University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

The neural basis for shape preferences

(USC Thesis Other)

The neural basis for shape preferences

PDF

Download

Open document

Flip pages

Download a page range

Download transcript

Copy asset link

Request this asset

Transcript (if available)

Content ! !"#$%#&'()$*(+,+$-.'$+"(/#$/'#-#'#%0#+$ $ $ 12$ .34$(543$ $ $ $ $ $ ($!67848$/37879:7;$:<$:67$ (0&)! 0"..) &%,=#'+,!>$.-$+.&!"#'%$0(),-.'%,($ - $ >$.-$!"#$&+0$?'(@&(!#$+ ,9$/A3:4AB$-CBD4BB579:$<D$:67$ '7EC F377$ 43 7 G(+!#'$.-$('!+$ 7579:8$D<3$:67$@ H/+>0".).?>I$ $ $ @7J75173$KLML$ $ $ $ 0<N234F6:$KLML$ $ $ $ $ $ $ .34$(543$ $$ $ 44 Acknowledgments! !<$:67$J<O49P78:4FA:<38Q$,3P49F$*47;735A9R$'AJ67B$SC$A9;$T7997:6$UV$"A2W<3:6V$ +CNN<3:7;$12$%+-$*0+$LXOKLYZXR$L[O\MMYYR$L]OMY]ZZ$:<$,V*V$!67$49DA9:$8:C;2$ WA8$8CNN<3:7;$12$A$F3A9:$:<$'VSV$A9;$%V$^V$T43_6A5$D3<5$:67$&94P7384:2$<D$ )<9;<9$079:3AB$'787A3J6$-C9;$A9;$A$F3A9:$:<$GA3_$U<698<9$D3<5$:67$&T$G7;4JAB$ '787A3J6$0<C9J4BR$?LYLMX`XV$S7$:6A9_$/ACB$aC499R$@7948$GA378J6ABR$%A:A86A$^V$ T4_6A5R$A9;$GA3_$"V$U<698<9R$D<3$:6743$49NC:$<9$:67$49DA9:$86AN7$N37D7379J7$ 8:C;2R$)AC379:$,::4$D<3$ABB<W49F$C8$:<$C87$648$727O:3AJ_73$A9;$JC8:<5$J<;7R$A9;$ %A;73$%<<34$D<3$648$67BN$49$87::49F$CN$:67$A;CB:$727:3AJ_49F$7bN734579:V$S7$AB8<$ :6A9_$GA3_$)78J3<A3:R$c4A<_C9$cC$A9;$U427$T45$D<3$:6743$5A92$67BNDCB$49NC:8$A9;$ GA:BA1$J<;7R$c4A<549$>C7$D<3$:67$?A1<3Od7:$8JAB49F$J<;78R$A9;$U4A9J6A9F$^6CA9F$ <3$648$A8848:A9J7$W4:6$:67$G',$8JA9949FV$$$ D $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ 444 $ $ $ Table!of!Contents! (J_9<WB7;F5 44$ 4 79:8$ )48:$<D$!A1B78$ P$ C378$ )48:$<D$-4F P$ P (18:3AJ:$ 4$ ,9:3<;CJ:4<9$ #bN734579:$MQ$(;CB:$+6AN7$/37D7379J78$ M$ [$ G7:6<;$ [$ #b 7$/37D7379J78$ N734579:$KQ$,9DA9:$+6AN M\$ G7:6<;$ M\$ '78CB:8$A9;$@48JC884<9$ M[$ #bN734579:$\Q$G',$+:C;2$ MY$ G7:6<;$ M`$ 884<9$ '78CB:8$A9;$@48JC KK$ C884<9$ ?7973AB$@48J K]$ 7D7379J78$ K`$ ' $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ 4P $ $ $ $ List!of!Tables! !A1B7$MQ$(;CB:8e$/37D7379J7$'78CB:8Q$ MM$ A1B7$KQ$$,9DA9:8e$/37D7379J7$'78CB:8$ M]$ ! $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ P List!of!Figures! -4FC37$MQ$+A5NB7$8:45CB4$87:8V$ X$ 79:AB$N3<J7;C37$ -4FC37$KQ$!67$7bN7345 `$ -4FC37$\Q$DG',$378CB:8$ K\$ 4FC37$XQ$07BB$N<NCBA:4<9$378N<987$49$5AJAEC7$,!$ K[$ - $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ P4 Abstract! +7P73AB$;457984<98$<D$86AN7R$8CJ6$A8$JC3PA:C37$<3$:AN73R$JA9$17$37FA3;7;$A8$ 7b:79;49F$D3<5$A$singular!<3!f73<$PABC7$H7VFVR$A$8:3A4F6:$J<9:<C3$W4:6$L$JC3PA:C37$ <3$NA3ABB7B$J<9:<C38$W4:6$A$L$A9FB7$<D$J<9P73F79J7I$:<$A9$49D494:2$<D$non"singular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b$H).0IR$A8$W7BB$A8$F37A:73$849FB7$C94:$AJ:4P4:2$49$5AJAEC7$,!V$$ !67$N37D7379J7$D<3$9<9O849FCBA3$86AN78$5A2$;734P7$D3<5$:6743$7B4J4:A:4<9$<D$ F37A:73$J<3:4JAB$<N4<4;$AJ:4P4:2$H*47;735A9$g$=7887BR$KLL]IV$ KeywordsQ$+6AN7$N37D7379J78R$,9DA9:$=48CAB$-4bA:4<98R$%<9AJJ4;79:AB$ N3<N73:478R$+6AN7$;457984<98R$)A:73AB$<JJ4N4:AB$J<5NB7b$$ $ $ $ $ $ $$ M $ Introduction! /7<NB7$B4_7$8<57$86AN78$17::73$:6A9$<:6738R$7VFVR$<1d7J:8$W4:6$JC3P7;$ J<9:<C38$3A:673$:6A9$<978$W4:6$86A3N$A9FB78$H*A3$g$%7:AR$KLL]IV$$,8$:6737$8<57$ DC9;A579:AB$A8N7J:$<D$86AN7$:6A:$C9;73B478$8CJ6$N37D7379J78R$A9;$4D$8<R$W6A:$ 54F6:$17$4:8$97C3AB$1A848h$$+7P73AB$\@$;457984<98$<D$86AN78R$8CJ6$A8$JC3PA:C37$<3$ J<:73549A:4<9R$JA9$17$37FA3;7;$A8$7b:79;49F$D3<5$A$singular!<3!f73<$PABC7$H8CJ6$ A8$A$8:3A4F6:$J<9:<C3$W4:6$L$JC3PA:C37$<3$A$NA43$<D$J<9:<C38$:6A:$:73549A:7$A:$A$ J<55<9$N<49:$W4:6$A$L$;4DD7379J7$49$:67$N<84:4<9$<D$:6743$79;N<49:8I$:<$A9$49D494:2$ <D$non!singular!PABC78$HA8$W4:6$JC3P78$A9;$9<9$J<:73549A:49F$J<9:<C38IV$$($ 849FCBA3$PABC7$W4BB$ABWA28$N3<;CJ7$A$K@$J<9:<C3$N3<d7J:4<9$H4V7VR$A9$45AF7I$:6A:$48$ 849FCBA3$A:$ABB$<3479:A:4<98$49$;7N:6i$:67$K@$J<9:<C3$N3<d7J:4<9$<D$A$9<9O849FCBA3$ PABC7$W4BB$PA32R$1C:$4:$W4BB$375A49$9<9O849FCBA3$A:$ABB$<3479:A:4<98$HCN$:<$A9$ jAJJ4;79:k$<D$P47WN<49:I M V$$/A3ABB7B485$H:7357;$:AN73IR$W4:6$A$L$A9FB7$<D$ J<9P73F79J7R$37N37879:8$A$8N7J4AB$JA87$49$:6A:$W4:6$3<:A:4<9$49$;7N:6R$N738N7J:4P7$ W4BB$N3<;CJ7$A9$ANNA379:$J<9P73F79J7$<D$:67$J<9:<C38V$$"<W7P73R$:6737$48$A$ 8:3<9F$14A8$:<WA3;8$5A49:A4949F$A$N73J7N:4<9$<D$NA3ABB7B485$C9;73$;7N:6$3<:A:4<9$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ M $+49FCBA3$<3$9<9O849FCBA3$PABC78$A37$7AJ6$nonaccidental$49$:6A:$3<:A:4<9$49$ ;7N:6$W4BB$9<:$AB:73$W67:673$:672$A37$849FCBA3$<3$9<9O849FCBA3V$!67$;4DD7379J7$ 17:W779$:W<$J<9:<C38R$<97$W4:6$A$849FCBA3$A9;$:67$<:673$W4:6$A$9<9O849FCBA3$ PABC7R$7VFVR$A$8:3A4F6:$P8V$A$JC3P7;$J<9:<C3R$;7D4978$A9$49PA34A9:R$<3$9<9AJJ4;79:ABR$ 3<N73:2$H%(/I$;4DD7379J7V$$($;4DD7379J7$17:W779$:W<$9<9O849FCBA3$PABC78$;7D4978$ $metric$N3<N73:2$HG/I$;4DD7379J7V$$ N A $ $$ 7P79$W4:6$5<;78:$9<9$f73<$A9FB78$<D$J<9P73F79J7$A:$5<;78:$7b:7984<98$49$;7N:6$ A9;$HT4 $ K F 9FR$G7273R$!A9F972R$g$*47;735A9R$MZY]IV K $$ $$,9DA9:8$A9;$A;CB:$6C5A9$NA3:4J4NA9:8$P47W7;$845CB:A97<C8B2$N37879:7;$ NA438$<D$F7<98$W6737$<97$F7<9$6A;$A$849FCBA3$A9;$:67$<:673$6A;$A$9<9O849FCBA3$ PABC7R$7VFVR$A$J2B49;73$P8V$A$J<97V$S7$A887887;R$12$727$:3AJ_49FR$W64J6$86AN7$:67$ NA3:4J4NA9:8$8N<9:A97<C8B2$D4bA:7;V$S7$AB8<$A887887;$W67:673$849FCBA3$<3$9<9O 849FCBA3$PABC78$W<CB;$7B4J4:$A$F37A:73$DG',$*.)@$378N<987$49$:67$BA:73AB$<JJ4N4:AB$ J<5NB7b$H).0IR$A9$A37A$87B7J:4P7$D<3$86AN7$A9;$J34:4JAB$D<3$86AN7$37J<F94:4<9$ HUA578R$0CB6A5R$"C5N6372R$G4B973R$g$?<<;AB7R$KLL\IV$S7$D<C9;$:6A:$9<9O 849FCBA3$PABC78$A37$1<:6$N37D7337;$A9;$7B4J4:$F37A:73$*.)@$378N<9878$49$).0V$!67$ BA::73$378CB:$48$J<9848:79:$W4:6$TA2A73:R$*47;735A9R$.N$@7$*77J_R$A9;$=<F7B8l$ HKLL[I$D49;49F$<D$F37A:73$849FB7$C94:$AJ:4P4:2$:<$9<9O849FCBA3$PABC78$49$:67$49D734<3$ :75N<3AB$H,!I$37F4<9$<D$:67$5AJAEC7R$A9$A37A$6<5<B<F<C8$:<$).0$HT347F78_<3:7R$ 7:$ABVR$KLL`IV$$S62$W<CB;$F37A:73$AJ:4P4:2$49$:6787$A37A8$17$A88<J4A:7;$W4:6$ 37A:73$N37D7379J7h$$(9:734<3$,!$6A8$A$64F6$;7984:2$<D$<N4<4;$37J7N:<38$H)7W48R$7:$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ K $!648$7DD7J:$48$37A;4B2$W4:97887;$W4:6$:67$DA54B4A3$N82J6<B<F4JAB$;75<98:3A:4<98$ <D$:67$:3AN7f<4;AB$W49;<W$<3$3<<5V$$"<W7P73R$7P79$W679$:67$86AN78$;<$9<:$ 378751B7$DA54B4A3$<1d7J:8R$7VFVR$W49;<W8$<3$3<<58R$A9;$:67$<1873P73$JA9$6<B;$A9;$ 8:C;2$A$:3AN7f<4;R$NA3A;<b4JABB2R$:67$F37A:73$:67$A9FB7$<D$3<:A:4<9$49$;7N:6$HA9;$ 679J7$:67$F37A:73$:67$J<9P73F79J7$<D$:67$K@$N3<d7J:4<9$<D$:67$:3AN7f<4;l8$7;F78IR$ :67$F37A:73$:67$B4_7B46<<;$:6A:$:67$:3AN7f<4;$W4BB$17$N73J74P7;$A8$A$37J:A9FB7R$4V7VR$A$ 849FCBA3$PABC7$HT49F$7:$ABVR$KLL]IV$!648$14A8$:<WA3;8$NA3ABB7B485$48$5AF94D47;$:67$ 5<37$:457$:6A:$:67$<1873P73$6A8$:<$P47W$:67$:3AN7f<4;V$$($8454BA3$14A8$AB8<$ J6A3AJ:734f78$:67$N73J7N:4<9$<D$82557:32R$49$:6A:$A$P73:4JABB2$7B<9FA:7;$7BB4N87$ 9;73$;7N:6$3<:A:4<9$A3<C9;$:67$>OAb48$H:6C8$D<3786<3:7949F$:67$86<3:73$Ab48I$ 4BB$ANN7A3$A8$A$J43JB7V$$$ C W $ $$ ABVR$MZ`MI$A9;$W7$62N<:6784f7$:6A:$:67$N37D7379J7$A34878$D3<5$:67$F37A:73$<N4<4;$ 37B7A87 $ \ $N3<;CJ7;$12$:67$F37A:73$AJ:4P4:2$H*47;735A9$g$=7887BR$KLL]IV$$ S7$7bNB<37;$:6787$488C78$W4:6$F7<98R$A$87:$<D$86AN7$N3454:4P78$D<357;$ D3<5$A$NA3:4:4<9$<D$:67$87:$<D$845NB7$F7973AB4f7;$J<978$H?08I$H*49D<3;R$MZYMIV$($ ?0$48$A$P<BC57$J37A:7;$12$8W77N49F$A$J3<88$87J:4<9$AB<9F$A9$Ab48R$A8$4BBC8:3A:7;$49$ -4FV$MV$$!67$J3<88$87J:4<9$JA9$17$3<C9;$HA8$W4:6$A$J2B49;73I$<3$8ECA37$HA8$W4:6$A$ 134J_I$A9;$:67$Ab48$J<CB;$17$8:3A4F6:$<3$JC3P7;V$$!67$J3<88$87J:4<9$JA9$375A49$ J<98:A9:$49$84f7$HA8$W4:6$A$134J_$<3$J2B49;73IR$<3$7bNA9;$H<3$J<9:3AJ:R$W679$ J<984;737;$D3<5$:67$37P7387$;437J:4<9IR$A8$W4:6$A$J<97$<3$A$W7;F7R$7bNA9;$A9;$ :679$J<9:3AJ:$HN3<;CJ49F$84;78$W4:6$N<84:4P7$JC3PA:C37IV$$#AJ6$<D$:6787$ 9<9AJJ4;79:AB$PA34A:4<98$W<CB;$N3<;CJ7$A$;4DD7379:$F7<9V$(92$<1d7J:$JA9$17$ 37N37879:7;$12$A$J<BB7J:4<9$<D$?0$NA3:8$49$8N7J4D47;$37BA:4<98$HGA33$g$%48646A3AR$ MZY`IV$$$-<3$:67$8:45CB4$C87;$49$:67$N37879:$7bN734579:R$849FCBA3$F7<98$6A;$ 8:3A4F6:$Ab78$A9;m<3$NA3ABB7B$84;78V$$%<9O849FCBA3$F7<98$6A;$JC3P7;$Ab78R$A9;m<3$ 9<9ONA3ABB7B$8:3A4F6:$84;78$<3$84;78$W4:6$N<84:4P7$JC3PA:C37V$$$$ $$ $ X $ Figure!1:!Sample!stimuli!sets.! 67$;457984<98$5A94NCBA:7;$A37$(V$5A49$Ab48$JC3PA:C37R$*V$:AN73R$0V$N<84:4P7$ C3PA:C37$<D$84;78R$@V$A$J<9dC9J:4<9$<D$:AN73$A9;$N<84:4P7$JC3PA:C37$<D$84;78V$ ! J $ $ $$ $ [ Experiment!1:!Adult!Shape!Preferences!! S7$:3AJ_7;$727$5<P7579:8$<D$A;CB:8$H7bN734579:$MI$A9;$49DA9:8$ H7bN734579:$KI$49$A$D377OP47W49F$NA3A;4F5$D<3$849FCBA3$P8V$9<9O849FCBA3$F7<98V$$ !67$F7<98$PA347;$AB<9F$845NB7$?0$;457984<98Q$JC3PA:C37$<D$5A49$Ab48R$NA3ABB7B485$ H:AN73IR$A9;$N<84:4P7$JC3PA:C37$<D$:67$F7<98$84;78V$$*A3$A9;$%7:A$HKLL]I$ N37879:7;$A;CB:8$W4:6$45AF78$<D$37AB$W<3B;$<1d7J:8$A9;$9<987987$<1d7J:OB4_7$ NA::7398$:6A:$74:673$6A;$86A3N$J<39738$A9;$8:3A4F6:$D7A:C378$<3$JC3P7;$7;F78$A9;$ J<39738V$/A3:4J4NA9:8$W737$5<37$B4_7B2$:<$N37D73$:67$JC3P7;$<1d7J:8V$$+7P73AB$ 8:C;478$6AP7$AB8<$86<W9$:6A:$49DA9:8$H7P79$A8$2<C9F$A8$\O5<9:6O<B;8I$ N37D7379:4ABB2$B<<_$A:$86AN78$<3$1CBB8$727$NA::7398$W4:6$JC3P7;$D7A:C378$H7VFVR$ 0<679R$MZYZi$aC499R$*3<W9R$g$+:37NNAR$MZZYi$'CDD$g$*43J6R$MZYXIV$$!67$49JBC84<9$ <D$NA3ABB7B485R$49$:67$JC3379:$8:C;2R$ABB<W7;$A9$A88788579:$<D$W67:673$86AN7$ N37D7379J78$A37$1A87;$8<B7B2$<9$JC3PA:C37$P738C8$A$5<37$F7973AB$J6A3AJ:7348:4JQ$ 9<9O849FCBA34:2V$ Method! Participants.$MX$A;CB:8i$ML$D75AB78R$AF78$MZO\]R$ABB$8:C;79:8$A:$:67$ &94P7384:2$<D$+<C:6739$0AB4D<394AV$!6<87$W6<$W737$9<:$5751738$<D$:67$,V*Vl8$BA1$ W737$J<5N798A:7;$D<3$:6743$NA3:4J4NA:4<9V$ Stimuli.$!67$8:45CB4$D<3$ABB$\$7bN734579:8$JA57$D3<5$A$J<BB7J:4<9$<D$\]$B497$ ;3AW49F8$\@$ANN7A349F$F7<98R$KX$<D$W64J6$W737$C87;$49$#bN8V$M$A9;$K$H(BB$\]$ $$ $ 86AN78$JA9$17$P47W7;$A:$ ] 6::NQmmF7<9VC8JV7;Cmn<34m\]+6AN78V6:5BIV$$$,5AF78$ W737$F7973A:7;$C849F$(C:<;78_l8$\@O8:C;4<$5Ab$`R$A9;$8JAB7;$W4:6$GA:BA1$H!67$ GA:6S<3_8R$%A:4J_R$G(IV$!67$7;F78R$J<3378N<9;49F$:<$<3479:A:4<9$A9;$;7N:6$ ;48J<9:49C4:478R$W737$W64:7R$W4:6$:67$49973$8C3DAJ78$A$C94D<35$F372V$$!672$W737$ ;48NBA27;$<9$A$1BAJ_$1AJ_F3<C9;$H877$-4FV$MIV$!67$8:45CB4$W737$<3FA94f7;$49:<$MK$ 87:8$<D$\$F7<98$7AJ6R$W4:6$:67$F7<98$49$7AJ6$87:$;4DD7349F$AB<9F$<97$;457984<9$HML$ 87:8I$<3$:W<$;457984<98$HK$87:8IV$#AJ6$87:$J<9848:7;$<D$<97$j849FCBA3k$<1d7J:$:6A:$ 6A;$A$f73<$PABC7$AB<9F$:67$;457984<9H8I$5A94NCBA:7;$49$:6A:$87:$H7VFV$A$134J_$W4:6$ NA3ABB7B$84;78R$:6C8$f73<$:AN73IR$<97$<1d7J:$W4:6$A$64F6$PABC7$AB<9F$:67$8A57$ ;457984<9H8I$H7VFV$A$134J_$W4:6$A$64F6$;7F377$<D$:AN73IR$A9;$<97$<1d7J:$<D$ 49:7357;4A:7$PABC7$H7VFV$57;4C5$:AN73IV$$!67$49:7357;4A:7$F7<9$HW64J6$WA8$<9B2$ C87;$49$#bNV$\I$WA8$N6284JABB2$7EC4;48:A9:$D3<5$:67$<:673$:W<$F7<98$A8$8JAB7;$12$ :67$?A1<3Od7:$5<;7B$HA$5CB:48JAB7R$5CB:4<3479:A:4<9$5<;7B$<D$=M$845NB7OJ7BB$ D4B:7349F$H)A;78$7:$ABVR$MZZ\i$+77$cCR$>C7R$)78J3<A3:R$*47;735A9R$g$T45R$KLLZR$D<3$ JC3379:$NA3A57:738$A9;$45NB7579:A:4<9IV$.1d7J:8$W737$ABB$3<:A:7;$M[o$JB<J_W487$ :<$37;CJ7$:67$:79;79J2$D<3$:67$849FCBA3$86AN78$:<$ANN7A3$5<37$P73:4JABR$:<$AP<4;$ N<8841B7$J<9D<C9;8$A8$A$378CB:$<D$A948<:3<N2$49$<3479:A:4<9$87984:4P4:478$H"A9879$g$ #88<J_R$KLLXi$)77672R$G<8_<W4:fO0<<_R$*34BBR$g$"7B;R$MZY[IV$-<3$:67$84b$87:8$:6A:$ 5A94NCBA:7;$:67$;457984<9$<D$5A49$Ab48$JC3PA:C37R$:67$<1d7J:8l$<3479:A:4<98$49$ :67$NBA97$W737$DC3:673$A;dC8:7;$8<$:6A:$A$B497$;3AW9$D3<5$:67$J79:73$<D$:67$ 1<::<5$<D$:67$1A87$:<$:67$:<N$8C3DAJ7$W<CB;$6AP7$ANN3<b45A:7B2$:67$8A57$ $$ <3479:A:4<9$D<3$ABB$\$<1d7J:8$49$:67$87:V$!6787$5A94NCBA:4<98$W737$;<97$N34<3$:<$ ?A1<3$8JAB49FV$-<3$7AJ6$87:R$ABB$\$<1d7J:8$W737$3784f7;$8<$:6A:R$W4:6$378N7J:$:<$7AJ6$ <:673R$:672$W737$7ECAB$49$84f7$A9;R$J<987EC79:B2R$49$BC549A9J7V$,9$:67$N37879:$ 8:C;2R$9497$NA3:4J4NA9:8$W737$8:C;47;$W4:6$:67$3784f7;$86AN78$<9B2R$<97$W4:6$:67$ 86AN78$17D<37$3784f49FR$A9;$D<C3$W4:6$1<:6$P7384<98$<D$:67$86AN78V$+49J7$9<$7DD7J:$ <D$:67$86AN78l$37BA:4P7$84f7$WA8$<1873P7;R$378CB:8$W737$J<BBAN87;$AJ3<88$86AN78l$ 84f7V$$ $ Y Procedure.$+:45CB4$W737$N37879:7;$<9$A$X]$49$)0@$8J3779$H+<92$*3AP4A$ c*'O,,,R$MLM]$[YMV[$55I$A9;$;48NBA27;$C849F$0pp$A9;$+@)$<9$A$&94b$NBA:D<35V$ !67$8J3779$WA8$MLL$J5$D3<5$:67$8C1d7J:l8$67A;R$W64J6$378:7;$<9$A$J649O378:$H-4FV$ KAIV$-<C3$NA3:4J4NA9:8$6A;$:6743$67A;$378:3A497;$W4:6$A$67B57:OB4_7$ANNA3A:C8$ H498:7A;$<D$:67$J649O378:I$MK[$J5$D3<5$:67$8J3779R$W64J6$;4;$9<:$ADD7J:$:67$NA::739$ <D$378CB:8V$+:45CBC8$W4;:6$A9;$674F6:$8C1:79;7;$<9$AP73AF7$nKV[!$A9;$nXV[!$<D$ P48CAB$A9FB7R$378N7J:4P7B2V$$ $ $ $$ ` $ Figure!2:!The!experimental!procedure! (V$+7:$CN$D<3$7bN734579:$MR$A;CB:$727O:3AJ_49FV$*V$+7:$CN$D<3$7bN734579:$KR$49DA9:$ 727O:3AJ_49FV$ $ #AJ6$:34AB$17FA9$W4:6$A$J79:3AB$D4bA:4<9$NBC8$84F9$HnVK[!I$D<BB<W7;$12$A$ 845CB:A97<C8$;48NBA2$<D$:W<$<1d7J:8$H<97$849FCBA3$A9;$<97$9<9O849FCBA3$D3<5$:67$ 8A57$87:I$N37879:7;$]!OY!$:<$:67$34F6:$A9;$:<$:67$B7D:$<D$:67$8J3779$J79:73V$!67$ 849FCBA3$<1d7J:$WA8$<9$:67$34F6:$D<3$6ABD$<D$:67$:34AB8R$A9;$8:45CBC8$NA438$D3<5$ABB$ MK$87:8$W737$86<W9$17D<37$:6737$WA8$A$37N7:4:4<9$<D$A$NA43V$$($F4P79$F7<9$W<CB;$ 97P73$ANN7A3$49$8CJJ7884P7$:34AB8V$$ /A3:4J4NA9:8$N73D<357;$D3<5$D<C3$:<$74F6:$3C98$<D$XL$:34AB8$7AJ6$W4:6$ 137A_8$<D$ANN3<b45A:7B2$<97$549$17:W779$3C98V$+<57$:34AB8$W737$7bJBC;7;$ 17JAC87$:67$8JA9973$J<CB;$9<:$B<JA:7$:67$N<84:4<9$<D$:67$727$D<3$5<8:$<D$:67$:34ABV$ #AJ6$N $ A3:4J4NA9:$J<5NB7:7;$A9$AP73AF7$<D$M]\$PAB4;$:34AB8V$$$ *7:W779$:34AB8R$A$W64:7$D4bA:4<9$NBC8$84F9$WA8$N37879:7;$<9$A$F3A2$ 1AJ_F3<C9;$:<$549454f7$AD:7345AF78$<D$:67$F3A2$F7<98V$(:$:67$17F49949F$<D$7AJ6$ $$ :34ABR$W64J6$WA8$494:4A:7;$12$:67$NA3:4J4NA9:l8$_72$N3788R$:67$D4bA:4<9$NBC8$84F9$ DB4J_737;$D4P7$:4578$A9;$;48ANN7A37;$HAB<9F$W4:6$:67$F3A2$1AJ_F3<C9;I$ 4557;4A:7B2$D<BB<W7;$12$A$NA43$<D$F3A2$F7<98$N37879:7;$D<3$K$8$<9$A$1BAJ_$ 1AJ_F3<C9;V$/A3:4J4NA9:8$W737$498:3CJ:7;$:<$B<<_$W6737P73$:672$WA9:7;$<9J7$:67$ D4bA:4<9$NBC8$;48ANN7A37;V$$/A3:4J4NA9:8l$727$5<P7579:8$W737$:3AJ_7;$D3<5$:67$ 17F49949F$<D$:67$DB4J_73$:<$:67$79;$<D$:67$:34AB$HW679$:67$F7<98$W737$375<P7;$ D3<5$:67$8J3779$A9;$:67$D4bA:4< $ Z s!and!Discussion! !67$NA3:4J4NA9:8$D4bA:7;$B<9F73$A:$:67$9<9O849FCBA3$86AN78R$Gq$]MVMrR$<D$ :67$:<:AB$:457$B<<_49F$A:$A92$<D$:67$86AN78R$W64J6$WA8$F37A:73$:6A9$J6A9J7$H[LrIR$ 9$NBC8$37ANN7A37;IV$$$ Eye"tracking!analysis.$!67$B7D:$727$N<84:4<9$WA8$:3AJ_7;$W4:6$A$P4;7<$ 8JA9973$H,+0(%$'TOX]XI$A:$KXL$"fR$49$NCN4BO0'$5<;7V$!67$;A:A$W737$:3A98D7337;$ :<$GA:BA1$D<3$8C187EC79:$A9AB2848V$/37D7379J7$D<3$A9$<1d7J:$WA8$A887887;$12$ N3<N<3:4<9AB$B<<_49F$:457$A9;$D438:$B<<_8$HJABJCBA:7;$C849F$:67$:<:AB$;W7BB$:457$<3$ D438:$8AJJA;78$:<$<97$<1d7J:$;4P4;7;$12$:67$:<:AB$B<<_49F$:457$<3$D438:$B<<_8$:<$ 1<:6IV$$ .9$7AJ6$:34ABR$:67$:W<$86AN78$W737$;48NBA27;$D<3$K$8V$.9$YYr$<D$:67$:34AB8R$ NA3:4J4NA9:8$D4bA:7;$1<:6$86AN78V$($D4bA:4<9$WA8$J<984;737;$:<$17$<9$A$86AN7$ W6797P73$4:$D7BB$W4:649$A9$`!$b$`!$49P4841B7$D3A57$:6A:$7b:79;7;$KV[!$A3<C9;$:67$ 1<C9;A32$<D$:67$86AN7R$W64J6$WA8$ABWA28$172<9;$[!$:<$:67$34F6:$<3$:67$B7D:$<D$ 494:4AB$D4bA:4<9V$!67$49P4841B7$D3A57$WA8$J<98:A9:$D<3$ABB$:34AB8$A9;$86AN78V$$ Result $$ :HM\Iq\VX`R$NsVLL[V$,9$A;;4:4<9R$:67$NA3:4J4NA9:8$5A;7$D438:$8AJJA;78$5<37$<D:79$ :6A9$J6 $ ML A9J7$:<$:67$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:R$Gq$]LVZrR$:HM\Iq$\V\KR$NsVLL]V$$ +49J7$49$:79$<D$:67$87:8$:6737$WA8$A9$7B7579:$<D$JC3PA:C37$A;;7;$49$:67$ 9<9O849FCBA3$PA34A9:$:6A:$WA8$A1879:$49$:67$849FCBA3$PA34A9:R$4:$48$N<8841B7$:6A:$ 8<57$<D$:67$7DD7J:$J<CB;$17$7bNBA497;$12$N37D7379J7$D<3$JC3P7;$D7A:C378V$"<W7P73R$ :67$N37D7379J7$378CB:8$67B;$D<3$:67$:W<$J<5NA348<98$D<3$W64J6$<9B2$:AN73$WA8$ 5A94NCBA:7;V$!67$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8$<D$:6787$:W<$87:8$W737$D4bA:7;$B<9F73$:6A9$ J6A9J7$HMq$]LV]r$<D$:67$:457R$tHM\Iq$\V[ZR$psVLLXIR$A9;$B<<_7;$A:$D438:$D<3$A$ BA3F73$N73J79:AF7$<D$:67$:34AB8R$:6<CF6$9<:$37B4A1B2$HMq[[V`r$<D$:67$:34AB8R$tHM\Iq$ MVY]R$NqVMLKIV$!A1B7$M$N37879:8$:67$378CB:8$D<3$:67$49;4P4;CAB$86AN7$;457984<98$ 5A94NCBA:7;V$(BB$<D$:67$N37D7379J78$W737$49$:67$;437J:4<9$<D$:67$9<9O849FCBA3$ <1d7J:8R$AB:6<CF6$W4:6$37;CJ7;$N<W73$17JAC87$<D$D7W73$<1873PA:4<98$D<3$:67$ 49;4P4;CAB$;457984<98R$8<57$<D$:67$;4DD7379J78$W737$9<:$37B4A1B7V$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ MM $ Table!1:!Adults'!Preference!Results:! /73J79:$<D$:34AB8$B<<_49F$D438:$A:$:67$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8V$ @457984<9$ %C5$<D$ 87:8$ M"" SD" df" t" 84FV$ !AN73$ K$ [[V` r$ MKV\ r$ M\$ MVY]$ PqVMLK$ GA49$(b48$0C3PA:C37$ ]$ ]LVM r$ MKV] r$ M\$ KVZZ$ psVLK$ /<84:4P7$JC3PA:C3 84;78$ 7$<D$ K$ ]XV\ r$ M`VX r$ M\$ KVZM$ psVLK$ !AN73$p$/<84:4P7$ 0C3PA:C37$ K$ ][VK r$ MXVY r$ M\$ \V`]$ psVLLK$ (BB$.1d7J:8$ MK$ ]LVZ r$ MKV\ r$ M\$ \V\K$ psVLL]$ $$ /73J79:$<D$: <_49F$A:$:67$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8V$ 457$B< %C5$<D$ 87:8$ @457984<9$ M"" SD" df" t" 84FV$ !AN73$ K$ ]LV] r$ MMVM r$ M\$ \V[Z$ psVLLX$ GA49$(b48$0C3PA:C37$ ]$ ]MVY r$ MMVK r$ M\$ \VZM$ ps$ VLLM /<84:4P7$JC3PA:C37$< 84;78$ D$ K$ ]LVM r$ M`VZ r$ M\$ MVZZ$ psVLY$ !AN73$p$/<84:4P7$ $ 0C3PA:C37 K$ ]MVM r$ MXV` r$ M\$ KV`M$ psVLK$ (BB$.1d7J:8$ MK$ ]MVM r$ MKVL r$ M\$ \VX`$ psVLL[$ $ *7JAC87$A$NA3:4JCBA3$8:45CBC8$873P7;$A8$:67$849FCBA3$8:45CBC8$49$5<37$:6A9$ <97$87:$5<37$D37EC79:B2$:6A9$:67$9<9O849FCBA3$8:45CB4R$:6737$WA8$F37A:73$ 37N7:4:4<9$<D$:6<87$8:45CB4$J<5NA37;$:<$:67$9<9O849FCBA3$8:45CB4V$,:$48$N<8841B7$ :6A:$:6743$37N7:4:4<9$54F6:$6AP7$37;CJ7;$:6743$N37D7379J7R$A9$7DD7J:$:6A:$W<CB;$17$ A:$<;;8$W4:6$^Ad<9Jl8$HKLLMI$j5737O7bN<8C37$7DD7J:Rk$49$W64J6$B4_49F$D<3$A$ 8:45CBC8$F3<W8$W4:6$7bN<8C37V$$!<$A88788$W67:673$:67$F37A:73$D37EC79J2$<D$ $$ N37879:A:4<9$<D$849FCBA3$8:45CB4$J<CB;$6AP7$378CB:7;$49$37;CJ7;$N37D7379J7R$W7$ J<5NA37;$N37D7379J78$D3<5$:67$D438:$A9;$BA8:$3C98$HXL$:34AB8$7AJ6IV$!6737$W737$9<$ 37B4A1B7$;4DD7379J78$74:673$49$N73J79:$<D$B<<_49F$:457$H-438:Q$]MVKr$P8V$)A8:Q$ ]MVMrR$tsMVLLI$<3$N73J79:$D438:$D4bA:4<98$:<$9<9O849FCBA3$8:45CB4$H]MVLr$P8V$]LVZrR$ tsMVLLIV$,9$8C5R$A;CB:8$86<W$A$N37D7379J7R$J<9848:79:$AJ3<88$NA3:4J4NA9:8$A9;$ 86AN78R$D<3$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8R$A8$57A8C37;$1<:6$12$:<:AB$B<<_49F$:457$A9;$D438:$ <<_V$ $ $ $ MK B $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ M\ <N579:R$*43_17J_R$&94P7384:2$<D$)<9;<9V$$ Stimuli.$!67$8A57$8:45CB4$W737$C87;$A8$49$#bNV$MR$7bJ7N:$:6A:$:67$86AN78$ W737$9<:$8JAB7;$:<$17$<D$7ECAB$37BA:4P7$84f7$HW64J6R$1A87;$<9$#bNVMR$6A;$B4::B7$ ADD7J:IR$A9;$:67$8:45CB4$49$#bNV$K$J<P737;$A$F37A:73$A37A$<9$:67$8J3779$:6A9$49$#bNV$ $ $ Experiment!2:!Infant!Shape!Preferences! ,:$48$N<8841B7$:6A:$:67$N37D7379J78$86<W9$12$A;CB:8$6AP7$:6743$<34F49$49$ BA9FCAF7$A9;$7b:7984P7$7bN73479J7$W4:6$PA34<C8$<1d7J:8V$$S<CB;$:6787$ N37D7379J78$D<3$:67$9<9$849FCBA3$17$5A94D78:7;$49$49DA9J2h$$+454BA3$:<$:67$A;CB:8$ 49$#bNV$MR$49DA9:8$W737$N37879:7;$W4:6$NA438$<D$849FCBA3$A9;$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8$ H<97$<9$7AJ6$84;7$<D$:67$8J3779IR$W64B7$:6743$727$5<P7579:8$W737$37J<3;7;V$$ Method! Participants.$%497:779$[O5<9:6O<B;$49DA9:8$HML$F43B8R$G"q$[$5<9:68R$KV]$ ;A28R$3A9F7Q$X$5<8R$`$;A28$:<$]$5<8R$M$;A2I$NA3:4J4NA:7;$49$:648$7bN734579:V$@A:A$ D3<5$D4P7$A;;4:4<9AB$49DA9:8$W737$7bJBC;7;$D3<5$D49AB$A9AB2878$;C7$:<$DC8849788$ H4V7VR$WA:J649F$B788$:6A9$ML$87J<9;8R$M]V]Yr$<D$:67$:<:AB$N37879:A:4<9$:457$<D$:67$ :78:$8:45CB4IV$,9DA9:8$W737$37J3C4:7;$P4A$B<JABOA37A$A;P73:487579:8$49$:67$F37A:73$ )<9;<9$57:3<N<B4:A9$A37A$A9;$7AJ6$F4P79$A9$j,$(5$A9$,9DA9:$+J479:48:k$:O8643:$<3$ 141$D<3$NA3:4J4NA:49FV$$,9DA9:8$W737$3C9$A:$:67$*A12BA1$A:$:67$079:37$D<3$*3A49$A9;$ 0<F94:4P7$@7P7B $$ MR$8C1:79;49F$A$P48CAB$A9FB7$<D$Zo$49$674F6:$A9;$XV[o$49$W4;:6V$$!67$<1d7J:8l$ 6<34f<9:AB$;48:A9J7 $ MX $D3<5$:67$J79:73$<D$:67$8J3779$WA8$A1<C:$`OMLoV$$ Procedure.$,9DA9:8$8A:$49$A$JA3$87A:$[L$J5$D3<5$A$!<144$MY[L$J<397ABO 37DB7J:4<9$727O:3AJ_73$A9;$5<94:<3$C94:$49$A$85ABBR$EC47:$3<<5R$W64B7$:6743$ JA37F4P738$8A:$<C:$<D$:6743$P47W$H-4FV$K1IV$!67$JA37F4P738$W737$498:3CJ:7;$:<$ 37D3A49$D3<5$J<5579:49F$<9$:67$5<P478$<3$49:73AJ:49F$W4:6$:6743$49DA9:V$-4bA:4<9$ JAB413A:4<9$WA8$AJJ<5NB4867;$A:$[$N<49:8R$A9;$ABB$49DA9:8$W737$JAB413A:7;$:<$A:$ B7A8:$X$N<49:8V$!<$AJJ<55<;A:7$:67$49DA9:8l$86<3:$A::79:4<9$8NA9R$7AJ6$<D$:67$MK$ NA438$<D$F7<98$WA8$86<W9$<9J7R$1C:$17JAC87$<D$A9$733<3$<D$N37879:A:4<9R$:W<$<D$ :67$:34AB8$54b7;$86AN78$D3<5$:W<$;4DD7379:$87:8V$!6787$:34AB8$W737$7bJBC;7;$D3<5$ :67$A9AB2848$A9;$49JBC;7;$<9B2$:67$ML$:34AB$:2N78$:6A:$W737$4;79:4JAB$:<$:6<87$ 8:C;47;$W4:6$A;CB:8V$#AJ6$:34AB$BA8:7;$[$8V$!67$;784F9$WA8$8454BA3$:<$:6A:$<D$#bNV$MV$ @C349F$A$87884<9$D<3$A$NA3:4JCBA3$49DA9:R$849FCBA3$A9;$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8$ ANN7A37;$A:$5<8:$:W4J7$49$:67$8A57$B<JA:4<98$<9$8CJJ7884P7$:34AB8V$(::79:4<9$ F7::738$H8:4BB$_AB74;<8J<N4J$J43JB78$<3$8ECA378$W4:6$74:673$A$brring$<3$boing$8<C9;I$ W737$N37879:7;$AD:73$7P732$:34AB$:<$<3479:$49DA9:8$:<$:67$J79:73$<D$:67$8J3779V$ !6787$MO87J<9;$5<P47$JB4N8$B<<N7;$C9:4B$:67$49DA9:8$37:C397;$:6743$FAf7$:<$:67$ J79:73$<D$:67$8J3779$D<3$ANN3<b45A:7B2$M[LL$58V$!67$7bN734579:73$5<94:<37;$ 49DA9:8l$B<<_8$:6<CF6$A9$7b:739AB$P4;7<$JA573A$:<$:C39$<DD$:67$A::79:4<9$F7::73$ W4:6$A$_72$N3788$:6A:$494:4A:7;$:67$97b:$:34ABV$(D:73$7P732$D<C3:6$:34ABR$A$+78A57$ $$ +:377:$JB4N$HjGA69A$GA69AkI$WA8$N37879:7;$:<$N3<5<:7$A::79:4<9$:<$:67$8J3779$ A9;$F7973AB$49:7378:$49$:67$:A8_ $ M[ V$ Eye"tracking!analysis.$!67$3AW$;A:A$W737$7bN<3:7;$:63<CF6$!<144l8$ 0B7A3=47W$8<D:WA37V$.9B2$D4bA:4<98$B<9F73$:6A9$MLL58$W737$J<984;737;$D<3$ DC3:673$A9AB2848V$!6787$;A:A$W737$:679$A9AB2f7;$W4:6$GA:BA1$8J34N:8$:<$A88788$:W<$ 57A8C378Q$MI$:67$<1d7J:$:6A:$WA8$D4bA:7;$D438:R$A9;$KI$:67$N3<N<3:4<9$<D$:67$:<:AB$ :457$8N79:$B<<_49F$A:$849FCBA3$A9;$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8V$(8$W4:6$A;CB:8R$D4bA:4<98$ W737$J<984;737;$:<$DABB$<9$A$NA3:4JCBA3$<1d7J:$4D$:672$W737$37J<3;7;$W4:649$:67$B7D:$ <3$34F6:$A37A8$<D$49:7378:$HM[o$b$M[oI$8C33<C9;49F$:67$<1d7J:R$:67$JB<878:$7;F7$<D$ W64J6$WA8$`OMLo$AWA2$D3<5$:67$J79:73$<D$:67$8J3779V$!6787$57A8C378$W737$:679$ AP73AF7;$AJ3<88$ABB$<1d7J:8$D<3$7AJ6$49DA9:V$.97O8A5NB7$:W<$:A4B7;$:O:78:8$<9$:67$ ;4DD7379J7$17:W779$B<<_49F$:<$849FCBA3$A9;$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8$A9AB2f7;$ W67:673$1<:6$B<<_49F$57A8C378$W737$37B4A1B2$A1<P7$J6A9J7$H[LrIV$ Results!and!Discussion! ,9DA9:8R$B4_7$A;CB:8R$5A;7$D438:$8AJJA;78$5<37$<D:79$:6A9$H[LrI$J6A9J7$:<$ :67$9<9O849FCBA3$F7<98R$Mq[ZV[r$<D$:67$:34AB8R$tHM`IqKV`KR$psVLKV$&9B4_7$A;CB:8R$ 49DA9:8$86<W7;$9<$;4DD7379J7$49$:<:AB$B<<_49F$:457R$D4bA:49F$:67$9<9$849FCBA3$F7<98$ X`V]r$<D$:67$:457R$tHM`IsMVLLV$!A1B7$K$N37879:8$378CB:8$D<3$49;4P4;CAB$;457984<98V$ $ $ $$ M] $ $ $ $ Table!2:!!Infants'!Preference!Results! /73J79:$<D$:34AB8$B<<_49F$D438:$A:$:67$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8$$ *49<54AB$ @457984<9$ %C5$<D$ +7:8$ M" N" 84FV$ !AN73$ M$ ]KV[r$ M]$ psVM\$ GA49$(b48$0C3PA:C37$ [$ [`VMr$ `]$ psVL\$ /<84:4P7$JC3PA:C37$<D$ 84;78$ K$ ]\VZr$ \]$ psVLX$ !AN7 :4P7$ 0$ 3$p$/<84 C3PA:C37 K$ [YVMr$ \[$ psVML$ (BB$+7:8$ ML$ [ZV[r$ MY\$ psVLL[$ $ /73J79:$<D <_49F$A:$:67$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8$ $:457$B< %C5$<D$ +7:8$ @457984<9$ M" SD" df" t" 84FV$ !AN73$ M$ XZVLr$ \]VLr$ M[$ sMVLL$ 98$ GA49$(b48$0C3PA:C37$ [$ X`VXr$ M]VXr$ M`$ sMVLL$ 98$ /<84:4P7$JC3PA:C37$<D$ 84;78$ K$ XZVXr$ KKV\r$ M`$ sMVLL$ 98$ !AN7 :4P7$ $ 3$p$/<84 :C37 0C3PA K$ X]V]r$ K]V`r$ M`$ sMVLL$ 98$ (BB$+7:8$ ML$ X`V]r$ MMVLr$ M`$ sMVLL$ 98$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ MY $ Experiment!3:!MRI!Study!! $>C7R$=7887B$A9;$*47;735A9$HKLLYI$A9;$*47;735A9$A9;$=7887B$HKLL]I$ 37N<3:7;$:6A:$N37D7337;$8J7978$49;CJ7$F37A:73$AJ:4P4:2$49$8J797$87B7J:4P7$J<3:7bV$$ !672$62N<:6784f7;$:6A:$:67$F37A:73$AJ:4P4:2$N3<;CJ7;$F37A:73$<N4<4;$37B7A87$49$ :648$A37A$W64J6$6A8$A$64F6$;7984:2$<D$<N4<4;$37J7N:<38V$S<CB;$:67$N37D7337;$H9<9O 849FCBA3I$86AN78$D3<5$#bN8V$M$A9;$K$49;CJ7$F37A:73$AJ:4PA:4<9$49$86AN7$87B7J:4P7$ J<3:7bh$$ !67$N37879:$7bN734579:$WA8$494:4ABB2$;784F97;$A8$A9$DG',OA;AN:A:4<9$ 8:C;2$HDG',OAI$H?34BBO+N7J:<3R$TC86943R$#;7B5A9R$(P4;A9R$g$,:fJ6A_R$MZZZI$:<$ A88788$87984:4P4:2$:<$9<9AJJ4;79:AB$P8V$57:34J$N3<N73:478$H%(/8$P8V$G/8I$49$:67$ BA:73AB$<JJ4N4:AB$J<5NB7b$H).0IR$A9$A37A$J34:4JAB$D<3$<1d7J:$37J<F94:4<9$HUA578$7:$ ABVR$KLL\IV$DG',OA$7bNB<4:8$:67$D49;49F$:6A:$:67$37N7:4:4<9$<D$4;79:4JAB$8:45CB4$ F7973ABB2$N3<;CJ78$A$37;CJ7;$*.)@$378N<987$37BA:4P7$:<$W679$:67$8:45CB4$A37$ J6A9F7;V$!67$37B7A87$<D$A;AN:A:4<9$48$:A_79$A8$A$57A8C37$<D$:67$;488454BA34:2$<D$ :67$;4DD7379J78$49$:67$8:45CB4V$*7JAC87$W7$6A;$:W<$:2N78$<D$J6A9F78R$%(/8$A9;$ G/8R$W7$977;7;$:<$49JBC;7$37N7:4:4<9$<D$:67$4;79:4JAB$8:45CB4R$9A57B2$849FCBA3$A9;$ 9<9O849FCBA3$8:45CB4R$378N7J:4P7B2R$:6A:$W737$49P<BP7;$49$:67$J6A9F78V$ &97bN7J:7;B2R$:67$37N7:4:4<9$<D$:67$9<9O849FCBA3$8:45CB4$7B4J4:7;$84F94D4JA9:B2$ $$ F37A:73$*.)@$378N<9878$:6A9$37N7:4:4<9$<D$:67$849FCBA3$8:45CB4R$W64J6$N37JBC;7;$ :67$75NB<2579:$<D$:67$37B7A87$D3<5$A;AN:A:4<9$7DD7J:8$:<$A88788$%(/$P8V$G/$ 87984:4P4:2V$$,98:7A;R$:67$8:C;2$17JA57$<97$<D$J<5NA349F$:67$1A87B497$AJ:4PA:4<9$<D$ 849FCBA3$A9;$9<9O849FCBA3$8:45CB4V$$ $ M` Method! Participants.$%497:779$A;CB:$8:C;79:8$D3<5$:67$&94P7384:2$<D$+<C:6739$ 0AB4D<394A$H&+0IR$ML$D75AB78R$AF78$KKO\]V$(BB$NA3:4J4NA9:8$W737$8J37797;$D<3$8AD7:2$ A9;$FAP7$49D<357;$J<9879:$49$AJJ<3;A9J7$W4:6$:67$&+0$,98:4:C:4<9AB$'7P47W$ *<A3;$?C4;7B4978V$!6<87$W6<$W737$9<:$5751738$<D$:67$,V*Vl8$BA1$W737$ J<5N798A:7;$D<3$:6743$NA3:4J4NA:4<9V$.D$:67$MZ$NA3:4J4NA9:8$<97$<D$:67$NA3:4J4NA9:8$ H5AB7I$WA8$7bJBC;7;$D3<5$:67$A9AB2848$17JAC87$<D$B<W$*.)@$84F9AB$49$).0V$$ Stimuli.$!67$86AN78$W737$N37879:7;$49$48<BA:4<9$A:$:67$J79:73$<D$:67$8J3779$ 8C1:79;49F$ANN3<b45A:7B2$MV[o$P48CAB$A9FB7V$+:45CB4$W737$;48NBA27;$W4:6$ /82J6<N6284J8$!<<B1<b$H*3A49A3;R$MZZYI$3C9949F$C9;73$GA:BA1$H!67$GA:6S<3_8R$ %A:4J_R$G(IV$!67$7ECABO84f7;$86AN78$C87;$49$#bNV$M$W737$C87;$D<3$Y$<C:$<D$:67$M`$ NA3:4J4NA9:8V$!67$378:$W737$N37879:7;$W4:6$:67$86AN78$17D<37$3784f49FR$A8$49$#bNV$ KV$+49J7$9<$;4DD7379J78$49$:379;$W737$<1873P7;$17:W779$:67$F3<CN8R$:67$378CB:8$ W737$J<BBAN87;$<P73$86AN7$84f7V$$ Procedure.$(:$:67$<987:$<D$7AJ6$K$87J<9;8$:34ABR$:W<$<1d7J:8$D3<5$:67$8A57$ 87:$ANN7A37;$87EC79:4ABB2R$AB<97$A:$:67$J79:73$<D$:67$8J3779$7AJ6$D<3$MLL58$W4:6$ $$ A9$49:73O8:45CBC8$49:73PAB$<D$XLL58$17:W779$:675V$!6737$WA8$A$85ABB$nMmKo$ 84;7WA2$:3A98BA:4<9$49$:67$N<84:4<9$<D$:67$:W<$8:45CB4$W4:6$378N7J:$:<$7AJ6$<:673$ :<$37;CJ7$B<W$B7P7B$A;AN:A:4<9$7DD7J:8$W679$:67$8:45CB4$W737$4;79:4JABV$S679$:67$ <1d7J:8$W737$9<:$1749F$86<W9R$A$W64:7$D4bA:4<9$;<:$WA8$;48NBA27;$A:$:67$J79:73$<D$ :67$8J3779V$!6737$W737$D<C3$J<9;4:4<98Q$MV$+49FCBA3$,;79:4JAB$H+O4;IQ$!67$849FCBA3$ <1d7J:$WA8$37N7A:7;$:W4J7$H7VFV$8:3A4F6:$7B<9FA:7;$134J_R$ANN7A349F$:W4J7IV$$KV$ %<9O+49FCBA3$,;79:4JAB$H%+O4;IQ$!67$<1d7J:$W4:6$:67$64F678:$PABC7$AB<9F$:67$ ;457984<9$WA8$37N7A:7;$:W4J7$H7VFV$A$134J_$179:$:<$:67$34F6:$8CJ6$:6A:$4:8$5A49$ Ab48$48$JC3P7;R$ANN7A349F$:W4J7IV$\V$%<9AJJ4;79:AB$/3<N73:2$@4DD7379J7$H%(/IQ$!67$ 49:7357;4A:7$<1d7J:$WA8$D<BB<W7;$12$:67$849FCBA3$<1d7J:$H7VFV$A$134J_$179:$NA3:4ABB2$ :<$:67$34F6:$D<BB<W7;$12$A$8:3A4F6:$134J_IV$XV$G7:34J$/3<N73:2$@4DD7379J7$HG/IQ$!67$ 49:7357;4A:7$<1d7J:$WA8$D<BB<W7;$12$:67$<1d7J:$W4:6$:67$64F678:$PABC7$<9$:67$ ;457984<9$H7VFV$:67$134J_$NA3:4ABB2$179:$:<$:67$34F6:$D<BB<W7;$12$A$134J_$W4:6$ F37A:73$5A49$Ab48$JC3PA:C37$49$:67$8A57$;437J:4<9IV$$!67$N6284JAB$8454BA34:2$<D$:67$ NA438$< :34JV$ $ MZ D$8:45CB4$D<3$:67$%(/$A9;$G/$J6A9F78$WA8$7ECA:7;$12$:67$?A1<3Od7:$57 ,9$A$3A9;<5$d4::737;$;784F9R$:67$D<C3$J<9;4:4<98$A9;$1BA9_$:34AB8$W737$ 1ABA9J7;$W4:6$378N7J:$:<$:34AB$648:<32V$S64B7$49$:67$8JA9973R$NA3:4J4NA9:8$W737$ F4P79$A$:A8_$:6A:$WA8$49:79;7;$:<$17$<3:6<F<9AB$:<$:67$5A49$62N<:67848$8<$A8$:<$ 9<:$J<9D<C9;$378CB:8$W4:6$:A8_$;4DD4JCB:2R$1C:$5737B2$:<$5A_7$8C37$NA3:4J4NA9:8$ W737$A::79;49F$:<$:67$;48NBA2V$!67$:A8_$WA8$:<$378N<9;$12$N378849F$A$_72$W679$ :67$D4bA:4<9$;<:$J6A9F7;$D3<5$W64:7$:<$37;$HMLL$58$AD:73$:67$N37879:A:4<9$<D$:67$ $$ :W<$<1d7J:8IR$W64J6$W<CB;$<JJC3$<9$MKr$<D$:67$:34AB8$HA9$7ECAB$N3<N<3:4<9$<D$ :4578$D<3$7P732$J<9;4:4<9IV$!A8_$N73D<35A9J7$WA8$A:$J74B49F$D<3$ABB$NA3:4J4NA9:8V$ !A8_$:3 $ KL Data!analysis.$/37N3<J78849F$H\@$5<:4<9$J<337J:4<9$C849F$!34B497A3$ 49:73N<BA:4<9R$\@$8NA:4AB$85<<:649F$C849F$A$X$55$DCBBOW4;:6$A:$6ABDO5Ab$?AC884A9$ 4AB8$W737$7bJBC;7;$D3<5$:67$A9AB2848V$ #AJ6$8C1d7J:$NA3:4J4NA:7;$49$A9$A9A:<54JAB$8JA9R$\OX$7bN734579:AB$3C98$<D$ K[K$:34AB8$7AJ6R$A9;$:W<$).0$B<JAB4f73$3C98$J<9848:49F$<D$1B<J_8$<D$49:AJ:$A9;$ 8J3A51B7;$45AF78$<D$<1d7J:8$DAJ78$A9;$8J7978$H).0$WA8$B<JAB4f7;$A8$A9$A37A$ 86<W49F$F37A:73$AJ:4PA:4<9$D<3$49:AJ:$<1d7J:8$J<5NA37;$W4:6$8J3A51B7;$<1d7J:8IR$ ABB$49$:67$8A57$87884<9V$ Data!acquisition.$+JA9949F$WA8$N73D<357;$A:$&+0l8$@A9A$A9;$@AP4;$ @<3984D7$0<F94:4P7$%7C3<8J479J7$,5AF49F$079:73$<9$+475798$!34<$\!$8JA9973V$($ 8:A9;A3;$M]OJ6A997B$67A;$J<4B$WA8$C87;$D<3$ABB$AJEC484:4<98V$ Anatomical!imaging.$"4F6O378<BC:4<9$!M$W74F6:7;$8:3CJ:C3AB$8JA98$W737$ N73D<357;$<9$7AJ6$8C1d7J:$C849F$G/'(?#$87EC79J7$H!'qKLYL$58R$M]L$8AF4::AB$ 8B4J78R$K[]$b$K[]$5A:34b$84f7R$M$b$M$b$M$55$P<b7B8IV$ Functional!imaging.$-CBB$13A49$DC9J:4<9AB$45AF78$W737$AJEC437;$C849F$A9$ 7J6<$NBA9A3$45AF49F$H#/,I$NCB87$87EC79J7$H!'qMLLL$58R$!#q\L$58R$DB4N$ A9F7Bq]KoR$]X$b$]X$5A:34b$84f7R$49$NBA97$378<BC:4<9$\$b$\R$\$55$:64J_$8B4J78R$M`$ 3<CF6B2$Ab4AB$8B4J78$J79:737;$<9$P79:3AB$A8N7J:8$<D$:67$<JJ4N4:AB$A9;$:75N<3AB$ B<178IV$ $$ D4B:73R$B497A3$:379;$375<PAB$C849F$A$64F6$NA88$D4B:73$87:$:<$\$J2JB78$<P73$:67$3C9l8$ B79F:6IR$A9;$8:A:48:4JAB$A9AB2848$W737$;<97$W4:6$*3A49$=<2AF73$8<D:WA37$NAJ_AF7$ H*3A49$,99<PA:4<9$*=R$GAA8:34J6:R$!67$%7:673BA9;IV$G<:4<9$J<337J:7;$DC9J:4<9AB$ 45AF78$W737$J<37F48:737;$W4:6$:67$8A57$87884<9$A9A:<54JAB$8JA9R$W64J6$W737$ :679$:3A98D<357;$49:<$!ABA43AJ6$J<<3;49A:78V$(BB$8:A:48:4JAB$A9AB2848$WA8$;<97$<9$ :67$:3A98D<357;$;A:AV$S7$N73D<357;$A$8:A9;A3;R$37F4<9$<D$49:7378:$A9AB2848$ 4;79:4JAB$:<$:6A:$;78J3417;$49$"A2W<3:6$A9;$*47;735A9$HKLL]IV$).0$WA8$;7D497;$ D<3$7AJ6$8C1d7J:$49;4P4;CABB2$W4:6$A9$49;7N79;79:$B<JAB4f73$12$J<5NA349F$49:AJ:$ 45AF78$<D$<1d7J:8$:<$8J3A51B7;$P7384<98$<D$:67$8A57$45AF78$H:63786<B;$WA8$87:$:<Q$ *<9D733<94$J<337J:7;R$p$s$LVLMIV$).0$'.,8$49$1<:6$67548N67378$W737$8C1;4P4;7;$ 49:<$N<8:734<3R$).$HBA:73AB$<JJ4N4:AB$J<3:7bIR$A9;$A9:734<3R$N-8$HN<8:734<3$DC84D<35$ F23C8IV$$=M$WA8$3<CF6B2$;7D497;$A9A:<54JABB2$12$A$87:$<D$P<b7B8$A1<C:$:67$ N<8:734<3$A8N7J:$<D$:67$JABJA3497$8CBJC8$:6A:$W737$AJ:4PA:7;$5<37$D<3$:67$ 7bN7345 $ 79:AB$J<9;4:4<98$:6A9$1BA9_$:34AB8V$$ -<3$:67$DA8:$7P79:O37BA:7;$7bN734579:AB$3C98R$A$;7J<9P<BC:4<9$A9AB2848$WA8$ N73D<357;$<9$;A:A$AP73AF7;$<P73$ABB$P<b7B8$W4:649$7AJ6$NA3:4J4NA9:l8$'.,8V$!67$ *.)@$378N<987$<P73$:67$7AJ6$'.,$WA8$;7J<9P<BP7;$C849F$A$KLON<49:$D4::49F$ DC9J:4<9V$!67$"$PABC78$D<3$:648$;7J<9P<BC:4<9$W737$C87;$:<$JABJCBA:7$:67$r*.)@$ J6A9F7$HA8$A$DC9J:4<9$<D$:457IV$!67$N7A_$HAP73AF7$<D$:67$r*.)@$J6A9F7$D<3$:457$ N<49:8$[OYI$<D$:67$;7J<9P<BP7;$675<;29A54J$378N<9878$D<3$:67$D<C3$J<9;4:4<98$ WA8$C87;$49$:67$8C187EC79:$A9AB2848V$/OPABC78$W737$<1:A497;$D<3$:67$:W<$ KM $$ J<5NA348<98$H849FCBA3$P8V$9<9O849FCBA3i$%(/$P8V$G/I$W4:6$A$NA437;$:O:78:R$AJ3<88$ NA3:4J4NA9:8V$ $ KK Results!and!Discussion! !67$:W<$,;79:4JAB$J<9;4:4<98$W737$57A9:$:<$78:A1B486$1A87B497$AJ:4PA:4<9$ D<3$849FCBA3$P8V$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8V$!67$%(/$A9;$G/$J<9;4:4<98$W737$;784F97;$ :<$A88788$37B7A87$D3<5$A;AN:A:4<9$7DD7J:8$D<3$%(/$P8V$G/$N3<N73:2$J6A9F78V$$-<3$ :67$,;79:4JAB$J<9;4:4<98R$9<9O849FCBA3$<1d7J:8$49;CJ7;$64F673$AJ:4PA:4<9$49$).0$ J<5NA37;$:<$849FCBA3$<1d7J:8R$tHM`Iq$KVZ[R$psVLMR$49$).R$A9;$tq$KVKMR$psVL[R$49$N-8$ H-4FV$\IV$%<$8CJ6$1A87B497$AJ:4PA:4<9$;4DD7379J7$WA8$<1873P7;$49$=M$HtsMVLLIV$%<$ 84F94D4JA9:$;4DD7379J7$WA8$D<C9;$17:W779$:67$%(/$A9;$G/$J<9;4:4<98$49$A92$<D$ :67$'.,8V$!648$;<78$9<:$97J788A34B2$57A9$:6A:$:67$7bN7J:7;$F37A:73$A;AN:A:4<9$D<3$ :67$G/$J<5NA37;$:<$%(/$J<9;4:4<98R$W64J6$W<CB;$378CB:$49$reduced$84F9AB$D<3$:67$ G/$J<9;4:4<9R$;4;$9<:$<JJC3V$$S64B7$+M$49$1<:6$J<9;4:4<98$WA8$:67$49:7357;4A:7$ 86AN7R$:67$+K$WA8$849FCBA3$49$:67$%(/$A9;$9<9O849FCBA3$49$:67$G/$J<9;4:4<98R$ W64J6$W<CB;$N37;4J:R$1A87;$<9$<C3$C97P79$1A87B497$AJ:4PA:4<9$D<3$849FCBA3$P8V$ 9<9O849FCBA3$378CB:R$:6A:$:67$G/$J<9;4:4<9$W<CB;$86<W$increased$AJ:4PA:4<9V$,:$ J<CB;$17$:6A:$1<:6$7DD7J:8$W737$N37879:$A9;$JA9J7BB7;$7AJ6$<:673V$ $$ $ Figure!3:!fMRI!results! Figure"3V$!<NQ$N73J79:$84F9AB$J6A9F7$D<3$+49FCBA3$,;79:4JAB$A9;$%<9O+49FCBA3$ ,;79:4JAB$J<9;4:4<98R$86<W49F$:67$1A87B497$AJ:4PA:4<9$D<3$7AJ6$<1d7J:$:2N7R$49$).$ A9;$N-8V$%<9O849FCBA3$86AN78$49;CJ7$84F94D4JA9:B2$64F673$AJ:4PA:4<9V$*<::<5Q$ P73AF7;$N73J79:$84F9AB$J6A9F7$AJ3<88$:457ON<49:8$[OY$D<3$ABB$7bN734579:AB$ <9;4:4<98V$+O,;$A9;$%+O,;$;4DD73$37B4A1B2R$1C:$%(/$A9;$G/$;<$9<:V$ ( J $ $ K\ !<$W6A:$7b:79:$48$:67$F37A:73$DG',$AJ:4P4:2$49$).0$:<$9<9O849FCBA3$86AN78$ 5433<37;$49$5AJAEC7$,!R$:67$B4_7B2$6<5<B<FC7$:<$).0$HT347F78_<3:7R$7:$ABVR$KLL`Ih$$ TA2A73:$7:$ABV$HKLL[I$N37879:7;$A$873478$<D$K@$86AN78$A9;$37J<3;7;$AJ:4P4:2$49$ 5AJAEC7$,!V$$!67$K@$86AN78$J<CB;$17$37FA3;7;$A8$?08$H49$W64J6$:67$J3<88$87J:4<9$ $$ W<CB;$17$A$B497IV$$+:A3:49F$D3<5$A$37J:A9FB7$<3$A$:34A9FB7R$87P73AB$9<9O849FCBA3$ PA34A:4<98$;7D4949F$84b$B7P7B8$D<3$7AJ6$;457984<9R$W737$ANNB47;Q$$Ab48$JC3PA:C37R$ 97FA:4P7$JC3PA:C37$<D$:67$84;78R$N<84:4P7$JC3PA:C37$<D$:67$84;78R$A9;$HD<3$:67$ 37J:A9FB7$<9B2I$:AN73V$!6377$378CB:8$A37$37B7PA9:$D<3$:67$N37879:$;48JC884<9Q$$AI$($ 5CB:4;457984<9AB$A9AB2848$<D$:67$378N<9878$<D$Z`$,!$97C3<98$86<W7;$:6A:$:67$ PA34<C8$;457984<98$W737$37N37879:7;$49;7N79;79:B2R$1I$:67$5Ad<34:2$<D$:67$ :C949F$DC9J:4<98$W737$5<9<:<94JR$W4:6$:67$N7A_$378N<987$A:$A9$7b:375A$<D$A$ J<9:49CC5R$7VFVR$A$F4P79$97C3<9$54F6:$6AP7$:67$64F678:$AJ:4P4:2$:<$A$8:3A4F6:$Ab48$ W6737A8$A9<:673$W<CB;$6AP7$:67$64F678:$AJ:4P4:2$:<$:67$5<8:$64F6B2$JC3P7;$Ab48R$ A9;$JI$:6737$WA8$A$8:3<9F$:79;79J2$D<3$:67$64F678:$AJ:4P4:2R$<P73ABBR$:<$17$A:$:67$ 9<9$849FCBA3$7b:375A$<D$7AJ6$<D$:67$;457984<98$H-4FV$XIV$$,9$:67$F7973AB$ ;48JC884<9R$W7$N3<N<87$A$B49_AF7$17:W779$64F673$AJ:4P4:2$A9;$N37D7379J7V$ $ KX $ $ $ $ $$ $ K[ $ Figure!4:!Cell!population!response!in!macaque!IT! (P73AF7$D4349F$3A:7$<D$Z`$J7BB8$49$5AJAEC7$,!V$%<:4J7$:67$F37A:73$N<NCBA:4<9$ 378N<987$D<3$9<9O849FCBA3$86AN78$W4:6$64F6$PABC78$AB<9F$:67$;457984<98V$!67$:W<$ 849FCBA $86AN78R$:67$37J:A9FB7$A9;$:34A9FB7R$A37$B7D:5<8:$<9$7AJ6$3<WV$(;AN:7;$ W4:6$N7354884<9$D3<5$TA2A73:R$7:$ABV$KLL[V$ 3 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$ K] $ 7$N37D7337;V$$$ ,9$MZ`MR$)7W48$7:$ABV$;48J<P737;$A$F3A;479:$<D$5C$<N4<4;$37J7N:<38$49$:67$ P79:3AB$J<3:4JAB$NA:6WA2$57;4A:49F$<1d7J:$37J<F94:4<9$49$:67$5AJAEC7V$+CJ6$ 37J7N:<38$A37$8NA387$49$:67$7A3B2$8:AF78$H7VFVR$=M$A9;$=KI$1C:$49J37A87$49$;7984:2$ 37AJ649F$:6743$5Ab45C5$49$A88<J4A:4P7$A37A8R$7VFVR$,!$49$:67$5AJAEC7i$:67$ NA3A64NN<JA5NAB$J<3:7b$49$6C5A98R$W6737$N73J7N:CAB$49D<35A:4<9$AJ:4PA:78$ 8:<37;$A88<J4A:4<98$A9;$W6737R$N378C5A1B2R$49:73N37:A:4<9$A9;$J<5N3767984<9$48$ AJ647P7;$H*A3R$KLLXIV$*47;735A9$A9;$=7887B$HKLL]I$N3<N<87;$:6A:$49J37A87;$ General!Discussion! !<$8C55A34f7R$W7$D<C9;$:6A:$1<:6$A;CB:8$A9;$49DA9:8$N37D7379:4ABB2$B<<_$A:$ 86AN78$W4:6$64F6$9<9O849FCBA3$PABC78R$A9;$:6A:$:67$8A57$9<9O849FCBA3$86AN78$ N3<;CJ7$F37A:73$*.)@$AJ:4P4:2$49$A;CB:$6C5A9$86AN7$87B7J:4P7$J<3:7bV$!648$7DD7J:$ 48$9<:$D77;OD<3WA3;$D3<5$=MV$$.C3$N37D7379J7$378CB:8$D<3$JC3PA:C37$A37$49$ AF377579:$W4:6$N37P4<C8$37N<3:8$:6A:$A;CB:8$A9;$49DA9:8$N37D73$JC3P7;$<1d7J:8$ A9;$NA::7398$H*A3$g$%7:AR$KLL]i$0<679R$MZYZi$aC499$7:$ABVR$MZZYi$'CDD$g$*43J6R$ MZYXIV$$!67$DG',$378CB:8$A37$J<9848:79:$W4:6$37N<3:8$<D$F37A:73$AJ:4P4:2$49$ 5AJAEC7$,!$:<$9<9O849FCBA3$86AN78$HTA2A73:R$7:$ABV$KLL[IR$A9;$JC3PA:C37$49$ NA3:4JCBA3$H>A5A97R$0A3B8<9R$*<W5A9R$SA9FR$g$0<99<3R$KLL`IV$$ (B:6<CF6$:67$EC78:4<9$A8$:<$W62$9<9O849FCBA3$86AN78$W<CB;$7B4J4:$F37A:73$ AJ:4P4:2$6A8$:<$AWA4:$A;;4:4<9AB$3787A3J6R$:6737$48$8<57$1A848$D<3$7bN7J:49F$:6A:$ 8:45CB4$:6A:$7B4J4:$64F6$AJ:4P4:2$49$64F673$P79:3AB$NA:6WA2$A37A8$H7VFVR$,!R$).0I$ W<CB;$1 $$ AJ:4PA:4<9$49$:6787$BA:73$A37A8$W<CB;$N3<;CJ7$F37A:73$<N4<4;$AJ:4P4:2$A9;R$ A88C549F$:6A:$8CJ6$AJ:4P4:2$48$NB7A8C3A1B7R$N3<;CJ7$F37A:73$NB7A8C37V$!6737D<37R$ 8:45CB4$:6A:$JAC87$F37A:73$AJ:4PA:4<9$49$:6<87$A37A8$W<CB;$17$7bN7J:7;$:<$17$ A88<J4A ;V$$ $ KY :7;$W4:6$F37A:73$N73J7N:CAB$NB7A8C37$A9;$:648$W<CB;$17$N37D7337 (;;4:4<9AB$8CNN<3:$D<3$:648$N3<N<8AB$JA57$D3<5$>C7R$=7887B$A9;$ *47;735A9$HKLLYI$W6<$D<C9;$:6A:$8J7978$:6A:$N3<;CJ7;$F37A:73$AJ:4PA:4<9$49$:67$ NA3A64NN<JA5NAB$NBAJ7$A37A$H//(I$H#N8:749$g$TA9W48673R$MZZ`I$37J74P7;$64F673$ N37D7379J7$3A:49F8V$G<37$F7973ABB2R$N7<NB7$N37D73$P47W49F$A92$49:73N37:A1B7$8J797$ HW64J6$N3<;CJ78$F37A:73$AJ:4P4:2$49$).0$<3$//(I$:6A9$4:8$8J3A51B7;$P7384<9$<3$A$ 1BA9_$45AF7$H*47;735A9$g$=7887BR$KLL]IV$$ .C3$D49;49F$:6A:$A;CB:$N37D7379J78$D<3$9<9O849FCBA3$86AN78$JA9$17$ J<984;737;$49$:67$J<9:7b:$<D$*47;735A9$A9;$=7887Bl8$J6A3AJ:734fA:4<9$<D$:648$ J<3:4JAB$<N4<4;$828:75V$,9$A;;4:4<9R$<C3$D49;49F$:6A:$:6787$N37D7379J78$A37$7P4;79:$ 49$[O5<9:6O<B;$49DA9:8$HW4:6$D438:$D4bA:4<98IR$8CFF78:$:6A:$:648$828:75$48$N736AN8$49$ NBAJ7$7A3B2$<9V$*47;735A9$A9;$=7887B$6<B;$:6A:$:67$J<3:4JAB$<N4<4;$828:75$48$ DC9;A579:ABB2$;784F97;$:<$5Ab454f7$:67$3A:7$A:$W64J6$W7$A88454BA:7$97W$1C:$ 49:73N37:A1B7$49D<35A:4<9V$.9J7$A$8:45CBC8$48$7bN73479J7;$HA9;$J<5N37679;7;I$ AJJ<3;49F$:<$:6743$AJJ<C9:R$6A14:CA:4<9$HN736AN8$A$5A94D78:A:4<9$<D$J<5N7:4:4P7$ B7A3949FI$87:8$49$:<$;4549486$:67$5AF94:C;7$<D$<N4<4;$37B7A87$JAC849F$:67$ 49;4P4;CAB$:<$877_$97W$49D<35A:4<9V$!67$828:75$:6C8$379;738$C8$49D<P<378V$ ! $$ $ K` References! A3$GV$HKLLXIV$$=48CAB$<1d7J:8$49$J<9:7b:V$%A:C37$'7P47W8$%7C3<8J479J7R$5R$]MYt * ]KZV$ $ A3R$GVR$g$%7:AR$GV$HKLL]IV$"C5A98$N37D73$JC3P7;$P48CAB$<1d7J:8V$Psychological" * ScienceR$17R$]X[O]X`V$ $ 47;735A9R$,VR$g$=7887BR$#V$HKLL]IV$/73J7N:CAB$NB7A8C37$A9;$:67$13A49V$American" [[V$$ * ScientistR$94R$KXZtK $ 49D<3;R$!V$.V$HMZYMIV$Visual"perception"by"computerV$/AN73$N37879:7;$A:$:67$ 9;$0<9:3<BV$G4A5 * /3<J77;49F8$<D$:67$,###$J<9D7379J7$<9$+28:758$A 4R$-)V$ $ *3A49A3;R$@V"V$HMZZYIV$!67$/82J6<N6284J8$!<<B1<bV$Spatial"Vision,"10,$X\\t$X\]V$ <679R$)V$HMZYZIV$.C3$@7P7B<N49F$T9<WB7;F7$<D$,9DA9:$/73J7N:4<9$A9;$0<F94:4<9V$ 0 (merican"PsychologistR$34HMLIR$`ZXt`ZZV$$ $ N8:749R$'VR$g$TA9W48673R$%V$HMZZ`IV$($J<3:4JAB$37N37879:A:4<9$<D$:67$B<JAB$P48CAB$ # 79P43<9579:V$NatureR$392H]]Y]IR$[Z`t]LMV$$ $ ?34BBO+N7J:<3R$TVR$TC86943R$!VR$#;7B5A9R$+VR$(P4;A9R$?VR$g$,:fJ6A_R$>V$HMZZZIV$ @4DD7379:4AB$/3<J78849F$<D$.1d7J:8$C9;73$=A34<C8$=47W49F$0<9;4:4<98$49$:67$ "C5A9$)A:73AB$.JJ4N4:AB$0<5NB7bV$NeuronR$24R$M`YOKL\V$$ $ "A9879R$*V$0VR$g$#88<J_R$#V$(V$HKLLXIV$($6<34f<9:AB$14A8$49$6C5A9$P48CAB$N3<J78849F$ <D$<3479:A:4<9$A9;$4:8$J<3378N<9;79J7$:<$:67$8:3CJ:C3AB$J<5N<979:8$<D$9A:C3AB$ 8J7978V$Journal"of"visionR$4HMKIR$MLXXO]LV$$ $ A2W<3:6R$TV$UVR$g$*47;735A9R$,V$HKLL]IV$%7C3AB$7P4;79J7$D<3$49:7357;4A:7$ " 37N37879:A:4<98$49$<1d7J:$37J<F94:4<9V$Vision"researchR$46HK\IR$XLKXO\MV$$ $ UA578R$!V$SVR$0CB6A5R$UVR$"C5N6372R$?V$TVR$G4B973R$(V$@VR$g$?<<;AB7R$GV$(V$HKLL\IV$ =79:3AB$<JJ4N4:AB$B784<98$45NA43$<1d7J:$37J<F94:4<9$1C:$9<:$<1d7J:O;437J:7;$ F3A8N49FQ$A9$DG',$8:C;2V$Brain:"A"Journal"of"NeurologyR$126HMMIR$KX]\OY[V$$ $ TA2A73:R$?VR$*47;735A9R$,VR$.N$@7$*77J_R$"V$/VR$g$=<F7B8R$'V$HKLL[IV$!C949F$D<3$ 86AN7$;457984<98$49$5AJAEC7$49D734<3$:75N<3AB$J<3:7bV$The"European"journal" of"neuroscienceR$22HMIR$KMKOKXV$$ $ $$ T347F78_<3:7R$%VR$GC3R$GVR$'CDDR$@V$(VR$T4A94R$'VR$*<;C3_AR$UVR$#8:7_2R$"VR$7:$ABV$HKLL`IV$ GA:J649F$JA:7F<34JAB$<1d7J:$37N37879:A:4<98$49$49D734<3$:75N<3AB$J<3:7b$<D$5A9$ $ ^ $ KZ A9;$5<9_72V$NeuronR$60H]IR$MMK]OXMV$$ $ 49FR$GVR$G7273R$?V$#VR$!A9F972R$UVR$g$*47;735A9R$,V$$HMZY]IV$$+6AN7$J<98:A9J2$A9;$A$ T N73J7N:CAB$14A8$:<WA3;8$82557:32V$$Perception"&"Psychophysics,"MZR$MKZOB\]V$ $ A;78R$GVR$7:V$ABV$HMZZ\IV$@48:<3:4<9$,9PA34A9:$.1d7J:$'7J<F94:4<9$49$:67$@29A54J$ ) )49_$(3J64:7J:C37V$IEEE"Transactions"on"ComputersR$XKR$\LLO\MMV$ $ 77672R$+V$0VR$G<8_<W4:fO0<<_R$(VR$*34BBR$+VR$g$"7B;R$'V$HMZY[IV$.3479:A:4<9AB$ ) A948<:3<N2$49$49DA9:$P484<9V$Science"(New"York,"N.Y.)R$190HXKMYIR$ZLLOKV$$ $ )7W48R$GVR$G486_49R$GVR$*3AF49R$#VR$*3<W9R$'VR$/73:R$0VR$(R$7:$ABV$HMZ`MIV$.N4A:7$ 37J7N:<3$F3A;479:8$49$5<9_72$J73713AB$J<3:7bQ$J<3378N<9;79J7$W4:6$8798<32$ N3<J78849F$6473A3J6478V$ScienceR$211HXX`YIR$MM]]OZV$(((+V$$ $ GA33R$@VR$g$%48646A3AR$"V$HMZY`IV$'7N37879:A:4<9$A9;$37J<F94:4<9$<D$:67$8NA:4AB$ <3FA94fA:4<9$<D$:6377O;457984<9AB$86AN78V$Proceedings"of"the"Royal"Society"of" London."Series"B,"Biological"SciencesR$200HMMXLIR$K]ZtKZXV$U+!.'V$ $ aC499R$/V$0VR$*3<W9R$0V$'VR$g$+:37NNAR$GV$)V$HMZZYIV$0<5NB7b$/73J7N:CAB$ .3FA94fA:4<9$<D$=48CAB$0<9D4FC3A:4<98$12$><C9F$,9DA9:8V$Infant"Behavior"and" DevelopmentR$20HMIR$\[OX]V$ $ 'CDDR$"V$(VR$g$*43J6R$"V$?V$HMZYXIV$,9DA9:$=48CAB$-4bA:4<9Q$!67$#DD7J:$%C5173$<D$ 0<9J79:34J4:2R$<D$@437J:4<98V$Journal"of"Experimental"Child"PsychologyR$17R$X]LO XY\V$ $ CR$cVR$>C7R$cVR$)78J3<A3:R$GVR$*47;735A9R$,VR$g$T45R$UV$?V$$HKLLZIV$$(;AN:A:4<9$49$:67$ LYV$ c DC84D<35$DAJ7$A37A$H--(IQ$$,5AF7$<3$/738<9h$$Vision"ResearchR$XZR$KLLLOKL $ >A5A97R$>VR$0A3B8<9R$#V$!VR$*<W5A9R$TV$0VR$SA9FR$^VR$g$0<99<3R$0V$#V$HKLL`IV$($ 97C3AB$J<;7$D<3$:6377O;457984<9AB$<1d7J:$86AN7$49$5AJAEC7$49D73<:75N<3AB$ J<3:7bV$Nature"NeuroscienceR$11HMMIR$M\[KO]LV$$ $ C7R$cVR$=7887BR$#V$(VR$g$*47;735A9R$,V$HKLLYIV$!67$97C3AB$1A848$<D$8J797$ > N37D7379J78V$NeuroreportR$18H]IR$[K[OZV$$ $ Ad<9JR$'V$HKLLMIV$G737$#bN<8C37Q$($?A:7WA2$:<$:67$+C1B4549ABV$Current"Directions" in"Psychological"ScienceR$10H]IR$KKXOKK`V$$

Abstract (if available)

Abstract Several dimensions of shape, such as curvature or taper, can be regarded as extending from a singular or zero value (e.g., a straight contour with 0 curvature or parallel contours with a 0 angle of convergence) to an infinity of non-singular values (e.g., curves and non parallel contours). As orientation in depth is varied, a singular value remains singular, and a non-singular value will vary but remains non-singular. Infant and adult human participants viewed pairs of geons where one member had a singular and the other had a non singular value on a given shape dimension, e.g., a cylinder vs. a cone. The participants preferred to look at the nonsingular geons. Such geons also produced greater fMRI activation in shape selective cortex (LOC), as well as greater single unit activity in macaque IT. The preference for non-singular shapes may derive from their elicitation of greater cortical opioid activity (Biederman & Vessel, 2006).

Linked assets

University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually similar

PDF

The neural correlates of creativity and perceptual pleasure: from simple shapes to humor

PDF

Object adaptation in the lateral occipital complex: shape or semantics?

PDF

The neural representation of faces

PDF

Explicit encoding of spatial relations in the human visual system: evidence from functional neuroimaging

PDF

Behavioral and neural evidence of incentive bias for immediate rewards relative to preference-matched delayed rewards

PDF

Characterizing the perceptual performance of a human obseerver as a function of external noise and task difficulty

PDF

Structural brain imaging in psychopathy

PDF

The angry brain: neural correlates of interpersonal provocation, directed rumination, trait direct aggression, and trait displaced aggression

PDF

The neural correlates of face recognition

PDF

Synaptic circuits for information processing along the central auditory pathway

Asset Metadata

Creator Amir, Ori (author)

Core Title The neural basis for shape preferences

School College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Psychology

Publication Date 11/02/2010

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag infant visual fixations,lateral occipital complex,nonaccidental properties,OAI-PMH Harvest,shape dimensions,shape preferences

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Biederman, Irving (committee chair), Lu, Zhong-Lin (committee member), Tjan, Bosco S. (committee member)

Creator Email oamir@usc.edu,oriacadem@gmail.com

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-m3511

Unique identifier UC181731

Identifier etd-Amir-4094 (filename),usctheses-m40 (legacy collection record id),usctheses-c127-409014 (legacy record id),usctheses-m3511 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier etd-Amir-4094.pdf

Dmrecord 409014

Document Type Thesis

Rights Amir, Ori

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Repository Name Libraries, University of Southern California

Repository Location Los Angeles, California

Repository Email cisadmin@lib.usc.edu