University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Kinetic facades as environmental control systems: using kinetic facades to increase energy efficiency and building performance in office buildings

(USC Thesis Other)

Kinetic facades as environmental control systems: using kinetic facades to increase energy efficiency and building performance in office buildings

PDF

Download a page range

Download transcript

Copy asset link

Request this asset

Transcript (if available)

Content KINETIC FACADES AS ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS: USING KINETIC FACADES TO INCREASE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND BUILDING PERFORMANCE IN OFFICE BUILDINGS by Ryan Hansanuwat A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF BUILDING SCIENCE May 2010 Copyright 2010 Ryan Hansanuwat i Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my family, for which all of this is possible and worthwhile. My wife Christine has been extremely patient and understanding and is the rock in my life. My children Dylan and Malia are my inspiration to succeed and I am ever inspired by their potential and know they will someday surpass my accomplishments. ii Acknowledgements This thesis would not be possible without the guidance and dedication of my committee members. Professor Kensek provided insightful guidance throughout the thesis and constantly pushed me to do more. Professor Noble provided helpful encouragement and constantly made sure I stayed on track. Professor Schiler offered thorough analysis of my methods and aided me in understanding some very difficult topics. Professor La Roche provided the initial inspiration to study this topic. Special thanks go out to my personal supporters as well, to my family for offering me mental support, as well as a garage to build in. Thanks are most importantly in order to my wife for the patience and foresight to allow me to complete this thesis, and for taking care of the kids throughout the long days and nights. iii Table of Contents Dedication ............................................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... ii List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................................... vi Abstract ...............................................................................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Problem ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Proposed solution ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Objective ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 Product .............................................................................................................................................................. 6 Hypothesis......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2: Envelope, skin, and switches.............................................................................................................. 7 Adaptability, flexibility and polyvalency........................................................................................................ 8 Media vs. mediation ....................................................................................................................................... 11 Kinetics............................................................................................................................................................ 12 Integration ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 Kinetic movement........................................................................................................................................... 17 Kinetic actuation............................................................................................................................................. 22 Control systems .............................................................................................................................................. 27 Environmental mediation ............................................................................................................................... 32 Costs, construction and technology............................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 3: Case studies ....................................................................................................................................... 39 Selected projects – Caltrans District 7 Building, Morphosis....................................................................... 45 Selected projects – Arab Institute, Jean Nouvel ........................................................................................... 46 Selected projects – Dymaxion House, Buckminster Fuller ......................................................................... 47 Chapter 4: Computer simulations ....................................................................................................................... 48 Test case selection criteria ............................................................................................................................. 48 Test case location selection............................................................................................................................ 50 Solar thermal simulations............................................................................................................................... 52 Daylighting simulations ................................................................................................................................. 61 Ventilation simulations .................................................................................................................................. 64 Energy generation simulation ........................................................................................................................ 69 Chapter 5: Solar thermal results.......................................................................................................................... 71 Daylighting results.......................................................................................................................................... 76 Ventilation results........................................................................................................................................... 88 Energy generation results............................................................................................................................. 126 Chapter 6: Analysis ...........................................................................................................................................130 Solar thermal analysis .................................................................................................................................. 130 Daylighting analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 131 Ventilation analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 132 Energy generation analysis .......................................................................................................................... 133 Hierarchy....................................................................................................................................................... 134 iv Chapter 7: Design assumptions.........................................................................................................................135 Overhang for solar thermal .......................................................................................................................... 135 Vertical louvers for daylighting................................................................................................................... 135 Vertical louvers for energy generation........................................................................................................ 136 Standard window for ventilation ................................................................................................................. 136 Chapter 8: Proposed Design..............................................................................................................................137 Proposed Design Testing.............................................................................................................................. 146 Solar Thermal Test ....................................................................................................................................... 146 Daylighting Test ........................................................................................................................................... 149 Energy generation simulation ...................................................................................................................... 151 Ventilation test.............................................................................................................................................. 152 Chapter 9: Prototype build ................................................................................................................................162 Overhang system build................................................................................................................................. 162 Vertical louver system build ........................................................................................................................ 164 Panelization................................................................................................................................................... 169 Build complications and modifications....................................................................................................... 171 Final prototype.............................................................................................................................................. 172 Chapter 10: Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................173 Chapter 11: Future Work...................................................................................................................................176 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................................178 Appendix A: Solar thermal study results .........................................................................................................182 Appendix B: Daylighting results ......................................................................................................................184 Appendix C: Energy generation results............................................................................................................240 v List of Tables Table 1: Insulation values of typical wall constructions(Stein 2006) ................................................................ 2 Table 2: Insulation values of typical window assemblies(Stein 2006) .............................................................. 2 Table 3: Internal Heat Sources and Heat Gain through Envelope (Stein 2006) ................................................ 3 Table 4: Advantages and disadvantages of studied actuation methods............................................................ 26 Table 5: Matrix of previous examples of kinetic systems................................................................................. 40 Table 6: Sample spreadsheet of hourly report for eQuest simulations............................................................. 59 Table 7: Sample spreadsheet of lux levels for light meter ................................................................................ 63 Table 8: Sample spreadsheet of percentage of areas in wind velocity range................................................... 69 Table 9: Sample spreadsheet of energy generation results ............................................................................... 70 Table 10: Comparison of hourly needs between different fixed and kinetic shading systems versus control, on a south facing façade. ...................................................................................................... 76 Table 11: Comparison of fixed, kinetic and control systems for airflow rate ............................................... 108 Table 12: Comparison of consumption between different fixed and kinetic systems versus control .......... 148 Table 13: Results from the daylighting tests for the proposed system........................................................... 150 Table 14: Energy generation from proposed design for four dates tested ..................................................... 151 Table 15: Monthly energy consumption for overhang, folding, and horizontal louver systems.................. 182 Table 16: Energy consumption for vertical louver system ............................................................................. 183 Table 17: Energy Consumption for proposed design ...................................................................................... 183 Table 18: Daylighting results for overhang system......................................................................................... 184 Table 19: Daylighting results for folding system ............................................................................................ 201 Table 20: Daylighting results for horizontal louver system............................................................................ 218 Table 21: Daylighting results for vertical louver system ................................................................................ 233 Table 22: Energy generation results for control .............................................................................................. 240 Table 23: Energy generation results for overhang system .............................................................................. 241 Table 24: Energy generation results for folding system ................................................................................. 242 Table 25: Energy generation results for horizontal louver system ................................................................. 243 Table 26: Energy generation results for vertical louver system ..................................................................... 244 vi List of Figures Figure 1: BIX at Kunsthaus Graz by Realities United, an example of a polyvalent facade (realities united, 2009) ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 2: Enteractive interactive media facade by Electroland invites visitors at the public street level to interact with the building facade (Fox 2009)................................................................................ 12 Figure 3: Kinetic typologies in architecture (Fox 2001) ................................................................................... 13 Figure 4: Nakagin Capsule Tower, Kisho Kurokawa (Bergoll 2008).............................................................. 14 Figure 5: Archigram's "Walking City" designed as a series of living elements that can travel the world, forming cities as it goes (McQuaid 2002) ............................................................................. 15 Figure 6: Aegis Hyposurface, dynamic skin system (hyposurface 2009)........................................................ 16 Figure 7: Sample of various mechanical movements showing hinged, scissor-hinged, ball and socket, and linear actuated (kdg 2010)........................................................................................................... 17 Figure 8: Milwaukee Art Museum, Santiago Calatrava (Tzonis 2004) ........................................................... 18 Figure 9: Ernsting Warehouse, Santiago Calatrava (Tzonis 2004) .................................................................. 19 Figure 10: Arab Institute by Jean Nouvel. Horizontal rotating irises use a light sensor to moderate indoor light levels. (Nouvel 2009)................................................................................................... 20 Figure 11: Iris Dome by Chuck Hoberman, an example of an expanding roof system. (Hoberman 2009).................................................................................................................................................. 21 Figure 12: b*u*b*b*l*e*s* by Michael Fox, an example of a transforming kinetic system (Fox 2009)...... 22 Figure 13: Linear actuator from Copley Controls (Copley 2010) .................................................................... 23 Figure 14: Magnetic actuator from Magnetic Innovations (magneticinnovations 2010)................................ 24 Figure 15: Traditional window crank used to operate multiple openings with single system (Nora 2010).................................................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 16: The Living’s “Living Glass” Prototype (Fox 2009)........................................................................ 25 Figure 17: Solar tracking system which uses a passive chemical actuation system (ODEC 2009)............... 26 Figure 18: Example of a building management system by Commend (Commend 2010 ............................... 27 Figure 19: Diagram of direct controlled systems (Fox 2001)........................................................................... 28 Figure 20: Diagram of indirect controlled systems (Fox 2001)........................................................................ 28 Figure 21: List of common sensors that could be used in building automation (societyofrobots 2010) ....... 29 Figure 22: Y2E2 building management system sends messages to occupants to manually open or close the windows. (Koseff 2008) ................................................................................................... 31 Figure 23: Diagram of heuristic system (Fox 2001).......................................................................................... 32 vii Figure 24: External louvers at the BRE, UK, an example of the visual impact external louver systems could have. (BRE 2009) ................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 25: Caltrans District 7 building by Morphosis, an example of a simple overhang shading system. (morphopedia 2009)............................................................................................................ 34 Figure 26: Electrochromic windows change level of tint through electrically charged particles. (consumerenergycenter, 2009)......................................................................................................... 35 Figure 27: Caltrans District 7 Kinetic Façade (DeSouza 2005) ....................................................................... 45 Figure 28: Arab Institute Façade (Kronenburg 2007) ....................................................................................... 46 Figure 29: Dymaxion house in Wichita, KS (wichitaphotos.com)................................................................... 47 Figure 30: Typical office layout from Architectural Graphic Standards (Ramsey 2000)............................... 49 Figure 31: Kinetic façade systems, overhang, folding, horizontal louver, and vertical louver. ..................... 50 Figure 32: Climate Consultant 4 data for Dallas, Texas, showing Temperature Range ................................. 51 Figure 33: Climate Consultant 4 data for Dallas, Texas, showing Psychrometry........................................... 52 Figure 34: eQuest Schematic Design Wizard screen ........................................................................................ 53 Figure 35: eQuest model of control system with no shading systems installed .............................................. 54 Figure 36: eQuest model of overhang system showing 5’-0” overhangs on all four directions at 90 degrees (horizontal) .......................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 37: eQuest model of folding system at 30 degree setting, showing hinged center.............................. 56 Figure 38: eQuest model of horizontal louver system at 30 degrees ............................................................... 57 Figure 39: eQuest model of vertical louver system at 90 degrees (azimuth)................................................... 58 Figure 40: Sample eQuest annual report for the electricity and gas consumption of the building................. 59 Figure 41: Autodesk 3dsMax Design model for daylighting analysis with light meters placed at work plane height (30”) and standing height (72”) .................................................................................. 62 Figure 42: Autodesk 3dsMax Design model for daylighting analysis with weather data information and date/time settings ....................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 43: Indoor air velocity and comfort chart (Olgyay 1963) ..................................................................... 65 Figure 44: Wind direction data for Dallas, TX from Climate Consultant 4 ................................................... 65 Figure 45: CFD setting for export from Ecotect to WinAir4............................................................................ 66 Figure 46: Ecotect data visualization in perspective view showing section cut of analysis grid ................... 66 Figure 47: Image metadata exported from Ecotect and viewed in Adobe Illustrator ..................................... 68 viii Figure 48: Image of only interior space for analysis and selection/report of area .......................................... 68 Figure 49: Solar Advisor Model settings with sample graph showing monthly energy generation .............. 70 Figure 50: Standard eQuest report showing monthly and annual energy figures............................................ 72 Figure 51: Original (unusable) cooling comparison, showing much higher energy consumption for vertical louver system ....................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 52: Original (unusable) heating comparison, showing much higher energy consumption for vertical louver system....................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 53: Comparison of cooling needs between the combined kinetic shading systems and fixed control................................................................................................................................................ 75 Figure 54: Comparison of heating needs between the combined kinetic shading systems and fixed control................................................................................................................................................ 75 Figure 55: Comparison of kinetic systems and control for daylighting control .............................................. 78 Figure 56: Comparison of fixed overhang versus kinetic overhang only ........................................................ 78 Figure 57: Comparison of fixed folding versus kinetic folding only ............................................................... 79 Figure 58: Comparison of fixed horizontal louver versus kinetic horizontal louver only .............................. 79 Figure 59: Comparison of fixed vertical louver versus kinetic vertical louver only....................................... 80 Figure 60: Daylighting rendering of overhang system at 30 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm................ 81 Figure 61: Daylighting rendering of overhang system at 60 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm................ 81 Figure 62: Daylighting rendering of overhang system at 90 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm................ 82 Figure 63: Daylighting rendering of folding system at 30 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm ................... 82 Figure 64: Daylighting rendering of folding system at 60 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm ................... 83 Figure 65: Daylighting rendering of folding system at 90 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm ................... 83 Figure 66: Daylighting rendering of horizontal louver system at 30 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm............................................................................................................................................. 84 Figure 67: Daylighting rendering of horizontal louver system at 60 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm............................................................................................................................................. 84 Figure 68: Daylighting rendering of horizontal louver system at 90 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm............................................................................................................................................. 85 Figure 69: Daylighting rendering of vertical louver system at 60 degrees East, December 21st at 12:00pm............................................................................................................................................. 85 Figure 70: Daylighting rendering of vertical louver system at 30 degrees East, December 21st at 12:00pm............................................................................................................................................. 86 ix Figure 71: Daylighting rendering of vertical louver system at 90 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm....... 86 Figure 72: Daylighting rendering of vertical louver system at 30 degrees West, December 21st at 12:00pm............................................................................................................................................. 87 Figure 73: Daylighting rendering of vertical louver system at 60 degrees West, December 21st at 12:00pm............................................................................................................................................. 87 Figure 74: Air velocity of control (open window), summer ............................................................................. 89 Figure 75: Air velocity of control (open window), winter................................................................................ 89 Figure 76: Air velocity of overhang at 30 degree, summer .............................................................................. 90 Figure 77: Air velocity of overhang at 30 degree, winter ................................................................................. 90 Figure 78: Air velocity of overhang at 60 degrees, summer............................................................................. 91 Figure 79: Air velocity of overhang at 60 degrees, winter ............................................................................... 91 Figure 80: Air velocity of overhang at 90 degrees, summer............................................................................. 92 Figure 81: Air velocity of overhang at 90 degrees, winter ............................................................................... 92 Figure 82: Air velocity of overhang kinetic system .......................................................................................... 93 Figure 83: Air velocity of overhang kinetic system .......................................................................................... 93 Figure 84: Air velocity of folding at 30 degrees, summer ................................................................................ 94 Figure 85: Air velocity of folding at 30 degrees, winter ................................................................................... 94 Figure 86: Air velocity of folding at 60 degrees, summer ................................................................................ 95 Figure 87: Air velocity of folding at 60 degrees, winter ................................................................................... 95 Figure 88: Air velocity of folding at 90 degrees, summer ................................................................................ 96 Figure 89: Air velocity of folding at 90 degrees, winter ................................................................................... 96 Figure 90: Air velocity of folding kinetic system, summer .............................................................................. 97 Figure 91: Air velocity of folding kinetic system, winter ................................................................................. 97 Figure 92: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 30 degrees, summer................................................................ 98 Figure 93: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 30 degrees, winter .................................................................. 98 Figure 94: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 60 degrees, summer................................................................ 99 Figure 95: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 60 degrees, winter .................................................................. 99 Figure 96: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 90 degrees, summer.............................................................. 100 x Figure 97: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 90 degrees, winter ................................................................ 100 Figure 98: Air velocity of horizontal louver kinetic system, summer............................................................ 101 Figure 99: Air velocity of horizontal louver kinetic system, winter .............................................................. 101 Figure 100: Air velocity of vertical louver at 60 degrees east, summer ........................................................ 102 Figure 101: Air velocity of vertical louver at 60 degrees east, winter ........................................................... 102 Figure 102: Air velocity of vertical louver at 30 degrees west, summer ....................................................... 103 Figure 103: Air velocity of vertical louver at 30 degrees west, winter .......................................................... 103 Figure 104: Air velocity of vertical louver at 90 degrees, summer................................................................ 104 Figure 105: Air velocity of vertical louver at 90 degrees, winter................................................................... 104 Figure 106: Air velocity of vertical louver at 30 degrees west, summer ....................................................... 105 Figure 107: Air velocity of vertical louver at 30 degrees west, winter .......................................................... 105 Figure 108: Air velocity of vertical louver at 60 degrees west, summer ....................................................... 106 Figure 109: Air velocity of vertical louver at 60 degrees west, winter .......................................................... 106 Figure 110: Air velocity of vertical louver kinetic system, summer .............................................................. 107 Figure 111: Air velocity of vertical louver kinetic system, winter................................................................. 107 Figure 112: Summer airflow rates of various settings for each system ......................................................... 117 Figure 113: Winter airflow rates of various settings for each system............................................................ 125 Figure 114: Comparison of kinetic systems versus control for energy generation for four months ............ 126 Figure 115: Comparison of fixed overhang system versus kinetic overhang system ................................... 127 Figure 116: Comparison of fixed folding system versus kinetic folding system .......................................... 127 Figure 117: Comparison of fixed horizontal system versus kinetic horizontal system................................. 128 Figure 118: Comparison of fixed vertical system versus kinetic vertical system ......................................... 128 Figure 119: Early design of kinetic facade with smart materials ................................................................... 137 Figure 120: Early design of kinetic facade with multiple hinge point folding system.................................. 138 Figure 121: Final proposed design with overhang, vertical louvers and photovoltaic system..................... 139 Figure 122: Elevation of proposed design in closed vertical louver setting .................................................. 140 Figure 123: Elevation of proposed design in open vertical louver setting..................................................... 140 Figure 124: Section of proposed design showing overhang system............................................................... 141 xi Figure 125: Proposed design rendering with closed overhang and closed vertical louvers ......................... 141 Figure 126: Proposed design rendering with closed overhang and 30 degree vertical louvers.................... 142 Figure 127: Proposed design rendering with closed overhang and 60 degree vertical louvers.................... 142 Figure 128: Proposed design rendering with 30 degree overhang and closed vertical louvers.................... 142 Figure 129: Proposed design rendering with 30 degree overhang and 30 degree vertical louvers .............. 142 Figure 130: Proposed design rendering with 30 degree overhang and 60 degree vertical louvers .............. 143 Figure 131: Proposed design rendering with 60 degree overhang and closed vertical louvers.................... 143 Figure 132: Proposed design rendering with 60 degree overhang and 30 degree vertical louvers .............. 143 Figure 133: Proposed design rendering with 60 degree overhang and 60 degree vertical louvers .............. 143 Figure 134: Proposed design rendering with 90 degree overhang and closed vertical louvers.................... 144 Figure 135: Proposed design rendering with 90 degree overhang and 30 degree vertical louvers .............. 144 Figure 136: Proposed design rendering with 90 degree overhang and 60 degree vertical louvers .............. 144 Figure 137: eQuest model of proposed design ................................................................................................ 147 Figure 138: Solar thermal testing results for cooling consumption for all systems including proposed design ............................................................................................................................................. 147 Figure 139: Solar thermal testing results for heating consumption for all systems including proposed design ............................................................................................................................................. 148 Figure 140: Fixed settings for the proposed system without kinetic actuation ............................................. 150 Figure 141: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver east, summer ................... 152 Figure 142: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver east, winter ...................... 153 Figure 143: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver 90, summer ..................... 153 Figure 144: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver 90, winter ........................ 154 Figure 145: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver west, summer .................. 154 Figure 146: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver west, winter..................... 155 Figure 147: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver east, summer ................... 155 Figure 148: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver east, winter ...................... 156 Figure 149: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver 90, summer ..................... 156 Figure 150: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver 90, winter ........................ 157 xii Figure 151: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver west, summer .................. 157 Figure 152: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver west, winter..................... 158 Figure 153: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver east, summer ................... 158 Figure 154: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver east, winter ...................... 159 Figure 155: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver 90, summer ..................... 159 Figure 156: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver 90, winter ........................ 160 Figure 157: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver west, summer .................. 160 Figure 158: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver west, winter..................... 161 Figure 159: Overhang system frame and hinge bearing ................................................................................. 163 Figure 160: Inside frame hinge point ............................................................................................................... 163 Figure 161: Outside frame hinge point............................................................................................................. 164 Figure 162: Vertical louver system at top edge, inside ................................................................................... 165 Figure 163: Vertical louver system at top edge, outside................................................................................. 165 Figure 164: Vertical louver system at bottom edge......................................................................................... 166 Figure 165: Vertical louver system at bottom edge......................................................................................... 167 Figure 166: Vertical louver system at bottom edge......................................................................................... 167 Figure 167: Vertical louver system at bottom edge......................................................................................... 168 Figure 168: Rotating mechanism...................................................................................................................... 168 Figure 169: Rotating mechanism...................................................................................................................... 169 Figure 170: Aluminum sheet panels on the kinetic façade ............................................................................. 170 Figure 171: Twisted panels ............................................................................................................................... 170 xiii Abstract The primary purpose of the facade of a building is to protect the inhabitants from the outside environment. Although facades have historically been static systems, they are still designed to respond to many different scenarios. Often, facades are called upon to perform functions that are contradictory to each other. They are at times responsible for allowing as much solar heat in as possible, while also responsible for keeping it out at other times. They are responsible for keeping the weather outside of the buildings, but also called upon to let the building breathe. They are asked to shelter the inhabitants and keep them secure, while also allowing them to view the outside and still feel connected to nature. The disparate needs of the façade necessitate a balance be struck in order for the system to serve many functions throughout the life of the building. By actuating the facades and making them dynamic, they can now better adapt to the conditions and provide for improved comfort of the occupants by providing for more of the tasks at a higher level of performance, reducing the compromises needed for that balance. Facades can now sense the environment and make their own modifications in order to achieve prescribed goals. The building can be constantly working towards a better environment for the user as opposed to simply protecting them from it. By studying the many existing kinetic façade systems and through the use of computer simulations and empirical testing, a sampling of the methods of kinetic movement can be analyzed for their environmental benefits, compared to each other, and recommendations proposed. A system can then be designed to handle the many environmental variables present in and around the building, such as solar thermal, daylighting, ventilation, and energy generation. This thesis proposes the development of a kinetic façade system based on research, simulations, and prototypes that will improve upon current practice and provide an increasingly efficient façade for traditional curtain-walled office buildings. 1 Chapter 1: Introduction With the increased use of large glass facades on office buildings, the need for a more efficient means of controlling the indoor environment have also increased. In the early twentieth century America, buildings began utilizing curtain wall technology to allow for non-structural facades on office buildings. This not only changed the aesthetics of these buildings, but also increased the need for artificial means of maintaining user comfort. Office buildings now house large amounts of lighting, people, and increasingly larger amounts of equipment, such as computer servers, copy rooms, etc. The combination between sometimes highly inefficient glass facades (when compared to opaque walls) and increased equipment loads lead to the increase the overall energy consumption of the building and thus become major contributors to global warming due to the effects of human activity. All-glass facades are considered highly inefficient due to their low insulation values. By creating a building skin consisting entirely of curtain wall glazing, it produces a situation where under certain conditions, solar radiation might enter the building when it is not needed, or any heat that did enter the space is allowed to leave and not maintained in the space. U-values for typical wall constructions and glazing assemblies, showing the large difference between a traditional opaque wall and glass construction are shown in Tables 1 and 2. This inefficiency is made worse by having large expanses of glass curtain wall, as the increased use of glazing in the façade leads to decreased insulation values in the building envelope. The advent of insulated glass units has helped increase the efficiency, but this still does not account for controlling the sun before it encounters the building skin nor are the final U values as high. 2 Table 1: Insulation values of typical wall constructions(Stein 2006) Table 2: Insulation values of typical window assemblies(Stein 2006) When curtain wall glazing first started being used, the energy needs of a typical office for equipment loads were very low. As society began to change and office workers need more electronic equipment, the electrical power needs of the building increased, and the heat generated in the buildings because of this equipment also increased. 3 Table 3: Internal Heat Sources and Heat Gain through Envelope (Stein 2006) 4 The combination of increased building loads and the use of all-glass facades have led to a need for a new way to look at building facades. It is unlikely that the building loads from equipment will decrease in the future, and will most likely increase, thus one resolution seems to be a more efficient building façade. This has been attempted through increased insulation in the glazing itself, but another solution is to incorporate sun shading, daylighting, and ventilation systems into the façade. Some fixed systems are designed to control the environment but do so only when it is either most necessary, or for an equal, yet small amount for all times, resulting in a compromised system. These solutions are still more efficient than not having them at all, but their efficiency can be increased if they were made to be kinetic, could adapt dynamically to the changing environmental conditions around them, and could optimize the tradeoffs between shading, daylighting, and natural ventilation. Kinetic facades have been incorporated in the past, but for many of them, their main purpose is not for environmental control, but rather as interactive devices used for aesthetic and social purposes. These media facades are interesting in their own right, but offer little by way of environmental control. Some examples of wonderful dynamic facades that function without concern of mediating the indoor environment from the outdoor environment are the BIX façade at Kuntshaus Graz by Realities United and the Enteractive façade by Electroland (Figures 1 and 2). Other kinetic facades have been intended for environmental mediation, but rarely perform their actions for more than one aspect of the environment, most often focusing on solar radiation only. These kinetic systems have ranged from the simple manually operated sunshade such as the Guru Bar by KLab, to the complex rotating iris systems, such as Jean Nouvel's Arab Institute (Figure 10). These examples will be discussed in further detail later. Problem The facades of existing office buildings are inefficient and unable to meet the needs of the advancing internal heat gains and equipment loads, and are not providing for ample natural daylighting or ventilation. The large amounts of glass are a poor match with the current needs for decreased energy consumption and do not effectively provide thermal comfort to the inhabitants in an energy efficient way. The increase in 5 internal loads means that the inefficiencies of the façade will become even more pronounced, as the facades will be even less effective in controlling the environmental conditions and thus the increasing the need for high-energy mechanical systems for comfort. Proposed solution As a barrier to the indoor environment, kinetic façade systems can help to mitigate various environmental problems, will decrease the need for mechanical systems such as HVAC systems and artificial lighting, add to the occupants’ comfort, and potentially could be used to generate electricity. These kinetic systems are not intended to replace the mechanical systems, but they could decrease the energy demands of the building significantly. Objective One purpose of this thesis is to investigate the potential for kinetic facades to positively impact the office building through the decrease in the need for mechanical comfort systems. In order to perform this investigation, explorations into existing solutions for kinetic facades will be undertaken in order to understand the different methods that are known and available. Research will also be performed to determine what potential future solutions might be available that are not currently being utilized. These solutions will then be analyzed for their potential to control environmental aspects such as solar thermal, daylighting, ventilation, and energy generation. It is intended that these analyses will lead to a potential solution that would perform at a high level to control all four of the environmental conditions in one kinetic system. 6 Once the determination that one system is possible for the mediation of the four environmental conditions, the constructability of such a system will be studied. This research will take into account various aspects of construction methods, simplicity, actuation, and controls. The constructability of the system is incredibly important, as that will determine the potential usability and longevity of the system. This research will be performed by the construction of a full-scale prototype. Product In addition to a written document detailing the research methodology, a working prototype of a kinetic system will be created. It will be designed based on a thorough understanding of current systems and computer simulations. It is assumed that even a kinetic system may not be able to optimize all four parameters and thus trade-offs will be considered to determine an effective combination. The results will be verified through simulation and prototype testing. Hypothesis Office buildings are increasingly using all-glass facades and many times will need to mitigate the large amounts of glazing in the façade. These glass facades are desirable to designers because they offer the inhabitants views to the outside, access to natural light, and can be visually appealing. Many solutions to mitigating the negative aspects offer solutions to single problems, and are not variable enough to control many aspects. Compared to a building with a static shading, daylighting, ventilating or energy generating system or none of these systems at all, the use of a kinetic façade system will decrease the need for external energy expenditures in a building by decreasing unwanted solar heat gain or loss, increasing use of natural lighting, and the generation of on-site energy, all while also increasing the use of natural ventilation. Through the variability of the system, the façade will adapt itself to the best situation for the given environmental conditions and thus increase the potential impact of the system. It will be shown that a kinetic system can improve the environmental aspects of solar thermal load, daylighting, ventilation, and energy generation for typical all-glass facades in office buildings, is build-able and can perform in a simple, efficient manner. 7 Chapter 2: Envelope, skin, and switches The intent of architecture is to protect the inhabitants from the elements and the wall, the roof and even the floor are the major components of this protection. These building skin components have evolved from very basic devices for thermal and safety control, to highly technological building management systems. To allow for control of various environmental elements such as heat, cold, and noise beyond the walls and roof of a structure, door and windows have been developed to allow for variability and increased control. Christian Norberg-Schulz (1965) describes these control devices by the function with which they are intended in relation to the building as a whole, “[…] we will introduce the concepts ‘filter’, connector’, ‘barrier’, and ‘switch’.” Within these definitions, windows and doors become control devices for indirect connection control, direct connection control, connection inhibiter, and regulating connection control, respectively. It is within these definitions that this study will pertain, but most importantly, the switch element. The switch element is a regulating device that controls the amount, direction and mediation of energy exchanges in the building skin.” Stein (2006) expands upon the ideas of the switch, stating, “Switches are a designer’s way of having an envelope respond in a variable manner and/or giving building occupants some control of their own environment.” The use of doors and windows as controlling devices began as simple punctures through walls, however, Leatherbarrow (2002) explains that these control devices have transformed to an external skin themselves in places such as twentieth century Chicago, “[…] windows ceased being openings in walls and became walls themselves.” This increased use of windows as walls has led to a drastic change in the idea of a building façade, now evolving from a simple wall with windows in various places; the wall itself was made of solely windows. The exterior facade of the building quickly became a non-structural skin that could take many forms and allow for increased amounts of variability. By moving the structure of the building inward, the skin was then able to conform to many different needs without concern for having to keep the building standing. The façade of a building has also traditionally held special significance, as Leatherbarrow continues, “The temporal separation between main building and facades of Renaissance churches shows the significance of the façade, making the façade the more expressive representation of the building.” 8 Adaptability, flexibility and polyvalency Adaptable facades are one possible solution to the increased need of mechanical systems for comfort, while also maintaining the expressive characteristic of the façade. These new façade systems are introducing new design challenges, as Heijne (2005) explains, “Designing for the unknown, the unpredictable, is the new challenge facing architects today. ‘Form follows function’ is giving way to concepts like polyvalence, changeability, flexibility, disassembly and semi-permanence.” Adaptability is often called many other names, many of which are misleading. One common label placed on adaptable systems is ‘flexibility.’ The idea of flexibility is that of a system that can be used for many multiple purposes, as in a one-size-fits-all assumption. This idea of flexibility is best described by Le Corbusier in his Vers une architecture and his dom-ino concept, in which the building is essentially an empty shell with a myriad of potential options. The flexible system is one that claims to be able to fit any purpose, but often results in bland, neutral containers. (Hertzberger 2005) wrote that the idea of flexibility is rarely used to its full potential, stating “A lack of technical expertise with new materials often resulted in building facades that did not last and failed to meet ever increasing energy requirements.” He continues stating that his criteria for adaptability in facades are the use of neutral facades, “Neutrality proposes facades that have no symbolic indication of a particular use yet are capable of strongly suggesting activity. Neutrality should not be confused with standardization and repetitive dullness.” It this idea of neutrality, however, that Herman Hertzberger (2005) speaks of in ‘Time-based Buildings’ as a problem, “Flexibility produces neutral containers in which you can do what you want. It was that very neutrality that needled me, because it leads to neutral architecture…an architecture of boxes, containers you can use in different ways. For me the idea of ‘polyvalency’ is that you can make forms that are in themselves lucid and permanent, but can change in the sense that you can interpret them differently.” Hertzberger introduces the idea of a system that is permanent but changes based on interpretation, and thus become much more open to future change. The idea of polyvalency is understood to mean a component that has multiple meanings or values while staying permanent. 9 Between these two ideas of flexibility and polyvalency lies the true definition of adaptability. A flexible system is one that can serve various functions over time by allowing for a multitude of options, and a polyvalent system is one that serves various functions over time, by simply allowing for multiple interpretations of the options. A truly adaptable system is one that is flexible enough to make the necessary changes, but also offers a polyvalent appeal that allows for differing interpretations of it. In the field of kinetic architecture, the system can lie within one idea or the other, but in order to take full advantage, it should have a little of both. An example of a flexible type façade system can be seen by the introduction of curtain wall systems. These walls skin the building throughout, and offer a myriad of internal configurations. This seems to be in line with Le Corbusier’s principle of the ‘free façade.’ As time goes by, the internal uses of the building may change, but the façade can remain the same. The function of the façade is still present, while still maintaining the aesthetic appeal and the interior space is changed as needed. The curtain wall system is not generally kinetic in any way, but does offer a sort of time-based, overall building kinetics, as the entire program of the building changes over time and is afforded that opportunity by the use of the flexible façade. This façade type system is great over extended periods of time, but do not allow for any adaptable control of the building environment throughout the life of the building. 10 An excellent example of a polyvalent system is the BIX façade, at the Kunsthaus Graz. (Figure 1) This system utilizes a curvilinear exterior glazed form, but arguably the beauty of the façade lies in the pixelated compact fluorescent lighting. Within the glass panels sit numerous round light fixtures that are computer controlled. The light fixtures themselves serve as a kinetic media façade. When standing close to the building, the lights seem to be a simple system, but as the user views the building from further away, images and text become visible. This façade offers multiple interpretations to different people, while presenting the same information at the same time. This example is typical of what are considered ‘media facades,’ or facades that are present in their current form for no other reason than to present information or aesthetics. While some consider it a kinetic system for the fact that the façade is constantly changing, this type does very little to aid in the mediation of the building environment. Figure 1: BIX at Kunsthaus Graz by Realities United, an example of a polyvalent facade (realities united, 2009) 11 Media vs. mediation It is important to differentiate between the many reasons for utilizing a kinetic façade system. As Moloney (2007) states, “there are currently two areas in which active kinetics are being implemented: intelligent skins are being designed with an environmental science agenda; while in a parallel line of inquiry, there is experimentation with a range of approaches to embodying information, known as media facades.” Currently the majority of kinetic facades are used for purposes that are not directly related to the mediation of the environment. These ‘media facades’ are constantly changing and adapting, not based on surrounding conditions or desires, but rather for a merely aesthetic appeal or transforming data to graphics. While there are many great reasons to implement such a system, they have no direct impact on the immediate environment. Such examples are the BIX façade referenced above and the Enteractive façade in Los Angeles by Electroland, which introduces an interactive device to the façade (Figure 2). These systems are not mediating the interior and exterior spaces and have no value in the direct control of the building environment. Fox (2003) also sees the need for the environmental mediation systems stating, “The implementation and integration of computational devices within architectural components as an environmental moderating system pose a new level of developmental opportunities. There is a critical need to focus such novel technologies towards an important architectural responsibility; namely, sustainable strategies in buildings.” 12 Figure 2: Enteractive interactive media facade by Electroland invites visitors at the public street level to interact with the building facade (Fox 2009) Kinetics The term ‘kinetics’ when used in the architectural sense represents a dramatic shift in the way architects and users view buildings. It is a referral to the change that can occur in a building through various methods, freeing architecture from it previous static form. In speaking about responsive environments Bullivant (2006) references Cedric Price in the 1960’s stating “What if a building or space could be constantly generated or regenerated”, and goes on to say herself, “Their time-based nature is increasingly producing sociospatial effect that challenge architecture’s traditional identity." Moloney (2007) describes the impact 13 of kinetics on the building occupants and posits that architecture has tried to resist building kinetics, with one exception: “one aspect in which kinetics would appear to be acceptable is at the building periphery, where intelligent facades track sun angles or moderate air movement in response to internal temperature sensors.” Integration The reasons for employing kinetic systems are varied and can represent a multitude of impacts on the building. In terms of broad general kinetic categorization, Fox (2001) groups them into three categories: deployable, dynamic, and embedded (Figure 3). He describes the embedded system as one that exists within a larger architectural whole in a fixed location; the deployable as existing in a temporary location, which is easily transportable; and the dynamic system as existing within a larger architectural whole, but acting independently with respect to control of the larger context. 1 Each of these categorizations comes with their own merits and drawbacks, but in the context of this research, the kinetic façade systems studied will be of the embedded type. They are usually a part of the building as a whole, acting upon the building through the envelope or skin. They are usually fixed in location and do not act independently of the building. Figure 3: Kinetic typologies in architecture (Fox 2001) Deployable systems are usually used to describe ‘transportable’ architecture, or architecture or components that have the ability to perform similar functions in various locations. There are many examples of this type of kinetic system, ranging from the ubiquitous travel home; to various high-tech ‘plug-in’ systems, such as the Nakagin Capsule Tower by Kisho Kurokawa (Figure 4), and Archigram’s “Walking City” (Figure 5). 1 These categorizations can be applied to entire buildings as well as individual elements. They are considered as components of a building for this study. 14 These types of kinetic systems have merits in fields such as disaster relief, prefabrication, and dynamic living situations. The systems offer the benefit of being able to simply change locations when desired, or to expand as needed. They are a shift from traditional static architecture to one of a more nomadic nature. These solutions are often contained units that travel or deploy as a whole and the main method of kinetics is thought of in the entire building context. Nearly all of these systems will be new structures with very few retrofit options, and their primary means of environmental mediation is by changing locations. Figure 4: Nakagin Capsule Tower, Kisho Kurokawa (Bergoll 2008) 15 Figure 5: Archigram's "Walking City" designed as a series of living elements that can travel the world, forming cities as it goes (McQuaid 2002) Opposite of the deployable systems, dynamic systems are generally fixed to a location, but unlike the embedded systems, do not have much effect on the whole building. These systems are independent of the building they are placed on and offer little benefit to the environmental aspects of the building. The media type facades discussed earlier in this chapter fit into this category, as they do not make changes to the building as a whole. These systems can exist and provide their primary benefit regardless of the building type or location they are placed upon. These systems do have their benefits ranging from aesthetics to dynamic information systems and can become truly interactive, rather than just reactive. One example of this dynamic system with interactive capabilities is the Aegis Hyposurface (Figure 6). This surface material consists of thousands of triangular metal pieces connected to an actuator and sensors. The skin responds to various inputs such as sound or movement, in a predefined way. The skin moves in a fluid manner and can present various outputs such as mimicking movement or presenting information or logos. This system has various advantages in creating an interesting, dynamic skin, but it can exist and perform its functions regardless of the building it is placed upon. 16 Figure 6: Aegis Hyposurface, dynamic skin system (hyposurface 2009) The last category of kinetic systems is the embedded type, within which most of the kinetic façade systems will fit into. These systems are employed upon a larger context and are usually intrinsically connected to the architecture. These systems are specifically designed for the particular building, location, and function they are placed upon. Various kinetic facades often define them, as their employment is predicated on their mediation of the built environment. This category’s success is usually measured based on performative aspects, and their use is judged by their cost versus benefit value, such as energy savings, employee sick- days, etc. This varies greatly from the other types of integration, as the value of the other systems is based upon other aspects, such as transportability or aesthetics. While the other two systems are utilized for these qualitative values, it is the embedded system that can be directly measured, and comparatively analyzed for quantitative values. The embedded systems also have the most direct impact on the building users and their comfort by controlling such factors as light, thermal comfort, and ventilation. 17 Regardless of the reason for using a kinetic system, they all must use various methods for the actual movement of components. These methods can include numerous categories and sub-categories, but only a few common ones will be described here. These methods of movement refer to the various mechanical motions needed to make a component actually move. A few methods of movement are folding, sliding, expanding, and transforming. In addition to these general categories, the methods of performing these movements can also be described, such as hinged, scissor hinged, ball and socket, and linear actuated (Figure 7). 2 While these methods do not encompass the many ways a kinetic system can be utilized, it represents the most common methods and will be discussed further. Figure 7: Sample of various mechanical movements showing hinged, scissor-hinged, ball and socket, and linear actuated (kdg 2010) Kinetic movement Kinetic systems that utilize folding systems can range from the simple folding overhang, to the complex and beautifully elegant systems by Santiago Calatrava. These methods most often utilize hinged systems that can cause two or more pieces to be folded upon themselves. In Calatrava’s Milwaukee Art Museum 72 steel fins hinge upon a single central mast to invoke a feeling of wings in flight (Figure 8). The wings serve to show different characteristics of the building between day and night, but also open or close to control temperature or light. This building is an exquisite example of a simple hinged system being utilized to create a kinetic system that controls many different environmental elements, as well as performing aesthetic variations. Although most systems will utilize a simple, single hinge point, aesthetically beautiful systems can also be achieved by the change in hinge points throughout the system, as is shown in Calatrava’s Ernsting Warehouse (Figure 9) 3 2 See Kinetic Design Group Matrix <http://www.robotecture.com/kdg/Matrix/matrix.html> 3 Santiago Calatrava: The Complete Works 18 Figure 8: Milwaukee Art Museum, Santiago Calatrava (Tzonis 2004) 19 Figure 9: Ernsting Warehouse, Santiago Calatrava (Tzonis 2004) The movement of the individual pieces past each other in a linear fashion characterizes sliding systems. This can be as simple as a component on a sliding track, or as complex as sliding plates to create irises, as shown in the Institut du Monde Arab (Figure 10). In track-based systems, there can be multiple components that can be housed on a single track, allowing for multiple options for variation. The technology behind basic track systems can be very simple or complex, but is by no means anything new. One simply has to look any local amusement park to find great examples of what could be possible with sliding track systems. The complex systems of sliding can be aesthetically pleasing, but can also be overly complex. In Jean Nouvel’s Arab Institute in Paris, hundreds of sliding planes were motorized and placed within the façade. Various sensors measure daylight and open or close the irises as necessary to control lighting levels. While a seemingly simple method of sliding panels, the system using complex motorizations and an enormous 20 amount of motorization, all of which result in an overly intense maintenance need, and thus results in a non-functioning façade. The complexity of the system is beautiful in its own right, but it is hard to justify the need for such a system when it does not perform the actions necessary throughout the life of the building and becomes such a burden to maintain, the owners no longer have the time or money to properly care for them. Figure 10: Arab Institute by Jean Nouvel. Horizontal rotating irises use a light sensor to moderate indoor light levels. (Nouvel 2009) Expanding systems are based on rotating hinges and can be a utilized to increase the potential of the façade out from the two-dimensional plane. The best example of an expanding system is that of the scissor-hinge. The hinge can utilize simple mechanics of motion to create a movement that can span much further than otherwise possible. When placed in the proper orientation and geometry, the scissor-hinge can expand in unique ways. Chuck Hoberman’s Iris Dome for the Hanover World’s Fair (Figure 11) is a great example of the potential for an expandable system. The roof is made up of a series of scissor-hinges placed in a circle. By actuating the system, the roof can either open or close in a dynamic fashion, all with simple mechanical movements. 21 Figure 11: Iris Dome by Chuck Hoberman, an example of an expanding roof system. (Hoberman 2009) Transforming systems are very interesting, but their use in a façade system is often difficult. These systems can be modified in three-dimensions and transform themselves in shape and size. These systems are often utilized for space control and modification. One example of this type of system is the b*u*b*b*l*e*s installation in Silverlake, CA by Foxlin (Figure 12). This system utilizes inflatable bags that are powered by a simple fan. Sensors that notice the pressure on the bags actuate the fans. The fan and sensors separate two bags, so that as one bag is pushed upon, the system initiates and takes the air from one bag, placing it in the other. The purpose of this system is to control and moderate the internal spaces based on the density of the surrounding areas. Transforming systems could have great potential in the field of kinetic facades, but currently do not have many applications. 22 Figure 12: b*u*b*b*l*e*s* by Michael Fox, an example of a transforming kinetic system (Fox 2009) Kinetic actuation Regardless of the way a kinetic façade system moves, it must have a way to make it move. These mechanized actions can fall within a number of categories, but often fit into their modes of actuation. The most common method of movement is the use of an actuated cylinder. In addition to the actuated cylinder, magnetic systems also have their own advantages. A manual system is very low-tech and ubiquitous, while new systems such as shape memory alloys and chemical systems have incredible potential. 23 Actuated cylinders (Figure 13) use a driving ram to move usually linearly and have been used for various building elements such as door closers and elevators. The method of moving the ram varies from pneumatic, electronic, hydraulic and pressurized. These systems are perhaps the most common, with their major advantage being cost and designers’ experience with them. They can be part of a very simple system that uses very few actuators or very complex where many small actuators are used. The major drawback of this method is the need for extensive wiring, cabling or plumbing in most systems. This is not a problem with the pressurized system, but the control of this type is often limited. It can only be used to open, and another method must be used for the closing movement, which usually becomes a spring loaded system. Figure 13: Linear actuator from Copley Controls (Copley 2010) The magnetic system (Figure 14) uses a series of electromagnets or solenoids in an on/off state to control whether the component is open or closed. This is most often utilized by a building in fire-rated areas for direct closing of doors when needed. These systems alone are not usually sufficient in providing the movement, and are often coupled with pressurized cylinders. The magnetic system can be very inexpensive, but it has a limited range of control. 24 Figure 14: Magnetic actuator from Magnetic Innovations (magneticinnovations 2010) The manual system (Figure 15) is the oldest system on the list and consists of manual handles and cranks to control the components. This system is the most common way of controlling the oldest kinetic façade system, the operable window and doors. Manual systems, however, rely on human intervention for their actuation, which can often be problematic, as is discussed later. Figure 15: Traditional window crank used to operate multiple openings with single system (Nora 2010) 25 A more recent method of operation that has been introduced is the use of shape memory alloy, such as nitinol. These metal wires can be shaped into a particular configuration and then moved in a variety of ways. Once the system is heated or electrified, the wire will always return to the original configuration. This has incredible potential in the actuation of kinetic systems, but is currently not very common. There has been research and experiments performed for kinetics, but their current size, availability and costs have led to very few useful devices, and they are most often used on small scale toys. One exception is the design by The Living in their Living Glass prototype (Figure 16), which uses shape memory alloys to actuate a piece of glass based on existing air quality levels. Figure 16: The Living’s “Living Glass” Prototype (Fox 2009) 26 The chemical system (Figure 17) offers a lot of great potential for kinetic facades, as a common concern with façade systems is the need for energy use for the powering of the motors. With the chemical system, there is no outside energy required, as the system is completely passive. The system is controlled by the change in density of a contained chemical that forces a movement in the system. These are most often found in passive solar tracking devices in solar panel arrays. Figure 17: Solar tracking system which uses a passive chemical actuation system (ODEC 2009) Method Advantages Disadvantages Actuated cylinder Ubiquitous, inexpensive, two-step actuation Need for extensive wiring/plumbing Magnetic Common (door locks), already used in most construction Lack of push/pull strength, need for secondary actuation Manual Low failure rate, no need for extensive wiring Requires user input, speed of actuation Shape Memory Alloy No mechanical parts, low maintenance Costs, One-way system requires secondary actuation Chemical Completely passive system Maintenance, needs direct sunlight contact Table 4: Advantages and disadvantages of studied actuation methods 27 Control systems For all kinetic systems, there must be a method for the control of the device. This can range from manual control to intricate building management systems (BMS) (Figure 18). The placement of the intelligent device in relation to the motors and movement mechanisms differentiates various systems. The very basic categorization of these systems is between direct control and indirect control. In a direct system, each individual component is responsible for its own processing, and it makes decisions based on its own set of required parameters. In an indirect system, each component feeds information into a centralized processing system that analyzes the data, sending instructions to each component. Each system has their own merits, and the choice of which system to use will depend on the requirements of the building. Figure 18: Example of a building management system by Commend (Commend 2010 In direct controlled systems (Figure 19), the major advantage is in the ability for each unit to be serviced and maintained individually without adversely affecting the whole. If there were any failures in an individual component, the piece in question could be swapped out or removed and repaired without having to disconnect if first from the centralized system. The costs for these systems may also be lower, as the need for intensive installation, wiring and maintenance is decreased as each unit is an individual entity that does not need to be connected to each other unit on the system. The need for highly advanced computerized systems is eliminated, as well as the training necessary to run the system. The major drawback of this system, however, is that the individual components do not work in conjunction with each other to achieve 28 the best possible configuration unless the sensory input is uniform. They are only responsible for themselves, and a change in one component can adversely affect the other components. In this direct system, by definition, it is also not possible to use two components together to achieve a desired result. As an example, a system with two operable windows on opposing walls may not know to open at the same time in order to produce cross ventilation when it is desired. Figure 19: Diagram of direct controlled systems (Fox 2001) Indirect control systems (Figure 20) are more advanced than the direct control systems and allow for whole building management. They have the major advantage of being able to take in multiple variables and process each component to produce more advanced results based on more stringent requirements. The major disadvantage of this system is in the high costs and expertise necessary to control them. The system requires extensive wiring and maintenance of the systems, as each component must connect back to the centralized processing unit. These systems can be automated, but often also require a building maintenance supervisor to oversee the actions. For some projects these drawbacks are acceptable since the cost savings by having whole-building control outweigh the extra costs of adding the system. Figure 20: Diagram of indirect controlled systems (Fox 2001) Whether the control is direct or indirect, each component must have a way of retrieving data and a set of rules for activity. The way the components receive information can be through a series of methods including sensors, manual settings, learning systems, and known data. The decision to make movements can come from input algorithms, interactive desires, or predictive measures. The use and combination of these settings varies by each project, but each can produce different desired actions. 29 The use of sensors as a means of data extraction is a very common method for most buildings. These sensors can provide valuable data to the control system and allow for highly precise mediation. Sensors can be set up to acquire data such as: temperature, relative humidity, light levels, wind speed and direction, noise levels, pressure, etc (Figure 21). Sensors can be relatively inexpensive, but some advanced systems can become expensive. The use of sensors in the component is also dependent on the placement and maintenance of the sensors. It must be determined the number of sensors as well as the location of them. Using a large number of sensors may increase the accuracy of the data, but also increases the costs and maintenance need for them. Using too few sensors may not provide enough information to determine the current status. Figure 21: List of common sensors that could be used in building automation (societyofrobots 2010) Manual settings in a kinetic system refer to the user-controlled methods. This can be as simple as a traditional operable window that the user decides to open or close. This system relies on the human body as the set of sensors and the brain as the processing unit. Although the body is a highly complex mechanism for making these decisions, it has been shown that this system is often inefficient. As Stein (2006) shows in 30 reference to the building element as a switch, “Without automation, supervision, or training in their use, switches can also be detrimental to system performance.” This can be for various reasons such as a lack of education or a lack of desire to make the changes. There are many examples of natural ventilation systems not being used simply because the user finds it easier to use a mechanical air-conditioning unit than to open two opposing windows, or the user is not sure when would be the appropriate time to open them. It is important in many cases however that these manual settings be included in a system, as users tend to like to feel as if they are able to override the system, but it would be better to integrate a user feedback setting. This could take the form of simple lights or screens that inform the user why the system is making the change or to inform the user that it is the proper time to make the change. In fact, the inclusion of user controls can have a direct effect on the comfort range of occupant. A 2004 study by UC Berkeley (Brager 2004) for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning (ASHRAE) showed that while the thermal environments of two different spaces could tend to be the same, the occupants response to those environments varied by the amount of control they had over the space. They found that, “[…] occupants experienced surprisingly similar thermal environments (as well as CLO and MET levels), independent of the proximity to and degree of personal control they had over the operable windows. Despite the similarity of their thermal exposures, however, their reactions were significantly different.” ASHRAE standards also now have an Adaptive Comfort Model for naturally ventilated buildings that takes into account user control and adjusts the comfortable temperature range accordingly. 31 Figure 22: Y2E2 building management system sends messages to occupants to manually open or close the windows. (Koseff 2008) The Yang and Yamazaki Environment and Energy Building at Stanford University (Figure 22) incorporate user feedback systems that allow for building automation and user control to occur simultaneously. Koseff (2008) states, “[…] visual indicators in the form of BMS-initiated messages to occupant computers were selected for Y2E2, along with a move-in user guide for all the occupants.” Learning, or heuristic, systems are the next level of manual/automatic systems (Figure 23). In these systems, the device allows for manual control, but over time learns the desires of the user, and eventually takes over control of the system. These systems have incredible potential in creating a beneficial kinetic system, while still straddling the thin line between user control and automatic control. These systems can produce a cohesive system within which the user and computer work together to achieve a better result, as opposed to being adversaries. 32 Figure 23: Diagram of heuristic system (Fox 2001) Another way in which kinetic systems can acquire data is through using known data. Of the very many environmental factors, many are either historically known, or can be acquired through real-time data collection. Many important environmental factors such as temperature and light are dependent on the sun location. The sun is very predictable, and it is very easily determined where the sun will be at any given moment. This information can be setup in advance to control the movement of the kinetic system, often through the use of timer or solar tracking software. Real-time data collection has been of increasing potential with the ubiquity of the Internet. The data need not be collected directly from the source, but can instead be collected from various sources and sent via networks to the kinetic component. Weather stations as well as predictive weather conditions can collect and feed numerous systems at one location, and reduce the need for a large array of individual sensors. Environmental mediation The introduction of dynamic facades that can moderate and adapt to various settings introduces a new way to control the environment. Hoberman (2008) states, “[…] adaptive systems combine the best of existing strategies: low energy use and control over building environments. For instance, a building’s energy requirements can be considerably lowered if its design can adapt to diurnal fluctuations in temperature. An adaptive system that is modulated to control the volume and direction of heat flow in response to external and internal conditions can enhance comfort and energy performance.” Historically, the use of dynamic 33 kinetic facades as an environmental mediator has been in the control of four major variables: solar thermal control, daylighting control, ventilation control, and energy generation. Solar thermal has been controlled by various devices in a kinetic façade, ranging from automated louvers to adjustable overhangs. The intent of these systems is to either allow or deny solar radiation into the space by adjusting a kinetic device on either the interior or exterior of the building. Givoni (1994) claims, “Operable shading devices can admit all of the solar radiation when this is desirable, as it is in winter. Therefore, they are inherently more effective than the fixed shading. Operable external shading devices can reduce solar heat gain through windows and other glazed areas down to about 10 to 15% of the radiation impinging on the wall.” The most common example of one of these systems is the ubiquitous internal blinds or shades. A large majority of buildings utilize inexpensive and easy to operate manual shade systems on the interior of the building. The problem with this system is that it is the least effective on the interior of the building, since most thermal gain would have already entered the building before it gets controlled as stated by Givoni (1969), “The shading devices have a much greater impact when placed on the external side of glazing.” Also, Stein (2006) states, “Perhaps the single most important energy related component for passively cooled buildings is the sun shade”, claiming that if a building intercepts the sun before it enters the building, the cooling load can possibly be cut in half. It is common in other cultures to place the pull shades or blinds systems on the exterior of the building in order to counter this problem, but this also presents other problems as well. The use of these inexpensive and simple systems on an exterior introduces maintenance issues that may not be present inside the building. Another way to control solar thermal intrusion is to install automated exterior louvers (Figure 24). These systems are efficient, relatively simple, and can be angled in the appropriate way to allow for large amounts of solar radiation, or completely block out all sun. The major drawback of these systems is that they are visually overwhelming when placed on the entire exterior of a building, and regardless of the angle they are set, the can impede views and restrict potential daylighting. In addition to the louver and shade system, the 34 operable overhang system is also very common (Figure 25). With this system the exterior vertical element of the building skin is actuated to open and vary between the vertical closed system and a horizontal, completely open system. These overhangs vary the opening by changing the angle in relation to the building and the sun. Other overhang systems utilized a fixed horizontal plane that adjusts in length to vary the amount of solar control. With either system there is a large amount of control over the intrusion of sun, but as with the other systems, a penalty can be assessed in the way of views and daylighting in order to achieve the desired solar thermal level. Figure 24: External louvers at the BRE, UK, an example of the visual impact external louver systems could have. (BRE 2009) Figure 25: Caltrans District 7 building by Morphosis, an example of a simple overhang shading system. (morphopedia 2009) 35 Daylighting control is another aspect in which kinetic facades could be a major benefit. It is very easy to predict and control the movement of the sun, as Givoni (1998) states, “The sun travels in a predictable manner using diurnal and annual patterns. The path that a sun takes is dependent on the location of the building, most importantly, the latitude, or the distance from the Equator.” Kinetic facades that control daylighting levels are very similar to those that control solar thermal, but have a few other systems as well, such as complex iris systems (Arab Institute) and electrochromic windows (Figure 26). Systems such as blinds and shade systems can also be used for daylighting control as they are with solar thermal, but have the advantage of not having a reduced effect when placed on the interior. Louver systems are also very adept at controlling the amount of daylighting and can range from zero to complete light intrusion depending on the angle of the louvers. Overhang systems are also highly effective systems for daylighting control, but do have limitations depending on the site conditions and hourly, daily and annual conditions. Figure 26: Electrochromic windows change level of tint through electrically charged particles. (consumerenergycenter, 2009) Ventilation control by kinetic facades offers great potential in the area of naturally ventilated buildings. The need for ventilation is shown by Givoni (1969), “Ventilation has three purposes: to maintain indoor air quality by fresh air changes, to provide thermal comfort in warm environments to aid in convective heat loss, and to cool structural mass of buildings.” Many buildings that utilize kinetic systems for ventilation control do so with variable louver systems or double-skinned envelopes utilizing the stack effect. The use of these two systems is then categorized by a direct ventilation effect, or indirect. In the direct ventilation scenario, the louvers or opening devices allow for the direct airflow into the space and to directly affect the user. It is often necessary to open opposing sides of the envelope to induce a cross draft, and this is often not possible in highly partitioned or large buildings. Givoni (1969) showed that the subdivision of the 36 internal spaces has a definite and adverse effect on the flows of air through a building. The difficulty in using this kind of system is that it relies heavily upon wind velocity and direction. Wind is a highly variable effect and is not predictable as is the sun. However, even if it cannot be relied upon consistently, sensors could measure velocity and direction and provide that data to control systems to determine its usefulness. Another important aspect that kinetic façade systems can incorporate is that of energy generation. When Norberg-Schulz (1965) categorized the building components as a filter, connector, barrier or switch, it was at a time when the idea of building integrated energy generation systems was not plausible. Since then, systems such as building integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPV) have grown in use, and the technology is increasing to a very plausible level. Stein (2006) when referencing Norberg-Schulz, adds another component to his list, that of energy creation system. Kinetic systems can increase the efficiency of these building integrated systems by allowing for adjustment to the photovoltaic panels in order to track the known movement of the sun. Costs, construction and technology There are a few drawbacks to the use of kinetic facades that have hindered their mass use on buildings, especially higher costs, construction difficulty, and technology restraints. These drawbacks have been a major factor in the application of kinetic facades, but over time these are becoming less relevant. The costs of kinetic systems usually reside in the large use of sensors and specialized control software. As Madine (2004) states, “The high cost of integrating sophisticated sensors has inhibited their use. Depending on how specialized the sensors are they can vary from £1 to £100s each. It is often the software that responds to sensors that can cost thousands of pounds.” Bret Steel of the AA Design Research Lab however states, “Massive leaps in software technology, combined with software's decreasing price, means we are going to see lots more development in the fields of responsive environments." The design of a façade on a building can account for a large percentage of the building budget, while building services can account for much more. It is plausible that with the use of a highly intelligent kinetic façade system, this high cost for building services can be decreased, and the cost of the façade system be made up by the decreased cost of 37 HVAC and lighting systems. Wiggington (2002) states, “[…] a variable building fabric, integrated with good ‘passive’ design, could redistribute investment costs from building services into building fabric, and thus reduce energy costs in use”. He goes on to say, “The façade of a building can account for between 15% and 40% of the total building budget, and may be a significant contributor to the cost of up to 40% more through its impact on the cost of building services.” He goes on to show his research with Battle McCarthy for the UK Department of Environmental Transport and the Regions: In complex buildings, the mechanical and electrical services can account for 30-40% or more of the total building budget. Associated research being carried out on the programme suggests that between 30% and 35% of the capital costs of a well-serviced, high-specification office building is attributable to building services, with 13-15% being attributable to what might be called environmental services: those services devised to control the internal thermal and ventilation environment. Kinetic facades also have a drawback of sometimes being highly technical and complex systems that require high precision in the construction and fabrication. This is becoming less of an issue with the advancement of CAD/CAM and rapid prototyping technologies. It is not assumed that many of the kinetic systems will be site built by contractors, but rather factory built under highly controlled methods, thus leading to high precision and tolerances. When discussing climate change and building response, Hoberman (2008) states, “Adaptive façades are one way to solve these complex problems. It is not only the environmental argument for sustainability that is driving their application to large-scale structures. Changes in the building and construction industries are making such systems less theoretical and more viable than they had been in the past.” It is now possible for a designer to expect the final construction of a kinetic system to meet the high precision needed for the function of the design. The construction methods of building the kinetic façade have not been the only advancement that will encourage their adapting; the advancements in the computation technology have also increased their potential. Designers are now able to also do complex simulations of the proposed systems in order to achieve the best possible solution with computation fluid dynamics (CFD), daylighting, and solar thermal programs. A designer can quickly provide multiple iterations to the design until the optimal is achieved. This is a major change in the way many designers have built in the past, which has traditionally been an 38 instinct and experience process. It is no longer necessary to have built, and thus experimented through failures, in order to have the knowledge necessary to find better performing systems. The technology is far advanced, but may not be there yet, as Moloney (2007) claims, “[…] the issue of design simulation to achievable construction is complicated by the kinetic requirement. The degree and speed of translation and rotations in the physical world are constrained by both the geometry of the components and the mechanics of the kinetic system.” A new method of design needs to be embraced, one that focuses on the use of computation systems as reference as opposed to solely intuition. Bullivant (2006) explains, "New technologies are the means to achieving topographic and environmental changes to architectural space and, via distributed intelligence and active material systems, living space that changes its internal parameters and performance in direct response to inhabitants’ lives and external events is possible." 39 Chapter 3: Case studies In order to better understand how kinetic facades can have a positive impact on building systems, it is important to know how they have been used in the past. There are many examples of kinetic facades, and although the number of facades that are intended as environmental mediators is small, a study in the varying systems can produce much needed knowledge. To gain a clear and organized understanding of kinetic facade precedents, a matrix was created that separates and defines the precedents into numerous categories. For those existing projects that are intended to control at least one environmental aspect, a sampling was taken and the projects divided up by the aspect they were meant to control and the method by which they perform that moderation. In order to understand the kinetic movements of all systems, the sampling was taken to include even those that were not meant as mediators and was categorized by their various means of kinetic movement, kinetic actuation, and control systems. Several selected case studies were extracted from the list and studied further. What follows is the compiled matrix presented in table format containing the project name, image, and pertinent information. 40 Table 5: Matrix of previous examples of kinetic systems 41 Table 5, Continued 42 Table 5, Continued 43 Table 5, Continued 44 Table 5, Continued 45 Selected projects – Caltrans District 7 Building, Morphosis Figure 27: Caltrans District 7 Kinetic Façade (DeSouza 2005) For the design of the new District 7 headquarters of the California Department Transportation, the designers, Morphosis and Arup, introduced a kinetic facade system on the east and west facades in an attempt to control the energy consumption in the building. Described as a semi-active facade, the exterior scrim is made of a perforated aluminum panel providing 48% openness. This feature allows for light and wind to penetrate the facade, while still blocking a large majority of the solar radiation. The scrim facade is held ten inches out from an interior building skin, which also contributes to the increase in efficiency. Portions of the aluminum scrim are operable and offer an added dynamic to the efficient facade. These portions are actuated with pneumatic actuators and are timed with the movement of the sun in an effort to block the interior skin from solar heat gains. According to the engineers, this building was able to achieve a 30% increase over California Title 24 standards with the help of these features as well as others. 4 4 Information from DeSouza (2005) 46 Selected projects – Arab Institute, Jean Nouvel Figure 28: Arab Institute Façade (Kronenburg 2007) The Arab World Institute by Jean Nouvel is one of the earliest examples of a highly technical and complex kinetic facade system. The intention of the facade was to operate a series of camera like irises that are computerized to control the amount of sunlight and heat entering the space. The irises are placed on the south facade in order to take advantage of the large amounts of sun that hit that surface, as well as addressing the courtyard that sits directly adjacent, offering a visually appealing facade. The 60m high facade features 270 rotating irises of varying sizes in order to mediate the sun. The ability of these irises to control the sun provides the building interior with a dynamic setting that would not have been possible with a static facade. The important point to take away from this case study is in the complexity of the kinetics and maintenance issues. While the building is a great example of high-tech kinetic facades, it no longer functions and thus makes the immense effort of controlling the sun worthless. In order for kinetic facades to contribute over the long term, it is critical to make them simple to maintain and function beyond the first few years of the project’s completion. 47 Selected projects – Dymaxion House, Buckminster Fuller Figure 29: Dymaxion house in Wichita, KS (wichitaphotos.com) Buckminster Fuller's introduction of the Dymaxion House brought forth many new ideas to the architecture world, but of most importance to this study was the design of the integrated ventilator. In Designing a New Industry, Fuller (1946) describes the research taken to find a successful ventilator, “Another interesting discovery in the wind tunnel was that the heat losses were in direct proportion to the drag. It was indicated that you might be able to reduce your amount of heat necessary to heat the building, to a very high degree, by employing efficient aerodynamic shape”. The ventilator was 18 feet in diameter and was shaped to rotate with the wind. As the wind would move around the building, the ventilator would rotate much like a traditional windsock would. As it rotated around it would form low-pressure areas where the tail was opened. The low pressure was supposed to pull interior air through the house, forming a completely passive whole-house air conditioner. 48 Chapter 4: Computer simulations In order to study the effectiveness of the kinetic systems, a group of computer simulations will be analyzed and compared in an attempt to find benefits of four different kinetic facade types of the overhang, folding, horizontal louver and vertical louver, for each various environmental aspect, solar thermal, daylighting, ventilation, and energy generation. These computer simulations will be performed using computer programs that are specialized in each aspect. Solar thermal advantages will be studied using the Department of Energy's eQuest energy modeling program and will provide cooling and heating data. Daylighting will be studied using Autodesk’s 3ds Max software, which will provide lux levels for a given area in the interior space. Ventilation will be analyzed using the WinAir4 application, which will provide air flow rates in meters per second. Lastly, energy generation will be studied using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) software Solar Advisor Model (SAM), which uses the TRANSYS calculation engine. Test case selection criteria For each of these studies a similar model will be used in order to maintain assumed values between them. The study of these kinetic facades is for traditional office buildings, and thus the models will be based to help study those types of buildings. For interior based studies, a typical office layout was taken from Architectural Graphic Standards, consisting of a 15'-0” x 20'-0” interior space with windows on one side (Figure 30). The desk was placed 5’-0” feet in from the window and set at a standard work height of 2'-6”. Windows were placed at 3'-0” sill height, were 5'-0” high, and ran the entire width of the facade. For ventilation studies, it was assumed that the lower half of the windows were operable. Glass panes were assumed to be of a double-pane construction with a 1/8” air gap between panes and a 60% visible light transmissivity for the glass. All of these dimensions were taken as a typical office building construction, but obviously do not encompass the many various office building configurations. This typical office space was chosen so that each of the system could be compared amongst themselves in a consistent manner, allowing for an accurate comparison of the systems, regardless of the accuracy of the model versus realized data. 49 Figure 30: Typical office layout from Architectural Graphic Standards (Ramsey 2000) Of the various methods existing kinetic facades have used, four were selected for this study, as they are the most common and simplest. They are referred to in this work as the overhang, folding, horizontal louver, and vertical louver (Figure 31). The overhang system is a horizontal external plane, hinged at the window head, allowing it to rotate from vertical (0 degrees) to horizontal (90 degrees). The folding system is a series of two external planes that are hinged in the middle, allowing the bottom rail to slide along the vertical axis of the window, causing the two planes to fold. The louver systems are a series of either 50 horizontal or vertical planes that create an array over the window surface. The kinetic systems will placed on the external side of the building as opposed to the internal side, as it has been shown that the external shading systems are generally more effective, as Givoni (1969) states, “External devices are much more efficient than internal ones”, based on a study he performed, going on to state, “With efficient shading, such as external shutters, it is possible to eliminate more than 90% of the heating effect of solar radiation. With inefficient shading, such as dark-coloured internal devices, about 75-80% of the solar radiation impinging on the window may be expected to enter the building.” Figure 31: Kinetic façade systems, overhang, folding, horizontal louver, and vertical louver. Test case location selection As with the model for the typical office building, a building location had to be determined in order to provide an accurate comparison between the systems. First, the building location was chosen in the northern hemisphere, in the United States, due to the availability of weather data. Once the overall location was determined, it was decided that the location should be in an area that had fairly equal heating and 51 cooling needs and was not in a prime weather location such as Los Angeles where the climate might not be an overwhelming constraint to the design of the building. This criterion was important because it would help determine which kinetic system had enough variety to offer benefits during both the heating and cooling periods, rather than being beneficial to just one period. Programs such as Climate Consultant 4 and Weather Tool were used to narrow down the choices. It was also considered that the location chosen should be a fairly dense area with a large concentration of office buildings. With all of these factors in mind, the test case location chosen was Dallas, Texas. This area features fairly equal heating and cooling periods with a dense population of downtown office buildings, as can be seen in the temperature range chart (Figure 32), showing the average temperature can reach as low as 35 degrees F in the winter, rising to over 95 degrees F in the summer. As can also be seen on the psychrometric chart (Figure 33), 23.6% of the hours can be kept within the comfort range by sun shading and 13.4% through natural ventilation. Figure 32: Climate Consultant 4 data for Dallas, Texas, showing Temperature Range 52 Figure 33: Climate Consultant 4 data for Dallas, Texas, showing Psychrometry. Solar thermal simulations In order to test for solar thermal benefits of kinetic facade systems, the Department of Energy's eQuest energy modeling program was used in an iterative process. Five different models were built to represent the various kinetic facade systems being tested, and a control. The simulations were run with the same settings for each system, with the change coming in the external shading systems. The test case was run using a two-story office building in Dallas, Texas with 50% by area windows on both floors. The windows were a double-pane system with 1/8” glass and 1/8” air gap. The cooling system was set to the default DX coils, while the heating was the default furnace. All standard default settings were set the same for each system, leaving only the external shading to change. 53 Figure 34: eQuest Schematic Design Wizard screen The first test was on a control system that had no external shading system, as is very common in traditional office building construction. The purpose of this control test was to be able to compare the different shading systems to a traditional office construction; this sets the baseline case. All further calculations from this point will be a comparison between the fixed and kinetic settings for each system. 54 Figure 35: eQuest model of control system with no shading systems installed The second test run was for the overhang system, running one simulation for four angular settings of 0 degrees (vertical), 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees (horizontal). The overhang was set as a 5'-0” overhang, so that it would completely cover the window when closed. The design of this system is to mimic a standard operable overhang system that can open or close when necessary and is large enough to shade the entire window when necessary. 55 Figure 36: eQuest model of overhang system showing 5’-0” overhangs on all four directions at 90 degrees (horizontal) The third test run was for the folding system for each of the same angular settings as the overhang. The folding system was modeled as two 2'-6” external shading devices that were manually manipulated to be placed as if they were hinged in the middle. This system mimics a system that slides along a track on the sides and folds among itself due to the central hinge. The effect of the system is an overhang that is half of the depth of the previous overhang system due to the hinge, but provides a closer enclosing material to the glazing itself. 56 Figure 37: eQuest model of folding system at 30 degree setting, showing hinged center The fourth test run was for the horizontal louver system, for each angular setting; with a series of 6” deep louver ranging from closed (0 degrees) to fully open (90 degrees). This system is designed to test a typical louver system with motorized blades that rotate, but stay a fixed distance from the glazing. 57 Figure 38: eQuest model of horizontal louver system at 30 degrees The last test was on the vertical louver system, for each angular setting with a 2'-0” louver. This system is similar to the horizontal louver system as they are at a fixed distance from the glazing with an individual rotation, but these louvers are oriented vertically to the building and can thus directly track the sun in its daily path as opposed to monthly changes. 58 Figure 39: eQuest model of vertical louver system at 90 degrees (azimuth) After the simulations were run for each kinetic type and the control, a report was generated to show the electricity consumption (cooling) and gas consumption (heating) of the building on an hourly basis. This data was input into a spreadsheet showing the cooling electric consumption in kWh and heating gas consumption in kBtu. These systems were then compared to each other to find which system performed better for each hour. A combined system for each kinetic type was created by finding the better performance angle for the given hour, showing the results of a kinetic system through an iterative process. This combined kinetic system was then compared to the control system without shading, and the best performer of the fixed angle systems. 59 Figure 40: Sample eQuest annual report for the electricity and gas consumption of the building Table 6: Sample spreadsheet of hourly report for eQuest simulations 60 Table 6, Continued 61 Daylighting simulations Simulations for daylighting performance were studied for the same four systems plus a control, for four different angular settings each using Autodesk's 3ds Max software. A model was built consisting of a similar 15'-0” x 20'-0” room with a 5'-0” window with a 3'-0” sill height and 60% transmisivity. A daylight system was setup for Dallas, Texas and a light meter placed on the desk at 2'-6” and standing height at 6'- 0”. The sky condition for these runs uses a CIE Clear Sky model that is important for this area, in that the location of Dallas, TX is in an area where any other overcast sky method would not be accurate. 3ds Max was chosen for these tests since it gives the option of using a CIE Clear Sky that is more fitting for these non-overcast areas. Iterative runs were performed for each system at each angular setting with the 0 degree setting omitted because it will always show zero daylighting at that setting. Each run was performed for four times of the year, March 21, June 21, September 21, and December 21, at three times of the day, 9:00 am, 12:00 pm, and 3:00 pm. These dates and times were chosen so that a fairly accurate idea of the performance could be taken into account by encompassing the sun's highest and lowest points and furthest north and south settings ranging throughout the day. The data output from the program was for 18 points on each light meter, giving the total amount of luminance and illuminance on the surface in lux. This data was input into a spreadsheet for comparison between the systems. 62 Figure 41: Autodesk 3dsMax Design model for daylighting analysis with light meters placed at work plane height (30”) and standing height (72”) Figure 42: Autodesk 3dsMax Design model for daylighting analysis with weather data information and date/time settings 63 Louver - 30 degrees ID Date Total Min Max 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 28.6 200 500 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 136 200 500 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 14.7 200 500 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 20 200 500 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 58.7 200 500 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 38.5 200 500 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 3.59 200 500 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 52 200 500 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 Points in Range: 0 ID Date Total Min Max 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 53.7 200 500 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 254 200 500 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 10.7 200 500 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 7.3 200 500 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 80.8 200 500 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 69.9 200 500 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 96.9 200 500 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 125 200 500 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 Points in Range: 1 Table 7: Sample spreadsheet of lux levels for light meter 64 Once input into the spreadsheet, the daylight levels were compared to recommended light levels for a category D office setting of 200-500 lux. Each point was calculated for their degree of variance from the recommended and totaled for each setting. The number of points were counted that were in the recommended range for that given date and time setting and then totaled to find the number of points on the light meter surface that fall within the recommended range. This was then shown as a percentage of the total area that falls within the recommended range for the three selected times of day for the four months of the year. A combined system was again taken as the angle setting that produced the largest amount of points within the recommended range for the given time, and combined to simulate the kinetic movement. This combined system was then compared to the control and best fixed system again. Ventilation simulations The intent of studying kinetic facades for ventilation is to measure their ability to introduce natural air movement into a space. According to Givoni (1969), “[in hot regions] the main function is of ventilation is to provide thermal comfort through air movement past the body, sufficient to provide adequate cooling and rapid sweat evaporation, especially under hot-humid conditions.” Computational fluid dynamic simulations were created to qualitatively compare the various systems by studying the air flow rate in meters per second. The reason for studying the air flow rate as opposed to the volumetric air flow in cubic feet per minute is explained by Givoni, “Volumetric air flow is not a suitable criterion under such conditions and requirements should be specified in terms of the air velocity with the occupied area”. The reason for this lies in the fact that the cooling effect of motion past the body is only accountable through a velocity measure and cannot be accounted for by a traditional volumetric air flow rate. According to Olgyay (1963), wind flow can possibly lower the temperature comfort sensation from 2-7 degrees Fahrenheit if the wind speeds range from 0.25 m/s to above 1.52 m/s (Figure 43). Wind speeds ranging from 0.25 to 0.51 m/s can result in a drop in 2-3 degrees Fahrenheit and produce a pleasant sensation. A generally pleasant wind speed at 0.51 to 1.02 m/s can produce a 4-5 degree Fahrenheit drop, but also causes constant awareness of air movement. 65 Figure 43: Indoor air velocity and comfort chart (Olgyay 1963) These considerations were taken into account in the computer simulation, and an analysis method was determined. In order to test the wind velocity conditions for each kinetic system for the location, an Ecotect model was produced that mimicked the typical office setup with the bottom half of the window set to be operable, which for the purposes of the test was set to a void. Climate Consultant 4 was referenced to find the appropriate wind direction and velocity for the site (Figure 44), which produced two major directions of 175 degrees (south) in the summer, and 230 degrees (south-west) in the winter, with an average wind speed of 5 meters per second. This data was input into the control data that was exported from Ecotect to the calculation software WinAir4. Figure 44: Wind direction data for Dallas, TX from Climate Consultant 4 An analysis grid was setup to extend beyond the boundaries of the building in order to account for the incoming and outgoing airflow. A simulation was run with 200 iterations for each kinetic system, at the various angles, for both prevailing wind directions. The data was then input back into the Ecotect program for data visualization. 66 Figure 45: CFD setting for export from Ecotect to WinAir4 The model was viewed from the side with a vision section cut and an image generated. These images were organized to show all of the variables for a comparison (Figure 46). Figure 46: Ecotect data visualization in perspective view showing section cut of analysis grid 67 The reason the use visual images for data extrapolation as opposed to the built-in report function in Ecotect, lies in the need for an extended boundary for the computational fluid dynamics simulation. The report shows the number of points within a given air flow rate setting, but does so for the entire grid. This is problematic in that it also counts any airflow outside of the building, which will have no correlation to the needs of the interior space for this study. The method for converting the image to qualitative data was modified from the method developed by Pushkin Passey and uses Adobe Illustrator and Ecotect. The process involves copying the side view data from Ecotect as a metafile and calculating areas with a built-in Illustrator filter. In order to achieve workable results each analysis grid needs to be set to similar standards; this consists of setting the minimum and maximum values to 0 and 2.0 meters per second respectively, with a contour every 0.10 meters per second. The grid settings were set to use a series of varying colors to represent each value, with grid squares and contour lines shown. Once in Illustrator the image was un-grouped and the analysis grid beyond the boundary deleted, with the legend being retained. The individual values were selected and Illustrator set to select any paths with a similar fill color, which would select the entire area within that given range. Once the paths selected, a path area command was initialized, giving the area in square inches of the value. This number was compared to the overall square inches for the entire built area, which would give a percentage of the area that falls within that range. Each system was compared in this manner for the varying angles and both summer and winter. 68 Figure 47: Image metadata exported from Ecotect and viewed in Adobe Illustrator Figure 48: Image of only interior space for analysis and selection/report of area 69 Table 8: Sample spreadsheet of percentage of areas in wind velocity range Energy generation simulation The study of kinetic devices for energy generation was calculated using computer software from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory called Solar Advisor Model, which uses a TRANSYS engine for calculation. A 3-dimensional model was not built for this simulation as with the others, but was instead input from the known placement and data for the kinetic systems. The important pieces of data for this simulation are the location, square footage of the solar panels, altitude and azimuth of the panel, and specific solar panel type. For the simulation, they all used the same location of Dallas, Texas as has been used on previous studies. As well, the solar panel type will remain constant between the different systems to maintain integrity between the tests. Unlike the other simulations, there is not a control setting for this study, as that would preclude that there is no system. Instead, the control setting to be compared to is considered to be a typical Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) setup in place of the windows in a 70 vertical (0 degrees) setting. Each of these tests will take place on the south facade in accordance with a typical northern hemisphere building, which will receive the majority of the sun on that facade. The amount of energy generated by each setting were exported by a .csv file to a spreadsheet, where the total amount of expected energy generation in kWh was sorted, finding the settings which performed best, and combined to create a kinetic system which adjusted to produce higher levels of energy generation. Figure 49: Solar Advisor Model settings with sample graph showing monthly energy generation Overhang - 0 Overhang - 30 Overhang - 60 Overhang - 90 Overhang - Combined Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly 1927 0.04 1927 0.05 1927 0.06 1927 0.06 1927 0.06 1928 0.34 1928 0.56 1928 0.61 1928 0.48 1928 0.61 1929 1.02 1929 1.65 1929 1.80 1929 1.45 1929 1.80 1930 1.67 1930 2.55 1930 2.75 1930 2.30 1930 2.75 1931 2.15 1931 3.18 1931 3.41 1931 2.90 1931 3.41 1932 2.45 1932 3.56 1932 3.79 1932 3.27 1932 3.79 1933 2.55 1933 3.68 1933 3.89 1933 3.39 1933 3.89 1934 2.47 1934 3.57 1934 3.79 1934 3.28 1934 3.79 1935 2.19 1935 3.21 1935 3.45 1935 2.93 1935 3.45 1936 1.73 1936 2.63 1936 2.83 1936 2.38 1936 2.83 1937 1.11 1937 1.79 1937 1.95 1937 1.58 1937 1.95 1938 0.43 1938 0.72 1938 0.80 1938 0.62 1938 0.80 March 1939 0.07 1939 0.09 1939 0.11 1939 0.10 1939 0.11 18.21 27.24 29.25 24.73 29.25 Table 9: Sample spreadsheet of energy generation results 71 Chapter 5: Solar thermal results The comparison between the different kinetic systems in regards to thermal response has been calculated through an iterative simulation process utilizing eQuest energy modeling. The results were initially collected and input into a spreadsheet for comparison showing the amount of cooling and heating energy required on a monthly and annual basis (Figure 50). This proved to be problematic in that it was assuming a fixed orientation or angle for the entire month, when this is not the true effect of such a dynamic system. This error was found when analyzing the data that showed a much higher amount of energy needed for the vertical system when compared to the others. These results were initially used due to the standard way in which eQuest reported the data, but another method had to be performed to get the numbers in an hourly report. 72 Figure 50: Standard eQuest report showing monthly and annual energy figures 73 128,040 85,820 86,180 85,460 106,480 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 kWh Control Overhang Folding Horizontal Louver Vertical Louver Cooling Consumption vs. Control Figure 51: Original (unusable) cooling comparison, showing much higher energy consumption for vertical louver system 989,410 689,810 693,420 687,650 966,590 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 900,000 1,000,000 kBtu Control Overhang Folding Horizontal Louver Vertical Louver Heating Consumption vs. Control Figure 52: Original (unusable) heating comparison, showing much higher energy consumption for vertical louver system 74 The hourly consumption numbers were generated by creating an hourly report setting for gas consumption and electricity consumption to coincide with the heating and cooling requirements that was then exported in .csv format for input into a spreadsheet program. These results were then shown as a percentage of increase and decrease in cooling and heating requirement as compared to the control system with no shading system. The results were compared separately for cooling and heating as opposed to a combined total because there cannot be a direct addition and comparison between electricity consumption and gas consumption through the results from the eQuest simulation. It is first important to differentiate between the concept of site and source energy, which is used differently for the gas and electrical sources. Site energy is the calculation of the energy specifically consumed at the building location by the end user, taking plant and system into account. Source energy takes into account the costs of natural resources input into the energy generation system. The direct energy equivalent between electricity and gas are in watts (Wh) and British Thermal Units (Btus) respectively, with the conversion showing that every Wh equates to 3.413 Btus of heat energy. This is also problematic, however, as this ignores the fact that it takes far more than 3.413 Btus to generate, let alone transmit, 1 Wh of electricity. In reality, most electricity generated from fossil fuel is done at about 30% efficiency. Every kWh of site energy represents about 10,000 Btu consumed at the source. Some programs actually attempt to take into account the portion of the electricity generated by renewable sources, which would result in 0 Btu of source energy, but the percentage is still very small. Thus, the carbon footprint of electric energy remains much greater than the carbon footprint of fossil fuels consumed on site. Gas furnaces typically operate at about 97% efficiency. Therefore, it remains very useful to keep the two separate. It is with these numbers that we are able then to construct a comparison between the different shading systems and control. 75 128,040 85,820 86,180 85,460 92,002 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 kWh Control Overhang Folding Horizontal Louver Vertical Louver Cooling Consumption vs. Control Figure 53: Comparison of cooling needs between the combined kinetic shading systems and fixed control 989,410 689,810 693,420 687,650 709,105 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 900,000 1,000,000 kBtu Control Overhang Folding Horizontal Louver Vertical Louver Heating Consumption vs. Control Figure 54: Comparison of heating needs between the combined kinetic shading systems and fixed control 76 Cooling kWh kWh Decrease Percent Decrease Control 128,040 x x Overhang 85,820 42,220 33.0% Folding 86,180 41,860 32.7% Horizontal Louver 85,460 42,580 33.3% Vertical Louver 92,002 36,038 28.1% Heating kBtu kBtu Decrease Percent Decrease Control 989,410 x x Overhang 689,810 299,600 30.3% Folding 693,420 295,990 29.9% Horizontal Louver 687,650 301,760 30.5% Vertical Louver 709,105 280,305 28.3% Table 10: Comparison of hourly needs between different fixed and kinetic shading systems versus control, on a south facing façade. Based on the simulations, it seems that any of the kinetic systems can produce around a 30% decrease in energy consumption over a window with the control system, while the overhang and horizontal louver systems produce the greatest amount of decrease at 33% for cooling and 30% for heating. Daylighting results Daylighting studies were performed in order to better understand the effects of kinetic façade systems on the natural daylight in a typical office space. The computer simulations were run for each system at the varying angles to find the light levels on a typical work surface. These results were then input into a spreadsheet and compared to the recommended Category D levels of 200-500 lux. The results were analyzed and through an iterative process a kinetic system was designed by choosing the setting that produced the largest amount of points that fell within the range of the recommended level. These kinetic systems were compared to the each other and the control, as well as being compared to the fixed variables for each system. 77 It is important to note that these numbers represent the amount of points that fall within the recommended range of light levels for a comparative purpose. The intention is to find a system that can normally produce light that falls within the most comfortable range, but does not account for any light that is bearable, but above the range. It is possible to have much higher numbers than the recommended 500 lux and still have a comfortable working environment, but these numbers are not counted as falling within the recommended range. The intention of using natural daylighting is to decrease the need for artificial lighting, and high light levels do meet that criterion, however, they are still not within the best possible recommended level. This is accounted for in the following chart that shows that the control has 0% of the points in the recommended range, as a result of high light levels. As a strict comparison between systems, all of them have the potential to provide high light levels by simply opening the façade as much as possible, but the introduction of a kinetic system can allow for high light levels, with enough variability to allow the light to fall within the recommended level a large amount of the time. 78 0% 54% 44% 38% 55% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent Surface in Range Control Overhang - Kinetic Folding - Kinetic Louver - Kinetic Vertical - Kinetic Daylighting - Kinetic vs Control Figure 55: Comparison of kinetic systems and control for daylighting control 6% 35% 41% 54% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent Surface in Range Overhang - 30 Overhang - 60 Overhang - 90 Overhang - Kinetic Daylighting - Overhang Figure 56: Comparison of fixed overhang versus kinetic overhang only 79 11% 39% 27% 44% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent Surface in Range Folding - 30 Folding - 60 Folding - 90 Folding - Kinetic Daylighting - Folding Figure 57: Comparison of fixed folding versus kinetic folding only 4% 33% 8% 38% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent Surface in Range Louver - 30 Louver - 60 Louver - 90 Louver - Combined Daylighting - Horizontal Louver Figure 58: Comparison of fixed horizontal louver versus kinetic horizontal louver only 80 37% 13% 5% 21% 34% 55% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percent Surface in Range Louver - 60 West Louver - 30 West Louver - 90 Louver - 30 East Louver - 60 East Louver - Kinetic Daylighting - Vertical Louvers Figure 59: Comparison of fixed vertical louver versus kinetic vertical louver only The following are renderings of the test space for each system at the various degrees for December 21 st at 12:00 pm. This represents the type of data that was extracted from the program and used in the comparative analysis. In addition to the December at noon tests, there were also results generated for 9:00 am and 3:00 pm for December, and all three times for March 21 st , June 21 st , and September 21 st . 81 Figure 60: Daylighting rendering of overhang system at 30 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm Figure 61: Daylighting rendering of overhang system at 60 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm 82 Figure 62: Daylighting rendering of overhang system at 90 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm Figure 63: Daylighting rendering of folding system at 30 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm 83 Figure 64: Daylighting rendering of folding system at 60 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm Figure 65: Daylighting rendering of folding system at 90 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm 84 Figure 66: Daylighting rendering of horizontal louver system at 30 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm Figure 67: Daylighting rendering of horizontal louver system at 60 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm 85 Figure 68: Daylighting rendering of horizontal louver system at 90 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm Figure 69: Daylighting rendering of vertical louver system at 60 degrees East, December 21st at 12:00pm 86 Figure 70: Daylighting rendering of vertical louver system at 30 degrees East, December 21st at 12:00pm Figure 71: Daylighting rendering of vertical louver system at 90 degrees, December 21st at 12:00pm 87 Figure 72: Daylighting rendering of vertical louver system at 30 degrees West, December 21st at 12:00pm Figure 73: Daylighting rendering of vertical louver system at 60 degrees West, December 21st at 12:00pm 88 Ventilation results The ventilation study produced data that could be used for a comparative analysis of the different kinetic systems in their ability to produce air velocity in the suite through natural ventilation. The results provided show what percentage of the office space in a cut section fall within a given air velocity range in meters per second. Two runs were performed to show the extent of wind variance for the location between winter and summer. The angle settings with the highest amount of higher velocity points were then combined to form a kinetic system that could then be compared to each other and to a control. It is important to note that due to the location of the operable portion of the window, all of the increased velocity ranges were maintained within the sensible range for the occupant, between three and four feet above the finish floor. The higher velocity winds were all maintained at or near 3-4 feet above the finished floor, which would be perceptible by the occupant. This is important to show that the cooling sensation from the increased wind velocity will be felt by the occupant and not simply flowing past the occupant at higher levels. 89 Air velocity - Control (open window) - Summer 0-0.2 m/s 74% 0.3-0.5 m/s 21% 0.6-0.8 m/s 5% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 74: Air velocity of control (open window), summer Air velocity - control (open window) - Winter 0-0.2 m/s 74% 0.3-0.5 m/s 20% 0.6-0.8 m/s 6% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 75: Air velocity of control (open window), winter 90 Air velocity - overhang 30 degree - summer 0-0.2 m/s 100% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 76: Air velocity of overhang at 30 degree, summer Air velocity - overhang 30 degrees winter 0-0.2 m/s 99.9% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.1% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0.0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0.0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 77: Air velocity of overhang at 30 degree, winter 91 Air velocity - overhang 60 degrees - summer 0-0.2 m/s 72% 0.3-0.5 m/s 24% 0.6-0.8 m/s 4% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 78: Air velocity of overhang at 60 degrees, summer Air velocity - overhang 60 degrees - winter 0-0.2 m/s 82% 0.3-0.5 m/s 13% 0.6-0.8 m/s 5% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 79: Air velocity of overhang at 60 degrees, winter 92 Air velocity - overhang 90 degrees, summer 0-0.2 m/s 70% 0.3-0.5 m/s 24% 0.6-0.8 m/s 6% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 80: Air velocity of overhang at 90 degrees, summer Air velocity - overhang 90 degrees, winter 0-0.2 m/s 73% 0.3-0.5 m/s 21% 0.6-0.8 m/s 6% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 81: Air velocity of overhang at 90 degrees, winter 93 Air velocity - overhang - combined, summer 0-0.2 m/s 70% 0.3-0.5 m/s 24% 0.6-0.8 m/s 6% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 82: Air velocity of overhang kinetic system Air velocity - overhang - combined, winter 0-0.2 m/s 73% 0.3-0.5 m/s 21% 0.6-0.8 m/s 6% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 83: Air velocity of overhang kinetic system 94 Air velocity - 30 degrees, summer 0-0.2 m/s 64% 0.3-0.5 m/s 31% 0.6-0.8 m/s 5% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 84: Air velocity of folding at 30 degrees, summer Air Velocity - folding 30 degrees, winter 0-0.2 m/s 78% 0.3-0.5 m/s 21% 0.6-0.8 m/s 1% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 85: Air velocity of folding at 30 degrees, winter 95 Air velocity - folding 60 degrees, summer 0-0.2 m/s 73% 0.3-0.5 m/s 21% 0.6-0.8 m/s 6% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 86: Air velocity of folding at 60 degrees, summer Air velocity - folding 60 degrees, winter 0-0.2 m/s 68% 0.3-0.5 m/s 25% 0.6-0.8 m/s 7% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 87: Air velocity of folding at 60 degrees, winter 96 Air velocity - folding 90 degrees, summer 0-0.2 m/s 63% 0.3-0.5 m/s 31% 0.6-0.8 m/s 6% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 88: Air velocity of folding at 90 degrees, summer Air velocity - folding 90 degrees, winter 0-0.2 m/s 55% 0.3-0.5 m/s 35% 0.6-0.8 m/s 6% 0.9-1.1m/s 4% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 89: Air velocity of folding at 90 degrees, winter 97 Air velocity - folding - combined, summer 0-0.2 m/s 64% 0.3-0.5 m/s 31% 0.6-0.8 m/s 5% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 90: Air velocity of folding kinetic system, summer Air velocity - folding - combined, winter 0-0.2 m/s 55% 0.3-0.5 m/s 35% 0.6-0.8 m/s 6% 0.9-1.1m/s 4% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 91: Air velocity of folding kinetic system, winter 98 Air velocity - horizontal louver 30 degrees, summer 0-0.2 m/s 100% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 92: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 30 degrees, summer Air velocity - horizontal louver 30 degrees, winter 0-0.2 m/s 100% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 93: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 30 degrees, winter 99 Air velocity - horizontal louver 60 degrees, summer 0-0.2 m/s 69% 0.3-0.5 m/s 27% 0.6-0.8 m/s 4% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 94: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 60 degrees, summer Air velocity - horizontal louver 60 degrees, winter 0-0.2 m/s 82% 0.3-0.5 m/s 14% 0.6-0.8 m/s 4% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 95: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 60 degrees, winter 100 Air velocity - horizontal louver 90 degrees, summer 0-0.2 m/s 70% 0.3-0.5 m/s 26% 0.6-0.8 m/s 4% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 96: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 90 degrees, summer Air velocity - horizontal louver 90 degrees, winter 0-0.2 m/s 83% 0.3-0.5 m/s 14% 0.6-0.8 m/s 3% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 97: Air velocity of horizontal louver at 90 degrees, winter 101 Air velocity - horizontal - combined, summer 0-0.2 m/s 69% 0.3-0.5 m/s 27% 0.6-0.8 m/s 4% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 98: Air velocity of horizontal louver kinetic system, summer Air velocity - horizontal - combined, winter 0-0.2 m/s 82% 0.3-0.5 m/s 14% 0.6-0.8 m/s 4% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 99: Air velocity of horizontal louver kinetic system, winter 102 Air velocity - vertical louver 30 east, summer 0-0.2 m/s 100% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 100: Air velocity of vertical louver at 60 degrees east, summer Air velocity - vertical louver 30 east, winter 0-0.2 m/s 100% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 101: Air velocity of vertical louver at 60 degrees east, winter 103 Air velocity - vertical louver 30 east, summer 0-0.2 m/s 100% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 102: Air velocity of vertical louver at 30 degrees west, summer Air velocity - vertical louver 30 east, winter 0-0.2 m/s 100% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 103: Air velocity of vertical louver at 30 degrees west, winter 104 Air velocity - vertical louver 90 degrees, summer 0-0.2 m/s 99.5% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.5% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0.0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0.0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 104: Air velocity of vertical louver at 90 degrees, summer Air velocity - vertical louver 90 degrees, winter 0-0.2 m/s 100% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 105: Air velocity of vertical louver at 90 degrees, winter 105 Air velocity - vertical louver 30 degrees west, summer 0-0.2 m/s 100% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 106: Air velocity of vertical louver at 30 degrees west, summer Air velocity - vertical louver 30 degrees west, winter 0-0.2 m/s 100% 0.3-0.5 m/s 0% 0.6-0.8 m/s 0% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 107: Air velocity of vertical louver at 30 degrees west, winter 106 Air velocity - vertical louver 60 degrees west, summer 0-0.2 m/s 58% 0.3-0.5 m/s 22% 0.6-0.8 m/s 18% 0.9-1.1m/s 2% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 108: Air velocity of vertical louver at 60 degrees west, summer Air velocity - vertical louver 60 degrees west, winter 0-0.2 m/s 61% 0.3-0.5 m/s 12% 0.6-0.8 m/s 12% 0.9-1.1m/s 14% 1.2-1.4 m/s 1% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 109: Air velocity of vertical louver at 60 degrees west, winter 107 Air velocity - vertical louver - combined, summer 0-0.2 m/s 58% 0.3-0.5 m/s 22% 0.6-0.8 m/s 18% 0.9-1.1m/s 2% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 110: Air velocity of vertical louver kinetic system, summer Air velocity - vertical louver - combined, winter 0-0.2 m/s 61% 0.3-0.5 m/s 12% 0.6-0.8 m/s 12% 0.9-1.1m/s 14% 1.2-1.4 m/s 1% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s Figure 111: Air velocity of vertical louver kinetic system, winter 108 Table 11: Comparison of fixed, kinetic and control systems for airflow rate 109 Table 11, Continued 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 Figure 112: Summer airflow rates of various settings for each system The analysis of the summer winds for ventilation show that there are many instances when the velocity of the wind entering the space is fast enough to produce a convective cooling effect by wind driven methods as was studied. The best performing setting is the vertical louver system facing 60 degrees to the west that leave 17.7% of the space with a wind velocity of 0.6 to 0.8 m/s which could possibly account for a 4-5 degree Fahrenheit drop. Overall for the summer, the combined kinetic systems increased air velocities in the range of 0.3 to 0.5 m/s by 0.9% for the vertical louver system, 2.7% for the overhang, 6.5% for the horizontal, and 9.7% for the folding. Increases in the air velocity in the range of 0.6 to 0.8 m/s were 4.1% for the overhang, 5.5% for the horizontal, 10.3% for the folding, and 13.8% for the vertical. 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 Figure 113: Winter airflow rates of various settings for each system The analysis of the velocity of winter winds entering the space is very similar to the summer wind analysis, in that there are many instances where the wind velocity is high enough to produce a cooling effect through convective methods. The best performing setting is the vertical louver system facing 60 degrees to the west which leaves 12.3% of the space with a wind velocity of 0.6 to 0.8 m/s which could possibly account for a 4-5 degree Fahrenheit drop. Overall for the winter, the combined kinetic systems increased air velocities in the range of 0.3 to 0.5 m/s by 1.2% in the space for the vertical louver system, and 15.6% for the folding system, with a decrease in air velocities by 5.8% for horizontal louver systems and 7.2% for vertical systems. Increases in the air velocity in the range of 0.6 to 0.8 m/s were up 6.3% for the vertical louver, but also decreases in the air velocity range were down 0.1% for the overhang and folding systems, and 2.5% decrease for the horizontal system. 126 Energy generation results The energy generation study was performed to compare individual systems amongst themselves for the ability to generate energy through integrated photovoltaic cells. Each system used the same south facing photovoltaic system. The only variation between the settings was the method in which it tracked the sun’s movement. Four dates were simulated in order to achieve the best and worst case scenarios for the system, with energy generation being shown hourly. These numbers were compared amongst themselves and a control in order to find the system that generated the most potential energy. The major variables that made a difference between the systems were the square footage of usable area for photovoltaic cells and whether the system tracked the sun through its daily motion (azimuth) or in the annual motion (altitude). The folding system has one major disadvantage over the other systems in that it can only feasibly have half the square footage as the others, while the vertical system has the advantage over the others as being able to track the daily motions of the sun. 67.13 101.62 59.6 101.62 137.87 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 kWh (4 months) Control Overhang Folding Horizontal Louver Vertical Louver Kinetic System Energy Generation Figure 114: Comparison of kinetic systems versus control for energy generation for four months 127 67.13 91.54 95.15 76.83 101.62 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Overhang - 0 Overhang - 30 Overhang - 60 Overhang - 90 Overhang - Kinetic Overhang - Fixed vs Kinetic Figure 115: Comparison of fixed overhang system versus kinetic overhang system 38.85 54.02 56.57 46.12 59.6 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Folding - 0 Folding - 30 Folding - 60 Folding - 90 Folding - Kinetic Folding Fixed vs. Kinetic Figure 116: Comparison of fixed folding system versus kinetic folding system 128 67.13 91.54 95.15 76.83 101.62 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Horizontal - 0 Horizontal - 30 Horizontal - 60 Horizontal - 90 Horizontal - Kinetic Horizontal Louver - Fixed vs. Kinetic Figure 117: Comparison of fixed horizontal system versus kinetic horizontal system 59.65 73.72 80.95 67.13 81.31 75.94 63.11 137.87 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Vertical - 90e Vertical - 60e Vertical - 30e Vertical - 0 Vertical - 30w Vertical - 60w Vertical - 90w Vertical - Combined Vertical Louver - Fixed vs. Kinetic Figure 118: Comparison of fixed vertical system versus kinetic vertical system 129 What has been found in this study is that the overhang, horizontal louver, and vertical louver kinetic systems produced higher amounts of energy than that fixed control, while the folding system actually produced less. The kinetic systems of each type produced more energy than any of their fixed settings, but with the overhang, folding, and horizontal louver, the 30 degree and 60 degree settings were very close to the kinetic system. The kinetic vertical louver system, however, resulted in a nearly 70% increase over the next closest fixed vertical louver system, and a 43% increase over the next best fixed system of any type. 130 Chapter 6: Analysis Once the results were compiled for the various kinetic systems and each environmental variable, an analysis was performed to compare the systems amongst themselves in order to find the top performers for their respective benefits. This analysis will show which system performed better than the rest for the four environmental factors, and then an overall analysis can take place to produce a hierarchy of environmental factors. This hierarchy is important to produce because it is possible that a setting that might be beneficial for one environmental factor may be detrimental to another. It is thus important to analyze the systems for their individual benefits and then a combined system. Solar thermal analysis The results for the solar thermal analysis initially showed a very consistent advantage over an un-shaded façade. Of the four kinetic systems, the vertical louver system showed much higher numbers than the other systems, and this was puzzling. After further analysis it was determined that the initial report, which showed monthly energy data, was unusable, as it assumed a fixed setting for the entire month, and was not conducive to the iterative process. The simulations were performed again and an hourly report was generated, which could then be brought into a spreadsheet program that could sort the results for the best angular setting for that particular hour. This was more beneficial to the dynamic settings of a kinetic system that could change on an hourly basis. This was also beneficial to the vertical louver system, in that it now allowed the louvers to track the sun through its daily movement, as opposed to a monthly movement. Overall, the four systems showed consistent improvement over a non-shaded system, which is to be expected, showing an energy reduction ranging from 28% to 30% for heating and ranging from 28% to 33% for cooling. The reduction in energy is due to the fact that the kinetic system is able to block out more unwanted sun, and allows beneficial sun, for more hours than the fixed system. 131 It is most interesting to compare the best performances of the kinetic systems amongst themselves. Across the board, the resulting reductions were very close between the four systems when creating the kinetic system. The results are based on the fact that these four systems are able to block or allow similar amounts of direct solar gain into the building and are able to close off the façade completely at night. During the summer hours when it is desirable to reduce the amount of direct solar heat gain through the façade, all four facades can close to a level that will block any sun penetration into the building. During the winter hours that it is desirable to allow the sun to enter, the same holds true. This is due to the fact that the highest setting for the horizontal systems, being perpendicular to the façade, is high enough to allow for full penetration of the sun at all hours of the day, while the vertical system can track the sun and can also allow for minute changes to compensate for the angles of the sun. Although all four systems performed remarkably against the non-shaded system, of the four it was the overhang and horizontal louver system that performed at a slightly higher level. They performed slightly better than the folding system mostly due to the fact that they were able to cover more square footage in shade at certain times due to their method of rotation, where the folding system is only functional as a perpendicular horizontal shade for half of the window height. The improvement in performance over the vertical system is generated by the fact that for this particular simulation, the kinetic system was placed on all four sides to anticipate the desire for aesthetic continuity throughout the building. When placed on the north side of the building, the vertical system is unable to allow enough light in as compared to the other three systems. The results however are so close to each other, this effect is minimal, leading to the conclusion that it does not seem to matter which system is used as long as the façade is kinetic, any one of the systems will result in a roughly 30% increase over a non-shaded system. Daylighting analysis The results from the daylight access tests show similar results as the solar thermal, but are much more differentiated between the four systems. All four systems show marked improvement over a non-shaded system and a fixed angle system. The reason for the improvement over the non-shaded system lies in the 132 fact that the non-shaded system consistently allowed too much sun in and produced an over-lit environment at all times throughout the year. This does not mean that the room is unbearable, but simply that the lighting level is not within the recommended range. The fixed systems had the opposite problem in that it did not allow enough light to enter the room at times, and a lot of the time the light was not allowed to penetrate the depth of the space. The results show that of the four systems, the vertical louver system, at 55%, performed much better in allowing for the largest amount of recommended lighting into the room. While the other systems allowed for a high number of points within the recommended range, it is the vertical louver system’s ability to track the daily movement of the sun that brought it over the top. Very close to the vertical louver system is the overhang system at 54% of the points within range throughout the four times of the year. The reason for this systems increase is that the overhang allows for a larger amount of window to be influenced by the sun, as opposed to the horizontal folding and louver systems in which the shade system itself can become a hindrance on the light entering the space. Although the overhang system is able to mediate the daylight entering the space with little protuberance as opposed to the other systems, the vertical louver has the distinct advantage of a more finite control of the sun on a daily basis and can allow for the azimuth changes in the location of the sun. This more finite control allowed for a more precise control of the amount of sun entering the space, thus providing more opportunity to have the lighting levels within the recommended range produced by only daylight. The result from this test is the recommendation of using a kinetic vertical louver, which translates to a 55% increase over the control, and an 11% increase over the next best static system of the 90 degree overhang. Ventilation analysis The tests of the potential for a kinetic system to increase beneficial ventilation show that the kinetic systems perform slightly better than a standard open window and a fixed system. There is some improvement in the systems that show a similar trend to the open window, with the majority of the air flow 133 through the space being from 0.0 to 0.2 m/s, while some systems were able to produce a higher flow at 1.0 m/s in some areas. Of the four systems tested, the vertical system again performed better due to the fact that the test accounts for the wind coming in off the site based on an ordinal N-E-S-W direction, which the vertical system was able to track. The horizontal systems would only be able to be tested for wind coming from the same height, but at different ordinal directions. The vertical louver system was able to produce airflows up to 1.1 m/s in some spaces, although this was not true for all times and settings. The kinetic systems produce a slight increase over a standard open window, but this increase in velocity is not enough to consider it a major deciding factor in the use of a kinetic system. Having an air velocity of 0.25 to 1.02 m/s will produce a cooling sensation when it passes over the skin, and the kinetic systems are able to produce this, but they are not much more efficient at this than a standard operable window. The standard operable window is still able to produce wind speeds from 0.3 to 0.5 m/s for 20.9% of the space in the summer and 19.5% of the space in the winter. The greatest increase over this standard window for the summer is the folding system, but with only a 9% increase, while the greatest increase for the winter is also the folding system, with a 15% increase. In the higher velocity ranges that offer greater potential for comfort sensation temperature reduction, ranges 0.6 to 0.8 m/s, the vertical system performed the best, but offered only 12.9% increase in the summer and a 6% increase in the winter. Energy generation analysis The energy generation results show that three of the four kinetic systems show improvement over a standard vertical integrated photovoltaic, with one, the folding system, showing lower energy generation numbers. The reason for the folding system producing much lower numbers is due to the fact that the folding system only has half of the usable square footage for the inclusion of photovoltaic panels. This is attributed to the situation that when opened, only half of the panel is facing in the direction of the sun. It is interesting to note however, that even though it only has half of the square footage as the standard BIPV system, it was still able to produce energy levels that were only slightly lower. 134 The only factor that is not accounted for in this test is the possibility of the horizontal louver systems to self-shade. This can produce a significant decrease in energy production, but can be accounted for by leaving the panels at an angle in which the shade from the adjacent panel will not reach the panel for a few hours until this is no longer a problem, commonly known as backtracking. The increase that this can gain however may be minimal when compared to the large increase the vertical system, which suffers from the same dilemma yet produces more by simply being able to track the sun through its daily motion. It is thus shown that by moving the panels in such a way that the panel is receiving direct sun throughout the day is much better than moving the panels so that they track the sun’s annual movement, resulting in nearly a 35% increase in efficiency. Hierarchy Based on these four results, it becomes apparent that two of the environmental factors show a large increase over the standard and fixed (solar thermal and daylighting), one factor shows improvement for some systems but not others (energy generation), while one shows only slight improvement (ventilation). It is thus decided that the a hierarchy for the advantages of kinetic systems can be described by placing solar thermal and daylighting as the most important factors, energy generation being a slightly less important factor, and ventilation not being much of a factor. This can be changed and modified based on which would be most beneficial to the project given the location needs as well as the inhabitant needs. If the energy savings of a kinetic system based on the solar thermal performance were most important, it would be placed highest, however if having the recommended daylighting levels are more important, daylighting might be placed higher. 135 Chapter 7: Design assumptions The second phase of this research is to take the results and use the data to inform a design that would produce the most benefit for the four environmental factors of solar thermal, daylighting, ventilation and energy generation. A working full-scale prototype was created to test the working ability and maintenance of the design. The design itself is based upon the analysis from the previous chapter and takes into account the hierarchy of needs of solar thermal, daylighting, energy generation and ventilation, in order of most important to least. Overhang for solar thermal The designed kinetic façade has a larger scale overhang system that controls the solar thermal aspects of the façade. The overhang system was chosen because three of the four systems were nearly identical in their performance, but the overhang system is the simplest in terms of function and maintenance. The overhang system will be controlled based on a pre-determined manner that will allow it to shade when it is necessary and allow sun in when beneficial. This is important in that the control of the larger scale building system performance is taken out of the hands of the user and will allow the energy saving benefits from the system to be realized regardless of the user input. Vertical louvers for daylighting Built within the overhang system will be a series of vertical louvers that will allow an added level of control over the system. The vertical louvers performed the best of the four systems in terms of allowing for natural daylighting within recommended levels and are also controllable by the inhabitants. Since the overhang system is made up of these vertical louver systems, it seems that the two could not perform together and provide both benefits at the same time, but it is assumed that the control of the daylight settings will occur during normal working hours and after that the overhang settings will be the only factor. In addition, the range of daylighting needs can usually fall within the desired range for the allowing or blocking of the sun with only slight compromise. 136 Vertical louvers for energy generation The benefits of the kinetic system to the user typically fall within a given height of the façade to the office, and thus a lot of the façade does not necessarily need to be part of the system. This leaves a space where a spandrel is typically placed and is meant solely as an aesthetic continuity. It is within this spandrel space that a vertical louver system will be placed to act independently of the other systems in order to achieve the highest level of energy generation without interference from the other system. Standard window for ventilation Since it has been shown that a kinetic system offers very little improvement in air velocity throughout the space, this design will not incorporate any significant improvements to a standard operable window system. This allows for fewer concerns over durability and maintenance in the kinetic system, and allows for the kinetic system to handle the more important factors such as solar thermal and daylighting. 137 Chapter 8: Proposed Design Early design studies were performed to attempt to create a kinetic façade system that takes into account the previously discussed assumptions. The first design incorporated an overhang system with a vertical louver, which consisted of a reactive material, such as a thermobimetal or shape memory alloy (Figure 119). The overhang system would be a simple hinged system, while the vertical louvers would be fixed on one end, leaving the metal to react to temperature or current to cause a bending in the panel. This design showed great potential for a future application by removing a large amount of actuators, and leaving the material to perform the actuation itself. The material research itself was still in an early phase, and it was decided that this design could not go forward without extensive research and testing into the materials themselves, which is beyond the scope of this research Figure 119: Early design of kinetic facade with smart materials 138 Another design that was considered was a more complex kinetic mechanism, with simpler materials than the first design. The system was a combination of a folding system and vertical louvers, but the hinge points of the folding system were at differing points (Figure 120). By moving the hinge points, it created a more aesthetically interesting façade which is similar in language to Santiago Calatrava’s Ernsting Warehouse doors. The façade was also able to create different angles of shading for the window, ranging from a high angle in the east, to a low angle in the west. The assumption with this system was that during the summer months when the sun angle is high, it would allow more early morning sun, but block out more late-day sun. During the winter months when the sun angle is low, it would allow for equal amounts of sun throughout the day. Within each panel of the folding system would be rotate-able vertical louvers, allowing for even more control over the façade. Figure 120: Early design of kinetic facade with multiple hinge point folding system 139 The final proposed design takes into account the various factors and hierarchy as has been previously described, but is modified slightly based on changes considered during the built process. The overall design incorporates a combination overhang and vertical louver system to control the solar thermal and daylighting factors, while a separate vertical louver system has been incorporated to handle energy generation separately from the previous two factors, and a manual operable window has accounted for ventilation. The façade is intended to be place as an exterior skin that is incorporated with a typical curtain wall construction. Figure 121: Final proposed design with overhang, vertical louvers and photovoltaic system 140 Figure 122: Elevation of proposed design in closed vertical louver setting Figure 123: Elevation of proposed design in open vertical louver setting 141 Figure 124: Section of proposed design showing overhang system Figure 125: Proposed design rendering with closed overhang and closed vertical louvers 142 Figure 126: Proposed design rendering with closed overhang and 30 degree vertical louvers Figure 127: Proposed design rendering with closed overhang and 60 degree vertical louvers Figure 128: Proposed design rendering with 30 degree overhang and closed vertical louvers Figure 129: Proposed design rendering with 30 degree overhang and 30 degree vertical louvers 143 Figure 130: Proposed design rendering with 30 degree overhang and 60 degree vertical louvers Figure 131: Proposed design rendering with 60 degree overhang and closed vertical louvers Figure 132: Proposed design rendering with 60 degree overhang and 30 degree vertical louvers Figure 133: Proposed design rendering with 60 degree overhang and 60 degree vertical louvers 144 Figure 134: Proposed design rendering with 90 degree overhang and closed vertical louvers Figure 135: Proposed design rendering with 90 degree overhang and 30 degree vertical louvers Figure 136: Proposed design rendering with 90 degree overhang and 60 degree vertical louvers The design of the façade serves multiple purposes that have been previously studied, by using an overhang system to control larger macro-scale, whole-building shading and solar thermal control. Built into the overhang system are vertical louvers that allow the user to fine tune the smaller micro-scale factors for controllable daylighting. The vertical louvers are controlled by a rotating mechanism that pulls the bottom edge of the louvers in unison, while the top edge of the louvers is fixed, imparting a twist within the louver. This twist has been included for multiple reasons, from the ease of maintenance to improved daylighting. The twisted louvers reduces the amount of moving parts, by only requiring the mechanism to rotate the bottom half of the louvers, leaving less bearings, motors and extra accessories needed to allow the top half to rotate. The bottom half of the louvers, as opposed to the top, move because this is within the range that 145 the user inside the office would be able to use and feel the direct effect from. The most important reason for introducing the twist was made in conjunction with the decision to move the rotation point of the overhang down one foot and spacing the entire system off of the building skin the same distance. By keeping the top half of the shading system fixed, the louvers create a reflective surface that can reflect light up to the ceiling of the space, and by moving the rotation point; the light is allowed to enter the office at the top foot of the window, effectively creating an exterior light shelf. This light shelf will aid in the daylighting of the space in addition to the vertical louvers themselves. In addition to the two systems, the overhang and twisted vertical louver, placing photovoltaic panels in the spandrel space between floors has incorporated the energy generation of the building. The separation of the photovoltaic panels from the overhang and twisted vertical louver allows them to function in their prescribed motion in a way that does not have any impact on the solar thermal or daylighting settings. These panels reside in a space that cannot be controlled by the shading system, and allows the façade to continue the language, affecting the aesthetics. Ventilation for convective purposes has been incorporated into the façade by making the interior skin of the building with an operable window. The decision to place the second skin one foot off of the interior skin allowed for a channel where air can circulate even when the façade is in the closed positions. This means that when it is desirable to block all solar radiation and daylighting, it is still possible to allow for ventilation in to the space. 146 Proposed Design Testing With the proposed design in mind, computer simulations were conducted in the same manner as before, as discussed in chapter 4, in order to verify whether the design would provide the expected results. It is intended that this proposed design with either meet or exceed the four previous iterative settings for the best-case kinetic design. It should result in at least a 30% decrease in energy consumption for both cooling and heating needs, allow for at least 50% of the work surface to be within the recommended range for daylighting for the four times of the year, produce about 1.0 m/s of airflow, and generate about 130 kWh of energy. Solar Thermal Test Energy testing for the proposed design was performed in accordance with the previously described methods. The energy model was tested in eQuest with the same settings as all of the other tested systems in order to verify that this proposed design performs at the same level as the other systems. Under the assumption that only half of the louvers would be rotating as a result of the twist, the fixed shading system in eQuest was modeled with one half of it being a solid overhang and the other half being a rotating louver (Figure 137). The results of the simulation show that this design performed in a similar manner as the other kinetic systems, resulting in a 31.8% decrease in cooling consumption (Figure 138) and a 31.6% decrease in heating consumption (Figure 139). 147 Figure 137: eQuest model of proposed design 128,040 85,820 86,180 85,460 92,002 87,328 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 kWh Control Overhang Folding Horizontal Louver Vertical Louver Proposed Cooling Consumption Figure 138: Solar thermal testing results for cooling consumption for all systems including proposed design 148 989,410 689,810 693,420 687,650 709,105 677,123 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 900,000 1,000,000 kBtu Control Overhang Folding Horizontal Louver Vertical Louver Proposed Heating Consumption Figure 139: Solar thermal testing results for heating consumption for all systems including proposed design Cooling kWh kWh Decrease Percent Decrease Control 128,040 x x Overhang 85,820 42,220 33.0% Folding 86,180 41,860 32.7% Horizontal Louver 85,460 42,580 33.3% Vertical Louver 92,002 36,038 28.1% Proposed 87,328 40,712 31.8% Heating Btu Btu Decrease Percent Decrease Control 989,410 x x Overhang 689,810 299,600 30.3% Folding 693,420 295,990 29.9% Horizontal Louver 687,650 301,760 30.5% Vertical Louver 709,105 280,305 28.3% Proposed 677,123 312,287 31.6% Table 12: Comparison of consumption between different fixed and kinetic systems versus control 149 Daylighting Test The proposed design was tested using the same methods as with the previous systems, and it has been shown that it can keep the work surface within the range of lighting setting for 69% of the time. This is a marked improvement over the best performing single system in the vertical louver of 55%. This increase in the proper daylighting is accounted for by the combination of systems, the overhang and vertical louver, as well as the light shelf, that add more flexibility in the range and angles that the system can track the sun. The overhang system is only able to track the sun during its seasonal movement, while the vertical louver system can only track during the daily movement. The proposed system incorporates these two settings and allows the shading system to track the sun through the both daily and seasonal sun movements. 150 Combined - Kinetic Date/Time Setting Points in Range March 21st 9:00am Overhang @ 90 degrees, Vertical @ 90 12 March 21st 12:00pm Overhang @ 60 degrees, Vertical @ east 13 March 21st 3:00pm Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ west 11 June 21st 9:00 am Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ 90 12 June 21st 12:00 pm Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ west 11 June 21st 3:00 pm Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ 90 13 September 21st 9:00 am Overhang @ 60 degrees, Vertical @ 90 13 September 21st 12:00 pm Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ east 14 September 21st 3:00 pm Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ west 13 December 21st 9:00 am Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ 90 14 December 21st 12:00pm Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ 90 10 December 21st 3:00 pm Overhang @ 60 degrees, Vertical @ east 13 Total Points in Range 149 Percent Surface in Range: 69% Table 13: Results from the daylighting tests for the proposed system Proposed Kinetic System 67% 72% 61% 67% 61% 72% 72% 78% 72% 78% 56% 72% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Overhang @ 90 degrees, Vertical @ 90 Overhang @ 60 degrees, Vertical @ east Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ west Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ 90 Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ west Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ 90 Overhang @ 60 degrees, Vertical @ 90 Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ east Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ west Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ 90 Overhang @ 0 degrees, Vertical @ 90 Overhang @ 60 degrees, Vertical @ east March 21st 9:00am March 21st 12:00pm March 21st 3:00pm June 21st 9:00 am June 21st 12:00 pm June 21st 3:00 pm September 21st 9:00 am September 21st 12:00 pm September 21st 3:00 pm December 21st 9:00 am December 21st 12:00pm December 21st 3:00 pm Percent surface in range Figure 140: Fixed settings for the proposed system without kinetic actuation 151 Energy generation simulation By placing the photovoltaic panels in the spandrel space, the energy generation of the building is directly related to the test vertical louver system. The test for the proposed design match the simulations for the test case, in that they are the same square footage and rotate in the same exact manner as the originally tested system. The rotation of the panels to follow the daily movement of the sun produced 130 kWh for the four periods tested and will continue to produce that amount regardless of the settings for the other overhang/louver portion. There might be some variation due to the reflectance of the lower panel among the photovoltaic portion, but the testing for this case is beyond the scope of this research. Proposed Design Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly 1927 0.55 6343 0.82 1928 2.8 6344 2.26 1929 3.31 6345 2.58 1930 3.32 6346 2.74 1931 2.99 6347 2.41 1932 2.45 6348 2.24 1933 2.55 6349 2.18 1934 2.64 6350 2.29 1935 2.85 6351 2.17 1936 3.2 6352 2.75 1937 3.26 6353 2.71 1938 2.89 6354 2.32 1939 1.02 6355 0.4 33.83 27.88 4134 0.01 8528 0.99 4135 0.34 8529 3.26 4136 0.63 8530 3.74 4137 1.48 8531 3.87 4138 0.99 8532 3.69 4139 1.26 8533 3.72 4140 0.91 8534 3.65 4141 0.62 8535 3.73 4142 0.43 8536 3.5 4143 1.01 8537 3.06 4144 2.21 8538 0.69 4145 2 61.75 4146 1.57 Total 4 dates 137.87 4147 1.18 4148 0.12 14.41 Table 14: Energy generation from proposed design for four dates tested 152 Ventilation test The proposed design was tested for ventilation in the same manner as was previously described. Based on these tests, it is shown that the proposed design allows for wind speeds to fall mostly within the 0.5 m/s velocity range, with some containing points upwards of the 1.0 to 1.2 m/s range. The proposed design falls within the same velocity range as the tested components, with certain areas of increased ventilation, with the overhang set at 30 degrees, and the louver set at 90 degrees producing nearly 1.6 m/s in the winter, and with the overhang at 60 degrees and the louver set at 90 degrees producing nearly 1.9 m/s in the summer for certain areas. 0-0.2 m/s 13% 0.3-0.5 m/s 59% 0.6-0.8 m/s 25% 0.9-1.1m/s 2% 1.2-1.4 m/s 1% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 141: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver east, summer 153 0-0.2 m/s 29% 0.3-0.5 m/s 44% 0.6-0.8 m/s 15% 0.9-1.1m/s 9% 1.2-1.4 m/s 3% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 142: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver east, winter 0-0.2 m/s 15% 0.3-0.5 m/s 55% 0.6-0.8 m/s 23% 0.9-1.1m/s 2% 1.2-1.4 m/s 2% 1.5-1.7 m/s 2% 1.8-2.0m/s 1% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 143: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver 90, summer 154 0-0.2 m/s 22% 0.3-0.5 m/s 57% 0.6-0.8 m/s 12% 0.9-1.1m/s 3% 1.2-1.4 m/s 3% 1.5-1.7 m/s 3% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 144: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver 90, winter 0-0.2 m/s 52% 0.3-0.5 m/s 28% 0.6-0.8 m/s 19% 0.9-1.1m/s 1% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 145: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver west, summer 155 0-0.2 m/s 20% 0.3-0.5 m/s 66% 0.6-0.8 m/s 9% 0.9-1.1m/s 4% 1.2-1.4 m/s 1% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 146: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 30 degrees, louver west, winter 0-0.2 m/s 62% 0.3-0.5 m/s 27% 0.6-0.8 m/s 10% 0.9-1.1m/s 1% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 147: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver east, summer 156 0-0.2 m/s 16% 0.3-0.5 m/s 57% 0.6-0.8 m/s 20% 0.9-1.1m/s 4% 1.2-1.4 m/s 3% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 148: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver east, winter 0-0.2 m/s 50% 0.3-0.5 m/s 34% 0.6-0.8 m/s 8% 0.9-1.1m/s 3% 1.2-1.4 m/s 2% 1.5-1.7 m/s 2% 1.8-2.0m/s 1% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 149: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver 90, summer 157 0-0.2 m/s 28% 0.3-0.5 m/s 49% 0.6-0.8 m/s 18% 0.9-1.1m/s 4% 1.2-1.4 m/s 1% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 150: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver 90, winter 0-0.2 m/s 63% 0.3-0.5 m/s 25% 0.6-0.8 m/s 12% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 151: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver west, summer 158 0-0.2 m/s 23% 0.3-0.5 m/s 58% 0.6-0.8 m/s 16% 0.9-1.1m/s 3% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 152: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 60 degrees, louver west, winter 0-0.2 m/s 61% 0.3-0.5 m/s 27% 0.6-0.8 m/s 11% 0.9-1.1m/s 1% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 153: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver east, summer 159 0-0.2 m/s 16% 0.3-0.5 m/s 54% 0.6-0.8 m/s 24% 0.9-1.1m/s 5% 1.2-1.4 m/s 1% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 154: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver east, winter 0-0.2 m/s 54% 0.3-0.5 m/s 35% 0.6-0.8 m/s 4% 0.9-1.1m/s 6% 1.2-1.4 m/s 1% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 155: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver 90, summer 160 0-0.2 m/s 32% 0.3-0.5 m/s 66% 0.6-0.8 m/s 2% 0.9-1.1m/s 0% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 156: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver 90, winter 0-0.2 m/s 48% 0.3-0.5 m/s 33% 0.6-0.8 m/s 18% 0.9-1.1m/s 1% 1.2-1.4 m/s 0% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 157: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver west, summer 161 0-0.2 m/s 28% 0.3-0.5 m/s 46% 0.6-0.8 m/s 17% 0.9-1.1m/s 7% 1.2-1.4 m/s 2% 1.5-1.7 m/s 0% 1.8-2.0m/s 0% 0-0.2 m/s 0.3-0.5 m/s 0.6-0.8 m/s 0.9-1.1m/s 1.2-1.4 m/s 1.5-1.7 m/s 1.8-2.0m/s Figure 158: Air velocities for proposed design, overhang at 90 degrees, louver west, winter 162 Chapter 9: Prototype build Once the design of the kinetic system has been verified, it was important to test the design for constructability and maintenance. The intention of this prototyping was to not only see if the design would be physically possible, but to also determine methods of improving the design. Through this exercise, a few modifications to the design had to be made; will be discussed later. Overhang system build The overhang system consists of an aluminum structural frame that is connected to a larger structural frame and hinged with a bearing plate. The hinge point is placed one foot down from the top of the frame, allowing the system to act as a light shelf and reducing the amount of actuation needed to move it. The frame is constructed out of an aluminum T-slot system with 90 degree angles to connect it. The T-slot system was used to aid in any adjustments during the prototyping phase, but the frame could be made of welded aluminum tube for the final version. 163 Figure 159: Overhang system frame and hinge bearing Figure 160: Inside frame hinge point 164 Figure 161: Outside frame hinge point Vertical louver system build The vertical louver system in this prototype is the more complex portion of the façade; much more detail and testing had to take place during prototyping. The top edge of the panel is fixed in order to produce the desired twist in the system, and it consists of an aluminum angle attached to the top T-slot frame. It was constructed so that it could be moved along the frame as needed to adjust for tolerances. 165 Figure 162: Vertical louver system at top edge, inside Figure 163: Vertical louver system at top edge, outside. 166 The bottom edge of the vertical louver system houses the rotating mechanism that will cause the panels to twist. It was built so that the movement of one rod will cause all of the panels to move in unison. Each panel is connected to an aluminum angle with a bolt that goes through a nylon washer, roller bearing and an elliptical washer, then connecting to a solid aluminum actuation rod. The rod will then connect to the motor or actuator that will pull all the louvers together. Figure 164: Vertical louver system at bottom edge. 167 Figure 165: Vertical louver system at bottom edge. Figure 166: Vertical louver system at bottom edge. 168 Figure 167: Vertical louver system at bottom edge. Figure 168: Rotating mechanism 169 Figure 169: Rotating mechanism Panelization The panels for the system are constructed out of sheet aluminum for weight reduction. The majority of the system consists of these panels, so a lightweight, reflective material is necessary to reduce the weight, and thus the size of the actuator needed to move the overhang, as well as reflect light into the office through the light shelf. The intention of these panels is to be able to act as the designed vertical louvers, but to be able to twist. 170 Figure 170: Aluminum sheet panels on the kinetic façade Figure 171: Twisted panels 171 Build complications and modifications During the construction of the prototype, many things were learned about the design that were not considered in the theoretical phase. These complications have led to changes that would need to be made for the final design. The first problem encountered was in the weight of the system. Originally, the prototype was built using many steel pieces for ease of construction and welding, but this proved problematic. The weight of the steel assemblage posed a problem in that it took an extremely large amount of force to make the overhang system move; this would necessitate using larger motors and actuators and put large amounts of stress on the hinges. The solution to this problem was to switch out many of the steel parts for aluminum, which resulted in a significant weight reduction. In order to facilitate easier changes and modifications, as well as transportation issues of the prototype, bolted connections were used in most spots. These bolts cause many significant issues that would have to be resolved in a final assembly. The first problem that the bolts caused was an increase in weight, which results in the same problems as previously stated with the steel construction. Secondly, the use of bolts causes problems with keeping the superstructure square and plumb while the overhang is moving. By only having small angle brackets and bolts to hold the piece together, there is too much movement allowed in the connections of the frame, which results in it losing its square. The last problem that the bolts had was in their backing off as the system moved. The bolts were originally fully tightened, but as the system moved, these bolts and nuts would loosen slightly, eventually even falling off. All of the problems resulting from the bolted connections could be solved in a final construction by going joining with welds. The biggest problem encountered during the construction of the prototype was with the aluminum panels and the twisting mechanism. Once the panels were installed, it was immediately realized that some extreme sagging was occurring. The panels were installed as tightly as possible, but were done by hand, and they could not be kept tight enough to prevent the sag. The bottom attachment of the panels was created with a bolt and standoff system that could be tightened as a tensioner, but this proved still to be ineffective. The 172 problem with the sag was more than an aesthetic one, in that as the panels were sagging, it was too difficult to produce the desired twist in the system. The panels had a tendency to buckle out before twisting, which meant a large amount of force was needed to overcome the buckle in order to start the twist. A partial solution to this problem was to place a bracket halfway down the panels so that they become fixed at that location, reducing the amount of sag. This was partially effective, and with a better tensioning system, it is possible that the panels can overcome the sagging problem. Final prototype The construction of the prototype led to a few changes and modifications, and in the end produced a better design. The final prototype incorporates the intentions of the proposed design of an overhang system hinged one foot down to produce a simple mechanism for controlling solar properties and acting as a light shelf and a twisting vertical louver system that offered greater control in daylighting for the user. The last two systems for ventilation and energy generation were not constructed due to time and costs issues, but could easily be adapted to and incorporated into the prototype. 173 Chapter 10: Conclusions This study shows that properly designed kinetic facades can decrease energy use in a building, can produce ample amounts of recommended natural daylighting, induce preferable ventilation air velocities, and create more energy, when compared to a typical non-shaded situation. The kinetic facades studied were able to produce a roughly 30% decrease in energy consumption for both heating and cooling situations over the non-shaded system. These systems are able to shade the office space from the sun, insulate the office from heat loss when needed, and can do this at variable levels throughout the day, month and year. Kinetic systems have been shown to keep 38-55% of the work surface in the recommended light levels, not only reducing the need for artificial lighting, but also keeping the space in an undeniably comfortable setting for the tasks required of that space, ranging from 200 to 500 lux. The incorporation of photovoltaic panels in the design of these kinetic facades can also take advantage of their already mobile nature; by allowing the panels to track the sun, the efficiency of these systems is increased, with the highest increase being the vertical louver system, nearly doubling the energy output over a static BIPV. Natural ventilation has been shown to be a plausible addition to a kinetic façade, but does not have as great an increase over the control as the other environmental factors. While the kinetic facades did perform remarkably well against a non-shaded system, their benefits over a static, fixed shading system was of interest to this study as well. For the solar thermal energy studies, it is difficult to compare any of the kinetic systems to any one fixed system due to the comparison of site versus source energy as discussed previously. The study shows that for cooling settings, the kinetic system offers less than 1% improvement in efficiency over a fixed setting, while for the heating settings, only a 1.5% improvement. This is difficult to accept as these two studies cannot be combined due to the way nearly all energy simulation programs consider site and source energy, as previously discussed. 174 For ventilation alone, the kinetic facades offered very little improvement over a traditional static window. In all cases the best fixed setting was to open the façade up as much as possible, thus allowing the air to flow freely into the space with as little obstruction possible. This improvement is not much better than the standard operable window. For daylighting purposes, it was shown that the lighting levels in the space can be vastly improved. The kinetic systems were able to produce more surfaces in the recommended range over the best fixed system by 13% for the overhang, 14% for the folding, 5% for the horizontal louver, and 18% for the vertical louver. Energy generation produced dramatic increases over the best fixed systems by producing more energy by an average of 10% for four specific days of the year. This increase can be expanded upon when carried out throughout the year. The true study of these kinetic facades was not only in their ability to control any one of these aspects, but their ability to control all of these aspects at the same time. Many critics claim that the high cost of construction and maintenance for these kinetic systems cannot justify their use, and for any one of these settings it might be accurate, but if the façade is controlling all four of these aspects, the costs can be made up quickly by allowing for more efficient facades, better daylighting levels, increased natural ventilation and the improved production of energy through the façade. 175 This study has also shown that while simulated as separate variables, a kinetic façade could be designed based on these calculations to improve all four environmental variables at the same time, while not reducing the impact of each individual setting. The use of an overhang system, along with vertical louver panels can control the solar thermal aspects and daylighting together, while a standard operable window can handle the natural ventilation, and a separate photovoltaic system in the spandrel space all work together to create a façade that can control all four variables in conjunction with each other. This study has also showed that such a system can be constructed and function with simple methods and, with professional construction, could be a viable system that would be easy to build and maintain. In addition to the computer simulations, it was also important to understand the physical complications that would be introduced in a full scale prototype.The prototype introduced problems that could not be anticipated. There were many problems with alignment of all the components, leaving enough tolerance between the panels, and movement of the system that made the final design difficult to construct and might be a problem in an actual building. The weight of the overhang system was considered, but it was not until the prototype was built that it became a serious concern. Overall, the prototype showed that it could be possible to build the designed kinetic system, but many compromises would have to be made, and it would be advised to study the construction in further detail with experienced professionals. It has been shown that kinetic facades are a positive improvement on any façade and can, when properly designed, improve an office building by decreasing energy use through heating and cooling, can provide ample amounts of desirable natural light, can generate electricity and allow for beneficial natural ventilation. The kinetic façade can control these environmental variables, all while providing a dynamic and interesting aesthetic to the building. Façades no longer need to be static, and kinetic facades no longer need to move for only aesthetic reasons, but can be aesthetic and control the environment in a more effective manner. 176 Chapter 11: Future Work There are many aspects to this research that could be further developed. Although considerable effort has been made to provide the easiest and most accurate data possible, there are some things that are beyond the scope of this paper. The future work on this subject ranges from better analysis methods, inclusion of various factors such as cost, maintenance, and aesthetics, and expanded research into existing systems. The methods used to create a kinetic system in this study were through an iterative process that included lengthy calculations and formulas through spreadsheets. More work could be performed to create a system that uses schedules and operations within the computer simulation programs to measure a truly kinetic façade that actually moves as the calculations are running. This could be possible in such programs in the future, but currently are not at a level that is easily achieved. Software such as eQuest allow for various scheduling methods and building shades, but the programming for this is complicated and beyond the scope of this study. Due to the time needed to perform the daylighting and energy generation tests, only four dates were chosen for the study, in an assumption that this would be representative of the best and worst times of the year. More work could be conducted which incorporates these studies for the entire year to check for validity. Future work in this aspect could be to create dynamic simulation software which will perform the iterative process through various formula methods. The software could be for any one of the various environmental factors, or for all of them, but would automate the process of finding the best performing setting for the kinetic system, and run the calculations. This software would eliminate the iterative, best-performing, process and creates a dynamic system that can account for the compounding effect of selecting the best setting throughout the day. 177 The inclusion of all factors in kinetic facades was beyond the scope of work for this study, but more work could be conducted to include very important factors such as cost into the study. A study of the various components necessary for producing and running a kinetic façade could be undertaken, and then calculate an estimated cost for the entire façade system. This could be included in the decision factors for each type and be used to allow for a more informed design. The four systems studied for this research were narrowed down from a large list of different methods for creating kinetic facades and could be improved upon to include more types. In addition to the study of different types, the case studies of existing kinetic facades could be undertaken in more depth. Empirical tests can be planned to study existing systems in order to validate the actual improvements from the kinetic facades. An important aspect that could be studied as well is the prevalence of glare with the use of certain kinetic facades and shading systems. The vertical and horizontal louver systems in particular are susceptible to large amounts of contrast that could be uncomfortable for the office user. A study of various shading systems could be conducted that will show the advantages and disadvantages of each for the specific factor of glare. 178 Bibliography Adaptive Building Initiative 2009, viewed 3 November 2009, <http://www.adaptivebuildings.com/city-of- justice.html>. American Institute of Architects 2009, viewed 18 September 2009, <http://www.aiatopten.org/hpb/indoorenv.cfm?ProjectID=658>. Baird, George 2001, The Architectural Expression of Environmental Control Systems, Spon Press, New York, NY. Botta, Mario, viewed 13 October 2009, <http://www.botta.ch/Page/Re%202006_476_Arosa_en%20%28Pu%29.php> Bergdoll, Barry, Christensen, Peter 2008 Home Delivery: Fabricating a Modern Dwelling, The Museum of Modern Art, New York Brager, Gail S, Paliaga, Gwen, de Dear, Richard 2004, Operable Windows, Personal Control, and Occupant Comfort, ASHRAE Transactions 2004, Vol 110, Part 2. BRE 2009, viewed 10 September 2009, <http://projects.bre.co.uk/envbuild/index.html#ventilate>. Bullivant, Lucy 2005, 4dspace: interactive architecture, Wiley-Academy, Chichester. Bullivant, Lucy 2006, Responsive Environments, Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Colt Shading Systems, viewed 18 October 2009, http://www.shadinglouvres.com/projects/battery-park/ Commend Australia 2010, viewed 18 February 2010, <http://www.commend.com.au/eng/segmente.asp?ID=184> Consumer Energy Center, viewed 13 February 2010, http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/home/windows/windows_future.html Copley Controls, viewed 18 February 2010, http://www.copleycontrols.com/Motion/News/sta11.html Davies, M. 1981, A Wall for all Seasons, RIBA Journal vol. 88, No. 2, February 1981 DeSouza, Eugene, Howard, Andy, Videriksen, Teena 2005 'The Caltrans District 7 Headquarters, Los, Angeles', Arup Journal, February, viewed 28 September 2009, <www.goarup.com/global/_pdf/Caltrans%20District%207.pdf > Dezeen 2009, viewed 12 December 2009, <http://www.dezeen.com/2009/09/21/bar-guru-bar-by-klab- architecture/>. Elero-linear 2009, viewed 10 October 2009, <http://www.elero- linear.com/images/66fcaf77d0/EconomO_UL_USA_110506.pdf> Floornature 2009, viewed 28 September 2009, <http://www.floornature.com/articoli/articolo.php?id=123&sez=3&tit=Sauerbruch---Hutton:-Gsw- Headquarters,-Berlin,-1999>. Fox, Michael 2001, ‘Beyond Kinetic’, Research Paper, MIT, Cambridge 179 Fox, Michael A, Kemp, Miles, 2009, Interactive Architecture, Princeton Press, New York Fox, Michael A 2003, ‘Kinetic Architectural Systems Design’, in Kronenburg, Robert, Lim, Joseph & Chii, Wong Yunn (eds.) 2003, Transportable Environments 2, Spon Press, London. Foxlin 2009, viewed 12 December 2009, <http://www.foxlin.com/r-project_12/index.html> Fuller, Buckminster 1946, ‘Designing a New Industry, 1993 Architecture Culture, Columbia University, New York. Givoni, Baruch 1998, Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design, Van Norstrand Reinhold, New York. Givoni, Baruch 1969, Man climate and architecture, Elsevier, Amsterdam Givoni, Baruch 1994, Passive and Low Energy Cooling of Buildings, John Wiley, New York Heijne, Rene, van Zwol, Jasper & Leupen, Bernard (eds.) 2005, Time-based Architecture, 010, Rotterdam, Netherlands Hertzberger, Herman 2005, ‘Time-based Buildings’, in Heijne, Rene, van Zwol, Jasper & Leupen, Bernard (eds.), Time-based Architecture, 010, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Hoberman, Chuck & Schwitter, Craig 2008 ‘Adaptive Structures: Building for Performance and Sustainability’, Design Intelligence, 11 August, viewed 18 June 2009, <http://www.di.net/articles/archive/2881/>. Hoberman, Chuck 2009, viewed 10 September 2009, <http://www.adaptivebuildings.com>. Hyposurface 2009, viewed 10 September 2009, <http://www.hyposurface.org>. Ifp-weber 2009, viewed 12 December 2009, <http://www.ifp- weber.de/Projektubersicht/LSV/body_lsv.html>. Inhabitat 2009, viewed 2 November 2009, <http://www.inhabitat.com/2009/02/05/blight-blinds-by-vincent- gerkens/>. Kdg 2010, viewed 18 February 2010, http://www.robotecture.com/kdg/Matrix/matrix.html Koseff, Jeffrey, McCarty, Perry L 2008, Y2E2: The Jerry Yang and AkikoYamazaki Environment and Energy Building, Stanford University, California, The Arup Journal Kronenburg, Robert 2007, Flexible: Architecture that Responds to Change, Laurence King Publishers, London. Kroner, WM 1997, An intelligent and responsive architecture, Automation in Construction 200 Leatherbarrow, David & Mostafavi, Moshen 2002, Surface Architecture, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Maccreanor 2005, ‘The Sustainable City is the Adaptable City’, in Heijne, Rene, van Zwol, Jasper & Leupen, Bernard (eds.), Time-based Architecture, 010, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 180 Magneticinnovations 2010, viewed 18 February 2010, < http://www.magneticinnovations.com/0000009c050a4b20d/0000009c050a4f011/index.html> Madine, Victoria 2004, ‘Sensory Perception’, Building Design, 11 June, viewed 1 January 2008, <http://www.bdonline.co.uk/story.asp?storycode=3036889>. Marks, Robert, Fuller R. Buckminster 1973. The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller, Anchor Books/Double Day, Garden City, NY. McQuaid, Matilda 2002, Envisioning Architecture: drawings from the Museum of Modern Art, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY. Moloney, James 2007, ‘Building Skins as Kinetic Process: Some Precedents from the Fine Arts’, Techniques and Technologies: Transfer and Transformation AASA 2007. Moloney, James 2007, ‘A Framework for the Design of Kinetic Facades’, Computer Aided Design Futures (CAAD Futures) 2007, p.461-474. Morphopedia 2009, viewed 28 September 2009, <http://morphopedia.com>. Muxlim 2009, viewed 12 December 2009, <http://images.muxlim.com/sufiman/the-umbrellas-close-to-the- nabawi-mosquemedina/>. Neutra VDL House 2009, viewed 10 October 2009, <http://www.neutra-vdl.org/site/default.asp#>. Nora at the State Fair 2010, viewed 18 February 2010, <http://www.nuvo.net/blog/wls-national-barn- dance/nora-state-fair-day-5> Norberg-Schulz, Christian 1974, Existence, Space & Architecture, Praeger, New York. Norberg-Schulz, Christian 1965, Intentions in Architecture, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusets. Nouvel, Jean 2009, viewed 20 September 2009, <http://www.jeannouvel.com>. Nysan 2009, viewed 3 November 2009, <http://www.nysan.com>. ODEC 2009, viewed 12 December 2009, <http://www.odec.ca/projects/2008/full8e2/purpose.html> Olgyay, Victor 1957, Solar Control and Shading Devices, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Olgyay, Victor 1963, Design with Climate: Bioclimactic Approach to Architectural Regionalism, Princeton University Press, Princeton Parsons, KC 1993, Human Thermal Environments, Taylor & Francis, London. Pixelmap 2009, viewed 3 November 2009 <http://www.pixelmap.com/images/Arch/dma_bruder_33.jpg>. Rapoport, Amos 1969, House, Form & Culture, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Ramsey, Charles 2000, Architectural Graphic Standards, John Wiley & Sons, New York Realities United 2009, viewed 5 October 2009, <http://www.realities-united.de/#PROJECT,69,3,I107_0>. Siegel, Arat, viewed 15 October 2009, <http://www.asp-stuttgart.de/index2.php?lan=en> 181 Society of Robots 2010, viewed 18 February 2010, <http://www.societyofrobots.com/sensors.shtml> Stein, Benjamin, Reynolds, John S, Grondzik, Walter T. & Kwok, Alison G. 2006, Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey Tzonis, Alexander 2004, Santiago Calatrava: The Complete Works, Rizzoli International, New York, NY. Uni-System 2009, viewed 12 December 2009, <http://www.uni- systems.com/Projects/FeaturedProjectDetails.aspx?ProjectId=8&PN=Reliant%20Stadium>. Watson, D 1983, Climatic Design, Energy Efficient Building Principles and Practice, Mc Graw Hill, New York. Wichitaphotos.com 2010, viewed 22 March 2010, <http://www.wichitaphotos.org/graphics/wschm_R2dymax5.jpg> Wigginton, Michael & Harris, Jude 2002, Intelligent Skins, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. World Architecture 2009, viewed 3 November 2009, <http://www.worldarchitecture.org/world- buildings/world-buildings-detail.asp?position=detail&country=Austria&no=1757>. Zuk, William & Clark, Roger 1970, Kinetic Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Zuk, William 1995, New Technologies: New Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 182 Appendix A: Solar thermal study results Control January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Cooling (kWh) 1,210 1,560 4,530 11,160 12,680 20,220 21,530 20,750 16,460 12,870 4,310 760 128,040 Heating (kBtu) 120,950 102,770 92,130 80,610 68,090 64,600 58,930 55,320 63,230 74,060 84,970 123,750 989,410 Overhang - 30 degrees January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Cooling (kWh) 690 920 2,740 7,090 8,250 13,970 15,030 14,560 11,050 8,320 2,740 460 85,820 Heating (kBtu) 98,750 83,370 71,000 55,760 44,260 35,730 29,560 27,550 37,150 50,510 64,600 96,850 695,090 Overhang - 60 degrees January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Cooling (kWh) 730 970 2,890 7,470 8,670 14,560 15,640 15,130 11,540 8,720 2,860 470 89,650 Heating (kBtu) 98,430 82,860 69,990 54,760 43,250 34,910 29,180 27,400 37,070 50,770 64,760 97,330 690,710 Overhang - 90 degrees January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Cooling (kWh) 870 1,110 3,310 8,490 9,810 16,180 17,310 16,710 12,900 9,840 3,260 550 100,340 Heating (kBtu) 101,870 87,380 76,450 61,610 49,560 42,350 37,020 35,080 44,800 58,710 70,300 102,960 768,090 Overhang - Combined January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Cooling (kWh) 690 920 2,740 7,090 8,250 13,970 15,030 14,560 11,050 8,320 2,740 460 85,820 Heating (kBtu) 98,430 82,860 69,990 54,760 43,250 34,910 29,180 27,400 37,070 50,510 64,600 96,850 689,810 Cooling: 32.7 % decrease Heating: 30.2 % decrease Folding - 30 degrees January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Cooling (kWh) 690 930 2,750 7,120 8,270 14,010 15,080 14,610 11,110 8,400 2,760 450 86,180 Heating (kBtu) 97,590 82,440 70,620 56,120 45,150 36,640 30,490 28,310 37,330 49,720 63,530 95,480 693,420 Folding - 60 degrees January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Cooling (kWh) 840 1,080 3,220 8,250 9,520 15,790 16,920 16,350 12,590 9,640 3,190 530 97,920 Heating (kBtu) 101,940 86,810 76,750 #### 51,190 43,940 38,110 35,900 45,300 57,260 68,790 101,610 770,630 Folding - 90 degrees January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Cooling (kWh) 1,010 1,290 3,790 9,530 10,940 17,780 18,980 18,300 14,270 11,040 3,680 630 111,240 Heating (kBtu) 109,160 93,130 83,320 70,630 58,060 52,300 46,910 44,600 54,070 65,380 75,790 110,670 864,020 Folding - Combined January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Cooling (kWh) 690 930 2,750 7,120 8,270 14,010 15,080 14,610 11,110 8,400 2,760 450 86,180 Heating (kBtu) 97,590 82,440 70,620 56,120 45,150 36,640 30,490 28,310 37,330 49,720 63,530 95,480 693,420 Cooling: 32.7 % decrease Heating: 29.9 % decrease Louver - Combined January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Cooling (kWh) 690 910 2,720 7,050 8,210 13,910 14,980 14,510 11,000 8,290 2,730 460 85,460 Heating (kBtu) 98,000 82,630 69,900 54,690 43,310 34,920 29,100 27,160 36,670 50,290 64,310 96,670 687,650 Cooling: 33.2 % decrease Heating: 30.5 % decrease Table 15: Monthly energy consumption for overhang, folding, and horizontal louver systems 183 Energy consumption totals for vertical louver system Heating - Btu Cooling - kWh 60 east, 30 north 719,815,821 92,457 60 east, 60 north 811,015,520 100,632 60 east 923,039,783 108,369 60 east, 60 south 755,698,170 97,985 60 east, 30 south 852,407,183 106,410 30 east, 30 north 855,966,143 104,679 30 east, 60 north 764,655,144 96,545 30 east 967,836,064 112,468 30 east, 60 south 800,822,512 102,033 30 east, 30 south 897,229,987 110,481 90, 30 north 897,352,204 107,392 90, 60 north 806,087,219 99,251 90 1,009,296,029 115,197 90, 60 south 842,263,228 104,750 90, 30 south 940,195,849 113,594 30 west, 30 north 895,512,270 107,450 30 west, 60 north 804,246,416 99,309 30 west 1,007,447,932 115,252 30 west, 60 south 836,795,559 103,492 30 west, 30 south 934,632,350 112,596 60 west, 30 north 850,544,697 103,565 60 west, 60 north 759,195,111 95,434 60 west 962,396,202 111,352 60 west, 60 south 781,359,278 96,753 60 west, 30 south 878,535,425 105,634 Kinetic 709,105,435 92,002 Table 16: Energy consumption for vertical louver system Energy consumption totals for proposed system Heating - Btu Cooling - kWh Proposed - Overhang 30, Louver 0 689,289,991 87,498 Proposed - Overhang 30, Louver 30 685,315,530 88,324 Proposed - Overhang 30, Louver 60 695,145,334 89,651 Proposed - Overhang 30, Louver 90 709,177,773 91,163 Proposed - Overhang 60, Louver 0 687,922,500 88,257 Proposed - Overhang 60, Louver 30 683,639,596 88,945 Proposed - Overhang 60, Louver 60 701,812,567 90,631 Proposed - Overhang 60, Louver 90 721,996,854 92,403 Proposed - Overhang 930, Louver 0 714,217,170 91,347 Proposed - Overhang 90, Louver 30 730,110,722 93,032 Proposed - Overhang 90, Louver 60 742,469,509 94,278 Proposed - Overhang 90, Louver 90 755,960,311 95,615 Proposed-Combined/Kinetic 677,122,565 87,328 Table 17: Energy Consumption for proposed design 184 Appendix B: Daylighting results ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 429 200 500 2 500 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 352 200 500 3 500 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6100 200 500 4 500 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 331 200 500 5 500 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 287 200 500 6 500 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 247 200 500 7 500 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 134 200 500 8 500 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 199 200 500 9 500 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 141 200 500 10 500 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 87.2 200 500 11 500 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 127 200 500 12 500 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 148 200 500 13 500 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 86.9 200 500 14 500 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 89.5 200 500 15 500 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 104 200 500 16 500 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 149 200 500 17 500 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 81.6 200 500 18 500 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 139 200 500 05 ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 389 200 500 2 500 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 283 200 500 3 500 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 285 200 500 4 500 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 287 200 500 5 500 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 231 200 500 6 7 500 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 149 200 500 8 500 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 80.1 200 500 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 239 200 500 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 56 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 44 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 78 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 26 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 157 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 8 200 Points in Range: Points in Range: Date Total Min Max 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 53 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 34 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 58 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 41 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 16 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 16 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 48 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 73 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 39 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 107 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 64 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 5,866 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 95 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 179 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 104 200 Overhang - 30 Degrees Overhang - 60 Degrees Date Total Min Max Table 18: Daylighting values for overhang system 185 Table 18, continued 9 500 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 116 200 500 10 500 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 55.9 200 500 11 500 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 132 200 500 12 500 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 136 200 500 13 500 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 64.7 200 500 14 500 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 72.6 200 500 15 500 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 52.9 200 500 16 500 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 88.6 200 500 17 500 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 122 200 500 18 500 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 119 200 500 06 ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 447 200 500 2 500 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 268 200 500 3 500 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 296 200 500 4 500 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 290 200 500 5 500 5 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 182 200 500 6 500 6 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 705 200 500 7 500 7 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 297 200 500 8 500 8 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 162 200 500 9 500 9 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 91.3 200 500 10 500 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 110 200 500 11 500 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 122 200 500 12 500 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 166 200 500 13 500 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 101 200 500 14 500 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 94.1 200 500 15 500 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 81.2 200 500 16 500 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 97.4 200 500 17 500 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 152 200 500 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 10 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 59 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 7 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 33 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 2 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 19 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 76 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 4 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 66 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 475 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 117 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 35 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 178 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 27 200 Date Total Min Max Points in Range: 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 Points in Range: 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 186 Table 18, continued 18 500 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 150 200 500 15 ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 696 200 500 2 500 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 489 200 500 3 500 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 485 200 500 4 500 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 455 200 500 5 500 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 401 200 500 6 500 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 366 200 500 7 500 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 224 200 500 8 500 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 177 200 500 9 500 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 141 200 500 10 500 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 106 200 500 11 500 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 228 200 500 12 500 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 214 200 500 13 500 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 76.9 200 500 14 500 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 89.3 200 500 15 500 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 113 200 500 16 500 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 171 200 500 17 500 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 133 200 500 18 500 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 188 200 500 18 ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 691 200 500 2 500 2 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 528 200 500 3 500 3 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 501 200 500 4 500 4 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 537 200 500 5 500 5 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 406 200 500 6 500 6 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 421 200 500 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 119 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 121 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 108 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 52 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 289 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 10 200 Date Total Min Max Points in Range: Points in Range: 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 140 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 127 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 89 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 51 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 296 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 Date Total Min Max Points in Range: Points in Range: 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 8 200 187 Table 18, continued 7 500 7 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 268 200 500 8 500 8 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 181 200 500 9 500 9 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 167 200 500 10 500 10 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 120 200 500 11 500 11 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 199 200 500 12 500 12 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 255 200 500 13 500 13 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 99.6 200 500 14 500 14 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 91.3 200 500 15 500 15 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 111 200 500 16 500 16 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 184 200 500 17 500 17 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 175 200 500 18 500 18 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 221 200 500 25 ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 470 200 500 2 500 2 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 309 200 500 3 500 3 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 305 200 500 4 500 4 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 318 200 500 5 500 5 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 234 200 500 6 500 6 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 276 200 500 7 500 7 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 157 200 500 8 500 8 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 127 200 500 9 500 9 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 113 200 500 10 500 10 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 80.2 200 500 11 500 11 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 135 200 500 12 500 12 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 133 200 500 13 500 13 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 71 200 500 14 500 14 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 47.3 200 500 15 500 15 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 96 200 500 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 2 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 73 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 65 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 92 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 31 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 216 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 Date Total Min Max Points in Range: Points in Range: 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 188 Table 18, continued 16 500 16 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 107 200 500 17 500 17 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 98.5 200 500 18 500 18 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 129 200 500 16 ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 532 200 500 2 500 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 415 200 500 3 500 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 385 200 500 4 500 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 380 200 500 5 500 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 313 200 500 6 500 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 291 200 500 7 500 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 171 200 500 8 500 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 190 200 500 9 500 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 148 200 500 10 500 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 111 200 500 11 500 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 191 200 500 12 500 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 194 200 500 13 500 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 86.4 200 500 14 500 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 97.6 200 500 15 500 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 88 200 500 16 500 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 138 200 500 17 500 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 93.1 200 500 18 500 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 181 200 500 15 ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 335 200 500 2 500 2 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 252 200 500 3 500 3 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 274 200 500 4 500 4 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 254 200 500 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 86 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 23 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 129 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7 200 Date Total Min Max Points in Range: Points in Range: 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 715 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 53 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 23 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 80 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 25 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 42 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 63 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 68 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 10 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 3 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 25 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 116 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 79 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 97 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 60 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 233 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 100 200 Date Total Min Max Points in Range: Points in Range: 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 2 200 189 Table 18, continued 5 500 5 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 210 200 500 6 500 6 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 190 200 500 7 500 7 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 147 200 500 8 500 8 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 109 200 500 9 500 9 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 107 200 500 10 500 10 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 51.7 200 500 11 500 11 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 117 200 500 12 500 12 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 116 200 500 13 500 13 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 58.2 200 500 14 500 14 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 47.1 200 500 15 500 15 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 48.1 200 500 16 500 16 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 80.7 200 500 17 500 17 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 100 200 500 18 500 18 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 107 200 500 05 ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 434 200 500 2 500 2 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 209 200 500 3 500 3 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 282 200 500 4 500 4 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 249 200 500 5 500 5 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 155 200 500 6 500 6 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 230 200 500 7 500 7 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 249 200 500 8 500 8 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 145 200 500 9 500 9 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 92.8 200 500 10 500 10 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 104 200 500 11 500 11 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 121 200 500 12 500 12 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 141 200 500 13 500 13 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 111 200 500 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 11 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 52 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 26 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 11 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 92 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 45 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 54 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 30 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 107 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 26 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 181 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 23 200 Date Total Min Max Points in Range: Points in Range: 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 51 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 39 200 190 Table 18, continued 14 500 14 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 101 200 500 15 500 15 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 64.3 200 500 16 500 16 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 74.4 200 500 17 500 17 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 115 200 500 18 500 18 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 106 200 500 06 ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 653 200 500 2 500 2 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 551 200 500 3 500 3 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4281 200 500 4 500 4 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 508 200 500 5 500 5 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 416 200 500 6 500 6 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4125 200 500 7 500 7 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 298 200 500 8 500 8 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3991 200 500 9 500 9 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3775 200 500 10 500 10 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 154 200 500 11 500 11 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3843 200 500 12 500 12 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 328 200 500 13 500 13 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3848 200 500 14 500 14 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 152 200 500 15 500 15 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 175 200 500 16 500 16 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 202 200 500 17 500 17 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 333 200 500 18 500 18 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 284 200 500 56 ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 704 200 500 2 500 2 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 454 200 500 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 262 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 236 200 Date Total Min Max Points in Range: Points in Range: 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 60 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 69 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 47 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 88 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 40 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 56 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3,625 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 239 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3,629 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 59 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 38 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 37 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 255 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 227 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 61 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 74 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 291 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 211 200 Date Total Min Max Points in Range: Points in Range: 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 6 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 41 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 191 Table 18, continued 3 500 3 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 695 200 500 4 500 4 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 523 200 500 5 500 5 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 345 200 500 6 500 6 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 385 200 500 7 500 7 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 247 200 500 8 500 8 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 388 200 500 9 500 9 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 259 200 500 10 500 10 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 84.3 200 500 11 500 11 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 219 200 500 12 500 12 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 286 200 500 13 500 13 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 173 200 500 14 500 14 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 111 200 500 15 500 15 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 153 200 500 16 500 16 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 125 200 500 17 500 17 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 308 200 500 18 500 18 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 276 200 500 210 ID ID Date Total Min Max 1 500 1 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 697 200 500 2 500 2 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 444 200 500 3 500 3 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 517 200 500 4 500 4 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 507 200 500 5 500 5 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 325 200 500 6 500 6 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 431 200 500 7 500 7 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 293 200 500 8 500 8 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 298 200 500 9 500 9 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 268 200 500 10 500 10 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5496 200 500 11 500 11 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 131 200 500 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 37 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 54 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 37 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 38 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 7 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 200 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 64 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 152 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 134 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 294 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 139 200 Date Total Min Max Points in Range: Points in Range: 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 74 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 178 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 74 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 81 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 103 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 94 200 192 Table 18, continued 12 500 12 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 299 200 500 13 500 13 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 176 200 500 14 500 14 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 141 200 500 15 500 15 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 123 200 500 16 500 16 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 172 200 500 17 500 17 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 283 200 500 18 500 18 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 289 200 500 19 14 76 6% 35% ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 826 200 500 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 768 200 500 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6556 200 500 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 614 200 500 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 673 200 500 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 681 200 500 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 436 200 500 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 395 200 500 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 325 200 500 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 247 200 500 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 281 200 500 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 293 200 500 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 205 200 500 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 234 200 500 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 262 200 500 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 296 200 500 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 280 200 500 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 325 200 500 12 Points in Range: 325 200 500 Points in Range: 12 296 200 500 280 200 500 234 200 500 262 200 500 293 200 500 205 200 500 247 200 500 281 200 500 395 200 500 325 200 500 681 200 500 436 200 500 614 200 500 673 200 500 768 200 500 6556 200 500 Total Min Max 826 200 500 Percent Surface in Range: Percent Surface in Range: Overhang - 90 Degrees Overhang - Combined Points in Range: Points in Range: Points in Range: Total Points in Range: 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 31 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 98 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 33 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 35 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 166 200 193 Table 18, continued ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 775 200 500 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 741 200 500 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 739 200 500 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 563 200 500 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 551 200 500 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 617 200 500 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 409 200 500 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 368 200 500 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 361 200 500 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 283 200 500 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 320 200 500 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 323 200 500 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 190 200 500 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 299 200 500 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 313 200 500 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 297 200 500 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 334 200 500 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 334 200 500 11 ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 816 200 500 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 752 200 500 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 699 200 500 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 553 200 500 5 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 5 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 513 200 500 6 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 988 200 500 7 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 7 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 426 200 500 988 200 500 426 200 500 553 200 500 513 200 500 752 200 500 699 200 500 Total Min Max 816 200 500 Points in Range: 334 200 500 Points in Range: 11 297 200 500 334 200 500 299 200 500 313 200 500 323 200 500 190 200 500 283 200 500 320 200 500 368 200 500 361 200 500 617 200 500 409 200 500 563 200 500 551 200 500 741 200 500 739 200 500 Total Min Max 775 200 500 194 Table 18, continued 8 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 8 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 363 200 500 9 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 9 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 338 200 500 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 302 200 500 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 315 200 500 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 314 200 500 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 209 200 500 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 340 200 500 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 280 200 500 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 249 200 500 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 280 200 500 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 329 200 500 12 ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 696 200 500 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 489 200 500 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 485 200 500 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 455 200 500 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 401 200 500 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 366 200 500 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 224 200 500 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 177 200 500 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 141 200 500 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 106 200 500 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 228 200 500 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 214 200 500 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 76.9 200 500 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 89.3 200 500 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 113 200 500 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 171 200 500 497 200 500 414 200 500 471 200 500 520 200 500 300 200 500 407 200 500 492 200 500 581 200 500 556 200 500 998 200 500 652 200 500 877 200 500 986 200 500 1131 200 500 1191 200 500 Total Min Max 1284 200 500 Points in Range: 329 200 500 Points in Range: 12 249 200 500 280 200 500 340 200 500 280 200 500 314 200 500 209 200 500 302 200 500 315 200 500 363 200 500 338 200 500 195 Table 18, continued 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 133 200 500 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 188 200 500 8 ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 691 200 500 2 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 2 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 528 200 500 3 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 3 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 501 200 500 4 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 4 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 537 200 500 5 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 406 200 500 6 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 6 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 421 200 500 7 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 7 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 268 200 500 8 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 8 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 181 200 500 9 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 9 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 167 200 500 10 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 10 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 120 200 500 11 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 11 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 199 200 500 12 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 255 200 500 13 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 13 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 99.6 200 500 14 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 14 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 91.3 200 500 15 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 111 200 500 16 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 16 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 184 200 500 17 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 17 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 175 200 500 18 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 18 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 221 200 500 5 ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 861 200 500 2 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 2 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 790 200 500 3 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 3 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 733 200 500 4 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 4 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 586 200 500 5 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 550 200 500 586 200 500 550 200 500 790 200 500 733 200 500 Total Min Max 861 200 500 Points in Range: 625 200 500 Points in Range: 2 559 200 500 586 200 500 507 200 500 572 200 500 584 200 500 350 200 500 497 200 500 575 200 500 644 200 500 654 200 500 1044 200 500 674 200 500 1007 200 500 989 200 500 1263 200 500 1285 200 500 Total Min Max 1357 200 500 Points in Range: 556 200 500 Points in Range: 7 497 200 500 196 Table 18, continued 6 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 6 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 604 200 500 7 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 7 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 367 200 500 8 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 8 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 370 200 500 9 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 9 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 390 200 500 10 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 10 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 282 200 500 11 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 11 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 334 200 500 12 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 358 200 500 13 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 13 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 198 200 500 14 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 14 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 304 200 500 15 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 327 200 500 16 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 16 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 321 200 500 17 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 17 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 328 200 500 18 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 18 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 361 200 500 11 ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1016 200 500 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 948 200 500 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1036 200 500 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 749 200 500 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 848 200 500 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 858 200 500 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 535 200 500 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 567 200 500 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 400 200 500 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 299 200 500 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 387 200 500 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 392 200 500 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 238 200 500 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 286 200 500 286 200 500 392 200 500 238 200 500 299 200 500 387 200 500 567 200 500 400 200 500 858 200 500 535 200 500 749 200 500 848 200 500 948 200 500 1036 200 500 Total Min Max 1016 200 500 Points in Range: 361 200 500 Points in Range: 11 321 200 500 328 200 500 304 200 500 327 200 500 358 200 500 198 200 500 282 200 500 334 200 500 370 200 500 390 200 500 604 200 500 367 200 500 197 Table 18, continued 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 319 200 500 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 393 200 500 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 353 200 500 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 415 200 500 10 ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 692 200 500 2 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 659 200 500 3 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 3 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 645 200 500 4 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 4 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 508 200 500 5 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 5 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 493 200 500 6 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 6 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 509 200 500 7 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 353 200 500 8 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 8 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 349 200 500 9 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 9 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 335 200 500 10 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 10 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 254 200 500 11 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 11 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 285 200 500 12 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 275 200 500 13 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 13 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 169 200 500 14 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 14 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 275 200 500 15 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 279 200 500 16 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 16 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 260 200 500 17 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 17 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 282 200 500 18 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 18 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 302 200 500 12 ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1016 200 500 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 948 200 500 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1036 200 500 948 200 500 1036 200 500 Total Min Max 1016 200 500 Points in Range: 302 200 500 Points in Range: 12 260 200 500 282 200 500 275 200 500 279 200 500 275 200 500 169 200 500 254 200 500 285 200 500 349 200 500 335 200 500 509 200 500 353 200 500 508 200 500 493 200 500 659 200 500 645 200 500 Total Min Max 692 200 500 Points in Range: 415 200 500 Points in Range: 10 393 200 500 353 200 500 319 200 500 198 Table 18, continued 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 749 200 500 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 848 200 500 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 858 200 500 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 535 200 500 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 567 200 500 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 400 200 500 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 299 200 500 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 387 200 500 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 392 200 500 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 238 200 500 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 286 200 500 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 319 200 500 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 393 200 500 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 353 200 500 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 415 200 500 10 ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 653 200 500 2 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 551 200 500 3 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4281 200 500 4 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 508 200 500 5 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 416 200 500 6 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4125 200 500 7 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 7 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 298 200 500 8 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 8 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3991 200 500 9 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 9 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3775 200 500 10 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 10 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 154 200 500 11 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 11 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3843 200 500 12 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 328 200 500 658 200 500 622 200 500 4315 200 500 4639 200 500 4354 200 500 4720 200 500 896 200 500 4713 200 500 4747 200 500 4737 200 500 4781 200 500 Total Min Max 1212 200 500 Points in Range: 415 200 500 Points in Range: 10 393 200 500 353 200 500 286 200 500 319 200 500 392 200 500 238 200 500 299 200 500 387 200 500 567 200 500 400 200 500 858 200 500 535 200 500 749 200 500 848 200 500 199 Table 18, continued 13 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 13 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3848 200 500 14 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 14 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 152 200 500 15 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 175 200 500 16 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 16 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 202 200 500 17 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 17 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 333 200 500 18 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 18 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 284 200 500 6 ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 704 200 500 2 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 454 200 500 3 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 695 200 500 4 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 523 200 500 5 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 345 200 500 6 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 385 200 500 7 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 7 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 247 200 500 8 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 8 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 388 200 500 9 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 9 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 259 200 500 10 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 10 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 84.3 200 500 11 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 11 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 219 200 500 12 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 286 200 500 13 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 13 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 173 200 500 14 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 14 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 111 200 500 15 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 153 200 500 16 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 16 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 125 200 500 17 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 17 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 308 200 500 18 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 18 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 276 200 500 10 ID Date ID Date Total Min Max 1 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 697 200 500 Total Min Max 6613 200 500 Points in Range: 704 200 500 Points in Range: 0 601 200 500 730 200 500 665 200 500 606 200 500 640 200 500 513 200 500 625 200 500 759 200 500 746 200 500 846 200 500 1187 200 500 804 200 500 1133 200 500 948 200 500 1383 200 500 1215 200 500 Total Min Max 1398 200 500 Points in Range: 698 200 500 Points in Range: 1 715 200 500 615 200 500 596 200 500 498 200 500 4269 200 500 200 Table 18, continued 2 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 444 200 500 3 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 517 200 500 4 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 507 200 500 5 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 325 200 500 6 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 431 200 500 7 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 7 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 293 200 500 8 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 8 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 298 200 500 9 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 9 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 268 200 500 10 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 10 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5496 200 500 11 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 11 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 131 200 500 12 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 299 200 500 13 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 13 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 176 200 500 14 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 14 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 141 200 500 15 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 123 200 500 16 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 16 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 172 200 500 17 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 17 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 283 200 500 18 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 18 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 289 200 500 9 116 54% Percent Surface in Range: ### Percent Surface in Range: Points in Range: Points in Range: 89 Points in Range: 678 200 500 Points in Range: 1 539 200 500 544 200 500 582 200 500 640 200 500 594 200 500 467 200 500 5909 200 500 551 200 500 618 200 500 586 200 500 1020 200 500 6088 200 500 6553 200 500 802 200 500 6591 200 500 969 200 500 201 Max Max 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 08 Max Max 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 286 200 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 92.6 200 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 495 200 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 98.2 200 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 489 200 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 101 200 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 594 200 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 59.7 200 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 794 200 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 281 200 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 819 200 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 145 200 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 905 200 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 229 200 ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 170 200 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 76.5 200 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 141 200 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0.7 200 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 184 200 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 65.7 200 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 202 200 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 25 200 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 163 200 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 43.4 200 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 114 200 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 55.2 200 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 225 200 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6.19 200 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 261 200 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 51.7 200 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 114 200 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 23.1 200 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 306 200 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 39.4 200 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 299 200 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 38.1 200 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 265 200 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 59.1 200 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 434 200 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 66.3 200 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 474 200 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 130 200 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 519 200 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 94.7 200 787 200 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6059 200 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6545 200 118 200 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 845 200 Folding - 60 Degrees ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min Folding - 30 Degrees 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 190 200 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 Table 19: Daylighting values for folding system 202 Table 19, continued 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 29 Max Max 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 193 200 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 14.9 200 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 225 200 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 55.7 200 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 131 200 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 5.47 200 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 239 200 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 29.2 200 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 222 200 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 85.8 200 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 190 200 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 59.5 200 9 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 255 200 9 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 8 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 330 200 8 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 40.6 200 7 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 323 200 7 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 135 200 6 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 892 200 6 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 582 200 5 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 425 200 5 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 108 200 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 524 200 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 55.8 200 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 688 200 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 217 200 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 728 200 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 172 200 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 859 200 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 204 200 ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 129 200 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 51.7 200 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 156 200 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 188 200 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 53 200 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 213 200 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 203 200 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 48.7 200 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 115 200 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15.2 200 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 220 200 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 19.4 200 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 269 200 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 65.6 200 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 141 200 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 317 200 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 331 200 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15.2 200 203 Table 19, continued 500 500 500 500 500 500 37 Max Max 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 310 Max Max 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 4 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1008 200 4 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 104 200 3 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1305 200 3 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 361 200 2 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1369 200 2 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 134 200 1 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1522 200 1 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 328 200 ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 218 200 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 21.5 200 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 272 200 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 281 200 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 68.1 200 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 344 200 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5.49 200 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 275 200 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5.39 200 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 173 200 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 11.4 200 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 206 200 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 21.7 200 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 431 200 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 66.1 200 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 198 200 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 459 200 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 33.4 200 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 458 200 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 14.6 200 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 453 200 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 50.3 200 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 723 200 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 62.6 200 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 751 200 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 232 200 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 818 200 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 88.7 200 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1162 200 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 319 200 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1215 200 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 127 200 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1358 200 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 312 200 ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 138 200 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 41.8 200 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 186 200 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 10 200 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 166 200 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 36.7 200 204 Table 19, continued 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 37 Max Max 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 14 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 229 200 14 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12.3 200 13 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 131 200 13 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 9.25 200 12 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 192 200 12 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 19.9 200 11 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 278 200 11 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 72.9 200 10 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 203 200 10 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 59.2 200 9 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 304 200 9 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1.62 200 8 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 406 200 8 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 7.49 200 7 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 297 200 7 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 85.5 200 6 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 526 200 6 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 86.2 200 5 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 487 200 5 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 120 200 4 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 588 200 4 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 110 200 3 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 764 200 3 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 209 200 2 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 794 200 2 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 151 200 1 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 962 200 1 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 269 200 ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 235 200 18 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 40.3 200 17 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 298 200 17 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 16 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 300 200 16 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 28.9 200 15 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 402 200 15 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 14 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 331 200 14 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 6.99 200 13 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 167 200 13 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 23.3 200 12 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 196 200 12 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 11 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 484 200 11 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 87.6 200 10 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 261 200 10 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 9 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 534 200 9 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5.39 200 8 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 558 200 8 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 7 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 512 200 7 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 37.5 200 6 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 864 200 6 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 110 200 5 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 855 200 5 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 231 200 205 Table 19, continued 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 210 Max Max 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 27 Max Max 500 500 500 500 2 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 706 200 2 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 134 200 1 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 792 200 1 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 199 200 ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 193 200 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 101 200 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 182 200 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 829 200 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 200 200 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 89.9 200 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 243 200 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 8.84 200 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 207 200 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 37 200 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 121 200 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 36.1 200 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 203 200 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 49 200 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 362 200 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 105 200 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 152 200 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 34.9 200 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 351 200 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 39.5 200 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 483 200 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 23.1 200 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 329 200 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 82.1 200 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 555 200 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 72.9 200 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 587 200 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 148 200 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 606 200 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 76.3 200 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1005 200 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 365 200 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1027 200 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 123 200 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1086 200 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 242 200 ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 142 200 18 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 53 200 17 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 213 200 17 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15.3 200 16 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 211 200 16 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 149 200 15 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 231 200 15 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 206 Table 19, continued 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 16 Max Max 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 11 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 213 200 11 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 84.8 200 10 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 149 200 10 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 13.5 200 9 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 206 200 9 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 8 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 289 200 8 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 75.4 200 7 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 270 200 7 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 125 200 6 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 368 200 6 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 77.6 200 5 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 317 200 5 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 90 200 4 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 418 200 4 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 42.2 200 3 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 565 200 3 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 213 200 2 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 562 200 2 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 138 200 1 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 720 200 1 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 202 200 ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 113 200 18 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 47.5 200 17 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 140 200 17 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 16 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 132 200 16 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 44.8 200 15 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 193 200 15 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 14 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 160 200 14 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 3.71 200 13 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 103 200 13 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12.2 200 12 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 195 200 12 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15.8 200 11 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 242 200 11 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 51.6 200 10 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 131 200 10 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 9 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 284 200 9 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 8 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 293 200 8 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 13.9 200 7 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 257 200 7 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 81 200 6 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 439 200 6 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 93.6 200 5 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 432 200 5 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 85.7 200 4 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 526 200 4 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 53.4 200 3 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 686 200 3 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 243 200 207 Table 19, continued 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 27 Max Max 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 17 Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 444 200 18 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 73.8 200 17 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 413 200 17 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 51.3 200 16 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 494 200 16 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 77.6 200 15 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 367 200 15 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 54.4 200 14 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 480 200 14 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 51.9 200 13 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4110 200 13 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 121 200 12 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 431 200 12 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 34.6 200 11 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4100 200 11 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3678 200 10 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 381 200 10 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 50.1 200 9 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4200 200 9 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3609 200 8 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4318 200 8 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 57.5 200 7 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 649 200 7 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 113 200 6 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4317 200 6 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 197 200 5 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4349 200 5 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 117 200 4 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4483 200 4 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 115 200 3 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4745 200 3 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 351 200 2 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4700 200 2 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 122 200 1 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1102 200 1 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 163 200 ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 106 200 18 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 29.2 200 17 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 132 200 17 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 16 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 137 200 16 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 53 200 15 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 149 200 15 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 14 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 149 200 14 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 22.3 200 13 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 120 200 13 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 16.2 200 12 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 162 200 12 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 28.1 200 208 Table 19, continued Max Max 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 20 Max Max 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 9 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 506 200 9 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 55.3 200 8 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 569 200 8 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 57 200 7 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 599 200 7 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 88.7 200 6 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6218 200 6 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 151 200 5 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6112 200 5 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 128 200 4 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6380 200 4 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 120 200 3 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 945 200 3 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 205 200 2 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6483 200 2 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 149 200 1 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6599 200 1 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 213 200 ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 614 200 18 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 77.7 200 17 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 530 200 17 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3.93 200 16 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 559 200 16 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 99.6 200 15 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 649 200 15 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 28.6 200 14 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 754 200 14 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 65.2 200 13 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 531 200 13 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 82.7 200 12 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 475 200 12 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 91.4 200 11 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 869 200 11 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 123 200 10 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 620 200 10 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 45 200 9 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 815 200 9 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 44.1 200 8 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 739 200 8 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 83.5 200 7 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 783 200 7 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 152 200 6 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 945 200 6 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 156 200 5 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 961 200 5 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 110 200 4 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1240 200 4 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 167 200 3 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 11425 200 3 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 326 200 2 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1498 200 2 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 194 200 1 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 11531 200 1 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 251 200 ID Date Total Min ID Date Total Min 209 Table 19, continued 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 26 23 84 11% 39% Date 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 339 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 339 200 500 359 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 359 200 500 272 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 272 200 500 429 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 429 200 500 389 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 389 200 500 369 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 369 200 500 519 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 519 200 500 483 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 483 200 500 615 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 615 200 500 791 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 791 200 500 881 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 881 200 500 952 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 952 200 500 6849 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6849 200 500 1099 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1099 200 500 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 979 200 500 979 200 Folding - 90 Degrees Total Min Max Total Min Percent Surface in Range: Percent Surface in Range: Total Points in Range: Total Points in Range: Points in Range: Points in Range: 18 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 470 200 18 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 67.2 200 17 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 394 200 17 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 40.2 200 16 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 501 200 16 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 122 200 15 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 515 200 15 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 63.8 200 14 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 441 200 14 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 54.4 200 13 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 365 200 13 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 67.5 200 12 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 481 200 12 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 63.8 200 11 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 488 200 11 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 91.8 200 10 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5743 200 10 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 21.6 200 210 Table 19, continued 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 Date 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 Date 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1119 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1119 200 500 1125 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1125 200 500 Total Min Date Total Min Max Points in Range: 6 Points in Range: 129 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 515 200 500 156 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 478 200 500 188 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 390 200 500 213 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 442 200 500 203 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 498 200 500 115 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 354 200 500 220 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 556 200 500 269 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 543 200 500 141 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 463 200 500 317 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 612 200 500 331 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 588 200 500 286 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 682 200 500 495 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 963 200 500 489 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 913 200 500 594 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1081 200 500 794 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1282 200 500 819 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1319 200 500 905 200 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1221 200 500 Total Min Date Total Min Max Points in Range: 10 Points in Range: 409 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 409 200 500 350 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 350 200 500 378 200 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 378 200 500 211 Table 19, continued 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 Date 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 431 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 656 200 500 198 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 594 200 500 459 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 833 200 500 458 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 767 200 500 453 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 909 200 500 723 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1214 200 500 751 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1316 200 500 818 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1378 200 500 1162 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1606 200 500 1215 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1618 200 500 1358 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1597 200 500 Total Min Date Total Min Max Points in Range: 7 Points in Range: 479 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 479 200 500 369 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 369 200 500 332 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 332 200 500 364 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 364 200 500 528 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 528 200 500 309 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 309 200 500 536 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 536 200 500 448 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 448 200 500 421 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 421 200 500 530 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 530 200 500 530 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 530 200 500 627 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 627 200 500 1322 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1322 200 500 801 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 801 200 500 856 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 856 200 500 1111 200 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1111 200 500 212 Table 19, continued 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 Date 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 Points in Range: 1 Points in Range: 235 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 768 200 500 298 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 749 200 500 300 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 671 200 500 402 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 718 200 500 331 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 765 200 500 167 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 496 200 500 196 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 812 200 500 484 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 789 200 500 261 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 712 200 500 534 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1007 200 500 558 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 912 200 500 512 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 998 200 500 864 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1412 200 500 855 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1439 200 500 1008 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1668 200 500 1305 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1875 200 500 1369 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1889 200 500 1522 200 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1886 200 500 Total Min Date Total Min Max Points in Range: 1 Points in Range: 218 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 661 200 500 272 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 644 200 500 281 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 593 200 500 344 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 611 200 500 275 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 622 200 500 173 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 384 200 500 206 200 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 682 200 500 213 Table 19, continued Date 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 Date 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 329 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 753 200 500 555 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1033 200 500 587 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1115 200 500 606 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1127 200 500 1005 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1408 200 500 1027 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1407 200 500 1086 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1263 200 500 Total Min Date Total Min Max Points in Range: 9 Points in Range: 142 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 446 200 500 213 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 420 200 500 211 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 379 200 500 231 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 397 200 500 229 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 438 200 500 131 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 266 200 500 192 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 477 200 500 278 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 447 200 500 203 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 381 200 500 304 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 566 200 500 406 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 509 200 500 297 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 531 200 500 526 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 818 200 500 487 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 807 200 500 588 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 892 200 500 764 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1068 200 500 794 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1069 200 500 962 200 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1127 200 500 Total Min Date Total Min Max 214 Table 19, continued 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 Date 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 346 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 346 200 500 393 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 393 200 500 465 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 465 200 500 317 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 317 200 500 483 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 483 200 500 468 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 468 200 500 385 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 385 200 500 554 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 554 200 500 536 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 536 200 500 589 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 589 200 500 807 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 807 200 500 798 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 798 200 500 981 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 981 200 500 1159 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1159 200 500 1134 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1134 200 500 1074 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1074 200 500 Total Min Date Total Min Max Points in Range: 5 Points in Range: 193 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 535 200 500 182 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1172 200 500 200 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 498 200 500 243 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 422 200 500 207 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 454 200 500 121 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 312 200 500 203 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 544 200 500 362 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 529 200 500 152 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 478 200 500 351 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 667 200 500 483 200 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 639 200 500 215 Table 19, continued 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 Date 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 Date 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4483 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5164 200 500 4745 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5137 200 500 4700 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5082 200 500 1102 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1417 200 500 Total Min Date Total Min Max Points in Range: 11 Points in Range: 382 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 382 200 500 275 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 275 200 500 265 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 265 200 500 294 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 294 200 500 386 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 386 200 500 252 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 252 200 500 430 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 430 200 500 363 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 363 200 500 313 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 313 200 500 410 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 410 200 500 427 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 427 200 500 500 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 500 200 500 666 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 666 200 500 610 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 610 200 500 700 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 700 200 500 890 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 890 200 500 915 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 915 200 500 910 200 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 910 200 500 Total Min Date Total Min Max Points in Range: 9 Points in Range: 443 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 443 200 500 407 200 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 407 200 500 216 Table 19, continued 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 Date 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 82.7 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 916 200 500 91.4 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1169 200 500 123 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1336 200 500 45 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1215 200 500 44.1 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1409 200 500 83.5 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1165 200 500 152 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1479 200 500 156 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 #### 200 500 110 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1550 200 500 167 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 #### 200 500 326 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 #### 200 500 194 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1983 200 500 251 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 #### 200 500 Total Min Date Total Min Max Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 444 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 945 200 500 413 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 811 200 500 494 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1156 200 500 367 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 710 200 500 480 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 936 200 500 4110 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4480 200 500 431 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 854 200 500 4100 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4649 200 500 381 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1015 200 500 4200 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4819 200 500 4318 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4890 200 500 649 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1297 200 500 4317 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4928 200 500 4349 200 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5065 200 500 217 Table 19, continued 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 Date 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 Percent Surface in Range: 27% Percent Surface in Range: Total Points in Range: 59 Total Points in Range: Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 470 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 994 200 500 394 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 754 200 500 501 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 718 200 500 515 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 957 200 500 441 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 890 200 500 365 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 641 200 500 481 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1074 200 500 488 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 911 200 500 5743 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6116 200 500 506 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6289 200 500 569 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6343 200 500 599 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6375 200 500 6218 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6766 200 500 6112 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6537 200 500 6380 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6986 200 500 945 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1525 200 500 6483 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6807 200 500 6599 200 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6956 200 500 Total Min Date Total Min Max Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 77.7 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1350 200 500 3.93 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1139 200 500 99.6 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1033 200 500 28.6 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1175 200 500 65.2 200 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1290 200 500 218 Louver - 30 degrees Louver - 60 degrees ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 29 200 500 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 360 200 500 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 136 200 500 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1118 200 500 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15 200 500 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6042 200 500 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 20 200 500 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 427 200 500 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 411 200 500 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 395 200 500 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 59 200 500 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 375 200 500 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 300 200 500 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 39.8 200 500 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 184 200 500 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 117 200 500 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 39 200 500 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 237 200 500 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 3.6 200 500 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 183 200 500 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 94.5 200 500 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 52 200 500 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 109 200 500 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 263 200 500 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 155 200 500 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 126 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 8 Table 20: Daylighting results for horizontal louver system 219 Table 20, continued ID Date 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ID Date 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 5 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 7 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 8 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 54 200 500 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 606 200 500 254 200 500 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1987 200 500 11 200 500 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 493 200 500 7.3 200 500 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 499 200 500 0 200 500 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 371 200 500 0 200 500 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 540 200 500 81 200 500 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 467 200 500 0 200 500 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 461 200 500 0 200 500 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 0 200 500 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 331 200 500 200 0 500 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 186 200 500 70 200 500 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 396 200 500 0 200 500 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 359 200 500 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 141 200 0 200 500 14 500 200 500 97 200 500 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 158 125 200 500 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 203 200 500 0 200 500 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 185 200 500 0 200 500 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 144 200 500 1 Points in Range: Points in Range: 9 ID Date Total Total Min Max Min Max 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 518 40 200 500 1 200 500 189 200 500 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1506 200 500 8 200 500 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 381 200 500 13 200 500 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 368 200 500 0 200 500 5 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 309 200 500 458 200 500 6 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1150 200 500 43 200 500 7 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 324 200 500 0 200 500 8 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 308 200 500 220 Table 20, continued 9 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ID Date 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 500 9 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 0 200 500 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 255 200 500 0 200 500 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 170 200 500 52 200 500 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 348 200 500 0 200 500 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 306 200 500 0 200 500 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 126 200 500 72 200 500 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 155 200 500 69 200 500 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 196 200 500 0 200 500 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 195 200 500 0 200 500 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 117 200 500 Points in Range: 1 Points in Range: 8 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 0 200 500 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 160200500 0 200 500 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 301200500 0 200 500 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 131200500 0 200 500 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 120200500 0 200 500 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 35200500 0 200 500 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 24.3200500 0 200 500 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5.74200500 0 200 500 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 146200500 0 200 500 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0200500 0 200 500 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 10.4200500 0 200 500 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 164200500 0 200 500 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 140200500 0 200 500 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 147200500 0 200 500 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 11.9200500 0 200 500 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 155200500 0 200 500 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 167200500 0 200 500 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 166200500 221 Table 20, continued 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 ID Date 1 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 2 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 3 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 4 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 6 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 7 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 8 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 9 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 10 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 11 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 13 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 14 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 16 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 17 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 18 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 ID Date 1 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 2 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 3 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 4 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 6 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 500 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 138200500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 1 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 0 200 500 1 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 144200500 0 200 500 2 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 542200500 0 200 500 3 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 168200500 0 200 500 4 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 176200500 0 200 500 5 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 249200500 0 200 500 6 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 204200500 13 200 500 7 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 106200500 0 200 500 8 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 262200500 0 200 500 9 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0200500 0 200 500 10 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 86.4200500 0 200 500 11 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 223200500 0 200 500 12 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 170200500 0 200 500 13 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 199200500 0 200 500 14 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 73.6200500 0 200 500 15 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 205200500 0 200 500 16 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 233200500 0 200 500 17 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 216200500 0 200 500 18 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 148200500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 6 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 0 200 500 1 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 158200500 0 200 500 2 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 161200500 0 200 500 3 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 132200500 15 200 500 4 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 71200500 0 200 500 5 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 103200500 0 200 500 6 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 6.32200500 222 Table 20, continued 7 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 8 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 9 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 10 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 11 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 13 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 14 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 16 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 17 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 18 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 ID Date 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 18 200 500 7 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 33.5200500 0 200 500 8 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 136200500 0 200 500 9 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0200500 0 200 500 10 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 62.5200500 0 200 500 11 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 146200500 0 200 500 12 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 134200500 0 200 500 13 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 108200500 0 200 500 14 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 56.3200500 0 200 500 15 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 130200500 0 200 500 16 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 141200500 0 200 500 17 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 148200500 0 200 500 18 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 99.2200500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 0 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 25 200 500 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 378 200 500 116 200 500 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1006 200 500 13 200 500 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 270 200 500 3.4 200 500 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 358 200 500 0 200 500 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 379 200 500 0 200 500 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 446 200 500 75 200 500 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 421 200 500 0 200 500 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 368 200 500 0 200 500 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 500 0 200 500 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 172 200 500 0 200 500 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 162 200 500 32 200 500 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 237 200 500 0 200 500 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 231 200 500 0 200 500 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 122 200 500 45 200 500 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 146 200 500 223 Table 20, continued 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 ID Date 1 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 3 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 4 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 5 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 6 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 8 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 9 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 10 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 11 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 13 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 14 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 16 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 17 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 18 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 ID Date 1 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 3 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 4 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 500 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 335 200 500 866 200 500 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 931 200 500 0 200 500 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 162 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 10 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 49 200 500 1 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 562 200 500 236 200 500 2 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1841 200 500 9.9 200 500 3 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 455 200 500 6.8 200 500 4 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 460 200 500 0 200 500 5 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 323 200 500 0 200 500 6 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 499 200 500 67 200 500 7 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 420 200 500 0 200 500 8 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 422 200 500 0 200 500 9 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 500 0 200 500 10 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 306 200 500 0 200 500 11 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 169 200 500 65 200 500 12 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 365 200 500 0 200 500 13 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 263 200 500 0 200 500 14 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 130 200 500 90 200 500 15 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 144 200 500 0 200 500 16 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 183 200 500 0 200 500 17 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 162 200 500 0 200 500 18 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 129 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 9 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 36 200 500 1 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 439 200 500 173 200 500 2 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1366 200 500 7.3 200 500 3 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 343 200 500 9.9 200 500 4 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 331 200 500 224 Table 20, continued 5 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 6 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 8 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 9 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 10 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 11 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 13 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 14 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 16 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 17 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 18 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 ID Date 1 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 7 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 8 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 9 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 10 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 11 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 13 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 0 200 500 5 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 252 200 500 0 200 500 6 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 370 200 500 38 200 500 7 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 290 200 500 0 200 500 8 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 274 200 500 0 200 500 9 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 500 0 200 500 10 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 228 200 500 0 200 500 11 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 141 200 500 48 200 500 12 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 308 200 500 0 200 500 13 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 272 200 500 0 200 500 14 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 96.2 200 500 66 200 500 15 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 120 200 500 45 200 500 16 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 168 200 500 0 200 500 17 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 154 200 500 0 200 500 18 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 89.7 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 10 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 276 200 500 1 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1508 200 500 203 200 500 2 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1672 200 500 42 200 500 3 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1177 200 500 81 200 500 4 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1209 200 500 166 200 500 5 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1303 200 500 53 200 500 6 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1345 200 500 155 200 500 7 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 969 200 500 0 200 500 8 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 829 200 500 231 200 500 9 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 580 200 500 176 200 500 10 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 879 200 500 87 200 500 11 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 673 200 500 132 200 500 12 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 633 200 500 25 200 500 13 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 608 200 500 225 Table 20, continued 14 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 16 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 17 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 18 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 ID Date 1 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 7 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 8 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 9 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 10 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 11 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 13 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 14 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 16 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 17 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 18 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 ID Date 1 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 63 200 500 14 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 340 200 500 129 200 500 15 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 319 200 500 700 200 500 16 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 601 200 500 0 200 500 17 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 400 200 500 0 200 500 18 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 325 200 500 Points in Range: 3 Points in Range: 4 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 119 200 500 1 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2471 200 500 356 200 500 2 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2967 200 500 33 200 500 3 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1618 200 500 27 200 500 4 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 933 200 500 0 200 500 5 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1859 200 500 23 200 500 6 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2146 200 500 243 200 500 7 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 801 200 500 0 200 500 8 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1231 200 500 589 200 500 9 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 598 200 500 117 200 500 10 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1449 200 500 155 200 500 11 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 856 200 500 80 200 500 12 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1042 200 500 0 200 500 13 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 923 200 500 110 200 500 14 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 555 200 500 124 200 500 15 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 353 200 500 ### 200 500 16 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 821 200 500 0 200 500 17 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 504 200 500 0 200 500 18 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 341 200 500 Points in Range: 2 Points in Range: 2 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 76 200 500 1 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1892 200 500 228 200 500 2 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1844 200 500 226 Table 20, continued 3 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 7 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 8 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 9 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 10 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 11 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 13 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 14 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 16 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 17 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 18 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 21 200 500 3 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1223 200 500 43 200 500 4 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1256 200 500 0 200 500 5 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1361 200 500 15 200 500 6 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1478 200 500 172 200 500 7 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 626 200 500 0 200 500 8 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 862 200 500 360 200 500 9 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 680 200 500 54 200 500 10 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1002 200 500 100 200 500 11 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 666 200 500 151 200 500 12 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 752 200 500 2.2 200 500 13 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 810 200 500 71 200 500 14 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 415 200 500 148 200 500 15 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 347 200 500 767 200 500 16 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 530 200 500 0 200 500 17 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 334 200 500 0 200 500 18 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 309 200 500 Points in Range: 2 Points in Range: 4 Total Points in Range: 9 Points in Range: 71 Percentage Surface in Range: 4% Percentage Surface in Range: 33% 227 Table 20, continued 9 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 200 500 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 748 200 500 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 144 200 500 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 919 200 500 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 185 200 500 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1106 200 500 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 203 200 500 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 651 200 500 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 158 200 500 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1014 200 500 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 141 200 500 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1099 200 500 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 359 200 500 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 745 200 500 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 396 200 500 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1553 200 500 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 186 200 500 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 895 200 500 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 331 200 500 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1133 200 500 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1349 200 500 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 461 200 500 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 907 200 500 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 467 200 500 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1019 200 500 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 540 200 500 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1253 200 500 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 371 200 500 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1627 200 500 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 499 200 500 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1702 200 500 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 493 200 500 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1173 200 500 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1987 Min Max 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1428 200 500 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 606 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total 8 200 500 Points in Range: 2 Points in Range: 200 500 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 529 200 500 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 126 200 500 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 596 200 500 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 155 200 500 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 719 200 500 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 263 200 500 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 440 200 500 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 109 200 500 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 618 200 500 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 94.5 200 500 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 601 200 500 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 183 200 500 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 474 200 500 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 237 200 500 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 983 200 500 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 117 200 500 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 521 200 500 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 184 200 500 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 689 200 500 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 39.8 200 500 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 821 200 500 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 300 200 500 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 628 200 500 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 375 200 500 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 708 200 500 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 395 200 500 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1000 200 500 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 411 200 500 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1312 200 500 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 427 200 500 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6845 200 500 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6042 200 500 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 819 200 500 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1118 Min Max 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 929 200 500 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 360 Max ID Date Total ID Date Total Min Louver - Kinetic Louver - 90 degrees 228 Table 20, continued Min Max ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total 5 200 500 Points in Range: 5 Points in Range: 200 500 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 582 200 500 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 582 200 500 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 637 200 500 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 637 200 500 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 693 200 500 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 693 200 500 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 565 200 500 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 565 200 500 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 445 200 500 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 445 200 500 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 353 200 500 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 353 200 500 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 390 200 500 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 390 200 500 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 575 200 500 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 575 200 500 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 420 200 500 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 420 200 500 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 437 200 500 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 437 200 500 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 551 200 500 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 551 200 500 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 627 200 500 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 627 200 500 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 674 200 500 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 674 200 500 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 890 200 500 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 890 200 500 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 899 200 500 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 899 200 500 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 772 200 500 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 772 200 500 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 844 200 500 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 844 Min Max 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 623 200 500 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 623 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total 8 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 200 500 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 705 200 500 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 117 200 500 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 752 200 500 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 195 200 500 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 865 200 500 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 196 200 500 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 592 200 500 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 155 200 500 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 822 200 500 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 126 200 500 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 837 200 500 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 306 200 500 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 650 200 500 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 348 200 500 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1143 200 500 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 170 200 500 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 653 200 500 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 255 200 500 9 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 879 200 500 9 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 0 200 500 8 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 966 200 500 8 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 308 200 500 7 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 744 200 500 7 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 324 200 500 6 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1328 200 500 6 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1150 200 500 5 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1003 200 500 5 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 309 200 500 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1296 200 500 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 368 200 500 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1503 200 500 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 381 200 500 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 967 200 500 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1506 Min Max 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1271 200 500 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 518 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total 229 Table 20, continued 200 500 Min Max 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 999 200 500 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 378 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total 13 200 500 Points in Range: 13 Points in Range: 200 500 18 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 436 200 500 18 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 436 200 500 17 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 454 200 500 17 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 454 200 500 16 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 444 200 500 16 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 444 200 500 15 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 448 200 500 15 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 448 200 500 14 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 331 200 500 14 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 331 200 500 13 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 330 200 500 13 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 330 200 500 12 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 313 200 500 12 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 313 200 500 11 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 478 200 500 11 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 478 200 500 10 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 254 200 500 10 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 254 200 500 9 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 355 200 500 9 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 355 200 500 8 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 374 200 500 8 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 374 200 500 7 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 468 200 500 7 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 468 200 500 6 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 501 200 500 6 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 501 200 500 5 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 574 200 500 5 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 574 200 500 4 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 588 200 500 4 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 588 200 500 3 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 573 200 500 3 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 573 200 500 2 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 594 200 500 2 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 594 Min Max 1 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 375 200 500 1 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 375 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total 6 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 200 500 18 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 729 200 500 18 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 148 200 500 17 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 851 200 500 17 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 216 200 500 16 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 810 200 500 16 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 233 200 500 15 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 711 200 500 15 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 205 200 500 14 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 564 200 500 14 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 73.6 200 500 13 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 525 200 500 13 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 199 200 500 12 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 478 200 500 12 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 170 200 500 11 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 803 200 500 11 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 223 200 500 10 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 523 200 500 10 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 86.4 200 500 9 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 622 200 500 9 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 0 200 500 8 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 745 200 500 8 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 262 200 500 7 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 833 200 500 7 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 106 200 500 6 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 792 200 500 6 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 204 200 500 5 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1042 200 500 5 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 249 200 500 4 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1057 200 500 4 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 176 200 500 3 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 927 200 500 3 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 168 200 500 2 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1037 200 500 2 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 542 1 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 757 200 500 1 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 144 230 Table 20, continued 200 500 200 500 2 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 814 200 500 2 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1366 Min Max 1 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1109 200 500 1 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 439 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total 9 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 200 500 18 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 685 200 500 18 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 129 200 500 17 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 837 200 500 17 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 162 200 500 16 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 958 200 500 16 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 183 200 500 15 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 594 200 500 15 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 144 200 500 14 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 935 200 500 14 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 130 200 500 13 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1016 200 500 13 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 263 200 500 12 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 686 200 500 12 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 365 200 500 11 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1422 200 500 11 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 169 200 500 10 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 766 200 500 10 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 306 200 500 9 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1039 200 500 9 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 500 8 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1237 200 500 8 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 422 200 500 7 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 830 200 500 7 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 420 200 500 6 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 931 200 500 6 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 499 200 500 5 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1094 200 500 5 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 323 200 500 4 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1492 200 500 4 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 460 200 500 3 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1564 200 500 3 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 455 200 500 2 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1072 200 500 2 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1841 Min Max 1 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1310 200 500 1 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 562 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total 10 200 500 Points in Range: 2 Points in Range: 200 500 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 607 200 500 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 162 200 500 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1548 200 500 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 931 200 500 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 796 200 500 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 335 200 500 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 485 200 500 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 146 200 500 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 619 200 500 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 122 200 500 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 591 200 500 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 231 200 500 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 491 200 500 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 237 200 500 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1005 200 500 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 162 200 500 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 551 200 500 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 172 200 500 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 680 200 500 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 500 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 898 200 500 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 368 200 500 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 715 200 500 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 421 200 500 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 728 200 500 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 446 200 500 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1287 200 500 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 379 200 500 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1448 200 500 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 358 200 500 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1129 200 500 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 270 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 898 200 500 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1006 231 Table 20, continued 200 500 200 500 3 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2320 200 500 3 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1618 200 500 2 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2684 200 500 2 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2967 Min Max 1 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2634 200 500 1 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2471 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total 4 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 200 500 18 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 963 200 500 18 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 325 200 500 17 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1076 200 500 17 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 400 200 500 16 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1069 200 500 16 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 601 200 500 15 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 680 200 500 15 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 319 200 500 14 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 900 200 500 14 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 340 200 500 13 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4631 200 500 13 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 608 200 500 12 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 793 200 500 12 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 633 200 500 11 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1331 200 500 11 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 673 200 500 10 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1171 200 500 10 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 879 200 500 9 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1094 200 500 9 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 580 200 500 8 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1314 200 500 8 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 829 200 500 7 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1298 200 500 7 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 969 200 500 6 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4907 200 500 6 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1345 200 500 5 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5138 200 500 5 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1303 200 500 4 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5462 200 500 4 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1209 200 500 3 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1281 200 500 3 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1177 200 500 2 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1559 200 500 2 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1672 Min Max 1 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1531 200 500 1 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1508 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total 10 200 500 Points in Range: 1 Points in Range: 200 500 18 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 606 200 500 18 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 89.7 200 500 17 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 637 200 500 17 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 154 200 500 16 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 721 200 500 16 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 168 200 500 15 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 493 200 500 15 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 120 200 500 14 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 709 200 500 14 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 96.2 200 500 13 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 697 200 500 13 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 272 200 500 12 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 567 200 500 12 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 308 200 500 11 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1012 200 500 11 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 141 200 500 10 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 518 200 500 10 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 228 200 500 9 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 764 200 500 9 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 0 200 500 8 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 841 200 500 8 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 274 200 500 7 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 585 200 500 7 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 290 200 500 6 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 760 200 500 6 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 370 200 500 5 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1146 200 500 5 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 252 200 500 4 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1080 200 500 4 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 331 3 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1303 200 500 3 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 343 232 Table 20, continued 38% 83 Percentage Surface in Range: 8% Percentage Surface in Range: 4 Points in Range: 18 Points in Range: 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 200 500 18 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1025 200 500 18 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 309 200 500 17 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1027 200 500 17 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 334 200 500 16 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 976 200 500 16 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 530 200 500 15 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 923 200 500 15 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 347 200 500 14 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1133 200 500 14 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 415 200 500 13 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1048 200 500 13 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 810 200 500 12 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1085 200 500 12 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 752 200 500 11 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1461 200 500 11 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 666 200 500 10 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 894 200 500 10 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1002 200 500 9 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6347 200 500 9 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 680 200 500 8 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6885 200 500 8 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 862 200 500 7 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6566 200 500 7 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 626 200 500 6 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1598 200 500 6 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1478 200 500 5 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1705 200 500 5 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1361 200 500 4 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2092 200 500 4 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1256 200 500 3 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1751 200 500 3 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1223 200 500 2 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1749 200 500 2 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1844 Min Max 1 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1693 200 500 1 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1892 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total 2 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 200 500 18 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1236 200 500 18 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 341 200 500 17 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1430 200 500 17 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 504 200 500 16 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1344 200 500 16 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 821 200 500 15 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1170 200 500 15 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 353 200 500 14 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1644 200 500 14 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 555 200 500 13 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1678 200 500 13 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 923 200 500 12 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1277 200 500 12 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1042 200 500 11 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2297 200 500 11 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 856 200 500 10 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1565 200 500 10 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1449 200 500 9 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1474 200 500 9 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 598 200 500 8 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2250 200 500 8 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1231 200 500 7 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1582 200 500 7 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 801 200 500 6 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2122 200 500 6 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2146 200 500 5 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2402 200 500 5 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1859 4 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3106 200 500 4 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 933 233 ID Date 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ID Date 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ID Date 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 500 1 00 00 d 500 954 200 500 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1252 200 500 10998 200 500 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1220 200 500 10995 200 500 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1117 200 Max 11286 200 500 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1322 200 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min 500 Points in Range: 10 Points in Range: 0 500 313 200 500 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 814 200 500 305 200 500 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 706 200 500 267 200 500 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 982 200 500 285 200 500 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 897 200 500 129 200 500 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 711 200 500 344 200 500 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 890 200 500 279 200 500 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 928 200 500 502 200 500 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1175 200 500 220 200 500 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 930 200 500 486 200 500 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1245 200 500 505 200 500 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1220 200 500 258 200 500 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1461 200 500 467 200 500 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1474 200 500 562 200 500 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1656 200 500 595 200 500 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1845 200 500 772 200 500 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 #### 200 500 1315 200 500 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 #### 200 Max 1388 200 500 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 #### 200 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min 500 Points in Range: 7 Points in Range: 0 500 135 200 500 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 734 200 500 102 200 500 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 832 200 500 87.1 200 500 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 789 200 500 175 200 500 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 886 200 500 73 200 500 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 753 200 500 84.9 200 500 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 903 200 500 89.3 200 500 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1100 200 500 151 200 500 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1274 200 500 101 200 500 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 741 200 500 204 200 500 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1330 200 500 203 200 500 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1299 200 500 120 200 500 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1332 200 500 199 200 500 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1615 200 500 230 200 500 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1716 200 500 355 200 500 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 2251 200 500 241 200 500 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1717 200 500 456 200 500 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1871 200 Max 459 200 500 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1993 200 ID Date Total Min Total Min Max Vertical Louver - 60 - West Vertical Louver - 30 - West Table 21: Daylighting values for vertical louver system 234 Table 21, continued 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ID Date 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 ID Date 1 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 2 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 3 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 4 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 6 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 7 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 8 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 9 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 10 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 11 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 13 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 14 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 500 12 00 00 id 500 137 200 500 14 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 577 200 500 357 200 500 13 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 450 200 500 285 200 500 12 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 663 200 500 433 200 500 11 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 791 200 500 232 200 500 10 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 713 200 500 519 200 500 9 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 946 200 500 509 200 500 8 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 808 200 500 308 200 500 7 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 924 200 500 573 200 500 6 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1386 200 500 625 200 500 5 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1301 200 500 829 200 500 4 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1662 200 500 918 200 500 3 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1941 200 500 1239 200 500 2 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1663 200 Max 1359 200 500 1 12:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1889 200 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min 500 Points in Range: 10 Points in Range: 3 500 244 200 500 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 401 200 500 125 200 500 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 571 200 500 208 200 500 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 717 200 500 256 200 500 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 512 200 500 66.8 200 500 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 424 200 500 192 200 500 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 353 200 500 156 200 500 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 539 200 500 288 200 500 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 767 200 500 137 200 500 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 594 200 500 347 200 500 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 798 200 500 324 200 500 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 704 200 500 220 200 500 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 816 200 500 397 200 500 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1225 200 500 367 200 500 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1129 200 500 489 200 500 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1507 200 500 507 200 500 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1386 200 500 652 200 500 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1334 200 Max 814 200 500 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1465 200 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min 500 Points in Range: 4 Points in Range: 5 500 563 200 500 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 516 200 500 375 200 500 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 360 200 500 481 200 500 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 744 200 500 643 200 500 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 399 200 500 420 200 500 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 464 200 500 509 200 500 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 708 200 500 557 200 500 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 354 200 500 863 200 500 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1054 200 427 200 500 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 495 200 235 Table 21, continued 1 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 2 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 3 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 4 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 5 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 6 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 7 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 8 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 9 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 10 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 11 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 12 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 13 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 14 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 15 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 16 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 17 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 18 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 ID Date 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 ID Date 1 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 3 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 4 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 5 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 500 12 00 00 S d 500 542 200 500 5 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2133 200 500 538 200 500 4 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1662 200 500 1004 200 500 3 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 #### 200 500 1211 200 500 2 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1795 200 Max 14577 200 500 1 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 #### 200 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min 500 Points in Range: 7 Points in Range: 0 500 176 200 500 18 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 784 200 500 992 200 500 17 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 871 200 500 117 200 500 16 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 826 200 500 191 200 500 15 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 898 200 500 105 200 500 14 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 716 200 500 119 200 500 13 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 792 200 500 115 200 500 12 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1036 200 500 254 200 500 11 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1247 200 500 111 200 500 10 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 820 200 500 317 200 500 9 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1435 200 500 245 200 500 8 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1348 200 500 170 200 500 7 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1371 200 500 252 200 500 6 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1779 200 500 338 200 500 5 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2050 200 500 343 200 500 4 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2412 200 500 330 200 500 3 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7194 200 500 555 200 500 2 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7289 200 Max 636 200 500 1 09:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7461 200 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 7 500 570 200 500 18 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 221 200 500 593 200 500 17 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 357 200 500 660 200 500 16 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 725 200 500 651 200 500 15 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 383 200 500 568 200 500 14 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 416 200 500 567 200 500 13 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 353 200 500 691 200 500 12 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 328 200 500 741 200 500 11 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 841 200 500 651 200 500 10 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 353 200 500 924 200 500 9 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 603 200 500 824 200 500 8 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 447 200 500 781 200 500 7 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 573 200 500 1184 200 500 6 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 820 200 500 1055 200 500 5 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1003 200 500 1204 200 500 4 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1132 200 500 1502 200 500 3 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1013 200 500 1631 200 500 2 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 973 200 1785 200 500 1 15:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1192 200 236 Table 21, continued 12 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 13 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 14 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 16 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 17 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 18 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 ID Date 1 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 2 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 3 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 4 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 5 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 6 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 7 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 8 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 9 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 10 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 11 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 12 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 13 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 14 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 15 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 16 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 17 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 18 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 ID Date 1 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 7 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 8 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 9 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 10 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 11 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 13 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 14 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 16 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 500 09 00 00 h d 500 78.4 200 500 16 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1316 200 500 121 200 500 15 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1139 200 500 26.7 200 500 14 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 983 200 500 79 200 500 13 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4589 200 500 57.7 200 500 12 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1223 200 500 133 200 500 11 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1470 200 500 72.3 200 500 10 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1282 200 500 214 200 500 9 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1752 200 500 162 200 500 8 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1604 200 500 119 200 500 7 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1939 200 500 160 200 500 6 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1951 200 500 151 200 500 5 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1978 200 500 234 200 500 4 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2499 200 500 204 200 500 3 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1849 200 500 365 200 500 2 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1950 200 Max 427 200 500 1 09:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2309 200 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min 500 Points in Range: 6 Points in Range: 7 500 532 200 500 18 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 375 200 500 317 200 500 17 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 281 200 500 479 200 500 16 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 677 200 500 622 200 500 15 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 310 200 500 349 200 500 14 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 302 200 500 424 200 500 13 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 455 200 500 456 200 500 12 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 207 200 500 728 200 500 11 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 608 200 500 423 200 500 10 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 395 200 500 763 200 500 9 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 766 200 500 656 200 500 8 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 553 200 500 634 200 500 7 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 945 200 500 861 200 500 6 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 656 200 500 788 200 500 5 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1255 200 500 756 200 500 4 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1065 200 500 9839 200 500 3 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 952 200 500 9751 200 500 2 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 968 200 Max 10063 200 500 1 15:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 1111 200 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min 500 Points in Range: 11 Points in Range: 0 500 430 200 500 18 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 699 200 500 262 200 500 17 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 668 200 500 263 200 500 16 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 890 200 500 284 200 500 15 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 788 200 500 162 200 500 14 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 713 200 500 366 200 500 13 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 835 200 290 200 500 12 12:00:00 Saturday September 21 2002 717 200 237 Table 21, continued 3 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 7 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 8 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 9 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 10 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 11 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 13 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 14 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 16 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 17 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 18 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 ID Date 1 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 3 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 4 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 5 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 7 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 8 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 9 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 10 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 11 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 12 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 13 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 14 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 15 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 16 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 17 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 18 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 Points in Range: 27 Percent Surface in Range: 37% Percent Surface in Range: 13% Points in Range: 79 500 Points in Range: 1 Points in Range: 3 500 846 200 500 18 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 739 200 500 606 200 500 17 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 492 200 500 774 200 500 16 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1253 200 500 798 200 500 15 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 452 200 500 477 200 500 14 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 653 200 500 640 200 500 13 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 544 200 500 6140 200 500 12 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 473 200 500 6519 200 500 11 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1399 200 500 5865 200 500 10 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6167 200 500 818 200 500 9 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 854 200 500 750 200 500 8 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 598 200 500 640 200 500 7 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 6587 200 500 832 200 500 6 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 664 200 500 914 200 500 5 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1494 200 500 6319 200 500 4 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1386 200 500 1293 200 500 3 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1052 200 500 6798 200 500 2 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1536 200 Max 6933 200 500 1 15:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 2018 200 Total Min Max ID Date Total Min 500 Points in Range: 9 Points in Range: 0 500 684 200 500 18 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1314 200 500 465 200 500 17 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1303 200 500 326 200 500 16 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1562 200 500 362 200 500 15 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1273 200 500 115 200 500 14 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1323 200 500 480 200 500 13 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1156 200 500 335 200 500 12 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1250 200 500 1048 200 500 11 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1745 200 500 294 200 500 10 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1425 200 500 472 200 500 9 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 #### 200 500 504 200 500 8 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 #### 200 500 302 200 500 7 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 #### 200 500 420 200 500 6 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 #### 200 500 582 200 500 5 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 1922 200 500 625 200 500 4 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 #### 200 892 200 500 3 12:00:00 Thursday December 21 1978 #### 200 238 Table 21, continued Vertical Louver - 90 degrees Vertical Louver - 30 - East ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 2281 200 500 1 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1044 200 500 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1260 200 500 2 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 657 200 500 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1122 200 500 3 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 954 200 500 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1289 200 500 4 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 715 200 500 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1012 200 500 5 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 533 200 500 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1055 200 500 6 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 666 200 500 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 693 200 500 7 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 352 200 500 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1061 200 500 8 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 331 200 500 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1103 200 500 9 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 621 200 500 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 427 200 500 10 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 224 200 500 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 635 200 500 11 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 355 200 500 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 795 200 500 12 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 242 200 500 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 382 200 500 13 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 277 200 500 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 554 200 500 14 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 414 200 500 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1044 200 500 15 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 235 200 500 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 300 200 500 16 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 193 200 500 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 532 200 500 17 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 434 200 500 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 567 200 500 18 09:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 205 200 500 Points in Range: 3 Points in Range: 10 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 1 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 2 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 3 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 4 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1261 200 500 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1546 200 500 5 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1393 200 500 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1636 200 500 6 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1315 200 500 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1261 200 500 7 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 922 200 500 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1489 200 500 8 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1053 200 500 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1298 200 500 9 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1295 200 500 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1175 200 500 10 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 794 200 500 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1156 200 500 11 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 723 200 500 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1078 200 500 12 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 802 200 500 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 895 200 500 13 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 689 200 500 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 959 200 500 14 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1009 200 500 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1064 200 500 15 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 567 200 500 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 862 200 500 16 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 676 200 500 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 908 200 500 17 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 764 200 500 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 902 200 500 18 12:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 581 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 0 239 Table 21, continued ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 1 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 2 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 3 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1986 200 500 4 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1828 200 500 5 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1337 200 500 5 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1970 200 500 6 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1863 200 500 6 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 ### 200 500 7 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1373 200 500 7 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1518 200 500 8 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1107 200 500 8 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1346 200 500 9 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1586 200 500 9 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1812 200 500 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 987 200 500 10 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1165 200 500 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1189 200 500 11 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1081 200 500 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 726 200 500 12 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1126 200 500 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1686 200 500 13 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1029 200 500 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 890 200 500 14 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1122 200 500 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 860 200 500 15 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1078 200 500 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 861 200 500 16 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 1007 200 500 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 984 200 500 17 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 963 200 500 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 681 200 500 18 15:00:00 Monday March 21 1994 894 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 0 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1368 200 500 1 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1094 200 500 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1323 200 500 2 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 966 200 500 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1189 200 500 3 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 796 200 500 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1864 200 500 4 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 843 200 500 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 936 200 500 5 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 757 200 500 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 1013 200 500 6 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 751 200 500 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 729 200 500 7 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 694 200 500 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 710 200 500 8 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 549 200 500 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 802 200 500 9 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 730 200 500 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 585 200 500 10 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 432 200 500 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 708 200 500 11 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 630 200 500 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 617 200 500 12 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 425 200 500 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 519 200 500 13 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 403 200 500 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 654 200 500 14 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 511 200 500 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 623 200 500 15 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 436 200 500 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 513 200 500 16 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 339 200 500 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 699 200 500 17 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 440 200 500 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 440 200 500 18 09:00:00 Friday June 21 1985 364 200 500 Points in Range: 0 Points in Range: 7 ID Date Total Min Max ID Date Total Min Max 240 Appendix C: Energy generation results Control Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly 1927 0.04 1928 0.34 1929 1.02 1930 1.67 1931 2.15 1932 2.45 1933 2.55 1934 2.47 1935 2.19 1936 1.73 1937 1.11 1938 0.43 March 1939 0.07 18.21 4134 0.00 4135 0.10 4136 0.25 4137 0.46 4138 0.63 4139 0.64 4140 0.75 4141 0.62 4142 0.42 4143 0.70 4144 0.53 4145 0.42 4146 0.32 June 4147 0.13 4148 0.02 6.01 6343 0.07 6344 0.40 6345 0.96 6346 1.50 6347 1.85 6348 2.11 6349 2.18 6350 2.02 6351 1.53 6352 1.33 6353 0.77 September 6354 0.24 6355 0.02 14.99 8528 0.50 8529 2.03 8530 2.91 8531 3.41 8532 3.68 8533 3.72 8534 3.58 8535 3.24 8536 2.66 8537 1.85 December 8538 0.34 27.93 Total 4 months 67.13 Table 22: Energy generation results for control 241 Overhang - 0 Overhang - 30 Overhang - 60 Overhang - 90 Overhang - Combined Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly 1927 0.04 1927 0.05 1927 0.06 1927 0.06 1927 0.06 1928 0.34 1928 0.56 1928 0.61 1928 0.48 1928 0.61 1929 1.02 1929 1.65 1929 1.80 1929 1.45 1929 1.80 1930 1.67 1930 2.55 1930 2.75 1930 2.30 1930 2.75 1931 2.15 1931 3.18 1931 3.41 1931 2.90 1931 3.41 1932 2.45 1932 3.56 1932 3.79 1932 3.27 1932 3.79 1933 2.55 1933 3.68 1933 3.89 1933 3.39 1933 3.89 1934 2.47 1934 3.57 1934 3.79 1934 3.28 1934 3.79 1935 2.19 1935 3.21 1935 3.45 1935 2.93 1935 3.45 1936 1.73 1936 2.63 1936 2.83 1936 2.38 1936 2.83 1937 1.11 1937 1.79 1937 1.95 1937 1.58 1937 1.95 1938 0.43 1938 0.72 1938 0.80 1938 0.62 1938 0.80 March 1939 0.07 1939 0.09 1939 0.11 1939 0.10 1939 0.11 18.21 27.24 29.25 24.73 29.25 4134 0.00 4134 0.01 4134 0.01 4134 0.01 4134 0.01 4135 0.10 4135 0.15 4135 0.19 4135 0.25 4135 0.25 4136 0.25 4136 0.35 4136 0.52 4136 0.63 4136 0.63 4137 0.46 4137 0.80 4137 1.23 4137 1.43 4137 1.43 4138 0.63 4138 1.06 4138 1.40 4138 1.55 4138 1.55 4139 0.64 4139 1.40 4139 1.88 4139 1.96 4139 1.96 4140 0.75 4140 1.41 4140 1.81 4140 1.88 4140 1.88 4141 0.62 4141 1.22 4141 1.58 4141 1.62 4141 1.62 4142 0.42 4142 0.62 4142 0.78 4142 0.87 4142 0.87 4143 0.70 4143 1.24 4143 1.61 4143 1.72 4143 1.72 4144 0.53 4144 1.48 4144 2.21 4144 2.42 4144 2.42 4145 0.42 4145 0.82 4145 1.40 4145 1.65 4145 1.65 4146 0.32 4146 0.39 4146 0.72 4146 0.99 4146 0.99 June 4147 0.13 4147 0.16 4147 0.18 4147 0.37 4147 0.37 4148 0.02 4148 0.03 4148 0.04 4148 0.05 4148 0.05 6.01 11.14 15.55 17.39 17.39 6343 0.07 6343 0.10 6343 0.12 6343 0.12 6343 0.12 6344 0.40 6344 0.66 6344 0.74 6344 0.61 6344 0.74 6345 0.96 6345 1.53 6345 1.68 6345 1.39 6345 1.68 6346 1.50 6346 2.29 6346 2.47 6346 2.09 6346 2.47 6347 1.85 6347 2.75 6347 2.97 6347 2.54 6347 2.97 6348 2.11 6348 3.09 6348 3.29 6348 2.85 6348 3.29 6349 2.18 6349 3.19 6349 3.39 6349 2.96 6349 3.39 6350 2.02 6350 2.98 6350 3.19 6350 2.75 6350 3.19 6351 1.53 6351 2.28 6351 2.45 6351 2.07 6351 2.45 6352 1.33 6352 2.06 6352 2.24 6352 1.88 6352 2.24 6353 0.77 6353 1.28 6353 1.41 6353 1.14 6353 1.41 September 6354 0.24 6354 0.41 6354 0.46 6354 0.36 6354 0.46 6355 0.02 6355 0.03 6355 0.04 6355 0.05 6355 0.04 14.99 22.65 24.47 20.80 24.47 8528 0.50 8528 0.47 8528 0.29 8528 0.09 8528 0.47 8529 2.03 8529 2.05 8529 1.48 8529 0.43 8529 2.05 8530 2.91 8530 3.15 8530 2.61 8530 1.26 8530 3.15 8531 3.41 8531 3.83 8531 3.34 8531 1.93 8531 3.83 8532 3.68 8532 4.14 8532 3.73 8532 2.31 8532 4.14 8533 3.72 8533 4.19 8533 3.81 8533 2.40 8533 4.19 8534 3.58 8534 4.04 8534 3.63 8534 2.23 8534 4.04 8535 3.24 8535 3.62 8535 3.14 8535 1.78 8535 3.62 8536 2.66 8536 2.87 8536 2.34 8536 1.07 8536 2.87 8537 1.85 8537 1.85 8537 1.31 8537 0.35 8537 1.85 December 8538 0.34 8538 0.31 8538 0.20 8538 0.06 8538 0.31 27.93 30.51 25.88 13.91 30.51 Total 4 months 67.13 Total 4 months 91.54 Total 4 months 95.15 Total 4 months 76.83 Total 4 months 101.62 Table 23: Energy generation results for overhang system 242 Folding - 0 Folding - 30 Folding - 60 Folding - 90 Folding - Combined Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly 1927 0.02 1927 0.02 1927 0.03 1927 0.03 1927 0.03 1928 0.16 1928 0.26 1928 0.29 1928 0.23 1928 0.29 1929 0.48 1929 0.78 1929 0.85 1929 0.69 1929 0.85 1930 0.79 1930 1.21 1930 1.30 1930 1.09 1930 1.30 1931 1.02 1931 1.50 1931 1.62 1931 1.37 1931 1.62 1932 1.16 1932 1.68 1932 1.80 1932 1.55 1932 1.80 1933 1.21 1933 1.74 1933 1.84 1933 1.61 1933 1.84 1934 1.17 1934 1.69 1934 1.80 1934 1.55 1934 1.80 1935 1.04 1935 1.52 1935 1.63 1935 1.39 1935 1.63 1936 0.82 1936 1.25 1936 1.34 1936 1.13 1936 1.34 1937 0.53 1937 0.85 1937 0.92 1937 0.75 1937 0.92 1938 0.21 1938 0.34 1938 0.38 1938 0.29 1938 0.38 March 1939 0.03 1939 0.04 1939 0.05 1939 0.05 1939 0.05 8.63 12.90 13.85 11.71 13.85 4134 0.00 4134 0.00 4134 0.00 4134 0.00 4134 0.00 4135 0.05 4135 0.07 4135 0.09 4135 0.12 4135 0.12 4136 0.12 4136 0.17 4136 0.25 4136 0.30 4136 0.30 4137 0.22 4137 0.38 4137 0.58 4137 0.68 4137 0.68 4138 0.30 4138 0.50 4138 0.66 4138 0.73 4138 0.73 4139 0.30 4139 0.66 4139 0.89 4139 0.93 4139 0.93 4140 0.35 4140 0.67 4140 0.86 4140 0.89 4140 0.89 4141 0.30 4141 0.58 4141 0.75 4141 0.77 4141 0.77 4142 0.20 4142 0.29 4142 0.37 4142 0.41 4142 0.41 4143 0.33 4143 0.59 4143 0.76 4143 0.82 4143 0.82 4144 0.25 4144 0.70 4144 1.05 4144 1.14 4144 1.14 4145 0.20 4145 0.39 4145 0.66 4145 0.78 4145 0.78 4146 0.15 4146 0.19 4146 0.34 4146 0.47 4146 0.47 June 4147 0.06 4147 0.08 4147 0.09 4147 0.17 4147 0.17 4148 0.01 4148 0.01 4148 0.02 4148 0.02 4148 0.02 2.79 5.21 7.28 8.11 8.11 6343 0.03 6343 0.05 6343 0.06 6343 0.06 6343 0.06 6344 0.19 6344 0.31 6344 0.35 6344 0.29 6344 0.35 6345 0.45 6345 0.72 6345 0.79 6345 0.66 6345 0.79 6346 0.71 6346 1.08 6346 1.17 6346 0.99 6346 1.17 6347 0.88 6347 1.30 6347 1.41 6347 1.20 6347 1.41 6348 1.00 6348 1.46 6348 1.56 6348 1.35 6348 1.56 6349 1.03 6349 1.51 6349 1.61 6349 1.40 6349 1.61 6350 0.96 6350 1.41 6350 1.51 6350 1.30 6350 1.51 6351 0.73 6351 1.08 6351 1.16 6351 0.98 6351 1.16 6352 0.63 6352 0.98 6352 1.06 6352 0.89 6352 1.06 6353 0.36 6353 0.61 6353 0.67 6353 0.54 6353 0.67 September 6354 0.11 6354 0.19 6354 0.22 6354 0.17 6354 0.22 6355 0.01 6355 0.02 6355 0.02 6355 0.02 6355 0.02 7.10 10.73 11.59 9.85 11.59 8528 0.24 8528 0.22 8528 0.14 8528 0.04 8528 0.22 8529 0.96 8529 0.97 8529 0.70 8529 0.20 8529 0.97 8530 1.38 8530 1.49 8530 1.23 8530 0.60 8530 1.49 8531 1.62 8531 1.81 8531 1.58 8531 0.92 8531 1.81 8532 1.74 8532 1.96 8532 1.77 8532 1.09 8532 1.96 8533 1.76 8533 1.98 8533 1.81 8533 1.14 8533 1.98 8534 1.70 8534 1.91 8534 1.72 8534 1.06 8534 1.91 8535 1.53 8535 1.71 8535 1.49 8535 0.84 8535 1.71 8536 1.26 8536 1.36 8536 1.11 8536 0.51 8536 1.36 8537 0.88 8537 0.88 8537 0.62 8537 0.17 8537 0.88 December 8538 0.16 8538 0.15 8538 0.09 8538 0.03 8538 0.15 20.33 25.18 23.85 16.44 26.04 Total 4 months 38.85 Total 4 months 54.02 Total 4 months 56.57 Total 4 months 46.12 Total 4 months 59.60 Table 24: Energy generation results for folding system 243 Louver - 0 Louver - 30 Louver - 60 Louver - 90 Louver - Combined Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly 1927 0.04 1927 0.05 1927 0.06 1927 0.06 1927 0.06 1928 0.34 1928 0.56 1928 0.61 1928 0.48 1928 0.61 1929 1.02 1929 1.65 1929 1.80 1929 1.45 1929 1.80 1930 1.67 1930 2.55 1930 2.75 1930 2.30 1930 2.75 1931 2.15 1931 3.18 1931 3.41 1931 2.90 1931 3.41 1932 2.45 1932 3.56 1932 3.79 1932 3.27 1932 3.79 1933 2.55 1933 3.68 1933 3.89 1933 3.39 1933 3.89 1934 2.47 1934 3.57 1934 3.79 1934 3.28 1934 3.79 1935 2.19 1935 3.21 1935 3.45 1935 2.93 1935 3.45 1936 1.73 1936 2.63 1936 2.83 1936 2.38 1936 2.83 1937 1.11 1937 1.79 1937 1.95 1937 1.58 1937 1.95 1938 0.43 1938 0.72 1938 0.80 1938 0.62 1938 0.80 March 1939 0.07 1939 0.09 1939 0.11 1939 0.10 1939 0.11 18.21 27.24 29.25 24.73 29.25 4134 0.00 4134 0.01 4134 0.01 4134 0.01 4134 0.01 4135 0.10 4135 0.15 4135 0.19 4135 0.25 4135 0.25 4136 0.25 4136 0.35 4136 0.52 4136 0.63 4136 0.63 4137 0.46 4137 0.80 4137 1.23 4137 1.43 4137 1.43 4138 0.63 4138 1.06 4138 1.40 4138 1.55 4138 1.55 4139 0.64 4139 1.40 4139 1.88 4139 1.96 4139 1.96 4140 0.75 4140 1.41 4140 1.81 4140 1.88 4140 1.88 4141 0.62 4141 1.22 4141 1.58 4141 1.62 4141 1.62 4142 0.42 4142 0.62 4142 0.78 4142 0.87 4142 0.87 4143 0.70 4143 1.24 4143 1.61 4143 1.72 4143 1.72 4144 0.53 4144 1.48 4144 2.21 4144 2.42 4144 2.42 4145 0.42 4145 0.82 4145 1.40 4145 1.65 4145 1.65 4146 0.32 4146 0.39 4146 0.72 4146 0.99 4146 0.99 June 4147 0.13 4147 0.16 4147 0.18 4147 0.37 4147 0.37 4148 0.02 4148 0.03 4148 0.04 4148 0.05 4148 0.05 6.01 11.14 15.55 17.39 17.39 6343 0.07 6343 0.10 6343 0.12 6343 0.12 6343 0.12 6344 0.40 6344 0.66 6344 0.74 6344 0.61 6344 0.74 6345 0.96 6345 1.53 6345 1.68 6345 1.39 6345 1.68 6346 1.50 6346 2.29 6346 2.47 6346 2.09 6346 2.47 6347 1.85 6347 2.75 6347 2.97 6347 2.54 6347 2.97 6348 2.11 6348 3.09 6348 3.29 6348 2.85 6348 3.29 6349 2.18 6349 3.19 6349 3.39 6349 2.96 6349 3.39 6350 2.02 6350 2.98 6350 3.19 6350 2.75 6350 3.19 6351 1.53 6351 2.28 6351 2.45 6351 2.07 6351 2.45 6352 1.33 6352 2.06 6352 2.24 6352 1.88 6352 2.24 6353 0.77 6353 1.28 6353 1.41 6353 1.14 6353 1.41 September 6354 0.24 6354 0.41 6354 0.46 6354 0.36 6354 0.46 6355 0.02 6355 0.03 6355 0.04 6355 0.05 6355 0.04 14.99 22.65 24.47 20.80 24.47 8528 0.50 8528 0.47 8528 0.29 8528 0.09 8528 0.47 8529 2.03 8529 2.05 8529 1.48 8529 0.43 8529 2.05 8530 2.91 8530 3.15 8530 2.61 8530 1.26 8530 3.15 8531 3.41 8531 3.83 8531 3.34 8531 1.93 8531 3.83 8532 3.68 8532 4.14 8532 3.73 8532 2.31 8532 4.14 8533 3.72 8533 4.19 8533 3.81 8533 2.40 8533 4.19 8534 3.58 8534 4.04 8534 3.63 8534 2.23 8534 4.04 8535 3.24 8535 3.62 8535 3.14 8535 1.78 8535 3.62 8536 2.66 8536 2.87 8536 2.34 8536 1.07 8536 2.87 8537 1.85 8537 1.85 8537 1.31 8537 0.35 8537 1.85 December 8538 0.34 8538 0.31 8538 0.20 8538 0.06 8538 0.31 27.93 30.51 25.88 13.91 30.51 Total 4 months 67.13 Total 4 months 91.54 Total 4 months 95.15 Total 4 months 76.83 Total 4 months 101.62 Table 25: Energy generation results for horizontal louver system 244 Vertical - 30w Vertical - 60w Vertical - 90w Vertical - Combined Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly Hour AC Power Output (kW), Hourly 1927 0.03 1927 0.03 1927 0.03 1927 0.55 1928 0.13 1928 0.13 1928 0.13 1928 2.80 1929 0.25 1929 0.25 1929 0.25 1929 3.31 1930 0.36 1930 0.36 1930 0.36 1930 3.32 1931 0.76 1931 0.44 1931 0.44 1931 2.99 1932 1.53 1932 0.50 1932 0.49 1932 2.45 1933 2.20 1933 1.26 1933 0.50 1933 2.55 1934 2.64 1934 2.20 1934 1.16 1934 2.64 1935 2.85 1935 2.84 1935 2.16 1935 2.85 1936 2.85 1936 3.20 1936 2.84 1936 3.20 1937 2.59 1937 3.26 1937 3.16 1937 3.26 1938 1.95 1938 2.78 1938 2.89 1938 2.89 March 1939 0.56 1939 0.92 1939 1.02 1939 1.02 18.71 18.18 15.44 33.83 4134 0.00 4134 0.00 4134 0.00 4134 0.01 4135 0.10 4135 0.10 4135 0.10 4135 0.34 4136 0.25 4136 0.25 4136 0.25 4136 0.63 4137 0.46 4137 0.46 4137 0.46 4137 1.48 4138 0.62 4138 0.62 4138 0.62 4138 0.99 4139 0.52 4139 0.52 4139 0.52 4139 1.26 4140 0.61 4140 0.60 4140 0.60 4140 0.91 4141 0.60 4141 0.54 4141 0.48 4141 0.62 4142 0.43 4142 0.43 4142 0.43 4142 0.43 4143 0.88 4143 0.99 4143 1.01 4143 1.01 4144 1.33 4144 2.00 4144 2.21 4144 2.21 4145 1.00 4145 1.70 4145 2.00 4145 2.00 4146 0.63 4146 1.25 4146 1.57 4146 1.57 June 4147 0.27 4147 0.84 4147 1.18 4147 1.18 4148 0.03 4148 0.08 4148 0.12 4148 0.12 7.63 10.30 11.46 14.41 6343 0.05 6343 0.05 6343 0.05 6343 0.82 6344 0.17 6344 0.17 6344 0.17 6344 2.26 6345 0.27 6345 0.27 6345 0.27 6345 2.58 6346 0.34 6346 0.33 6346 0.33 6346 2.74 6347 0.77 6347 0.38 6347 0.38 6347 2.41 6348 1.43 6348 0.50 6348 0.41 6348 2.24 6349 2.00 6349 1.30 6349 0.47 6349 2.18 6350 2.29 6350 2.02 6350 1.20 6350 2.29 6351 2.10 6351 2.17 6351 1.75 6351 2.17 6352 2.36 6352 2.75 6352 2.50 6352 2.75 6353 2.08 6353 2.71 6353 2.69 6353 2.71 September 6354 1.46 6354 2.19 6354 2.32 6354 2.32 6355 0.20 6355 0.35 6355 0.40 6355 0.40 15.53 15.20 12.96 27.88 8528 0.04 8528 0.04 8528 0.04 8528 0.99 8529 0.30 8529 0.10 8529 0.10 8529 3.26 8530 1.12 8530 0.22 8530 0.22 8530 3.74 8531 2.03 8531 0.30 8531 0.30 8531 3.87 8532 2.78 8532 0.99 8532 0.34 8532 3.69 8533 3.32 8533 2.03 8533 0.36 8533 3.72 8534 3.65 8534 2.84 8534 1.13 8534 3.65 8535 3.73 8535 3.34 8535 2.06 8535 3.73 8536 3.50 8536 3.47 8536 2.58 8536 3.50 8537 2.85 8537 3.06 8537 2.56 8537 3.06 December 8538 0.60 8538 0.69 8538 0.60 8538 0.69 39.44 32.26 23.25 61.75 Total 4 months 81.31 Total 4 months 75.94 Total 4 months 63.11 Total 4 months 137.87 Table 26: Energy generation results for vertical louver system

Abstract (if available)

Abstract The primary purpose of the facade of a building is to protect the inhabitants from the outside environment. Although facades have historically been static systems, they are still designed to respond to many different scenarios. Often, facades are called upon to perform functions that are contradictory to each other. They are at times responsible for allowing as much solar heat in as possible, while also responsible for keeping it out at other times. They are responsible for keeping the weather outside of the buildings, but also called upon to let the building breathe. They are asked to shelter the inhabitants and keep them secure, while also allowing them to view the outside and still feel connected to nature. The disparate needs of the façade necessitate a balance be struck in order for the system to serve many functions throughout the life of the building. By actuating the facades and making them dynamic, they can now better adapt to the conditions and provide for improved comfort of the occupants by providing for more of the tasks at a higher level of performance, reducing the compromises needed for that balance. Facades can now sense the environment and make their own modifications in order to achieve prescribed goals. The building can be constantly working towards a better environment for the user as opposed to simply protecting them from it. By studying the many existing kinetic façade systems and through the use of computer simulations and empirical testing, a sampling of the methods of kinetic movement can be analyzed for their environmental benefits, compared to each other, and recommendations proposed. A system can then be designed to handle the many environmental variables present in and around the building, such as solar thermal, daylighting, ventilation, and energy generation.

Linked assets

University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually similar

PDF

Multi-domain assessment of a kinetic facade: determining the control strategy of a kinetic façade using BIM based on energy performance, daylighting, and occupants’ preferences; Multi-domain asse...

PDF

The intelligent control strategy of kinetic façades for daylight and energy performance: evaluating the daylight effect of adaptive systems based on parametric workflow

PDF

Energy saving integrated facade: design and analysis using computer simulation

PDF

Double skin façades performance: effects on daylight and visual comfort in office spaces

PDF

Energy savings by using dynamic environmental controls in the cavity of double skin facades

PDF

Facade retrofit: enhancing energy performance in existing buildings

PDF

The effectiveness of enviro-materially actuated kinetic facades: evaluating the thermal performance of thermo-bimetal shading component geometries

PDF

Environmentally responsive buildings: multi-objective optimization workflow for daylight and thermal quality

PDF

Harvesting energy with solar panels and adaptive shading for building skins: A case study of an office building in Saudi Arabia

PDF

Skin fit and retrofit: challenging the sustainability of curtainwall practice in tall buildings

PDF

Energy use intensity estimation method based on building façade features by using regression models

PDF

Adaptive façade controls: A methodology based on occupant visual comfort preferences and cluster analysis

PDF

Performative shading design: parametric based measurement of shading system configuration effectiveness and trends

PDF

Energy efficient buildings: a method of probabilistic risk assessment using building energy simulation

PDF

Evaluation and development of solar control screens: using daylight simulation to improve the performance of facade solar control screens

PDF

Unitized double skin façade assemblies: achieving the needs of future envelope systems through construction and performance advances

PDF

Night flushing and thermal mass: maximizing natural ventilation for energy conservation through architectural features

PDF

A simplified building energy simulation tool: material and environmental properties effects on HVAC performance

PDF

Double skin façade in hot arid climates: computer simulations to find optimized energy and thermal performance of double skin façades

PDF

Design of double skin (envelope) as a solar chimney: adapting natural ventilation in double envelope for mild or warm climates

Asset Metadata

Creator Hansanuwat, Ryan (author)

Core Title Kinetic facades as environmental control systems: using kinetic facades to increase energy efficiency and building performance in office buildings

School School of Architecture

Degree Master of Building Science

Degree Program Building Science

Publication Date 05/06/2010

Defense Date 04/23/2010

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag daylighting,Dynamic,facades,kinetic,kinetic facades,OAI-PMH Harvest,ventilation

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Kensek, Karen (committee chair), La Roche, Pablo (committee member), Noble, Douglas (committee member), Schiler, Marc (committee member)

Creator Email hansanuw@usc.edu,nospam@hansanuwat.com

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-m3030

Unique identifier UC184449

Identifier etd-Hansanuwat-3670 (filename),usctheses-m40 (legacy collection record id),usctheses-c127-346517 (legacy record id),usctheses-m3030 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier etd-Hansanuwat-3670.pdf

Dmrecord 346517

Document Type Thesis

Rights Hansanuwat, Ryan

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Repository Name Libraries, University of Southern California

Repository Location Los Angeles, California

Repository Email cisadmin@lib.usc.edu