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An analysis of the research literature used by American writers in the field of speech
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Content
AN ANALYSIS OF THE RESEARCH LITERATURE
USED BY AMERICAN WRITERS
IN THE FIELD OF SPEECH
___ ... _. _ ___ _
A Dissertation
Presente .~ to
the Faculty of h Depa tment of Sp ch
The University of Southern California
----- ·
In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
by
Robert e ton Bro du
June 1952
(t
This dissertation, written by
___________ Rab_e.r.t _ __ Ne_wt_ o.n ___ Br_o.ag_u.~--- --------- -------- --·
under the guidance of h.1.~ ... Fa culty Committee
on Studies, and approved by all its members, has
been presented to and accepted by th e Coun cil
on G1·aduate Study and R esearch, in partial ful
fillme1lt of 1 ·equi1·ements fo1· the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
·-........... .. . . . .. -. . . .. . . .
D an
ommitl
hairman
·········· . ..... ······················~ ···~ ·c.·1o_ /
.... ·-······ ..•.•.••.. ···················~
•
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION •••••••••••••••••••• 1
II.
JII.
The problem •••••••••••••••••••• 2
Statement of the problem •••••••••••• 2
Importance of the problem •••••••••••• 2
Review of the literature •••••
Writers in the field of speech.
• •
• •
• • • • •
• 3
• • • • •
• 3
Analyses of other- literatur s ••••••••• 15
Method, techniques, and procedures •••••••• 17
Source journals •••••••••••••••• 17
Recording the references •••••••••••• 19
Checking and clas ifyin refer nee •••••• 20
Analysis by subdivisions o sp
Preview of remain ng chapte
FORMS OF LITER TURE CITED ••
s •
• •
Comparison 1th other it rat r
Comparison of s bd son o s
Summary and con 1
SUBJECTS OF THE R
io
E
• • • •
• • • •
• • • • • • • 22
• • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • •
• • • • • • •
• 2
• 2
. 2
• • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • . • 6
The problem of subjec c
The Library or Con ss
s ct on
• • • • • •
f a o
Procedu es o this
• • • • • • • • • •
• 0
Comparison with othe field
• • • • • • • •
•• 54
CHAPTER
iv
PAGE
• 56
.59 IV.
v.
VI.
Summary and conclusions •••
LANGUAGES OF THE REFERENCES ••
• • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • •
Comparison with other literature ••
• • • • •
• • 63
Summary and conclusions •••
AGES OF THE REFERENCES •••••
• • • • •
• • • • •
• • • •
• 64
• • • •
• 66
Comparison w th other studies •
• • • • • • •
• • 75
•• 76
• • 78
Summary and conclusions
SUMMARY ND CONCLUSIONS.
• • •
• • •
• • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • •
Summar • • • • • •
Appl cation ••••
• • • • • • • • • • •
• ••• 78
• • • • • • • • • • •
• • • .81
Probl ms fo further research ••
• • • • • •
• • 83
BI LIO G A HY
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• •
• • • •
.85
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
•••• 91
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
I. Total Number of References from Each Source
Journal, by Year Analyzed ••••
• • • •
• • 21
I I. Classification of Articles in Quarterly Journal
ol Speech and Speech Monographs, According
to Subdivisions of the Field of Speech •••• 24
III. Percentage of Forms of Literature Cited 1r. Each
'
Source Journal.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
.28
IV. Forms of Literature Cited in Each Source Journal
by Years Analyzed, in Percenta es ••
• •
••• 30
V. Subjects of Refere ces in Each Journal, in
Percenta es ••
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
. • 41
V. References from ajor D vi sions of Kno ledge
Cited by Each Journal, in Percenta es •••• 44
VII. Subj ct of Serial fe e C
Journal of b e s, in
p
c n ages .
•
45
-
II . Subject 0 on-seL 1 e e nces
Journal 0 s b Yea n ere a e
• •
46
-
x. s bjects of Serla a d on er 1 R fe ence in
Speech o ograp
by y
ar n r cen a
•
.49
x. Subj ct 0 Se ial a 0 a Re e
Ed ional , 939- n
Pe ce ta es
•
• • • • • • • • •
• • • • • •
50
vi
TABLE PAGE
XI . Subjects of Serial and Non-Serial References
in Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders,
by Years , in Percentages
• • • • • • • • • •
XII. Subjects of References in Quarterly Journal of
Speech and Speech Monographs, by Subdivisions
of Speech, in Percentages ••
• • • • • • • •
XIII . Langua es of Ref rences in Each Journal, in
Percenta es •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
XIV. anguage of Ref er enc es in Quarterly Journal ~
Speech and Speech ~onographs, by Subdivisions
of Spec, in Percentage
• • • • • • • • •
xv. Ag s of Ser al and on-ser a R fe enc in the
For Jou.r ls, in Percen a
• • • • • • • •
XI. ian A es 0 Re nc s n Each Source Journal
I
•
A s 0 a nc n h our , i
cen a e
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
X I
•
0 0
-
R r nc n Jo rnal
i a
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
•
.
X
•
0 - s Ref e of
-
s Spee raphs
b 0 y 0 ,
in e
• • • • • • • • • •
• • •
• 52
.53
.61
. 62
.68
.69
. 71
•
72
'14
vii
TABLE PAGE
XX . Serial References. in Quarterly Journal of Speech
1919-21, BY SUBJECT AND AGE •••••••••• 92
XXI. Non-serial References in Quarterly Journal of
Speech, 1919-21, by Subject and Age ••
• •
•• 93
XXII . Serial References in guarterly Journal of Speech
1929-31, by Subject and Age •••••••••• 94
XXIII . Non-serial References in Quarterly Journal 9!_
Speech, 1929-31, by Subject and Age •••••• 95
XXIV. Serial References in Quar rly Journal of Speech,
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVI
•
XXVII
•
XXI •
1939-41, by Subject and Age ••••••
• •
• .96
Non-ser al References in Quarterly Journal of
Speech , 1939-41, by Subject and Age
• • • • •
.97
Serial References in Quarterly Journal of S;eee h,
1949-51, by Subj ct an e
• • • • • • • • •
. 98
on-ser 1 R feren es in Quar erly Jo nal of
-
Speech, 1949-5 , by Subject and ge
• • • • •
.99
Serial R ferences in SEeech s, 39-41,
b Subj c and
e • • •
• • • • • • • • •
on-ser al e n~ s n S eech
•• 100
939-4,
• .101 y S bjec and
e • • • • • • • • • • •
XXX. S rial Ref re ces n SEeech 1 49-51,
by bject and e • •
• • • • • • • • • •
•• 102
r. on-ser a Re erences n
onographs ,
1949-51, b Subjec n Age •
• • • • • •
• • 103
TABLE
viii
PAGE
XXXII. Serial References in Educational Theatr-e Journal,
1949-51, by Subject and Age •
• • • • • •
• • 104
XXXIII. Non-serial Reference in Educational Theatre
Journal, 1949-51, by Subject and Age ••••• 105
XX.XIV. Serial References in Journal of Speech and
Hearing Disorders, 1939-41, by Subject and
Age ••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• •
XXXV. Non-serial Referenc sin Journal of Speech and
Hear ng Disorda s, 1939-41, by Subject and
Age ••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• 106
• 107
Hearing
I.
Disorders, 1949-51, by Subject and A e
• • •
on-9 r al refere ce
Hearin Disorder
e • • • • • • •
in Journal o Speech and
94 - 51 , by ubjec and
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
.108
• 109
CHA .TERI
INTRODUCTION
It is important that any field of study be able to
define its boundaries, interrelationships, and sources of
information. Not only is such knowledge necessary to the
development of the discipline's philosophy, but it has prac
tical use in the plannin of long range research; the provi sion of bibliographical services; and the placement of the
fi ld in college and university organization.
Aft r the foundin of the National A ociation of
Academic Teachers of ublic Speaking (now S eech Association
o America, a gro p ho in 1915 decided to meet in se arate
conve ion fr the ational Council of eachers of 1 sh,
there s cons derable discussion o the place which speech
st dies sho 1 occu in he u erst c rriculum, and in
the system of the sc ences . The early iss es of the Quarter:-
.!I Journal of ublic Spea ins (1 15- ), official organ of
the ne association, started contr ersy on the problem, and
sch di cuss o h e continued with he further development
of the fie d . A general survey of sch opinion is given in
the revie of the liters ure .
2
I. THE PROBLEM
Statement 2..f the problem. This study was undertaken
to define the characteristics of the literature used by
American writers in the field of speech in the furtherance
of their scholarly inquiries.
1. What are the forms of publication used?
2. From what other fields do writers in speech
gather information and techniques.
3. In what lan uages does such literature appear?
4. What are the ages of publications which these
writers find useful?
In addition to this basic analysis, the problem con
sisted in determining changes in the characteristics of
speech literature o er the past thirty years; comparing the
literature used by various subdivisions ithin the field of
speech itself (general speech, oral interpretation, drama,
science and correction, and radio); and comparing the liter
ature used by the s eec ield 1th tha used by other fields
of research for which information as ava lable.
Importance of the problem. s brought out in the
review of the 11 erature, a persistent question by members
of the speech profession perta ns to the definition of the
field in terms of other disciplines, and a similar problem
concerns the possible se aration of rama and/or speech
science and correction from the general field of speech.
While such problems involve a number of factors, a thorough
analysis aimed at defining clearly the literature peculiar
to speech study should help clarify the issues.
3
In addition, this description should provide some of
the data necessary for intelligent bibliographic organiza
tion of the field. The professors of speech have been con
sistently aware of the necessity for such planning, and the
field has many services in the form of abstracts, lists of
academic theses, reviews of literature, and separately pub
lished biblio ·raphies . However, like other disciplines,
speech n eds long ran e plannin and coordination of biblio
graphic services if its writers are to utilize the tremen-
ous 1 tera ure relevant to speech problems . description
o sources sed thus far is one o the firs steps in this
plann ng.
inally, by ndicat ng areas which h thert o have
been ne lected b riters ins eech, this in estigation
sold sug est ne sources of literature and information.
II . R EVI 0
n the f eld of
- ----
peach. Discussion as to
e lace of s eech n the hole of kno ledge and in the
academic curr culum has centered aro nd three problems:
4
(1) whether there should be scientific research in speech;
(2) from what other fields of knowledge speech should obtain
information; and (3) what subdivisions should be included
within the field called "speech."
(1) Should there be scientific research in speech?
In the second issue of the uarterly Journal of Public
Speakir~g, Everett Lee Hunt
1
exn eased stern opposition to an
article by James A. Winans
2
and a report by the Research
Committee,
3
both of which insisted that the ne organization
should produce original data by ri gorous research in order
to ain academic acceptance and prestige. Declaring that
there is a fundamenta d fference bet een the work of the
pu lie speakin depar men an that of the other branches
of the curriculum, Hun t c lled pon his collea ues to i nore
acade ic ortho oxy; t keep th r enthus asm and ins iration
by not becomi over urdened h s ecialized techn cal
research. In ans er to t s attack, inans a tem ted to
lE
peakin ,"
July, 191.
, e C it
Jour al of _P_u __ __._ ___ _....., 1:
n blic
85- 3
I
2 s eed fo esearch," uarter-
1:z Jo rnal __ P ____ ..._ __ ~, 1: 7- 23 , A ril~ 1 1.
3
e ea ch o e, 'esearc u lie S eak n ,"
_____ e_r_l.._y J our Ef. ___ _ ..__ _ __..., 1: 24-32, pril , 1915.
redefine his position and to minimize objections to the
proposals for research.
4
5
The next year, Hunt published a lengthy article pro
posing that speech be a student-centered general science,
without emphasis on details of subject matter.
5
Charles Henry Woolbert, a member of the Research
Committee, who had been trained in behavioristic psychology,
made a vigorous defense of the science of speech as a speci
alized academic field, stating:
a
I stand or a search for the facts. The facts we
use are too often uesses; our met ods are too
purely p rsonal; e need to et toge her on some
commonly acceptable basis. The only one I know
of comes from scientifically conduced investiga
tion and research. Hence I stand for research.
6
ool ert we
Hunt a
on o s
1
a o e ere ce bet een himself
re ce between universi y research and
colle e each n . A h ssoc ion's net annual conven
a r esc b n in some tion, Pr
eta
s or H
is me ods of
•
r sent d
g , hereu on oolbert arose
d rterl
-
•
s, "Sha
n , : 1
_...., __ _....
orr , "
July, 1
5
Jour al of
6
C arles
Jou na
, "Ge eral Special! ts," ,Suarterly
2:253-63, Ju , 1 1.
roblem in r gmatism.,"
2:264-65, July,
and proclaimed that Hunt himself had done scientific
research.
7
The published controversy then was discontinued.
Seven years later, Herbert A. Wichelns, referring to the
influence of Winans, .said,· "Res ear ch has come, in spite of
6
those of little faith."
8
But in 1935, Franklin H. Knower
expressed regret that after twenty years of the nLw journal,
more than sixty per cent of the articles were still based on
theoretical speculation rather than experimental research.9
(2) From. what fields should speech obtain informa
tion and technique? Theories as to the relationshi of
speech to other fields of knowledge were expressed from the
very foundation of the ne academic association. inans,
in the first issue of the new quarterl, said, "our field
touches many another, especially psychology, educat on, and
En lish.nlO
Profe sor oolbert, in a keen analys s of the place
7 Everett Lee Hunt, "Academic Pubic peakin ,"
Quarterli Journal of Public Spea ing, 3:27-36, ebruary,
r911.
8 Her ert A. ichelns, "Research,' Quarterly Journal
of Speech Education, 9:232, June, 1923.
9
Franklin H. Knower, "Twe ty Years of the uarterly
Journal of Speech," uarterly Journal of Speech., 21: 409.,
June, 1935.
10 James A. Winans "The eed for Research,' Q,uarter-
1.z Journal of Public Speak!ng, 1:20, April, 1915.
7
of speech studies, first distinguished the young field from
its parent, English, by stating that English is written,
deals with the past, is not scientific, and is subjective;
while speech is spoken, deals with the present, "claims
as its ancestry disciplines that are of the elect among the
sciences: physics, physiology, anatomy, psychology," and is
objective, affecting the conduct of other people. He in
cluded a diagram showing the "Speech sciences and arts"
surrounded by history, English, physics, physiology, anatomy,
psycho ogy, philosophy, educat on, sociolo ·y, political
economy, political science, and law, with appropria t e lines
in icat ng the rela onship of each of these to the study
of speech. 1
in speac shoul
oolbert also advanced the notion that researeh
all into to cate o es: non-laboratory,
as crit a s ies n 1 terature, nolitical sc ence,
his o , an ot er s b e
t .
, an 1 b orat ory, th inves ga-
tion carr ed o b the exper mental ethod. The first
proble sugges 0 e latter e hod as, "Sho ld a
spe ke lace ei ht o one foot o d v de it bet een
he two feet?" He cont n e by discussing problems of
11
ha le He oolb t, "The Organizatio of
Depart ents of peach Sc e ce in Universities," Quarterly
Jo rnal of P S eakin, 2:64-77, January, 1916.
greater significanca.12
.A.mong the later statements as to the relationship
of speech to other subjects, a report of the Research Com
mittee at the annual conveution of 1920 recommended that
speech draw on the "tangent fields of psychology, anatomy
and physiology, x-ray, physics, psychiatry, etc."13 Seven
years later, J •• O'Neill, speaking at a meeting of the
American Philological A~sociation, attempted to relate
speech to other fields:
••• a o d as three material forms: the
mov n muscle, the vibrating air, and the ritt n
or rinte s gn . I take it that philology 1s
pri cipally concerned 1th the word in the thi d
of these mate ial forms •••• And 1 n istics
is inter sted in a study of ho and why th muscle
movements an the vibratin air came in each par
t lar i tan to have mea ins •••• And
s e his concerned 1th the movin muscle and the
v br t n a r no s mply as th ele ents o a f el
o lmo 1 d , ••• bu as basic elements mans
most ___ r n means o 1 ving 1th ot e men.
e se se is ap 1 e 11n stics.14
Professor 0' 111 ant on to ad tat speec is intere ted
8
1
J
es
Y,
2
oo bert, " ges
Jo rnal o ic S
----- ---- - --- _., __ ____
e hods
:12-26,
og
ebr
•
n
J.
•
n u st
928 .
e to
1 0 s
-
cs ,
err
on,
11,
"
ela
terli Jou
7 :
of
0
-
eec d c
A r 1, 921 .
0 "
,
o h lo -
14:3,
9
in psychology, anatomy, physiology, physics, and psychiatry.
Woolbert, in a posthumus article, made a further
statement on the relationships of speech:
The speech teacher beyond doubt is the Academy's
best borrower •••• The rhetor of today finds him
self getting all the help he can from at least a
half-doz·en sciences: physics, biology, anatomy,
physiology, psychology, aest etics, logic; to say
nothing of his reliance upon ethics, ep stemology,
and metaphysics.15
It is evident, then, that professors of speech feel
a relationship with many other f els of kno ledge. Those
related fields which have been mentioned in the literature
include: education , psychology, En lish, physics, b ology,
physiology, anatomy, psychiatry, aesthet cs, lo ic, eth cs,
epistemology, metaphys cs, h story, soc olo y, ol ical
economy, political science, 1 , a
(3)
at ind vidual stu es ho
make up the field o speech? Clo ly
loso h.
o to e e to
a d to t e
discussions of s eec
came the problem of e
relat onshi
th ot e d sc 1 ne
study. The
o problem
William R. Gond n :
t e 1 m
so r 1
0
The thesis here o os
s t at o
of speec __ speech ar
--
very _ _...,_._
15
e of
en
Charles Henry oo bert , ' cholo fro the
tandpoint of a S eech eacher,' arterlz Journal of Speec,
6:10, February, 1930
conception of the general scheme of the sci nces
and arts . n sug ~ ests that, instrtictl e as are
definitions of the .f_ eld of speech !-ttempted- from
internal points of Jct~, those which are likely
to be of l!}OSt consequence are the ones which
derive from definitions of the larger projects
of rn-ulr and instruction that constitute the
total enterpri se of learn !1S•16 (Italics in
ori inal)
10
In a later article, which again took u t e problem on the
theoretical lev 1 , the s ame author analyzed the classifica
tions of kno led em de by Ar stotle and Bacon, and con-
elud ed that
• •
o the 0 1 en rprise of
ze s tons of SU JeC t
e n the f of s eech as a
, 1 ose wh ch em ha z dis -
ns as 0 cu uman apti udes
a
•
1.ne as a one of broad
0 ns .
• • •
Th e y of C
co , he for , s fur be evidenc
of ho 1 e hav ex 1 hole n ral
1 con n ch
es o ld of spe C
•
he
d
, h
r , f n
C 0 n 1)
0 0
h ~
0 C 1 0 1 cha e d he
n 0 n 0 C b 0 t e r 1
e , t
the 0 0 ho 0 her t
eech- ob-
ch _.,
-
4 ,
7
R. Gon
d t En er r se of
, Jo
28 : ? D C b r,
11
various parts of the speech field itself. Only three years
after the formation of the National Association of Academic
Teachers of Public Speaking crune the announcement that the
American Journal of Speech Disorder and Correction, official
organ of the ational Soc ety for t he Study and Correction
of S eech Disorder would st rt in July, 1918.
18
The Amari-
can ca
Hearin
of S e c uo
sociation) b gan
publication of the Journal
1947 became th Jour 1 0
-
In 1937, e
as a oun
ssoc io of e C rs of
r ca . )2
I 0 n , th
a 9
a a
end C
n
8
0
,
,
2 : , ru r ,
ction (no 1 an S eech and
1925, and n 1936 s arted
of Spe
-
is orders, hich in
rs.
9
d C 0 Th a r So e
a d ar 0 th at anal
ch
(
ech oc t on of
1,
h g st b t
0 0
C
g
I
ch,
12
Speech is synthetic; it is a mosaic made up
of i tems of knowledge and technique drawn frorn
many other academic fields . • • • Our def:J.ni ti on
of speech must be broad enough to include phonetics ,
speech pedagogy, theatr e arts, pathology, public
speaking, interpretative reading , debating and
discussion , speech psycholo gy, voice science , oral
r hetoric , radio, and perhaps important variations
of these .
What is the olden thr ad of comm n essence which
runs through them all? Are we n ot strikin · toward
the heart of the matte when e say tha speech is
social adaptation through reciprocal stimulation
E.1° voice and visible action?21 (Italics in original)
In spi o f sue reason and pleas for t h e unity
of the fi 1 , t h qu st or of wh r heat ar s should
still con inue to be a branch of the s each ld ha b n
raised r eatedl , es c ally r ec t year
•
rummond2
2
an
eaver23
ar ue or he h on ous re t 0 sh of e
two st d
I
h Hu s 1 fl tly:
T d t C 0 th 1
qu t ( n m nee)
tee 0
a d s C C
n Journal carr e a
21
'
C s 0 s
ch "
,
I
lI Jou 0
•
8 5 r 1 , l 39 .
•
-
22
Dr nd ,
'
dr t Loo s at
•
n
"
rly Jou 1 0 s : 342- e ,
-
,
23
a r , Uno Pl
" • •
,
of Sp ch, 35 : 3 2 , Oc r , 1 9 .
-
,
2
s n er Loo at bl c
eakin , rly Journal of S o, br ary, 1 9
-
13
article on each side of the question. One gave the opinion
that, "Speech has no more in common with educational theatre
than it has with English, law, or journalism,"2
5
and con-
cluded:
There is no historical connection between the
two subjects. The tragedies of Aeschylus won drama
contests before Gorgias and other sophists taught
oratory to Greek youths. It is only in the modern
scheme of education that we find the accidental and
artificial combinati on of speech and dr arna.26
A reply was made by cDonal d W . Held. "The one
thing which is common t o all s peech courses," he said,
11
1
the uttera. nce of so nds in order to communicate . "
27
He then
went on to point out that oral interpr tation s closely
related t o bot pubic spea in an acting.
Jack orrison made a vi orous emand for th separa-
t i on of theatre from spe chars .
ac i vit i s of r du a t sin bo
f r de cribin th
. . • 1 cert a r.t see
abo t which to
m c enti i es .
in co on
ivi ion ,
s o e a t
bu ld se a ate
r e , ther
s s h
nuclei here
r elated aca
of the vo ce
r latio shi o speech- -s n
en been said , can as has o
nd th
m hes
sa •
•
ere are
thoug
s he
'
e
u
0
25 Lorn ins 1 , "Dam and S ech:
s arat o ," duca Thea re Jo al , 2: 1
for
,
endly
a , 1 50 .
26 I id., p . 138 .
27
.cDo a d '• Held , "Dr and S c : or riendly
Coordination," Educat onal T Journal , 2: 47 , Oc o er,
1950. ---
28 Jae orr son "S eec and Theatr ,"
Speech , 15 : 28 , January, 1951 .
14
The analysis of the problem given by William B.
Mccoard, editor of Western Speech, in a 1950 editorial,
was much to the point:
f
0
c o
One leading drama man recently explained that
many people in Drama feel closer to Dance than to
Speech Correction. It is easy to see why this should
be so. However, it is also easy to see that they
are forgetting the importance of Drama as a vehicle
of communication--based primarilI on the spoken
word. any Speech Correctionists , too , are so
aware of their relationsh ps with Psycholo y , Medi
cine, Physics, and hysiolo y, that they some imes
for et that the ultimate goal of their study is to
contribute to the effectivene s of oral communica
tion •••• The Spee9h ssociation of America has
tended more and more to become the association for the
Public eakin roup, while i en ent Thea re,
peech and earin, and Commun dations or aniza ions
have forme. It has been su gested that SAA sho ld
s m ly serve as he c ntr 1 or an zation arou d which
the ec ized o gan zations could ocus . Th s may
b s o en to 1 ev 1-- s lon as the ov r--
all r lat ons s re reco and ma ntained .
On re on 1 lev 1 this tin u nto
z or an zations ems uch less advisable
ends dest y th s Qr an s m lat on
PE H ro as a hol . 2
s b 0 io n sco of e fi ld
, h e or , rm un e t d . S eech, e h s
n o e , C S n
d o.pc a
n s
a m 0
•
In of 5 s ans and con r o r S 0 r
r er 0 1 e arch; 0 r h s f m h ch
29
t Pu 1 ct o
Oc ob , 950 .
f 0
48,
15
speech should obtain information and techniques; and over
just what subdivisions should constitute the field of speech,
it seemed that a thorough analysis of the literature used by
writers in this discipline was needed to help point up the
problems and provide objective facts which mi ght bear on
their solutions.
Analyses of other 11 teratures. In describing ·the
materials used for research in speech, it would have been
possible to read the publications of the profession, note
subjective impressions of the sources used by the writers
in their re earc, and then theorize concerning the forms,
subjects, langua es, an a es of these materials. The
investigator deeme it more reliable, ho ever, to try an
objective method, variat ons of hie have b~en used in the
ast b bbl o rapher and 11 arians to gain esse t al
facts about th 1 ratur of va o s isci lines .
Amon many uch object ve analyses of selentlfic
literat e, h ost exes v an sa sf ctory is a by
He an H.
wit the
s ler, of he Un es ty o hie o. Start n
cal Re
cited ost o t n y c~ a chm
Y •
t the t 0
lists of ser als as o rce jo rnal, h sa ed the c tat ons
ma e n each el for
s 18 9, 1919, 1 39 , an 1 46.
16
After checking the references for subject classifications
accord i ng to the Library· of Congress scheme , he analyzed the
items by subject , by date of publication, by form, and by
nati onal ori gin. 30
A similar study was completed at the same uni versity
a few years later i n the field of United States history.
Arthur • M cAnal ly, t he inves t i gator, used for sources a
1903 and 1938 . From t hes e book and e riodi cal ar t cles a s
so rces , he com iled a sam le of some f ve t ho sand refer en ces, whi ch e analyzed by for , s b j ect , langua e , and a e .31
Thug the s t dy w thorough, its isadvan age as tb.at i t s
l ast ef fective a e as some ten ears befor e the com leti on
of e ar k .
In an ppl ca n
sci ces roads no e 1
Soc ologi for 1
re ere e b f or , s b
30
a
searc L tera u e
ni e States," Li bra
an 19:119- 43 , Apr
31
Arthur on o
i als sad in Research in
Doc or ' s is er ton, n
oft
50 ,
C ,
e
32
obert • r oa s,
s e
C a 0
d
g ,
'
1
t 0 0 e soc al
can
lys S 0 he
32
•
cs o Re-
el ts in the
5 , Jan ar , 194,
ara e sic of a er
stor ," (un ub is
1ca o, ica o , 1 51) .
C e n e ' er ca Soc _olo cal ev e ,
Li erat e
eri can
Soc olo5i cal Revie , ( n ress) .
17
These three studies, representing the use of this
technique of objective analysis in various fields of interest,
suggested the approach used in this dissertation. They also
provided objective data against which to compare the charac
teristics of literature cited by American writers in the
field of speech.
I II. METHOD , TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES
The method of this i nvestigati on was descriptive;
similar t o the studies which Whitney call s "Li brary and
Documentary Research . n33 So rce journals in the f i eld of
s peech were s earched for their footnote c tat ons . These
references were recorded , checked against library ca alo s ,
and analyzed by form of publication , subjec matter , l angu8€J3 ,
and a e .
Sou ce j o nals . The e iodicals used as ab se
from h c to ather t e footnot c ations re :
3
Qua terly Journal of Speech for the yeas 1 1 -21,
1929- 31 , 1 939- 41, and 194 - 51 .
peach _ _ ..._ __ h_s for 93 -41 , ad 1 4 - 5 .
E ational Th re Journal for 1949-51.
33
re er c Lamson t ey, The
R
(r sed t on · , Yo k : r
~
•
171 f .
I c.,
34
T tles g e are hose used b the ournals in
1951 .
18
Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders for 1939-41, and
1949-51.
The principal criterion for selection of source journals was
that they be representative of the field of speech; there
fore these official periodicals of the Speech Association
of America, the American Educational Theatre Association,
and the American Speech and Hearing Association were chosen.
These three associat ons have held joint conventions, and
their members are commonly found in de artments of "speech
and drama'' in the colleges and universities of the United
States .
Se ral considerations influenced the select on
of years for analysis. One part of the invest at on
ncl e co arison o the sour e o rnals ; therefo e the
s e yea
u
ra le
be
r lee
les ob
0
r
ec 11
0
•
•
a
ah ere co en in or er tom n miz external
o e ec t e s t e 1 era ure, it as
at t e n er
ar ye
S C e o ,
s bet ee t e years of analysis
s ere avo de on the su os tion
co en o
n es ; ore n so S 0
u 1 cat on
nforma on are
n ble ; shot es o pa er a f c ubl cat on,
herefore,
0 0 e aile oo not
•
ea s n ca
ere c osen fort s s rvey. They
spans of ah er o cal t ten- ear
e t ee-
n e als s n e each began.
19
Because the Journal of Speech Disorders did not
publish a full volume in 1941, due to a mistake by the editcr,
enough pages were examined in the 1942 volume to bring this
three-year period up to the normal amount published. The
Educational Theatre Journal began publication in the middle
of the year 1949; t erefore only two and one-half years of
this eriodical could be examined.
Recording the references. The footnote citations
i these twenty-seven volumes of per odicals were coped,
some in ivid ally on sl ps, others together on 8-1/2 x 11
sheets. Of h twos zes, the individual slips made the
ata sli h 1 easier o ma pulate .
ha
o h r
o ce a
o a n m e
h
e 0
Y•
erences to or h s s
or n t s e se as e
•
Items n 1·0 r he or
bl o ah c s s e so 0 t , 00 S n
h co
e e no
5
0
1930.
on o he b 1 o a e r n 1
•
5
C e e e ro
e . ~ach c a on o
so c art·cle
ne ed ton of a
0
se _io
1
s
ec son n h s r a as
o tch a tor n S eech-
Journal .2.,_ __._ __ h , 6 :320- 1, J e,
0
20
book was counted if the purpose of the citation had been to
show a source of new information, but if editions were
given for their bibliographical interest only, they were
omitted . For newspapers, Congressiona~ Record , and other
daily publications, each day cited was counted as a separate
reference . Each article cited from an encyclopedia or
similar work was counted separately. eferences to the
source journals themselves ere in lud d .
vestigator By followin thee rocedures, the
gathere 6,710 references. Table Is o st r fro
each journal, by year analyzed. Ther as a e r al tr
toward reater documenta on. B een 1 1 an 1 1 t
s,uarterlJ Jo rnal of Speech dou led he b r 0 r s
lished r year, wh le he um e 0 oo no C a 0
nc e b ore t an s ol
•
clas s .
0 n th ource jo rn s re ch d e d
ca 0 S 0 h brr 0 on r s
6
0 C C
C ion ol nd 0 0 1 C 0 ca
a no 1 t d , r as o a 1 f 0 0 t
•
ry of Co r ss, o
, __ .....,._ ---
of _ C _....__ s_s Pr ~ • • • ,
•
d ar os ., , 1 7 vo
•
I 42 vols .
C
-
y
Journal
Q.J .Speecl1
Sp. Monog.
Ed.Th.J.
J.Sp.H.D.
Totals
TABLE I
TOT AL NUMBER OF REFERENCES FROM EACH SOURCE JOURNAL
BY YEAR ANALyzED
Years analyzed
1919 1920 1921 I 1929 1930 1931 1939 1940 1941 I 1949 1950
-·
52 93 137 174 136 156 331 286 290 329 369
154 56 71 553 469
42 62
428 248 280 469 322
52 93 137 174 136 156 913 590 641 1393 1222
I
tl.951 Total
,.
379 2'732
400 1703
114 218
310 2057
l203 6710
"'
...,
l
I
i
'
I
I
,
j
:
I
I
I
I
I
22
title in such bibliographies as the Union List of Serials,37
-----
United States Catalog,
3
8 Cumulative Book Index,3
9
Bibliog-
raphy of Speech Education,
40
or other appropriate listing.
A sample of the entries not found in the Library of Con
gress Printed Catalogs was checked against the depository
slip catalog of the Los Angeles Public Library, but the
percentage of entries verified there as so small as not to
justify further checking. However, those entries which it
seemed possible to verify by the public ca alogs of the
University of California at Los Angels and the University
of Southern California Libraries ere checked in these
places, with fair results. fter tis ch cki proced ,
the 6710 references were analyzed by orm of publ cation,
subject class flea ion, langua e, and a e .
he ur ose of
this study as to ex e t liter d b t ech
•
38
n ted State 4t ed.,
(
Yo
•
J •
• •
ilson company, 19 4 p
•
39
Cumula Inde ( or
•
•
1 0 ,
• •
com any, 1898-
J •
40
es er hons e and El za eh a on, og-
raphy of Speech Education,
I
e ork: 1 0
\
•
company, 1 39),
800 PP•
p lement, 1950, 3 3
PP•
23
field as a whole; then to compare citations made by the in di vidual periodicals . Because the Quarterly Journal£!
Speech and Speech M?nog~aphs , both published by the Speech
Association of America, include articles on all topics in
t h e field , it was thou ht advisable to anal ze their
r eferences also according to the subdi visions of speech- general speech, oral interpretation, drama, science and
correction, and radio . To classify the source articles by
these subjects, the in estigator secured the assistance of
three members of the department of speech and rematic ar s
in George Pepperdine Coll ge . Independen 1, they ere
asked to exami e each art cle 1th footnotes in the
eighteen volumes of th uarterly Journal of Speech and
Speech onogr to class fy 1 t in one of the fiv
cate ories. here as unan ous agree ent o 309 artic es.
Theo hers ere ithdr
Ta le I sos t
cl ss d b h subd
I
•
V
from par o the
ber of ar cles in e ac
sons .
0 R I I G C T
ys s.
our al a
ach of the o lo n ch p er in his dis er ation
e a found b on par 0 h a al sis of
710 r f r C
•
C II d als he fo
s .
chap er
•
III th SU jec s; C a er IV 1th an ge
•
and cha er ,
a e of 1 e a
•
fur her a e ent of
24
TABLE II
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTICIES IN QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SPEECH
AND SPEECH MONOGRAPHS ACCORDING TO SUBDIVISfoNS
- OF THE FIELD OF SPEECH
Source journal Subdivisions
Oral Sci. &
Gen. Int. Drama Corr. Radio Total
• J . S eech
1 19-21 16 2 7 25
929-3 35 2 3 6 1 47
1 -41 55 4 12 13 87
1 -5 4 7 17 9 5 79
S e C
6 1 10 8
19
- 1
3 1 1 53
18 1 4 58 10 309
procedure pertaining to each part is given in the appro
priate chapter.
25
CI-L\PTER II
FORMS OF LI'I'ERATURE CITED
The footnote ci tations gathered from the source
Journals in speech were analyzed first in terms of the
forms of publication represented. This analysis was neces sary to the interpretation-of later parts of the study,
and in addition, rovide data of interes in bibliographic
organization. It was decided that the most meaningful
categories ere five: serials, boos, theses, audio-visual
materials, and o hers .
1th
the er cial
a to def ni ti o and lim ts of h cl s es,
e on a o man kinds of material should
econ ed a s r 1. e t on e b th er-
lean Librar ociat o d os acce able:
C
0
, 0
0 e er , t efor , e o mo o ra le
27
typically they were periodicals.
"Books" were made up of separately published works
of some size, as distinguished from pamphlets.2 "Theses "
included both masters and doctoral studies . "Audio-visual
materials" were made up of recordings and films. The class
"others" included unpublished materials, some oral, as well
as a few smaller published items
serial or book defin tions.
ich did not fit into the
Table III gives the analysi of the refer nces y
these five f orms , accord to o nal surve ed . I s
noted that, for the field as a ole, t e istr tio
of book and e al ct tons was abou ven. Ho ev r , a
sin ficant
journals of th
Educa iona
books a s r
f renc
ie
,
Disor s s h
ials as boos .
ourn ls 1 h
oo r f recs.
o d be ee e
•
Th
0 tic
ers, c ng a 1 1
s ood be
C '
1 mo
T or on o th ses so d
2
• 15.
e
d
of
-
dual
peecp
s m
h
1
-
Journal
TABLE III
PERCE TAGE OF FORMS O LIT RATURE CI TED
IN EACH SOURCE JOURNAL
Forms of 11 tera.ture
Audio-
Serials Books Theses Vis al Others
.J.S each 33.? 60.J 3.1 3.1
Sp. ono
•
47. 2 45.C 3.4 4.5
Ed.Thea • J.
•
62.E 3.2
J.
•
. D s. 6
•
32.f 3.2 2.7
To 1 ere n 45.? 4?.~ 3. 3.4
28
Total
100.0
100.1
9.9
100.0
100 .1
29
consistency among the periodicals, with the exception of
Educational Theatre Journal, which lacked references to
this type of material. The percentage of "other" forms
was consistent among the various journals. The failure
of speech writers to cite audio-visual materials as sources
was striking.
The yearly trends wi hregard to for1ns of literature
are shown by Table IV. The proportions of the forms were
very erratic n the ea ly years of the uarterly Journal of
Speech, b t fa the 1 t decad there has been a tendency
on t e part of all the ou nals toward the percentages
indicat
ca
in Table III .
b t e sta 1 z
is endency may well have bee
on o the field o speech after
the uncer
re 0 t
e C
teen a e
0 0
be nn n s noted in the first part o the
lite t e .
e o u e
b t
h
fa
b
t oc o a
s aerial in he ear
at ho h 1920, only ff-
tt nth fiel of speech,
er on ea e in 1922.
3
In s n ti-
s cs , s 1 found that th
, "Ga Theses--an I e
o s e ch-- I,' Speech
, 193.
TABLE IV
FORMS OF LITERATURE CITED IN EACH SOURCE JOURNAL
BY YEARS ANALYZED, IN PERCENTAGES
Journal
Forms of literature
-seriais BooKs Tneses O~ners 'I'o~aI
Q.
1919
53.9 46.l 100.0
1920 8.6 90.3 1.1 100.0
J. 1921 7.3 92.7 100.0
0 1929 29.9 70.1 100.0
f 1930 47.1 49.3 1.5 2.2 100.1
1931 24.4 71.2 3.3 1.3 100.2
s
p 1939 31.4 0 .4 1.5 6.7 100.0
e 1940 40 . 2 54.2 1. 8 3.8 100.0
e 1941 2
•
64 . 5 5 . 2 3 . 5 100 .1
1949 52 . 6 . 1 4.6 100 . 1
1950 4
•
5 . 9
•
2.4 1 0 .1
1951 3 8 53 . . 8 3.2 100.1
s
1939 3
•
.7 1.3
•
940 55 28. 0 . 7 5.4
19 5 9 9 . 2 . 8 2 . 8 . 9
0
38 . 2 5 •
•
. 7 100 . 1
3 . 2 . 9 1 . 1 100 . 1
o .
.o 7 oo.o
E uc. 100 . 0
Theat. 1 .o
Jo r .
100 . 0
Jour.
•
1 .o
36 . 7 1 o.o
s
•
28 . 2 1 o.o
ear .
D s.
60 .
2 3 . . 9
•
.o 100 . 0
• e 3 . 2 100 . 0
30
-
percentage of serial citations ranged from 87.8 per cent
for physics in 1899 to 94.8 per cent for chemistry in the
same year. In 1946, the literature used by writers in
each field was over 92 per · cent serial in form. The
percentage of thesis citations was less than one per cent
in every year examined except for physics in 1899.
4
31
Comparisons of form were difficult for the s dy of
the literature of United States history, because Mcnally
gave a very detailed analysis of the forms, including such
types as manuscripts, las, rel cs , and photo raphs. Ho -
ever, after a discussion o the ser al content of the liter
ature, he made the statement that: "If all t se forms
of printed mat r als ere cons rd se als, ••• they
woul amount to 45.88 per cent of the total l 38 refer-
ences."5 cAn lly commented on h f ct t e en o
-
teed only one a ticle hich ef rred to a movi or soun
recordin used for inform on.
In the tu y of the 1 tera ure of soc o ,
Broads foun 46.3 per c nt se als, and 5 .7 pr cen on-
sler , o . ct. • 127.
4 F
5
cAna ly, 0 . Ct., P• 41.
6
Ib d., • 47-8 .
32
ser e.ls . 7
I n view of & 11 t hese f i ndi n Js concer ning serial
liter ture as us din res arch, it woula seem th t Taylor ' s
observation: "In technology and sc ence robably he source
of at st importance is the per od cal,"8 is ustified,
ut tha
ar ' f
sho ' s stateme t thats ecial zed perio ical
n 0 o t ••• i the vaD s subject of
stu y," 9 sho ld be mo fed . The spree impor ance of
er 1
a
he
T
h 1
0
7
ture in the n tur s c1 nee a par ntl s
d n the 0 a SC C s .
Journal 0 s eech d Educational rly
-
a n y C
0 s y fo h h
n f h h
ro , OC . C
•
s
fee se ls t ha y
e as rm.a
0 y 0 0
Reference
u
of
n-
g •
d
roblems
The
r -
y
33
Monographs was close to the social sciences in this regard,
possibly because of its greater research content. The
Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, with a higher
proportion of serials than history, sociology, or the
other speech journals, still did not approach the 92 per
cent serial content of chemistry and physics literature.
Comparison of s bd1vis1ons of speech. When the
citations in the Quarterly Journ .£_ Speech and Speech
onographs wee divided according to the sub ivisions of
the field, the pre t g o se
as: Gen ral speech, 38. ; o 1
ls fo eac o th fiv
on, 48.6;
drama, 42.9; scienc and co c on, 49.0; an radio, 69.8.
riters o gen r l
ture s milar 0
of Spe ch
of efere ce fo o
small 0
ho ev , t
pe cent se
C
po s
1 t
1 X
e
C
s,
mens of spec
onograph or th
thos t in
on
h an
0 C
r
0
0 1
C
on
•
0 0
6 • p
d o us
1. h n
0 e so
as un s 1,
n
e n
cle
on
l
a
0
h res
a-
-
h h l co -
l
34
tent , often submitted articles to t he Journal .2f Speech and
Hearing Disorders . Another possibility was that writ ngs
on science and correction in the Quarterly Journal of Speech
and Speech Monographs, particularly the former, were inten
tionally less technical than were those in the Journal of
Speech and Hearing D sorders .
Summary and conclusions . The Quarterly Journal of
Speech, incons stent as to the proportions of the form of
literature cited in its early years, tended, n the period
from 1939 through 1951, to cite a fairly hi h pe centa e
of book literature--h gher than histor or so iology. The
same was rue of the young Educat onal Theatr Journal.
Speech onographs was very close to sociolog ad h s ory
in forms of literat refe re
an ende to c e ne
s al 1 r as he o er o na s
no so uc s per od ca s h
n h s C • s r h
c ta on , ho ever, as no p al a
sub ec of eh sc ence co C 0 t
o nal.
th re ect ob o o
ld, hes data ndicat d ta
h co an z
ch s C
to al · h man nd v d l h
C a
of c m
o s r
cl 0
0
0 0
0 1
rn
C
, bu
35
information about the literature favored by writers in the
Quarterly Journal .2.f Speech, Speech Monograph~, and Educa
tional Theatre Journal . However, such services would be
somewhat easier to provide for writers in the Journal of
-
Speech and Hearing Disorders with its preference for ser -
als. In fact, this journal's present abstracting system
should be a aluable aid to research.
This ar of the analysis further indicated a
sur rs n lack of use of ad a-visual materials in speech
resear
•
I su et d a at cularly i historic 1
sud s of r c to ators, as el as in other ays, films
and reco d n 0 ran untapped source of da a.
CHAPTER III
SUBJECTS OF THE REFERENCES
Opin ons have been expressed repeatedly by writers
in speech as to the relationship between this discipline
and o her fields of kno led e. To secure objec ive data
on this questi o , the 6,710 ref rer.ces from the s eech
sourc jo rn 1 ere an yz d accord n to subject.
The pro lem E.f subject cl ifica ion. The common
o i o h th e whole of kno 1 d e ma e di ded as ly
nova ou su jec s hout ov rl n is hl errone-
0
•
o at eor 1 lev , o su c sta s abso-
1 1 i s 1 , a CS Of 00 s, S 0
ossi le o as n
• Fo e , b ok
t e SU
•
ec s bo
o on C S 0
0 C C 0
C d o n , a ca
0 n e 0 C , CCO
e o o ec e clusive-
t a of s ch e -
s
•
ar ,
h
C S
0
0
, 0
r
on .
tr
f
s
e
b
a ions
ra
37
discussion of classification problems .
1
He had declared
previously that , "Today, traditional library classifica
tions are becoming hopelessly inadequate •••• Even
librarians ••• largely ignore the interdisciplinary
rel ati onships that they were designed to reveal . "2 Inter
pr etations based on the classification of books and know
ledge must be cautious, therefore, and only tentative .
In spite of these limi ations on any clas ifica
tion of books and artic es, the importance of determ ning
the in errelationshi s of s eech
the references bys ject.
rr nt d a analysis of
did not seem feasi le fort
subject e jud nts o e u
ences; therefore of
is s te off re th bes 0
1 had th thor of one o
es, u beca s s C
. C
cards is ed b th L ra
I
o ,ra.
• a ,
before th
L I _s __
C o P
2
•
V
ec t
Co
syst • It
tr h self o mak
cone 0 he refer-
r c eme as sed .
1 11
I
0 on cau e
the o ld's •rea s 1 brar-
0 1 , r t don
ac le n 0
Ba is of
• She , n
o: 0
38
instances. In fact, it would have been extremely difficult,
if not impossible, to have obtained the s-ymbols of any
other library or method of classification.
The Library of Congress plan was devised around
the turn of the century, and the first outline was publishai
in 1904.
3
It has developed huge, detailed schedules and
has rown in professional recognition, so that one of its
outstandin critics has said: "It is the leading classifi
cation of the present, not only because of presti e and
service, but because on the hole it is less uns a ti sf c tory
than the o ers a e.'~
Th s s em of b1bl1o ra hie classi-
fication was
on 1 br ,
s ric 1 a
of 0 ,
0 .. •
o e
e , f
(s con
4
e
ea
• 242 .
plann din vie
a
J
unl
iloso h
u em
,
t e
k so e
a ors
h s z d
co on
•
flue c
C
on :
of the spec fie needs of the
o her systems , id not follo
n if corder of the areas
t he con ni n a an ement of
1 ot er clas ca on
of the lan o kno led
on,
•
s r 1 r y of Con re C ss f c -
brary ____ a_t_i_o_n Bullet n, 5 : 230-31,
39
outlined by Sir Francis Bacon.6 The faculties of the mind,
according to Bacon, were memory, imagination, and reason,
from which flowed the thr e categories of ideas: history,
poesy, and philosophy. The Library of Congress classifica
tion was built around these major divisions of knowledge.
It should be pointed out that this system, planned
in the period when speech studies were at a low ebb, before
the organization of university departm.ents in the field,
did not brin ; together effectively the materials for
research ins each . Mos of the writin son rhetoric and
public address ere placed in the section on philolo y
and lin is t io s . The Q rterly Jo rnal of §peach and
pla ed boos on r
n 1 sh 1 a
th 1 at 0
s eech t O 0
T s s e 0
o mak h
men th s
t e rar o
re cl ssified hr . he Librar
C
, bu
8 C
t
0
resen on ad theatre in
las es lves ere placed th
ual o
e a lac
r s orks on
n med c n , 1 hich
a er
0
a s
D sorders as class 1 d.
s t sadvanta
o a zed , bu
nd d 1th le s b a
r •
ro ably
Procedures of this study. The references f r om the
source journals were checked in the printed catalogs of the
Library of Congress for the subject classification Sj'lllbols .
In some instances , items not classified by this Library
were found in the public catalogs of the University of
Southern California or U iversity of California at Los
An eles Libraries . Since the former of these used the
Dewey Decimal System, it as necessary to equate its
symbols w th those oft e Lb ary of Con ress, but this
task probed to be no dif iculty, b cause only broad ca ego
r es were involved . The n es gator himself assi ned
su ject class f cations n a fe nsta ces, but only in
case th ct y eeme o ou , or xam le, ournals
of
In '
0
0
0
r 1
or
e
or
al socie
case of se a
n V U
,
1
Th o
a a
our o n
0
on o
0 J
h
0 1
h lolo
co
,
sy holo
J
0 ,
e
u
C
0
C
,
e
ol
es , a
ca o s ,
si la ater al.
e cla sificat o as
0 o o rah, b cor to
ol .
s
d ma
on o
h s
ec
s
e
C
ges , 1 e
0 h a
a SC
of
h
ro C ac
n T 1 V.
ere ces b
loso h,
0
, d a a, and
n t es• ,
ce , 1
'
e ca on
TABLE V
SUBJECTS OF REFERENCES I EACH JOURNAL,
IN PERCE fl'AGES
Subject
Journals
Q. J.
Spe· ech Ed.
Speech Monog. Th. J. J.S.H.D.
Newsp pers 4.4 10.9 9.2
Gen.Period. 3.4 9.6 4.6 .1
Philosophy 3.5 .3 2.3
Psychology 4.9 3.5 3.2 8.2
Rell ion
2 ~
2.8
History 7.6 9.1 .9 .2
Social Sci. 5.7 2.9 .s . 6
Pol. Sci. 2.2 4.9 .5
Education 6.3 4.6 3.2 5 .7
Gen. Philol.,
Lin istics 5.2 3 .1 9.6 2.4
Clas ics 5.2 .o 3.2
Eng. Lang. 2.5 .1 1 .4
•
Dr m. Repres.,
Theatre 4. 9 2 . 2 24 . 3
Orator
Elocu 0 1 . 7 9.4 . 5 . 7
Lit rature . 9 5.2 26 .2 .3
Science
2 .2 2.
• •
die 2.0 . 7 . 5
iscella
•
2.1 3 •
12.5 14 . .o
o a oo. 100.1 oo. 1 0 . 1
41
Per cent
of total
4.9
4.0
1.8
5.5
1.?
5.5
4.4
2.1
5.6
4.0
3.2
1.9
3.4
•
4.3
5 •
17.0
•
12.
100.0
42
were taken together as social sciences; and science and
medicine were considered s making up the natural sciences;
leaving the general, miscellaneous, and unclassified
references outside the major subdivisions. It was found
that 29.8 per cent of the references were in the humanities;
23 . 3 per cent in the social sciences; 22.6 per cent in the
natural sciences; and 24.5 per cent in the genera section.
hile t refere ces cit d .n the Q arterly
Jou nal of Speec and Sp onographs ere distr bute
over a de n e o subjects , those n Educational Theat e
Jo rnal an Jo nal of Speech an Hearing D sorders tended
to cent r mar n lit ratu nd sc ence es actively.
Over
dr
h 1
a f the cltat ans
a ic er e tio ,
her e te
nth
h
n
former
tre , an
h tte
ournal were in
1 t atu e . ear
ere n me c
an o l r et n such s n as olo ,
a atom,
Y, an
soc 1
rter y ___ _
In a
gen
Psycho
0 , o th
0
s not so st
S 0 b 0 t
cal
s.
0
e
h s C •
C e e tro y
C nt 0
have
h ot
n Sp OS
o h c t
· rese e
s .
s a
es.
e e en
, u
on class
a,
ad
43
in medicine pertained to ps·ychiatry, and were thus closely
related to the field of psycholo y.
A comparison of t h e individual journals is shown
by Table VI, which give s the analysis of the references by
journal and major divisions of scholarship. In this respect,
the Quarterly Journal of Speech and Speech Monographs were
similar, though the former-relied more on humanis le
literature. Educational Theatre Journal c ted an even
greater ercenta e of the h an
es, while the Journal
____ hand Hear ng D sorder ha more c ta ons om
the nat ral s c ence . Te soc al sc nces ere fairly
o s stent y use rom jou n 1 to journ 1, i h the ex~ep-
tion oft
Jour 1.
o pe ce tage cite in the cational T eatre
e t n a 1 s VII an
t as
m nt to e th t h f ranees or 1 - 1 an
1 2 - 31 ere 1 n n er• , h nc th e at e ot so
ab e 0 or h 1 e ear
•
o t ren s 0
er s e eel s 0 en al r o 1 ,
r s h se 0 e es . Pos b bo e e
n s er at 0 ma a on o t e a of s eec
s
•
de en e on uch e od cals as c,
nd s or i orma on ins eech d cl n
h s 0 ne ers n t r cal rs a ch ncre se
•
,
TABLE VI
REFERENCES FROM MAJOR DIVISIONS OF KNOWLEDGE
CITED BY EACH JOURNAL
IN PERCENTAGES
Division of Journals
Knowledge
44
•
Jour • Speech Educ. Jour. of
Se ch Monog. Th. J. s. & H. D.
Humanities 43 31 67 7
Social Sciences 27 25 8 ]9
Nat al c enc s 4 7 1 62
en al 26 37 23 12
Total 100 1 9 1 1
45
TABLE VII
SUBJECTS OF SERIAL REFERENCES IN QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SPERJH
BY YEARS, IN PERCENTAGES
Subject Years analyzed
1919-21 1929-31 1939-41 1949-51
Newspapers 2.2 7 . 1 11.8 17.3
Gene al Period. 26. 1 16.2 9.1 6.9
Psycholo y 4.4 9.1 7.7 2.4
History 4.4 1.3 1.0 1.9
Soc al Sciences 4.4 1.3 .7 12.8
Pol . s . , La 2.0 4.5
d c t on 13.0 9.7 9.4 7.8
Ph l olo y, 2.2 .7 2 .4 4.3
n ls C
lassies 2.2
.7 1.0
n •
h lology
• •
r . ,
•
.3 2 . 7
•
ea
toy oc t on 21 . 29 . 2 2
•
2 •
C e ce 2 . 2 . 7 2 .
•
n • 5
2. 0 6 . 2 . 8
1 eo 6.5
1 . 9 3 . 5 .
1 s e 2 .
•
. 2
00 . 2
00 . 1
Subject
General
Philosophy
Psychology
Religion
History
TABLE VIII
SUBJECTS OF NON-SERIAL REFERE CES
IN UARTERLY JO JRNAL OF SPEECH
BY YEARS, IN PERC T GES
Years analyzed
1919-21 1929-31 1939-41
1.7 1.0 1.3
16.5 3.5 2.6
4.7 10.3 3 .6
1.3 3.2 5.7
6 .4 14.7 10.2
Social Sciences 1.3 5 . 3.8
ol. ci., a 5. 1.3 .7
Educ ion 4.7
•
5.7
~ sic 9 . 8 2.
•
Pio o y,
Ling s C . 9 1.3 . 5
Clas s 1
•
4.2 5 .
1 s
log 3 . 4
•
3.
•
3 . . 2 s.
Ora or
C 0 . _,
1
•
1
•
5 1
•
11.6
2 . 5
•
2.
e 1.7
•
. 5
0
• •
s d
•
3 . 9.
2 . . 1
1 ed
•
.o 2 .
o 1 0 • 1 o.
46
1949-51
.2
3.8
3.2
1.7
10.5
6.
2.1
3.5
. 5
3.2
7.8
3.4
•
7.
1
•
2 •
•
2 .
10 . 4
8 .
4. 0
100.1
The greater reliance on general periodicals by writers in
Speech Monographs7 was for historical purposes, since 104
of these references were between fifty and one hundred
years old .
8
47
The non-serial references to history amounted to
more than 10 per cent of the total during the last three
tim -spans su veyed . These references, together with those
to newsp rs, nd ca e t e strong intere tin history
on the pa t 0 he spee h field.
C on 0 cl ssi al 1 tera e and criticism
continued fre n , s o a s non- ial er concerne.
rl 8 er cent o th 1949-5 references were to h s
f 1
•
Th cl n re e enc s 0 el of music
s n e s
n •
I e 1 ea s, t a 0 t
1 t e 0 ce c b s C ed fr book
n , t 1
s -·
ye his e s as not
0
•
C 0 t re o SC e a m
-
1 t s , t e e n n ous in
0 ech.
-
ab ,
•
9 •
8
1 , ,
The subject distribution of the Speech Monograph
citations, (Table IX), was similar to that for the uar
terly Journal of Speech. The data for 1939-41 had les s
reliability than those for 1949-51.
48
Again the interest in history was apparent. General
periodicals were used a great deal in 1949-51 for histori
cal data . The incre s e in ·th us e o ne s papers a s gr at-
er even than that in the arterly Journal of Speech. Over
17 per cent of the non-serial eferences ere to h sto
itself, an mo of the 4.8 per cent ser 1 c
the field of rel ion wer 0 older p bl C
rhetorical er t c sm 0 ulp 0 to y .
reflected the s t ong em h s 0 s or c r
Speec cu 1 du th ye
Th d C 1 t e e 0
ia 11 er r n e a 0
OS 1 1 nd n th 0 0
oi g t o t h 1 0 Sp
-
1
- r: 1
r o
•
h ref r nc s C
ab X ) , 0 C tr ed e n h
0 n ,
•
C 1
r al n s a e er · o
C
qu n 1 , b SC C m C 1
0
e
rs
t
k
t ons i n
ed
ac o
ch
4 - 5 .
C
on
r
-
•
TABLE IX
SUBJECTS OF SERIAL AND NON-SERIAL REF&~ENCES
IN SPEECH MONOGRAPHS
BY YEARS, IN PERCENTAGES
49
Subject
Serials Non-serials
1939-41 1949-51 1939-41 1949-51
Newspapers
15.4 24.?
Gen.Period. 1.5 23.9
Philosophy 2.7 2.4
Psychology 8.5 3.9 1.3 2.8
Religion 4.2 1.3 2.4
History .a 1.3 9.9 17.2
Soc.Science 2.3 1.6 6 . 0 3.5
Pol .Sci. ,Law 9.2 8.8 1.7
Education 5.2 2.0 5.3
Philol. ,Ling .7
.a
Classics 1.5 .3 15.2 5 .5
Eng.Philol. a.a 5.5
Dram. Repr.,
Theatre 1 .5 2.0 3.3
Oratory,
Eloc-u.tion 12.3 10.7 11.3 7.2
Literature .a 1.8 7.9 14.0
Sciences 18.5 1.2 3.3 . 5
•
cine 24.5 1.9 10.6 2.5
Miscellan. 1.2 3.3 2.9
Unclass. 4.6 7.1 9.9 9.4
Theses 5.3 6.5
Other
pu •
6 .4
To al 99.9 100.0 100 . 0 99.8
TABLE X
SUBJECTS OF SERIAL AND NON-SERIAL REFERENCES IN
EDUCATIONAL THEATRE JOURNAL, 1949-51, IN PERCENTAGES
Subject
Newspapers
General periodicals
Philosophy
Psycholo y
History
Education
Philology, linguistics
Cle..ssics
English Philol gy
Dramatic Repr senta on,
T eatre
Oratory, Elo l o
Litera ur
Sc nee
1 c llan ou
Unc a ifi d
To al
Serials
27.0
13.5
2.7
6.8
1 .4
6.8
5.4
4.1
7.
1.4
8.1
100.
Non-serials
27.
1 00.1
50
51
used at all.
With regard to the citations in the Journal of
Speech and Hearin£ Disorders (Table XI), the stron sub
jects, as previously pointed out, w re science and medicine .
v n dismissin the refera ces on sp , ech disorders, the
1949-51 serial r fere ces ·1n t ese two areas amount d to
58. er cent of the total, and the non-serial references
to 33.9 per cent.
Psyc o ogy and education ere re son bly ell
re t 1 , u
for th
ost oft c ta ons in
orator and
Spa ch an
h l oo
ro ems .
0
ho n
e in
e
t
C
n
e a
h
0
a 1
of er 1
e
•
oc ton w
C
a n t
0 0 0
C 0
•
0
0
-
0 0
0
1
C
1 t 0 0 an
ea
0 0
hon
t
, ,
C
h
C •
0
, 0
0 0
loc on, u it
of
-
0
cs a d
C
C 0
s
,
n
0
0
1 0
TABLE XI
•
SUBJECTS OF SERIAL AND NON-SERIAL REFERENCES IN
JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING DISORDERS,
-
BY YEARS, IN PERCENTAGES
Subject
Serials Non-serials
1939-41 1949-51 1939-41 1949-51
Psychology 9.9 6.4 8.7 8.6
Social Sci. 3.5 3.8 4.5 5.8
Education 8.3 3.9 4.2 6.3
Philol.&
Linguistics 1.0 .1 3.7
2.0
Oratory,
Elocution 5.9 4.9 .5 1.7
Sciences, Ge
•
3.8 2.0 1.9 2.0
Physics 2.3 4.8 .s
Zoology 3.3 .3 2.1 .7
Human Anatom 1.9 2.1 .5
Physiology 5.6 3.6 9.2 7.1
Med. ,Gen. 17. 27 .o 10.3 11.7
Nerve Dis. 8.2 9.0 5.3 10.5
Speech Dis. 13.0 18.O 20.1 1 .9
Oto.,Rhino.,
Laryng. 6.2 1 .s .3 3.2
isc. 4.9 2.8 6.3 2.2
Unclass. 4.9 2.0 13 . 13.4
T ses 6 . 9 .
100.2 100.1 100.1 1 o.~
52
TAB LE XII
SUBJECTS O F REFERENCES I N ~UARTERLY JOURNAL OF SPEECH
AND SPEECH MONOGR APHS, BY SU BDIV SIONS OF SPEECH, ff PERCkNTAGES
Subject
General
Phl losophy, reli gion
Psychol ogy
Hi story
Social & politi cal sci .
Education
Philology , linguistics ,lit .
Classics
Drama and theatre
Rhetoric and oratory
Sciences
M e di cine
El ectrical engineering
i sc., unpub., unclass .
Tota l
General
speech
1 4 .9
7 .4
3.4
11.2
10 . 7
6 . 5
6 . 7
6 .7
. 2
15 . 8
. 5
. 6
15 . 5
100 . 1
Subdivisions
Or·al
Interp.
6 .9
4.1
17.8
8 . 2
27.4
1 5 . 1
20.6
1 00 . 1
Drama
24.9
1.2
2.0
. 2.0
1.0
13.7
2.0
34.6
3.9
2.4
.s
12.0
1 00.2
Science
& corr.
.2
.2
8.5
.2
3.1
3.8
13.4
9.2
12.7
25.7
22.9
99.9
I
I
I
I
Radio
23.6
2.3
1.1
14.6
4.5
1.1
6.7
4.5
1.1
19.1
21.4
100.0
(11
CA
54
not be said that the first of these groups contained all
dramatic literature, or that the latter combined all works
on rhetoric and public address.
The subject distributions of these subdivisions
of speech were similar to those for the journals which they
parallel. References cited in the general speech articles
tende to be distr buted over a wide area in the three
major divisions of scholarship, like those in the Suarterly
Journal of Speech and Speech onographs as wholes. riters
on dr a tende o us th ____ s , partic arl litera-
tu , h le c nc and corr c i on a icles drew more on
the liter re o sc nc and me c n .
1
O r at on as stron n hilolo y and
•
r
0
T
C
SU
f m s
s ar
on al o
0 0
C
•
a o a m
of c a io s f rom o 0
1 C r C n n
e
r
•
se s d V on , ho ver,
0
C a
0
le e
0
00 f
of
0
a
ce
d
r c a o
1 ot
0 t
•
s. Th o en
---
cul
0
o h
ua
n o
d 11 g b ct
e s co r so
r o 1 so kno -
, tee as th
1 s ze. o ev com ,
54
no be said that the first of these groups contained all
dramatic 1 eratur, or that the 1 tter combined all works
on rhetoric and publ c address.
The subj c d str bu on oft ese subd v sions
of speech ere s 1 r o t ose fo the ournals hich they
pr llel . R
tend d to e d
Jou nal o
-
on dr a
tu ,
t 1
h
1 C r C
d oo f
0 C
C a C
0
S 0
0 1 0 f
r nc s ct d
u d a
0 ,
0
0 0
he g neral speech articl s
d a ea n the three
a
t 0 n the uar_terly
as holes. riters
at c arl litera
cles dre more on
z
n h lolog and
nl d st -
o s fro or 0
n '
V r,
•
o n
co a
f
, e
0
0
a
b . c
on
k o -
t
, com-
55
parison with representative studies of other disciplines
yielded results of some significance.
In chem stry, 68. 5 per cent of the serial litera tur for 1948 was in the field itself. For physics , the
percentag of c tations of physics itself was 69 . 9. Neither
fiel dre on the humani ies or social sciences . 9 In
Un ted S a es h tor , about 38 per cent of t he ref rences
C ed n 938 ere t histor cal 1 eratur, and about 64
r C nt to h soc SC C as ole , t 23 per
C o n s
s.10
OU one ur of he c ta i ons
oc O 0 e ra of e f d s 1 , d
so hr e fo t a ar of the s cal s ce ,
a o s r C
•
d fe i t ,
a -
1
•
I n 1
I
0
I
t h
1 0
( cu
-
1 0 e a n
-
t 0 d
•
1
0 co
-
-
e
]
C 0 n u an
r,
I
2
n 1 , , .
, OC e C •
56
social sciences.
Summary and conclusions. The writers in the Suar
terly Journal .2.£. Speech and Speech Monographs referred to
the humanities more tan to any other of the three major
divisions of knowledge, with the social sciences being
next in strengt, and only a few references to the natural
sciences. This same pattern wa true of the Educational
Theatre Journal, bu w h stro e e hasis on the humani
ties nd fewer citations of the soc 1 and n tural scien-
ce. The Jo of S ad Hearin rs eve ed
th tern, i al o t t th rds of ts citation 0
m cal an sc n C S e ts, and f to the humani ies.
For the a hol , th er r C s a.
1 on h t ma. ·or scion of sc olar-
h
•
n a
h n 1 r nd er o r
a 1 les on e 1 S 8 C
1
, c nc and cor ec -
1 as te z V a o rn s
•
C
r cou er rs.
00
'
s
I
ft
e s C C
• • •
b b , se e u f f r
co a on o he e h o r fo o a o
as av 1
•
a t or o as onl a a
an 0 e .. 1 b c tha s . e ch
0
57
organized as a separate field when the Library of Congress
classification system was devised. Had medicine, for
instance, not been given part of the scheme to itself, the
discipline would have used _ many other literatures for its
data. Nevertheless, the fact that general speech drew so
widely from the humanities, social scienc s, and natural
sciences indicated the range of the field's interest,
and the breadth of knowledge which the scholar should have
in order to understand this aspect of human behavior.
As for the place of speech n the syst m of kno -
ledge, this analysis of it~ subjec interre ationsh s did
not ive an unequivocal answer. Ho ever, he disc very
th t he field as a vhole ad a er al from ach of th
t e larger d sos of research 0 eq all, so d
clar fy the rob em.
In a 1 n h results o th s st d to r b-
le of h t s son houl make he el of s ech,
a 1
Ho
0
ed i er etation as 11 t at th
r, n te s of
r d a s
n f nt d
u d V sio s of
0
efo e
muc
e
SU ject clas f C
ch C nee an co r
fe n cone
h e
•
esser e
•
nd n s c uld be a
facts 0 d allo
•
on 0 ,
0 u
e -
f om a C ed
coul sad of
to c n e e
58
situations in university organization, at least three other
factors would have to be u_nderstood:
(1) It is sometimes more effective to organize
departments in terms of personalities involved, rather than
to attempt to follow logical divisions of subject matter.
(2) The present Library of Congress system will
not necessarily be considered a true picture of the inter
relationships of fields of inquiry in the future.
(3) Often some of the most useful generalizations
are discovered by the association of researchers with
si lar problems, bu approachin them fr points-of-vie
of various feds of n iry, and b the use of iffer nt
metho sand C n U
•
The difficul yo provi in biblio r h s vies
for e r 1 s ech was indicate a in byte i r t of
b ·ec s sed to obta n informat on on sp ech r ems.
r a, sc enc an corr c o , t er ome
r o er ode of 1 er t re, ould be less of a po 1
n b og a 0 g zation.
CHAPTER IV
LANGUAGES OF THE REFER NCES
The amount of materials which a given field of
~esearch draws from variou languages is important in show
ing the place of the field in the scholarly world, and the
kn 1 e of s h acts is a help tone investigator s both
n n ctn he lan u s hi h have been found usef 1 in
the ast, an n su
w ich m h y eld
Th r fe e c
est ng ot er national literatures
tape so ces of info mation.
from the spe ch journals ere clas-
s e, the afore, accord n to language. In the case of
tr slat ons, the lan a es of h ct al editions c ted
a
0
n
t
so
s
nee
0
1 e
C S ,
a r f r
•
0
0
0
n
f,
ho
1
o a
f
e, th e se
ace the ' o
n t
s
n
onsulte
1 L
I
ex 1
th m
e unless th re
rect y. The
h h
t , re 1 1st as
e the
n llsh.
om
0
ou t as to
on o to
r to t
ether th
0 n 1
t e
C er a , re e
e tif e "cat ory.
-
t
C
60
One significant fact brought out by the analysis as
a whole (Table XIII) was the large proportion of references
in the English language. Only one of the nine groups had
less than 90 per cent Engiish citations: the Journal of
-----
Speech and Hearing Disorders for 1939-41.
This journal as
a whole cited more foreign sources than did the others.
German was used consistently more than French n all re
search except that dealing wit the theatre. Latin as
important to some of the research published in the
Quarterly Journal of peach an Speech onographs .
The general tre s of h indivi u 1 or 1 1th
respect to lan S of C t 0 ere
terparts in th s bd v sion o s e
•
u of h r coun
In h a al s s
sho n by Table X
had fe er En lish a
a peach sc nee an
0
to he o her s ,
more so rces n enc .
in oral n e e a o a
1 1 a n h hl s n f
c tations b t b
efe enc
Ger a
d
he f c
n
on
0 0
I
d o
fe nc
h
0 C
1
to
l •
G
or ct on
n pro o
a V
f C S
h
0
on
0
so s, n
-
d
sp te o h d p t 0 t s o le,
Demo t ne , a o hes ,
eating os bl ar 0 t
0 om s
o tho
c nc,
ro er
-
TABLE XIII
LANGUAGES OF REFERENCES IN EACH JOURNAL, IN PERCENTAGES
Languages
Journal and
date Other &
English French German Latin Uniden.
. ,
Quart. 1919-21 94.3 .7 1.8 1.4 1.8
Jour. 1929-31 96 .4 . 2 .4 1.9 1.1
Speech 1939-41 95 .8 .s 2 .4 1.0
1949-51 91 .? 1.0 2.6 2.4 2.3
Speech 1939-41 94 . 3 2.1 1.8 1.8
Monog . 1949-51 93 . 1 . 9 4.6 .6 .e
Educ .
Theatre 1949- 51 92 . 2 3 . 7 1.8 2.3
Jour.
Jour .
Sp . &H . 1939-41 85 . 5 2.2 9 .0 3.4
Disorders 1949- 51 90 . 6 1 . 8 5 .4 2.2
Per cent of total 92.0 1 . 2 4.1 .s 1.8
Total ~
(}
,
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.1
100.0
99.9
•· . ' .
I
1
I
i
v
I
.
.
• i
I
I
r
I
i
r
l;
'
I
11
I
L
:
'
II
m
t-J
Subdivision
•
General speech
LAKl
ND
Oral interpretation
Drama
Science and correction
Radio
.
TABLE XIV
ER~CES IN SUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SPEECH
NOGRAPHS, BY SUBDIVISIONS OF SPEECH
IN PERCENr AGES
Languages
German I Latin I
Other &
English I Frenchl uniden. I
94.1 .7 3.3
L
1.0 .9
100.0
92.7 2.2 1.2 3.9
91.0 1.2 5.7 2.1
100.0
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
en
t\')
63
qualified in knowledge of both classical Greek and speech
studies.
Comparison with other literature. Though speech
used a hi ·h proportion of English materials, the percentage
was not so great as that in United States history, for
McAnally found that in the years 1903, 1938, and 1948, the
English language refe ences ran to 93.5, 96.4, and 96.7
per cent respect vely. These were the references published
in the United States and Great Britain.l
Che try an ph sics, on the other hand, u ed more
forei gn publ cat ans , partic larly in German. In 1939,
64.5 per cent of th e al referenc s n he s ry ere
to mater als pub she 1 the n ed States and Grea
Britain, 25 . 0 r C o t ose bl she
erman. For cs e e e , ere ec ve
percent e ere 6 . 2
•
. 2
Fo 0 0 0 n
.,
50, ..L o m el 90 p c n
of t C a ons 0 1 s te , n
acco te for a o 5 e C
•
s e a h h ro-
1
C n 1 0
•
C t .,
•
60 ,
2
0
•
C . ,
•
32-3
•
,
-
3
ro d s, loc. C
•
64
portion of Russian sources may not have been a permanent
aspect of the literature .
Speech as a whole seemed to ne ed slightly more
foreign materials , in proportion, than did United States
history; slightly less than did sociology; but only about a
third to one half as many dS did the physical sciences.
The basic scientific conte t of the literature of speech
science and correc ion was implied again by its relatively
f eq ent use of mater als in the erman lan age.
Summary and conclusion. The s
whole use about 90 per cent gl sh mate
ce t arm n, abou 1 r c n renc, an
ech field as a
al, some 4 per
1 s h 1 p
cent n. p h patho ogis s used pro or on el mo e
erm n ef er enc an o r ese r rt rs e f ld ,
mo
a
s ,
h
f
ens o h hea re sho ed ape ere ce for
n r
In
h
0 o er ore n an
0 t
an ys s s
gs fo the
s
a lo sta s
cer n ca es .
•
11
•
p 0
se o fo
h
e
or p ac
bl Ge
r
es.
OS
on o
n
shoul
co
he
0
-
re-
ire of al s e ch c ec on
ts.
ot bear
s , hoe , a d r
1 s n a r
h a a d C y 0 e
er-
0
ob-
-
65
lem of speech's relationships with other fields, or on the
question of what subdivisions should make up the field.
The data did indicate that present bibliographic services
should stress sources in English generally, plus German
materials on speech correction, and French publications of
use in drama. This analysis further suggested the possibil
ity of additional stud es in original Greek sources.
CHAPTER V
AGES O THE REFERENCES
In estimating the place of speech in the scholarly
world , o a problem was to determine the age of literature
used by its writers. This information was also thought
useful for biblio r hie or anization by sho ing the time
spans which sch services s ould atte pt to cover. The
6710 references were analyzed, t erefore , according to
their a e en the ere used b ters on speech.
This analysis of the 1 ter t ur b y a e a ase on
a e gi en n the c tati ons, 1 ss ran e v ence
nd cate t e were i n error . I f t h da a no t n cl de
h f oe o e ___ ma e o e i n the e
o re
0
0
0
s C
0 s ,
h
h
1 s
0
s) ,
on n
0
0 ,
t 0
0
e t
on o 0
0
•
-
t e e on a 0
c o s . I n h case of trans-
e ,
k
unle
1
•
on d , no
o mu t - ol s t,
o hers e e s ec f e in
the citations. References "in press" were given the same
dates as the source journal articles.
67
The ages of the references were tabulated for the
field as a whole, and for the individual journals. In
these tabulations , "0-2" indicated the two years preceding
the publication of the sourc article (e.g. with 1950
as the source journ 1 dat , "0-2" ref r to materials
published in the years 1950, 1949, and 1948).
Tabl XV vs an overview of th age distribution
of the referenc s . A as u 1 y he case in research
literat re, the ri 1 d to be mor rec nt tan the
non-serials at th time of se . Of the to al ref ence ,
43 . 4 er can e te year ol or 1 s w n c
writers ins each,
ear of ge . Thos o r 1
the o al.
C r
ear of a
d
e
17 . of
med a a 0
lo ed
r al n
-
f -
nces (
art. T
le X )
0 - s
serials exce n
ducatio al Theatr
Hear ng D sorder
ion fr o t e a
of h s orical stud
h
a
d n
Jou
1 ,
0 t e
n r
gee a
e
C
•
•
a Jo
la
rad
1
s f r hich a r
at er
t
1 0
-
19
- 1 .
du 0
1 er
or
h
0
0 0
es e
r
C i
a n fro
-
Form
Serials
Non-
serials
Per cent
total
TABLE XV
AGES OF SERIAL AND NOll•SERIAL REFERENCES IN THE FOUR JOURNALS
IN PERCENTAGES
,J
Ages in years
a
~
~
~ □
-
0-2 3-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 100-200 201- n.d.
16.4 16.0 16.3 19.4 6.5 7.7 13.8 3.2 .1 .s
10.4 12.a 15.8 18.5 9.5 10.9 10.s 5.7 1.9 4.1
13.1 14.3 16.0 18.9 8.1 9.5 12.1 4.5 1.0 2.5
l
f
LI rt
I
!
0 J
~
,J
Total
' I
100.0 :.
I
I
I
100.2'
I
I
I
100.0
1
0)
a>
!
69
TABLE XVI
MEDIAN AGES OF REFERENCES IN EACH SOURCE JOURNAL
Median ages of references
Journal and year
Serials Non-serials
-
1919-21 3 16
Quarterly 1929-31 6 17
Journal of 1939-41 8 15
Speech 1949-51 10 19
Speech 1939-41 7 16
Monographs 1949-51 49 29
Educational
Theatre 1949-51 20 15
Journal
J. Speech & 1939-41 8 9
Hear. Dis. 1949-51 9 7
Median age of total 11 15
70
old newspapers and periodicals. (The median age of news
papers used in research in United States history was 74.
1
)
Speech Monographs, particularly in 1949-51, carried several
studies dealing with nineteenth century history.
Another trend of nterest was the increase in
median age as the source journals analyzed became more
recent . The only xceptions to this trend were he non
erials cited in the quarterly Journal of Speech for 1939-
41, and those cited in h Jour 1 of Speech and Hear ni
either case a he var ation
from the trend very m rked.
I ener 1 the 1 ra r ci din the Jo of
-
Sp ech an s mo rec nt th t u
1 the o h r t e ourn ls . This r d as 1 a 0
1th he fac th er 0 peech o ogy de 0
c te mo 1 r t om h nces n e
hum n s .
r e r do n of h g
V n a es I d I
•
s 0 C 1 r s
m es d n S fo -51 S 0 n a
f C th t 42 . C of he s r C
ere o f t ea 0 , t mo 0 e f 1
C n 11 • 10 •
d
TABLE XVII
GES OF SERIAL REFERENCES IN EACH JOURNAL, IN PERCENTAGES
Journal
Ages in years
and
dates
0-2 3-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 101-200 201-
,
-
1
'I
Q.J.Sp.
1919-21 39.l 32.6 1 0 .9 2. 2 4.4 10.9
1929-31 26 . 0 22.1 21.4 11.7 4.6 5.2 7.8 .7
-
1939-41 20. 9 1 9 . 2 14.1 1 2 .1 11.1 s.1 7.1 6.7
1949-51 25 .6 14. 9 10.2 19.7 6.4 4.5 a.s 9.5
Sp . M onog .
1 939-41 1 6 . 9 26 . 1 11 . 5 1 6 . 2 3.1 16.9 9.2
1 949- 51 3 . 7 3 .4 12 . 8 22.7 4.9 9.7 38.5 3.7 .:s
Ed . Th . J
1949- 51 16 . 2 8 . 1 8 . 1 l? . 6 9 . 5 9 . 5 29.1
J . S. E. D.
. 1939- 41 16 . 8 21 . 0 22 . 7 20 . 8 7 . 6 s .o 4. 9
1949- 51 17 . 2 20 . 0 20 . 0 21 . ? 5 . 9 11 . 5 3 . 5
n.d.
..
.
.7
.7
.7
.3
1.4
1.2
.3
I
I
l
Total .
I
I
I
I
'
I
I
I
100.1 I
100.2
100.0
100.0
I
I
99.9
100.0
l
I
100.1 ;
I
I
i
100.0
100.1 I
...;J
f-'
TABLE XVIII
AGES OF NON-SERIAL REFERENCES IN EACH JOURNAL, IN PERCENTAGES
Journal Ages in years
and
dates
0- 2 3-5 6-1 0 11-20 21-30 31 .. 50 51-100 101-200 201-
Q. J .Sp.
-
'1
1919- 21 7 . 6 7 .2 17.4 21 . 6 17.0 11.4 7 •. 6
1929-31 9.6 12 . 0 15 . 1 17.6 13.1 11.2 5.1 6.1 2.9
1939- 41 9 . 5 10. s 14 . 6 19 . 8 6.4 13.1 12.0 7.4 1.3
1949-51 13 . 0 10 . 1 14.l 15 . 6 10 . s 10.5 11.5 6.0 4.4
sp.Monog.
1939-41 14 . 6 13 . 9 11 . 3 15.2 5 . 3 10.6 16 .6 2.7 6.0
1949-51 4 . 4 7 . 5 14 . 0 15 . 0 9 . 4 15.l 18.8 12.2 1.7
•
Ed .Th.J.
1949-51 11 . e 20 . s 8 .3 18.1 11 . s 11 . 8 9 . 7 1.4
J .S.H. D.
1939-41 10.s 19.8 25 .9 23.2 7.9 5 . e 3 .2 . 5
1949-51 18 . 0 23 . l 18 •. 3 23 .1 7 . 5 4 . 9 3 .4 . 7
n.d.
10.2
6.4
5.1
4.4
4.0
1.9
.6.3
2.9
1.0
I
I
(
Total I
'
100.0
99.9 [
100.0 1
I
100.1 :
,,
"
100.2
100.0 "
100.0 :
100.0
100.0
...J
ro
I
'
73
in the period 1850 through 1900.
Because of the many references to Aristotle , Cicero,
uintilian, and other ancient writers in modern translation,
it was decided that a table showing references towriters
in the broad periods of literary history would be useful.
Table XIX, therefore, deals with the original publication
dat s of the references in the speech source journals--not
th theed tans ctually cited in the footnotes . Refer-
nces to di val sources were n gligible; therefore not
1 cl d d nth ab e. Th Jou nl of Sp __ aring
D rs was om t ed fr m his a 1 becaus ct cally
al s r fr ce publ e f r 1800.
Of
•
sore o a
r 0
e
•
--
r
0
s b ec
on bo h ora or
recen sou
t ta
, 0
1800.
non-$erial
27 r C
0
2 . 8,
consis en
the
0
of
f rences
r
a
n h thr
ally
o r n s ,
u , as
r y od r
c n re y te o dra on o er
r n hb c d h
e a a s s o a s of e C
n e o d
•
r
s eec a olo r f to
robab be a se s r o s ere on
74
TABLE XIX
NON-SERIAL REFERENCES IN Q.UARTERLY JOURNAL ~ SPEECH,
SPEECH MONOGRAPHS, AND EDUCATIONAL THEATRE JOURNAL,
BY BROAD LITER~Y PERIODS, IN PERCENTAGES
Dates of
source
articles
1919-21
1929-31
1939-41
1949-51
Literary periods
Ancient Early modern
to 500 .D. 1500-1799
3.2 7.4
6.8 6.0
6.3 6.8
modern
1800-
89.4
87.2
86.8
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
75
subjects began comparatively late . Thesis material was
also recent undoubtedly for the same reason. Some of the
older references in science and medicine were found in
historical studies .
Comparison with other studies . The fact that the
med an age of the materials used in speech research tended
to become lar er with the recenc of publ cation of the
source j ournals was n h rmony with the findings in the
11 erature of n ted S tes history. In this field, the
e a s of 1 ratur C ed 1903, 1939, and 1948
r 23, 37, 44 ea res ectlvely. 2 It should be
note , 0 , tha sp ech source r on th ole much
mo e ecen t e e thos for s or .
Ince s
a 1 8 h m
1 • 0 h s
0 r er
, h , I
C
, e efer ces cl t d n 1899, 191,
a e of 8 , 12, 5, and 8 years res ec-
so c da s n h , t m
, , 3,
ch an
d 7 . ra-
0
o rou 1 s ag s tha for
1 s--a s m a t , no oub , o e C 8
co n o sc n e n m c ne n he a ria s used
C
1 ' 0 •
7 .
1 • 120-2.
76
by writers on speech pathology.
The literature used in speech was older than that
cited in sociology, where 72.9 per cent of the serials,
and 67.2 per cent of the non-serials were ten years old or
less, and only a few of the references were older than
25 years.4
Summary and conclusions . s a whole, writers in
the field of speech cited serial literature whose median
age was 11 years, and non-ser al litera ure 1 15 years
as them dian age. In eneral , h age of th refere ces
used for research in speech were greater than those for the
sciences of h s cs , c e s , an soc olo ; youn er than
those for n ted t tes history. Ref ranees in the Jo nal
of Speec and---~ ·sorder er mor rece t tan er
those in the oh r thr e ~ou 1 an lyz d. hr as a
ener 1 t to ard e o mo olde a e 1 , f n
an er s h sto cal s e . od ns a ion of
C
lar n so
h s or .
of
tio as th
4
0 r rr to fr
1 , f
es s o sc nee , n
1 1 at o fo
mo recen .ate 1
oa s, l o . ct
•
r 0
0 s
-
n o h r C S 0
o a c or an z -
ho e s r e or
77
the present, leaving bibliographies in history itself to
provide inf'ormation on older materials which might be used
in historical studies of speech.
CH APTER VI
SUMMARY AND C ONCLUSIONS
This study was undertaken to define the character
istics (forms , s ubjects, languages, and ages) of the re
search literature u ed b y American writers in the field of
speech. The purpos was to help clarify the place of
speech studies in the ran e of knowled e , and to aid in
determining the 11 its of the field. It as also t oug t
that such data would be useful n biblio ra ic organiza
tion; and mi ht su gest new sources of information on
speech problems .
s ary. Th rev e 0 11 erat e re al var d
opinion on s h q e 0 a h of s C
stu y and r ere • the ci lin ro h ch s each m
'
most eff ctively bo 0 o le e · , and h b 0 s
hich h.oul to et er b ons d as m · n
-
rate fi d of st
•
In t s a on, e
-
0 of
jo r ls (
uarterl 0
-
, l 2 ,
2 -
,
1939-41, 19 9- l•
-
19 - 5
•
, , ,
'
19
-
•
of
'
-
t
79
and Hearing Disorders, 1939-41, 1949-51) were used as sour
ces. These official publications of associations in the
field were searched for citations indicating use of mater
ials for application to the knowledge of speech. The 6710
references thus gathered were checked against standard
library catalogs, and then analyzed in four ways : by form
of publication, by subject, by lan age, an y age he
use.
The fiv e cate o ies of for s of 1 te ture e e
s r as, bo , au -v u 1, n oth
•
the
tota r fe nces, 45.7
b ooks ; 3.1 er cen th
•
,
cent e ser als; 47.9 e cent
3.4 pe ., nt ot , t
no au o- v r ite as research. h h
cit n ar t 1
s n
1 0 0 t
so O 0
'
n
C m t a
In
ev
s n s , an
a
boo
0
boo
o boo t
1 0 t
0 b
e a on
tu a
•
s
a s
e
h
•
h 00
o e, sea
•
,
e y
sed
sto y o
tan he h s c 1 s
u
h
n, t
um n
f e
soc al
Cs,
80
Speech and Speech 1onographs made greater use of humanistic
lite ature, and c ted the social sc ences more than the
natural. The Educational Thea t e Journal made an even
greater proportion of its references to the hum nities. By
contrast, the Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders drew
almost two thirds of its r efere nc es from med cal and scien
tific publicati ons, with o.ly few fr om th humanit es.
When the uarterly Joun 1 .2.!.. Spee c and Spee h onograp s
wee analyz d y sub v s o s of he fiel of speech (gen-
e al sec, o 1 n p e o , , c and
correct o , nd ad o), t as f o tha he su jects of
1 a t re cit ac o th se n o s r
s
t
t .
al
ar o h e or
ot
,
d
0
1 r
o r
Il C
n 1
,
2 a C 0 t
0
h C
0
h n so 0 0
,
on
s
0
0
ar 1 1 ou 1 •
co
ra of
, 0 0
r
r
0
C
t ,
m 1
a
•
C
te e
•
so
s n
0
1
o o ton o
t t
n t n
chemistry and physics, both of which relied strongly on
German sources of information.
When the references were analyzed according to
their ages when use by writers in speech, it was found
-
81
that about 49 per cent of the serial, and 38 per cent of the
non-serial literature was ten years old or less. The median
age of the ser als was 11 years, and of the non-ser als,
15 years. There was a general t rend in spe ch journals
toward the use o older mater als, probably ecause of the
inc ease nte et in s orical sc olarsh p. The
of Speech and---~ _____ _ cited mo e recen ublica
o the tions than 1 th o her journ ls int e
•
mot par , ref e e u e n s eec ere ol er t h n hose
n C sty , phys c , o socio o , t ot so o a
t ose n Un t ta h or •
0 h n
-
t· a o to
ro c space n o 1 ne o
0 1 ,
, h 0
V ons o s
, n
h ef r nc 0
0 on su 0
e C n d SC n
•
rl
h
s
h
n
,
a
t :
•
e e mar co
e
n
0
a
,
C n
0
1
ree
e ,
h
nd
t d h
-
82
The bearing of this study on the problem of what
subdivisions should make up the field of speech was inter
preted with many reservations. It was recognized that many
fac t ors are involved in making the decisions as to whether
science and coPrection, or drama, should continue to be
parts of the general field . However, it se emed evident
that science and correction used a body of literature si -
nificantly different fr om that used b the main part of the
f e d. In fac t , all areas of the analysis {form, subject ,
lan age , an a e) shoe a not ce ble ff ran t een
the 1 t 1
1
a ture of thi partic lar b V S 0 and tha of
t e res of th spe ch
t t e a e t o g n
of subjec matter , an
kn led e e 1 b e ,
0 t h si e hoe
recto ram th ma
s u y al o C e th
r , s 1 e
th f r nc
pee 0
es one h s ze
he f eld of sec sho
0
n
1 pline . 0 h ex en , h ,
zation dep n s on lo cal i son
e mo of o z n
the implic t 0 0 h s s d
r e at o 0 n a d
rt o he ld o s
•
r s d
e o
a
r
e •
o r h c o a z 0 , s
h f
e 0
on de r n 0
e ure . bl o rah cl st n son n spec shou
..
83
survey the possible contributions of the social sciences and
humanities especially ~ Those for speech science and correc tion should cover the fields of medicine, particularly,
nervous disorders , and should include relevant publications
in physiology and anatomy. More complete bibliographical
coverage of German works bearing on speech correction would
seem desirable .
As for additional sources of information sug ested
by this s dy, anc ent Greek texts and med eval literature
see e s 1 ies. The 1 vest! a ion further dre
a ten on to the 1 ttle use of ad o- isual mate ials, and
n icate th t th se may rove un a ed so ce o val ble
a a speech.
In o d r o ach eve
a ho o s n n 0 t 1 tera e of s ec an
0 C an eh 0 , m 0 e n o t on
ee
•
0 e rob em fo rese r h s e e b
t s
•
•
(1) n s 0 alo 1 e 0
0 , e e
•
1 0 co r bu 0 e
•
of o ot e d C ne
•
{ )
0 th e r 0 ech 0
0 e re e , attem .. t n o d t r ne
re 0 h o
•
el no led r s 0
•
'
(3) A history and evaluation of bibliographic
activities in the field of speech.
84
(4) A series of case studies describing proced
ures of research scholars in speech, with emphasis on their
methods of discovering and obtainin sources of information.
(5) thorough analysis of the work done by
graduates of e artments of "s eech and drama" at all levels,
to determine the problems they face, and to indicates b
ject matter which ould be of mo t use in meeting these
problems .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A.. BOOKS
American Library Association, A. L. ~. Glossary of Library
Terms. Chicago: Ame_ rican Library Assoclatlon, 1943.
l59 PP•
Bishop, William w., "The Responsibility of American Librar
ies for the Acquisition of the Materials for Research,"
The Acguisition and Catalofin5 of Books, Papers Pre
sented before the Librarynstittite at the University
of Cnicago, Julz.2912 August~, 1940. William M.
Randall, editor; Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1940. Pp. 30-58.
Bliss, Henry E., The Or anization .2f. Knowledge in Librar
ies, and the Sub ec -Approach to Books. Second edi
tion, revised; ew York: H. W. Wilson Company, 1939.
347 PP•
Cumulative Book Index. New York: H. w. Wilson Company,
1898-
Sayers, • c. Berwick, A anual f Classification for Li-
- -~- - ~-~-~----- -- -
brarians and Biblio~raehers. Second edition, revised;
London: Grafton an Company, 1944. 344 pp.
Shera, Jesse H., "Classification as the Basis of Biblio-
raphic Organization," Bibl1ofraphic Or5anization,
Papers Presented before the F fteenth Annual Confer
ence of the Graduate Library School, July 24-29, 1950.
Jesse • Shera and argaret • E an, ed tors; Chica o:
nivers ty of Chicago Preas, 1951. p . 72-93.
Taylor, Kanardy L., "peclal Reference Problems in Science
and Technology," The Reference Function of the Li
brary, Papers Presented before the Library Institute
at the Universit! of Chicago, June 29 to July 10, 1942.
PTerce Butler, e itor; Chica o: n varsity of Chica o
Press, 1943. Pp. 180-201.
87
Thonssen, Lester, and Elizabeth Fatherson, Bibliography of
Speech Education. New York: H. w. Wilson Company,
1939. 800 PP•
Supplement, 1950. 393 PP•
Union List of Serials in Libraries of the United States and
Canada:- New York: H. '• Wilsori Company, 1943.
3065 PP•
Supplement, 1945. 1123 pp.
United States Catalog, Books in Print Janua y !, 1928.
Fourth edition; New Y rk: H. W. Wilson Company, 1928.
3164 PP•
u. s. Library of Congress. ! Catalog of Books Represented
~ Library of Congress Printed Cards ••• Ann rbor ,
Michigan: Edwards Brothers, 1942-4. 167 vols .
Supplement, 1948. 42 vol.
hitney, ederick Lamson, The El mens of h .
Revised edi ion; ew York: Prentice" --,-I- n-c. , 942.
497 pp.
"The Amr
oa
•
s, obert
' he er c
ociolog c
Drummond,
•
"
tol"ia
B. PER 0
ng
"A
a
Fus 1 r n r s
Use n
, '' Li
: 11-9----,- -.----~~~:
•
C
y
19 :
L
-
a.
,
r
Gondin, William R., "The field of Speech--a Problem in
Definition," Quarterly Journal of Speech, 28:91-94,
February, 1942.
___ , "Speech and the En erpris of Learn ng," ua ter y
Journal of Speech, 28:400-7, December, 1942.
Held , McDonal w., "Drama and Speech: for Fr endly Coor
dination," Educational Theatre Journal, 2:246-51,
October, 1950.
Hughes , Glenn$ Another Dr9Jllat s t Looks
in," ua.rterlz Journal of peech,
1949 .
t Public Speak-
5.80, Fe ruary,
Hun, Everett Lee, "
J o rnal of Publ c
0
cCo
T
C
-
11
Co
,
C
Publ c eak n
_._ ___ n~g, 3:27- , F
h
ch- -
-
s n
on
---- ---~ ------- _ _ _ _ _ ,
o r son, J a k,
15 : 27- o,
P e ,
,
: 185- 3,
0
o Gr
0
0 ,
ton ,
- 32,
y
7.
88
"A New Journal," uarterly Journal .2f Public Speaking,
4 : 334, May, 1918.
89
0
1
Neill , James M., "Th.e
and Linguistics,"
February, 1928.
ela ion of ·Speech to Philology
uarterly Journal of Speech, 4:1-7,
Research Connnittee, "Research n ublic eaki ng," uar
terly Journal of u.bl c ~eaking , 1:24-32, pril, 1915.
eavar, Andre Thoma , "h Case for S eech," Quarterly
Journal of Speech, 25:181-88 , ril , 1939.
__ ._, "Ex Uno Plures , n .. uarterly Journal of
35:361- 2, ctober, 1949 .
h lns , Herbert ., Rese ch,' rlI J
Speech Education, 9 : 232-40 , une , 1923 .
inn, James A., " or R
n of P , 1 : 7
- --- ___. ____ .;..,_,a..i
peech,
rnal of
-
e ch: for Fr en 1 e ra-
n,
1~50.
00 t h
___ , " he Organ zat
n n v "
ns , 2 :
Y, "A
0
____ , 2 : 3 - 8 ,
•
t
2 : 2
'
,
,
o h
rnal
C -
o s n
3 : 12-
h ,
Jan ry,
,
C. UNPU~LISHED MATERIAL
McAnally, Arthur Monroe , "Characteristics of Materials
Used in Research in United States History." Unpub lished Doctor's dissertation, The University of
Chicago , Chicago, 1951. 185 pp.
90
APPENDIX
TABLE XX
SERIAL REFERENCES IN QUARTERLY JOURNAL QE SPEECH, 1919•21
BY SU· BJECT Am> AGE
I Ages in 7eara
Subject
0-2 3-5 6-10 11-20 21-30
.
Newspapers l
~
General Periodicals 4 2: 3
~
I r
I
!1
;
~
Philosophy, Religion 1
PsychologJ
2:
History 1 1
Social Science 2
Education 3 3
Music l
General Philology
Classics 1
Dramatic Representation 2
Oratory, Elocuti.on 5 4 1
~
Sciences 1
Medicine 1 1 1
Total 18 15 5 1 2
31-50
3 1
l
1
l}
::I
5
0 Total
(;,
~
1 ~ ~
12
2
' 2
2
2
6
l
1
1
2
11>' . c) . ,t
l
3
46
.
~ di
,;
C)
"'
I
I
, ,
I
'
I
I
i
l
TABI,E XXI
NON-SERIAL REFERENCES INJUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SPEECH• 1919-21
BY s JkcT A:fffl AGE -
A
I
Subject
0-2 3-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 SI-50 51-100 n.d.
General
.
4
Philosophy 6 3 8 8 11 3
Religion 2. 1
Psychology 3 3 1 3 1
Hiatory 1 l 3 6 3 1
(l
Social Science 1 1 1
':}
.
,. . ,
"
Political Science 1 1 7 1
Law; 2 1 1
Education 1 2 2 2 3 1
Music 4 8 5 3 1 2
General Philology 3 2 3 1 3 1
Classics 1 4 8 8 7 5 5
English Philology 2 1 2 3
General Rhetoric 2 5 2
Dramatic· Represent. 1 1 6
Oratory, Elocution 1 2 3 2 2
Sciences 1 2 3
Medicine 2 l 1
Unclassified 2 1 1 12
Unpublished 1
Total 18 17 41 51 4:0 27 18 24
•
'
'
Total !
4:
39
3
11
15
~
3
10 .
4
11
2· 3
13
38
8
~
8
10
6
4
16
1
236
I
i
!
J
l
co
CA
' '
I
'
t ,.
I
I
I
'
~
•
H
i
'
I
r
Subject
Newspapers
Gen. Period.
Societies
Philos.,Rel.
Psychology
History
Social Sci.
Pol • Sci • , . Law
Education
Fine Arts
Gen.Philol.
Dram.Rep.
TABLE XXII
SERIAL REFERENCES IN QUARTERLY JOURNAL QE SPEECH, 1929-31,
BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages in years
0-2 3-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 101-200
2 8
I 1
r•
2 5 6 3 6
~
3
1 1
1 1
3 2 4 4 l
2
1 1
3
4 5 1 2 1 1 1
1 1
1
3 2
Oratory ,Eloc. 17 8 12 8
Sciences 1
Medicine 1 1
Tachnology 3 7 7
Unclass. 4
Total 40 34 33 18 7 8 12 1
n.d. Total
rl 11
25
2
2
14
2
_ .....
2
3
15
2:
1
.5
45
1
l 3
17
4
l 154
I
1
~
'
...,,....)- l
co
•
I
,,
ii
I
i
l
I
~
,.
I
l
.
I
I
I
I
I
i
'
'
Subject
General
Philosophy
Psychology
Religion
History
Social Sci.
TABLE XXIII
NON-SERIAL REFERENCES IN QUARTERLY JOURNAL £!:. SPEECH, 1929-31,
BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages 1n yeara
0-2 3-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 101-200 200-
2 1
l 2 3 l 3 l
3 ? 6 6 4 6
1 1 4 2 2
- -
5 5 9 9 11 4 / 2
,.
' I
1 4 10 2
Pol. Sci. ,Law 1 3
Education 3 1 ? 6 l 1
Music 1 4 2 2
Gen • Philol. 1 1
-
1
Classics 1 2 1 3 1 1
Eng . Philol. 2 2 2
Rhetoric 2 1 1 1 1
Dram.Rep. 2 3 1 3 4
Oratory,
Eloc. 8 5 4 5 2 l 1 9
Literature 2 ? 10 6 1 3 2
Sciences 3 2 2 1 1
Medicine 2 1 1
B:lbliogra. 1 6
Theses 5 2
Unclass. 4 1 2. 2 3
Total 30 40 47 55 41 35 16 19 9
n.d.
'
1 ,,
1
4
2
9
3
20
.
I
Total
I
3
I
I
11
'
'
I
32
I
I
10 .'~
46
I
;
l
17 I
4
'
20
I
I
9
j
3
j
·,
13
I
6
j
I
6
I
1~ 3
r
'
I
l
35
~
I
'
31
I
11
4
16
I
7
15
I
I
I
312 .
co
a,
SERI REFER
Subject
0-2 3-5
Newspapers 6
Geri . Period. 4 1
Psychology 4 4
History
Social Sci. 5 3
Education 6 10
Gen. Philol. 3
Classics
Eng. Philol .
2*
Dram. Rep. 2 3
Oratory,Eloc. 21 25
Sciences 3 3
Medicine 3
Speech Path. 4 2
Misc.
Unclass. 1 4
Total 62 57
TABLE XXIV
ES IN QUARTERLY JOURNAL ~ SPEECH, 1939-41 ,
BY SUB~T AND A GE
Ages in years
.
6-10 11-20 21- 30 31-50 51-100 101-200
.
1 1 9 7 11
3 7 3
3 .,
7
4 8 3
2 1
4 2
3 3 1 4
1 2 l
1 1
2
2 1
I
17
12· 3
1
4 2 3
l 1
3 6 2 1
2 l 8 4 5 2
42 36 33 24 21 20
n.d. Total
35
28
23
3
14
1 28
?
2
4
8
78
7
12
8
12
1 28
2 297
(}
co
m
l
f
1
I
t
l
f
I
~
:
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
i
ON-SERIAL REF
Subject
I
0-2 3-5 6-10
General 1 1 1
Philosophy 2 1 1
Psychology 4 l 9
Religion
History 4 4 3
Soc. Sci. 6 4 8
Pol. Sci. 1
ducation 3 8 4
Gen. Philal. 1
Classics 2
Eng.Philol. 1 5
Rhetoric 3
Dram. Rep. 4 1 4
Oratory,
Eloc. 15 21 22
Literature 5 2 9
Sciences 2 5
Medicine 1 1
Misc. 2 2 7
Theses 4 10 4
Unclass. 8 6
otal
58 66
I 89
TABLE XXV
CES IN QUARTERLY JOURNAL .QE SPEECH , 1 93S-41 ,
BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages in years
11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 101- 200 201- ·
1
1 2 2
5 1 4 l
8 ,
IJ
3 15 12 2 2
. 20
5 4 16 5 1
4 1
1 1
9 5 4 1 1
l 1
11 3 8 7
4 2 3 3 3
1 2 3
10 6 6 10 9
15 3 5 6
13 7 13 6 4 2
4 2 3 1
1
-· 2 4
5 2
6 2 7 12 9 3
121 39 80 73 45 8
n . d. Total
8
1 16
22,.
1 35
62
23
1 4
35
3
3 34
.. 21
9
1 51
87
1 62
17
3
1 18
25
22 75
31 610 (0
-.:i
SERIAL R
Subject
0-2 3-5
Newspapers 11 2
Gen.Period. 8 3
Psychology 1 2
Philos. ,Rel. 1 1
History 1
Social Sci. 28 14
Pel .Sci. ,Law
Educatio11 5 5
Gen.Philol. 6 3
Classics
Eng.Philol. 1
Dram.Rep. 1 4
Oratory~ Eloc. 22 18
Sciences 1
Medicine 4 1
Speech Path. 3
Misc. 10 5
Unclass. 5 5
llatal
108 63
TABLE XXVI
ENCES IN QUARTERLY JOURNAL QE SPEECH, 1949-51
BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages in years:
-
6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 101-200
, t
6 7 1 3 15 28
5 1 1 8 3
1 3 1 2
1 1
1 2 4
5 6 1
1 1 2 3 9
2: 13 4 2 2
1 5 1 2
1 2 1
2 4
3 7 1 2
14 12 17 3 1
2
1 2·
1
1 4 1
1 11
43 83 27 -
19 36 40
u
,1
n.d. Total . ~
;
'
73
29
10
4
.,
8
54
3 19
33
18
4
7
18
87
3
8
4
21
22
, 3
422
-
;)
i
I
I
i
ln
'
l
'
I
1!
'
I
•
J
I
I
I
I
I
'
I
I
I
'
,,
I
I
"
'
I
co
(X)
Subject
TABLE XXVII
NON-SERIAL REFERENCES I N QUARTl:ffiLY JOURNAL .QE SPEECH, 1949-51
BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages in years
0-2 I 3-5 I 6-10 111-20 I 21-30 I 31-bO I 51-100 I 101-200 I 201- I n.d. lTotal
Philosophy 3 1
'
9 3 1 4 3 1 25
Psychology 3 2 7 7 1 1 21
Religion 3 1 1
- 2
2 1 1 ~
11
"
History 3 8 12 11 5 11 12 6 1 69
Social Sci .. 12 6 3 10 2 7 l 41
Pol . Sci. 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 14
Education l 3 2 1 3 4 4 1 4 23
<
·uslc
1 l 1 3
Gen, Pr.!.ilol . ~ 4 3 2 2 1 1 13
Classics 2 1 8 6 11 11 5 2 2 3 51
Eng . Philol. 5 2 2 5 1 3 2 2 22
Rhetoric 4 2 2 3 11
Dram. Repr. 1 5 4 6 1 11 2 30
Orator
.. ,
l 2
Eloc. 6 4 5 9 5 3 6 10 48
iterature 13 7 11 9 12 15 9 4 6 88
Sciences 4 1 3 5 1 1 15
edicine 3 2. 1 6
aisc. 5 4 4 2 l 1
,
17
Theses 12 12 15 9 5 53
Unclass. 8 10 7 9 6 9 13 2 16 14 94
Total I 85 166 I 92 1102 69 69 75 39 29
co
29 655 ·, co
Subject
Newspapers
.
Gen . Period .
Psychology
History
Social Sci.
Pol . Sci.
Gen. Philol.
Classics
Oratory ,Eloc.
Sciences
Physiology
Medicine
Speech Path .
Uncla.ss .
Total
TABLE XXVIII
SERIAL REFEREN CES IN SPEECH MONOGRAPHS, 1939-41
BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages in years
.
0- 2 3-5 6•10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 101-200
20
2
1 2 6 2
'I
1
'
'
1 1 1
12
1
1 1
4 3 3 6
1 1
2 9 4 5 2
10 12 3
2 5
1 2 3
22 34 15 21 4 22 12
n.d. Total
20
2
11
ll
fl 1
,[J
3
12
1
2
16
2
22
25
7
6
130
~
0
0
'
r
'
\
1
I
I
I
I
'
I
I
l
I
I
Subject
0-2
Philosophy
Psychology
Religion
History
,
Social Sci. 1
Education 2
Classics 2
Eng.Philol.
Rhetoric
Dram.Repr.
Oratory,
Eloc. 6
Literature
Sciences
Medicine
Speechiath. 1
Misc. 1
Theses 8
Unolass. 1
Total 22
TABLE XXIX
ON-SERIAL REFERENCES IN SPEECH MONOGRAPHS, 1939-41,
BY SUBJECT AND AGE
,·
Age in years
3-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 101-200
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 2 3 1 2 6
2 3 1 1 1
1
4 4 2 1 8
1 5 4 1
1 2 1 2
1 1 1
.
6 1 1 2 1
2 2
1 2 2
2 1 l
5 3 3
1
1 1 3 1 1
21 l? 23 8 16 25 4
201-
1
3
1
4
9
I
'
n.d .. Total!
4
2
2
•]
15
9
3
2 23
12
6
3
17
7
5
4
12
1 4
8
3 15
6 151
t-'
0
...,
'
I
I
I
!
!
ii
r;
'
'
~
I
I
i
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
(
I
I
Subject
0-2
Newspapers
Gen. P~riod. 1
Psychology l
Religion
History
Soc.Science
Pol.Sci .,Law
Education 1
Gen.Philol. 1
Classics
Dram.Repr.
Oratory,Eloc. 10
Literature
Sciences 3
Medicine 1
Speech path. 7
Miscel.
Unclass.
Total 25
TABLE XXX
SERIAL REFERENCES IN SPEECH MONOGRAPHS, 1949- 51 ,
BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages in years
3-5 6- 10 11- 20 21-30 31-50 51- 100 101- 200
1 23 38 4 28 70 1
2 3 10 8 20 104 11
1 4 14 6
I
5 2:i 2
3 2 1 3
7 3 l
7 1 50
6 11 2 2 2 11
1 1
1 1
3 7
16 20 19 7
1 1 11 1
2 1 1 1
2 2
1
2 2 4
7 38 2 1
23 86 153 33 65 259 25
201- n . d .
1
2
"
1
2 2
I
Total·
I
166
161
26
28 :
9 :
11
59
35 ·
3
'
2 ,
10
'?2
14 l
8 '.
5
8
8 ,
I
48
673 ·
....,
0
ro
I
i
Subject
General
Philos.
Psychol.
Religion
History
Soc .sci.
Pol .Sci.
Educaticn
Music
Gen.Phil
Classics
Eng.Philo
Rhetoric
Dram.Rep.
Oratory,
Elocu.
Li tera .•
Sciences
edicine
Misc.
Theses
Unclass.
Total
TABLE XXXI
ON-SERIJ.L R EFERENCES IN SPEECH MONOGRAPHS, 1949-51,
BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages In years
0-2 13-5 I 6-10 111-20 121-30 I 31-50 I 51•100 1101-200 I 201- I n.d. I Total
3 1 4
2 6 4 3 3
·}
,'1 18
1 4 3 7 3 2 1 21
1 3 10 4 18
4 6 23 21 11 23 33 6 1 1 129
3 7 6 4 3 1 l 1 26
2 l 2 1 1 3 3 13
3 3 4 1 9 4 14 2 40
1 1 2 2 6
~
1 1 3
-
1 4 8 13 4 9 1 1 41
1 2 2 6 3 2 11 12 1 1 41
1 3 3 1 1 9
1 3 1 6 3 11 25
5 8 6 8 2 3 8 13 1 54
,_
1 3 12 14 10 42 11 5 1 99
1 1 1 1 4
3 3 11 2 19
3 3 3 1 2 12
7 ? 15 17 3 49
5 10 6 8 6 4 29 33 7 10 118
33 56
1-05
112_ 70 113 141 92 13 .14 749
t,-J
1 0
I ~
SER R ENC
Subjec
-
0-2
Newspapers 3
eneral Periodicals 2
Philosophy
Psychology
Educatlon 1
General Philology
English Philology
Dramatic Representation 4
Literature 1
iscellaneous l
Unclassified
Total 12
TABLE XXXII
IN EDUCATIONAL THEATRE JOURNAL, 1949-51,
BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages in years
•
3-5 6-10 11-20 21-50 31-50 51-100
1 1 1 3 1 10
'
8
•2
1 1 2 1
.
2 ·2
2 1
,1
1 2
1 4 3
2' 1 2 1
1 1 1
1
~
6 6 13 7 7 22
n.d. I Total
1
•
♦
1
I
t
1
20
10
2
!] 5
5
4
3
13
7
4
~-, 1
74
~
0
..
Subject
Philosophy
Psychology
Education
Classics
Dram. Rep .
Eng . Lit.
Gen . Lit .
Sciences
Misc .
Unclass .
Total
TABLE XXXIII
NON- SERIAL REFERENCES IN EDUCATIONAL THEATRE JOlTRNAL , 1949-51
BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages in years
0-2 3-5 6- 10 11- 20 21- 30 31- 50 51-100 l O l a.200 n.d.
l l 1
l 1
l
l l
'
3 2 1 1
4 2 3 8 6 9 7 1
3 10 4 7 4 3 4 l
l 16 3 4 3
•
4 1
1 l
2 1 1 2 1 1
1 2 2
,..,
,
17 30 12 26 17 17 14 2 9
a
Total
3
2
'r
2
7
40
36
32
2
8
12
144
~
'
...,
0
a,
TABLE XXXIV
SERIAL REFERl!;NCES IN JOURNAL OF SPEEOH AND HEARING DISORDERS, 1939-41
-
BY SUBECT AND AGE
Subject
Ages in years
0-2 3-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 n.d.
General 1 1 l
Psychology 6 8 21 18 3 1
• Social Sciences 3 10 7
Education 6 8 7 11 14 2
;•
Music 3 4
'.
General Philology 2 3 1
7
Oratory, Elocution 8 8 13 4 1
.
General Science 7 5 4 2 1 3
Physics 1 2 8
'
1 1
Zoology 1 l 6 2 2 6 1
Anatomy 1 1 3 3 3
Physiology 5 9 10 4 4
General 1.!edic1ne 12 17 19 21 7 4 20 l
Nerve disease 10 17 9 11
Speech Pathology 47 22 5 1
Oto., rhino., Laryn. 2 15 8 4 3 2 2
rJ1scellaneous 3 5 3 1 4 2
Unclassified 1 4 5 9 2 3
. 1
3
Total 97 121 131 120 44 29 28 7
I
-
I
· ~ t
11'otal
'
3
57
20
48
~
7
J 6
I 34
22
13
19
11
32
101
47
75
36
18
28
577
I
I
l
;
11
I
I I
I
..
j
I
'
!
I
•
I
I
I
I
I
I
l
i
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
I
:
I
....,
0
m
f
'
•
1
l
I
f
TABLE XXXV
f
NON-SERIAL REFERENCES IN JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING DISORDERS,
-
39-41, BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages in years
I
Subject
I
0-2 3-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 101-200 n.d. I Total
General 1 1 2 2 6
Psychology l 9 14 ? 2 33
Social Sci. l 3 7 6 1'7
Education 4 4 6 2 16
Music 1 3 4
Gen. Philol. 1 l 5 4 2 1 14
Oratory, Eloc . 1 1 2
Gen. Science 1 l 2 l 1 l . 7
Physics 1 1 1 3
oology 1 1 3 1 2 8
Anatomy 3 3 2·
8
Physiology 1 3 10 14 2 4 1 35
Medicine 5 10 6 14 3
I
2 40
Nerve dis. 3 1 4 7 2 3 20
Speech Path. 10 19 26 11 3 3 4 76
isc. 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 14
Theses 6 8 5 4 3 26
Unclass. 6 11 9 7 2 5 2 2 6 50
'"
Total I 41 I 75 I 98 88 30 22 12 2 11 379
...,
0
~
TABLE XXXVI
SERIAL REFERENCES IN JOURNAL OF SPEECH AND HEARING DISORDERS
-
1949-51, BY SUBJEVl' AND AGE
Ages in years
Subject
j 0-21 3-5 1 s-10 I 11-20 121-30 131-50 I 51-100 1101-200 I n.d. I Total
Gen.sci.
General 1 1 1 3
Psycholog 6 6 13 13 5 l 44
Soc. Sci. 3 5 7 7 4 26
Education 3 7 5 7 l 3 1 27
Oratory,
Elocu. 2 8 13 10 1 34
Physics 19 6 2 5 1 33
Physiol. 4 7 6 4 3 1 25
Gen.Med. 19 23 30 37 12 44 20 1 186
V
disease I
7 I 11
I
8
I
23
I
8
I
4
I
1
I I I
62
Speec
I 36 t 39 I 29 I I I I I I I
th. 20 124
Oto.,rhin
lary11. 12 23 16 9 2 17 79
isc. 5 2 1 3 3 2 1 17
Unclass. 5 l l 5 2 14
119 137 J..38 150 41
I
79
J 24
I I 2
[
690
~
s
_l
t
Subject
Psychology
Soc. Sci .
Education
Gen.Philol
Oratory,
Elocu .
Gen. Sci.
Zoology
Physiol .
Gen . Med .
erve dis .
Speech
path .•
Oto. ,rhin.
laryn .
isc.
Theses
Unclass .
TABLE XXXVII
NON-SERIAL REFERENCES I N JOURNAL .QE _SP _EE_C_H AND HEARING DISORDERS,
1949-51, BY SUBJECT AND AGE
Ages in years
'
V
f
0-?. I 3-5 I 6-10 111-20 121-30 I 31•50 I 51-100 1101-200 I 201--. I n.d~ . I Total
3 12
'
6 9 3 2 35
5 6 3 9 1
T
24
2 4 5 12 3 26
1 4 3
I
2 l l 12
f
1 4 2
~
7
2 2 2 2 1 1 10
1 1
1
3
4 4 5 7 5 3 1 29
10 10 10 6 1 6 5
'
48
7 10 5 10 8 l 2 45
I 16 I
9 I 10· I 15'
I =4 I 1 I 1 I I 1 I I
57 ·
1 6 2 4 13
2 4 1 1 1 9
8 11 12 9 40
14 15 5 5 1 6 4 2 3 55
5 95 31 20 14 3 4 411
....
0
co
i
i
!
t
' ..
t
•
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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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Asset Metadata
Creator
Broadus, Robert N.
(author)
Core Title
An analysis of the research literature used by American writers in the field of speech
Degree
Doctor of Philosophy
Degree Program
Speech
Degree Conferral Date
1952-06
Publication Date
06/01/1952
Defense Date
05/12/1952
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
OAI-PMH Harvest
Format
theses
(aat)
Language
English
Contributor
Electronically uploaded by the author
(provenance)
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC112724837
Unique identifier
UC112724837
Identifier
Ph.D. Sp '52 B863 (call number),etd-BroadusRobert-1952.pdf (filename)
Legacy Identifier
etd-BroadusRobert-1952
Document Type
Dissertation
Format
theses (aat)
Rights
Broadus, Robert Newton
Internet Media Type
application/pdf
Type
texts
Source
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(batch),
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(contributing entity),
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