th Cong . , 2nd ~ess ., -n~ E _ l_ e _c _t _i_o_n_s_i--the ~out ern t tes ," p . 37 ; also , see uss, 'Con sio al D sfran- ch s ement," p . 242 . 28 recor ers o conveya ce and mor ges , _ ar · h r co - ers , not res publ c , and 11 co ssioned of icers in t he tate milt a ; ever pr who as acted as m yor of city, trea urer , comptroller , recor e , lderman , ssis tant ld rma , ssesso , t x collector, adm r t tor of th charl t hospital , a men1b of the bo rd of health , a com i _o er of elect o ad h s clerks , chef o _ol c , lieuten t of oli , and 11 who have serve on the police fore ; wa d a d under- rdens of the arish pr son e.n ork house , board o school di ector , city su eons and de ut e , street co us oner an deput s , · ty attor y n st 1t atto ney , u · t e t o publ c schools, ·nspectors of tobacco , flou , ef n ork , nd ts me sure , 1 gers of asylums fo th de unf and bl n , :1 se to s o cem tar es . 11 who 1862 1 d 1 ·4 re ster h mselv s s alien , or ho ob tair e protection papers from the repre entat · v s of f'oreign powers . ny rson who , at ny tine , h ld a y of the b ove offices , n:1 who fterwar s engaged rebell o a st the Un ted tates , or ve ad and comfort o the en s ere - of , s disqualified fro vot n . 17 ccompa y n th s m mo nda was series of que tons to be ske of 11 who ou t to e g ster . T se que, io e to a s cert n f the appl ant itt d nto ny oft e cate gories listed above . 18 Former provisio al overno J . • Thro ,kmor on of Tex re porte tha n one istrict lawyers, on account of the lr oaths of at torn ys , h ve been refused registration . The most im rtine t ques tions ve been sked of others-- to whicn party the s pathiz d · t d n ,} t_e war,--if they wou d su port the pres nt and futur las of Con ess ,--if they tinkle roes their equal , etc .; nd f the an swers were not in accor ance with the not · ns o f 17 House xecut . ve ocuments, ·o . 2 1 , 40th on g., 2nd ,ess ., p . 31 . 18 Ibid, . , p . 37 . 284 lo al y of th se petty scoundrels , the parti s were refused regi tration . 19 Upon r qu st of /ne Preui e11t , neral Jh i d n x - ten ed r egistr ton i Lou sia a to the end of July. 20 In Tex s , r, g str tion took somewhat lon ger · much as counti s wer lar er and the popul tion spread out over a w_d r e • rJit th d cision of th ttorne ne1 1 , r d c 1 news apers mourned that this inter retation , "if carried ·nto op rt on , will subvert the law and o n the flo od gates for disloyalty . 0 21 The ew Orleans Cre s cent , how ver, was jubilant , stating : The vexatious system of interrogation will be abandoned, and the registrars will confine themselves strictly tot eir le gitimate dut of administering the oat to the appl · cant an:1 causin c his name to be inscri ed on the list o voters . 22 fu le t e epu 1 c ns sou -ht to r gister as m y of their members as possible , opi ion amon 0 the conservatives r need from a desire to abstain altogether fr om t _e com n~ contest or to re gister in order to fi ght t he approaching election for the convent ons . The positio of those in this latter 2nd 19 20 ess ., 21 22 Rams dell, econstruction in Texas, p . 193 . venate 1 xecutive PP • 20 - 7 . o . 14 , 40tr: Co uss , t Congressional i franch sement , 0 p . 68 . lb id ., p . 8 . 2 5 group was aggrava .,e st 11 furt1e ' whe ' t 0 h th ar trary p ow r o f t e r g str rs , t h e y were ed r e tra- tion·. 23 Thus the T 0Y Orle ns Times, n an art cle title 11 The e g stration ' ·1indle , fl declar d : Th d sgr ceful e bit of the utter tr 1 n s upon 11 law, right an d c., ncy , known s the r gis tration in th s cit , is still cont u ed . or than a half of the whi t e cit zen fully qual ed under the law ar t rn d away , wh le ever e g o who ap plies is immediately acce ted and r e ist red . at urali zed c zens ar not only equ · ed to produce their papers , bu t to le ve them with the re eistrars , with ad prospect of ever 6 tt · n 8 than b c . ld citizens who have 1 ved here a qua ter of a centur , and vho nay ndiv du.all mor e t es than the whole radical party i n the 1 tate pay collect vely , are turned away be caus e they h ve b en a some r mote perio of t heir lives school a ·rectors or aldermen under t h cit government , and a r e suspected of havin g s path ised w th the rebellion .24 Those conserv tives seekin g to gain the su ort o th e groes were r idicule b the e ublican papers . On p 11 17 , l ew Orleans Tribune rote : It is cert inlJ r eat trium h f or us to se prou pl nters haug4 t hevali r s , humili -ing them selve s to the point of flattering their former slaves ad crouch ng to their feet . The deeper they b ow , the more t heir detestat on and de re for r evenge are growin g in their bosoms . 25 nother ew Orleans newspaper 1 , th 23 eri can nnual Cyc l opedia , 1 867 , VII , p . 4 8 . 24 Ib d ., VI I , P • 458 . 25 uot in ~icklen , e constru ction in Lou i s ana , p . 189 . - 286 arous conservatives to re ist r n vote t the a pro c - in election . In n rt cle , on pril 21 , e titl " ot , to e ist ran Vot Picayun declare : s to Vote gainst the outtt , 11 the Under ord nary c rcumstances you m ht consult your sense o the tness of en to vote w th and decl n to vote w th such as you dee dun t . But this is a mom nt of peril to your wive , your children , our s st rs , and to those n who re disfr nch sed b Con ss ; nd if you shr nk rom voti g now , you commit their future ,--wh ch tley cannot , but you might , control--t o those hods re to trampl~ all th ir feel n s , aspirat ons , hopes , interests, t~ ir ever thin , in , ort, nto t1 v ry dust . If you wish , to set ose who you profess to lov~ to char h , an to honor bereft of all hoe , nd the retched and hop less objects of nsult ana o r ession refuse to re g ster , deprivins yourself of a vote n let your tat fall into ali n hands ••• Not to register nd not to vote is a vote ga nst the outh .2 6 In Tex s en ral r ffin st ed that the conservat ve 1Vere as much incensed as were the co servative wh te n Louisiana. Th ir pol c , he declared , was to "rul or ruin . 1127 In Johnson , r exas , u e a. l dwell , whose meet · n s there had be n broken u b cons rvatives, st ted , " o r an u t must cure o nson m n will be tol,rated here ••• he 2 8 ongress and damn the ni ger . ' The radicals, desiring an needin th Je o votes to remain in the 2nd 2nd 26 27 'ess ., 28 ess ., - :q,nJJ.aJ. 8 ecytive ycloped;L . , ocwent , ...... ~, VII , P • 458 . p . • cellaneous ocume ts , irs in Texas , 1 ' p . 3 . li, 40th on ., .....Q. • 57 , 40th 0 g., politi al f eld , loudly procl i ed for ego suffrage . Th rad cal Orle epublican declared : Con s for 11s , w would r thor see noth ..... r war , an other revolution , had r ther s e ev ry rebel f rom the Potomac to the Gulf proscr ·bed , d sfr nch· sed , the r prop rt con scatJd, a eve y mother ' s son of them stri . ped nak d an s nt out into the world as they we born than t er ght of suf rage taken aw from the loyal people of the outh .29 v t ves , how v r , pointed out that e ro suf r e as b in 0 forced upon them ; t ey furth r indicated that th orthe n stat o Ohio , n a n , innesota h d 87 overwh lmin ly ef ate the que ·t on of e r suf rage ; 30 y t the epresent tives and e a tors 01 these st t s , d other orth rn st tes , had no scruples hatever in o c n ro su ra e upon the peo 1 of the outh . LUI I By the end of Jul re gistration • Louisi na had in been compl t with a total of 127 , 63 re istered voters whom 44 , 7,..,.2 w r hite and 82 , 907 e ro . 31 The wh tes hel m or ties in onl ten par shes . In eci 1 Orders 29 Fickl , econstruct on in Lou _si na , p . 195 . 30 p . 175 . Russ , "The e ro and 31 House ess. , pp . 16 ____ , 1 67 , VII, , • 4ol . ite isfr nch sement , " o . ~42 , 40th Cong ., Annual yclo- of 8 o . 171 ssued on u : u t 17 , 1867 , to be held i tho st t of Lou_ sin electi n s or red ept mbo 27 ; ninet y- e t dele · t~s to t he propo ed conv ntio to be 32 lv Ct e d . t t e s a.ra • B g nnir:. fou t n ,, ys pr or to th el ct on , and continuin < for fiv a th~ re gistration 1 t s in con form t to tho ct o July 19th . 33 Imme ately b o e the elect ion , t h lists sho ied a new tot 1 of 4 re gis t r voters ; 4 , 218 wh t and 84 , 4r o . 4 O n October 21 , ener 1 Jos h • Tu ow r , . Gen 111 Ord 1 0 . 16' annou cecl t t th el ction • Lou · s , l n h re , carr d th question of hold n(> the conv ntion • the in 3 affirm tiv total of 7 , 174 votes cast 7 , 08 • we , n avor o the convent o an 4 , 006 a ainst . 36 o if e - ent tion was ma e in r ecording th vote of h tes and le gro s ; there~or , it is impossible to determine the 32 House fx cut ive ___ e_n_i , l o . 342 , 40th Con ., 2nd es ., p . 171 ; al o see erican nnu· 1 CycloRed · a , 1867 , VI I , P • 461 . 2nd 33 House 1 xecut e Documents , ~ o • 42 , 40th Cong ., - e s s ., P • 171 . 34 cP~erson , anual for 18 8 , 114 . p . 2nd 35 House Exe cut nts , o . 342 , 40th Con - . , ess ., P • 174 . 36 I i d ., n . 174 . 289 nub r of whites vot g i f vor of th ~onve.tio . If , owever , the e _ roes oll d muc o t ir s ength s poss ·ble , the umber of whit vo es c uld not e mor tha m re handful . In m ny i st nces th le ro ct · ct t now t e urpo e of th e ec o or ili t w ~ to be o e wi h the ballo t n slots v n to him . e roes epos e t b llots th ost office n el· where . "Z. 7 One egro a·ked o h s o er aste , "Lor rs ' r l do for Lord ' s s et 11 rr. \ht d ... re ' s all abo tt3 • t r ng that the el ctio was to a d • utt the state b ck n n - • nto the Unio the ,. 6 ro epl ed , " Lor bles ou , m rs 'r 1 , I 1 se m git t 1 d to n ' erst ' it · I 1 s he on .,. D .L ,. r , n t is ere is trick now that knows V at he's up ter •" or w th s an isola ed inst nee . n i e , ro s , not assoc a ed wit _ th of the pur ose o o lea he ballo . s , wer tot 11 · un N r O f the nin ty- ei t delegat s electe , two er conservativ , fort r- sev R ublican vh tes , and orty- 9 n i e e e;r o e s • 4 Th mo e promin t radic 1 rrember of the 37 John illiam e For. t , Union orr · cer n the _ R _______ t_i_ )n_ , ed . th an ntroduct or- b J . H. Croushore a otter ( ew Have , 1948) , p . 126 . 38 I id., p . 126 . 39 Ibi • , P • 126 . 40 Fickl , econstructi n in • 193 . 290 convent on includ d • • ckliffe , orme e . tor of anti-abolit on n wspap r , the ulatto P . • • · nchbac , • H . Coo le nd • F . Taliafero • On 1 ove .Lber , 1867 , the cove 1t o assembl d at ew Orle s . ' v nty- ei · t m mb rs an w red th first roll C 11 . 41 The seco da ten n1or le gat arri ,,; , • . • J . G. T 1 fero 0 taho 1 wa elec d e1 t pr l - de o f t • the t h rd b llot • • • lt s e co ven ion on l l C di no - ar · s on the p o c, cri tive question nt 1 t e ourtr Y, w en • [ . ckl of r le ns pro osed : fu en1 es of the r dical rt n Lou is ana h ve succee ed bu t too well i n fl the . · ces of the white le nst th colo ed p e JU 0 a ~r u of our Jtate , n against all r cal e u 1 cans 41 1 Journal of the Proce d of the Co - ----- - or Fram n ' Co st tutio for the tat - o Loui - ---- ----- - ~--------- -- - - --- -- w rlean' , 18 8 , • ~ ; d le cates pre ent were : P . F . V lfroi , "!\, ilton r.orri.s , O. fi . li e pst...,ad , P . oi t - exter , -:":'I . :ld ards , L . Pr a coi , • ·n • ~ r;an , F . L e:;e , :- • H . Cooley , ,' . onnefoi , 1 • 1'lyers , J . H. In r a , •• ntoine , . Bernard , olnL c h , T oma • arris on , J . F . ali fero , ill am • Iea ows , James - . ander s , J . B . L J j , J . B . nide r , ewsharn, • Lewis , John Gair , H . v ill ams , ) • G. Deslonde , ill am Brown , homa s v. l jart n , •• Ga · r, • chwa , • H . Re se , ·1 · 11iam u irell , iard, . · lli m Butler , G. rt , • ggs , Thomas Lero , ~- rt . ~ e tand , Ch rl s 'mit 1 , • , , lson , • • Isabelle , • Moses , . Jones , illi am • r ne , • Bon- sei gneur , Thom s · abell , • odr · guez , • elden • i ckl if f e , • I • Cr 01n e 11 , • B • • in ch back , 1-i' • • T nchant , C . B . I . plessis , D . 01 g lc..s , • Berto neau , • • C . B 1 din , J . . 1 { ass icot , • B . acl,. rd , L . Gu - , chard , Ch rles • 'J.1h .baut , orge • Dear n , • Y. elso , S . C n y , n s Burrell, • eslonde, P . Harper , J •• Oliver , • Underwood , eor ge • J cks on , J . B . Va derg iff , , . L . r , J . . . s n d , _ • 1 la r ie , U • p rt • 291 on ccou t of the . r co ct n w h th t party a -- t e eas, . t i the true n e 0 t color d race d the rue policy o .... the lie adic 1 part , and their true nd honest .. r to diss ate th s unfounded prejud b course of str ct • ce JUS - tice and honor , a d b us 6 ever endeavor to re - serv peace and order · t herefore-- solve , th th elega es _. o thi onve as t he d rect ad le ~al representativ of the d - cal e u· 1 can party , and as the tr fr nd · of th c olor d r ce , do h reb - utter• re udi te all esire for class leg slatio , n all des re o f le nize the t t o Lo s_ana , an th t we do not s a people or pnrty , es re or med t t ..., , or w 111 e count nance bloods e or r ve ge .-- esolve , that all we cla is equ li y before t 1e la for 11 n1en ~i thout di t_,_ ict on o 1- r ce or color or previous cond ton , ands all ende'vor o cure t his reat consi era ion of 11 ·u t men , a to ·n augur te a systern o f ov r ent th t w 11 secu e th ·reat pol tical, iv 1 , soci 1 and in ustr 1 cl- fare . • • esolv , that while e o no x ct au t else from rebe l sh ets but misr pres n tion , ale - hood and c lum , and ar fully aware t hat t e senti ment uttered b those de picable hireling she ts , are not entertained b th . honor bl portion of the outh ern people , we most solemnl prate t agai t 11 sue unauthorized and da 0 erous ent .m nts, viev s and r poses . 42 The furthera ce of the interests 01- , e e u, lien pa ty nd is ran chise~ent of the forme onf der tes ent had in had . OU a a, unlike the other states of the outh , readily a.m · tte the party urposes in the cont tut:onal 42 Off cial Journ 1 of the Const ·tutional ton of Lou siana , pp . 8- 9 . - conve tion . romvell of rlea s r esolved : Th t ~e , t h r pr entat·ves of he loy of Lou s ana , convertion a enbled , are t o t he lmie1ty G o for the succes of the e u lican p rty in th · s ··t ate ••• eo 1 11kful ic 1 e olved , trolled an t - · 0 f that th s 't te sh 11 be gov erne , con - ir ct .d y those who s rv d is rll , d seek to pre eve h fr endly ands from fo s . 2 2 olve , that rebe l l. on ~ isf nc ement and tt pts to overthrow our ove r n , to s cure e ro 1 very is tr ason bl exp tr . tion ; and we o e t he act oft thi ty- n ·nt1 d fort et , will recon ·r1c Loui pon t he sis o t e construct:i..o ill . e olv , t t re fr en 1 to uni ers 1 lib r ty , but no u iver a l amn ·ty: but the continu nee o disfr nch · ement of all Con gr s has an 11 o hes w- my th nk neces - sar, fo t h sf o ou comma co ntry , nd the f r ee o of the e ·ro race . 43 Throu e; out th cour se o convent·on , r solutio s ro - franchlsen1 n w 1 ~ continua uly fer e to e Committee on en r al revisions , wh ch was t o re ort a sec - tion on t h f r ch se . Ingr aham of Cadde , on Dece r 2 , pro osed a franchises ction wh ch would h ve pro crib e .Lrom re gister in}; , votin or holdin o ffice : 1. T ose w o , dur~n ~ the l ate re el · on , inflicted or caused to be infl ted , any cruel or unusu 1 punishment u on ny soli er , sailor , m arine , em loyee , or citizen of the Unite tate , or who in an other way violated t h rules of civilized warfare . 2 . ' 11 member·s of the s a - called O cession Con vention" of 186 1 h o voted fo r the secession of this 43 Off i c al ournal o t e Constitutio al Conven- - tion of Louis · ana , p . 1 • 2 3 1 t te f on thJ Union . 3 . o e who r o may be i f r' chise by the pro osed Co ct tution 1 dme k ow a t e 14th art cl an t e act o esp sse r ch 2 , 187 , and all su pl~mentary act hereto , exce t such ash ve d d the la of r e co st 1ct on r o osed by on e~ d accepted the polit c 1 qu 1 ty of all men th l a w, ov ded , th t the ner 1 ssem ly sh 11 have ow r by a two - th rds vote to emove the dis b . lity in curred under tl ~ l'st clause . 4 . Those who h ve been conv cted of t r e on , em ezzlement of public funs , malfeas a ce in of ice , er · e un sable la · th prisomn t n the ne - te t r or r • -o i iot o · ns n rson s 11 be permitted to r egister or vote in th s ~ 1 t t . 44 Ingr aham also pro ose n oath for ap l icants seeking to r i te , w o 10 1 h ve had to swear : I __ , o olemnl · s r (or aff rm) , hat I will support an maint i th Constitu tion an lav o~ the U ited -, t es nd o the t te of Louisl na . Th I am ot i fr·nchised or excluded from regi ter gi n any of th clauses n section woo th · s art~cle , ad t . t I ill n ver countena ce or a in the sece - sion of th s 'tate from the un · ted 't•tes , th u I c cep the civil and pol t ical equal ty of all me and agree not to attempt to depr ive any erson or arsons on account of rac r-, , color or previo s condition of any politic 1 or civ 1 right , priv le ge or · nity en joyed b any oth r class of men , an furthermore th t I will not i a y wa injure or coun ·enance in others any attempt to in ·ure ny person or persons on ac count of past or resent support of the Government o the United \tates o th prin i 1, oft e political or civil e uality of all me or affiliation th any utional Conven- 2 4 pol tic 1 party . 1 d 45 o e p me o . ewsh m of est Felic na sou[;ht to h ve all of cers of prov son 1 government removed , wh · 1e • • e lon e of Iberville pro osed to d sfr chi e only tho e w i whom "th pow oft ' t te c nno be a 1 tru t n their hand • 046 /ilson of Orlea des re un versal-man- hood suf r age , xcept "such as ave b e d sfranc or rt cl)·tir t.., n t er bell on or c·v 1 w _ ai e U ited tes overnments • • 0 47 • On on a , ecember 1 , the sevente nth d of the ' convent on, t e report of the ma·o i of the Committee on General revisions w s resented on the floo of the con vent o • rihe pro osed article r e d : rti le 1 . -'ve_ m le erson of th age of twe t one years or u wards , except 0 , pe ons nd r nte 1 d tion and th se dis ·~ nhi d by t is Con titu t on , who shall ea ci zen of the United · ~a es , n who all h ·,ve been a inh 1 ita o t ... is 'tate o e year next prece · i ,,. an elect on, nd th last six onths with n t e p rish n whicr he offers to vote , shall be dee 1ed a elector . ter t e fr t of Janu- ary , 1872 , no one shall be ntitle to vote in this t te un l e she can rad and write ; rovi ed , th t no p r·son sh 1 be deprived o th rt t to vote who sh 11 be entitled to vote for or aga nst t er tificat on of this constitution . o elector shall be p rmitt d to 45 ti \. 1 n of Lou s iana , ournal of the onstitutional Conven • 21 . 46 47 Ib d ., p . 24 . p . 48 . vote at any lection taxes due by h tot to vo te . o h 11 not h ve ' t t t th t im 2 h the e offer s rt cl 2 . Th follo ng p rsons sh 11 b e ohi i t d f om voti g or f rom holdi any of ce o h ono , tr ,tor rof· t in thi s 't te , to wit : all p r ons , wh o h 11 h ve been convi cted of tr, son , per jury, or- er y , br er , or ot crime un shable by imprison- ment at h rd labor ; al_ upers an p r sons unde in- terdiction and all lea ers or officers of guer lla ban 'durin ) th late war or r be11 · on . The f ollow- n g person are prohi t..., fr om vot ·_ng or l:'101 i g any office of hono , tru tor profi t in this t te , unt 1 fter t he f i ·st of J anu ry , 1878, to wit : 11 er ons , o , before th f rst o June , 1861 , ' el the of ice 0 i Ce re s id en t , r , Cr ., tar y of . t e , , e C e ta 0 r , ' ere t r of th'3 Inter•i , ere -a y of th Tre y , o tater · ne · 1 , or ttorn y General of t e ted t tes , diplomatic ents of t e United t t , riem es of on ~ress, judge of the u r me Court, Circu tan District Court of th nited t tes , commissione off · ce of th a yo n vy of t he Un ted tates, governo s an li u tena t - gov r nors of t h s t te o of oth r ' t tes , t te enators , Jud ges of the 'upr .. e an st ict Courts of thi tat , and Jud s e s of th ourts o 1 t resor~ i n o her 't te , an who ap rov or encouraged the ecess on o this tate or any oth r tate efore the f . rst day of Jun , 1861, nd n1em rs of the seces s on co nventions who voted for or si gned t e ordinance of sece s· on . rticle 3 . embe oft e neral s ~ mbly and a l l other officers , before the .,. enter upon the dut es of their offices sh 11 t ke t he fo l l o in8 o th or affirm tion : •r, (J . B . ) do solem 1 s wear (or af f irm) th t I will support t he Constitut on and lavs of t e Untte ·tates , nd the Constitution an 1 ws of ._ i ,tat , and th t I w 11 faithfully ad impartial ly i s ch rge and per~o mall the dut i s incumben on me a __ , accordi g to the best of my ab lity and underst in r . o help me Go • 48 48 ial Jo of th ,., utional Conven- tion.£_ Louisi a, PP • • 29 This r eport of the ma·orlty ass e ned T . • C for , ch irman , • • o.ke , Ch rl L ro , • H. Cool y , d J . T . u de l ing . 4 Crawford , at th conclusi c o the re - port , stated that the resolutions o f romw 11 , ilson, passeau , L ro and I n rah ' a been cons er d m- bode 0 in the r eport . Cron well an • G. a m nor t r e ort si ·ned by • I . r followed . Th s r ort , mak · the one of them ·or ty pp ar almost liberal , read : embers of th en r 1 ssembly, and all officer 0 , e ore th nt upon the dutie o t h r o ce , s hall ta e t e f ollowing o th or a f f'irmation : "I do solemnl swe r (or affirm) th t I h· ve ever volun t rily borne arms g a nst the Unit d t tes s ce I h ve been a cit · z n t ere of ; th t I h·ve giv no voluntary aid , coun enance , counsel , or encou r a ge - m n t to persons eng ged in a r med hostility th reto ; that I h ve n ver sought nor accepted , nor at empted to exercis t h e fu1 ctions o ny office ~at ver ; under a1y uthor t or pretend authorlty , in ho - t lit y to th United t ts ; I h v e not yielded a voluntary supuort t any prete de ~ g vernment , authority, o er or consti t u on · thin t e n ted t tes , hostile or inimica l the eto , nd did ot · 11- fully de· rt f om the mili t r or naval s ervice of the United ta s , or 1 ve thi tate to vo d the draft dur n g th rebellion ; th t I will su pot the on stitutio and laws of th United State , nd of th s 'tate , and that T will f ithful l y and impartially dis ch r ge and perf orm all th du t incum ent on me as __ , acco di g to the best of my abil t es ad unde r sta d_n~ . o he l p m ~ od.' rticle 1 . over ent is instituted for the secur ity, benefit , and protection o f the p opl, in whom 49 Offic al Journal of the ana l Conven- tion of Louisian, p . 69 . 0 lb d . , p . 70 . 2 7 all political pov r s inh rent , together wit th ri t to alt r, modify or reform sue government whe - ever th publ. c good my require t . rt cle 2. Nop rson a c izen of th s 't te h 11 e d sfranc ed ut th fol low n 0 class pe son0 : First . P ho , d r·ng t 1 te rebell o , n - fl t or u e to be: fl ted , · ny c 1 or un- usual puniuhm nt upon any o~di rs , lo s , m r n s , mplo so t zens of t1e nited te or who n any other w y volt d the .rules of ze war- fare • cond . o sold r , s ilor , or m r n in t e milit ry or n· v 1 r ice of t nit 'ta t s shall h reaft r c uire a r ldence by r on of bein J st t oned on dut in thi tate . Thi.r • 11 p rsons who si cne the or · nan of secess:on . ourt • Those who be disquali ie rom holdi O o ·fice by the propose am met o th Const tu ·on of the Unit t tes , on ~ th 14th rt le . Fit . n those who hav b en s u 1 i d from registe n · to vote for delegat to mae a Constitution or the t te of Lo1i~ ana , u er t e ct of Con ress top ov ·or the mo ffic: nt overnment of the rebel st tvs , p ss r by o ·ress, arch 2, 1867 , and t e ts sup le m nt-r ther to , e~c t such persons ash ve accepted t e public q ali y , political nnd civ 1 ights an priv · 1e es of 11 p rsons J thout e to the pr vious ondition o servitud , o r ce, an h ve r.:::: 1 a e int e r econst u tion proposed b Con s . The rainor ty r r adin : 0 t lso prop s e an ' , a 1.,n o e l e tors , 11 I o ol nml swear (or ffi m) th t I will sup port n ncinta · n the onstitution an las of the Unit d St tes , · n t ~e on titu on and a1s of the t t o oui i na ; th t I am note elude rom r ~ gi to in 6 by any claus , se ction r n ticle · n the Con ti t t ion o this -. ta t ; t o. t I , i 11 e v 1 co .n - t nan e or aid t e s io o th· s · tu. te f rorn th Unit ·tats · that I c t th p blic , pol t cal 51 Of icial Journ 1 of th Const t tional Convon- - -- ------··--- ---- ton of Lo 1is !an _ , pp . 71- 72 . co 298 or civ 1 equ lit of 11 en , an a ~ re not to tt mpt to d p v .ny person or erson on c n of ra e , colo or pr vious cond · tion o p lit c 1 or civ 1 r uht nd pu b l · 1 s so un t es e jo e b any cl s of rnen · , furt. rmo !'\ , that I 11 not n a y n jure or cou t na ce n others , any at - tenpt to in ·ur ny rson, or o on c ou of pa~t o p t ~ uppo to t en oft e nit d t t ..., d l· JS of t 1 Unit ta tes , n t e prlncipl o Jubl c , polit 1 n qu l .ty of all men . 0 2 h numb xcl ded ro offic w s ev n 0 r e t ; th ect o of th m no tty re o t rov ed t : v r rso hall b i qualif oh bi e from hol i ny of · c of tru...,t or n n this 't t , and sh 11 be exclud ·rom th r· ht o suf- r g , wh s all h ve bee civ· l or dl lorn t c of i - ce ~ s or ants of th onf d tates of ic , or v_ o have 1 ft ju c i 1 st ti. ns un th Unit d t ts o th ' t -te o Lou · na to aid in the re llion a g n~t the uthor ty of th Unit d ~t t w, or ,ho sh 11 h ve le ft t or n of the Unit d ' t ts and ·01n the o er te o army or all of i r , cat is and , ov a of c-pt in the rm , nd 11 lieutJn nts or ove 0h r n o li ut n nts in the navy ; 11 wh lefts at in th n ..Lt ..,d 1 Congre ... s to aid n r b 11 on or persons v o b n ng ~ int e ti G, ot rwi a tan 1 J ull ri on s w r , e son foun n th Unit 'tat s vice s o fi e s , soldi rs , e n , 01 ~n any other ap cit s , or p rsons ho e offi eu un the overnment of the Cone er ate ta o t h purpo e of id i n c r bell on , shall be eni , t 1 el ctiv fr nc iso in t. i t t e for· th i 1 · - time . 3 Be • • i n n r, r 2 ·, 1867 thv conv ~ntion met i C m ttee of the whole to pass u on th several sections 52 Of tion o Lol is 1 of the Constitutional Conv ------- - - I b d ., p . 72 . of 0 conut tu on . n Januar 7 , 1 8 , :tile cons - n c; the ranchi ection , • I . Crom 11 pro osed that . b who " hall ve ta n an o-th to P r ons lS r n supp ort ,. d nd the gover nt an t1e ons itution of t so - called Co te 't t of er C u r::; 4 uch • • • person o ft r J e o w e not to allowe to vote unt 1 r 1 , 1878 . 5 This as e .itte to 1 OV r • O J nuary 22 , Cool,y mov d to meet in cormnitte oft e hol to consi " p ovis ons ~i th fer nc to di frun- chisement ;n and sho tl th r aft r the n nety- seventh rt le of the const tion ~as ado t • 6 Tis ha been the ir t sec on of them nori rticle 97 , a ado te , read : re ort on he fr chise . v r T rnale person of the a e of twent - one or up war v , bor n or n - t1 al z in the Uni d tat~s an subject to the juris iction thereof , a a renident of thi tat on ye r next pr c inB an election, and the las sixty d ys ithin t e ar · h in wh "ch he offer to v ote , h 11 be med an lee or , except t ho e -isfr chised by tis Const tution , 1d pr s onu un e: int r i tion . 57 In c onside inL th fr chise cl use , ac{ard rn ved to sub - stit1t t a ct on more r str ctiv , reading : 5 4 Official Journal of tion Louis . an - 0 1 , P • 139 . - the vonstitutio al Conven- 55 I d •' t) • 1 • ... 56 Ib P • 174 . . , 7 Ib . , • 71 • 00 The followin u per on hall e proh bi d rom votin~ o fr m ol in 0 an offic e of honor , trust or profit n t s t te , to wit : 11 p son oh v · g pr eviousl t ken an o t · m mb o Co b or as an offic of the Unit d 'tat or of any te L gisl tur , o a an e ecutlv or jud ci 1 off c r of ny 'tat , o support the Con t ·tut on oft Un d tat~ ~ , h 11 h ve nga din n ur ction or r bellion gain t t e same , o giv n or com ort t o the on m · es t ereof . T e wor s "executiv n jud c 1 officer" shall e h ld o in 1 all 't - t , parish nd mun p 1 off ce provi b l a ••• 11 1 a rs o officers o ril_a b nd du r in th lat w r or r bell on . ho'"" e 1ho u n J the rebe 11 · n.f l ct or caus t o be · n licte ny cru 1 or nu ual punt hm nt upon ny s ol i r , s , m rin , e plo or cit · z n o t he Unit 't te s , or who in n ot er a volt the n 1l s of iv_ · 1 ze w rf r • l\ ember of the or si e the Or General ssembl- , remove such di 'e e sion Convcnt · on who vot d or na ce of 'cess_on ; Provi d , the by 5 io - thir vote of each Rouse , 1 t • To w h ch ooley mov d to mend by ad n g : The f ollowing person onl shall e exclu from the exerc · se o the el ct _ve r ch e in the t te , viz : The Pr s de tan V ce - pre ident of the 1 te so called onfe r ate tat v, mmbe s of the c inet , of the on res , an diplom, tic a 0 t oft e sa so ca l led Conf der t ' tat u; Gov rnors o the sev r 1 1 tat s l· t ly in reb 11 on; all who w re e ducat at th ex ens J of the un · t d ·tat ., , e ther at t ilit r or aval cadem , nd s b Jqu ntly a de ass ste to reb 11 · on ; and 11 off cers o f the e and 1y of th late so- call d Coned rat rmy , above th r·r a e of Bri 0 adier eneral . 11 thos who may be adju d guilty of tr son , bri r v , or 6 e r an such other c1~ im s s , unde1 t laws o the Stat is pun- is abl b imp isonment t hard labor in 1 t t 58 O f icial Journ 1 tion of Louisi na , p . 176 . p net t . 59 l 1ary. 01 n p; con er ton of the u st tut t am n en , t convent on d ·ou n d or th day . On the ollow·ng y , m t mov to insert " r ster d enemies " mong th li t of d r an h · e d • O 1 · e s , too , o re a subst - tut 1 r to t o e viously fer d ; ·1 ve n ' m pr 0 0 , sh m WO ld h V al 0 ros er · b d per ons " 0 fused t ac pt t e p · vile 0 s nt b sai ct (Recon true- t on cts ), or r ister h ms 1 an en m 0 t e u i tvd 't u62 This en m nt , h ch wa directed • a nst tho who r • ter d but di not vot t' led . l , w Ont follo Ji d Y, Crom 11 s OU[;h t to hav tho e er- sons who we d.s r nchi ed by th ct of Con e s an pe on .ho a ta nan 0 th of lle 5i· ce to th Con - fe er cy clar aliens . 63 Thi too a lai ov un er t rules . t lencth , Cool y ' amendm nt to the substi- tut offere b -- 1· ckliffe ✓ s a opte by a vot of 34 o 3 • 6 4 The section of ere y lie liffe , however , lot 59 Offic al Jo nal of the Const Co tion of Lo • s · ana , 176 . p . - 60 Ibid ., p . 177 . 1 Ib d •, 177 . • 2 Ibid . , p . 177 . 63 Ibi 17 . , • • 64 Ib d .' p . 179 . 302 by vot of z to 40 . 65 Pack rd ' s u st tute s imi- 1 rly . cted by vote of 1 to 48 . 6 cI\1 llen th n move to a d o the 9 th article of th m jority r ort vote o 0 3 67 Thu n th s w finally passe by • t w the dis1r nch s em nt sect on of th m jorit r ort t at wa ,., ultim t ly ado ted . w tten a prov 1 of t nt on' ct ion · n the • n 1 • Th tat conv w s n re JOU s m nt , s i ned b John T . Lude 1 n G, Joh • arr tt, Thomas P. Jo Lynch, . Cool Jo n B . r gr ff rr son , n • • , n an nry ull stat d , tt vote for the 6th • , articl bee us beli v t • the most lib 1 ropo • w is r l. - tion th s ' Co vention VI 11 favor . I pr fer univ rs 1 mn t " 8 eadows ad ed , I do her by vote for disfr • - ch se nt because t behooves us as a epublic people to r t · f t e works of Con r es 0 . th United ta t e s . tt 6 It may ppe r incongruous that one dele ate should vote or t hi s ction because t s liberal hile nether h · 11 ap rov of it becaus it is proscriptive . The 96th 6 Official Journal of the tion of Louis · ana p . 182 . Const tutio al Coven- 66 I b d ., p . 1 82 . 67 Ib i.d . , p . 183 . 68 Ibid., P • 183 . 9 Ibid . , 1 83 • • 3 rticle of th m jo ·ity repo t , whi w a onte the 98th a t cle of th who comment d : o st t ton , s con mned by nid., , The und rs n d most respectfully enters~ s a ainst th_, 98tr art cle of t s vo st tut on , and would say w th 11 r p ct th t he in favor of 11n - v sal _n sty, an as ks that his vat b recor din the journ 1 . 70 Bonn oi later e plained hi. vot int e manner of the ap proval ct d a ove , tat ng th the believed it to e the ost 1 e al th co vent · on could off r alt gh he pre - ferr d unive sal mn sty . 71 Final considerat · on oft e 9th rt cle ain brou ght orth a multitude of su st tutes and ndments by Packar , T " .nchant , ickliffe , ap l es , and Cooley , each ad n to an or inal am n ent of 72 a les . ' ith all thv am n ent , th proposed su t tu- t on or article 8 , the p oscri_ t ve article , re d : The follow · n ~ p sons hall e prohi i te from votin or from holing an office : all per on ho shall h ve b en conv cted oft ason , perjur , for ge y , bri ery or other crim s puntshable by impr · son ment in the nitentiary , and persons un vr interdic tion . 11 p rsons who have fo feit "' the r · ;ht of suf- fr g b b jurinG th i alle 0 i nee to the United ta tes 70 ·a1 Journal o the Constitutional Conven- - tion of Louis ana , p . 183 . 71 Ib . • , p . 1 5 . 72 Ibid . , P • 183- 184 . 04 overnment, or notoriously levyi a r t n a erin t o ts e nem vi '~ them com- fort , are h reby e tored to th ri 0 ht o , exc pt the ollowin : thos J who ld of · c , c v 1 or m 1 ta , for on r r more , u e the o t., n · - z at lo n s t 1 " Th Con fed rat ' tat s of e " ; th se who tr.., th mselves s enemi soft e United t ts · th w o act d s d rs of 0 uer 11 band urin t ne 1 t reb llion; those o , th a vocacy of tr on , wrote or u li • 1ec e s ap a 1 t 1 s or pre che s ur ng the 1 te r 11 and those w o vote or gn d an or lane of secession in n 't t . P~ s n incl ded i tee exc pt ons sh 11 neith r no ho ld offiv nt 1 he hall have relived h s 1 by volunt r _ly w i _B and v i nin , ce tific te settin forth th t h no·,- le c th 1 te reb llion to av be n or lly pol t·c lly ~r n , , n tat e re 8rets y id comfort h m have Giv nit ; nd he shall file this certif cat.., in th of ce of the ·ec tary o 'tat and it shall be ublis ed in th official ·or' l ; ro - v ded , th t those who ave aid din the reconstruc- t on, shall not be held to be · __ cl ded among th e excepted . 73 T. is su st tute, was adopted by d storms o prot sts from th m no ity, vote of 44 to 3o . 74 Th gro , Tinchant , in oppo ition , declar d : I vot no auainst t h do tion of this article for th follo~ · n ~ r easons : 1 . ecause I t ~ .nk th t all men ho volunt add or sit d i1 th rebell on aba~nst t e t te in y ay , shape or manner , are equall and ou .ht to be r at - d all 1 ke . ily nited gu lty 2 . Because of havin n tau ,. t to look upon the men of my race as fully equal to the white man , and able to fight the r ¥ay throu h without the help of ----~-------- 73 Official Journ 1 ton Q_ Louisian , p . 259 . al Conv n- 74 I b id • , p • 2 9 • any p i 1 proscriptive ma ure d ected a a nst the r oppon ts . 30 3 . B c us I t hi nk th t h r icle mbo~ l ~sch pri ciples as ar ln r ct con 1 ct w · th those wh ch are the ost sacred o the hart of an honest and w e Re ublicans . 75 The mul tto ch ck adde "I vo e , g ·nst th arti le because firml be l ve that two-th · rds of th color d me n t }i t te do not e r di f r anch s m nt such a e t ext nt . tt76 t ed Valfro t , n I av voted y s ' not t th int,, • of isfr chis 0 Y , but t o VI -io n u 1...1 uppor t the 14 h e ent of ongr ess . " 77 everal • • d y lat r }elden recorded n xpla at · on of vote , st t n : I am opposed t the subst u to e b th dele at · from Orl ars , the foll i~ c as ns : rticle 8 , of r . aples , for I think it to .ake nod scrimin tion be - twee he r.~ o for y r ~ 1 bored for the dissolu- t o 1 of the un · o , d the man who alwa s favo ed a Un on of the cs , and o ceased to advocate the s e when dr ve to di f t co s b irres st ble overpo~er n ) orce . T · s rt cle has the effect d sfr nc .si ~ me ho opposed to the 1st x rem ty secessio and war ; bile t le v~s as voters and off ce hold rs the ver m ilio plu Led the ta e i to war , n br 0 ht desolation and ruin on the fa rest ort · o or the Un: ed tes . 7 5 Official J turnal of the Co stitutional Co v n - - of Lou iana , p . 25 . 76 Ibid., p . 25 . 77 Ibid., • 25 • 06 Ther ore , I am in favor o is n nch u n e ol t cal ve turer , doff ce holders , who 1 d the t te nto s ce sion and war, and one other • Thet tojudgeo th e;uiltofm , s·justbe fore the war commenced , and not afte the co n -r was n actu 1st te of~ r . Th e ol tician , states - ma d o fice holde , ho quietl clo t d h ms )1 at a tim w en the o l e wer qu et , h pp pro - perous , and cool med tate war , and o cquen dis solut on , is a mo ster who should nev be allowe aga n to part c p te in the c ncils of h s countr • Bu w . le t • t to f V r d sfr· chi e :.L.J r ~ ho le the country • to t is wron e; to m n l a , r nc1 i-..; th e men 0 rere driv n nto the r e el armie · b the mos less anc r ele tless d spo is h a • n he an ls o istor • 78 p r On arch , 1 8 ' 8 , , cliff mov d ta t t he constitu- t on b vot d o j _ r its ent e • It w s adopted av 7 whole b a vote of 71 to 6 , thos vot n · in he ne r t ve be ng Coole , Cra for , er Vandergriff . 80 evera l dele 1 er 0 son , rriso , and ts f or~ red e~plan tio s of the r votes . • Jas pe la kbu n i cated he h d voted es because n • •• w· th 11 its faults , I co der th t it contai s rrmch more good t _an evil . • • 11 Bl o e; the siy reasons given by T • vote, tis dele ate stat d : 78 Off cial Jo 1 tion of Lo 1 lsiana , p . • 7 I bi p . 27 . , • 80 Ib i ., • , P • 275 . 1 I b · . , P • 277 . • ra fo d for his ne gative of t - 307 s st mo proscri tion is a opt d ~ h ch ttem t to deprlve a lar e cla so cit:zens o the r pr v - le ge of vot · ng o hold ce who are 1 ble o pay t xes a1 a ist in be rin5 t1 burden o G OVern m t to the ma ner o restor to is calculated to ,, invite thn men and unpr nc pled to partici at n vot and holding of ce , an o dr ve a ay the good . honor ble . The oath of office is inco sat with t econ stit1-1t on , s absur , d sgraceful n rid culous . The d rect to en e de 1 d n c of th Constitut o s a whole t e c tize s of e l ead to host le coll ve r sion o 11 1 w rpet ate a state of str~fe between tat , t uch a exte1t . 11 sions , anarchy a the utter sub d gove r e ts . 2 Thom - s • H rrison g ve the same ob ·ections a Cra ford for h s ne ·ative vote , and add , 0 r mop to isfr n- chisement • 0 83 vo t d aye, tated the egro , P •• Valfro·t , she I vote ye for the adop t on of the whole co tut o as t st ds , for I don ' t see nothing in that restra r s th r hts of any lo -a1 citizens t he t e of Lou i iana nor of the nit ed tates moreover, I bel eve that this Cons itutio is the only on tat ill secure our sacr d r · ~hts , and bring the blessings of · lmighty G od upon our nob e St t , n lve us ou1., ri Lhts and lib rty , and the un ty of mids and h rts hereafter orever . 84 ti it of d , In a case of egro a ga nst the constitution, but stat d : gro , Thoms ~. Iart n accepted tion I vote yes fo t he adoption oft e Constitution as a whole, with a pr o est a' st t he proposed sub - stitut on offered by ir . a les , kno s Article 8 , the Constitution 1 Conv..., - 82 Official 1 of - 0 - P • 277 . 84 Ibid ., 278 . • 308 o the Con°titut·o , an o ted s the di fra ch e - ment cl us , or the follow ng r sons : 1 . Th t I o o con°id rand eli v that men o my r ce qual to the wh te race · d tat thy are no wi hall the m ly a int 1 ig~nt f cul- ties ; nd th t they ar ble to i th . wa trou gh ithout u,inB a proscri t ve means gainst t eir op on nts . 2 . Becaus I th n t t this rticle is n con f l i ct witl t e 14th rt cle of the eco struct n ct (pro ly mean ·.n tho fourtee th en e t) . ,. • ecau e t h o e who h ve volunt rily ng Jed rebellio n insurrjc on gai st the Unit d tes , are n t d v of t h jir i ghts of i izen- s • 4 . cue said rticle embodies co trary pr n - ciples of Re publ ca i sm. 85 De ring and uller ·ot voted in favor of dopt on , both object ng to the d sfranchi ·e ,ent section wi h e ring also opposed to th oat of o fi • marked L. • 86 Baker "I , for the instrument s a whole , believing t t B 5 0 ficial ton of Louisiana , 86 Ibid., p . 27 ; this oath was as follows : 11 I , (A. B.) do solemnly swear (or ffi ) th t I accept the c vil and politic 1 equal t of 1. men , and Jee not to at empt to d prive any person or p rsons , on account of ra e , olor , or p ev · ous condition , of an political or c vil ri ght , privile ge , or imnrun •ty enjo ed b~ an other class o men ; th t I w 11 su port t e Constitut:on d laws or this t te , an that I wil i hfull and im- artially is char ~ e perform all the duties i ncun1bent on me as __ accordi ·v tot best of my ability and un erstandin :;J • So h lp me God •" 0 a re unto c vi l rule · s preferable for e e o le of be tempo ary or s ome o t fe tures f which my be unjust .tt 87 In a sim · 1 vein T · n ch nt voted yes,"• •• most incerely hopi g that t he loyal p ople of hi s 't te w· 11 th ou ~h th ir le gislatur , oon w e out any oft claus s of t s Con titut on ." 8 i f r n isin The d f r nchisem n co t rovers y ad its f n 1 afte math , h ow ver , was not y .J t concluded . ples so t ' t to add a clar fication to the n C , sfr anch se - met section . 89 e was ac cused by Cooley of del~berate - ly us in a rephras ln B an ) Cuse or chan sec- tio • 9 0 Berton eau's n10 · 101 to t ble t e quest on was then lot b a vote o f 26 to 40 a d les was rmitted to proceed . 91 by a din : r e pon he offe red t o am na article 98 Provi ed, th t no pers n w o prior to the first_ of January , 1s·s, favore t execution of he laws of the United tates , popularly known as the econ struction cts of Con ress , and o enly 1d a tiv ly 87 Off ic;al Journ 1 o f the Co stitutional Conven tion of Louisi na , p . 278 . 88 I i d • , p • 2 80 • 89 0 Ibid ., PP • 282- 3 . p . 83 . 1 Ibid., P • 283 . 10 as isted th loyal m n of he ta e in th ire orts tor store Lou sin to her position n the Un sh 11 be eluded amon thos her n exc pted . e s trar s of voters shall ta e the oat of sue per on s pr im.a face ev dance of the fact tha t h is entitled to the benefits o t his proviso . 92 This amendment was acce te b a vote of 38 to 28 nd b - came a p rt of th n · net y- ghth article . 3 Wh n t e tim arrived for the assembled dele g tes to si n e constitut on , many ore refu ed to do so than t e six who had voted acainst adoption . J . T. Lu elin d J . L. arrett r fu e to Bece.use the pro osed constitution dis r chis s a lar ge , i fluenti 1 and i tellig nt class of citi z ns of t · e t te . This is impoli ic , dan erous a d unju is opp ose d t o publ can principles ••• will xed chools will not elevate the leeroes , but eb s t e w hites ••• The d rect to denc of t _e Cont w hol is to st bl sh T e gro su remac ution as a n the tate . 4 To this protest Ba er added his name . 95 Cooley, arrison , Dear ing and Ferguson s~ larly refused to si n the con - stitution ; e pee ally e they concerned w. th the method 92 Offic al Journal of the Constitution 1 Coven- tion of Lo isiana , P • 283 . 3 Ibi 283 . . , P • 4 I b i d ., pp . 2 0 - 1 . 95 I d •' P • 2 1 . 311 provided for ro - obta r ead : The cond t on exerc se of the . the fr ch se . Th r po est pon wh·ch the are offere the elect ve r nchi e and t e capac ty • to hold off ce , unjust , ill beral , u rots a d l. hum 1 J.. • nd unwor thy of be • LJl.ng , cons i s em nat n roman me • J. C he d and e rt . Coole y a ded to this retes t an expla nat on o h · s ow , st t ng : I a e ted a pos ion in this b ? w h vie of do ng al the good I could fo t e peopl oft s t, te , bl ck a white , b 1 ev · ne t best to ccept t s t uutio s I foun t ; nd b 1 · vln lso , t f r eedmen of t he 1 t te coul b made to understand the i r best int r ests--I have been dly deceive • 7 c 1 llen , Fuller , ~teel , ande r e iff .d Ly ch e i t e r d protests over the d fr·nch sement ct on • , 8 h o ever , t · d . d sin t e constitution . • B • • P nch b ck , • onato r . and • Bla ~din stated similar • ections to • 0 t he f r chise s ction as d Belden . Pr or to d journmen t , an 0 di ance · d been cce te pr ov din t he submis • of th const tut.1.on to the 0 ion e l ectorate a d t he elect on o civil offi c rs un er the 96 Offic ~al Journal of the Constitution 1 Conven- - - - --·------ - -- - - t i on of Louis na , p . 2 1 . 97 8 9 I b · d., • 291 . Ib d., p . 2 2 . I bid . , p . 2 3 . co lect ens w e to e held o 1 17 t · tution . 1 O d 1 , 18 B. lOl h s ve me b 0 he conv 1tion who we e to count the b llots for o ice1·u el cte un 1· t e constitut on were t e . B • card , • • Bl c ur , J . • H rr s , J . · • In rah , • • Hemp tead , • Und r - wood, n • M. ✓ic 1 • 102 th convention del v re by th In t h f nal pra er o v . Josiah is ke , thi cler c pra Bl n bl foll . to • • t Pr s t of thee Un e t te • o aus i hi career o vie ad ay h case from doinE evil , and'learn · t . 103 i h th 1 , th convention adjourn don arch , 1868 . 104 On rch 11 , th co an in en r 1 of the f fth m 1·tarv istr c a rov t he holdi of th 1 ct o for t rat r·cat on o t econ ti ut on on th ays sp c b th convent on ord n nee , further declaring that the re g strat on lits be evi d fourteen da s rior to the ele ction. 10 I ot unt 1 iarch 2 wa the l ect on for all 10 d Offici 1 1 of the onstitut 1 Conv n- - tion of Lou siana, 5 . - PP • 101 Ib d •, 27 • • 102 Ibi P • 312 • . , 10 Ibi 31 . ' • • 104 Ibid . , P • 315 . 10 Iv cPhers on , ollt nual for 1 6 P • 114 . , st t of ic 1 s · ilarl ap roved . 106 Tre con ervatives , without voice the com n el ct ons , coul ith b - sta n from votin or could thro~ · n t i lo with th more moderate i .1ubllcans who nomin te • • T 1 af o or gover or . or t e mot p rt , h owev r , the more cos rv - t v men abstai d rrorr1 votin g at 11 or w e dis r Th adical t c et wa he le rouser tho ha by • C • . a n th , 0 t - r . e ne a 1 re le Of t e 12 , 54 re 0 s er d votes , o rollo ot 1 of • 114 , 1 votes w r polled on the question or ratiricatio ; 6 ,lb2 vot s ,ere cast o dot on ; 48 , 7 9 gainst adop - tion . l07 In he elect on fo gov r·no , • C . "l rmouth re c · ved 4 , 941 vot s , a plura1 · t or some 26 , 0 0 votes over hi mod rte op onent . 108 Lou s a was su se ue tl re ctm · tted to re resenta- tio in the Om ·.bus Bill passed Jun 25 , 1868 . 109 newl electe legislature convened , a riot appeared · en t e - nent , or th insisted upon e ro o. U. unn , elected lieutenant governor, r_ ster ng the ron clad o th to all 107 I id., p . 114 ; also , s e dia , 18 8 , VIII , .33 ; and ic len , iana , p . 201 . ----- ickl n , nnual yclo ction in - 108 109 cPh r on , Political r nual for 18 8 , p . 77 . • 3 14 b th le l • lature . 110 m m e s o .... ener 1 uc n n , ho eve , on June 7 0 , 1868 , infor unn th onl t old b elloe or th of o fie provi . d 111 uJ~ re • Iarri f 11 18 ·o John • d el ' t e rs 0 -- t d to full n e int ul ... 18, co st · tutio ill · a • H . 0 'e tori. 1 at· previ lidell and udah • Ben ja.m separation , Louis n once r sentation . T t e o h e - n ohn ' • sly v cated n · , and a ter • -·ai as t - The ; eate area of ex s ad t ne c ssar to llow a re t r len 6 th of t · e for the ree; stra . on proc nth s tate . The me o da issue · 'herid n fo t e district of Louisi n as aleo ap lica 1 in Texas throug eneral ders lo . 3 • d • ay , 1867 nd • lSSU l i n on 112 J nuar 11 , 1868 . This s to e t 6 uide in r e ·is ter- i g the eli ibl voters of the state . hor 1 ... tr e eaft r , n election a or de d in Texas beginninc _tiebru ry 10 , 1 8 '8 o th u tio of olding const tut onal conve tio inety ele ates w ro to be elected . There re at h s 110 r lcan .nnu 1 CycloE dia , 1868 , VIII , 4 als o see r icklen , econs truction _ Lo is iana, • 20= . • , 111 Ibid ., VIII , 4 "4 • als o se pa 112 . 11 2 Hou "Xecutive ocuments , 1:0 . 342, 40 h Co g., 2nd es • , p • 1 • 15 11 time 104 , 2 9 r e , st red voter ; ho ,ev prior to this ele c t on , t lists ~e e rev , o rto d so the t by t e t of 1 ct on th ro er to al o 10 , 1~ '50 ersons o the r eeistrat o 1 sts lnclu · , 63 i e nd 4 , 497 oes . s T r ult o tho el ction in T xas w e no a · er - e n t 10m t hose held n tl sist l st tes o f t Conf e - rac • Of th tot 1 vote o 44, 89 r vored t h convent on . n1a · or i t of o t i g or the conve 0 re 7 , 7 7 whits and 3, 32 le roes , whi l and 818 egroes op osed t . 114 Hr gin 10 , ·22 w h tes a s a nn ance O 0S Of of a con titut onal co ventio c lled by th th state , for the outn be ed th wits three to one at ' the polls. 1 1 5 In 1 P o county ich h d a population or 4 ,050 in 1860 and a normal vote or 43 6 wh te voters , a total whit and e o vote of G 2 cast in t h is election of wr ich only t ·o wer cast a gainst the convention . 116 Of the inet e le ga t s l ected , t elve w re - 2nd ess ., p . l O • - 342 , 40th Con • , ] cPh rson , anua_l f or 18 8 , p . 114 . 114 115 116 Ib: d • , p • 114 . truction ntion ~en met at ustin , Texas , June_ , __ ., 18 (2 vo s ., n 1870}, I , 17i. 316 c o vat ves • Le u 1 Dale vans , a prom J 1 e t Un onis t , g a l ly a so at d h ns lf with the mo e mod te le - m nt . The n n le r ere re r se t b • • u.by , e ro C rp .,t gg r om e V l and , w 1i_l onl "T to eigh t oth r c a tba ,er s '/V 0 e pr s nt , r· lly 1 b • • 'mit urmerly o Pen s ylv n • Th ckno l., _ . d , u l ead th • als s /i am lton , h le h r o l • • b r oth r J . }f _lton ly def__.nde t he h ul of co - • s vatives . n u . 1 , 1 86 8 , t e le t d t s a e nbl d t u tin , • T . J.itmo e temporaril n t h ch ir . 11 7 117 Jour 1 of the _______ · on Conv ntion of '1 1 x s I ~ • e l e ed-e aron by , ~e -----=-' , , m · th , • G ld vel , • 1-4 1 1 min ~~ , • • , van , B . , • G · y , • L . on 0 , • ale , •• 'co.L t , .,, _ C. o g rs , •• C nst ant , F . • , • 1. Bryant , •• Thoma , 'I 1 hom s eal y , Jam u ~ o · n , L . • Ha ls , • Y - borou , 1 , • • Boar , • "ale n , I~ cvhell n 1 , • J ohnson , • • Fla · g n , . b t r F na.;an , G. 1 • 'fhi tmo e , • • 1 UGh t e , • B 1 e s o , r vi n -✓ J. i 0 • t , ~-' • art , • L • irk , • • r 1 r , J ::.: • u t t , • T . Hunroe , ' . H . Hull ns , • s t on , !ucklcro y ·r., 1 vill am nilli -. s , John I or , r 1nst on ::i • • P d - o , •• Godd n , T. ub" , .. •• F yle , • Bryant , ob r t • 'mit , n · .:.lson , • ' . lfornv , \ . J . Philis , foCor m ck , • Butler , • Bu finbton , • arn , J • sh n 0 t o , r • 11 i ar K i l in , t __. he Cur t , J • B • Bo , • H . L .:.Pa d , I •• orr 11 , l ph Lon , • J . ~v s athan attn , 'illiam ' · ks (died-- . c. H t f ll v can ) , n re ~. • H . · 1son , " . tl . ·undin , J • • L . , •• tockbr d e; , B . o. ', at s , Joh G. Bell , • • ◄ o s t , B • P • ',' i 11 i_ m , L • Lin s , JT or an C • Ham i 1- t n , J u 1 i s t z e , • J • .,. · 1 ton , oh n I 1~ a ke , • I • Ta b ot , (r c:, i -- • - • r. 1 albot fills v can ) , J a cob '"u C .1. ler , eor ue Kl p bach ( i d-- • Iullins fills vac n - cy) , • D~ g r , J . .omb , • 1 • v'au .:..;han , -a1 . Be 11 · ·er, 317 T test or stren th bet1een th radicals nd t combined moder t e u 1 can and cons~rv t v fact ons b c ev - nt fror the start "th the nomin tons ~o rm nent dent . '1 1 he die 1 nominee J . avis , . te pre • nomJ. by Mor H milton , defe ted t e cons • nd n • rv ive c. aldws3ll by a vote of 43 to 33 . 118 T mod ]'. - rno at epu li ns a conse atives W I 0 , the by , hrown V n clo r to eth r . On t th · ·.r of th con vent ion , rovi • 1 e t Y ion ov 0 • • ease , the publican eplac m nt for h ockmo ton , addr ssed th as m led el at s . ne o not o of vin i tiveness , nor s it on of compro - • mise . 'ai e se : I know t t 11y appointment w ·stasteful to a lar Le majorit of the people o exas who h d ticipat nth rebelli n , and w oh d he e e c · s d th politi al powjr of tne t te . But the emanc · p tion and nfranc is met of our colored popu lation had infu ed an w ele·1ent into th e bod politi , who here fter to eiercise politic 1 ri ts ; and I b 1 eve that this class , with the lo al wits , woul , as the r sults 1 as shown , const· tute a majority of the votinG popu~atio , nd to 1hom , I h d eason to b li ev , my ppo tntment wo 11l d not be 117 ( onti nued) • H . Pose , lllam 1. Jo d n , • J • a vis , • V rnell , • J.\, ills • 118 I , 3 . Jo oft e • • Johnson , A. P • Convent on of • un cceptabl ••• Th gre t n1 ·orit of t e hlt populat on of our tat seem to h v prof ted v r little fr thei p st ex rience ••• The st 11 r j ct w th scorn the mild t0rn1s of.fered them by the United 't, t s . 119 Co in proser ·pt on n th acts , th prov ional ,ov- r nor continued : o on suppooed th t t s di franchi e nt wil l be exte d d any f'urt than is ne c s ry to ccomp- li h th t ob · ·e t (r - ~stabl hmont of lo al ov rn m nt); w h 1 prov · s on 11 do btles b m de or the r moval of olitic 1 d s bilities as ra i dl as t saf t of the 0 ov e nment ~ill perm t . 12 By the i ft da oft o conv t_on , or 0 a i ation h d b en fu l l accomplishe an esol t · ons be to e ref r - re to th sev r 1 committees . Th ch se q ue s t · or i not pl y as po tant a part int Texa conv ntion , or here the man i ssue centered bout t e :vis. on of the state nto two se p rt poli cal units or stats . uch of t h e convention ' s t · was allocat - d t o i cus on of this topic . How ver , disf'ranch sement w s b no m ns omitte . I ac-ey op n th i sue by proposing that the fr nch se be e te d to all p rson twent, - one yeas of a e who ar c t · zens who wo ld t n oat of alle - iance to th Un ted tates . 1 2 1 The vindict · ve Br at of' 119 Journal of the - Texau , I , 12 • construction Conv~ntion of - 120 Ib ., I 12 , . 121 I ~ d . , I , p . 11 7 • 1 son ou. g t fo _n ·vidual ev ng , suggestine : That all o fices of Colonel ff ' s e nt of rebel troop , all of ers o Br ad er General ill udson ' s Br a e , 21st Tex t te troops , 11 rebel of n _nth r b lllon who , du · n or since the ta , hun , , mu_d , n1ob ue , or as ault d wt ntvnt to kill , o ma · ed n Union m n , e al of cer , 01a · e o other nt of '·icial , all off · ce s or mon f orn1 ly n r;ed n re 11 _ n , who have b en is ranch sed by the econstruction la1s of Con ress , orb th Boards of - gistr s . inte by 1 jo_ Genera l 'her i n , o .Jv t jar Ge n ral nrif ~n , ••• 11 p sons who on t e coll pse of the r bell on fl d t e tate and took efu j n ~exico or oth 0 r fo · 0 n ov nt ; all ini t rs of t. o p 1 who ent d the ebel ar y, ~r p h d r bellion from th ul t , or p rs cut d Union men for o inion ' s sa ; all ersons who en nth abduction f om ecic n oil of Bl i al • J . av · s nd Captain 'J lliar:i o orner y; all rson nga din the mu e of Cat n lliam onto be , and re 1 er by decl red d . f anchise an incap ble of hol in in t : is tate n o fice of honor , trust or p oft under ts ut ority; or o be n an offic r , councilman , dir tor , trust , o oth r mana ;er of an corporation , publ c or priv te no existing , or hereaft___,r establ . shed by its author ty .122 On t e sev nteenti1 of June , Fa 1 follo ed the proscriptive Br yant , pro osin : that all dito sand publ~s , s of n spap 1s vocat ing sece sion and rebellion pr or to an ur · n th war , and that have pers st ntl since that t e de - n unced t e Con ress of th United tate , loyal men , and the econstr1ction i cts , be and t~e sam a hereby disfranchised .123 !~~ J ourn 1 of the - ··--- - , I , • 117 . ---- 123 Ibid ., • 125 . 0 Johnso n of Ua oun o fe to is r1anchis 11 ho c 1 not read or wnite fter uly 4 , 187 • 12 4 e ene , on Jun 24 , sou · o ounteract th prose i tive in lu nc , an h every citizen o · this 'tat h s t he ri t to h v the priv 1 ge oi votin J for tate , strict , County and un c pal o icers in the tr ·ct , county or mun i al ty ~here h s n e · s e tered as qual - fie lector . 12 yle , th ted th t "all is bilities OW n OU t of a a tici p tion in th later b llion shal. b ent ly remov n th yo 1880 . 0 126 The comrnittee on .eneral p ovisions, ho1ever , a rently disa ed with th pro - scriptio sts , f or no proser ptive clause a inco por ted into the r report . Onl in the repo t of the comm ttee o political an 1 gislative was any pros er p t on tall in ica ted . he f ve sect · ons t t pert ined to this sub - jct includ d : Texa Section Q• op rson shall ea e res ntativ unless he be a citizen of th t te , an sh 11 be a qualifi d 1 tor t th time o · his lection . ection 1.7... o person shall ue elig ble to an office, · tate, county or uni ' pal , who is not a regist ered vot r o th s ,t te . 124 Journal of he Reconstruct ·on Convention of - - , I , 125 . 125 Ibi I , 149 . . , 126 Ib . d ., I , 152 . 321 ection 43 . r oM nd t th ccept nee o this - Const tution b the Con ss o the Unit d tat , every m 1 c· tiz no this 't t , ho sh 11 tw ty- one ye rs ol and u s - - Indi ns who re not tax d , excopted- - provi e h ake oath th th~ has not bee onvicted of felony t co on law , nor is dis qua1 ·. id y the 1 ws of th United ·•t tes , nor by p rt ci t on n the 1 te r bell o , sh 11 b en- t tl to have h s nm entcre on the reg strat on 1 s t ; n w hen sue ..,ntr sh 11 h ve been m d at l ea t thirty d ys pr vio s to the el ct on f o which he offer s to vot , he s:1all b· e me a q lifi d el ctor for tl 't t , d s tr ct , county or corpo a tion whe h s n me i r gister d . _ _ _ . _o_n _ 45 . Ev ry pe son n) appli a t ion or hav is name ent red on thJ registr ton lis , sh 11 w n su scrlb to th ollo in 0 o th : tt __ , o sol nl swear (or fit m) , th t I am citizen of the Unit d tats th t I hav r s n th · s t t six months , next r cedin, th s ay, (or , t h t I am a citizen of th s tate , t t •I hav d - cl r d my int nti n of be omin rr c tiz n o 1e Uni t d t t , re · ae i this t t tw lv mont s recedinL this d , ) and no r eoide in th count of _ _ ; that I t, nty one ear old ; th t I v no been isfr chised for n rt · cip tion i ny r belli ' n or civ 1 war ant the Uni tates , nor or lo onunitted a nst t e laws of 'tat , or of the United tat s ; thct t I h v nevc b c a i•1em e o an 1 tate L islature , nor hel an exec t v or jud ci 1 o fice in ny 'tat , and after1ar s nga ed i ns rr ction or rebellion gain~~ the un · t d ttates , o given id or comfort to the en m· s th r - of ; that I h ve iever n oat as a memb o Con 6 r ess of t United '' tates , o as officer of the Un te d 'ta es ; or as am mber of ny 'tat L gis- 1 ture, r s an ex cutive or ju icirl officer of any 't te , to suppo t the Constitut · o of' the Un te ~t te , and afte war s eng e d in insur c -ion or r eb llion a ~ains th United 1 tates , or uiv n a or c mfort to the nemi s th r of ; th t I hav not vot d as am be of any C nvention or Le , slature in favor of ny Odin nee of 1 ecess on ; that I was no a mem- r of any seer tor er host le to the ov r ent of th United 't ts • hat , as a minister of the Gosp 1 or fan spaper , I di d not advocates cession , nor upporG reb llion n war a ains the Unit tats , o tis m ab 1 ty , enco Go • "127 Te orty- sixt_ s ct on hous o the statJ 1 rnov d · ',,at , an w 11 , to th best of otn ° sotodo . oh 1 m ov ded tha t two - th_ d of e ch sl tu would be n c ssary t e - 22 · 1 · t ,, s in ur d in th above s c i , h le the fo ty- s ve th sec ion in ic t th t pe_ o s reli v d rom t . se s b li o w uld have to till anoth r o th . 128 m nor t r ort r,,s te on July o, and b rmst ong of Jaop r nd eb tr lana n do d t cone va v point of vi w, st ti g : ie bel v tr at the:; r e constr ction ct o on s th n tire o bill o attain r a 6 inst uhis n · inst av l a · majorit of th c· t - ze eieof , and s ct ar --2S- o t to n th ir n ctments an · tJnd do ration , n d n con lict ~ th th Constit oi' the United tat , whi h p o - hi it Con re s sj_n bills of att ind r n ,£2S- post f cto laws ; tne e 01'l ,, thic, convention c n d r ve no p o i r om said r nstr ucti on acts b which to br u' or pr ve this t t , n th peopl ther of , of t 1e sh t of suffr g , or any pr v · 1e 0 0 conn cted the evit , for p rticip t . on in thA lat 0 rebel ion . Te un ers [ped further hold to th be l ief tha ne ther th ourte nth articl of am ndm J nt , or th'"' sa econstruct on acts , authorl zed th s Conv nt on to nterrupt or efe any citizen in he exerc · se of the p ivil,, ·e of s ffr , b him h 9 etofore en jo, ed , for po ti i tion in the lat r e ~lli n ; nor can any citiz n e in any m n. r ch~ e nd act ·ud0 d ithout du our o la . 127 Jou nal of the I, 5'1- 570 . - _,, onstr uction a I of - 12 S Ib i • , I , 7 0 . 323 The unders i 0n hol to th princ ple th t 11 en r e pr s cl innoce it till prover gu · 1 y by du cou · of la ,, an th t no citiz no the Un t~ tat ' 0 c n be charged by this co vention for reb llion as st the [!;OV rnm nt o the Un t d t - t , nor os cut d by th ov rnrnent o the Un ted 't ts , ror artic - pat · on in the late rebellion , · ft r thr y rs fron1 t et nat on of e . 129 eparat • I o .n on , ' t r on , 1 J r s ted t e pr - w r I n a outhe ht supr may ar n on the qu ~tion o le o u ra • d rr.1s t ong : Th , • Jned based hi cl 1 on of un - s s 0 \ ) ncapaclty 0 m ny OU s , but at 11 er to th size of his br , the ver sixty six cub C inc ' ~hil t t 0 c ... a of th t In n is i ht four , nd of th w t :r.ian n ne - ty s as found b ientific ___ ,r 11Cr'J.!f10 n • their x , v J.n me ure 1 1 t of one thou 0 .L 0 ch C • nd I also ' refer this Convent on to the hi to y 0 the g 0 r ce s nee re tion . 13O Ther ao littl db t in the conve lo c nee n- ln. t e elective fra chi e unt 1 u st 2 ·, at hi ht me Cal ¥ell move to co sider the r p t of hJ co ittee o p lit cal an le isl tiv . fo s riou con lj ct occurred until the conv ntion on ·u 2:, 'Ust 26 pro )Os d o consider the art y- third se tion· n at t is tirn m tion w app oved to post one consi era -ion of the ne..-ct ur s ct .. ons • 131 Follo:tnu ' p ri CT of adjournment , five month ela sed 129 Jo of the l cons t , ction onv ntion of - - - T , I , 58U. 130 I )i., I , 2 - 5 83 . . , 131 Ibi I , 87 • . , C 24 befor t f C r!u .J tion {J n l - 0 h • Tn tho nt e , the s V r 1 t · les a n opo d ct on be n som wh t lo s ly it.1od nto p l • Thu , w h n th onvent on no ,~ con ·aere t e fr ise nc qu stion , i t va tent t ve 1 · d tod ct on o e o art 1 s ix o th h n 11 s s ct on r • • 11 ci t z so tn ited 't y old and upwa , v 10 h n v b t e on year , nd six mo h c · · t o to ,n n w ic th uc · . fr'nchi.e 14t rticl onst · u o t , s 1 ntit l d t o r 11 c tizJns whos s i di nt - one n ent n this th d _ tr · ct , aunty , c to v o 0..., , e t ol ing o ice by ho o th n t d ist r s vot s · and , t es hav been r - mov d , or m ter er mov o the Un: d sh 11 lso b re s t r vo b the Con r ess entitle t o th section s r ad , H ilton of Tr • ord w VlS r a or the . to th vote sho ld be ordered 0 s s e - now r on th s s e ction . 1 \ a vot 23 0 t 2 the 0 , was po tpo ed . The eu on , Bur t s SU titut , s in1il r to the on a"' o e s sid..., ed nd dopt d b a vo t o:f , 38 t o 27 ; 13 4 however , milton of 1 r av s lso of· ered sub ti tu te , 0 ~ r,, , s i 1 1il · ner sou - t 132 J ou of the truction Conve of - - Texas , , 482 . 133 Ibid ., II , 482 . 134 Ibi . • , II , 482 . 13 I id ., II , 48 7 • 32 tot l e t . i o ion 0 1 s ro ·ectcd b vote of 1 to o . l it was adopt d , d : ect.:o 1 . ~ ve r m le citiz n of t e U it d ' t t e , of t he 0 e of t ie - one y a r s and u ar , not 1 bo · 0 und the sab lite n ed i t is Co stit to -, ithout ~ · s ct on of r ce , ol r , or form r co nd ion , w o s . 11 be a r ,,sident of h s 't t e t -he t · ~ o tho adou · o of this o t.t - ton , or wh 11 t er,, ft e r rs de n the 'tat one y , and in the county n hi ch off r to vot .J xty s ne t pr cedln an e l ect o , hall e et tle d to vot for 11 offic rs th t r 0 1 or h r eaft r be ele cted by t eo 1 , an u on 11 u t o s submi tt d o th lector t elec on ; rovided , t h t no rson shall be allo1 d to vote or hold off ce who o o h r fter m b dis fr n- chised t h f or the Co titu ion of the Uni t d 't, tes 1.1nt 1 u di qualif catio sh 11 be removed y the on ~r ess of tle Unit d t tes ; rov d d , fur ther , th t no p rs 11hile kept in any s l um , or con find i n pr · son , o tho h - u een convicted of a elo y , or ~ho is of n ound mird , hall be alloied t o v t or ho l o ice . 137 Th· , ho iJ VAr as not to be t e e d o t de , ..J e on t e ct · o ... . 'hor aft - j_t SC t co nve tion mit of , lve t s u ht t d a1oth prov s o a din t 030 p o - hib . t d • • ct Cong1 1 e to the rom gis e ,.1 c un r a - 0 s li t of i .: r:: n h d · u upo otio of l"I ·.1ton 0 Tr t is . ted b "l of 36 to 26 1 8 was re a VO r~r on, , - 136 Jou nal of tl e ·econstruction Conve .t 0 of - II , 484 . 137 Ibi II , 484 • . , 13 Ibi II , 48 . , • s, '7. c.6 hillip · of h to the fr nch 14th rticle o to Unite d ' t t0 s a 0 ferod a 11 " who u ndrnen ts to who ro ot on r - s of SU no~ the th stitute • nf_; t • 0 V ., i r nch · .d by he Cons vitu ion of t e n hl ·ed by he C - Unit d t te ul3 • • • H il on of Tr vis moved t·1e pr..,viouo uesti o , but P ton oved to 1 y 0 th t ble . 140 tton ' s motion s de - f ted by vote 0 2✓ to 43 • 141 By roll C 11 vote t is ct dopted b 30 to 26 . 142 In o der to 0 VO 0 the i 1 ssa _i•e of this s ction , oved th ule • de th t • sectio n1ie;h t SU in o l pass ts final r d 0 , and t i was ult ia te 1 done . 143 On th C, rne d , 0 ov o , ron g o J par off red an a - dit on 1 secti n r - en ranc .isin r pe s ros cribed ~ the f ou 1 t e nt nd ent u pon t lin o~ an oa i ce to the Uni ed tat~ • This r olutio of alle a then dop t d ; l44 but by a vot o 3~ o 29 , v n secured 139 - Journa l of the i Conve t on of J. - - I , 48 • 140 1 ~1 <J ., II , 4 t:: • 141 lb id., II 486 . , 142 Ib d •, II 486 . 143 I II , 4 6 . 144 I • II , 49 J.C • , • reco der tor o · the vote . 145 327 at ton o t_;h t t o t a~ le the qu ton ; h o ver , tis s reje t vote o 2 to 3- an , b n 0 t simil r vote of 38 to 24 -rmstron ' s add tio 1 sectio tabl d . 1 In order to cl • w s J.. y further th position and • t t 0 th co t ·on ve , 'art pres nted n add tion 1 ection 1hich r ead :- fu 1 ca s on1e oubt is ts as to ho are d ied t e ri t of sufLra 1 by th f·r t rov· o o th r r t s ct on o th articl on t e u of uf- fr e," th for , Be it declar d , th t e tru r - te t and an~ g of th ai ect on s at o s on h 11 be allo e to vot or hold o · ce who s now or who may her after , be in 1 ible to off ce un r the onst · .ution of th Unl t d t 1 , or w o is denie the r ght to vot under the econstruct · o cts of' Congre s , ntil ch squalif · c t o hall be r moved by the Congr e s of the Un ed tates . 147 r Patton imm diatel, moved t o postpon co si ratio until t e ollowing da , while Burnett offere to table •148 Th latte1 SUg t_; e..., t 0 a d f at by a vot of 2 to 34 , nd b still close vot of 7 3 to o, C rter ' s e e t ~ 1as added ns a e V sectio 149 The pre ident , hOJ ver , ruled • that a tv o- third · vot was n ede to ad a n w sect 0 to the constitution . Upon app alins th decision o t e 145 1 of the struction Conv or - - , II , 4 1 6 Ib II , 12 . . , 147 1.bid., II , 512 . 148 I b i II , 512 . . , 14 Li£!.' II , 1 • ch ir , t 2 . 1so s i e t wa sustained by ever hele s , heth r h · rte vo e of' 9 to en ent s 28 proved or no , th content thereo st 11 rm ined in he franchise section . Thiu tim t wa the turn of the r d ca 1 to pro- te t . In a writ ten s tate ient si n d y ni e me ber n- c 1 u in G ;I • C • H lton , th ra cals declare : do most arnJstly nd pot st aga st the rovision i the pro t ton 1ich e - t st to s ff'r to 11 rho volu t r·1 b a .1e th pub l c emy of t e Un ed tes , e 1 - ~ng ssured tat t was the a of' on ress toe a le the lo al o le of th dtate o '1 1 ex s , t hout re - 0ard to an tinct on of ~ce o olor , to recog nize nd ma:r_t in f, OV -r ent in th l e ce o th t overtrrown by the r ebell · on , an w c nnot o be r to e res th con ict on th t the ado tion by the m ·orit of the Convent on of the rov o i r ard to su fr e vs obta i e d b v rtue of a pr emed tated nd elibera e de cept on , , n by m thods of int · da t on , v, ch e rve t e rave t ce sure . Them jor ity o the Co v .,n i 11 hav deli be t el omov d from t e Con titu on ev s fe rd f o ~otect o of t he loyal voter , t and black . have stricke f'rom th t n ;rumen t h whole s stem of re g str y ; thy have pud ·ate t he o th of loyalty containe d in e reconst uction laws· t ... r have spurned the test of equal , civil and poll t ical ri r ts , and e do most ol nml c 11 upon the r is t rsd voe o exas to v i _ dic te the nat · onal honor , nd t he cause o r i !71t d just.:..ce , y their vot e . 151 Thi protest Ii . C. Hunt , 1 0 exas , II , or si cne by '1 . C. Hamilt on , Jame s • Butler , T • lau[;hte , Jame row n , ndr nal of h --- e co ns truct ion Convention of 151 Ib i • , II 1 8 . 32 Donn e; , J icom , John Lip rd , and ull ns . • To th s protest , • V. Boar d , Jaco Kuechler n l tan Patton h d the r nam add d , to ethe w h th state ent , I subscribe to th t m n o th underst nd what the foregoing , because I bel eve m mbe s ere rrulled, and did not hey wee doin 0 , and also becau e at many bsent we n the vote was t er were taken . 152 To wh ch • r and obert K. . m th added : I sin tis protest c use I f rmly b i st tut on w 11 bet d fr .chisem nt of t1 for the above re ~o s , and be th t the ado ton of the Con ir~t step to ards a gen al color d race . l 3 The president , • 'dmund J . avis , an also alph Lon g similar- ly had their names d ded tot protest lthou gh they did no t beli ve that memb rs _ad been intimid ted . 154 The ig- n tures o .... • T . ub , I . Johrson , B •• ·ill ams , • P . Jordan, nd V . Frank Carte r ere lso ap ended to th pro- teut with the followi e addition : I s i 6n tis protest for all th liev ng th t the it?)1t , not onl o whites are · mp il d , but that the Con ress has been i ~ nored . 15 ab ve r easons , be lo al blac s and e pressed w 11 of Pro to adjournm nt , the convention adopted a de claration for th submission of the con titutio for 152 1 of th truction Conv on 0 Texas , - - II 15 Ibid . , 519 . - , 1 4 ( I I , 2 . , • 15 Ibi II , 2 . , • r tif~cat on o th lecto te . · ile t e mil t • t el ction , 11 r turns ·o electiv of upervi were to be sent to ovornor ease . 1 6 11 of . · cers d fo • t con titutio ept Unit d , t, te s V )_ , ex tors , w - re to be el cted at the t m-1 0 rat C t 0 ~ 0 would ce pro - ' n - . 1 7 On ebrua 6 , 189 , w·th no quor preset , th conven- tion djourn d , ei t mont s . 1 8 vi ~ been in broken sess on for over \ever 1 d ys prio 0 t djournrne t of th~ X S conv ntion , General • • • Can, had assumed co ad of th fifth milit y district . 1 9 The •eekl~ Tex s 'tate Gazette , on bruary 1869, comm nted on th s appo:ntment , eclar ng : General anby , an unpr, ·u ced pa t , will be able top r~orrn all the mi serial dutie left undon by t et rbulent body which has , at last , dispers d . l 0 Canb , acco i gly , act ng under orders of Presi ent Gant , set the ate of election or ratific tion o ovember 30 1 1 69 , under t e power r nted the President b the act of pr · 1 10 , 169 . 161 The rad cals were re resented b • J . 156 Journ 1 of ct ion Con ve n 0 - - lexas , II , 50 ·- 508 . 157 Ibid . , II, 50 - 08 . 158 Ibid . , II , 528 . 1 9 [l , 1869 , I 67 • 160 I 673 . . , , 1 1 Ibid., I 674 . , 31 Dav , form c nventio pre s __ ent , no candi t fo gov rnor; ~hile tho conserv tiv and moder t e s om·n te • J . lton • Thro1 rr th int rference o:f General J . • e nold , comm nd g t 1e istr ct of Te as , n1 ny o Ha ilton ' s sup port rs were removed fro of f ce pr ·or to the e 1 ct·.on . l 2 Hamil ton 1 who cted election of fie ale, w e s lar- 1 r moved avis o:r tero ted • 163 B an sup { e appo I ove er 30 , the conse V tives ha a ai SU k int s tate of apat y an despa r . e rnol s , u on anno nc ng the r e - sult o:f the e lect i on on J nu , 11 , 1870 , showed a vote o 67,438 for th cons .itution , and 4 , 28 again cit ti _ c - tion , with a tot 1 vote of 72 , 66 out o total re g stra- 5 . 164 , · little more tan o h lf o the tot 1 number r egistered h on to th olls • There h d been re istered in th s co1tes 78 , 48 whites nd , O e roes . 165 The radicals w re sD 1 rl v ctorious n t eel c- tion o:f st te o:f:f c _ s , inni · seventee n o:f the thirty 162 163 I i d . , I , 675 . 164 I b i . , I , 678; also , _t_·_ o_ n in _ T_ e_x_ s , • 283 . 16 Ibid • , p • 2 83 • e a c:,delJ. , '"'32 s ts in th sen te and fifty of the ni e s at n the love r cham er . 166 eynol the • faction s [ ve V l • o f 8 0 vat • the b rnator al contest • 1 7 m JO y s .l , h ov1ev r , the entir elect on wa wrought i th fraud . In 1 aso , vis a given 339 votes to 122 for } m· 1 o , y t 1 te , 277 voter s lfore they had voted f or the c on - serv tive ca nd:d t . 1 8 verth les s , Dav s proved v c- tor io s , and on Ivar ,h r:•o, 1870 , G r 1 t e co , r,ed the sta lishme t of civ 1 gover tin Te as . 169 166 1 •r:7 I id., I r, 7 F ; also , see amsdell , ec onstr uc - tio n in Tex s , p . 284 . - 168 16 amo ell , econst 1 uction in - I id . , P • 291 . CH PT R VI CO CL IO The histor y of r die 1 isfr ch ise ent in the outh at the close 0 th civil w r s th history of pol t cal r econstructio in th reconstr cti n p riod . T e r e cedin pages , lthou r d l .n n d ta 1 wit at l e st one ha of ra ic 1 sfranchis ent , • but small part of the l S disfr nchis ment controve • Therefore , one cannot and should not tt pt to r w any overall conclus on f rom th terial r esented h • how ver , this exam · a tion m re i • , of th ros c1· i pt ve fe lin • t ' ou.t convent_ons s in e er of va l ue in itsel , f or th s is t he f ir t tt mpt to com- ile a compos te histor of t 1e r anchiserne t all of th form C nfed 1 ~ate st t s . I . n attempt to estimat the mbe r of erso dis - f r an chised by t 1 e r cons t ruct on acts , the f ourteenth amen nt , d t he several s t te co titut on 1 convent ons , can only be done tith approximat , r atn r th defin te fi 1res . There re , of course , th timate of cklos , Blaine , Ieade, C n y and other , ho have s ou t to ind i - cate t numbe r of pers ons d sfranchi e b w ate ver statis t cs had ee v ilable to each . e erall , thos e 34 f eure u e them 1 try 0 f om th t x 1 sts and re istrat on rolls of th resp ctive sta es nd such com- putation h ve not bee held v lid ltho ch the c n not be too fr wrong . Fir t , then , o would n turall wi h to know t e extent o d sfranchisement under th propos d fou tenth am n ont . Bl in s t m t€ tha th r of r - sons proscribed rom holdi ubl co fice be cau e of the am drnent it lf w out 1 , ooo perso s . 1 us , o th oth r n , points out n rticle in tr e ichmo . which r to in ic t 0 so abl urnb r . 2 Th·s rt cl , ublished Janu r 11 , 18 7 , 23 , 74 ' . follo ~s : nise , as resi ent nd C Cone;r ss overnors and taffs St· te ss mbl en t to , istrict , C uit P ob t ju es United t tes Ju ici ry r h 11s ostmasters Collectors and Li3h tho se L..,ft ation Left at on 1 h rif s County Cl ks SSvSSOrS e s, etc . o ress r ourts show a 8 132 140 1850 2 4 693 2 352 9 100 78 84 313 03 633 tot 1 0 1 in Russ , "Re j_s tra tion and m nt Under cal econs truction , u p . 17 • • is r nc s - 2 P. • ~ - 3 • uot d n uss , " Con ression 1 fr nch i sem nt u , Laiy r , e c pt tho e s ma be jud g s Clerk in Post Office an ustoms Houses (ap rox . ) 60 0 5000 5000 - Justic s of th Peace (ap rox . ) TOT L 24 , 535 33 3 Dur ng t le pro edur of re i trat on fo the co st - tution 1 co v ntions o 1 ·7 , v rouse tim tvs e ed s to , e umber d sfr nch se under the acts . .:::, cu - cho- ndi 't d that accordin to the tax 1 ts (no t n cessaril av li me of etermin tion-- but virtually t e only o av · 1able) 1 , 000 pe sons f led to re g i ter fro. all causes . 4 It is proba le that the 1., t 0 numb r of these weep o cribe • Ther for , since it s onl ossi le to deal n enJraliti and 11 round figures" it pro blv that not TI Jro t n 1 ,000 persons w r prose ib a . lso , thi fl e ay h ve some validity on a proport on 1 basis ny value hateve can be place on th f r s used by rnea e and anby in t~eir re pe t~v districts . Can y , he secon militar d trict , e timat d 11 , 686 persons wer disfranchised n orth arolina , rolina--on the ile 8 , 244 were d f ran hised in outh n basis of evaluation as 1 chofleld had 3 us , "Con 0 ressional isfr nchisement ," p • 3 - 4 u , " Re istr ti n and i fr n isement Un er Raa·~al econstruct on,' p . 178 . 3 6 us d in • • • th t- 1 sts . n tr t 1ird • t - 1r ginia , e ). r ict estimat d 10 , 00 • e in eore; persons e pros r , 35 n Fl orid , h le h ventured no uess h t ver in 6 1 bama . Th ail , howev r , • J.n . t t t the lC t e s t o th d sfr anch sed 300 sons n e ch of th f fty- tw count es 0 the stat for tot 1 of 1 , 600 . 7 T test oath w moo pros riptive than th requ om nt or ele ctors under the acts . gain , it · s proba le th t th nurn e act 11 d i sfr · chi e betwe n 8 , 0 0 d 10 , 000 persons , e ng some 1 at of medium betwe n t e number di fr nch i d n orgia , orth C ro lin and outh Caro l ina . r ally , . t th t • of nine or en app r m x imum ten thou and p sons wer pros ribed • in the larger t t s of t e out , wh le th numb r som ~ht sm ller n Florid • total of not more th n 100 1 000 persons were isfr nchis din th ten unr co ut u ted st t in 18 7 by the act s an the propose en ment . The 24 , 5 per - sons w ho were proscribed from holdinc office by the 5 us , n adic 1 i r nchis ment in ort Caro l ina , 1867- 1868 , " p . 27 ; also, see ~·, 111 ·_ am rch bald Dun- ning , ~ ss ~ 911 :t_he ivil ·ar __ econstruct·on { ew York , 1 8 8), • 1 88 ; n uss , egistr tin and isfran chi m t Und r Radie 1 constr ction , " p . 179 . 6 uss u e istr tion an isfr n hls__, nent Unde R ical econstruc tJ.on 11 • 179i · l s o see cPh son , Politi cal anu 1 for 1 B, p . 1 4 . 7 Rad c 1 uss , " egistration an ec nstruction , " • 17 • propose en ent we to , tho e pro.J ri ed by t p t O , acts . 37 no su pl me t ry L t us , th , rocee to th er ollo ing the re - const ction onv t onu , 186 • i in , t 11 un r m 1 try rul , h person , for 34 , 72 s n t mor th n 1 ,ooo tion 1 w tes ha registore be - tween uly 1 ·7 th final vote or rt fie ton of th t t constitut · on ; ho ver , person hin th i tint -first birth t woul av account d or p rt oft increase . In ort Carolina the fo tent am nd- m nt w s to b m sur of el i b 1 t • o th C ol na , disfr . in to th m nm nt also . Georg a nc se accor r ov de for no d isfr nc . s \Jnt be caus 0 s or acts don t reb 11 1 b dis fr nchised ccor • n ur n 0 • m , to th fo te nth ..._m n ment , the ct an even eyon thes It n st t d th t 40, 00 person • • re is - fr chise n 1 bam und r th new con t itut on ; how v r , this wo 1 b almost thre ti es th number proscribed un r the ron- 1 d teut o th . This oa th w s th ultim te in proscriptiv olic an 40 , 00 a o rs overlv e c • lV • lorida roscri ed m n frorn holdin office who vere is - fr,nchised b the fourteenth endm nt . Lo1 si na ent fr beyon th at n the f ourt nt~ endm nt al thou r-h ~ 8 the tot 1 number O'Crlbed rob bl i not exc e 15 , 00 per ons . ct nd t li sippi wa still under m lit ry rule of the umber d s ranch sed e e was not in exces of 10 , ooo wh t s ; .rkans s , too , nt eon the acts n the amen poeo d w s n , 1th u th ad tonal roscript on im- sm 11 umbe • In m .J. exas , the ctu nd the am n nt we impo d to i r nchi rsons from voting or hold n office . On the whole, t n , th tren w s t o r uce r th rt . nc s th num~ er of pros di fr n - c sed . Later , in Virgin a , th hars roscrint ve m - sure □ opt wer vote don the 1 ctorate lthou the te t o th pr v nt m ny thousands of f o rt ' from holdin office . Thus , hil a 100 , sos w r e di ranch ed n he earl r Conf d um of m·1 try rule , tis numb h - d a . in· t 1 ere e by th close oft e y r 1 o . II . Ins ek n 6 to nterpret th facts pre s ented int s br ef ly i o · the d is .r nch me t issu , certain set off ctors mu t rb·tr rily be est blished and accounted fo r in eac of the tates an a:_ str cts . Ther e ri - marily six th t shoul be consider d · thes ar (1) the istorical , olitic 1 , soc al an conom c b ck rou d · n e h t t , (2) t e military connn nder , (3) the 33 C r tb g rv' ( 4) the C 11 w gs , (5) th con rv t V .,S or d mocr ts , a ( 6) t e 1 e;ro . Co • cernin the irst of thes , th r e num rous wor s th t c n be cit d · th re 0 ' it I 11 0 ly OS , b l , to point t of h . tr nd smuc a t s 0 ome m JO n would nvolve volumino stud in tse lf . Virg • s n , the Old om nion and fat, er- st t of r s· ctent , w t n tural home oft e old aristo r cy . Fo t rea on the st t capitol at ichmond h en s lect a h pital of h 0 ac :urn r 11 on . Un on sentiment had pre omin te in th western mountaino s s cti n oftest t d ult t l y 1 d to the ere tion of another stat from this s ctl n of th Old om nion . verth 1 ss , uni nm er lib r 11 sc ttcred in th lar r cities throu ghout the st .te . In th e seco m li- t r di tr ct , 'outh rol n had sine t e 18 O' s be n a hot n d o s cession and th home of the or igin 1 fire eaters and secession ts . Its sm 11 w _ ite population had _. x cis d , gid control ov r the e groe • In orth Carol na , Union s t · ent ha be n s om . t g e ter in her sister state to the so1 h , althou - with the ou t - bre of tl er bellion , th s tate esent d a uni ed elm nt of op os tion to the l orth . G or i d 1 b a 9 st t monographs , b bliour nh y • 354 . had b tly less inclin to secesslon than these two st t , yet m ny of t e tates ' more omin nt men , n - cl din th fou i t for th ic res i et of the Confedo ac , ar ently uth althou their Un on sen t rior to 18'1 had en domi nt . lav ry w nt r l rt of the economi li n 11 OL the fo m Conf d te tates , exc pt , perhaps , in the mounta n st t , such as ran s n Tennesse • Flor d , w th · ts sm 11 white n e ro po ul t · on , ha no lte n t v bu to join th Con- f eder a c y , for cut of entirely from th orth , Florid could h ve e sil been overrun by onfeder te fore • Pro -Unio sentim in pr - war Flor·cta ha en equ lly s stron s these e io p rty . Louisiana and Iississip i , the homelan of th hu ~ e sugar and cotton pl nt tlo , h ld slave as its most imp rt nt in t itu ion . any o t e C nfede acy ' le ing st te ~en aile from these state . Lou ana h d allen un er Union co rol early in th w r with th capture of ew Orl ans and th e stab - li ment of Union control of t he ss • i ter - SSlp V r w w Y• n s mount i nous rea , h ld a comp r ·vely , sm 11 eoro pop lation ad ras comp e , for th most part, Of sm 11 a m holdin 0 s . I t • st t tt r hatre lS s a o e betwe n th Union a d non- U io elem nt that 1 ted f e ond h convent n • er o . Te a s , the frontier 341 state, had just begun its expansion in the realm of cotton plantations and other large scale farming which was to utilize the slavery system. Settlements of German pioneers maintained a strong Union sentiment before, during ani af'ter the war. Of the military canmanders appointed by Johnson, it appears that Sheridan may have been the more vindictive. 10 The memoranda issued by him excluded many more from regis tering than had been excluded by Ord or Sickles. In re construction issues where sub-district commanders such as Reynolds in Texas, openly sided with the radicals, the inevitable outcome could only be a radical victory. Canby, as an administrative officer, was liked by both radicals and conservatives and appears to have been the one general who consistently secured support from both parties. In Arkansas, the commanding general deliberately accepted the results of the vote on the state constitution despite the outstanding flagrant fact that in one county many more persons voted than were actually entitled so to do. Sickles, a Democrat, counselled moderation to the convention under his command; however, his own interpre tation or the disfranchisement clauses in the acts may 10 Welles, Diar1, III, 117. v 1 d to 11 s ve tual re ov 1 . I lorid , th com est bl h - e th mo at c_, in cont ol of the convent on . Th ex- t t ' t e ' to hi uh t he mi l t r .,. inter er d 11 t e ro - • t-ati on and . t e ro eed n .)s 0 h conv n- ce 0 re J. .L. • . . v ions , a id n d t J m::....n ·1.n th inal outcome of th d is - I r ch s ment ont over Y• OU s na r ached th h i st d g ee of proser ption; howev r , t his can be attribu ed ot o 1- to tl e inter e r i ce of th ilit ut to o t h er .1actors a well . rkan as and ississ pi both be r wt- nes to the interfe n ee o the milita uthori ties . Te ttitude o ope is reflected in the r e ject on of the l abama constitution y th la k of am jor ty vote of the lector t , the bs nee of a pro cr ·ptivv section in the G org canst tut on , and th sm 11 d i f r n chi e - m nt in th Flor constitution . ga · n , other fact o mu t be c nted for . r ✓as to wh · ch the c rpetbag er flocl d urther ndicates th xtent of proscription . In Flor d ti1ey const ·t1..1te a r e; m; nor ty havin o t ne su port only rm among the re oe ; h owever , combined moderate e ub - 1 ca.1. - d onse vutives ouste th m frorn po r . In 1 i siss ppi , where t e egro constitute am ·orit , the II 4 '7. me 0 the 0 t . 0 nd a pl e oppor t n t es • lmo t to the tent th t tion is • il r • 1 ba e s l n Lou si 11 wherever the - na . ener , 0LTO8 S w n e . t • 1 r e minori Y, t e arp g ers e r maJor , 0 in a to be fou d 0 tain n the r sup ort . In V r gin ~a , rkan nd orth C rol n the n ti ve white outheriners, w ho · ve t j_ · r lle a C 0 the epub - lie t the more • po:r t nt el n In the n , - ,er m • fir t tv10 of the e st t s , th vi ct V es of th scalla s wa., based on personal e p e ce s t t e ha ds 0 the "onfo ates , n o • n mo ive . In he e st t . the scall gs V , r the co trolli e l ement , an could-- · d --dire ct di fr nchis m nt rey a fit ' w th th 11 fro1 the :t~ort pl n r sup ort · oles L> onl In th conventio C'.' of 1◄ lo da , Georgi Lou • • , i a n , ut Ca oli r an T orth arolin h n tive te epu , 1 ca sou h t to blo ck the ort ern radic ls in the r at- ten1pt at dis fr· ch · sement , 1 • ch ap are d to be overl v d c iv . In Louis ia , ho v r , arpetb g control a oo tron to e overr dden . M c: n nat ve wh te outhern - epubl " ans still op o de ual p litic 1 and civil r ts fo1 the e roe ad in m n inst nces would not upport r -dic 1 fro tre orth--or outh-- ho ou·ht to obta n t s . 3 4 The outh rn con erv presents ctu m wow · 1e in th ·ast o_ dr am s s t r an Gli of h self , for the majorit o . tr m e us d to cce the in- evita le fact that ~on e o , 1 r co n tructio ould be - uph l d . Th co ervatives den d th va1· ity of the a ts , the fo 1t enth am nd en , ec t ~ s force o the the n ·t t~s , t r e den d th of eero ~ 0 p rtici te n loc 1 , st 0 fe 01 1 1 ·ov r1 ent . d the con va ires OU , . t t u 0 I 0 tn e 6 r D--- s they lat r di • t d 0 --in lien t lb SU UP ort , n1 ny 0 th reco stru t·o co sti ut ons 0 ld h ve been m ld in their terms of :sfr nchise ent , o those constitut ons • n rkancac• , 1 bar,a , J. ini and Ii sissippi m· ght h v be n re·ecte • he co se vatives , o ·ev , d enounced the e roe 0 in spee che , ne spaper a in th conve t · o s • 12 , d wh _le t .1. y lo c ly cl ored against th r · [;ht of he Ne ro to vote , they s · 1.1 rl 1 ,nt d th v ola tio o th ir ow constitution 1 ri ~ t • 12 rt··. les u a the f oll0\lin 0 we rather th n th~ e, ce tion; rote the ob e ,isto·, : " Our actv · ce o ou · s to rop a ical _ __ efore i i com- elled to dro , ou . Yo had e ter sta awa- from the olls , and cease to eddl wit matters o tate that you do not un rst d , and tell the a ical le ders t t they sh 11 not burn our h ds a y lonce r in G t er che trru s out of e fire • 11 luot ed · n · eekl Tribune , ctob r c , 18 7 . t _e rule 34 Th e 0 b o e t h bru t of att & s from the con- t · vc y-Jt rob 1 los b • ti rf h · · olf C, rv mo C as so ci V , ~ th t 0 unscr pulous carpetbat;ge • t e sho J , in many • t nces t h ee;ro sou ·· t t ' SU port of h or- in r ma c-, ter d did not wis for a rit;id s ste 0 d s r an- ch ment ; " et the l gro vas op nl r jected and de need . on alt n Ve left to h _ s to all h ·.ms 1 w th th tb and call T u s , • retur n for C p sers in t e m llot 0 t e eGro t th polls, the e ro 0 d to obt • C vil and olitic 1 equali t from th en whom ·n tr e put nto off ce . 'outh 1 rolin , om · n ntl e ro , id not im s a xc ssive disfr chi ement s ction al- thou th ~ convention u_fered s much r ic le t the h S O t con V t.LV S n o the in the 1 out • In outh a ol , n d th ou - 011 t the outh , roes o th - r own initi t v d cl red that they hel o at ed or bit er fee1 · n tow rd thv r form t rs • ho1 ver , · n r eas were carpet ger r_;ained co trol t rou -.:)h vitup r tive ncen iary s eeche s , r acial f 1. icul t · es did ar is • publi ns incit I fe~ instance s i naive write le roes to rio , although this o s not mea th t there wa a complete absence of such activit • Holden in •orth rol n , d his son , exemplif th radi 1 wh te at:v · out er·ne1· . In ssissip i i er t he laLtation ·e o had obtain d t h A 1 st d c t on n e 1 , was eas 1 1 d a tray by 1 rious rom e never fulfilled . 4 net , h 1h . h e Of thes sev r 1 clas s , t wa at a 11 t irr10s h s lf- se in in controll nu l emont ·au 1 , ener 11 m Thu 0 fr om the 1 orth . il on , · n his wor , D visi on nd st t e r • , l • • e ro ma joriti ai t ov r e t· 0 , , le gisl,tiv a • t · 0 t ra·ne aut ori .,y o comp l e te co trol t ... , e ro e con d vU itte to all d mact r f 1 t h orn the nsti ct of 1 nde h th h . l Lo isi. , a m n of ues ion 1 ch a t r ho coul no t adv n e himvelf n t : Uni 1 a u - u nd , r - mouth , l ed his tate i to ban rupt c i 1 t h ·hor t er of h i r i ~ . Thes ort . r · vade1 ou ·1t or and ob t ine hl u li c off ice i ,.~ outl feder a l , state a nd local politics i t h i r t fe ·1 ea s of carpetbag ru • rh list o th em n too lon to numer e her e ; but they we e men of if rio cali ~er , men i i need in t dministra ion o ov ment d men who sou ht o 1 t o f ill t heir oin pockets . The r pi mul - plication o the sta ted bts is matter of r e cord . Few ( e 13 foodrow , ilson , ork , 1910) , p . 268 . ivision a nd - 47 lea es o the old outh emalr d , hJl th orth co - ti .11 d to ru with t e am class o ,10 , n m n st ~cs .} e same m e or th war .. , ' o had re pr ...,nted th III . h--01 and ew , wri ev : --- n - D s re for eform rt th n v n eance dom nated t e de l ibe ton . t wau oped that the dissentio s d isc into soft e p st w ul disappear n d moc t c future . 14 ~il rl , thi writ decl r s th t • • old n w s hon st , but vindi t v and n Con ernlng s cond stat et , this wri r w 11 dw 11 o 1 br efl th re - on , for · t d ls w it till anoth r po tion o the dis - fr ch · ment c ntrove sy · how eve , the record of overnor Ho l en in a is terin3 th~ st te elect o ~ i 11 not b ar out t alle gat on o the writ r r ·rs c ;ed . Concern · ng the f orm r statem t , h er to have ele t do i s olat op · n · ons , for v · nd · tiv ness , tho uh e haps dis - ised , dom n te th • of the • ls . m.1n r l in ever state . In li t of tie C rpetba gover ents est b l sh d i n the forme Confed rate st t s , does it pp r th t re - f orm domin te e elibera tion n the con ve tion or 14 r anci Butl r ( ew York , 1 48) , p . 191 . 1 Ibid ., • 1 4 . , · kins , The and ew =4s th t radicals knew and openly admitted they could ai no political pow r without a ol c of pr os er· tion? as the motiv tion f or reform or to es t abl sh an ntain epub - lic n drt y c ntrol n thes form,r Coned.rate st tes ? The answers t o these qu s tions in the convent · on period is n:ttely not in avor of reform . The proof of t h s is evi et · n the convent ons well sin the gov r ents establ shed u nder n w co st t tions ; but m re thor ou un er sta d · ng of all the factor i neces ary in order to un rsta d the ' outh to a vie r 1 of the events of the reco struction era . This i but small f r ent , r - h ps the core , o f an issue in Americ n h stor that h s left its mark in Southe1n politics and soc al h story for almost a century . BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOG PY SOURCE Goverrunent Publications 350 House Report No. 30, 39th Co1c:., 1st ' s ., "Re ort of th Joint Committee on co struction at th 1st e s · on 39th Congress." House Bxecu tive Documents 11 0ath of Office•" --2.• 99, u9th Con., 1st s • , .::>enate xecutive Documents o. 2, '"" 9t Con ., Lst ess., "Report of Carl churz:W- - Congressional Globe, 40t Cong., 1st Sass. House Executive Documents o. 1, 40th Con., 2nd ess., 11 Report of the Secret°ary of ar d Interim and General United States rmy." House Executive Documents No. 242, 40th Con., 2 d "Elections in the So thern States•" House ~xecutive Documents _Q. 274, 40th Cong., 2nd "South Carolina and rkansas." House xecutive Documents o. 276, 40th Con., 2nd 1 'Second Military District•" House 'xecutive Documents No. 278, 40th Cong ., 2n "Elections in Arkansas:-1' House xecutive Documents No. 297, 40th Con ., 2nd "Constitution of Florida." es., ' a ss., 'ess., ess., ess., House Executive Documents 1£• 300, 40th Co ., 2nd ess., ''Elections in Georgia, North Carol na and South Carolina." House Executive Docunents 12.• 302, 40th Con ., 2nd ess., 11 Disqualification of Certain Off l eers." House Executive Documents ·o. 303, 40th Cong., 2nd ess., "Elections in Alabama-;"" ' ecuti v eneral Or Houue M isce l laneous 11 Cond tion o 3 1 r o • ,. 7 " , 40 th on r • , ~ n oiltr ion . " es . , r, on ) • , es ., -2. • _ , 40 h Cons . , d 'es., is sis s i • n Hou e 'lis ce 11 "Affairs __ ,__ __ n_t _s o . b7 , 4 th Con • ;., 2 d ' e • , House " ocuments irg nia . " 0 . 41 ..:> _, Con • 2nd ' s • , Docume ts ---2.• 14 , 40th on G•, ls t s • , re ident o t e United ta es . " enate xecutive Document s o . , 4 th de . u on e; . , 2nd es ., " eneral o G neI'l t· te Public ions cts of Jul_y , ssembly mber , 1868 of the Gener 1 nt :;om 1 v , 18 8 . The D bates tion of t --- of R - - --- - and oft -- oceed ngs of _____ tut onal Conve tato of Vir · ed at · - ---- ____ y_ _____ __: Bei a 1 eedi ntion , truction ---- o· r ess an the - r of the Cornmande o rict - -- - - ---- ------- ___ b_l_i_ · n_ r the _C_o_ n_v_e _n_t_o _, and th~ on . Richmon 18 s. Doc e nts of th Virgin.t . · ution· 1 onventio , 1868 . of the of Hous Journ o the of the te o f --- --- - ednesday , t e sion of the - Conv ned at ssembl le on ul , 186°G: ------ lle , 18 6 . onvention of the of --- - sion 1868 . Ralei ~ 68 . Journ' 1 Vi Jou nal of of - at Journ 1 of Journo.l Of ______ · _________ of the of cember ted chmon • ---- ______ , , __ , - ~ , 1867 . 1867 . 0 -- ---~~-- - a • truction Conv tion ~h·ch met at , 1868 . __ n_e 1, _ ._., 1 8 . in 2 ols . u tin , esda Cons ti tut 1 · n the en t ion of the ont ·----' Com- 186 . nt- Off __ nal the a · tut f-J n 8 . ~P~---t~e ;......, and roceedin s of the which at Little · ock , Janua l 7 , __ r the of the ct o Con of r.arch 2nd , 1867 and the Act o March 23d _____ 19th , 1867 the to , to fo~m a Co tion for th ___ n_s_a_s .-Littlo eek , B. Proceedin s 1· J ess io at the 1 enness e , Conv ned of 1 ovembeE_ , 186 • Journ· 1 of t o - Journal of the - of the t - -~-- at lahassee , has , 1868 . Journal of the of the L Jou construction Conv-ntion wh·ch met at 1 , _ ._., 18'8 . in 2 vols . Uu in , _o ___ · _ ____ of the Cons ti tut of the -:-, Com ont- · 1 ~ n the -- - ove nber , 186 . Officlal Journal o the Proceedin 11 s. of tho Frarnin Constitution fo_ the 1 t -- e w Or le ,l n , 186 8 • of the ons Proceedi 1· Constitution 1 Conv ✓ntion of J - outh Carolin_, __ · 17 , 1868 . _I __ Char ton , • ession at the 1 enness e , Conv ned of lovembe.£_ , 186 · . ies \ emoirs , ndr n ~Y , The outh i ce t r , ___ m _ £1 ___ t _e _e _n e ks of Travel __ Obs rvation _ Geo a the aroltna . on , 1866 . e crest , Jon Jill , _ Union _ __ e _r in the t n . ith n ntrodu t Jam a 1-lorlris Pot to r 1 • ew 11 ven , 1948 . T owbr · its • n 3 vol . e iscellan ous 1 67 - 180 • le1 Yo k , 1 6 - B n roft , Po l ,.re eri , ed ., 0 1 ine , Jam m tic an cu s s · s Le r, is 1 at iv , __ - 1886 . 1 wich , 1887 . . lo - Flemin -:, , ton . lte i.n Lynwoo 2 vols . oconstruc- Lay drick , Be jamin B., ed . Th Journal of the Jo ·nt Com mitt e of ift non ~econstruction 3th Co ress - - 186 - 18'7 . ew York , 1914 n Columbia Univ . siti in Histor , conomics __ ublic Law . Vol . 1 o . 150 • S , 'L1. b 8 US , . 9f'011S_ tru Cto Of Con e s a 1 d i ' i ca 1 vie ,, 1 of l • • - - - - ---- - - - - - H igh t , rovernor of C liforni· , an isco , 1868 . :N c h rs on , , ar , 1 68 . ✓a h::_n ..)ton , tewart , • Taylor , i h r , York , 1879 . T ibune , 1868 . o f th - 1902 . · Intro ------ • ---- on , 1 .bes an vol . b .d .... on . T umbull , L-ym n , 0 8p.Jecb of Hon . L at Co op J In titut J , ew Yo Y , Coll ction of ' ee he..., in Con •., r '1 1 umb 111 of 11 · n t s rtl 12 , 187 , u in in · econstructto • 1 e c nd r · or k t te , ono t:;r phs avi , 'ill i m tson , The constr D ( 1""1 olumb ia nive ------ conomics , and u 1 c Law . Vo l . LIII , e rv Yor , 1913 . ou -rl ilto , • . , __ • (Coli.mbia un ·versit conomi s and ubllc Law . - - ---- 141 . w York , 1914 . - · on in s i ----- Vol . LVIII , Ee kl ohn os e 1868 . cal and olt ica _ l _ __ ) ___ l_t_ imore , 1910 . 1 m· /alt r Lynwood , of He e kins cience . 1a , Cl land • ---- , rn or d , 1 . i 0 Caro Y. , Po . n i . n Holl l' , , n - --- ~-~- i - ~~~~~- 0 . 1 - 2 . 0 at t n , amr, ..:> l e 1 ch , T e 186 - am dell , Ch le s · illi e (Colum i lJnive ------- and ublic La . 1 ew ork , 1910 . ol s , 18'7 . s , econst · s . dies _ , no XVI , J • , lr- , ·. o . Thompi..1 on , C. :::.1 l, Univ in (Columbi • lie k , iscellaneous ooks Co ... , '''I11Ue 1 ' U . , 1885 . -- • • isunion unn n ~ , 'illi hibal econs tion . w ho uss , illi m d m, "Cont:;r s io 18 8 , n npu lish J oc t oral of hica~o , 19 • eunio . on 98 . • rov .L enc .., , 1 is~ r anchisement 18 6- i sertation , U v r it 3 · 1 on , oodro , 1 10 . • • vis ion a -- 1 York , u s , ____ , n PP • lli rt cl s tt T e r i :.'r · co stru tion" in Journ 1 of l o . , 19 , • 171- 192 . e t r o al 'r ch · 0 n fl r t in o th Curo lin , " 1 ar o i t oric 1 eviei . I , l o . 4 , 1 ----- 3 . tt ic 1 iu 1r· nch · s eme t n Georgia 1 8 7 - 1871" - - --- · A1X, '" o . r• , 193· , • e str tion i t 1 tru on , in ~~~----- ____ _ · ____ _ ____ • I , ro . 2 , , • l b - 1 O. P DIX P T I An Act to Provide for the M or ffici ent Gover The Rebel States, passed .arch 2 , 1867 1 nt of Whereas, no legal state goverranents or adequat pro tection for life or property now ex sts in th r be l st ts of Virginia , orth Carolina , outh arolin, eor ia , Mississippi, Alabama, Lo is ana , Flor d , e sand Arkansas; and fuereas, it is necessary that peac a ood or r should be enforced in said ·st tes unt 1 loyal and r ub - can state governments can be loyally stabli ed : Therefore, b e it enacted by th ~ nate th ous e of Representatives of the United t t es of Ame ica in Congress assembled, that said r el st t s shall bed v ded into milit ry districts and made subj ct to th militar authority of the United States, as here n ft r prescr·bed; and for that purpose Virginia shall constitute the first district, North Carolina and South v r li the second di trict, Georgia, Alabama and lorida the t hlrd di trict, 1 uoted in arnes , l istorx Q_ the Thirti Congress of the United States, PP • 48- 549 . - 3 9 Missi sip nd , t f'o t d st . t and . n a e l ou :L an a d ex s e f ift str C ' • ect on 2 . nd be t furt r· en cted , h t it sh 11 be the duty o t _ e Pr si ent to as • to the co d of l ch of d d s r • cts an 0 . C 0 h not elow e sa th r k of ri e die e ne , 1 , a d to d t il uff c· nt n1 1 t f o ce to n 1 ucl f c r to erfor nd to nforce h s utho it he is ss · ed . ' ct on 2 • d e it urther b th t 0 1 olficer as pot ct all to • u pres insur ct or , d isor er , , he ·str ct to which cte d , th tit shall rson nd property, nd viole ce and to punish , or cu to e i hed , all stu bers oft e pub - lie pe ce nd er i. -ls ; an to th s e d he ma allow local ju r I he n r 1 is ju d ent t r.1 d ct on nd to tr o en ers , be n esv r for the trial of offend , h sh 11 have power to or issio s or tribunals fo t t JU.rpose , and all interfer - ence und o m lit r color o state uthorit , wit t e xerci e uthor:ty under this at shall b null nd voi • ection 4 . n be t further ena ted , that al ersons put nd rm lit ry r sst b - v rue o tis at shall e tried w tho1 nnece s ry d 1 d no cruel or unu u 1 unis m n~ sh 11 be i · ict d , nd nos n ce o y milit, , co . ss .on or t :buna l her by auto z , ff th 11 0 l "b rty o n person , sh 11 be ex - cuted unt 1 i t is ed b t officer • nd of appro in omm the dist t ; and the l aws and re . lat O! ' f 0 ·ov e n - m t of tho rm h 11 not be ct d b r this act xce t r t • ,t \7 it its p ov 0 • rovide d , as y 1 • that no sent - ce of d at under t ovis ons of this t shall be • ed ·nto e C I • t out the prov 1 0 the C Pr sid t . e ction • d l>e it fu ... ther enacted , t at ~he p opl of anyone of th sa · · d reb 1 ateu shall have form a constitution o overnment i confo mity ith t Const tut_on o the Un e tates n 11 ...., C S , d b· a cove tion of del ates elec d the male ci tize s of sai state , rac , color or ent - one year old d 'J rd , o vio s 01dition , ho h ve o h tever esident h d - i n id st te for on y ar previous t th da- o su h ,lee- tio n , exce t u may b d s nchis d for p rt c · pation in th rebellio , r fel n t common 1 , d unless su h cos itut · on s all prov de th t t e l ec ve fra chi e shall b njoy d 11 such p rsons , h ave the q lifica - tio sher in st·ted for electors o d leg• t ~ , and ~ nen such const ·tut o 1 vot g on the question of rat fication 1ho qua l d s 1 ctor fo 1 gt , and w n uch con·t tution shall have been subm~tted to Con ess for ex int on ad approval , and Congress shall h ve approved t e same , and whens id stat , b vote of its legislature e lec ed und r said con tit t · on , hall have adopted the' en nt to the Consti-tut on of the Uni ed ' t t s pro osed by he 39th Con s , and lno~n as rt · c10 14 , and wh n said r · icle shall have b com a part of th .J Consti tut o of the Un tod 't tes , id state hall be declar d ent: led to represe tat on in Con ress , an enators and Repr s n- tatives shall ) 0 admitted ther from on their t ing the oath prescr bed by law , a d t r, en and erea t r , th re - cedin s ct ions of t is ct shall be • t rov·a inoper ve • , that o person excluded from the pr v-· le e of hold in 0 1 ice by said p o po ed endm nt to the Constitution of the Un ted t tcs , sh 11 be eli 0 ible to 1 tion as me 1 b r o' the conv :r tior.. to fr c: n.e a cons - tution for ny of rebel state , nor sh 11 a y sue persons VO e for m mbers of such corvention . ectio 6 . nd it u t nacted , t t , until the peop l e of said re el state s s h 11 be y law admitted to representation in the Con . es s oft e un·ted ate , an ci 1 IT O vernm n hi C~ ma xist therei. shall e d , 62 eemed provis onal onl , and in 11 r ~ ct subject to the p ramount autho _ty o thJ Unit d -,tats a t any time to abol s , mo · ry , control , or to supercede the same ; nd in 11 e l ctions to any o ~ ce unde such pro v sional ov r ent , 11 person° shall b e ent tled to vote , and one others , w o ar e entitled to vot under the l t e ion o th at · · , no er - son hall e li g i e to an o .f ce under such p ro v onal ove r m ts who oul e di qua1 · r ed rom hold n L o f ca under t e p ovisions o t he th d article o sai const - tution~l nd ent . n ct up lem ntary to ct to ov:. e f r t e ~io ~ ficient ov rnment of th0 eel t t , assed arc 2 1867 1 , e it en cted ••• Th t b fore t f r..., d of ept m 18o7 , t e corm1andi ,,. gen ral in e h di t1 ., · ct defined by an ct entitled " · -ct o provide fo1 the mor eff cient government of th rebe 1 st te " , assed ch 2 , 1867 , shall cause rc gtstrati n to e ude of the male cit zens of t l e Un e 'tates , tw nty- one e r 1 o e an up1ar ds , re d nt in e h ount or r sh in the ·t te or Stat inclu ed in h s dlstr t , hie re , str tin shall i lude onl tho e pe r ons who a e qualified to vote for delegates by th act a fo1esai , nd who shall ha e taken and subscribed the follo in oatl or affi a n , 0 r do sol emnly swea (or firm) , . th presence of lmi gh t in God , that I ma citiz n of the tate of • th t I have , r sided id 'tate for next precedi r this d ...::, , and now reside in the county of , or the sh of • id tat ( ' l S th be ; ) hat I tw nt '"- o ins cas ma am e ars old ; th t I h ve no een di r· nchi s e for part ci - oat on in n rebellion or c v 1 wa .s.; c ins the United ·t te , nor or f lon commi te 1 on , uote in F'lemir g , I , 4.07 - 11 . gainst h las o y con- , e U i te t ts · th t I have no t een m - t t o of be of an te le8isl tu o , or held a y xecutiv or j - c a l o ice n any 't te and ter ard en.J ged in bellion aga · n t the Unit d t t e~ , o giv n aid or com ort to the enc s th r of ; and I hav e never t n no tb a member o Con ress of the Un t d t te , or as a office o f the United t tes , or as a memb r of n t t le r• sl tur , or s n execut ve or judicial of ~icer o any ~ta e , o support the Constitu tion o f the n t d ·t te · , and aft r1ards engaged in in ·surrect on o r ebe l ion gainst the Un ted ' t t , or e ven aid or comfort to tho en mies t hereof ; th t I w 11 faith - full su port the Cons t io and ob y the la of the Un - · t e d t t es , and ill , to the bes t of y abil ty , en- courage others so o do , so help me od." 'ect on 2 . nd e it fu r the enacted , th t after the completion o the r eeistration hereb p ovid d for • in an tate , at such t mes and places therein a t - com- n1andin g gen ral sh 11 appoint and direct , of wh ch at lea t t hirt d s pu 1 c not ce shall be given , an elec- tion shall be held o de lega t to a conventio for the cons t tut o n d civ 1 gov r - ment fo such t te lo al to th Unio , s id co nv nt i on in eac st t , xc pt ir~in · c , to co s is t o the sam; numbe 6 of memb - s t e mos u.m r b r anch of h tate le is - 1 tur of such st te n the e r 18'0 to be a orti n , the veral • ricts , countie s or parish s of such amon l stat -., b t he andin en r 1 , • • t o e ch r epre nt co gi v i 0 t · on i the r atio of voters afor s • arl y s m a l , be . The convention o f Virg · . shall con sist o t e s l 1 m b :r o m n1lJ rs 3 ro r ent ng -L e terr 1 i tory V'/ co - stitutin B Virgini 1 g · l ature o · n h e most numerou s r a c oft i d utat in t e r 18oO, o e ppor - · on d as a oresa d . Section 3 . nd b · t furth r enact d , th tat said lection the re gist re voters of e ch t te sh 11 vote - for or a ains a conve tion to f orm a const itut on ther for un r this act . Those voti ·in __ vo r of u a conven- tion shall av wri ten or pri te on the ballot by wh ch the y vote for delj at G , as afor ad , t c nvent od 1 and tho e v ting agains t such ~ords n or a c onventi n sh 11 have wr ~tt nor printe d on uch b llots the words " a o· in t convention ." The p r so p_ o nte to supeI n - te d said el ction , nd to make r etu r n of t _e votes riven thereat , as here rovide , shall count and maker ,turn of the vot s iven fo r nd a ant covert on • , d the comrn ding general to wh m t same sh 11 h ve been re - turn d sh 11 asc rtain and declar e tle t otal vot e n each state for n against conv ntion . If major t of th votes giv no that ques ion shall be for a conv tion , then such a conv nt·on shall eh ld as ere ·nafter pro vided ; but if t he majority of votes sh 11 be aga nst a con vention , then no such convent on h ~l be held un er th s a c t : prov ded , th t such convention shall not be h l d un- loss a jority fall such registers vo ers shall have voted on t qu tion of hold g such convent o • ' ct· or: 4 . ncl oe it urtne acte , t e comma d - ing general o each istri t sh 11 appo n s many bo rds o re i tratio a may e nece say , cons sti g o f thr loyal offic ers or p r on , o mak a d cornple te the r g s - tr tio , super ntend tr e election , a m ke retu n to im of the vote s , list of voters , and of the per on e l ecte as delegates by plurality of the votes cas t s s d l ee- tion ; and upon r Jceivin . sa · d retu n , he shall ope the sam , a c rt :in the pers ons elect d as ele ates accor i , to the returns of th of icers wh conducted said elec - tion , an ma e pro lama ,ion thereof ; and a major ty of the vote giv non the uestion shall b for a conven tio n , the comm ndin s 6 ener 1 , withins x yd ys from the date o election, sh 11 not fy t e de le gat s to ass mble i convention , ta t·me n 1 ce to be me tion d in t not "fic tion , an • S l co nv nti · when o , n·zed , sh 11 7 proceed to fr me canst tution an civil ·over et ccor ng tot e prov sos o f h s act and th act to ch is sup le ntar ; an when t es e shall be su mitte by the conv 1tion for r ~tification to the perso s re gist re u r t _ · p ovisions of t h s ct at the el tion to con- ducted b the of • lC s or person ppointed or to b ap- pointod by the comma ne; eneral , herei befo e o- d , n t b h ld after t l e expiration of th rty d s fro th t of notic the1,, eof , to be ven by a d co - vention ; nd the rJturns thereof shall b e made to the comma ding general of t he distr ct . ' • nd e it furt _er en ct , th· t if ac- ection cord n ~ tot e id r eturn, the con titut · on sh 11 be rat- fied by m ·orit o t h vote of the re g · stered electors qualif ied as her in s ecified , cast .t s id elect io n , at l ea t one -h l f o qu s t on of sa 11 t he re~istere voter voting u o the ratifi cation , t p esi nt oft con- vent · on shall tr smit a copy of the same , ul certified , to the r s d t of t he United 't t e1 , who s hall fort with transm · t the arne t o ogress, i1 t hen in ses ion, and if not in ession , then immediately u on its next assembli and if it sh 11 , or over, ape r to Co gress that the election as o e a w i ch all t h e re . is ere an qt alif e vote r s of t ·tate h n op ortunit to vo te fre 1 nd • , wi hout re traint , fear , t e n lue ce o f aud , f th C ngr c;, sh 11 be sat th t such co itut 0 u meets the app oval of a a · or ty of all t qu 1 f d . voters in th ·t t , and if t r e aid co t tut ion sh 11 be eclar by on r r, to be in con o it with the p ov - ..., sions of the act to whi t i is supple ntary , an oth prov sions o ct h 11 h ve en complie w th , ad t he said constitut 0 1 sh 11 ea rov y o g e s, the t - te h 11 b e cl en tors r·epr s iher in provided: 1 ection 6 . 1 ct tor pr s ntat on , nd ta iv s ' 11 be admitted therefrom nd e it furt r en cted , th t all • r ons il th oned l the said ti ct to p o- vide fo t h mo f ic· nt governme!'lt of the rebel t t ti shall , in g t h operation of • ct, be by s , al b llot; n d all officers mak g t l sa · g str tion of voters a conductin ,; · i el ction shall , b foe enter · n · po t disc · r ge of t heir duties , t ke and su scr .b the oath pr scrib e t ct approved ul 2 , 1862 e titl u n act to p scribe an oa tn o o fi ce . tt rovided, that if any p rson knowin gly nd falsely ta e and subsc r ea y o th i thi ct prescrib d , su h rs on so off ndin g nd be n t reof ul co victe , shall o subject tote 369 pains, enalties, an sa iliti s w1ich law are pro - vid d f or t u i hm:..nt of t crim. of w lful and cor- rupt r jury . • • An c t Supplement r to an ct to P ovi e for the 1 ore Ef icient ov rnment n the Reb l a se July 1, 1 7 1 ates Be it enacted, etc., th t it s he eb decl r d to have been the true intent and TIE nin oft act o the 2nd day of March, 18 ' ? , entitled " An act to prov for and the more efficient overnment o t he re el 1 tat s 1t , oft e act su plementar y thereto, p ssed on the 2 rd day or March, 1s·7, and tha t th gov rnm ts t h n ex sting n the rebel States of Virginia, orth arolin , 'outh C o lina, Georgia , iv ississ . i, lab m , Lou sia a , Flor da , Texas , and Arkansas, were not le 0 a l ,tate gov rnments ; and that thereafter said g ove rnments , if cont nued , wer to be continued su b ject in all res p cts to the military commanders o f the r e ective distr cts , d to the par - mount authority o f Con r ss. Section 2. ha tne commander of an dis tr t named in said act shall have power , sub ·ect to tJ. e d isap roval of the General of t _e army o t he United ' t nd 0 , have effect till isa pr oved , whene ve in the 0 • • inion of such commander t he pro er administration o f •aid act shall require it, t suspend or remove f r om office , or from th 1 71 pr or nee of off "c al u t es a n t h owers , any o ic r or r on hold or or rof n to hold or exercise , an c"vil o milit a r of , - appo ntment , or authority deriv d fron , or ·r nted by , or claim d unde , ny o - call d ta te or the ov rnm nt th r - of• • • 1 other or any mun i cip or , d • V l S on the · .of; and upon ch . removal s SUS ension or such co n er , sub ·ect t o t h e d sapproval oft ener 1 as or sa , shall h ve pow r to rovide from . to t ·.me for th erf e of he im rm said uties 0 such officer or p r on so SUS end d or re - moved , by th detail of some compe t nt offic r or oldier of the a my, or by the appointme t of so e other pers on top rf orm the s e , and to fill vac nci s oc .,as oned by death, resignation , or oth rwise . Section 3 . Th t t General of the a y of the United tat · shall be ·nve s t d i h a 11 the pow ers of us pens ion, removal , appointment, and detail granted in the preceding s ection to district commanders . Section 4 . hat t h e acts of the officers of the army already done in ren1ovin n said istr cts pers ons exercising t he functions of civil officer, and appoi tins others in th ir stead , are h ereb con i ed : Prov ded , Th t any ~ son er t or or hereafter appointe b a~ d strict comrn n r;,72 to xe c se the f net ons of any civil offic, may be r move eit e b the mi l it r o fi e r in command of the dis tr ct , or by the en al of the Y• n it shall be the duty of such co ander t o r EIIlove r om offi ce , as afore a , all persons w ho red sloyal t o th Government of the nit 'ta t .1S , o r ho use th offi c i 1 influ .>nee in any rnann r to h nder , delay , prev nt , or o· st ct th due nd pr op r dm n s rt onof this act nd t cts t o wh ch · s su le nt ry . Sect on 5 . Th t the boards of r g stration rovided f or n t ntitled ' n ct entitled tt n act supplementary to a ct t to prov de fo the more ef cient gov r - ment o th~ rebel · t · ts ,' pa sed a ch 2 , 18'7 , an to f cil tat s tor at · · o , " p s e arc 23 , 1867 , shall h vJ p ow , and it sh 11 bet ' i duty , efor allowing e r str tion o a p\Jrs on , to sc rt in , up n such facts or in ormat on a t a obt n vhethe suer person s enti t le to be e · tered under s i at , and t ~e oa t h r - U 0 said act 11 not be conclus on such ques - tion , and no p rso hall be re g i ter d unless such board s all decide that he s ent · t l ed t i.1er to ; an such oar shall a lso have po r to examin , und oa t , ( to be ad - minis rd y memb r of s u ch oa r , ) on tou chin th qu 1 ica tion of any person cla · in re i tra t on ; bu.t in ever cas of refu s 1 to. boar to r g s ter> pl cant , and in e v y case of triking h narn ap rom the e a note list as hereinaft r prov ded , t e b o r sh 11 or n1 or ndum , ich shall b returned ith the r e istra- tion 1st to the co andin3 0 ner 1 of t he dis r ct , set - ting for 1 th th grounds o uch refusal or such strikin from the 1 st : Prov ded , '1 1 hat no person shal l be di - quali i as m rib r of any boar of re gist t io_ son of race or color . ection 6 . Th t th t rue intent and m .., ninf => o f the oath pr escrib dins ·d su plementary at i~ , (amon other thin gs ,) th t no pers on who has been a memb r of the - lature o ny ·'tat , or wh o h h 1 a y executive or ju i - c al office in any '"'tat , ~h th r h has t aken an oath to support t e Constitut ion o the nit d - t ts or not , d hether he wa t1 olding u ch office t th. com.rnencen1ent of the r b llion , or had el t b f oro , and w has after - ~ard s enga g din ~nsur ction or r bellinn against the Unit d ·tat • u, or 0 lV0 ai or c mfort to the enemi s ther of, is e nt e d to be re g ter d or to vote ; a nd th :; rds xecut_v or ju icial office in any t te " in said oath menti ne s. 11 be c nstru d t i elude all civil off ce create b la forte ad.ministration of an gen ral l aw of a state , or for th ini. t rat on of ·ustice . 7 - t · . 1e f or complet i n t e origin- 1 reg stration provi ed fo cretion f th commander of · n s id ct m , in the d ·s - y distr ct , be e xtended to t he 1st a of Octobe r , 1867 ; an t e bo ard of registra t on sh 11 have ow r , a nd it hall e t h · r d1.,1ty , com- m nc i n ,, fourteen d ys prior to - ny lect .on unde s · d act , nd upon reasonable ublic not i ce of the tDne , and pl Cut e f , to v · sA , for per od of f ive d , t he re istr tio lists , and , upon bein 1 • s tisfi d that any p rs n not entitled th ret h s been r -ister · d , to str · ke t · n m o such p s n from the list , a nd sucn p rson sh 1 1 not be allowed to vot • 11. 1d such boa d s all also , dur •n , the s 0 erio , a dd to such re .L try the n s of all persons who at tnat t me possess th qualific t ons r quir db s i act wh have not been already re giste r d ; and no person shall , t an y tim , be entitled to be re gis - ter d o to vote , b r eas on 0 1. an executiv rdon or arnnesty , would d i squalify h m fron1 re J str ati on or vot ng . ection 8 . That section four of said last - n act shal l 'Je const1 u c1 to au t oriz e t he conn anding ::) ner 1 n d therein , w h n v r h~ sh 11 dee. it nee u l , tor - mov e mbe of a bo·r of regi s t r at on and to a ppoint a nother i his stead , a n to rill a vaca n i n such bo r . 7 ection • h u t 11 1 Jmeb S 0 s id o s of re istratio , an all r o s raft e le ctod or appo nt - d to office in sai military districts, und r · y o- call d dt t or munic i 1 u thori t , or tail or p - pointme to _ th istr ct comn1ander s , s h 11 be r equ d to t k e and subs r b th oath o office pr ~cried by law for of ic rs of the United t~t • ct ion 10 . Th t no d trict comm der or member of th boar of st t on , or any of the off cers or appointe actin under th m, s all be bound in h s ction b any op nion o f ny civil off ice of the United tat s . ect on 11. Th t all th • • provision o f this act nd of the acts to which this • J.S up lementar s 1 al be construed 1 erall t o th end that 11 the • t ts the e - ' of may be fully and per ,ctlv carried LI out. ct o f arc 11 , 1 8 n ct u ppl m nt to ct rch , 18 7 , nt tled" n t u ntary to I n ct to Provi d f or th ore ff ci nt Gove r nment o the -bel 'tat ' p ssed I rch 2 , 18 7 , and , to f cilit te t e r restoration . '' Be i t n ct d , etc ., That herea t er a ·r lection ut orized th ac t pa se rch 2 ~, 18'7 , ntitl d " n act supplement y to I n act to provi for e mor ef ici nt over nt of th r ebel ·tates,' pass d 1ar ch 2 , 187 , an to facil • t te t1 ir storati " sh 11 be , cide b a ma ·or t of th vot s a tually c t · nd at the elect o n wh h th question of the ado tion or r e - jecti on o any constitution i ubm ··tted , ny. p r son duly n th e le ct i o d is t rict r ister d n the ''t t ma vot where he offers to vot hen he ha resided the r e n f or ten days next prece · nrr uch le ct io n , upon p ntation of his certi icat of re ·stration , his a fidavit , or ot er satisfact ry ev· dence , und r such re 6 lat · ons as the d strict de m y pr scribe . Scton2 . Tatt· cons t · tuti nal conv tion of y of the t ts mentioned in t he ac s to hi h this is amendatory ma provid th t t th ti of vot IlB upo e ratification of t - e constituti n , the re t red vot rs my vot al o or mm rs oft ous of epr sent t · v s of t e Unite t te , nd f o all 1 ct v off c rs r o- v ded for b y t , es d co stitution ; and the same el ction of icers , who shall make the r turn of the vot scat on the ratif·c -tion or rejection of the constitutio 1, sh 11 enumerate nd et y the vot s ca~t form mbers of Con ess. tate labama · rkansas Floriaa eorgia Lou l siana ississippi \] 0 . o . ex ir g1.n rolina rol1na REGISTRATioul 1860 Census Re 'Ml1i te Negro I Registr ation rlhite N 113 , 87 11 92 , 4041 Probably safely white 61 ,2 95 104,5181 t 64,690 70, 8521 22 , 6331 Safelv White 33 , 047 21,207 I 11,840 18 , 5111 13 , 5041 Probably safely white 127 , 3031 92 , 9951 Probably safely white 94 , 711 2 , 502 isfranchisement could .h.frican - ize 11,914 96 , 333 5 ,218 0,0511 89 , 963 isfranchisementl 47,434 could African- 138 , 136 71 35 r.: , e afel 65 , 6101 84 ,3 931 Safel I h i t 103, 500 I 3 6 ,2 15f Safe ly vfnit 106,721 46,882 633 , 16 , 089 95 ,168 84 , 436 2 , 091 72 , 80 , 550 49,49 1 , 165 33 , 88 10,136 1s6,0611114 , 6os robably Safely (120 , 101 I 105,832 I 14 , 26 white 660 , 572 6 8 I 692 , 320 4 ,17 5 39 ,218 14 , 657 33 , 66 1 Russ , 0 c on gr•e ssional Disf r anchisement , u p . 111 . -:I C) a . La . Miss . istration Returns e Negro Total 61 ,295 104 , 518 165 , 813 ___ .,. ___ -------- 66 , 831 11,914 16 , 089 2~ , 003 96 , 333 I 95 , 168 191,501 45 , 218 84 , 436 129 , 654 -------- --------- 139 , 690 106 , 721 72 ,932 179 , 653 46,882 · 80 , 550 127,432 59 , 633 49 , 497 109,130 120 . 101 105 . 832 225 . 933 is 1·ro.n 1867-1868 Votes on Calling of 0onstitutional Conventions For 'Jonvention Agains t Convention Total White 1 8 , 533 ------ 1 , 220 32 , 000 ------- ------- 31 ,284 2 , 350 7,757 14 . 835 Negr o Total White Negro 71 , 730 90,2 83 5 , 583 --- ------ 27 , 576 -------- --- 12,080 14,300 203 --- 70,2 83 102,283 4,000 127 ------ , 75,083 ------- --- ------ 69 , 739 ------ --- 61 , 722 93 , 006 32 , 961 --- 66 ,418 68 , 768 2 , 278 --- 36,932 44 , 689 10,622 818 92 . 507 107 .342 61 .249! 638 ote on rtatification of ns t.t tu tions Total Vote 5 583 , 95,866 13 , 558 41 , 134 203 14 , 503 . 4 ,127 106 , 410 4 , 006 79 , 17 6 ,277 76 , 01 32 , 961 125 , 96 2,278 71 , 040 11,440 ; 56 ,12 61 . 8871169 .229 ite ote in 1860 Tota l Date rk . la . ------- _ ... ____ _ 0 --- --- 00 80,357 54 , 053 14,347 Feb . 4 , 1868 L:: ,~~~~~~ --- --- 106,365 50 , 510 69,120 6 . 230 , 89 , 6 '-' ' 71,817 54 , 510 , .._..,_._ 24 , 011 71 , 309 160 , 316 48, 739 114 , 891 ch 15 , 1868 .'flay 4 1 1868 April 20 , 1868 pril 17 , 1868 une 22 , 1868 ay 21 , 1868 pril 14,1868 T iss . ,----- r . 111 , 688 e V o.r • , 8 , 244 as •------ - ,16 . 343 --- 49 25 --- om McPherson , Politi ------- 62 , 986 1 --------- ----------- 74,015 '1·167 , 099 27 .288 98 , 046 -----, ___ .,. __ _ I , t----- ~ --- --- -----..--- ----- .. -- ______________ ;.,_. ____________ _ or 1868, p . 11~ . ~N -.:J "· 1 egistration Completed Total Vote on Convention is tr . · white Ne 0 Total Re istration For A ainst Total 1 2671 4001 6672 8595 4556 3 2 533 969 1502 3 1216 1594 2820 [ 1074 494 : 494 1783 754 25 779 on 4 1746 293 2039 I 774 82 122 204 ! 1275 2 88 217 505 5 2818 1248 4066 ' 1896 621 139 760 I I 810 150 960 6 1773 3275 5048 5123 2113 102 2215 Bullock 7 3032 2926 6958 4482 2 483 599 3082 2682 619 838 1457 8 2553 1615 4168 J 1554 376 146 522 2671 1175 17 119 9 1761 2788 4549 I 2321 1035 13 1048 2391 1150 81 1231 5 ton 10 1275 1754 3029 I 650 285 8 2 w 2190 977 155 11 0 11 907 4229 5136 5 1 60 3863 28 3891 12 553 2635 3308 4727 2966 339 3305 Dallas 13 1340 6870 8210 8330 5620 144 5746 s 14 721 3933 4654 4054 3521 11 3532 1 mery 15 1930 6544 847 4 ~ 8654 5881 -- 5881 16 635 2602 3237 I 3305 2089 1 2090 -- 7079 -· -1 . .. - 1 17 2422 4657 3551 177 4 32 1806 --- ----· - ·- e 35 61 1789 8 1797 -- --· --, I 1ore 18 2114 2719 4839 I 2247 1281 1 1282 a l 2400 1462 4 14 19 1624 6225 7843 4242 3520 31 3551 I Greene I 3568 2579 104 2683 - - -- ~ -"- - ~-- - - - -- -- ~ -- - - ----- 1 m1erican Annual Cyclopedia , 1867 , VII , p . 35 . Q) _ies --- r ns Tuscaloosa Bibb istr . 20 21 22 - 23 24 BAI\lA (Continued) Registration Completed Total Vote on Convent i on rn_ite __ Negro Total e istrati o:q. For Against Total 1114 4011 5125 5359 3594 'l 3681 4632 I 4 634 3144 ~- 695 1391 2086 2777 1430 . _ ----------- -T-----------· - ---- ----- 1718 1633 3351 3390 1955 3 1958 2161 1250 3451 1704 777~ 14 791 1929 1083 50 113 25 1188 471 1659 1679 876 45 921 _ _ oosa 26 21 - 80-3 ..,._---2~9- 4-5-~-----2 ~9-6_5 ____ 7_6_5_ 25 5 1020 --- rs 27 822 1066 1888 I 2718 1380 37 141 lph 28 2352 300 2952 I 1469 814 2 81 498 46 544 a 29 n 1117 1011 2928 I 2988 1527 273 1000 12 86 418 1704 1720 624 15 639 31 1544 64 1608 I 904 424 3o 454 492 -- 292 Jones 32 1936 300 2236 1178 444 23 467 Fayette 1106 530 30 560 . arion 837 357 9 366 Blount 33 3401 498 3899 1286 692 - 13 705- lair 1760 604 -- 604 B all 34 2177 411 2618 1390 471 160 631 1284 538 144 682 Camoun 35 2487 72 3212 2034 660 450 1110 1178 439 14 453 6 1840 210 203 1548 436 110 546 893 384 4 392 Jackson 231 2 865 983 85 1068 2 1 2 4770 2485 1 2486 20 19 1497 895 47 942 one 2390 117? 195 1372 (N 0) l...J (Continued) Registration Completed Vote on Convention ounties Dis tr . ·vhito Nero Total Re istration For Against Total Lauderdale 40 1494 924 2418 2466 1009 16 1025 Lawrence 41 1471 1124 2595 2595 1264 59 1323 Franklin 42 2495 957 3352 I 985 559 8 567 1810 729 54 783 T 72 , 8 88 , 243 160 , 991 1 , 823 90 , 238 5 , 628 95 , 866 CN fB ARKANSAS l Registration Registration Counties White Negro Total Counties White Negro Total ., Arkansas 498 1030 1528 Little River 327 426 753 shley 710 604 1314 l.iadison 709 10 719 Bradley 904 368 1276 Marion 382 g 391 Benton 998 11 1009 Monroe 525 551 1076 Carroll 767 • • • 767 Montgomery 491 27 518 Conway 934 146 1080 Mississippi 292 193 485 Crawford 746 148 894 Newton 425 1 426 Calhoun 422 184 606 Ouchita 1084 870 1954 Chicot 268 894 1162 Perry 295 23 318 Craighead 523 42 565 Phillips 955 2681 3636 lark 1112 464 1576 Pope 771 94 865 ross 414 184 599 Prairie 1071 512 1583 Columbia 1313 740 2053 Pulaski 1494 2402 3896 rittenden 245 505 750 Pike 489 76 565 allas 668 337 1005 Poinsett 172 39 211 esha 231 592 823 Polk 392 1 393 Drew 1079 577 1656 Randolph 849 59 907 Franklin 740 107 847 St . Francis 564 464 1028 Fulton 297 9 306 Sabine 712 42 754 reene 922 5 927 Scott 557 17 574 Hot Spring 723 102 825 Searcy 574 1 575 Hempstead 1307 1195 2502 Sebastian 1012 203 1215 Izard 763 31 794 Sevier 567 261 828 Independence 1455 140 1595 Union 922 798 1720 efferson 1048 2738 3786 Van Buren 746 148 89_ ohnson 682 73 755 W ashington 1834 84 1918 Jackson 849 283 1132 White 1279 155 1434 ~ Lawrence 971 43 1014 W oodruff 673 354 1027 Lafa~ette 583 962 1545 Yell 831 131 96("'\ (Jl TOTAL 43,170 23,146 6 1 AmArican Annual Cyclopedia , 1867, VII, p . 53 . 84 --CO J V"' ~101 1 2 . s ley 3 . Bento 4 . Bradley 5 . C lhoun 6 . Carroll 7 . icot 8 . lark 9 . Columbia onway e on u c ion • • Ioore eor ge I . orm l . ~. eynold John h • Br adley 11 · am • o 11 s Jouenh ri ht ... Jam s • a on olomon ~xon 1il es • Langle ·,., _lli • Be as ley eorge • 1 lcCown nthony inkle 10 . 11 . Cra ead Mississ pp Crawford Crittenden Cross Poinsett) ) rr derick • Poole 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21 . allas Desh rew Franclin Fulton) arcy Greene Hempstead 22 . Hot • r in · 23 . In pen ence 24 . Iz rd 2 . Jackson 26 . Jeffers n Thomas • Bowen s odges J . • Hou hton yle H . I yle C 1 if ford :, • irns • G. untney amuel J . iatthews obe t 1atfield illirun • · ya tt pton • llen John • o t omer olomon D. Belden ichard amu ls John • Harrison Peter G . ,I i ne George J . ale l . • dams ic ett 'a el • allory o. • 'n der J e • G lilliam '"urphy Yr • n l,Jtate 5 3 8 9 11 20 21 L wyer l yQ i n Layer Lawyer Layer Law r erchant - armer - ote e ye 0 0 17 26!! 17 niter o - 10 - 27 5 - 19 12 5 - 48 16 - Postm ster ye arner y i ister ye Fam r - in st r - . . . nys J_ cian Law r Doctor Lawyer Layer aw er armer Farn1e Layer Physician Lawyer ini ter Farmer - ye ye y e id not ap err - 4 La er 16 t L esu e - - 5 34 D d 5 20 _n - Farme r actor Br c son F rmer Farrne not appear n ineer Law er Planter Farmer - ye ye aunt s 27 . Johnson 2 8 . Laf y t e 2 • 30 . 31 . 32 . 33 . 34 . renc Little is on arion) ewton l\ilonroe onto Perry ock 35 . ua ta 36 . 37 . 38 . 3 • hilli s ike Polk) Pope • • rai rie 40 . ul ki 41 . 42 . 43 . 44 . 45 . andolph ' t . ◄rancis · al e cott ebastian 46 . ' vier 47 . Union 48 . Van Bur n 49 . a hington Dele John 1J . · rber l f re I rr ick onroe H wk ns ouldin vall eor ge cott F . 1. s arley 111·ams Jam s · th n Jo en Thomas lli Jrunes -:-ilij h • ortis • ~lings Brooks ri1 th • nr e· ite elley alter 1. Br sher obe t . ' n tt I 11 lam F . H cks James L • od es J es H nds Henr actor Thomas P . Johnson Hrun . 'I . a tcliffe ni 1 o tes James • hoppach Charle~ H. Olive r os s Bell os ph • Corbell • C. Vanhook Ira L . · 1son J esse Millsap Charles n • 1 alker James 1. 10 3 ( Co tinue ) Yrs . in tate Vote on Occu tion Const . 6 2&!! 11 2 8 3 7 11 11 5 3!1 3!! 29 10 32 a 3 2211 n - 4 23 24 30 22 21 - 8 32 32 J:t rmer chant Lav,y r r m armer inis t r me r Farm lante Minist r Phys cian inis ter I v i is to ot ppe r F, mer L yer erc 1 t anuf ctur~r Law er Plant Ii:n ste r L wyer octor Labor r Farm Doctor Far mer F rmer - Farmer La ,yer Do t or ye 0 ye ye y ye y - ye 0 l o - ye ye ye ye ye ,. 6 --C (Continu d ) - --------------------------- ---------- Count ie s . te 1 . 00 ru f 2 . Yell 1 r kansas , P • 1 . n - 0 - - .~ - chans d vot • - De l gates J . N. Cypert Thomas Owen • 1- • Gray r nkl n 1. ouns V l l e ro cee_ dincs of - .trom no to the ye YJ's . in tate l ? L Vot n Const . No - me - id not app r - 17 Doctor ye Constitutional Convention ARKANSAS--ELECTIONS For Vs . Total For Vs • Total Total aunties Conv . Conv . Vote Const . Const . Vote Registration - - rkansas 927 109 1036 1233 169 1402 1826 shley 531 549 1080 414 626 1040 1418 Br adle y 230 --- 230 256 546 802 1274 Benton 92 392 484 97 875 972 1179 arr oll 178 277 455 195 501 696 905 ay 200 --- 200 370 486 856 1257 for d 370 233 603 84 364 448 637 oun 211 134 345 383 518 901 1146 icot 809 156 965 714 193 907 1857 ai_;head 233 123 356 182 226 408 620 ark 685 400 1085 462 753 1215 167 ross 197 168 365 119 230 349 641 olumbia 970 594 1564 591 977 1568 2200 it tenden --- --- --- 496 123 619 963 allas 374 32 6 700 247 545 792 1101 sha 42G --- 425 139 95 234 881 rew 694 386 1070 516 715 1231 1784 .r·ranklin 285 198 483 330 510 840 1045 Fu l t:)n 73 17 90 115 7 8 193 250 72 149 219 10 597 607 946 ng 003 121 424 214 474 688 920 mpstead 1188 827 2015 1120 1145 2265 2 897 Izard 8 --- 8 145 409 554 799 Inde aendence 513 231 7 44 517 620 1137 1665 fferson 2546 --- 2546 ~~·3259 438 3697 3839 Johnson 296 289 585 355 397 752 959 Jackson 30 --- 30 238 531 769 1284 awrence 125 203 32 8 114 445 559 1013 afayette 896 289 1185 466 423 889 1683 a> -.:J ittle River 241 --- 241 2 46 126 372 789 For Vs . Total s Conv . Con v . Vote -- 323 57 380 100 107 207 onroe 514 204 718 ont gomery 288 31 319 ississippi 114 161 275 ...... ewton 177 3 180 Ouc'riita 817 551 136 8 erry 1141 34 1175 Ph illips 217 8 454 2632 pe 433 91 524 r airie 467 533 1000 Pulaski 2480 419 2899 ?ike 195 77 272 Poinsett 55 60 115 olk 111 51 162 ndo l ph 105 249 3 54 t . Fr 8.nc is 393 150 543 ~abine 142 2 61 413 cott 195 11 20 6 336 20 356 '-bastian 276 113 3 89 • vie r 331 195 526 Union 102 --- 102 Van Buren 249 r- 0 a ~ 301 hington 326 662 988 --RLECTIOl\ (Continued) For Vs . Total Const . Const . Vote ' 342 144 486 65 264 329 498 359 857 168 130 298 94 133 227 263 52 315 577 1057 1634 96 137 233 2157 845 3002 394 404 7 98 358 944 1302 -~-4919 997 5916 262 150 412 ~~74 97 171 172 70 242 114 503 617 450 265 715 82 594 676 305 164 469 307 92 399 454 440 894 305 401 706 487 820 1307 54 324 378 569 1124 1693 Total Registration 725 519 1258 539 510 456 2305 378 4040 1000 1835 4721 592 232 422 985 1013 837 572 577 1374 917 184 640 2167 (X) (X) RKANSAS- -ELECTIONS (Continued) For Vs • Total For Vs . Total Total Conv . Conv . Vote Const . Const . Vote Registration . 184 539 723 85 1060 1145 1527 oodruff --- 75 75 191 597 788 1264 Yell 344 111 455 444 295 739 1082 . TO TAL 27 , 188 11 , 942 39 . 130 27 , 913 26 , 597 54 , 510 73 , 7 Jeffers on : No returns from precincts ; these are county wide returns including 730 votes non- county . Pulaski : Vote exceeds reeistration by 1195 . Poinsett : N o election in one nrecinct . 1 sand Proceedings of pp . 669 , 670 , 807 . he Constitutional of r kansas , 0) (!) FLO I --R GI T TI 1 Counties Alachua aker Bradford Brevard Calhoun Clay Columbia Dade Duval Escambia Franklin Gadsden Hamilton Hernando Hillsboro Holmes Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Leon Levy Liberty :Madison Marion Manatee Monroe Nassau Orange Polk Putnam Santa Rosa St. Johns Suwanee Sumter Taylor Volusia Wakulla ashington Walton TOT ... L i te 495 89 320 5 162 187 477 13 385 33 223 648 402 225 211 187 684 556 226 515 206 107 606 484 139 292 160 179 159 22 8 44 311 257 147 181 121 239 26 6 37 11,148 1 Americ n nnual Cyclopedi 12 5 L1. ... 104 3 66 8 516 2 705 19 162 1 8 21 168 87 27 116 1746 36 2666 72 95 1214 1269 16 201 317 27 17 197 200 112 25 9 78 30 2 248 62 50 1 434 , Total 1760 143 424 8 228 27 993 15 10 0 2 ,. 85 1786 72 93 298 214 1853 2303 262 3181 278 202 1820 1753 155 493 477 206 176 42 44 423 516 225 211 150 487 328 429 26 , 82 0 Countie s lachu a r Bra ord Brevard Callloun Clay Columbia Dade UV 1 • sc b a Franklin as en Ham lton H rnando illsboro Holmes Jackson Jefferson L fayette Leon Levy Lib 1..,t 1adison M rion Mante onroe Nas au Orange Polk Putnam nta osa t . Johns u anee umter T ylor Volusia fakulla Vas n ton val ton TOT"' L FL I -- GIT TI O 1 i te 4 5 89 ,.,20 5 162 187 477 13 385 33 223 648 402 225 211 187 684 556 226 51c: 206 107 606 484 139 292 160 179 159 228 44 311 257 147 181 121 239 26 37 11 , 148 L1. ... 104 3 G6 8 16 2 705 19 162 1138 21 168 87 27 116 1746 36 2666 72 95 1214 1269 16 201 317 27 l? 1 7 200 112 2 5 9 7 8 30 29 248 62 50 1 -- , 434 Total 1760 143 424 8 228 27 9 15 1090 52 '"" 8 1786 723 93 298 214 1853 2303 262 3181 27 202 1820 1753 1 5 4 3 477 20 176 425 544 423 516 225 211 150 487 328 429 26 , 82 1 rican nnual Cyclopedia , 1 8 '7 , VI , p . 7 14 . 0 1 FLO ID : lect_on or Constitution 1 Convention, 1867 (Incomplete esults in 6 countie) Counties Alachua Baker r dfor B for Clay Columbia Calhoun Duval Dade scan1b Franklin adsden H milton ills boro Hernando Holmes Jackson Jeffer on Lafayette Leon Levy Lib rty ] adison arion onroe Manatee assau Oran 0 e Putnam Polk t . Johns uwanee anta osa umter Taylor Volusia a101lla ashin~t on ialto TOT LS For 987 55 105 --- 80 464 60 726 --- 5 2 --- 1062 232 100 182 --- 13 4 1536 67 2424 85 --- 1088 963 217 83 2 8 5 115 --- 137 186 171 --- 61 21 211 70 37 13 , 877 uai eg tere Conv h te 495 1 89 19 20 5 187 1 477 162 1 85 13 1 3 3 233 4 648 4 2 21 6 22 187 684 556 226 51 206 107 06 484 292 1 1 15 160 6 179 288 159 311 1 257 --- 147 181 121 239 266 7 37 62 10 , 804 1 e I York · eeklX T ibune, D cemher 11 , 1867 . 1265 4 104 3 8 1 66 705 2 19 1 2 1138 321 87 168 27 116 1747 36 2666 72 9 1214 1269 201 16 317 27 197 17 112 2 --- 78 30 2 248 62 50 1 ,234 D ls 2nd d 4t 5t 6t 7th lker eorge J . Alden Lym \i . Rowley John L . C pbell L •• r mst d • • Furman • Fortune I-Iom r Bry on D . ichards :J . U. aundo r s re d r ck r ill • h . lds T . .. Os oor oseph :, • at e c. H . Pe 1~ce John tt Gr en avidson o. B . rmstrong John · • Powe 11 • J . B ss ob rt . ..,ac am ntho ills L istrict 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 1r•th 14 h 1th 1th 17th 18th 19th 3 2 ill ol d T . omb uer Major Johnson ndre · , uler Thomas Ur uh rt J . r . immin ) ' r Hor tio J nkins J~ 11 · Y . Cessn Jos T . ' alls ,., B • • u b 1rn r r 1 n • • Mc a L erty B lli 1 0 s • C . enn tt · illi Brad ell J . C . Gib os i • Rogers J . H . OS s • Chandler • Ho ~se uel • P arce C. • Ioble David izell ldr d e L . ✓are GO GI -- 1 0 Dele Jose ns • T . ck rm.an Robert lex nder Isaac H . nderson • L . n g r G. ' ~. sh burn D. P . Bald in J es C . Barto Peter • Bedford J . R . Bell lvad son Bell l . Bo tley John • Bi gby imeon • B rd Foste lod ett Joseph • Blount 1 rd Bowden Joh ~ G. Dowde I . F . Bowe s James • Bracewell aron . • Br dl0 hadr ck Bro r1 John ◄ • Br ant John Br so J . 1 • Buchan • B . Bullock Ge or e;e • Burnet John H. Caldwell • J . C er n T . G. pbell • C. Carson J . C . Casey John 1 ' . T . Catch ng Peter H. hambers Geor ge ~ 1. Chatters Isaac ~. Christian • H. Christ an alco C lai orn alter L . Clift amuel • Cobb • • Cobb H n y G. Cole B j in Conley \/ rren lbert Cla Houst n Fulton usco ee Tali ferro Clarke • are Oeletl orpe B nks Cha t l ar Co eta chmond R cbmo d 'tewart Monroe Campbell · rt iw .inett Cha th Henry ichmond Towns Pu l aski - · chm nd Flo r up Te lf ir cintos Thomas arion ree e eriweth r 'tewart 1 ewton arly Burke Chatham Houston adison Cobb R • c ond C V l TI 11 Hamp h re o . Car . Ga . e nshir No . Car . Ohio o . C r • Va . Ga . a . Ga . o . Car . Ga . o . ar . G • • • Ga . 'o . C r . Ga . ia e o . C r . a • • y . Tenn . o . Car . Ga . l • • d . Ga . Ga . a . o . Car . Ga • Ga . o . Car . ass . Ga . ent 18 7 Yrs 58 30 30 3 5 42 1 48 43 42 42 8 4 33 7 9 2? 4 39 2 61 42 4 6 28 44 3 2/3 32 10 31 38 Vot on y ye ye ye ye GO GI -- 'TI~ 1 TI C 1867 ( Co t ued) Marti Cooper John T. Costin D . G. otting ill am T . Cr ne • V • Cr 1for Thoma Crayton ob rt Crumly J . L . Cutler amuel ·• ailey Charles D . vis · • I . ews Jesse nkins Ben jam nnegan James nn ng v 11 am P . · 'dward C . • 1 llln ton • • ie lds John lynn ill .a • Fort lbert • Foster Tomas J . Foster Th omas Gibson Th as Gilbert • H . 1 sson enry ' • lover • L . Goo , in amu 1 F . ove W. • Golde Ym . Griff_n m. Guilford John • Hall eo . Harlan sa L. 1 arris John arris • H. arr is on John Hi den • I • Ch· s . • • C • • • p • • T • • J . J . . igbee Hooks Holco be Ho ki s otchkiss Hou to Howe Hudson Yr Vote Originally • 1.n on Count rom G • Const . -------------·- p ke T lbot lkes Ton •r nk1·· n , tewart · arren Brooks enry ialton B ker chl y H 11 ult n Taylor Gilmer • V • I ass . 'o . r . Ga . Ga . a . Vt . Ga . a . Ga . r . urray o . Car . Fulto Penn . Floyd G • l organ Ga . Pa1J ld ing 1 o . Cr • Twi LS G . Chattahoochee o . Car • Jaspar Bartow Twig s Libert Tui r;s Upson umter Heard Chatham N ~ton H cock D c tur Talbot 1 ilk n on iilton Chatham ' alten Ch kee Pile Pu nam Ga • Ohi las • Ga . Ga . Ga . Ga . Vt . Pen . Ga . Ga . Vt . a . o . Car . a . r .Y . o . C r . Ga . a . 54 ye 1 42 0 0 36 27 ye 47 ye t 2 0 42 67 20 0 29 Aye 55 ye 3 20 e 50 49 No 33 0 48 73 -e 0 16 30 54 4 25 53 3 38 24 20 48 17 3 18 - 14 52 7 Aye e ye ye ye ye lo 0 GI -- 1 01 TI'l 1 UTI l L OllV N 1 IOI 1867 ( onti u d) ates Count ~----:"'.-----..------ • B. Hutc son Haralson D vis Ir Cobb J •• ack on dol h Philp J iner Dou eherty Van Jons ~usco .ree • F . Jordan Jaspar J • M • e y er e th r JohnH . King ~ lh tf eld L. J . ni ht B rrien James nox Columbia • • Lane L urens I . c. Le Clayton George Linder L urns J . • Lott orsythe o ert Lum.kin 1a on J •• adden Burke Posey Maddox Houston C. C. 1 Iartin lhoun Ph 1 p ~ artin H hersham • B . vartin Carroll L . rle Jackson 1 athews G1innett G. Iaul , •us osee H . • v cCa umte1 tilkey I\ cHan ick ns Jose h -c ~orter Ogletho pe • V . 1i . 1iller Fulton • T • ~ • inor t t e • • Tu oore P rce Romulus Ioore Columbia :Milton Moore fu te John urphy Dou ert J ohn 1 eal Gl sscock • H. -oble andolph Dan e l Palmer a hin 0 t on J . • errott Bartov Lewis Pope ilke •• Potts Mo roe B . F . Powell Deca ur c. • • • J . • C . C . Lewi • r ince e nolds i e char son obe ts ashington Chatham Bullock Baldwin chols Or i nally From • Va . Va . a . Ga . Ga . a . cotland Va . • 1 0 . Car . Va . d • o . Car . o . Car . a . o . o . Ga . '0 . en • • r . o . Car . Ga . o . C r . G • Georgia o . Car . Kent . a . la . Ga . Tenn . Ga . Ga . Yrs in 3 17 36 34 49 31 40 48 4 46 50 2~ ~ 58 30 62 44 36 34 20 27 19 35 45 50 49 40 2 24 5 41 20 46 32 2 43 12 2 30 ye lo A e ye y ye ye ye e e e g t . 0 G --co · TI 'UTI !AL C Rob rt obertson • H. Rozar T. P . affold • F . ''ault r Isaac e ley Jos ah herman J . • Shie lds ~esley \hropshire B . • hu.ma te Ben j . ik s F . M . mith • C . mith • • 'mi th F . T. nead L . L . tanfo1~d Simon tanle Jame 'tewart T . J . peer lexander 'tone Henry trickland ~. C . uup le L. N. Trammell J . ~. Tr ywi ck H . • Turner J a_t; s • v adde 11 Ge o . /allace 0 . H . al ton F . O . e lch · • H . itehe d Robert h ·tehead John itaker R . • itely • G . Vilbur amuel lilliam.s J . . V/oode F . oaten Presley Yeates P . I . hibley • • arshall es le y rettyrna:r, Count roup p ulding i or gan laski Ch tham Columb i a alker Chattoo ga e lb ougherty Charlto n Cov1eta Thomas 'iacon Harris Nilc ox Chatham Pike Jeffer on G r eene nld, in Gordon Pulaski Bi bb Polk Bal n Houston ou erty Butts Burke Terrell Decatur Bibb Harris Lum kin ionroe Catoosa Floyd onroe Barto IO 1867 (Cont i u d) Or g nally From Ga • G • G • • y . Vt . Tenn . Ga . nd o . Car . Virginia Ga . G • a . Ga . M · ne 1 o . C r . Ga . Ga . a . Ireland Ga . Ga . o . Car . ar . Va . Ga . Ga . Ireland No . Car . Ga . Ga . P nn . a . Penn . Yrs in Ga . 4 28 45 28 1 1. 22 24 66 50 47 53 34 46 36 23 35 30 3 9 42 12 37 45 4 28 28 46 37 12 40 30 30 50 49 32 17 47 2 Vot on Const . ye ye e ye ye y ye ye ye e y e e 0 ye ye ye ye ye ye ye ye ye y 1 Journal of th Constitutional - .Qf. eorgi , PP • 611- 613 . ounties Ori 5 • ~\pp ling 547 Baker 1283 aldwin 1741 Banks 661 errien 523 Bibb 3882 rook ryan Bullock 1 u r k Butts th arnden :~pbell rroll ass atoos hattahoo- hie harleton hattoog alhoun herok lark 1 layton line olumbia offee 1467 592 7 89 3334 940 7142 681 1 1656 2347 704 1005 12 89 1677 198 862 77 582 48 Registration Supple . Supple . 1867 1868 1 7 29 99 106 8 2 86 8 ~~ 1 ~~41 .)1-1 " - ·~3 1 ->'-3 ,~ 6 144 .>1-9 " 32 1 624 13 30 6 5 54 12 41 13 8 10 6 2 27 "1 4j\ g 4 ,, 3 'i'" 8 4 14 29 --- ., 1 -;i' 48 ? 275 6 16 17 105 1 CTION IN GEORGI Total 53 1411 19'7 ,, 695 52 459 1488 696 75 4 75 994 8434 735 143 1668 .... 7 80 798 1034 216 950 10 '~ 1721 27 28 80 628 2488 448 Vote on Const _.,._ ... 271 142 ----- 15 278 153 ---- 1639 ---- 1772 88 160 ------ ---- 52 ----- 76 __ .... _ 7 ----- 268 ---- 21 110 790 ----- aj . era inst 170 348 --- --- 249 --- --- --- 197 --- 2 --- --- --- 48 230 --- 208 --- 234 --- 212 --- 19 --- --- --- 1 tution Total Vote 294 102 170 592 347 4103 1034 457 425 2623 892 7254 40 88 1188 140 660 816 126 604 76 1042 18 757 679 39 1668 27 Vote Maj. for Bullock ---- ---- 283 48 ---- 273 220 139 ------ 1630 ------ 1689 478 62 ------ ---- ---- -- ---- 66 ---- 60 ---- 232 ---- ----- 4 765 ---- for Governor aj. for Total ordon - 17 585 --- --- 239 --- --- --- 36 --- 117 --- --- --- 62 730 198 274 --- 2 88 --- 324 --- 11 23 --- --- 1 29 1095 1709 580 379 111 1060 461 47 2614 881 25 54 1016 1186 2238 658 828 12 70 802 1662 1904 675 39v C.,J l~~~ ~ GEORGIA (Continued) Registration Vote on Constitution Vote for uovernor Supple . Supple . l\iaj . Maj . Total Tulaj. for Maj. for aunties Orig. 1867 1868 Total For Agains~ Vote Bullock Gordon Total oweta 2514 83 66 2663 145 ---- 2133 105 ---- 2147 olquitt 188 --- ---- 188 ---- 5 85 -- - - 19 103 obb 2221 4 171 2396 ---- 519 1867 ---- 805 1877 rawford 1262 10 31 1303 ---- 27 1049 ---- 21 10 ade 47 3 2 12 483 ---- 170 340 ---- 219 34 son 616 6 17 639 191 ---- 463 151 ---- 451 catur 2139 43 46 2228 369 ---- 1715 354 -- - - 172 e Kalb 1444 30 83 1557 ---- 574 1176 ---- 621 11 Dooley 1627 30 12 1669 ---- 186 1214 ---- 273 120 ougherty 2520 142 200 2862 G52 ---- 2338 517 ---- 281 arly 1106 43 43 1268 ---- 240 952 --- - 242 952 ~chols 227 7 18 237 22 ---- 184 --- - 105 20 lfingham 742 ~i98 9 743 ---- 3 47 7 --- - 20 476 lbert 1661 44 17 1722 ---- 530 978 ---- 539 981 mmanuel 760 75 14 849 ---- 13 431 ---- 129 461 Fannin 708 25 ---- 733 213 --- - 475 185 ---- 463 ayette 1164 ---- 19 1183 59 -- - - 839 ---- 74 892 Floyd 2389 71 102 2562 ---- 334 2014 ---- 419 202 Fors yth 1133 75 ---- 1208 ---- 158 910 ---- 244 916 Franklin 989 48 43 1080 167 ---- 807 ---- 127 827 Fulton 4339 113 644 5096 210 --- - 4248 ---- 413 4301 iLmer 884 30 31 945 171 ---- 603 146 --- - 602 osscock 514 --- - ---- 514 --- - 10 428 ---- 65 417 lynn 736 13 28 777 436 ---- 586 433 ---- 50 ordon 1451 2 110 1563 - --- 283 1127 ---- 459 111~ reene 2256 83 236 2575 934 ---- 2392 824 ---- 2440 nnett 1932 12 30 1974 --- - 294 1388 ---- 381 1391 bersham 877 2 17 896 319 ---- 633 103 ---- 65 Hall 1366 41 2 8 1405 307 ---- 1003 ---- 124 ~98 (l) Counties Hancock lson rt rris Heard nry Houston Irwin Jackson Jas pa J efferson Johnson ones L au. ns Libert Lincoln oundes mnkin Orici.! 2291 537 895 95 111 1657 1 231 1 609 1 31 196'' 41 1550 1321 1862 1132 851 1147 86 1900 685 arion 1316 McIntosh 803 iwether 2130 ller 457 Iilton 67 1itchell 99 onroe 2732 ont gomery 45 LECTION IN GE ORGIA (Continued ) Registration Vote on Constitution Vote for rnor upple . Supple . ~Maj . Maj . Total Maj. r or MaJ. ror 1867 1868 Total For Against Vote Bullock Gordon Total 1 8 2300 874 ---- 1892 869 ---- 1919 14 ---- 551 132 ---- 434 45 -- - - 453 4 21 920 360 ---- G68 233 ---- 619 ,, 1 4j\- 22 ~4 31 1 22 2 ~~ -~ 8 12 "5 ~ \ 36 ----- 1 ~ :.42 2 138 6 ----- 102 100 ---- ---- 51 9 37 13 2395 117 ---- 1987 60 ---- 2010 95 1185 38 ---- 844 ---- 9 879 1 1722 ---- 68 1368 ---- 166 139 5 3892 ---- 222 3370 ---- 340 3392 ------ G 4 ---- 30 7 14 u7 3 5 57 2 7 4 27 7 o 30 ---- ----- 1 198 7 1700 168 196 453 1688 1330 196 1160 887 1162 892 2075 0 134 9 81 2260 5 72,., 1049 2999 96 ~r o El 247 152 42 16 265 135 286 571 62 38'7 ---- 0 ----- ----- 4 04 8 ------ 15 70 ---- ction--- - - ------ - ~---~ - - --------~---- -- -- -- ------ __ _. __ ---- --- ------ ----- ----- ---- ------ 100 .,..,._ ... 7 351 ---- ----- ----- 37'7 ---- ---- 10 1231 1446 147 398 1265 88 135 857 758 845 656 1650 508 11 593 1840 37 8 587 76 2642 332 95 124 624 ---- _ .. __ __ 385 __ ...,.. ... ----- 11 392 ---- ----- 111 u2 --- --- ---- ----- ----- 68 ----- ----- ----- ---- ---- ----- 11 ----- 9 428 ---- -- ... - 24 12 ---- ----- 205 1247 145 1480 398 1277 896 138 856 7 966 5 174 52 103 581 1848 398 606 79 2660 co {")73 ~CTION IN GEORGIA (Continued) Registration Vote on Constitution V ote for Governor Supple . Supple . I ~a j . Maj . Total 11a i for Ma j. for 011nties Ori g . 1867 1868 Tot al For Against Vote Bullock Gordon Total organ . u.rray usco e3e0 ev1ton Oglethorp Pauldin 0 ickens ier Pike olk ulasl Putnrun .,ui tman Rabun andolph ichmond '-hley reven pauldin 0 "tewart umt albot Taliaferro Tatnall Taylor elfair Terrell Thomas Towns roop 1773 37 50 1860 853 ---- 1645 747 ---- 1 953 18 27 998 87 ---- 849 ---- 159 859 2833 98 501 3432 590 ---- 2806 470 ---- 2810 2233 30 147 2410 59 ---- 1975 13 ---- 1989 1804 59 86 1949 681 ---- 1681 587 ---- 1701 1092 4 2 1098 239 ---- 773 17 ---- 841 745 ---- 17 762 209 ---- 629 169 ---- 59 304 21 63 388 150 ---- 288 104 ---- 29 1791 12 17 1820 ---- 261 1 1154 10 ---- 1164 ---- 23 8 940 1961 47 55 2063 150 ---- 1508 1729 4 12 1745 66~ 706 * 6 5 70 482 4 26 512 1891 89 223 220 5513 34 439 5986 859 ---- 22 881 1513 I *5 20 1523 1522 ---- 146 1668 240 138 84 246 2864 5 163 30-~ 003 30 54 2085 36 14 ---- 950 24 ~~l ---- 1122 ~~5 ---- _. __ __ ---- 1380 24 530 ----- ---- 7. 0 291 2 ------ ---- ---- ---- ---- -- --.. -- 71 160 ------ ---- --.. -- 9 3 1531 373 39 1792 4826 756 968 1467 168 2592 1799 969 359 1113 ----- ------- 107 615 ------ ---- ------ 1331 15 397 ---- -- --- ----- 289 81 ------ ---- 267 26 ---- ---- 350 0 26 ---- ----- ___ ... 131 188 106 ----- ----- 200 1445 938 1511 1549 36 400 1800 4825 763 969 1471 169 2604 1825 3 ·2 1111 1 5 7 3 22 7, .J 1150 22 1 r'" No Ele tion---~--~-~~~--~---~ ------~------- 14 2198 449 3133 ----- "3 ~ , 8 85 220 488 32 ----- 550 ---- ---- 593 ---- 1172 151 17 2877 --- ... 884 14 465 20 118 ---- 1558 ---- ~ 404 0 ---- o 2 89 ELECTION IN GEO RGIA (Continued ) Registr ation Vote on Constitut i on Supple • Supple . Maj . ~1aj . Tot al Counties Or.ig . 1867 1868 Total For Against V ote Twiggs 1541 11 58 1610 977 ---- 1363 Union 757 37 19 813 ---- 27 645 Upson 1556 11 69 1636 ------ 27 1503 alker 1391 79 113 1583 41 ------ 1159 Val ton 1697 24 82 1803 ----- 24 1330 '~'arren 1942 3 25 1970 646 ---- 1634 are 361 . v-3 ,, ------ 358 3 ----- 215 ashington 2603 2 170 2775 ---- 132 2332 · "ayne 224 1 120 245 ------ 12 98 1 M ebs ter 780 5 29 814 ----- 218 642 hitfield 1402 54 143 1599 387 ------ 1443 ilcox 362 6 2 370 ---- 50 288 ilkes 1946 ----- 14 1960 313 -------- 1651 ilkinson 1757 21 7 1785 379 ---- 1401 orth 525 --· --- 23 548 ---- 127 323 ~ .L_ e 590 g 14 613 ----- 13 487 Ld 188, 671 3 ,178 9 , 909 201 , 758 9 , 512 :,~Excess of stricken over number Total registration : Total vote on constitution : Total vote for governor : xcess of vote for governor over constitution : Majority for Constitution : Ma jority for Bull ock: 27 . 494 registered 201 , 758 158 , 372 159 , 782 1 , 410 17 , 982 7 , 172 158 . 372 Vote f or Governor Maj. for Maj. for Bu llock Go1~don Total 867 ----- 1389 ------ 77 641 ----- 57 1513 ---- 150 1168 ----- 93 1357 580 -- --- 1668- ---- 1 217 ----- 203 235 ----- 28 96 ------ 242 646 __ ... __ 118 1432 ---- 278 284 307 ---- 1651 259 ------ 1425 ----- 16 4 332 ---- 54 492 22 , 007 159 , 782 14 . 83 House Executive Document, No . 300 , 40th Cong., 2nd Sess., PP • 2 - 3 . ~ 0 I-' 4 2 I TIO l es a egro Tot 1 s 3210 3937 ite 681 9 1 74 ttala 1419 68 2387 Boliv r ------ ----- ---- lhoun 1 87 3 4 13 1 Carroll 1496 2213 370 h ckasaw 14 1 84 317 Choct w 1774 20 2 94 Claiburne 549 1 77 2 2 lake 724 11 5 182 Coahoma 254 875 112 Cop iah 1173 l r 2 42 ovin ton ---- ---- ---- Davis 372 . 4 De oto 1917 22 4171 Franklin 65 57 1 22 reen 214 97 311 Hancock 564 259 823 Harrison 568 30 873 H nds ' 1 2 171 Holm 262 615 877 I s quena 124 ]2 3 1417 Itawamba 1003 150 11 ~ Jackson 521 256 777 Jasper 814 8 7 l C 1 Jefferso 541 1 1 245? emper 951 109 20 0 Lafay tt 1464 94 2413 L ud r ale 1285 14 2 2687 Lawrenc 981 8 2 1873 Leake 874 442 1316 Lee 1904 82 8 2732 Lound s 1120 4238 5358 adison 532 1782 2314 Marion 312 183 495 ar hall 1843 18 9 742 onroe 1508 2790 42 8 1 eshoba 388 97 48 e ton 1022 1 1 613 oxu 93 344 42 Oktib e h a 82 1461 2286 IP I -- I cT TIO (Cont nued) Count es ite e ro Total Panola 6 7 586 1223 Perry 260 114 74 Pontotoc 14 1 47 1 61 P ko g 8 1 1824 Ran n 1070 1120 2190 cott 76 461 122 'impson 409 28 695 mith 735 264 99 unflow r 18' 822 1008 Tallahatch e 168 189 357 Tip h 7 4 147 901 Tishom ngo 47 26 3273 Tt.1.nica ---- ---- -- ---- lay 4 812 ·1 r 1433 47 4 227 Vashi 1 ton 200 2031 G31 V lkinson 547 227 2821 nston 837 06 1 43 Y allobusha 1 313 1746 3059 Yazoo 1014 281 3830 4 6 3 , 60 , 167 10 6 , 80 l • 1 ~ 7 II , 17 . i can a , ' • Counties lamanc lexan er 11 any nson she Be ufort Bertie Bl den Bruns · ck Buncom Bu k ab rrus C ldwell n rt ret well C tawba Ch t 1am Cherokee Chowan Cl Clevela d Col J.b s ven Cumberl nd Cur ituck Davidson Davie Duplin dgecombe Fors th Frankli aston Gates Granv· lle r•eene Guilfor Halif x Harnett Ha ood H derson Hertfor yd Iredell l O TH Jhite 1326 79 4 4 1081 1474 1457 963 1060 7 1622 1015 12 1 7 3 1126 1105 1 1 2466 826 586 8 13 744 15~1 1454 919 2 134 863 1414 1194 1311 100 1007 734 1845 690 24 7 109r ~ 830 818 814 700 763 1859 777 130 57 1067 76 907 1265 113 734 403 431 748 20 40 721 1845 31 1055 31 640 14 7 681 310 1421 3 1 67 4 4 6 2 5 9 437 1483 445 46 8 26 62 6 2 1054 '""140 52 1 80 191 747 660 757 0 Total 210 929 21 2148 1550 2364 2228 219 14 9 2025 144 1979 1206 998 1847 29 0 1620 3 21 857 1226 403 1763 142 46 875 13 0 281 1347 2 3 3787 1748 1 14 2 12 2 4507 1382 3511 42 5 l '" 1 898 1005 1447 1 2,.., 2616 404 40 0 T C LI -- GiuT TIO (Cont nued) ·h te e ro Tot 1 Jc son 767 56 82 7 Jo hnston 1704 881 2585 Jones 485 52 101 Lenoir 904 107r.: 19?9 Lincoln 836 407 124 aco 860 55 15 ad son 932 55 987 I rt .n 96 791 17 6 cD01ell 877 221 1098 l ecklenber g 1835 1 ·4 3480 ~ i tchell 7 53 788 Montgom ry 874 317 1191 ioore 1348 5 8 1906 ash 1048 869 191? e anover 1736 2975 471 Northampton 1139 1810 2 49 Onslow 78? 39 1186 Orange 1956 1294 3250 asquotank 757 849 1606 Perqu ans 678 683 13 1 Person 941 903 1844 Pitt 12 9 1500 2796 Polk 474 120 594 Randolph 2192 454 2646 ichmond 991 1 67 20 8 obeson 1509 1404 2913 Rockingham. 1421 1 302 2723 0 I n 191~ 1054 29·7 Rutherford 1459 454 1913 ampson 1461 9 3 2414 tanle 927 259 1186 tokes 1248 397 1645 Surre 1482 27 17 ' 5 Transylvania 457 69 526 Trell 595 246 841 Union 12 94 422 1716 ake 2998 2862 5860 arren 803 220 8 3011 ashington 624 548 1172 ~ atauga 725 40 765 a ne 14 r 128 2736 6 0 T ROLI -- GI 'T I O N (Cont nu d) Countie · egro Tot 1 ilkes 213 241 23 80 ilson 1021 8 7 1918 Yadkin 1502 24 c:: 1747 Yancey 74 6 4 7 TOTAL 103 060 71 7 174 717 1 Arneric n C:;rcloEed a , 18 7 , VI I , 49 . 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 1 1 4 1 16 17 18 1 20 21 2 ORTH CAROLINA--co · JTIO IECS:ION , 1867 • Regi stered Voters Tickets For ~ _ Counti vVhite Negr_ Q_ Total Polled Convent i on Burke , McDowell 1885 692 2577 1766 1397 utherford > Polle 2045 572 2617 1539 1444 Yancey , Mitche l l 1520 90 1610 923 833 Madison , Buncombe , Henderson , Transyl vania Haywood , Jackson 3934 740 1604 143 aeon , Clay, Cherokee lleghany, Ashe , Surrey atanga , Yadkin aldwell , V/ilkes , Iredell , Alexander Davie , Rowan 2164 101 451 692 leve land Catawba incoln aston Iecklenberg Union abarrus tanle nson Stokes Forsyth avidson Randolph ·uilford Rockingham aswell lamance 5840 1367 2862 1550 1454 374 1352 318 897 41 1053 442 1928 16 1309 424 1175 74 1330 282 1091 1076 1280 390 1341 449 2278 678 2232 45 2690 1489 1405 134 1361 1703 1348 785 4674 17 22 143 7207 412 182 8 1670 1314 149 3587 1739 1921 1612 16 1670 1790 2956 2686 417 9 2754 r?o 2133 014 1168 1228 05 4680 3054 12 1111 960 906 2432 1233 1322 728 1786 20 108 1314 1431 2404 1448 1981 1444 2340 669 973 2735 718 260 900 780 677 822 198 1059 104 63 1182 547 1055 118 136 1766 107 1485 872 gainst Convention 369 95 90 67 499 25 ~ 70 962 448 392 331 83 44 174 280 89 04 3 7 128 67 638 7 499 572 ~ 0 27 8 0 7 38 g 40 41 42 3 4 4 46 47 8 4 0 1 2 5 st . ORTH CAROLINA--CO Person Orange tham ak r anville arre n ranklin umbePland arnett M oore on t gom Richmond ayne J ohnston 1 nrils on sh Halifax Northan1pton :,'l..j gecomb Lenoir Brunswick Columbus obes on Bladen ew Hanover plin ampson Tyrell , Washington ar ti Berdi Registered ite 1007 2004 2206 01 2020 856 1121 1579 8 13 8 9~ 150 '. 1732 70 1033 1071 10 1311 1246 922 740 860 15 8 1085 1 144 1501 1280 71 9 esn10 88 1291 1179 2907 2502 2284 1487 1546 511 459 21 1084 12 -1 70 90'? 873 0140 1660 26 107 7 518 1451 114 322 , 181 960 790 7 126 CTION, 1867 (Con tirmed) Voters Total 1889 329 3385 5926 4522 3140 608 125 1368 18 121 2079 735 2646 140 1936 1944 423 971 8 '' 2000 146 1378 3035 2231 1 6 2 461 2070 1770 Tickets Polled 1488 260 2446 1 218 2634 ,.,.,,....7 2485 1037 1161 758 lt±u 204 1939 1683 1 1258 305 197 2908 148 1171 1082 2632 168 401 1992 1914 1376 1 140 For Convention 742 1209 2116 13 2511 2061 1460 16 c32 744 9 752 1251 131 132 741 88 860 2533 1647 2324 11 82 .... 577 1868 1152 28 105 1129 1028 872 121 /\ --a inst onvention 647 1 '7r'\ , • 330 781 701 86 798 292 186 6 18 828 610 42 1 8 746 538 8 34 3 0 7 53 1091 937 78 48 00 .P. 184 O'.) NORTH GAROLINA.- -CO NVEiiTIOU ELECTION, 1867 (Continued) lee . Registered Voters Tickets Por ist . Counti White Neg;:o Total Polled Convention 8 Hertford 712 775 1487 1209 706 59 Gates 723 469 1192 793 542 60 Chowan 607 667 1274 1100 823 61 Perquimans 705 693 1398 898 808 62 Pasquotank, Camden 1409 1511 2920 1883 1331 63 Currituck 919 381 1300 948 456 4 Craven 1595 3183 4778 3817 3232 65 Onslow 816 402 1218 739 440 66 Carteret 1195 749 1944 1465 873 67 Jones 483 539 1022 843 645 8 Beaufort 1499 925 2422 1553 92 8 9 Pitt 1450 1449 2899 2480 1545 70 H-,y:de 876 565 1441 1000 590 TOTAL3 106,721 72 , 932 179 , 653 126 , 030 93 , 006 1 Journal of the Constitutional Convention of orth Carolina , p . lOv . Against Convention 503 251 277 90 552 49 585 299 592 30 625 93 410 32,961 ~ 0 U) 410 SOUTH CAROLI . CONVENTION--INCOMPLETE TURN Pro Convention Against Convention Counties White Ne 0 'Nb.it Ne 0 Abbeville 8 1960 - - Anderson - 1364 69 - Barnwall 5 2467 - - Beaufort 120 4100 - - Berkeley 1 3025 - - Charleston 69 4287 1 - Chester 5 1843 199 4 Chesterfield 98 1092 204 - Clarendon 3 1264 1 - Colleton - 2775 1 - Darlington 30 2845 - - Edgefield - 3811 1 - Fairfield 4 2046 7 - Georgetown 5 2444 - - Greenville - 1530 320 - Horry 24 431 21 - Kershaw 22 1406 - - Lancaster - 833 324 - Laurens 4 2168 5 - Lexington - 900 - - Marion 1 1472 - - Marlborough 214 1271 6 - Newberry 30 1939 11 - Orangeburg - 238 - - Pickens - 749 9 - Richland 14 1329 24 - Spartanburg 510 1400 190 - Sumter - 3035 10 - Williamsburg - 1568 - - Union - 1746 - - York - 1773 68 5 TOTALS 1,167 59,111 1,471 9 -- • • Registered whites--46,676 Registered Negroe s--80, 714 New York Weeklz Tribune, December 11, 1867. 411 ORTH O OLI -- 1 . ur , o 1ell John arkv . . B . u.rphy • 1/oodville V • Fl ob rt V. eely eor e • 1c0oy m ng aunties 1287 1281 441 420 33 c tter TOT L 2 . ol , uth v • o gan Je ho es • hotwell J sse d s catt • ring TOT L rford 11 3473 Cou t 145 138 81 18 1 2 44 es 3 . 'itchell , Yancey Julius · • G rla d n r w J . oberts lllam J . · i v r Counties 652 22 ' c.; tt lng L 3 5 917 4 . Bunc n1b , :rv'" ison ounti en rson , Tra s lv nia or ge ~ . hagan 2307 Thos . J . andl r 2287 James H. uckworth 2304 ~amuel B. ru er 702 0 • L • rw .Ln 6 84 r . Jess 1 ~J llen 69 TOT L 8983 5 . J ckson, ywoo • B . rrett illiam P . elch T T L 6 . h rok e, Clay , ounti s Iv ar•k ay eorge J • i k alo y ralloway imon V d . • John ohn • . Counties 6 537 1200 ia con 776 623 06 79 2 1 24 7 . Alle ny , Yad n , ✓atau3a mue 1 ;iorkner ea e • r ady e , urre y , Count es v n Benb ow B 1 on Bur am John G. 1 rler 'dwin C . Bartlett James C. Giln1 r John Jone John • t1ar hall vill Burke lilliam Y . alo Jam s • arl r 1 arion rs hall Bilson B. Blenham Johiel ' i th B . B . Blenham 1 c ttering 1 1 1 74 4 1030 982 84 703 112 8 4 1 110 220 48 4 6 OT L 11, 562 8 . le xa der, Caldwell , Ir dell , 1 lke Count e Calvin C. Cowl s 3120 ohn ' • 1 • ryan 3066 n sley • Ge o g 0 8 Jerry mith 3042 Calv n • Jons 3114 nd.r • croggs 156 Jame i l l 1502 John H. c au~hlin 1552 ev . m. hurc 1505 ev . taf ford C. ill r 1 2 amuel C . r iller 224 John • Hill ,_,. 'cattering 21 TOT L 23 , 170 0" H OLil . -- 1 9 . owan , aunties ill m l • obb ns 1470 Jam s t. I cCubbin 1 -23 ob t • ohnston 14 3 Dr . r- 1 ton obb 1 24 11 ose 154 h I haver 1 04 10 . Cleveland aunty ~ •dward ·'lliott Fla to Du ham TOT L 11 . Cata ba County Jam ~ • lias I . B. ill am TOI' 12 . Li coln County Joseph H. in 1. • Grah Jr . TOT L 13 . Gaston aunt ilot J . ydlott Robert Holland cattering TOT L 90 9 638 426 10 4 57 386 959 14 . Mecklenberg County Yil s 7. tillwell 1443 dw rd Fullings 1503 Th omas ·luy s 920 John Hunter 917 • t llwell 67 1 catt ring 3 TOT L 4853 15 . Un on aunty illiam som 875 dmond L. av 308 m und - avis 41 catterino 3 T T L 1227 ( von tin ed) 16 . Ca arrus County f i 11 i. ' T • B lum John H le tterin L 17 . tan le y C aunty Levi C. orto n ed ine 1 8 . nson County Geor e Tue er Henry Chills on To ri1nley e fern • T . Bennett T T L 19 . '•tokes County • F . Petree R . • Hill Tar L 20 . Forsyth aunty 1 · j B • '1 1 e a e James • Mathes cattering T T 'L 21 . Davi son Co1lnty Isac Kinney uencer tullican ... Thomas • llen amuel Jones D . VJ .c. Johnston r en Tambeth catt r ng T ·L 22 . andol h County T . L. L. Co x R. • Trogden { . 1 Tomlinson • 1 catter ng TOT L 41 8 46 2 1 14 417 278 695 1128 1111 650 6 5 26 114 640 892 17 7 1074 1016 976 272 204 44 63 6 2581 1272 1082 362 53 2769 0 OLII 23 . uilfor o ty • 1k r • ✓ • Tourse 1 • n enhall J . rris c tter ng TOT L 24 . ockingh ounty nr Ba1'lnes John I~ 1 rench ill am 1 . erefor George 'riff in Jon • urton 'catterin T L 25 . Caswell County ~ilson are • Ho nett Thoms V. Bro in Nilliam Lon uel llan .. catt r ng T .L 2 • 1 m nc o 1nt nry l\ • a U US Y • I" C.n n catter ng '1.10 L on ounty ie itt 27 . er villi obert cattering Tar rtin 28 . Orange Count Joh • Gr ham dwin I . Holt B n an1i· • He rick Henry Jones catt ring TO'l' L 1 47 1231 1188 1044 14 4824 756 741 140 08 70 12 2027 1448 774 49r:.: 184 18 29 3109 78 642 1 1432 788 692 8 1488 14 8 144 1120 1115 3 151 (Cot nued) 29 . Chat m ounty Jo n ona1 , ill i - unther or ge • lioore h ncher ~ { 11 y . itch 11 C labot r ., Just ce Jo,n • {"nk Im . • Ta 1 catter ng T L .., • '! ke c ou t · Jame H . I rr s Joshua P. ' d ws t • lin B. s • le tly angum John • an Bennett T . Bl e catt ri g TOT L 31 . Granv · 110 Cou ty Joh · , • a ., land Jame J . fvioor Cuffe yo obert as i er obe r • Je k ns li ·ah v j_ ns ton John e d Hat hewell Fre m Ca lvi Betts obt . • Gill am • J . ans e 11 eatteri g TOT 32 . arren ount John i John Peter vis D niel • Goodloe catte ing TOT L 1· 127 12 2r,, 92 7 271 64 73 45 15 4 73 2930 2971 2 86 29' 189 1787 1787 4 19 , 106 24 3 243 242 2 1 178 7 229 2 --9 58 50 58 7 8840 2 47 1919 72 54 4 33 . J John fill. John catt T L 0. TH rankl. n 01.1nty Thomas I rris • Th , mas • Davj_s • I · 11 a son rin Lir --C · 1 I l ( u on tin e d) 1246 7 9 811 1372 1 4199 catterine; TOTAL 40 . Jo sto C nty r . J ms Hay lath n 'ulle Ch rles ~ . ~ton 34 . Cumb~rland County L R. addell icattering TOT L • • ann J s H . ood • c rthu r OS • lfred catter eth ng T _ L 3 • - rnett County James II . Tun r B n ·• ". · 1 1 ms TOT L 36 . oore County , w a i ; • 1 c o ld Char le s 1 • Cr imrnon John itter John • B rrett am Barrett TOT L 37 • . Iontgomery ount Geor Je • Gr ham · /ilburn L 0 s ter ·catter n TT L 38 . ichmon Count R chard T . Lon -, • eter icRae cattering TOT L 39 . ayn Co nty Hiram L. Gr t esse Hollowell H . • Finlayson • • Nr t 1607 1581 846 842 70 4946 729 308 1037 6 2 141 210 60 126 11 8 479 267 6 752 1244 189 3 143 1301 1 .... 01 834 818 41 . Gr ene County John F . atrick J • B. a rcloth tte in 42 . 7 ilson County l illi Da iel J . 1 i . vis oseph • Tatto ca tter · · T L 43 . N sh Co t acob In av d J • • ill ams TOT L 44 . H l i x ounty J~cob I . enfrow en y ppes • • Hayes rthur a el Jilli ' • ◄ aucet il V s ter ir ls on c ttering TOT 'L 4 . !ortham ton ounty oswell • Par r ... e ry T . Grant John C. acobs . T mas • 1 a .~on Benjamin Franklin o n T . · heeler 414 2 42 6 73 346 1087 668 574 195 4 1441 708 4 5 1163 2546 2 71 2538 737 744 704 35 875 1476 1470 602 42 186 41 0 TH C OLI --C N ◄,rJTIO ( Con inued) 46 . d i~eco be Count Joe s D' IT • Bak r e ry owd He _ h rr "' urner • Battle athan l e L ranee Is c • )3 t t ' Richmond ttier D . attle 1 c ttering TOT L 47 . Leno r ount y · char i H n y -i • r ngi e r catterjng T AL 48 . Brunsw ck ,ounty .,d i Leg ,_ alter G. Cus s stle od e catterin T L 49 . Columbuc Count y Ha es Lennon 1 ·" . Po ell H. Lennon ' c ttering TO'J. 1 ~ L 50 . obe o C t • ' . Haye oshu L . J ce • • haff ohn Leach cattering TOT L d n ounty • F · sher reder ·ck F . ~re ch r tram obes on ,.2 4287 1 6 .. 16 6 '"'' 1556 1 t.· L1. 1= 14 8 232 2 4 114 1101 3 16 1480 697 3 2 1 1 1172 584 468 24 4 1080 1 . 1569 1050 1035 l 223 1112 1112 75 nkli Le 1is anover Count r • bbott shl llo~ay ley ; , ill · i a1 reer (l 'olomo • 'a tchwe 11 catter·ng Tom_L 5~ . Dup l n County John 1 x der ry n J s I . Blo t o n , • et "'amuel 'catt ring T 4 . m _son County J . earsall 1 xan er · 'i l lj s Loren ow Hall ylvester Ca tQ n all I-Iall C. • all I a som ... 11 catter · ng T L 2 2 2 20 2 13 1 4 1 3 1 8 7 12 , 038 971 4 101 997 7 3954 8 873 7 884 11_ 60 149 4 3 33 • Tyrell , ashin ton 'ount ies • V . Jo n • \ • · alker cattering TO'J 1 • 1artin County amu 1 'J • at ts ames • :f\1 o o e catter ng T .i. L 774 6 39 1.-:- 9 787 70 13 13?0 0 TH LI T --co 7 . B rtie C nt r nt e P er ob ins Jo p Beas el r d Outl catt r e; TOT "L s. ertf ord ount Jackson Boon Ial l Lemu 1 H . Boo Ch rles • Foster T L 9 . G tes Cunt Thomas L. o f l r ohn Br ady c tter i 0 T T L o. Chowan County John • r nch niel ~. theri 6 e ca tter in T T L 61. Perq im ns Gouty Dr . ·rm. richo l son catter · ·ne T T L 2 . P squotank , C ...... u .~en Counties ach . • Tavlor C • C . ool eor ge • Brooks · i 11 am • I\I a· i .J t t TOT L 63 . Curr tuck ounty ThJma nderlin os . ' • • ·r:1theri e catterin r1 T L 945 515 07 174 1196 440 42 12 7 4 632 472 1 1105 8 1 2 85 12 h 8 1273 609 54? 3 87 445 412 51 908 1JTI01 (Cont: ued) rave aunt ·ea ton Clinton . e son -r d ~ Cl '" r ller John ·c cott e cAliste oughton c tter ·.n T ~• L 6 . On lo County Frankli Thompso as e 1!.i t h rid ge a V d •· r . co t TOT L 6 • a t "et County b r aham onGle t on • • ]Iartin ·c tter ng TOT L 67 . Jone Count v • Colegrove J mes • illihunt TO'J. L 68 . B ufort Ccunty 1 ✓ • B . odm n il l . t ille 't ames B . tickney John • orha catter · g Tar L 69 . Pltt County Byron Laflin avis • ch Lo as H"lltard Im • 1 • B • Bro n TOT L 70 . Hyde County ndrew J . Glov r Banister i dgett cattering TT L 416 32 ., 1 217 1 1 520 17 4 81 89 11,23 2 4 32 18 738 809 0 2 14 1 853 845 6r Q 6 4 21 2 8 1429 1428 1044 1 4 563 42 9 1001 417 0 THC hite e ro Total - · ------------------ 1722 3352 5074 n erson 1801 1 31 Barnwell 1 02 36 5 Beau ort 27 278 72 erk ley 982 8264 924 Charl ton 3452 5111 8 63 Chester 1222 219 ~420 Ch storf eld 1 71 317 1~88 Clarendon 754 1 2 230 Colleton 1 70 3 70 5240 r1 · ngton 1572 2910 44 ~ field 2507 43 7 6874 air i ld 42 2434 rz47 . G orgeto n 432 2725 157 r enville 20? 148 2 Horr 10 46 6 15,_,l K r haw 850 1765 261 .. ) L ncaster 983 8 1 18 4 L urens 162 237 4000 Lex· n~ton 14 0 7 242h ia ion 18~7 1737 3 74 rl orou 9 1 1207 2168 wb rry 11· 1 22 1 ;.;382 0 ang bur 0 16~5 3~71 5016 Picken 207 8 1 2 26 c land 123 2812 4048 partanburg 2690 1462 41 2 'umter 119 ,_,28 4475 Villi 1sbure 800 172r 252 Union 1426 18 3 3329 York 260 2072 4678 _T_T ___________ 4_6_3_4_6_· ____ ?jL ~-8_2 ____ 1_2_5 _3_2_8_ 1 Th erican Annual C dia , 18 7 , VII , 6 arly P iod of truction in outh ; see Hollis , arolina , P • 7 ~ O UTH Counties b v 11 nderso Barnwall B ufort B r eley Ch rles ton Che ter Chesterf e ld Cl·r ndon Coll ton arl · ngton d efi ld Fairfield eor eto n reenev·11e Ho ry ersha L nc s te r L urens Lexi .. e;t n arion Marl orou gh 1 e berry Oran eburg Pickens ich l nd p rt nbur Sumt er ill am urg Un · on York TOT 1 LI1 : le ct ion on onsti tut on 1 Conv ntion (incom l Pt return from everal count eo) t 418 tered Voters 5 120 l 69 5 98 3 30 4 24 22 1 2 1 4 30 14 510 167 196 13o4 G467 4100 302 4287 1843 1092 1264 277 2845 3 11 20L1-6 2444 1 30 4 1 1406 833 168 900 1472 127 19 '"' 9 238 74 1 n2c 1400 15 8 1746 17 7rz Tr · bune, 69 1 1 204 1 1 1 7 r-z20 21 324 6 11 9 24 190 10 68 1 471 2 2 188 3838 4 1222 1 71 7 4 1449 1 ?2 27 0 9 8 474 2 ?7 1127 8 9 83 1 28 1480 1 37 961 1 1,...1 164 2075 12--· 2 90 1214 80 1426 5 200 9 4 6 76 ecember 11 , 1867 . 2 1 70 3719 27 264 192 219 817 1 1 2 10 4367 2451 3177 148 13 176 881 2372 7 1737 1207 22 51 3371 8 ' 2812 1462 4 7 1725 1 893 2078 714 ounties 1 . Abbeville 2 . Anderson 3 . Barnwell 4 . Beaufort 5 . Berkeley OUTH CAROLINA--CONVEl~I e le r-:a tes John A . Hunter B . Milford H . J . Lomax V J . N . Joiner Thomas Willi anson illiam Perr • J . Newell ·'- nru.e 1 Johns on Leslie • arker James N . riayn • .iuiddleton • ~ . Hayne Julius Iv laye r U. D . Dell • G . Ho lmes F . E . Wilder L . S . .LJangley • u • ..hipper obert Smalls • V • y C ..L i gh ~ l\I • F • Be ck e r • H . Chamberlin Timothy Hurle., Jose ph H . Je nks • ....,, • .u. i chmo nd 1r. 1 illiam Jerv Be n .iamin By a s • .1.- • .. ,, • Gr a eor ge Lee Ra c e • VI Countie s 6 . Charleston 7 . Chester 8 . Chester field 9 . Clarendon 10 . Colleton 11 . Darlin r:ton 12 . Edgefield • V • . macKay C . C . Bowe Gilbert Pillsoury F . L . Cardozo ~Tilliam McKinle • Cain eLarge • V e uansier Purvis Alexander Barney Burton ancho Sanders • J . Donaldson H. J . Shrewsbury lias E . Dickson 'Nillirun 1 ~elson J . s . Craig 'lillj_am ~.: . Thomas M illiam Driffle • i . v iner B . F . Whittemore Isaac Brockenton Jordan Lang Richard Humbird Frank Arnim • B . Elliott rince R. Rivers John Bonurn avid Harris John V/oole Race N N N, . N N N ~ J---l Counties 13 . Fairfie ld 14 . Geor getown 15 . Greenvill 1 6 . ttorr y 17 . Kershaw 18 . Lancaster 19 . Lexington 20 . Laurens 21 . Marion 22 . 1~ a r lboro 23 . Newberry SOUTH OLI Delegates J ames M. Rutland • J.J • b!dwards Jenr y Jacob Henry V I . V /ebb F . F . Iviiller oseph H . Rainey ames fo . Allen J . M. Runion lson Cook . B. Johnson enry Jones • R . Thompson J . K. Jillson S . G . W . Dill J ohn A. Chestnut lbert Clinton harles Jones n1u.e 1 Boozer irneon Corley os eph Crews V . J . P . Owe ns cDaniels .., elson Davis w. s . Collins J . • ohnson H . E . rtayne B . A. Thompson Calvin Stubbs eo1-ige J acks on B . O. Duncan Race N N N N } N 1' N N N N GATE~ (Contirrued) aunties awberry Cont .) J ames Y,j . Henderson Lee Nance 24 . Orangebur g E . V f . M. I~Iac ka y E . J . Cain 1. J . lv1cKinle y T. K. Sasportas B . F . Randol 25 . Pickens M. Mauldin lexander Bryce L. B . Jcnnson 26 . Richland Thomas J . Robertson • B. Nash • B . Thompson C • vV • 'W i ld e r 27 . Spartanburg J . P . F . Camp J . S . Gentry ice Foster Coy Vlingo 2 8 . Sumter T . J . Coghlan • ion F . J . Moses Jr . • .u . Johnst on arnuel • H . Gos s brarn Dog amue 1 Huckles Race N N N N N N V ~ ro 0 Cou 1 . o k 0 T C OLI -- COI • J . J . tes , rrin ton • n • 'wa ls a rr le ...) m • Ro Mead • hite • . ·aw er John • Terry Geor re • '"eddis 421 T (Cont . ) ace 22 THC OLil --VOT J C 01' T ITUTIO - Tot o . or ea nst District Re d Const . Con t . Total Votin Abbevill 2 821 1100 ,. 921 1 81 nderson '7. 7 64 13]2 1 75 2687 1077 Barnwell 718 3~57 687 4044 1674 Be ufor 1 t 80 t) 4 3 1 9 0 9 295 Charles ton 20 , 1.44 12 ,2 82 3334 1 , 616 4528 Che ter 34?1 1750 981 27 1 7 0 Ches t erfield 1936 722 . ·4 1 86 50 Clarendon 23 '- 3 140r7 243 1 '16 707 Colleton 5420 3083 382 3465 1955 arline;ton 46 7 2710 6 1 401 12 6 'd field _ ) 705 3472 1072 4 4 2 12 Fairfield 3509 1 86 6 9 268 24 eorgetown 356 2473 14 2618 738 Grenville 3572 1610 788 23 8 1174 Horry 1640 406 773 1179 461 Kershaw 274,z 140 329 1735 1008 Lane ster 2100 '8 7 80 1648 7 Laurens 4119 1901 1 "? 3038 1081 Lexin ton 2595 1105 56 1674 21 Mar on 3741 1 8 1565 31 1 5 0 ar l b oro 2213 12 8 43 16 520 le berry g 2049 802 2851 642 Oconee 1603 487 627 1114 489 Orange bur 51 9 2957 1167 4124 1035 Pick ns 1325 91 434 825 00 Richland 462 8 2501 1248 3749 879 partanbur 4490 1430 198 3413 1036 Sumt r 5157 3426 482 3908 1249 Union 3383 14 0 771 2 26 1 1122 ~ illiamsburg 2 89 1644 290 19 4 75 York 423 3 193 1576 3 09 724 TOT LS 133,597 70 75 8 27 228 98 04 35 551 - 18 8, VIII , 697 . VI I I --1 T 'EPT l [B . , I IJ. 1 TI 1867 1 Count es ite 1. ccomac 2 . lb ma r le 3 . lexan a 4 . 1 any • ure lia 6 . rt 7 . oma ttox s. ugusta 9 . B th 10 . Be for 11 . Bl nd 12 . Botetourt 13 . Brunsw ck 14 . uchan n 15 . Buckin am 16 . ampbell 17 . Carroline 18 . arr oll 19 . Charles City 20 . Ch rlotte 21 . Ches ·c rfiel 22 . la k 23 . Cr ig 24 . Culp p r 25 . Cumberland 26 . inwid ie 27 . lizabeth City 2 8 • ,:is S X 2 • airfax 30 . Fauqui r 31 . Floyd 32 . Fluv nn 33 . Fr n lin 34 . rederick 35 • G 1 s 36 . lo ester '"" 7 . Goochland 38 . r yson 3 . Grenville 40 . 41 . 42 . 1 97 21· 140h 471 4 6 1468 732 · 505 377 2312 6 6 13 1 713 462 1008 2585 1283 l' 21 261 87 7 1608 767 410 30 474 673 42 562 1363 1912 ]286 8 4 1997 1 3 772 827 587 142 283 1905 1449 gro 1411 24> 8 184 85 1465 1344 862 1209 9 2019 43 630 167 4 1667 2810 1339 62 619 2010 2165 375 47 810 1291 1526 1451 1100 981 1244 1 2 949 10 5 500 137 795 1372 128 682 245 328 - 1 - 2 42 Total 3408 46 4 254 5 6 1931 2812 1594 4714 472 4 31 710 1991 2,... 466 2675 395 2622 1 = 83 88 2887 3833 1142 457 1740 1765 2199 1793 1662 2r44 rz l56 1468 180 30 2 2430 909 1622 19 9 1554 96 77 5190 'Z041 VI I I'T TIO · 1 , 18 ·7 ( Contlnu d) Counties 43 . enrico 44 . Ienry it N -------------- - 45 • i e;hland 4 · • Isl of ii t 47 . Jame City 48 . Kin~ ore 49 . ·ng & ueen 50 . Kin ·illlam 51 . Lancast r 52 . Lee 53 . oudoun 4 . Louisa · 55 . Lunenb rg 56 . d son 7 . l1 tth WS lee 1 nberg • 11id lesex 60 . ont g om ry · 1 . l an rnon 62 . els on 3 . J iJ Kent 64 . orfolk P o:r;atsmou th 65 . orth pton 66 . orthum rland 67 . 1 ottaw y 68 . or.- n e 9 . Pag 70 . tr ic - 71 . Pittsylv nia 72 . Powh tan 73 . Prince 'd ard 74 . Pul ski 75 . Pr nee e o e 7 • r ·nc Jilli 77 . Pr nee s n 7 • Rappahannock 7 . Richmond 80 . ocki ... e;h 11 81 . oanoke 82 . o kbrid 1089 158 62 98 611 7 8"6 643 1 8 3 0 477 428 725 848 48 648 342 464 14 114 2760 10~~ 1 17 674 11 4 794 587 624 328 J212 2902 re>93 4 4 1490 1102 1111 57 2 ?7 532 5 1 4 5 84 12 9 1081 2'"' 2 445 717 .. 7 44 7 854 976 553 3228 971 2026 1108 117 4 3362 767 437 141 1044 169 297 r7 56 115 1627 362 10 0 2 2 902 464 471 418 611 1020 42 Tot 1 2674 1 4 68 147 4 905 1 73 11 1 806 1 7 7b4 264 1868 1381 2 4114 797 2 49 2210 22 87 780 60 9 12 9 1028 1871 1889 1408 1 78 685 1 02 2344 1 29 1495 1091 1756 1440 1024 3646 1 82 04 Countie - . - ----- 83. ussell 84 . 'cott 85 . h nendoah 86 . Smyth 87 . ou t h mpton 88 . 1 pott ylvan a 89 . t ford 90. ussex 91 . Surry 92 . Tazewell 3 . ,f rw k 94 . 1 arren 9 • vashington 96 . estmor land 97 . ✓ se 98 . ythe 99 . York Citi s VI I I --1st R IT TIO T , rn , 1867 ( Co ti nu e ) /h t0 1448 1789 2157 11 5 1102 12 9 813 536 447 1192 128 62 2410 6 ,. 6 646 1475 66 2 ~ :3 10 173 2 13 3 84 245 109 b37 264 27 18 - 69 634 9 4 55 115 25 Total 1681 18 2 2330 14g4 24 k 2274 1 1629 84 14 6 407 811 2 79 1270 6 1 30 1525 R chmond 5083 612 0 11 , 173 or olk 1844 19 3 , 7 9 _P_ e_t_r_s_ b_u_r ________ ____ l_3_0 ____ ~2_4_8_3 ____ 3 873 TOT 115 0 8 101 382 216 450 1 ouse ·'xe cu-cive Document , .....Q. • 1, 40 t h Cong., 2nd ,. ss ., PP • 294- 5 . umber Regi s t ered White Negro Total Ric na City 5382 6284 11 , 66 orfo , Portsmouth lbemarle ugusta Bedfor1 Campbell Halifax Loudoun ~11:ecklenber 2738 3281 2310 2759 3579 1362 2408 2110 2576 297 6 1980 3402 2799 10 1275 28 itts vlvania 27 68 OCkingham 2881 orfolk City 534 431 1910 etersburg City .... l exa11.dria elia ers t Botetourt runswick Buckinjlam Charlotte u lpeper umberla airra ';lluvanna 1546 1491 49 1515 1420 775 1072 91 1005 5 1400 884 049 2647 1 1 1 662 17 17 2080 896 1331 1039 7 , 019 5 , 06 , .., ... 1 4 , 518 , ._,, 5 5 , 382 , 80 4 , 118 . 30 , , 3 1 , 959 , 1 , 986 , 886 , 08 2 , 508 2 , 871 2 , 9 1 , 901 1 , 86 2 , 439 1 , 8 VI ..--uIA--OCTOBER 1867 , Vot es Cast ~ te Ne~o To t 4587 5 195 10 , 052 1399 2319 1596 2382 1879 1033 1676 1900 2044 2611 1159 2759 2120 91 876 263 1368 2782 1343 314 1576 1823 1236 242 1031 1584 32 8 1440 1144 1223 868 581 1 501 1 767 1 629 1 1 750 876 4 , 3 1 3 , , 3 , , 655 3 , 918 3 , 032 , ....,09 4 , 150 1 , 657 3 ' , , 664 , __,15 1 , 7 68 , 3 67 1 , 44 , 1 , 336 2 , 527 1 , 692 1 , 60 1 , 1 62 '' , For Conventior.. te Ne~o Total 145 5184 5329 309 120 8 57 84 2912 23 102 1878 .... 587 2748 899 2 262 1 22 160 133 2740 304 1 82 1 3 157 1359 120 8 577 1646 1557 1878 809 1235 0 8b7 3221 450 125 1 998 26 3325 1 271 '- 305 4 565 22 67 482 176 1381 1368 710 1701 161 1952 820 1261 115 921 g3.inst Ccnver.tion 1i te Ne~o Total 47 12 11 4723 109 1499 1646 15 2006 581 1536 8 105 ... 1082 11 1177 838 306 8 735 44 709 55 849 345 78 686 1 29 9 22 2 11 1 1 1091 1528 1655 157 8 2030 593 1549 7 1096 109 2 1132 8 81 1 ~ 4 2 12 118 46 20 17 1 12 ~ 19 ick nd over Henrico Henry Louis Lu.nenoerg ont gomer I,;ansemond els on Nottowa 1 12 10 11 726 1546 1084 124 cess arm 870 0 outhampton egistered eg:ro Total 540 26 1519 2181 1556 3060 1879 3J.08 1006 202 1761 2 883 1219 194 567 211'7 1154 2238 1268 2511 1448 1929 1081 1980 31 1801 1124 1273 1581 480 rz.97 6 1 rfield owhatan aroline {ing Georg potsylvan · 1 1 1310 omac 2oi:::n thamnton 556 .... 418 land 602 bridge 2171 oll 141 Flovd 1360 01 11 1402 39 102 ;'• 1470 1004 111 58 1051 =88 1624 719 8 9G r:>'6 2 1560 529 60 2 VIRGINIA--0CT0BER , 1867 {Cont~Lued) ast .. 3 10 722 4 0 480 1011 71 801 0 ... 6 13 14 1607 905 1596 1131 5 10 ll_1_, 133 45 84 632 124 1154 40 111 318 117'"' ·o 112 136 377 185 1972 112 8 1261 "."" "6 92 1186 874 39 2 7 4 1 1731 521 2 13 2226 1611 1517 7 1918 1538 1680 1488 1874 1 3091 1446 243 756 201 2548 1251 4 2 87 1968 898 86 8 6 5 r:, 008 88 6 624 0 8 8 1453 160 ' .. 90 15 11 506 105 1100 1302 4 84 90 8 1 1270 1681 1170 1 1 1 1 102 92 0 1242 12 585 406 991 3 0 7 ... 0 35 5 8 48 1 1972 1118 1241 g= 882 118 873 38 1 41 159 2009 113 1248 40 922 __ 21 878 46 69 1 r,. r-; 733 772 17 64 1003 u9 53 161 64 561 612 69 108 298 1166 1 108 1327 2 17 214 886 163 5 1 2 1 - - 17 2 - - 3 1005 670 12 545 441 387 99 70 193 651 561 - 10 8 10 308 20 1186 3 35 1 1 - 1330 3 1 218 891 165tt, '1 VIRGIN IA--OCTOB~R , 1867 (Uontlnued) e8istered Votes Cast For Convention egro Total White Negro To~al W hite Negro Total Grayson 1289 128 1417 617 106 723 447 106 553 auquier 1889 12~9 3188 1365 1141 2506 60 1128 1188 Ranpahannock 1007 orthurnberland 648 Lancast Richmond stmorel a trick ranklin 62 591 nd 625 1197 210 rince Edward 09 ppomattox 759 Princff George 535 inwiddi L cott ise og hena 0 1487 1884 654 1248 doah 2168 1283 myth ashington lle ghany 2479 484 448 Craig oanoKe 1030 harles City 309 n 70 479 1486 451 487 48 66 26 1091 1659 903 1095 1606 120 110 9 190 176 31 639 9 47 650 58 54 1099 849 1080 1288 1523 3200 2 8 16'' 1630 2311 1607 1994 66 140 2344 1602 311 " 77 49 1680 967 824 633 445 1078 47 262 364 387 620 88 434 472 475 531 1521 486 842 154 947 368 14 8 798 51 1113 77 86 417 1 1215 1 860 236 1596 215 5 20 7 176 58 182 406 881 73 83 986 869 1899 2052 1328 1101 185 84 1190 390 541 1371 109 0 7 245 111 761 ,.,88 69 84 6 91 60 3 42 07 767 1 18 51 1 4 443 51 .. 434 472 475 596 24 900 1518 839 9 Ar> 1480 51 76 4 121 155 22 8 0 5 r:- 1 571 85 40 518 478 566 623 823 139 158 872 2 152 358 84 1 30 40 388 4":l: 105 58 690 678 42 gaint /hi - 170 130 64 6 25 27 360 46 491 68 4 108 326 491 346 234 232 964 700 1142 163 181 427 83 15 onve:rtion Total - 170 13 1318 2 5 ~ ,. - - - 3 - 11 3 1 1 - 1 - 1 8 6 2 - 1 256 73 3 471 456 109 32 491 347 3 5 96 708 11 168 18 83~ 1 600'.) VIRGIRIA--0CT0BER , 18 (Cont i nued) Registered Votes Cast l'4'or Convention o Total V Jhite Ne ro - - - - ... • -- _._ ..., ......, •• V V .L V vel..L .vu .L l.,t} l'~ e ro 'l' Ota - Clarke 763 378 1141 533 343 876 19 340 359 514 3 51 ,.rarren 656 197 853 437 175 612 31 172 203 406 3 40 lizabeth City ~~- 1946 94 1427 lb21 55 1427 1482 3v - arwick 1~55 291 426 17 258 275 2 258 260 15 - Gloucester 860 869 1729 574 700 1234 5 756 76 7 5 ,he \"JS 651 334 985 370 298 668 81 298 379 2uv - Isle of Night 871 656 1427 704 615 131~ 3U3 613 916 401 2 403 0 urre y 447 582 1029 364 511 875 101 510 611 263 1 264 ing & Queen 710 883 lb~3 414 830 124LJ: 3B 826 · 865 37b 4 3 King William 488 713 1201 308 663 971 11 662 673 297 1 dison 808 599 1407 612 557 1169 55 556 611 557 1 r eene 556 263 819 390 227 617 10 220 230 380 v1iddlesex 388 40 9 797 243 376 619 6 376 382 23? - 23 n ssex 576 1124 1700 418 1029 1447 24 1026 1050 3 94 3 397 ulaski 693 366 1059 325 296 621 39 295 334 286 1 les 829 139 968 269 11 280 12 9 21 257 2 Russell 1415 224 1639 613 161 774 369 160 259 244 1 Buchanan 463 5 468 124 - 124 69 - Vv vv - Stafford 84? 253 1100 654 202 856 38 ·195 234 61 6 6 6 Prince W illiam 958 uU'/ l.Gob 598 250 tj4 Cj 107 244 ubl. 4~1 6 reeneville 303 720 1023 214 673 887 22 672 694 192 1 ~U3S6X 538 1104 1639 322 1026 1345 32 1026 1058 ~vV - l atd 687 56 743 3Sfi ~Q ~Qil 700 'Zi\ 167 '--'~ I - ._..., f ~ ro VIRGINIA--OCTOB ER , 1867 (Continued) umber Registered Votes Cast White Negro Total White Negro Total Tazewell 1309 275 1584 591 169 760 ames City 226 492 718 117 416 533 York 425 1188 1 613 135 987 1122 TOTA LS 120 , 101 225 , 933 93 , 145 105 , 832 76 1 os4 169 . 229 For Convention Against Conventio White Negro Total White Negro Total 90 165 225 14 412 426 20 987 1007 14 , 835 107 , 342 92 . 507 501 4 103 4 115 - 638 61 . 249 50 107 115 61 . 887 ~ vl 0 4 1 VIRGI1 IA--DELEGAT.~ TO CON 'TITUT 1.0 L O 1 'J.1IO 18 7 Counties D.elegate_s Wh te Richmond Cou~ties--5 Delegates James w . Hunnicutt 48 John c. Underwood 49 James Morrissey 48 Lewis Lindsey 48 Joseph Cox 48 Marmaduke Johnson 4728 N. A. Sturdevant 4767 m. Taylor 4785 Thomas J. Evans 4760 Alexander H. Sands 4788 Scattering 47 Norfolk Co. and Citx of James H. Clements Luther Lee Jr. George Teamoh Wm. S. Butt F • V • Lemos e y Daniel Collins N. R. Wilkinson · w . J. Hodges H. A. Pierce Scattering Portsmouth--3 126 117 74 1203 1086 837 370 2 2 4 N ,e gro 5169 5170 5170 5170 5170 24 20 2 20 22 3 Deleg 2643 2643 2145 2 2 236 - 765 268 - Counties and Cities Electing g Delegates Albemarle c. L. Thompson James S. L. Taylor Wm. H. Southall Alexander Rine s Scattering Augqsta .county Powell Harrison Joseph A. addell Charles ' • r ay David Fulty Scattering Bedf,ord County Gaston G. Curt ss David Staley 19 7 1491 1413 5 1626 1631 229 226 19 48 49 2074 2088 285 2 97 6 9 9 1024 1024 - 1877 1877 · Tota l )217 5219 218 218 5218 4806 4787 4810 4780 4 810 50 2769 2760 2219 1205 1088 1073 70 7 7 270 4 2093 2095 1776 1710 11 1 35 1640 1253 1250 19 192 1926 B n j • f • 'l ou 1 t o '!Im . V • Jo r an T 11 t T car ' T I'l'UTIO L 0 ( Cont irrued) 1618 23 2 11 i nson 13 2577 25 :.>0 31 rz l amue • ls o John C. 1·urr0ll amuel • resl nd Hal x aunty ·m . L . Oi n D v Can m. H. ttle n lisha Bar s le ordon Garr tt • ollne s Be ord r y catterin London Count;x: r b on 0 e r keley e • Pl "Jst -r illi s J o1nG " iall catt r· ng John latson Tathanial le and r l b t od on Thomas Th ckson C tt in ttsylvan n Count Lev C. Thayer erbert . vi Lan o · orn cru s • • L a ins oo in catter ng 2041 788 1 72 1042 - - 3 1 1 · 80 8 61 3 ·7 68 62 31 8 105 4 115 5 740 25 0 1 7 147 150 127 429 7 13 1 3 8 9 885 - 2542 2557 61 69 1 7 - 2684 2 629 51 42 2 - TIO 1867 1 2 8 2 c: 0 1248 118 150 127 432 13 154 15 4 1476 1459 3 2543 25 8 869 430 384 3 2752 2691 1369 1096 117 5 4 2 4~3 VI -- G T ,- TO CO r ITUTIOr L CO_ N TIOJ: 18 7 (Con~ Countie s Rock npp nty John C • 1 I oo s on J a cob 1 . Le gitt John • Lewis eor e • G l m r Norfolk City Henry • Bowden .Thomas B yne Gilbert C. alker arr n i . ling Jrunes "" . Hall Pet rsburg C ti James latt Jr . Peter • Ior gan avid a J . P . W 1 · s on catte r ing c . • I rvln ra egate nty ichard . Anderso rst Counti John .,~1. "ro dus J • C. eane Botetourt Counti Le · s Lenkenho er Robert L. F hert y Bruns 1ick Ollnt villiam Le hy Gor e ·1 . Field catte r: ng 10,... 1042 297 24 1 62 9 1503 147 1 71 5 52 115 1138 3 64 946 12 315 - 11 1 2 7 0 77 15 4 80 3 10 9 304 304 1815 1768 22 6 38 5 - 14 87 99 1150 26 1 8 28 1181 8 57 '! 1641 4 - 0 To t 1 1048 1051 601 545 1877 1777 152 1477 109 2476 2474 1161 1143 3 I 1 1 1045 11 2 4 1 188 118 1183 7 8 6 1 1656 4 84 3 Count es Dele _ates Buck ngham County Frank · ~ oss John enc r J . H. lliam J . Hill catt ri Char.lotie County Edward els on enry . ~arr n ton ca tter n g Culpeper County F ette auzy John • Botts Cumbep ounty John ob nson J . H . 1cR e Fairfax Count)! Orr · n , . I i ne oth ne • Be 1 Fluvanna Count J • Barrett bram h nh r d Jr . Scatter ng ~rede!i~ Qounty orva .ls on David Tufton Scattering Goochland Coun_ll ill run .l: • nos ely Richard G. a ks John • 'aund rs Scattering Hanover Countx illiam James lfred k · ill ian1 F . j_ckh t e - 623 282 94 4 - 626 1 8 8 8 - 2 0 777 2 774 1 977 4~ 2 - 157 193 7 648 415 1535 25 13 6 8 1867 30 - 18 808 ]203 40 909 12 841 29 - 5 477 - 1284 74 - - 1460 1 2 0 4 4 1867 (Co t) Total 1 3 648 295 100 12 876 81 1203 423 1149 7 89 853 803 1 982 907 2 12 8 4 231 1 3 3 1467 649 417 4 VI GI I --D LG T ➔J T CF TITU'II CO V .. ◄ J. TIOl 18 7 ( ant) ---------------------------------- 0 To 1 Counties 1 · 1h te - •---- ___________ c _, ______ ......__, ______ _ Henr co County o rc;e r J. wan assena B sle ranklin Stearns Henry Coµnt;Z, C . Y . Thomao L wis 'r vely ca tter:1 n Louis Count_y John B . E stham Henr"" • lurr y Lunenberg County amuel Fuqua D. C . l catteri g Adam H. Fla Jo ah n T. ty n County • Parr John D. Brittain elson Coupty Adolp 11.s vJ . arris 0 m • tl V • 1 • 1 Will am C. Carrington rtson • one s Or nge Count;y: Frederick V . Poor Uriel errill • Hodges 11 . i tehurs t • Hard: n 4 452 26'7 182 321 1 72 541 6 373 1 333 678 6 744 3 578 223 81 4 686 - 608 40 1 14 1 84 01 4 - 15 2 rz 11 14 7 504 2 105 - 1121 1 8 6 - 81 5 807 1 3 1518 45 7 347 1083 25 1 1 .64 544 1112 387 8 1062 744 1124 592 229 1 7 81 985 691 80 7 60 75 vr Girr --D L G · 'I' T C I TITUTIOr L CO Counties __ el ate __ _ Southampton County John Brown Luth e r • 'dwards John Pretlow catt ring ythe County James i bbony rilliam l arsh c tterin 0 1 40 221 1 22 234 1 Count es lecting _ D l egates Chesterfield and Powhata Countis Charl s n. ort er 1 Samuel • addox 16 J ms B . "1arter 15 iilli • Cos 10 1 98 William H. bel 1070 Christopher C. li c ae 9 1 cattering 6 Carolina J hn L . Frederick .c. John J . Gravitt ete r C use Joh n • Thom s I . H . 'tephens Scattering • unter Sending~ elegates _ccomac and orthampton Edwar~d d J ames • Toy -~ . P . i tts J •• eed atte r ng illiam }.IcL u~hlin J ose h a e Jam s eig Geor 1 e • B ke r cattering ridge 25 8 25 5 54 54 49 1 48 25 1?06 168 10 1402 lfl0 1 64 13~ 47 - a ]242 - - - 11 3 8 - ,.,.0 88 3088 30 2 2 3 - 33 33 33 251 2516 2515 1 2108 2114 5 5 3 19 18 59 967 42 4 TI r 1 8 7 { ~ n t) Total 1243 40 221 1 33 632 1 104 104 3 10 1100 1072 72 6 2626 2622 262 8 2570 2570 2564 2 21 6 21 9 1711 1694 13 1421 14 8 112 1102 89 VI GI I --D T , TO C 01 TI TlJ TIO 1 . L C • inston John alsh Lewis altz Fauquier , wnock R. Taylor 'cott J . C . Gibson R. H. B shaw Solomon oge orthumberla n hraim sh Richard yer F . A . avis ~. F . nnaway Patrick , tranklin Count s ih to 6 ,z 143 71 726 718 189 1873 102 10 Lancaster 107 123 1342 1332 • F . B . T ylor 64 l -1 . • Ho erts on 327 • V . · ebb 409 James Patterson 357 eor ge Fi nney 3 3 iordeca Cook 278 Dan el lora 109 Da iel Bl vins 67 • L . tone 10 catter ng 14 ppomattox Counties land F . tkins J . P . Fitzger ld J es ·ickle cattering 1 1 73 888 146 2 rince Dinw · ddie ounties -------- David 67 · illj . e d 8 Is a a c -. • re e 1 r 3 8 ~g~~t ri~ gD niels 9~ le o 21· ,., 9 4 2 3 16 16 1571 1550 ve tmoreland 1977 1977 3 3 10 ·o 80 11 2 15 1 4 112 34 - 2429 2492 1 - - 4 7 1867 ( Co t) Total 909 1748 803 72 721 1 1 188 167 1 55 20 84 2100 1345 1335 1698 1127 420 3 9 348 279 113 17 143 14 2306 2353 9 7 900 163 10 249 2497 90 9~ VIRGI.I -- •IEGATb' TO CO ., TITU_I AL CO C ou.ntie s ates Lee , S cott , ise Count es ndre M lburn Ch rle Duncan Jose h Culbert on Pa rick Hagan Will am • Taylor Pae Count es Moses 1 r. a 1ton G or ge • ust George ye ade • Hampton Jacob Bake r mythe , lashington Count Jose ph T . C pbell John H. Thompson Gaylor G. oodell Henry C . V ite ending 1 Delegate lleghan y , Crai 11 , oanoke t e 901 1278 8 7 9 72 6 709 1350 13 2 279 205 7 8 es 1 1 5 1900 55 . 541 Hu gh H. Lee 859 John • ' altz 141 C harles Cit r nd ew ent ________ ..__ ------ emu el bcock dmund add 11 catter n J oseph M cK . ennerly bram T . Beecher Scatte r i ng Counties 22 32 1 15 15 49 1 Elizabeth City , a r wi ck Co·unties David B . Vhite Jose h gar 'catter ng 4 5 12 _ G _ l_ o_ u_c_e_s __ t_e_r_ , __ a_t_t_ h_ e_ r✓ _S_ C OU n tie~ John ixon 76 Bake r P . Le Jr . 11 1 e o 12 33 127 2 49 7 7 273 149 12 13 13 728 726 14 63 1 987 4 16 - 6 12 - - 2 10 4 4 4 8 TI ~ 1867 ( Cont) Tot 1 1027 1311 1006 728 7 1357 13 9 552 354 203 1928 1913 1278 1267 873 732 1009 32 15 921 661 l 1717 14 1130 915 VIR 11 I -- 439 TI 1 TIO L 0 1 V'lTIO 1867 (Cont) ill am H . .ndrews George T. Clarke catterin g te Counties 2 1062 - Co 1nt es l egro 1117 4 4 Jard assey 19 1488 liam • ylett 6 0 5 Robert~. eas l ey ichard B. dullivan ties Tu iddlesex , ssex 1 ounties Will am Br eedlove ~i lliam G. Jeffr es Pulaski, Giles Countie s Eustace Gi bson Joseph H . Jinston cattering Rus s~ll, Buchanan Counties Geor e • Co an Villiam J . Dickenson Robert P. ickers Scatterin 947 44 3 653 573 25 4 3 250 119 50 Stafford, Prince · illiarn Counties B. F . Lewis 111 Isaac P . Baldwin 136 62 710 1402 3 4 04 - 368 78 77 - 12 440 Total 1119 1066 4 1507 695 100 757 1405 656 577 '72 4 71 7.28 196 50 1122 576 1 House tive n p. 1, 40th onG., 2nd ess., pp . 39 - 403 . CTION II: VIRGII: ~ t- s:: s:: • 0 .µ 0 • .µ 0 .µ ~ •ri O') •ri r-i r-i r:<:, Cl) rt") (l) l") rnt-l") .µ C .µ 0 S::~ Ol C ~ •ri p.. • • •ri • • • .,.; . . egistered Voters Votes Cast HO oj 0 H C) .µ c.\'S • C).µ H+' Oo {i)rcj 0 Q) ~ oO-i a,~ o H ite Negro White Ne~o ~<x: - ~ <l! ~C/J<l! ~OO) µ:,. omac 2611 1725 2349 1433 2825 910 438 2324 438 2312 l bemarle 3063 3107 2839 2303 5099 23 2187 2954 2197 2924 224 80 lexandria 2143 2240 1821 1697 3510 7 1674 1729 16G3 1728 324 5 lle ghany 647 117 505 GS 475 85 15 547 17 552 1 lia 645 1695 612 1435 2033 14 610 970 610 970 33 260 rGt 1857 1603 1673 1327 2869 131 1284 1716 1284 1716 184 276 omattox 957 988 865 805 1614 59 693 980 689 984 89 182 .ugusta 4553 1582 3982 1034 4715 175 314 4071 253 4059 571 548 th 566 139 456 70 469 53 - 523 - 520 110 69 Bedford 3079 2351 285 8 1883 4432 309 188G 2837 1785 2839 221 468 land 766 60 562 24 562 24 82 400 82 498 204 36 Botetourt 1604 721 1219 530 1386 353 548 1169 552 1163 385 191 unswick 1001 1926 894 1704 2488 110 lo23 948 1623 948 107 22 uchanan 491 5 204 - 192 4 30 171 30 174 287 Buckingham 1216 1890 1083 1527 2592 14 1342 1149 1337 1195 133 363 ampbell 3366 3523 2987 2721 5577 98 2536 3122 2536 3122 379 802 Caroline 1582 1645 1509 1357 2825 34 1337 1522 1337 1523 73 288 arroll 1573 72 1036 47 1076 7 385 703 383 692 537 25 harles City 417 841 388 627 1004 4 613 398 609 398 29 21 harlotte 1105 2267 986 1808 2267 19 1499 1144 1500 1143 119 459 hesterfield 2572 2289 2218 2107 4259 12 1779 2217 1767 2216 354 18 larke 961 488 745 413 907 200 431 682 432 695 246 75 • 514 47 336 22 249 102 63 293 65 293 178 25 raig Culpeper 1305 1086 1195 912 1743 55 882 1187 880 1191 110 174~ umbe1.,land 674 1503 504 1177 1748 13 1112 631 1112 631 80 3260 inwiddie 1029 1766 832 1549 1936 364 1471 836 1473 836 197 217 LECTION IN VIRGINIA { Cont inu_ed) - • ~ C) ti) t- ~ ~ (1) • 0 ..µ 0 • 9\ +> rn • C) +> • -.i 01 -.i r-1 r-1 ti) 01 ... 4,.) (1) ti) C:l) N0 ..µ ~ +=> 0 ~~Hv'l ~ ~ •rl 0.. • • •rl ~ • •rl •• Registered Voters Votes Cast Ho cd 0 H Q +> ctl • H +> aj oµ Orcj ao ro O <D H aOr-1 ... 0 H . - s White _Negro n White Negr _ o_ ~<l! <r:~ ~ OJ 8 B7 181 507 65 132 1466 592 r7 7 ,, 1216 538 1566 1177 199 78 1 1300 183 132 3 8 416 508 - ~2 26 1141 LECTION =:J VIRGI NIA (Cont . ) 9 924 71 1432 l '±~'> 113 1541 495 24~3 589 73 536 1068 96 83 2771 2 831 5 9 762 316 2786 4 10 1148 1172 540 3236 1054 49 13 92 136 260 297 1151 1545 1146 24 79 33 03 0 608 89 !=: 0 •rt .µ 0., Ho O'd µ:_. 18 1 36 4151 909 1845 2211 2650 1023 5547 158 988 101 19 6 1086 1007 17 166 ,.., - v 1536 11 132 l CJ02 1320 1156 1 ... 88 ~ ~ .µ 0 • ~ C,J •rt riri tQ ~..µ •rl ~ co 0 t.Jro 12 71 64 1 6 22 49 61 41 11 18 5 234 5 21 8 7 28 176 lr;- 1 6 20 8 8 8 • • H C) ..µ O © H µ:_. 1445 81 060 361 2668 442 13 1160 10 00 447 2 87 114 211 99 240 1412 1149 .µ ~ ~ rit() ~~ t-- • C) tQ •rl • • • • C)..µ H .µ tt'Jri <D H o H ,:r' o :I)~ rx.. .µ ti) C >=: 1344 1433 1341 1063 392 148 98 203 10 616 362 618 1526 2666 1528 485 442 48k 1306 607 1308 1118 11 61 1118 1064 157 vG 500 5 097 3451 2098 570 2 570 714 487 714 568 1150 568 1023 211 102 941 89 947 826 240 58 219 1410 32 523 1149 5 1734 2 1737 555 1065 555 814 348 81 739 808 738 831 2141 329 695 368 -~155 147 30 ~ 46 11" 176 8 7 134 8 38 627 11 120 4 86 471 529 701 48 110 73 156 140 16 4 71 3 54 144 17 2 52 531 1G2 3 231 248 118 9 149 290 18 1 188 81 125~ ~ ro 118 8 LSCT.LOH I :~ VIrlG- NIA (Gontinued) ~ r:-... s:: s:: • 0 .µ 0 . ~ .µ ~ 0 .µ •rl 0) .,-i rlrltl) 0) ~ (1) l") OlC:-... .µ ~.µ 0 s:::~ u'.l s::: ~ •rf ~ • • •rl • • • -i-1 •• atered Voters Votes Cast M O oj 0 H c.,.µ ctl -o.µ H+:> gh~f Not Voting 0 'D t.Oro O<DH ti)r-i<D H OH 0 ~
Linked assets
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
Conceptually similar
PDF
Claus Spreckels of California
PDF
An analysis of the integration of arithmetic and algebra in eighth grade mathematics textbooks
PDF
A bibliography of the published writings of Hamlin Garland
PDF
Privileges and immunities of international organizations and their personnel
PDF
The Filipino community in Los Angeles
PDF
Clothing as a factor in the social status rating of men
PDF
The human rights program of the United Nations 1945-1955
PDF
The implications of the point four program in Brazil
PDF
Social stratification as reflected in selected novels of Sinclair Lewis
PDF
The isolation of personality traits in the domain of military leadership
PDF
An investigation into the equipment, techniques, and problems associated with underwater cinematography
PDF
Recruitment procedures in the teaching profession.
PDF
An experimental study in fluctuations among successive play performances
PDF
The effects of partial reinforcement on a whole human response
PDF
The selection of textbooks and other instructional materials in the high schools of California
PDF
A survey of theatre organization as practiced by a selected group of community theatres in the Los Angeles area
PDF
The effects of anxiety on the alpha rhythm of the electroencephalogram
PDF
The relationship of the pretreatment strength of social responses of schizophrenic patients to improvement with electric shock treatment
PDF
Clarice comedy of Jean Rotrou (1941) : critical edition
PDF
Sociological aspects of training programs in selected industrial organizations in the Los Angeles metropolitan area
Asset Metadata
Creator
Feistman, Eugene G.
(author)
Core Title
Radical disenfranchisement and the constitutional conventions of 1867
School
College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
Degree
Master of Science
Degree Program
History
Degree Conferral Date
1951-01
Publication Date
01/12/1951
Defense Date
01/12/1951
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
OAI-PMH Harvest
Format
theses
(aat)
Language
English
Contributor
Electronically uploaded by the author
(provenance)
Advisor
Kooker, Arthur R. (
committee chair
), Rodee, Carlton C. (
committee member
)
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC112724844
Unique identifier
UC112724844
Identifier
etd-FeistmanEugene-1951.pdf (filename)
Legacy Identifier
etd-FeistmanEugene-1951
Document Type
Thesis
Format
theses (aat)
Rights
Feistman, Eugene G.
Internet Media Type
application/pdf
Type
texts
Source
20230207-usctheses-microfilm-box7
(batch),
University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
Access Conditions
The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.
Repository Name
University of Southern California Digital Library
Repository Location
USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA
Repository Email
cisadmin@lib.usc.edu