The effects of partial reinforcement on a whole human response

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Content T
or
C
0
T 0
HOL
A TI LR I FO CE ET
0
i
SO SE
Di ser tin
rese ed to
De
So e
D
o o of hil so
This dissertation, w,-itten by
____________ o l d .. J .... Lewis .. -······-------------- -·------·---·-----
.
unde1· tlze guidance of /z. ____ ___ F acuity Committee
01z Studies, nnd app,·oved by all its members, has
been presented to nnd ac epted by th Coun ii
on Graduate Study nnd Reseat· h, in partial ful
fil/111e11t of 1· quir 111 11ts for the d g1·e of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Dean
Commill 011 Studi s
( ... 79 ......... : ~- . .... ····-··
-~ ..
. . . . . . . . . -------1--n--.... ...... .. .
·%- ~~ -~ . . ..... .
. .. .... .. . ...... .
C TS
•
I
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1
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2
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2
D. I
-.
T ,t;
• • • • • • • • • •
3
•
Hr.;
I' 0 ili 1
• • • • • • • • •
4
•
I AL V I
• • • •
5
•
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2 .
h
• • •
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?
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l
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2 . I I
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0
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25
B. EXTINCTION
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
26
1 . I~ s IES
• • • • • • • • • • •
26
2. lTh.AN STUDIES
• • • • • • • • • • •
27
3. GENERAL CONC USI O s ABOUT
X I C TIO
• • • • • • • • • • • •
36
III. THEORY 0
p
VI OUS H SEARCH
• •
• • • • • • • •
38
I NFORC
I
T
_ E
39
• • • • • • • • •
•
•
B. A I N HEO RY
• • • • • • • • • • •
42
c. S '
I HY POT
_.SI
• • •
•
• • • •
47
•
AL I
•
•
•
•
49
•
j IC I
•
• • • • • • •
50
IV . T I
• • • • • • • • • • • •
2
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52
• • • • • • •
, .
• • • • • • • •
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• •
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0
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
0
•
I
• • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
III . IX
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
00
I
•
B I B I A
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
•
106
LIST OF '!'ABLES
TA LE I
•
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • · • • • •
76
TABLE II
• • • •
• • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
78
ABLE
III
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • •
78
A LE IV
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
1
T B
AT
(A NDIX)
• • • • • • • • •
00
FIGURE l • • • •
ILLUSTR TIO? 1.
•
FIGURES AND I . LLUSTRATIONS
• • • •
• •
t • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • •
5?
58
THE RFF CTS OF PARTIAL
REINFORCE . T ON A \ 'HOLE BID.A RESPONSE
CH PTER I
1· RODUCTION
Thia is 0 study of the effects of p rti 1 reinforc -
ment using six and seven ye r old boys s subjects. The
response me sured is not se mente, isol te conditioned
response. It is aw ole response of an int ct, nor .al
hum n being . The experim ntal situation employed is
"reel" one tat has
t1on. It arouse
ny si ilaritiee to a
ip; d of
lin ei ua
in er st
in the sub.act , end there w s no uestion u w succ s
or r !lure rel difference to the •
•
S T ENT OF THE PRO Bi&
This p per has two neral purposes. One is o fin
out if partial reinforcement phenomena can be de onatr t
in a different situ tion th hes been used before; to test,
in other words, the ener 11 y oft is phenomena . The ot r
purpose is to see 1f le r in tear concepts c
t "molar" situations involvin hu &n bein~s.
be extende
2
B. IlPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM
Briefly, partial reinforcement means th ta response
or behavioral act is not reinforced or rewarded each time
it occurs, but that the response is rew rded somewhat less
than 100 per cent of the tie. oat of the beh vior of
humans is not rewarded e ch time that beravior occurs.
~ages and salaries, for example, are not p id toe ploye s
eaoh tie a product is fi ished, a response is acco plish d,
or a decision made. Pay days occur at periodic inte v ls,
usu lly of week, two w eks or ev ry on h . h condi ion
of partial reinforc ment is f ore co o n continuous
reinforceme and, on t e b sis cy, fr ore 1 -
port nt. Fe hur stu e h v e i his
are and, jud inF fro A t1 u rti l r i fo ent
p eno e e, oul e e v lu
•
Sine ''le r n t eor ,,, c s
tic re of pay ho o it i no unr s na
e made o extend tis theory to other fi 1
u
1 s u
eor nd
resents en te p
ly it to norm 1 h
0
0 an
0 k
n
beh vior.
evi ence.
trom learn!
that is no broken into isolated rs o see o iso
eh
te
Thie paper is or ni ed l n v
following closely the reco en tions o h
on l ines,
eric n
-
Psychologica l ssociation (5). irst the history of the
problem will be treated. Then t e present experiment will
be presented with, finally , t retie l inte r pre t tion.
A glance at the t ble of conte swill iv
purview of the or niz t ion.
n. D I TIO 0
The ter. n lo of part i l
is 11 tl conf s e
•
e ki a and
few e ol ical r co 1 ns ,
be, 1 Q; ol o ed 0
n ted in le r in 1 1 a 0 , 1
t he will f i r 0
•
"onti l ore
t
n
I
00 C
:r n is h a
C n i io
•
t cor n 1
r 0 n
'
co ion. Ot r s
h i n r 1 fore
'
1 r 1 ,
t 0 s o n 11
e u of u
tions o 1 r
'
1 er.
comprehensive
n iter ture
)
h v d
V 11
1-
0
C i h
•
0
C
r
"
u n ,
1
-
4
•
ORI I OF HE PRO Ll.tl,~
he ye r of th e 1 nin of re 1 int rs 1 p rtial
reinforce ent hen n w s 1 3, b ely over ten ye rs
ago, an the occ sion w s the pu l ie tion by L. ~. Humphreys
(3) of s dis t io e itlo "Th f ct of do lter-
n
0
on of e1 f rce en on the cu s tion and Extinction
on ione 11
f p ecu rs to
ivel isol t
'
•
t
or,
or
on
' p
0
1
n
•
•
0 n ( 2)
spo es."
reys' rticl,
1 por
c o
t
ere
ut
e r
on
r, certainly,
r 1 -
1 i err t -
r o , to
r ic 1 fre
1 S 1 0 8 C •
r
co
1
1
icit ion.
is e
"
0
•
olf
size ..
e
s
f o
h
ot
d
'
l icit almos
, on
oned
V
s
0
ic usi th e ho o
s 19 , an
fixe r tio."
( 4)
•
or
o r o
0
C 0
r
o h
r
o .
r 1 1
reinf rcement in 1935 when the referred to the
11
c usal
texture of the environm nt . " hese writers critici zed
the majority of e.n11 1 experi en ers for s tting up such
e'' condi ions for their r s to le rn .
5
he
" 1 ck .n w
r ts w re el s re rd e he de corr c rs onse
nd never r w rded when t e respons s incorr ct . Sue
condi ions nP-ve prevail 1 . t e.ni als ' r environmen ,
ru s ik nd Tolm oin e OU T 1 1
"
ro
•
it
"
of rew r ro 1 C s Cr-
t int
•
I 1 C 0 t s, 1
193
'
u s l
•
n e ·
be n e on V r since .
•
I
•
0
-
0 i n 0
s 1 ons n
-
f of V ri
1 n of
h
r n 1
C 11
1 er (l )
0 ri 11s 0
h b d 0 fr n n ,
0 ad e n e r n C
•
80 8
e h b n
C 8
-
end those h
irre ularly.
h a be n rei red discont inuously nd
einf rce ent ay be presented either fre uently
or infreque ly. It may v r inf e uency ro 0 er cent
of the time to 100 per cent of the time, alt ou 0 er
cent as bee the os co o ly used f e enc . ntirely
separ te fro fre ue cy is t e die sion oft e pt
0
1
e rein ore e
•
1 fore n a
her
it
r
f re
•
s
11
C
)
u
1 r m n r o 1
h
1 he i
0
•
is e
V
0
0
0 1 .
r
0
n irr u on .
of 1 0
0
1 e
h
t
0 1
0
oo s ud. o
C
s vi
1 . e 1
h o d
h 0
q s t
rning
din
r u-
re-
t
•
0
T
e
1 ,
•
7
t ere b o e porAl re ul ri y et een pre e E ions of
rei orce en s.
e12:ulari . , as e io ed e, C
of res onse . us everv hird res on
,,
lso be in terrs
uld be rei forced,
nd re ulari · OU d e C ieve
•
kinner s so studi d
this con iti n e .,tl
(
) . e C lls 1
"
e nforceme t
at a fix d r
It
·1·
l ' r f is e
•
obvio
•
I ir r 1 1f ce1 1 f l"
·1
rd r S 0 e or d r i r ive
e B f
J
n ce-
et 1 0 0 h 0 , 0 0
•
2 .
0
0
C
0 r
C
-
0 0 n r 1
0 0
,,
0 e 11 -
'
•
0 C r
1 , 0 ct
0 0 ·o
0
r
·o
•
It
r
0
0
0
'
,
r
V 0
d d h
0
20 . I or 0 Q e
t e rou s 0 of he nur er• f r i f e
n .. '
y
20, t oO er cent gr u 111 h v to m ke 40 rea onses
and t e 100 per cent r 1 20. Obviously the two
-
grou a C n never e e q e , 1 1 f ion, 01 o h
V ri bles t 16 8 e tim
•
I as ee ru ( 2 )
the
'"
or us t 0 u
nd p )
0
u fi l
•
( )
f 0 C n l e
0
of
•
0
,O
1
.r n u --1
--
0
iv
• •
1
•
ic 0
A V
•
n
f ,
•
1
0
V
•
f C
d 0 0 io 1
tr 1n1 fl. 1 f or e b r s in 1 wer me ured. 0
e1Fn1fic nt iffere ce etv of th t r u s
w r found. The u r o1n 8 OU
'
ow ver,
tt,e
re-
s onses r,, e sured re "non - r 11 e ' 0 t
.
rv
•
ons
•
T cons 0 C e B e
1 of t f 0 e l
•
h on-re r s onse
in b
.
1 A i n r• ox . T u t l 0
-
1 n
0 1 0 iv r t 1 ve
f d r 0 0 0
•
•
0 r 0 1 re n
C n 1 f or 0 11 1
I
1 1
I r
•
0
C r 0
'
1.
C
-
,
•
r 1
,
11
?
r r. .
u
)
0 r
xce 1
C
•
roe 0 X
I
,
0 no 1
0
-
•
C r u
10
tl e con 1nuous and t arti 1, st rt out b tting con-
tinuo s reinf rce en
•
0 lwa ys t 1en, re th effect of
per iel re inf or ce e me sur d 1 ne. Usu 1 y t ne eure-
ment is of e eff cts of rti 1 T' 1 r: arc t aft r varyi g
de~re s of con 1 uo
R
rei fore I
•
T 1•e
1 seq e
e of r 1 force fr
•
con 1 u-
ous rti 1 . I ul e
~
~ 1 s ue ce
is d could w 1 1 flu C T
id 1 1 .f re n erim 1 ook
1k t 1
•
•
r u 0 1 0 0 C
--
C i
ro I
---
u 1
'
1 0
r 0 0
-
-
C n 0
---
io
0
-- ---
X
•
T 0 0 0
0
•
)
)
•
C 0 d V
. 1
C
• -
nt 1 1 1 1
•
.
r I 0
---
---
co
---
X C
r ou I 0
--
co n 0
---
0
---
1 io
•
Kell rs es h
r 1 1 r inf ore
1
1
tu iq cone rned wit the ef ects
follo~1 co inuous r in or cem nt,
of
wh:1ch
avoi
s tr e, but it s hou a sti 1 be note t he d i d not
1 uous the influe ce oft . 1 l p 1 d of c
r 1 f ree. i is s
i~por nt on 1 m su
f d rou
s
ri O X j C 1 (
1 s reat r n
r 1 1 0
ov ) • T 1
S 0
ic
X n
or
ot
0
1 f o
r s
'
C
0
1 1 s o
i n 0
a
u d.
u
C
0
1
•
s
V
V
B '
of s
d c 1 uou r
ov ) re o
id
ri o 0 C
,
r o
V
1
x eri . is
0
C
si
ceiv d
( r ou II
n
1 . fiv
no
0
s C C
-
l o•
n
f oun
0 0
r
0 0 0 C O
•
12
4 . C ion Criteria
- -
s w s indic d 1 r vioua sec ion t crit r on
of ti ction us 1~ V l" 1
•
WO 8 of it :ri
V s
d •
1 r t of n nr f ced tri ls
i t s befor h on i s n 0 g e s en
s or r 1 1 1 1 h posed .
o e 1 es
~ r
of cri C n .. d . on
those ex r s ri , 0 B
1
( 4) s
(
5, ) .
e s 1 8
0 1 u , C n
0 C 0 ve also
h 0 nc
0 0 0
-
•
0 0
-
0
•
0
ri C 0
0 1 0 C
,
0 io
• -
0 0
• (
0 C i o
•
r 1
'
0 of c-
r ,0
-
C
V
r f 0 r B; 2) X 0 s C 0 0
13
extinction trials, n
( -r )
one our of exti ct1on tri ls
per d for six
d , a.
The resu ts showed h t w e h t r e e ti C ion
gr ups were lumped toe h r f r a n ov r- 11 co risen of
P r
1 1 wi co inuous r o p 1 roups
r si nific or 0 .1 t 1 C ion or the
0 1 of CU V , 0 r, r
ix of X 1 C ion. T 1 1 1 cur,r
'
r
d in o ove lo s iv 0
C s 0
'
0
'
0
ber of
•
0 e f
ex 0
•
1 0 r in io of no
•
'
{
0 0 1 e
s 1 C C d :
r
0
if
•
0 r
)
V
r
•
, in
ir fiv 0 1 n-
or 0 on n
0 0
•
'
0 ,
14
no si~n fie di nee w rou s f er t e
firs five inutes. T s 1 in ic t that t e effects
of p rtial reinforce en r ons r ble only when
1 tivel a or riod of exti C ion is use , which h s
cer i ly not en subs e o· t sive
in s re r e
.
u
1 u r ve ried V r in d re s
.
110 C io
'
e r d s 0 in
sue w
_,.
c o l 1 0 C e
X 1
•
) , ,
0 ir our
•
s if e
.
1 C
0 0 1 d
s
.
0
0
0
•
r.:
•
V 0
r C 0 ,
t
I er
d •
0
1 e n c o
after t 1 e tr inin ri 1, nd the other halfwit
twenty-four hour before be in in extinction . 'xperimen.-
t tion should be under ken o iecover wh iffer n ial
effec t ese two conditions h ve u o resis nee t
e inc ion .
e o s str gt a the initi tion of tinction
u t o b r m ly r u wit re ter
r
1
t
e
in
V 11 1 0
1
r
1
•
1
•
i o 1 )
is
s 1th
r is o x inction .
( ) oin ou , ver 11 tl evidence
in • Fin er ( 1) oe oi
1 o
r 1
•
n
V
0
0
,
r inf r
1
ze _
r
o 1
le
r o
0
0
e
0
e
1
t e
r id
r
t
•
•
•
5
•
CAP II
·e
h ve ju t co aid re so e e hod gic oi nt s
OU r s rch in e e 0 tisl r i n C6 en
•
ow
1 ie · 1.r.1e ke u e r s s 0 118
s s l s 1 0 se 1 ns :
( 1)
C
(2 ) i C
10 ~ 1m s
V co X 0 d
0 V n
•
e
r sl n fle e
-
h l 10
h 1
•
•
•
r'l ,n
C n s
-
,
e k
1
1 r s n 0 C 0 -
1 V s
•
six r
-
1 1
-
1
Q
ti ion f i
.;
n r 0 e 1
•
e s 1 e C 1 io
17
stimulu d e u of ir w e uncon 1 ioned st1 ulus.
e set u t ree e.xperi t grou s. T e irs aroups
received 100 per cent r inforcenen , th is ell 96 trio.ls
h the ff of e ir aired 1 the fl s of the light.
Th 0 p;r up received on er ce ei force ant,
w 1 h n s of h 9 nl 4 of e ha he
f 0 1 1 1 0 i h
•
1 f orce
nd 1 fo r in ei
ri lve 11, t nev r1 ls
of n iv 0
•
1 r u
0 in nee .
1 1 1 n ir
rou s o
1 0
00 0
n V s
0
•
0
•
ol 0
•
•
0 I
---
r ou
I ---
2
r II
---
2
sh s
-
f C
•
s
• •
er s: a r
0 0 r s • on 1 s n 1 r l
18
um s Ul o ai nific nt d fer ces in it fre -
que cy or ma .., of r on s n of e cqu1s1-
tion seria s is t r
•
I 0 he WOl d , as
f r s s r n of he condi lo e r S 0 s t he end of
t cquisition ri ls 'las oner r
•
r n dif- ,
r· cea e n
e y, o ha eiv d 4 r inf rce e ts
nd iv
•
0 1 y 48
r n 4 nfor
1 0 1 r C a
u ic 0 0 l in-
f rce
•
ro
)
0
1 s ca 0 u
•
0 r
f ch 0 0 0
,
n
I I
, 20
•
0 0 t 0
-
or 1 1 t 1
•
s 1
of 0 s 0
1 0 0
s 0 C
•
r ,
0
s s h 0 0
1 0 0
'
"
~ •
19
should lso be noted h very 1 fre ue cies of reinforce -
ment , less n 20 r cent i n hi case, 111 reduce e
respons d .. cremen
•
e s u ies ave be conducted whose
purpose wa s o see 0 1 t e u cy of rei force1 ent
be in 1 1 rou s nd 1 11 V 0 se
C i o e 0 0 C rein-
forced rOU ) S . T s r e is 1 . ort en rl
fur h s u
•
r n , io e n e ( )
h v or a 1 er-
s h 0 1 n
0 re ore
I
0 ,
C n 1 u 1
•
i n 0
fol r u 0 n
•
o r ve . 0
t SU V fo 0 0 he
r f o r a ,
s i s o . 0 -
u r 1s1 1 C
-
ion on n 0 1
h r
C l SU , h , 0
rou ! • e 1 f ri 0 0 s
rk
•
The cone S 0 t o
C
-
1 s 1 s is 0 1 s : r 0 is ore d
every tie it occurs is nos ranger t the end of cqui
sition th n a rs o se which is rei forced o 1 h lf of
the ti e i occur s . T e ercent of r inforce ent ust
drop as low s 20 er cent before arled f lling off of
qu si 1 n s ren 1 ren
•
p
rti a r forcement
rou s, how ve r , w re nt i r s ted
p ri di lly , C s 1 1 s r1 0
pro ch of ei r or on inu us
C i i u
•
•
• •
inn
)
d iv u
0 i 0 i 1 , 0 r ,
l s 1
•
0 0 0
0 0
-
or 1 e
•
0 0
h d r C
•
n
V 9 0
co 'r 0
is 1 V lv 0
s ,
•
0 s 1
•
h , 0 0
h 0 r V
0 , h
20
•
•
t
•
-
I
lo
21
the r 0 on i
•
Fo fix d r tio condi 1on1ng , he
has foun e r . r on in is hi he a the
1 rger ratios; s l l er t ropor ion s onsea
h t recei v orce e , t h m r r s ses here 111
be . Hil r ( 2 )
no est r t r i 1 s of einforce -
ent fix ra i o s :
( )
1 h r of r s ondinp; i
evoke , (2 ) ere C 1 0 res o B t ere is del
ore th r s on s 1 ive n n
( )
u e of
s u 1 r is i v n .
0 n
ir
•
is
1 0
•
V s es e
0 S 0 0
•
s 0 0 l i
0 1 0 1
0
•
(
k
0 s :
0
•
I
2 h u r 0
•
r I
•
s e
•
I:
I
1
I
•
I
1
•
•
e 0 0 C ri d
e de
1 . .
0 C
I h S 0 , 0 e ron 9
and Group IV the wea est . on this d ta um hr
to th co cluaion th t, "The strength of res onse
end of cquisition is ro or 1 n 1 o he number o
tr1 ls." Th is interpretation h s since been found
f ulty by Jenki s 1gby (37), u 1 1~ 1 .por
S C e
t the
22
pr ctice
be
n o
not hat he
the end of the
Grou II wbic
ar 1 1 rou I h
cu sition seri s 1
of
h
onse at
con inuous
y u isi
w s s i o o
re o t t
p rt l r o
n o 0
8
1 V
e
s i d
i n or
s c o
0
0
lev
p
s
n
r ceive e s e
•
0
0
e
I I, w 1ch
II . is s o
0 1 u ous
•
1
0
C 0
•
1
0
OU
h
s
e
V
r
8
V
1
1
0 C e r i n o
r e 1 or e 1
co
of
0 ts .
roup ,
C S
n
r 1
a au rior t
s re
1
( , 5 ) s
1 8 V o v nc-
r 1 ore
•
D n. (
0 C
e
econ
0
0
•
1
n -
He
r
23
situ tion where reinforce et h db n previ ualy r ceived
we reinforcl i n itself . Hiss ud a mpted o elimi nate
second r rein orcin cues 1 one set-up nd to le v them
resent i n nothe • is c uisi ion results, e b 11eved ,
confir ed is h po hesis h t r 1 1 rei force nt roupa
w re u 1 in cquisi io t C inuou r o so ly bee use
of s co re o ci f 0 s .
f ctor, ,
I S
u f u
•
0 1 ,
1 a n
0 1
•
(1
d ( 2)
0
V
0 l d {
e
0 n e r
0 0
•
u
fi
•
0
0
V
0
l
i o
20- seco
ro
1
C
n
0
0 8
u 1
s ne
0
delay
ho
( )
r ucin
V ;
0
e
4
s e fiel nd Temmer
( 4) u ed esco. e d voida ce
training ins · of 100 er cen ar 1 rei forceme t .
One group of 1 al as 1 ced on an electr c rid fr m
~hich t e
1,
ls had o e sea e Vi b c ne C rged.
Since the were lw ys s ocked s r up r ceived h
eaui 1 n of 100 er cen r 1 , 1 f rce e ir
tl is C se b 1 e C u 1 Th h r r up
us is e erim y o av d r a.
his 1 1 r 1 e t s t
w re B 0 e ri 1 i n V O
t e h 0
'
in s 1
•
oi d
•
C
•
r 1 r· e
0 C e
'
Tl
1 •
0
•
)
1
l 0 1 C C
•
0 0
C w
1
h 0 s C 0 co e 1 . 1 C -
r d 0 ,
0 0 t
'
e
'
s 0 cc 0 f 1 e
25
fro _ w he li h fla hed o r no
•
urp y sed
-
various rcen p:es 0 .. inf ce e nd concluded that
there w s little rel ioshi e e n t e r of re po di g
nd fre u ncy of r 1 f rce ent. is um ec s worked
lrnoat s rd duri co d1t1on of 1nfreque reinforcemen
8 re
L
di during condi 1 ns of co t nuou reinf rem
•
5. sions 0
-
T e r t s 1e r 0 ea in h
it r ov. 0 Q
s S 0
1 r 1 r 0 y
r 1 0 .ific 1 ich
V I
•
1 C 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0
•
s re
. )
1 0 f
C SU r c o u
u r
( ':t
)
0 0 1
1th 1 C 0 d us r C
1 C 1 0 1
r.
indi u 0 0
r
•
2
•
X INCTIO
•
ost of he in r st a d C 1 he field of
rt1al r einf r e 1 e t ha s f ocus u on xt nc-
tion B e n cons1 er 0 of e s ures of be
re n s 111 y of r , n h 1 undoubtedl
e for e si u is sur
•
si exti c-
n r y sure of h str ; of r S 0 ,
1 .e ve sur f r
•
1
~
f
s fo m uc r· r s 0
1 uou 1 ore r 0
•
10
o ·
-
C 1 do 1
i 0
1 C
•
r
0
•
T r s
r
0 C 1 n .
(7 1 1 ) d d 0
s 101· 1 V
•
1 r r1-
0 C
•
l
0 or i on, 1 C d
27
he foun no si nific n
view of the overwhelmin
1 eluding Fi er's ow
ifference between the roup • In
vidence of other ex erime s,
ir•s ex er1
prob bly should not be tr , d oo
lso f u d no si nific nt difference
and 100 r ce e freed r u
•
me ioned ta t 1 u b u
d 1 b s s
•
t, tis diecrep cy
riously. D n y (7)
W I 1 r 1
I lre dy en
0 in r o C
h ie
( )
s
sho · so
r
1 ye ex v influe 1 1 r uci
th s of r 1 f
•
1 f s
s ei ed b
t C id le
1
0
•
0
s 0 r
0
-
1 i on
d.
2.
0 l
l 0
i e r: 1
.
00
r 0 1
0 1 1 1
•
So r r
C
28
~tudies will be consider din the net se ction on t eory .
Humphreys ( 1) w s 1
experi et usin he hole, unse
beings s the subject of investi
e l situ ion used s ui e
clud
w s
s o e
1
clos
0
•
ion .
fro
0
0 t
i h
1
d
S 0
co
s 1
is eyelid
s
or . c o
SU
0
C
ec
c ri c
0
1
ri en
b 1
•
0
r
C
r
0
irst to erf r an
nte re nse of hum n
ion , lt ough le ex eri
r ifici 1 . e d co -
(30) "ex t cy"
1
1
0 0
1
d
0
C
1
0 0
1
2
f u d,
0 8
a
X
,
•
•
0
ne
1-
1-
-
29
ri~h one . T is ounted to 00 e cent rei f r e 01 t .
ft r•w rd t r w r 12
11
extinct ion" tri ls 1 w ich the
l eft light w s n ver ol ow d b the r h
•
Con 1 ion 11,
u 1 he 8 ec s, cons is d of 24 cqu si ion trials
of 50 r ce 1 r f i•ce
•
0
y h 1 ·
f · r r in-
•
0 d • 0 or n 2 r s of ind ev r in
i o 'r
'
l 1 di s rie r 1 o e
-- •
f r 1 , oo , ies of 12 ex inc 1 n tri 8 1
w nev fol bv 1 t .
n co i o
r 1 0 on--
0 C ov e
0 C n 5 o d
0 o lo X
•
OU 0 0
C 0
0 0 0 s
0 0 u
'
C
0 1 off p 0
ci V 1 n r
0
•
l' V i
-
0 1 0 0 0 se
1 on h OS 0 0
0 0
•
30
the e cases he response w ic 1 r used b s of
p rti 1 reinforce e i
or .,
r 1 0 extinc ion t n
the re s onse which ets re1 forced every time it occurs .
um reys elieves th t 1 all f e C
ses the res onee
is to n xpect ion , an SU C
'
u o r
ni 1 , e:x ec f o e e t h VI l n , ut w e
he no lon~ r 8 1is 0 e 0 C
1 1 stop . Uil h 0 n t 1 re
C p le 0 V b io s, bu 0 s 0 s u
~
-
w for e.x C
•
or 1 i o if
-
f re n
• •
or 0 e C
•
•
t e sec s o 0 1
1 1
•
C 0
or 1 1
•
J
0 r
on 0 0 . C 0 1
0
•
0 C
for .c 0 0 0 1
C
'
0 d
r her 1 c o 0 C
•
i n
(
4
C s V s 1 0 nc
•
1
1
of two inutes w a e t blished r itr rily f r oing throu h
the ma es. The sub ect were s e d before C ri 1 if
t y t OU h the
•
C ul e t 1 im 1 1
•
e ensv.er
"ye a" in is C
e w s consi ere e equiv lent oft e
con 1 ione re ein re rr n s vid by con-
1 ion o t 11 ir tin, or• ex e c ion of cce
•
T 1~
"e
lis d. Grou I r u h
n cc 1
•
V e of 0 C r
•
r I n
r u 0 0 ,
1 io V n 0 0 r V
r o ical
•
1 0 e
on C 0
..
0 C ·1 d
-
0
•
0 iv 0
0
" "
on
•
r
s
"
0"
0 s
•
'
}
cc 1 n 0 i o
1
( )
0 r
-
( 2 ) io ic
'
•
1r C r
,
0 a ) . s s C 1
32
of 1
•
1 ution f r e bl mind d . Th SU jec s orked
a de v ic cons in of n i 1 VJ in a row ich coul
be pu le n wh i woul de iver 11 piece of chocolate
C ndy into a c ute . T e nine levers h t be ull d sue-
cessively in 0 er fo C
•
e SU C s
1 e 1 h U 8 17 e ch . T ir t r u
r C V 1 ce 0 0 10 s C .. ss r la .
0 I h 0 n o 1 0 r 1 1
· nd , u 0 s , 2, or 10 . T
0 r 0 C t
•
n ~ e
s
b.
,
ac
0 on n 0 nu s
'
~
•
0 V 0
e
•
s V l
r C
0 0 b 1 0
-
0
·o iv
1 • s 0 ;
h 0
V t ti
0 0 uo
•
C 0 i od
0
-
0 s
•
m de t l e co r i sons , fin i n th he condi ions y
u sed made no s1 n 1 c ere ce 1 he u er of sub-
jec s s howi g e
•
T i r nee w re not uite
si nif i n t e er c 1 V of 0 fi ence . ( Chi-
re •
) . In com umb r u ose
r on s X 1 1 i 11e eri-
I B foun th 10 from t irst r extin i
2 e rom 'rou nd 11 . T dif e
u I r I I I s s1 1 ic l er
cen V
•
0 0
on n 1 0 0 V 0
W 0 ri 0 0 n nr or 0
C n 1
•
1 X 1 n
'
, 0 0
) . 0 0
•
1 co 0 0
-
n
•
s
V s
0 i 0 0
0
0
i n e
f n t
C
•
0 r
ck h ro r e, h
r -
C C co
34
woul flash on. 11 the r les s d ou h h s e
ho 1 e or s 1 o t , 1 tt ou ' sub . ct s d id not kt o t 1 s • rhe n
the subj ct pulled the plun e c the proper dis nee,
predeter ine by the ex erimen er e b 11 dropp d hrou h
th hole nd de cont c h turned on the 11 ht. If
the plunger not be n ulle ck ri ist nee,
con , s de l i 1 no o o • The
con
0
1
•
t us
nv visu
f r
ck o u
•
1
0
1 con c
0
SU
or
p
"
C
i
0
0
oin s
e
•
0
C
0
s
i r
,
0
nces
he
o e
r 1 1n1
8
0
0 1
•
. s,
r 1 0 C
9 (
n
V
•
1
in,
C
X i
io •
n 1 o r
con
u
5
100 per cent reinforce n se r ies .
The pe.rti 1 c ndi ion S V ry si 11 r . Th lun er
w set t the 2 - 5 lev n re 1 0 l 0 pulls of
the plun~er were 11 wed . ver
.
5 h 10th, or 20th pull
w s r info ce
•
The e s r s r e in e r v r e
or , rei ere n ev r y 20th, 10 , 0 th ull of the
lu ger or 0 1 C 0 1 rce
•
e
r ri di e r ~inf rce w r 0 ish d
e 10-
0 u i o e :
Is r 1 h vel
s V 1 0 s 0 r son -
1 of SU 1 e
'
a , r s on
'
r 0 1 0 n
V s • e on h 8 0 1
•
0 on 0
s • I 1 c-
•
io O C n 0
C n o
s 1
0 on ,
•
0 i t 1
r s ons 0 S 0 s
r
•
Si 0
l 0 r s 0 0 i 0 X C 1o
•
36
The ut or then re efined e tine i so th t h s able
to et what e s l oo in for, bu this redefiniti n is
of dou tful value .
Th findin soft 1 ex eri nt s ould not bet ken
too
er
n
n
r
(1
'I
rei
1
ve
0
0
s i
e 1
C
riously ,
used fo
se
C
y
V r
ver
for
. s
0
. u
s
se,
ies.
fou
u e ,
0
•
0 en1
ic
0
s r
1 s 1
ms.
h wever. First of 11, t a me SU . C s
o h c on inuous r 1 1 r inforce-
u s s rioue o ectio t o exper -
d 1 s e e of i: h , h e r,
,
f r ey ha r 1 nte
o 100 0
)
1 s off •.••
00 0
• , n on e
co 0 0 V
1
( )
0 0 h 1
0
-
k 0 h s
0 r
0 r 1 1 co
•
1
-
i 0
1 on ons d
1 0 r l
me U C 0 0 C
37
Few experi ents ve been per ormed upon human
being s usin simi l r experiment l conditions. hose that
h ve bee perfo ed, however, ive s r n indic tions that
t e s
fr fr
usin
s r .
e
er
fir
dif ren
i z tio wil
bli d f o
es of ri
ld. This
era l
ion is
s an
uch more rese re
t
situ tions is
ces-
C PT R III
T EORY O PH VIOU RESE CH
.
e h ve considered cert in met odolo ical pro lerns
n portion of e e iric 1 d in h r· of rti l
rein o ce en
•
I i now tie 0 up eor of
is re
•
in ore n t heory, 8 usu s
'
a ins
e 0 .. po 1 1 er s e c l ime
that respon i r ore
•
s h s 0 is e kene
e ch time it is C iv e 0 C
ro t 1 1 1 s forced
e cl 1 1 i s b ro one is
1 force 0 0 1 . e 1 d
•
', e
0
e t is 1 t s o .
( )
0 s OX C V i
•
e 0 st 0 e 0 1
-
1
•
t s el or 0
-
'
men X 1 1 0 s h V
fo n o b o e nc
•
h r r
V, 0
0 X 0 o ies.
re, s i u (25 )
h p
-
,
0 n or
•
1
0 ' 1 1 1 0
I
h
,
3
the stimulus so t or onse 1
e ce t eory involves interference b
vok
nt
• T i erfer
onist1c re ctions.
One response ca no loner b
1 volved in aking t re
ex ession of differ
fer s wi h the firs
00
xpl n ion s o h v
s r n
1
111 n
T s e
en s
c .
0
0
0
mad b c use muscles
r bein us d 11 t e
The s cond r
onse inter-
s 1 s 1 c . T r 1 no
s
eco
i s •
of a
on
in
res o s
i
i
o i
C ,
r '
s
ry
in-
rs onse
rs on
of viev. ,
-
•
I O C
THO Y
1
,
0
•
0
( ) .
C
•
0
e
r
•
•
40
such s pleas n out if food were use
as the r inforci , r crum s o r food still in the
mouth, or ales e ~ in
1
6 s v ri y f
an number of other compone ts of e tin.
unger pangs, or
Thes fte1·-
eff cts ~come pert of the to 1 ti 1 ulu com oun
succe din trial, n re l a v i lue
t er so set.
is giv non ever
wi l e r o
tr l f
me ever di
o ly d t 1 c
u
ve 1
o r 1 r e . •
1
0 OU •
fr ri 1
et1 ul
0
0 i
C
of r
-
C , r 1
1 bein
ri 1
•
0
n
r 1 forced • ' h 1
f er-eff c of rei
lus r r
0
0 1 f
Ol
0
0 0 u
lw
•
0 0 0
o r C
,
0
1
•
0 e
evoki
rce ent
rce en
n ver
•
V
o 1 y
0
1
d
4
reinforce e 1 1
'
1 1 o r 1 f rcet n 0 next
tr el; no her
1.n,
rei ore
1
1 1 ulus f r .on-
reinf rce 0 e ex l"'
•
Duri r 1 1 f rce-
ment t response becomes co di t i ned 1 tr it n t e
cue h re C r cteris 1c o exti C on- -no 1 fore en e
•
T is t n 1 lo s 0 res se tr rg
)
u h enerf 1-
zati n ec use 0 C 1 condi 1 u us
p rn w r 1 f is co e r Vi 1
X 1 C l o in i n
V r
•
T r
se 1 0 s
f C e
"
•
e 0
•
1 u
k 0 t· 1
•
0
X
h
s 0
h I • 0
0
ori 1 0 0
'
"
0
1 0
•
r -
-
( 5 ) . t e 0
2
tr 1n1 g ri ls l c d e f e -effects 0
p rti l and con inuous ei force t ri 1 would be reduced .
The ch e in conditi ns we ex cti n w s rted woul
b ore similar f r t e two r u d e dif er nee in
resis C to ext! c ion soul re ced . 15 1 ute
1 erv 1 w 8 1 erp l t b we
,1
of t s ce
roup . err s con ir r pred 0
•
8 VI S
s p-. 1 1 r e r is C ex C 1 n
00 5 U 8
. e
r s
•
I f r w h e
S 0 in th 00 r C u 0 s l o e re .. 1 •
o ex inc i on.
u 1.
'
0 n ,
0 r C ' 0
0
C on
'
-
•
h
1 0 f 1
•
•
T I
is 1
-
S C s 0
X C
•
0 ~
1
'
C on
0 e 0
r 1
(
1
•
r 1 1 0 1
43
stronger the expect i on .
x 1 c ion is a fu c ion of the
e xpect tio n of nonreinforcement.
m ke fore stron con i ioned r
theoris s lso m ke for s r on
x ect ion theoris e .
umpbre sex et ion
0
•
e i
o r
in le
1 C
The a m e con i ions thAt
0
a c or·d i
o S- R
rs onse accord i to
r 1 1
e comp t
if
en fr
ion
•
1 1 1 n
V r
e w
or
e
V r
e ? o ore
9
of
exec
iv
ccur e,
ion •
tis o
if ic
one of o
1
1
r
on o
Si
0
r
S f e
) 0
ex OS f C
f o o f o
n
iv
( 1) h s
C
C
1
r
0
0
C
0
on o
sis
u 0
0
8
r
•
Li
abou
0
C O C
-
•
i
r
d
1 , s
0
1
•
44
Morr and Jones (4) oin ou t t iscrimi at ion
le rni g is ver similar to sin-le rning, the Tol term
fr expectat ion. The co 1 uous y r infer ed nirrels re
able to ma ,.e s r er Ci in on be een he rein-
force n seri s n extinction seri s cau e the
dif'er nee 1 t s 1 u u con
r u n 1 1 for
1tu ion is
r C ded so
i uous un 1
r .in
f r
0
V r
C io l
k .
io s ri
1 . .
Vi le
,
k
0 ive • T
11
0 0
ons o
d cri
8
0
o i z e
l
u is o
1 0 n r
re or• n 1
f r•c
•
0 u 1
-
t s 0 1
C
is r s n
i on is
u . 'or
ex 1 c io
1 is o
0
0
0
d
n
0
t
•
C
0
fort is
r t
8
t e
e t 1 s.
C
UC
1
in
s)
C 0
nd
esi r
1
e 1 e
n
4
between stimulus and r S 0 se. n xp C cy- . pe t eory
is a 11 tle diff rent. ere, the co di ioned stimulus is a
"si n" th t the u condi lone sti us will f llow . The
conne c. ion is a cognitive on h 0 s imuli, and
lon as t or is eli ves s imulus (condi-
t ioned) wil a e
0 - )
S 0 se 111 e
d
•
1 C 1o C r
,
Bi ply re ovin~
e u con ·ion sti
•
si 1 0 e co -
1 1 e us i s
0 s 0
lon t 1 , i e e-
io 1 , 0 ev
h vi on C 0
•
I
C 1 0 0
0
0 0 b 0 no V 0
0 1 0
•
n 0 V 0
0 1 1
0 1 0
C
{
2
\
•
V
-
1 0 s
•
•
. f
r i 0
. 0
s
46
on fo1• a rio it OU ood: thy w re 1ven e op. or--
tun1 y to discover t t r r s no f oo t G wit u their
akin :, response 0 unninR fr 0
•
T other h lf
spent an equ 1 moun of ime on nou r l 1 form, not
11 ic lly, bu ls 1 OU f od . o h r ups were
n extin uis 0 0 crit rion. Th r u d been
ce on wi hou foo xtin ed in . 12 s; the
0 er grou n 1 d 1
•
1
•
'lh r n e
w 1 1 1c .o eve
•
t
C 0 si fi l s running
ime on r C 0 1 d 0 eir
fir r in r1 1 . hi
I s ru 0 0 er
's s 0 -ex C
-
0
•
0 co ld
n d 0
'
X n 0
t
•
0 i no
•
0 1 0 1
t
n 1 0 l o
'
•
vi l
0
•
co 0 0 s
0 •o ,
0 0
r 0
1d
0 1
•
0
4?
types of th ori seem o be u r llel , bot c n ex-
pl in the s med t • e ps he only es en ial difference
between e two is 0 e co cept
"ex ct ncy . "
•
ur IT
p
0 r 1
1~
ion b offe f p 1--
1 1
r in e 0 0 0 of ese
is e 'r r i
'
is, VI
• •
l"'
'
u 0 C 0 0
Jon
( ) . T d 1 i 0 0
"
1 e
1 0 n
•
X
'
1 r one
•
t
, 1 er
•
0
'
1 e
•
0 V a i
•
,
0 1
0 :o r
c or·
i 0 1 •
•
0 r e
0
r u V II
•
1 0 r
r o 1 1 0 0 n s
48
used. h ni
1 mus
e 1 0
e w11t
1 of
its
cts which
occur
efo~ r
nf or cement ,
n
ssoci te
t e e1e cts with
t e reinforce
ent.
pe.r 1 1 r
inforce
ent
al u
10· would e C
it t t nv C e r· nece:!
0
ry before
a compl te r
spons h s be m d n r 1
0 ' e e
e c ed.
' ese C s
loo
)e u
Vii
r nf
•
n
ich
WO 1 br
k u
the
of h
i n or
ement ac
V U
end t
n. 1bit
0
i o s
•
f
( ) n
( )
n V
bet e 1
1
( )
1
: e
t
•
' h
i t
-
V 1 s oul
r
0
0
o ple
0
•
n e
h
•
r
on
n
C
t o X
0
•
a 1
h
•
J
1
of
0 0
s
ion fr
n 0 •
C
0 '
0
0
s
"
t 1
en
,
no
n
n
e
1 -
•
f
V
u
0 0
•
49
um hreys (3 ) 1 ea hat t l e c ru c a
V ri 1 akin
s d
I ' i 1 r S SU i r o o tinuous
(
rou s w s e number of t ls i v olved. 1 experimental
r us showed differe ces o yo
r 1 volve ra er than o
( 7)
1
he o is of the number of
he um er of rei f roe ents.
,
d
Ft
1 e erim f
(3)
a it to
ou d 1 n .
I
h re-
1 1 e f rce-
0 i o
•
0 0 d B
-
OU b e on 0 C 0
h 0 co 0
0 C
-
0 o a e 0 1
0 S 0 s inuo s f
•
1n 1 0 s
1 r o
0
•
e
( 52 }
1
s of 0
ci e
)
1 i o
X o er e
firs X
c ion ri
0
exp ri et 1 rou' 01n
r
con rol r u
r ning ri
•
d
I
so f t 18
ould
se jus
s lo ic 1 n sen ibl , owever, to ex ect that
he e otion re~ul · i g fron
nonrei
ce e · woul result
0
in incre
s OU d
V
r o r
ons a.
he o inuou
rou s
uish slower.
m.
te
r h s o
und ( )
a
1 ou rel o
cc 1c f UC u io s.
v fun
n i
V
s f u
s
0
h
•
1
s
t
ons 1
•
t
V s 00
ki . ,
-
0
0
•
0
is f C
1. r ir
._J
0
1
0
'
•
r i n
0
is rob-
ion
curve ·f
r 1
h ex i nc 0
curve
V ,
H 1
n
( )
i
u ion,
~ V
r
0 r in-
0 01
0
, 0
0 1
I !S
0 0
•
u
-
s
1
he vy, but the pre s n iter c 1 iscover li tle difference
betwee the two. ot syst sex 1 in the s me d .t nd
rec pable of mekin the s me predictions. They are
p lle in every eter. inable, o er ion 1 r spect. The
ex e ncy for ul etions re erh t o e v ue of the
two .
RIV
•
Il' P T ·cE
hen one thins of Le rnin~ Theory one thinks of r ts
runnin rou h m zes , dos selivatin~, or
th ir eves whe n stimtl e wit h
t
puf of ir.
d of 1 rnin~ th ory is se
ex erim tion .
be exercised 1 UC
· er lly reco ni e
e
ch of
ri· i
S 0
ol
1 1
1
s
,
ec se
1 s .
OS
0
i
t}
l s . i er n 0
y 1
{ 4 )
sio s
an
1
1
._
ls
i
r
0
•
,
Le
ol o
s 1 0
r
o n (57)
e (44) is
0 o is
r ot p
' '
0
C
sy
V
0
V
V s
1 so
lie
, v. o 1
i
•
1
X
f or
s .
'
s blinking
OS of
of
1 C
or is
ific
ts
1 ve, sys
C
s
0
V
1-
-
1
1 -
1 i n
theorists h v
application of r
lw s c uti one
infer a ion
inst an indiscri in te
um n ein s . ow, 85
w s pointed ou ove, le rni ~ eor ts re being
more widely lied . e ues· 1 s ou be sked : ow
jus ifie re psychol s 1 i n~ sue l ie io s?
h ans er o 1 s u stion c e d ive
em iri 11 . f sue a v be n d • uen e
(4 ) b c re 1
pence
1 s
1 n u
he
1
s s
1
I
C
some
r
1
0
r e i
so
or
B 0
,
f
•
1
OU ri
0
he r nsposi ion ef cs h t
1 •
,
n
C
e 1
e me sur
of
if
lie t
C
0
u
OU
0 , 0
s 1
Q
h
•
0
r· s
,
s
C
s k o
i t ion
2 ) ,
u
s
•
0
V I
n
fter
s -
u
r
0
o -
3
•
•
-
4
fie l 0 r 1 1 r i n n C t mpts ave been
made o bridge the
•
um ph eye
(
1) foun d h t he verbal
expec 1 ns of u F.I n SU , ec C e i n he e w t
he ex ct i ons, or C
' s '
of w 1' nn i s d i
•
Gr ssli ht
n hild (1
)
f u m C h s m t i ng u h ex incti n
r e in a ev r u 1 1 u 10
•
1 1 sky (14) found th t
1 B r 1 1 r 1 f ore r or r si t n
t i on hos con 1 r 1 orce
•
I\ r
(4
> ,
r, 1 0 1 1
'
1 his
ex er
•
0 1 0 h t
1 r V V 0 on . is
, 1 0
vi 0 0 0
1
•
re r
0 0 0
0 0 n 0
•
1 s h
0 0 V 1 0 1
0 r sue
0 1
•
Th C 0 fo OU
1 r 1 0
h 0
•
,O S
0 s
0
55
is ubi ui ous, occurri i n 1 1 h s 0 u e de vor,
bu few of the ve C lly tri , o verify is f 1th
ex erim t lly.
ecific lly, ri set-up evokes
fr o hu n SU
. 1
C a on es w 1 h C e reinfor e or
LO ore
•
u us u in the "game"
wit w 1 t r e r onse of us in
ut n 1 C c o u u ly e u C , p r-
1 1 for o s , 0 l 0 11 0 T'
•
otb r 0 s, s 1 g
ct vity 0 0
'
om of e
i , or
•
0 he
•
s 0 0 u
I
V
'
1
•
r
•
e
•
r 1 0 0
ly 0 0
0
?
I 1 C
'
r 1 0 1 V
-
,
1 0 0
X 1 on .
•
f o 1
0 ox, t r o 0 1c 0
blue 11 h
•
sm 11 1 f o X ending out fror , t 1 f C
s up orta four utto C
'
sk 1 ~ 0 ush these
•
but ons . The pp us is wir d in s C
w y th the
ut ons , whe pushed , m ke cont C h ur s on one or
t 0 r of e 11 hts, bu n v r
•
u of the s i ht
C is 0 s C ~ i ic e
1 1 0
l •
If t e
OW 0 VJ 0 1 1 t on
0 0
•
n o r
?
1 u on
u I C e
0 , 0
; 1 , 11
11 u
•
0
, f
a 1 re a
r
" "
, 0 0
•
h , 0 r
0
•
'l' n C
0 00 C r·
c o
•
0 s , ,
1 OU h 0 i 0
•
0 0 s V 1
1 1 s 0
B i
•
•
I
O U s . 0
I I o
-
,
...
...
5?

r o
s
,e
0, s
in
u
•
e
•
•
•
IV
0
C
0
0
h w n
•
•
T OU
0
h
•
•
•
0
1
X
0
C S U C
e
•
OS i
0 1 l s
n
h u s 0
0
OU
0
0
7
X
X 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
59
s 1 n a t o roup
e four condi ions of
n V pre-
0
•
h e
i m menv
~
11 0 e
11 t
0 0
C V i
V of
,
s
0
0
•
0
0 0
0
•
'0" n •
10 X 1 C 1o
0 0 0
• • • •
• • • •
0 0
• • • •
0 0 0 0
• • • •
or 0 s,
•
0
riod ic,
50 er ce r 1 f ce e ,rou
•
ol 0
he
tri
] 8 ·er rei C
wer 0 ~ . T no ei
-
f re
riels w
i r
s
n V r re th11n
t 0
occurre
succ s ively bu
s o
! r
till
d 11.~ tri
t
0 h re
s of 10 . r u
Ill
r
r ce
Vii 4 on 1 f ·ced
1
r . 'r up I
C
iv r 1 rce n
u
i ol 1 0
e
"
n
'
•
•
n
0
e
1
C
0
C
0 0
0
0
tl 0
0
0
f r
0
r
1
11
t
h
'
1 0
"
or 'co
'
,
, •
u
C 1
C
0 •
nnies
yed
0
w r
0 .
1
s ,
d
11 .
e
C
1
1 C . 0
0 1 or C
s
if it were t rown in o t e ir fiv ti es in succe s ion.
The were t ld to gues
They either ltern ed
t hree series of five tos es.
C ti e e r eads nd ta 11s,
1
took all heads or ell tails or followed some ot er system ic
pat ern. Afterward they wer sked VI h , h d selected
p 0 m w to give an the pattern the did .
ns er indic in~
I w s s urned f
kno led e w
is th , t y
ver ut rob b111t1es .
y,• 0 1
0. 0 t
pro 111ty or c
nd on - lf
r1 ar ,
•
SC 0
r t
n u mi
0
C 0
r 1
de.
r
e r
C
C •
I
0
c o
0
s
h r
0
co
u
•
SC • S
sc o
,
o.
r
0
e 0 ve
0 n fr m
•
I. . 's
1 1 o-
l 1
•
r
0 0
•
0 f
1 In 1 o
•
C 8 r
0 0 f 1f-
r C d ir:
0 0
•
,
r C
boys wer
roups o hfl
r
ment 1
The su j C S r
one
A time . Th ro
C
s C
on
1
•
o l ix
c uld
p
T' u
CE
i
v as pr vi
1
•
0
2
into the fur e pr -
bis n one gr up.
e
ex eri entel room
sc ool or c p
1~ t s 'I: s 1 c e d
u .
side,
e
u. The s
1 1
ect s in
t
C ir
r B
1
1
1
r
•
0 h •
0
h 0
0 •
h
r
iv
0 V
l
0
0
•
f r
, 0
1
XC
0
s .
•
e
on
0
•
s
C 1
1
s or 1
.. 11sh1 ft.
8
0 0
0
ike
w s
•
1 -
ul
ile
e
did not w n nv mor
•
I
•
w f ou a, ho ve , rat in 1 y-
in~
the game t e e SU ec ec e
.1us
s excited s ny
of the ot ers . kl OS 11 SU cts made p;e ur s 01 v rb 1
xpres ions o noyAnce w e 1 v lost an
'
ppe 1ed verv
ple sed w n re WO
•
Althou 1 SU ct w s r ue e ot o tell eny
one OU 8 1 ye 0 W
his coul b V f o • sur
'
u e so e
C r u ic ion 1 ce . I f , 0 V r,
t t 1 n h 1 1 flu ce on
t re ults. r , ev sc ov r d
t h m w s 'ri e
"
V
C 1 s •
11 1 us i
n, r 1 0 0
,
•
0
'
0 .
It
fe sue un cif C 1
s V 0 p
'
0
•
V
C
•
C
in 1 d , s of cour
incor
'
OU 1 s 0 sho ld
1 r ri
of 1 ri 1 or s rov 0
4
be 1 corr C
•
One 0
two SU
.
C s, duri
fZ,
the extinction
series got the idea th chine w s broken nd th t
the r d lip;ht would no 0 0 ec u e of mech nic 1 f ilure .
If he as ed, they were told th is w snot so: that the
a e w s funct1on1n perf ct
•
l
e 1 ru SU
.
coul re d fr
J
0
s io
•
1 trie nd it s
un 1 r C 1 t e
ub.
C e1 11 n l
un
0 .
vi u 1
t e cts. 1 s r f C
sub j C 1 d ude tow rd
e.
8 0 0
00
C 0 , 1
0 0
•
1 0
•
i 0 0
•
is s C
'
0 OU n u 1
0
"
oi 0 V
• •
•
0
OU
•
or 0
0 lso
'
l s . 0 0 0 8 0 co 0
r 00 V 1 . 0
0
0
•
V 0
5
push u ton th t tur s 0 t e blu light you h ve to give
me toy . 0 i J es t e r 1 oes on man m y imes
in r ow, and eec tirre it 0 on . ou wir snot er toy • You
cou d h V the
~
con pletely filled 1 h 0,
•
ut s crne time
t u i 0 0 m n. , i in r o
'
nd if y ou
ke p n ple. 1
g
OU could 1 s OU
'
d le ve
here w t n y u 0
t
h ve k 1 in if
u r l o sin
•
OU qui n ime , and ·hen
you ui 1 oys 1 our OU t k
l e ou.
T0 l V u
n 0 ui 0
• 0 ~
u nd .
'
u t ke
0 0 our 0 0 1 OU ev
0 1 0 ve
•
0 e 0
c o 0 0 0 r: 0
•
0 u , 0
0 . 0 ,
C
X 1 u 1 0 1 1 on
co 1 b ox 0
0 0
0 , n 0
8 0
'
he ue
•
0
•
0
X
•
r
0 s 0 0 u 0 o,c.
You c n ply a on s you w
•
b ful of to s, or you could l ose
qui w enever OU w n
•
us
11 h oys in e b t
r y? 1 1 ri h 1 ' s s r
II
,
•
SU b. r s
d h iv ion
1 1
b.
e
•
T e
s l
co C in t 1 0 d B
0
•
is 1 0 c o
l
•
u h
0 n
0 0
0 f l
•
r
,I d C
b
n
0 1
•
0 0 I
0
You could in
t em all . ut
OU W n 0
•
1 re y ur
•
w re ve r ~r
u
r l
si 0
of 1
u
V
i
0
•
V
w ole
· ou cen
0
quit nd
r you
0
•
0
be
Me
r
on
'Cl'
SU
r val
in
u
and
-
0
1
je
C
'
e -
u
con-
u i
s
6
r,
"
t
run n smoot ly ,
t ken in an hour .
d
•
Hh
ulli ype oris t
ion t hep rti 1 y reinf
r o exti C ion--woul
usly r i 0 e d
C ve n r
qui
•
e 1 ns 0
s
r i n r
r ce 0 1 0 f
OU
h
r s
0
'
0
'
C "- f 0
r1
C
0
•
1 b
li
0 s
1 ce 0 e
•
0 , 0
7
I I N
oul pr die in this situn-
rce r s would e more
h ne lo er-- t
h OU
oul rs 0
0 C C e
1 1 r superior
II I o ex-
1 0
C 0 C
•
0
0 s c-
1
e p r of s
1 1
0 0
1
•
1
V ,
•
0 or r 1
-
0
0
•
t r
8
ch n~ a very lit e fr 1 tri~l o tri 1 . h Xi C-
tion serie rts, n 1 uous r oup wi 11 su e fr n ,
o re r loa~ of h bi s t ren
z t 1on th n t r 1 1 ~roup .
tion stimuli m redly iff
u
T i
r n
t o s imul
is
r
ec use t
t
e r 11-
extinc-
sti uli for co inuous rou . But
cquisi ion
r 1 1 roup
h e bu ton pushi , r a
sin
nonreinfor
X
r 1qt nee to
ey oul s .
f rn
0
(
1
•
0
n
0 0
0
f s
0
T
e
)
· o
f
•
h
1 n
0
i o
V
n
n
- f
C S
0
1
0
0 0 1
0
0
1
ns co
of b
0
0
r o
0
0
1.s
•
r
0
i one to s 1mul1
nf o c n d
ic r er
i 1 r ou .
1. 0 C n ,
( on
C
0 r
r 1
d
•
0
0
0
•
V d
( )
•
1 1
•
9
he e ~ reduc n ri. nt r
'
in
ene1~
1 , C n ot .
(2 ) he n re ults e defin i te 1 fa vorin he
P e
ictions
of one of the t eo 1
.. '
ot er
~he
r ts ar le either
to d n he conce t 0 t ke C \J is d
'
or h
fi d C deduce th e f [r ul i o 8
t d
•
e sim 1 t
e r
.
ot lize
t u i ice 1 1 1 8 • his l tter
1 r iv 1 s he re of
1 1 r f h r e rou s
oul r 0 in OU ly
rei r 0
-
eorv .
t 0 "exp
C
-
)
C
•
(
) '
. 0 r
) '
i
)
sho ho
.
-
, V
e
t
•
0
C 0 0
0
-.
V e ,
0 0 0 .ri
•
CA T~R V
RESULTS
The prin r~ res lts of this 1 ves g 1 n re reee
ed in Table 1 on page 7 • The ur
e
wast determi e wet er pr
ous rel f rcer nt wo
e o
1
rrns of re 1
ce
1 cti n.
y, B ol r
e 1 v olvi g the ~hole org
1 u es
oss1bl
ion
o s cce
It is el
w
•
i o o
,h 0
se s
out uck,
lur
,
1
ue
is
s
1 0
1
1 , uei
e ' c r
C
e
r C
1 n 11 1
·ect r
•
U 0
r es f
r
OU, bu
0
•
fe of
1 ns. C 1-s
io
C
e
0
0
f
e id
•
1 vestige.tion
or ontinu
le res onee
es o s
e s r·e
s , 1 clud in
d e
e
e
•
C
0
re c-
r led.
f irl
f o
1c
ex
en
r
e
0
•
•
1 -
c-
e
fore
h ve
71
gone on for some 1 e;how long coul ot be scert ined.
Because he distri tion obt ined, lthough f irly normal ,
was trunc ted o e, it w s fel s is Ji b sed on
the me n could ot be ·us ti fied, a e usua "t" r atio
was no use • Chi-s u e, how ver, 1 a suited
0
j s d
•
or resent u e, 1 e h 1 the
rd w re hes et e would both tw
h v
roups be n c
p oxima e tea me u er of c
e med1 n. The e 1 ere 1s in
cts ui
r s o
ov b ow
xti tion
tri 1 ich s
son the is rib 1 so h
comb me 1 n o
p;r 8 s
p roxi
1
•
0
0
0 ( ) •
s
0 0
arl1 r, ec
ver 1
ec 1ved 50 r ce
•
'
1 on -
he
i on.
C
0
V
0
s
0
0
0
of
l
•
o e
o r 1
0
e r s n
as oc 1 i o 1
rou I,
ore
n
s essf 1.
er 1
d
0 r ou
f
e sf i n .
•
0
rd ere
If ch
V
0 t
•
0
conf
0
OU
f 1 .
ved
ro
•
•
-
would qui first? Le rning theory ould predict that
Group I would quit firs o be le s resit nt to extinc-
fir ed. The responses of
72
tio • This pred c ion 1
'rou I were very signific ly .ore su ce ible o extinc-
tion; these su
'l'he ifference
c onsider ly bev n
. ~
r u I I
re e1v 1 0
r l s ere
ini
re i
seri
so e o
n V
X
•
u
ri
ine?
1
0
s
•
•
on .
0
r
s
s quite rlle h se of
WO W 8
e C 0
s 0 r r i n orce
C 0
f
re 1 fo ce e
•
d s b c
s
,, 0
•
0
•
I
s succes fu 1
t l o ger, h
• 0 S
, or
e , C e e
0
•
0
s
s o
0
1 ns
i n i 1 0 20 0 s.
n s ions n r o
nt
ce.
r ed
e o e
or
e
0 s
s
t e ins r c
to he
e s e
response
73
was elicited. The instruc ions t emselves mus have been
reinforcin~ . lthough here w a othing in the wording
which woul have iv the su ,ec s idea they
were oi t o win, hey must 11 h ve expected to win even
efore he firs tri 1 w s t e pted. I n other ords the
r onse complex of re 1 1 e b , u n toy
in o the box, pus u mus h v f 1rly
un fo 1 high rength ri fro . •
0
toys
1
h s
h d b
I o
0
e
ve
r
e tr
0 S
0
0
0
e
0
,
of
1
0
0
n
"
V 0
e
hAve ha n o
1
V r
,
e
s
o in
' o e
m e
'
i
0
e o
S V
0 0
1
e,
v n shows h
•
V
d •
•
0
0
0
s
u
nv o
se , e
"
s
re
,
n o
os-
k1
0
0
e.
C
') s
i -
1 1
0
the wor i woul led su ject o expect hat he
woul win. Never hele , it se s th t sub1ec s do ex-
ec o win ri~ from be inni g. This expec tion
of i nin in unf mill r si lo is ome hi th t
the su jects h mselves rou h o he si fter
the instructions,
r up
rec iv
e
c es f
rials
efo st rt 1
f 0
e e i
ex nc 1
1 .50. T
ific ce
r
-s
0
0
V
0
0
s '
0
0
r
1
is ro
r
0
0 S
s
0
h
0
loee, and r u
IV be
os i g right
n • T
ia n num er o
0
r u I w s 18.00 en
or 0
I 1 was
r C
0
si -
e 1 V
0 co
0 if C
•
lO
c con o rn
8
e
he
om u
0
0
d
•
0
ex 1
0
o cu ext
r te rl ls
s
s
C
r
0
0
0
r
s
•
0
r u
e
74
0
•
1 s
1
•
1 1
snot
0
75
enoup;h, ow ., ver,
the inatruc ions
C 1-s u re.
on top of he reinforc en o t 1 ed from
nd the oys to re ult in a significant
Another ossi locus for iff r nee be wee
Grou s I n IV w sin e in er o e ins
fifth ex inc ion tr 1 for rou I, re 1 i
that v e 1 s e d •
0
u ti
1l
t 0
n
0
0
•
IV 1
eir 1
e
0
•
0
0
0
C
I
f
0
II
0
r
rec 1 v is in er o
1 b c use, s
t
0
0
0
0 0
0
e
h
res 1 e
e r
f C
0
0 C
0
ur
,
,
0
or
1 e
d
0
,
iuc ion at the
h subjects
su ects
e ins rue ion
o e
ive
i
0
•
0
e e
1 o r
ove,
irst
0
us II
h
or -
76
TA L. 1
T . E I T L UPS
A A I U 0 IN I S G U
--
::r r c 1
•
OU
x2
. 7
2 .25
I 2 . 08
I o.oo
I I
•
7
II , I I • ?
, I I .40
2
of 1c a 57o eve C fi nee
•
x2
of
•
4 ~ f ca of co ce
77
con idence. Combining rou s II nd III end comp ring he
combi t on wi h rroup IV show th la er ex inguished
much the quickest, with th ifference si nific the
l er cent level . Cob ning Grou s II nd III nd aki g
a can ris vith r ou I s hows e 1 r so extinguiehed
more quickly wit e dif er n e 1 h er cent
level. This 1 i o is lso rese ed 1 T e • All
o he re u s r or d 1 r h re 1 n
wi h b t s redic ed fro le
o h s1 ific riori y
i o •
n
r
T
0
0
--
Q
r
0
t
0
,
1
ch
0
o w i ch
0
or v
0 S f
0
l r i
,
C
a.
ver e
v, e
r
s
• •
1
i
e or •
0
n
d o e c
2
s
ons ~
r.
0
0
r o
c o
s
r
1
eve of o f 1
f
onse for
ve
1 n
n
0
•
f r o
0
•
or
h
V
d ore
e, a 1 .
f er.
or
IV, l s
e s
on
0 2
ES 01 S
I I I
iURIN
T
H C
I
SI IO T
:r:r:r:: t ¥ t I Si i : : T # = ± L L : L .. • = ==
RO
I
IV
II
x2
3 . 4
o.oo
I I
::s:, =-==aa:::;::::::;:::a:::::s:::s:::iaa::= = = == = •== = :s::& == = :.:-:.rr:;&: • :: ::a a:= :::s:iwc:sa:s:aac:aw::l■ CS::::1 :1 =-= • ==- :::::::::z:::::::::=
x
2
r
x
2
of
·-
T
C
III
3
e
2
0 .25
o.
4 . 80
1 V
0
7
C
, 9
h ew r. C -sq 0
~.
3 0 s obta i ed. To be
si ni ic t 8 the 5 e C 1 ve l he Chi-s u r old
h V 0 e .841.
UsinR: he s me crit rio 0 v riabili , no sig ifi-
C n difference 11 b en roups I nd I s u d.
t influe C 0 various xper ment 1 conditions
us d V 0 11 i e ex i C 0 iee?
T 1 io U 0
V,
i 0 11 h
u r
C
1 e 0 1 ir X r. c ion
rials co d k
s. of s
i o
•
I 0 C
d 0 0 0
no
•
0
0 I 0 a 0
"'
0 co
i
.
C e ,
0 C a II
•
1
•
,
0 II I
he r 1 0 1 r C
C ex c-
n
•
d C
0
r u s in he v riab lity of
}l
ir ex inction res onses.
The SU jects of Group III have be fou d be v sip;nifi-
C ly ore v r e SU . ect of G u II. h t is
e re BO for 1s diff r ce v rie 1 betw e he
0 roups th were be iev d o b t } 1 OB si ilar? here
1 no 00 0 is s i on av b
•
or his
C p ri 0 , 1 was 0 1 le to use 15 X ir.c 1 es 0 se s ·
e 0 her com ris n on or 10 r 0 vei -
e •
e e fe u er o r 0 1
¥,
•e 11-
1 0 C
'
h V 1 tv
'
•
0 00 for
V n 1 e
II
•
s l ov
l 0
1
•
ro 0
T ur 0
V sons e co
1
•
io y 1 0
0 C
0 1 0 1 0
-
o se h C 0
•
o si C
0 0 0
•
hi- i e 0
0 0 S
..
e T 1
C 1 e.
• •
. 4
0 I
L
II
•
t 5 '
V
0 - H . L
. 2
o.oo
o.
o.oo
0
1
O UP
C
82
It oul se , en,
v ria 111
of res
se is n t
fee or affec in r is a C
to
xtinction.
erhepe
those sub ect who 0
exti cti n
limi
--play un
11 t e h ve no or toys-- re
rno1•e V riable
than hos W 0 qui
•
Or e
ey are le
vari ble.
..
om
ieo
w s e
8 V
V r
4 1
of 11 the
•
SU ec who reac1
ti C
V
b l ity
0
1
r
1
•
1-squ r
of
ce
e v,e he
.o 0 , hich 1
not 1gn1fic
•
d ff r
e 1 C
t
hose 0 0
0 V
•
ce
is r
0
or, 0 V ,
r u er
0
0
e,
1
0
•
-
0
•
s
0
s 0
?
0 n
0
.
0
0
r 1
0
0
e
d
•
0
•
s r
0
1 r 0
0
f r d
ic
s
d 1 s
•
l o
ex ion
ies
V
•
,
0 r C
ue re or d
0 se
83
would be e one os l i ke y to be given . Gut rie would
predic th t 1st re o se would be most likely to be
repeated. The resul s obtai ed res ow i his
situation 1 is matt · r of ch ce he r he est response
or he ost frequently r 1nforced res onse will be repeated.
The , Chi-squ ref rt is com ris on w s .42 1 w hich was
ins ignificant.
CHA E VI
DISCUSS!
Learn1rg theory has been bui r nci al y u on
experiments on rats nd oth r ower n s and upo con-
di ioned re8ponse experirren s usin hum bei s. Very
fe learnin~ tbeor exper shave e r o rm d using
the whole hu a be n 1 his natur 1 milieu . For this
re son earni ~
bein
11
r
e
1
ce
V 0
0
e "
a e
1
o h r
so
11
1
0
r
0 r , Doo ,
•
io
s
•
or h s be fre e 1 cri cise
'
V
•
•
s
ev
0
0
ve
or ic e
0
re
o conce ts fi or
er 4 ), l r Do
• •
)
0 ) n o
t
•
'
s
0
l
V
1ngs
1
1 e
s
) ,
8
C
p r
s 1 of C s 1
C
is
r
•
rfor x eri n d u 0 r 1 g
5
theory on ot er leve s .
re
f ilure, not t1e least of w ich ia
tr o ling um eings in n
cise de ds o t e experi~e t 11st.
1 sophic pr oblems, sue s
ny reasons for this
e difficul y of con-
a e o fi re-
lso t er
re n
'
pr e
iso so obaerv tions, invo ve • v r
of lev ls, or
e es ., , if
le rring t eo y is be en e in o o
r
re s, to be
so a 1 u lly sed. T e
ex er1-
e
w s, 1
o e ,
in
,
0
d
f or
0
r
r in
0
,
C
•
0
C
f o
u d
rv.
s
s
1 n
0 0
to
1 r e
,
0
•
u 0
0
V
r 1 • 1 1
ef ov held b so
f o
or
C
s.
r
.o
0
0
C
o l
0
r
0
C
s
ory
0
on
d
d en-
0
run n
C
u
o o 1c
1
r
ed
•
0
t
a sys em tic sophistic tion to be of help . I i , of course ,
possible le ring t eory w!)l be com 1 ely inadequate
to the de nds bein mad u on 1 • Bu if is is true ,
1 should only e the conclusion o f n d serious
tempt tom ke broad r pplic io s. o o e believes th t
learnin t eor. wi si ply adequ e, e ms e, o , for
ex le, nthro o o • Cer inly 1 1 ve o e ltered
nd new os u l h ore 1 s ad ed . u s s e ct y
e t e • Wh t sho 1
h s ho d b m 0 i
e
con 1 o
C n S f V
•
C
n d
n
•
0 ,
0
0 0 oc a
io e rs
Krec
e •
cnol
s u 1
n
s ul
s o b
u
rue
0
n
0 S
0
s
8
f
of
•
, r
0
s
de is
u
1
s, d
0
0
us
av id d.
(4
V
is,
OS
o r
av
in
1 s 1
iv e
r, o r
e 1 ione
0
e
· o
s
, o d
0
0
0
-
0 so e h
87
si r "laws" to t ose plying tote more molecular units.
No decision can be de o i s 11 a com rehe sive nd
serious ttemp
It y
oha tr on"
ese olar u
s. T o
of mol r u
s oss
1
is made t o find some such connection.
s o be o s i le s u ( 2 ) su ests in his
er ing of S s Co ounds," o sho how
s r i u fro t }e ore mol cular
i o w r fr ure 11 ty"
s, lt o is s in.
0 o 1 O f - IS
s i on s ,
rs ons c e.x o 0 1 0
c ire
y of
or
0
s
0
e
00
s
1
C 1o
0
0
(
1
0 0
0
i
•
1
0
r
•
0 s
•
,
1 o
1
onke
1
1 is
1
8
C
0
V
d ,
s
s
0
o n
•
s
ow such
C
0
d
,
•
,
th t th 1 ivi - 's involve 1 le rnin tis iscrim-
in tion proble acq ired i r C er 1 st 1 cs and so
could funct io ,. a un 1 ( set ) w en r er set evoking
br uh 1 o t e situe - eti uli--1 1is case revers --w
tion . Other experiment
av s _ o
1 S C le rn
o e in ish rs onse in one tri 1 . s so on s he
re
s . o
e is e oved 1 s o s 1 vin ere-
•
I w ul
ine
ol
ot r
"
' 0
so
0 0
1
ol
0
s
e
r
v lo e
i o 0
" 0
1 1
,,
0
V e
0 e 11
0
0
1
V
ev r ex c
a 'se " t
of
an
s
1 0
s
n
5 s
•
,
i n '
re
,
0
0
on •
s
1
0
C 1
e
0
0
V
re
s
0
s
s
• ..
e com-
1 •
u ;
come
C
1
C
n
•
e
,
89
comple ely rigi and ut o
gener liz ion will have
bi ty 1 be vior .
ic . S imulus and res onse
ke n lace, king for varie. -
Hum ns h ve he 111 of r res onse
uni sin o play 1 re ction ver a s 1 u , either of
t eir ow ut ering or of s e one l s,.
ei onse u 1 to 1
I ha lr o n ed
-
0 C s V
r 1 f
n •
e 1
r1 en s 0 0 0 0
0
" r
0
•
,
( ) '
0 0
,
0 o . is
0
•
0
ex 0
0 y, t 1 ,
1
•
SU
0 e
pre 1 lo s s r1 i n e sa
0
V
0
e
0 h
,
es
•
bi l i y m kes
•
o l
e
X
e
ct ncy
s of
orce e ex
t 0
s o e
0
i
the
e
e. , 0 V ,
0 I 0
1
0
0
-
0
s 0
ould
e l
1 er,
1 e ame
I s 1 he
90
case, 1 i only a rn ter of d c sion , as Reichen ack (50)
poi S 0
'
C
or so e eld . The re et writer ,
bee
whic
be
h de 1 wit hum n ins, believes th t he theory
1
uses "expect ncies"
re adequa e for hi
1 ttle 1m or nt if r
s the
,
ce
ri c p 1 concept would
1 f s th t there
e e
"
Xp C y" and
"re o s ."
0
" 'x C
io 'is concep repre n in
1 1 ce 1 e r a l nervou s s m,
I 8 0
t 1 0 C p e
ce i h i 0 s
•
V t
arly
V t
r nform - king
1 n 0 e o s rv ion of
so
S 0
1 n:! e
he , d
on reor
is d
1 •
t
o se 1 th
--
n •
of 0
r
e s
0
C S 0
0
n
e r
s
def
e r u c i o
a
f
e V
e
0
•
e conn
f
•
r -
-
i
e
0 0
•
0
C
is
vio al
-
91
there is di f fere ce be w e
differe ce is based upo h ow th
se two concep i o s, bu the
nervous sys e is vie ed.
Every crucia l experime , ash s een r r
concep to be re fi ti g than th o her,
upon analysis, not to be crucial 1 •
d, o show one
as turned out,
ither is he
ph. siolo 1st ble to of er ev de ce o sup o o e oint of
view or the o her. h e is res n
c v e e of i re 1 le.
f e re.sons
o b
use l,he er
h d re
1 1 s o
1 c on
0
1e s
•
e
e r
s
s
e iv
' 1
V
n
a
o ' e .x c nc
n
i
1
is 1
se) s
s
0
us n o hyeiol gi-
r
1
, ho ev , 0
ec se
re son
o ondi ion-
•
e C e
0
r
e 1
ex 1 s
•
h X C cy is r nvoke
o d
s ver 1 1 es
e e
0 ,
(
n
o h
'
C
0 i
0 S 0
C 0
0
s
0
0
e
r o
1
n "1
f rs ex-
or ce e
u 11 e
92
first ex inc i n trial occurred . Tis indica es t h under
de to cert in ci ·cumst nces
extinguish quick y, uch
s ron e et nc. c be
flker eve . n a we ak expec
nd differe nt co diti ns. There is,
e '
differe e
cy
e wee es ren h of n e p C,
its susce 1 ility
0 C e. It ¥ o
(res ond) x e
1 e p; 0
re on se h e
ich 1 rod ce
hose
ion 11 be q 1
I
1 0 X ct i o
0
0
e • 1
s S 0 1 fl, 0
0
1
1
se m 1 ha o le rn not
r 1 orce ent , nd ex 11 ion is
o re s on 0 S u 1 or
. bee a p ropri
i on re o 1 r
I u
f r t from
he ex ect - ce
•
0
0
er
1 e
0 r 0
0 C
one 1
0
1
, n
0
ct1
0
ond.
dou tedl
0
r
s e
r
0
h
1
n
0
1
s 1
e
•
X r
•
93
le red o res ond o the experimental
d e he had o le r n ot res ond o the
The su
situ io
s a e s1 ion. Learning o t o son w s r 1 tively easy
fo the continuously rei forced r ou bee use there we
sh r 1fference in the s imul s s i o n of
0
he first te
ot o r spon
h r r k
sub ects o
C i o o
r n
ore 1 f
C
1 0
I
0
1
0
'I r
0
( )
e n
)
1 oue
e t
e r
1 1 • or th rti rou e 1
0
•
0
he s
0
0
0
e
C
S V
I s
h n
1
iffi 1 bee use h e e w a not such
ulus 1 tua ion.
uou
exp
C
?
.
0
rou 0 C
i o o
C
0 S 0
if 0
0 C
r
s sir for
r ex-
o r y, d e use
•
1 w s
1 C e
e
•
' 1
n '
0 9
0
b d
•
0 0
)
c re r e
0 s, ( )
re n o c t,
1 orce
r
h
'
) 0
ed n r
ook 1 e
0
0 0 1
•
I
four
94
Group A V ce
Instruc-
Prial
Con inuous
0
o. of
ew rd
tions
einf.
einf .
einf.
esponse
*
I
C
D
E
18
II
A
C
D
E
25
t
III
A
C
D
26
A
C
D
10
ine
over
.,
letter
e s 8 ce o h
component
for
he ex e im
1 OU co cer ed.
I s
0 0
1 ra sbo s h
he d v nee rew r d
n h 1
s 1~1en
con 0 s for t e re-
on
d
V evo
V r
of en
responee
•
Con
inuous r
0
( ) evoke
0
re-
s 0 sea,
1 io
cos
'wort
"
8
e r , 0 s
t
d
t
"
io
' "
•
V 8 0
2
0
0
u s
0
0
on
'
"
0 1 io s
t
" ' '
•
n
t
r s s 0
'
'
,
•
0
es co 1 i o "D"
r u n
s .
1c
r iv V 0 -
co n 1 i o e.
CHAPThR VII
SUM Y AND CONCLU IONS
The basic purpose of his experimen s 0 est he
thesis that le rni heory has id r i o tha
si 0 s 1 1o r S 0 se concept s and
to o ex 1. b avior of r s i z
•
h o ce B W re 9 in sue 0
ake 0 h
''f.r
ale' s 0 s f l
u 1 0
"
1 n.
e l e s u s 0
0 i o- ,
• •
r 1 r
0 0 , n on - 1 V d
0 -h u SU
C 0
'
r o
0
'
co 0 0
s s t .
0 do b e 1 row. C
0 r 0 0
e
l on 0 et
•
SU C s,
me 0 r iv a
d
1 C twe
C 0 s. s
1 C
0
•
ec
of 0
•
VI 0
0 s en
96
pushed turned o t e 11 s a n h t every tie he pushed
8 1 ton t hat u d on he re he ould receive
another to , but th t ever i he pus ed bu ton tha
t urned on the lue 11 ht he WO h ve t o ive up a toy .
,otivation end int rest 1 he B S fo nd o be very
high .
e SU s vie in 0 fo r o s. r up I
0 oy V r, 1 e ushed t ls .
ro II ton 0 h r he
wi s l os e VI re 1 ten 0
s
•
0 0 on of
rlal , OU C s occur-
h 0 0
e . t 1 t s 1
s n
•
p 0 0
•
0
a 0 0 0
•
e
n
•
e C U
0 h
0 h c o
to
•
e ri
C ea 0 1 1 0 0 C
1
•
w e
der d 0 e e ui 1 0 1· 0 0
97
response of ushing ton, and losing a toy wae considered
to be equiv lent o n nreinf rce en f h rea onse. The
firs ten trials for Gr u
acquisition se ies. fter
ion series s arte • r u
I, II, and III~ re
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BIBLIOGRA R
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IBLIO 1 APHY
l. BROGUEN, • J. 'he ef1ect of frequency of rei force-
ment upon the level of condi ioni g.
• Exp. Psycho 1.,
1939, 24, 419-431.
2. BRUNS ~ IK, E. Prob ilit a det 1 er of rat
bohav1or. J. Exp. Psychol., 1939, 25, 175-1 7.
3. CALVIN, J. s. Le rnin~ of probable occurr
Psvchol., 1948, 3, 236.
4 • C LE , • E • A co r1s 0 C 0
ad k owle e of er . e oc
e • A er.
r c ice
1 c o di io -
he eyeli
t
res s s f s ec s.
5. C
•
C
•
D
ol., 3, 20, 349- 73 .
----
A '
c tion
PI,
rf
• •
0
• •
ce.
' , • R •
r a io
s.
f
h role
for u 1 -
0
,
•
8 r 1 r force ent situatio.
1 , 373-3 9.
•
DO D,
. '
'
. , et.
•
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• •
experi e 0 1 e
•
Ps, ehol. J.onogr., 1944 50,
'
- o.
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10. FI G ,
•
J
•
he ff C Of V ryi g conditions of
r i fo ce ent u 0 C, imp le ninp; r s 0
•
,xp • Psychol., 1942, 30, 53- 8 .
11 . FINGER,
•
v~ . Re io 1 d SU se ue 1 C l o
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ditions of reinfor et
•
J . ol., 1942,
31, 120-134.
12. F ' D. J u hr
'
ox: f ll V s ,
•
tion.
•
Psycl
. '
1 4 , , 227 -
•
13. ,
• •
The r io 0 e 0 er nt
respon
•
~xp. . , -305 .
14. GI I ' . ,
• •
1 c-
0 n -
0
•
94 , 4,
) .
5.
•
. ,
•
. ,
• •
C U
-
'
'
V
e 0
• •
o, 40 , 5
-
o.
1
•
,
• •
, I. e· e
0 e 0 0 C
. , 47, 0
•
17.
'
I ,
• •
Ae •
C - 1 00
• •
I
• I
19 o.
108
18 . LL , J •
• J
·.1
N
'
D. D. Secondary r 1 for e-
ent a func i n of the nu era of d f ere 1 ted
prim ry reinforce n s. Amer . Psycho
. '
1 49 , ,
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19. A LO
'
• •
The fo io of 1 r in s ts. sychol.
ev., 194
'
5 , 51- 5.
20. s ,
T •
L . T void ce 0 r e 1 i o of
io s fu e 1 e
1 s . 940 , o,
-3 o.
2
•
,
• •
0 of
r 1 0 s 0 0 r
•
42,
- •
,
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0
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2
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,
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. '
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. ,
24 . I
• I
,
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-
ic VO u C 0 0
C C 1 0
•
22, - 3
•
2
•
I , J •
. '
u ,
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nd
e 0
•
0 - 1 40 .
• • •
,
109
26. HU c. L.
p
ciples of eha.vior. New 0
•
'
•
D. ppleton-C , Co n , 1943.
2? . HU , C.
•
0 8 d r s s 1 C
nisms.
svchol . ev., 1930, 3?, 11-525.
2
•
HU , C . L. . i n , n i
'
n ive e vior.
sychol .
V •'
1 ?, -32.
29 . ULL, 0
., c
io
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vs.
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on-
•
. , ,
• •
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93 , , 4
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110
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J. . , 1 43, 5 .
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F. L. A thod
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Asset Metadata

Creator Lewis, Donald J. (author)

Core Title The effects of partial reinforcement on a whole human response

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

School College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Psychology

Degree Conferral Date 1950-12

Publication Date 12/06/1950

Defense Date 12/06/1950

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest

Format theses (aat)

Language English

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC112724856

Unique identifier UC112724856

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Legacy Identifier etd-LewisDonald-1950

Document Type Dissertation

Format theses (aat)

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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses