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Hockey's issues with inclusivity & diversity

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Content Copyright 2023 Austin Stanovich
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
By Austin Stanovich
A Dissertation Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE USC ANNENBERG SCHOOL FOR COMMUNICATION AND
JOURNALISM
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF ARTS
(SPECIALIZED JOURNALISM)
August 2023
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................iii
Introduction ............................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1:
Race............................................................................................................................5
Chapter 2:
LGBQTIA+ ................................................................................................................8
Chapter 3:
Women .......................................................................................................................13
Chapter 4:
Conclusion .................................................................................................................17
Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................19
iii

Abstract:
“Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity” is an examination of Ice Hockey’s
struggles to be an inclusive and diverse community. Discussing if the NHL’s “Hockey is for
Everyone” campaign has led to any improvements in hockey and where the community is falling
behind. It also looks at some of the areas where the NHL and hockey have excelled in their
attempts to increase inclusivity and diversity. Through research and original reporting,
“Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity” uncovers the truth about inclusivity and
diversity in the sport.

1

Introduction:
Hockey is a sport enjoyed by millions of people across multiple countries, a sport that
should be inclusive and diverse. And yet, despite its global reach, hockey is dominated by one
demographic: wealthy, heterosexual, white men.
According to the NHL’s first diversity report
1
in 2022. 83.6% of employees across the
NHL and its teams are white, 4.17% Asian, 3.74% Black, 3.71% Hispanic/Latino and 0.5%
Indigenous. The report also found that 65.44% of interns and fellows in the NHL are white,
while 69.6% of human resources departments are white.
The report also found that 61.86% of workers around the NHL identify as men, with
36.81% identifying as women. However, those numbers change dramatically regarding
employees in marketing, branding and content, as 52.72% identify as male and 46.2% identify as
female.
Four of 10 fans in the United States identified as female according to the report. It also
found that 93.14% of the NHL's workforce identifies as straight or heterosexual, 1.52% as
bisexual, 1.12% as gay and 0.81% as lesbian.
The average cost to participate in youth hockey is estimated at $2,583 per year
2
, more
than any other youth sport. The highest level of youth hockey, tier 1, is also estimated to cost, on
average
3
, upwards of $10,000 per year.

1
https://cms.nhl.bamgrid.com/images/assets/binary/335880796/binary-file/file.pdf
2
https://www.playgroundequipment.com/the-average-cost-of-each-childrens-sport/
3
https://www.youthhockeyguide.com/aaa-
hockey/#:~:text=Also%20known%20as%20%22Tier%201,all%20over%20the%20United%20States.
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
2

On top of a significant financial barrier, minorities, women and the LGBQTIA+
community have been pushed away and oftentimes abused within hockey.
Indeed, the hockey community does very little to encourage the involvement of minority
groups.
When the NHL launched its “Hockey is for Everyone” campaign in 2017. When it was
announced, there was hope that hockey would move in the right direction regarding inclusivity
and diversity off the back of Hockey is for Everyone.
According to the NHL, Hockey is for Everyone, “ Hockey is for Everyone™ uses the
game of hockey - and the League's global influence - to drive positive social change and foster
more inclusive communities.”
But since then, the issues haven’t subsided much, and high-profile cases such as the
sexual assault investigation involving Hockey Canada, the national governing body of ice
hockey and ice sledge hockey in Canada. Where it was revealed that several members of
Canada’s 2018 World Junior Championship Team
4
sexually assaulted women. It was also
revealed that Hockey Canada spent C$7.6 million out of a “National Equity Fund” to settle out
with victims. Hockey Canada was using public funding, including registration fees for youth
hockey, to pay for sexual assault scandals.

4
https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nhl/news/hockey-canada-scandal-sexual-assault-2018-world-juniors-
team/hhc54xdapaqx5l29kuimp09g
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
3

And the news that Kyle Beach
5
, a member of the 2010 Chicago Blackhawks Stanley Cup
team, had been sexually assaulted by a member of the Blackhawks staff. Something that was
similarly covered up by the Blackhawks organization.
Fans, media and some people who work within the game began to question, “Is hockey
really for everyone?”
For someone such as forward Akil Thomas of the Ontario Reign, a Los Angeles Kings
farm team in the Inland Empire, being a Black hockey player comes with the expectation that
discrimination will occur. It isn’t a matter of if, but when.
“The thing is, people don’t realize how much it actually would happen on a team,” said
Thomas. “Growing up with my dad telling me to expect things and then when I’d be called
names, I’d be surprised it didn't happen sooner and surprised it didn’t happen as much. So,
probably shouldn’t be the case. A kid shouldn’t be wondering why people aren’t calling him
racial slurs. I’ve been called multiple names and I think every Black hockey player has. That’s
pretty much the biggest thing.”
To be fair, Thomas said, some progress is being made.
“I think in today’s game, like with the Kings, nothing like that would ever happen,” he
said. “It’s a really good organization from top to bottom.
“I think the biggest thing is just awareness of what you can say and what you can’t, even
when it comes to homophobia and stuff like that. You know, locker room talk, every team I’ve
been on it’s been better and better. I think, obviously, there’s stuff that goes on in the locker

5
https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/32502466/chicago-blackhawks-sexual-assault-case-latest-updates-know-
next
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
4

room that’s between us, but I can confidently say that what we say behind closed doors is way
better than what people back in the day were saying. They would say stuff without even really
knowing how it can affect people. But now, everyone, they think before they talk.”
If there has been improvement within the locker room, the question is whether the same
can be said of the fan base.
You don’t have to go back far in history to see the abuse minority players take off the ice.
In the 2022 playoffs, Colorado Avalanche forward Nazem Kadri took a slew of abuse – mainly
centering about being Muslim – after a collision with St. Louis Blues goalie Jordan Binnington.
Most of it centered around Kadri’s faith. He is Muslim.
That’s the sort of thing Thomas has experienced as well. Particularly after designing a
jersey for the Kings’ Black History Month celebration.
“I think it’s something that’s always going to be there, to be honest,” he said. “Even
when I did a jersey for the Kings, I didn’t read the comments, my business partners did. And
apparently, there was a bunch of people saying some racist things underneath that. So, it’s
always going to be there, people creating burner accounts and stuff like that, you’re not going to
get rid of them, but you can definitely minimize them. I don’t know, it’s kind of talk, right? The
more time goes where we’re spreading the right messages and teaching the young kids how to
be… it’s going to change. Slowly.”
The progress that has been made even in Thomas’ life is encouraging. But how to
continue to move forward? To effect not just incremental but significant change in the areas of
inclusivity and diversity?

Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
5

Chapter 1: RACE
In 2020, former NHL forward Akim Aliu was interviewed by The Players’ Tribune and
recounted the racial abuse he faced during his time as a player.
He highlighted the invective he took from Steve Downey, who would also go on to play
in the NHL, while playing junior hockey. And a moment when he was 11, hearing an opposing
player say, “How many times are we going to let this [n-word] score?”
Aliu went on to tell a story about then-coach Bill Peters repeatedly directing the n-word
at him while playing for the Rockford Ice Hogs, the Chicago Blackhawks’ AHL affiliate.
The Players’ Tribune piece underscored: This isn’t just a fan problem or dumb kids
saying words they don’t fully understand. It’s a problem from top to bottom in hockey.
When Aliu was racially abused at 11, 16 and as an adult in the American Hockey League,
teammates and coaches watched and did nothing.
Because that kind of thing was considered normal, even accepted, in hockey.
As Thomas pointed out, Black players expect to be racially abused.
Not long after the Players’ Tribune article, Aliu and other BIPOC players – with the
support of the NHL – created the Hockey Diversity Alliance, intent on fighting racism in hockey.
Has it had any effect?
Almost three years later, on March 19, 2023, this tweet from Aliu suggested that, no, it
didn’t: “Great question. The NHL has done nothing. They wanted a PR Stunt to show up the
announcement of the @TheOfficialHDA and to pretend they care, while actually working
against change. Performative action - we called it out then and it still rings true today.”
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
6

According to Aliu, the NHL is actively working against change in hockey. The key word
in his tweet: calling the formation of the HDA “performative.”
This came less than a month after reports that the Greater Toronto Hockey League had
stonewalled Aliu and the HDA for two years in attempts to launch an organization that would
have assured spots for BIPOC players.
The GTHL is Toronto’s premier youth hockey league; it is home to some of the world’s
best youth hockey programs. Several of the league's best players, have come from the GTHL and
those who run the league have made little effort to make it more inclusive – and have even
fought against it.
Some organizations have defended the GTHL’s decision to stonewall this initiative.
In a report from TSports Network’s Rick Westhead, Garry Punchard, general manager of
the Toronto Nationals Hockey Club, said that AAA organizations made it clear to GTHL
Executive Director Scott Oakman that they didn’t support Aliu’s initiative. AAA hockey is the
highest level of minor hockey in each group.
Aliu proposed a club called the Toronto Dream. The proposed club would have mandates
for people of color and women in managerial positions, with assured roster spots for BIPOC
players. But it was shut down by the GTHL.
Said Punchard: “We don’t have enough AAA players as it is. We have players in AAA
who should be playing A or AA right now. And we are going to add another organization?
There’s already too many. At the same time, you have organizations like North Toronto that
have a good AA program and have tried and tried to get into AAA. And all of a sudden, this guy
[Aliu] thinks he can get a AAA organization? We already have Black and Chinese players in our
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
7

organizations. We don’t segregate anybody. As far as I know [the Toronto Dream organizers]
haven’t done anything. They haven’t got a house league going. Pay your dues. They are just
blaming everybody but themselves.”
Peter MacInnis, president of the Don Mills Flyers, a premier youth hockey program said,
“The only way [the Dream is] gonna get players is you're gonna go to the Toronto Marlboros,
you're gonna go to Don Mills Flyers, and any kid who’s playing there who’s Black, you know
what the deal is.
“I've got four Black guys on my bench coaching two different teams. I'm going to have
three teams fully coached next year by Black coaches and I've got numerous Black kids and
Asian kids in our programs, and so does everybody else. I'm really not too sure where they're
trying to go with this…
“If you're talking inclusion, if we want to have included with Black kids and Indigenous
kids and Oriental kids and white kids all playing together, what the hell are we doing with a team
all full of Black players? That's ridiculous. That’s not inclusion.”
The Don Mills Flyers are a prominent producer of high-end NHL talent. Including NHL
All-Star Mitch Marner and 2022 fifth-overall pick Shane Wright.
The GTHL board is predominantly made up of white men.

Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
8

Chapter 2: LGBQTIA+
One of the most controversial ongoing situations in all of hockey revolves around Pride
nights. That is, players and teams choosing not to participate in them. Or teams opting not to
hold them.
The issue first arose last Jan. 17, when Philadelphia Flyers defenseman Ivan Provorov
refused to come out for warmups on the team’s Pride Night. He said he didn’t want to wear the
team’s rainbow-themed jersey.
Why? He said it was against his religious beliefs. He also said he loves all people… but
wouldn’t don the rainbow jersey.
The online reaction from fans and members of the media was mixed.
Some felt Provorov had scored a win for “anti-woke” culture.
Others felt he represented the truth about hockey … that it isn’t inclusive.
Following Provorov’s refusal, several teams canceled their Pride Nights, including the
Minnesota Wild, New York Rangers, New York Islanders and Chicago Blackhawks.
Many of these teams cited fear for the safety of their Russian players as the rationale. A
report in The Athletic noted teams were concerned about a Russian law – this measure had also
drawn significant Western attention before the 2014 Sochi Winter Games – making it illegal to
broadcast “propaganda” about “nontraditional sexual relations” in all media, including social,
advertising and movies.
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
9

Just days after the Blackhawks cited safety concerns, NHL deputy commissioner Bill
Daly said the league had no information suggesting that Russian players would be in danger if
they participate in Pride Night events.
“We take all risks seriously, and this one is no different,” Daly wrote in an email to The
Athletic. “Having said that, we have no information that would suggest there is any material
threat that would exist (in Russia or otherwise) related to a Russian player participating in a
club’s Pride activities.”
Russian players, including Los Angeles Kings defensemen Vladislav Gavrikov and
Dallas Stars forward Evgenii Dadanov, participated in their teams’ respective Pride Nights with
zero repercussions.
Muddling the waters, three non-Russian players refused to take part. San Jose Sharks
goaltender James Reimer and Florida Panthers brothers Eric and Marc Staal, all Canadian,
declined to participate in their team's respective Pride Nights.
Why? Each cited religious beliefs.
Daly’s statement, the non-Russian players opting out and some Russian players
participating tells us what we already knew.
This wasn’t - and isn’t - a Russian issue. It’s a cultural issue within hockey.
After the conclusion of the 2022-23 season, the NHL made the decision to ban “specialty
warmup jerseys”
6
in response to the Pride Night controversy.

6
https://nypost.com/2023/06/22/nhl-teams-will-not-wear-specialty-warmup-jerseys-next-season/
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
10

“I’ve suggested that it would be appropriate for clubs not to change their jerseys in
warmups because it’s become a distraction,” said NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman.
“And taking away from the fact that all of our clubs, in some form or another, host nights
in honor of various groups or causes, and we rather those continue to get the appropriate
attention that they deserve. And not be a distraction.”
The NHL has already received a lot of criticism for the decision, with reigning MVP
Connor McDavid saying it’s “disappointing to see.”
But these issues come as no surprise.
Ask anyone who grew up playing the sport: before it was treated as a slur and carried a
30-day suspension, “faggot” was the most common insult in youth hockey.
It was said so often it was normal to hear it. Inside locker rooms, it was normal, too.
And as Sonny Sachdeva highlighted in his 2021 article for SportsNet talking
7
to former
player Brock McGills, this language has a lasting negative effect on the hockey community –
particularly for young players who are a part of the LGBQTIA+ community.
“Back then it was just, this is bad. Everyone’s saying this is bad. They’re only using this
in a negative way,” McGillis said. “So, my thought process was fully, ‘I’m hearing people call
each other faggots when they’re joking with each other, when they’re trying to say [someone is]
less than. I’m hearing people chirp each other on the ice saying language like that. It’s in the
locker room, it’s on the ice, it’s always negative.’

7
https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/longform/hockeys-homophobic-language-problem-putting-kids-lives-risk/
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
11

“I’m hearing the adults say it, I’m hearing the players say it, I’m hearing everyone say it
— coaches, management,” he said. “How am I going to be me and play the game? They’re not
going to let me play.”
Sachdeva also talked to Erik Denison, a researcher with the Behavioral Science
Laboratory at Australia’s Monash University, whose work focuses on prejudicial behaviors in
sports. Denison believes language can impact young athletes.
“Essentially it’s a cognitive drain,” Denison says of the state young LGBTQIA+ athletes
are put into when they hear this language every day. “It puts them in a state of stress when
they’re in sport environments. And that state of stress, we believe, is why gay kids, but also
straight kids, are more likely to experience depression, anxiety, but also attempt suicide and
complete suicide, because they’re just less resilient to any other stressor that comes into their
life. Because they’re in this environment where they’re constantly having to watch themselves.”
Of course, it’s worth noting that this isn’t an issue unique to hockey. This condition exists
across society.
But sports should be an escape from the hardships of everyday life … not a reminder of
them.
It’s also important to remember that the players who aren’t supporting Pride Night
initiatives are a minority. Players such as Zach Hyman of the Edmonton Oilers and Matthew
Tkachuk, who led the Florida Panthers to the 2023 Stanley Cup Finals, have made strong
statements in support of the LGBQTIA+ community. Far more players wear Pride Night jerseys
than don’t.
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
12

All the same, the sport’s sloganeering proclaims, “Hockey is for Everyone.” It’s fair to
ask: Is that the truth for the LGBQTIA+ community?

Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
13

Chapter 3: Women
Women’s hockey at all levels, from youth hockey to the pros face several of the same
issues as other women’s sports.
To start, a lack of funding and viewership makes it almost impossible to keep up with the
men’s game.
There are far more NCAA Men’s Division 1 hockey teams (60) than women’s teams
(36). No women’s professional hockey in North America has proven sustainable in the
marketplace.
There’s also a big discrepancy outside of Division 1. Across all levels of NCAA men’s hockey,
there are 148 programs compared to 103 women’s programs.
The biggest gap is seen in Collegiate Club Sports. The American Collegiate Hockey
Association, which governs college club Ice Hockey in America, has 450 men's teams across all
levels and just 64 women’s programs.
Off the ice, meanwhile, women face distinct issues.
One of the most infamous of these issues is the Hockey Canada sexual assault scandal; as
mentioned earlier in the paper.
There’s also the situation with Montreal Canadiens prospect and Canadian defenseman
Logan Mallioux, who was chosen in the first round of the 2021 NHL Draft after being charged
with a sex crime in Sweden just before the event.
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
14

Or forward Canadien Jake Virtanen earning a professional tryout with the Edmonton
Oilers in 2022 after highly-publicized rape allegations against him (Virtanen was found not
guilty).
Each of these matters is of course distinct and any person accused of a crime deserves the
wholehearted presumption of innocent until proven guilty. At the same time, the cultural
question is whether the way women are far too often seen, heard and talked about in hockey
plays a role in how they might well be treated – on and off the ice.
It starts, as it does with those in the LGBQTIA+ community, with language.
Misogynistic language is too common in hockey culture and at times even celebrated.
Look no further than the most popular hockey podcast, Barstool Sports Spittin’ Chiclets, which
celebrates having sex with women as achievements. Co-host Paul Bissonette, who’s also a TNT
studio analyst for the NHL, often refers to his entanglements as “kills.” And bragging about
having “50 kills” in a season.
Fans and other members of the Spittin’ Chiclets crew celebrate those “kills.”
Bissonette also received criticism in October of 2022 while working for TNT after suggesting
that female viewership goes up when the Dallas Stars play because Stars forward Tyler Seguin is
attractive.
For many male listeners, this might seem harmless. All the same, it’s a fair question
whether the message it sends to women assuredly is not – whether it tells them they are nothing
more than conquests. Or only watch the game because of the looks of players, not their love of
the game.
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
15

There’s also a situation such as Arizona Coyotes forward Liam O’Brien trash-talking
New Jersey Devils forward Timo Meier by saying, referring to Meier’s tie with the Halifax
Mooseheads of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, “You probably didn't bang a single girl
in Halifax... you're so f****** ugly.”
Many in hockey celebrated this chirp. Again, it's a fair question about what message it
sent to women. A reasonable answer: their value is as objects.
Language such as that can erode the respect that players, particularly young players, have
toward women and can contribute to the sorts of situations like the Hockey Canada scandal and
the vexing dilemma involving Mailloux.
As Dr. Kristi Alain, an associate professor of sociology and the Canada research chair in
physical culture and social life at St. Thomas University in Fredericton, New Brunswick, said in
an interview:
“We know that athletes that play particular forms of team sports that value these forms of
masculinity and degrade anything that’s feminist or soft see higher instances of not only sexual
violence but particularly of gang sexual violence. Like the kinds of violence that the Hockey
Canada athletes from two World Junior Hockey Championships have been accused of. So, yes,
we see that. The literature does bear that out.”
Dr. Alain also pointed out that the high number of sexual violence that occurs between
players — particularly with hazing at the junior hockey level — can contribute to the issues of
sexual violence toward women.
“We know that perpetrators of sexual violence are often victims of sexual violence
themselves,” she said. “And I think it’s wrong to not talk about hazing using the language of
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
16

sexual violence. That these athletes themselves are not just perpetrators of sexual violence but
themselves victims of sexual violence through the very action of becoming a hockey player.
Which is repeated at every elite level league they enter prior to the NHL.”

Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
17

Chapter 4: Conclusion
Despite minor league hockey player Akil Thomas’ positive words about the direction of
inclusivity and diversity in hockey, the sport is clearly not for everyone … not to watch or play.
At least not right now.
The sport does not treat BIPOC people, members of the LGBQTIA+ community or
women with enough respect or equality to truly make the statement that hockey is for everyone.
The NHL was formed in 1917 but it wasn’t until 2017, 100 years later, that the league
made a unifying statement that “Hockey is for Everyone.”
Hockey was also the last major sport to break the color barrier in North America with
Willie O’Ree in 1958. The league, and sport, have a history of falling behind on inclusivity and
diversity issues and recent issues follow that trend.
Until members of these communities can truly feel safe and comfortable within hockey. It
will not be for everyone. And the slogan “Hockey is for Everyone” will remain a performative
one.
The league is making progress. In June, the NHL and NHLPA recently launched the
Player Inclusion Coalition to promote inclusivity in hockey. Coalition member and former NHL
player Georges Laraque is confident that hockey is moving in the right direction.
“Back in the time that we played, we didn't have programs like this,” Laraque said.
“When I was facing racism, there was no program to help me. I had to have a tough skin and we
had to shut up. We couldn't say anything because we don't want to lose our job.
Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
18

“Now, because of this group, there are resources for these guys that are suffering. They
don’t have to suffer in silence anymore. And we’re a resource to also grow the game to make
sure that the things that we had to go through in order to make it to the NHL, no other kids ever
have to go through that.”

Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity
19

Bibliography:
https://cms.nhl.bamgrid.com/images/assets/binary/335880796/binary-file/file.pdf
https://www.playgroundequipment.com/the-average-cost-of-each-childrens-sport/
https://www.youthhockeyguide.com/aaa-
hockey/#:~:text=Also%20known%20as%20%22Tier%201,all%20over%20the%20United%20St
ates.
https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nhl/news/hockey-canada-scandal-sexual-assault-2018-
world-juniors-team/hhc54xdapaqx5l29kuimp09g
https://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/32502466/chicago-blackhawks-sexual-assault-case-
latest-updates-know-next

https://nypost.com/2023/06/22/nhl-teams-will-not-wear-specialty-warmup-jerseys-next-
season/

https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/longform/hockeys-homophobic-language-problem-putting-
kids-lives-risk/

Abstract (if available)

Abstract “Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity” is an examination of Ice Hockey’s struggles to be an inclusive and diverse community. Discussing if the NHL’s “Hockey is for Everyone” campaign has led to any improvements in hockey and where the community is falling behind. It also looks at some of the areas where the NHL and hockey have excelled in their attempts to increase inclusivity and diversity. Through research and original reporting, “Hockey’s Issues With Inclusivity & Diversity” uncovers the truth about inclusivity and diversity in the sport.

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Creator Stanovich, Austin Mark (author)

Core Title Hockey's issues with inclusivity & diversity

School Annenberg School for Communication

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Specialized Journalism

Degree Conferral Date 2023-08

Publication Date 07/21/2023

Defense Date 07/19/2023

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag diversity,ice hockey,inclusivity,LGBQTIA+,OAI-PMH Harvest,Race,Women

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Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA

Repository Email cisadmin@lib.usc.edu