Early history of the San Gorgonio Pass, gateway to California

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Content T-'ARLY HISTORY a ' TIt!;: SAN GORGOltIO PASS • ny Un ~. en ~ E o HcAdaIUS - A Thesis Presents to the H ACULT'.1" p r I . r· p. Ii ~1 AT " " ~ C" CHOOL .t" A. .t i.t~ ,~t .. c~}. ill) 11 4.J - '. UUIV!;R;5ITY ~F rOUTHERN CALIFORUIA In Partial FulfIllment of the Requirements for the Degree 1,1 STER '.., ~ ARTS ( fistory) June 1955 This th esis) 'lcJritten by Henry E. McAd ams , IIlld er tlz e guidall ce of hJ.f?. ... Fa clllty Comm ittee) and appr07 :ed by all its m emb ers) iz as been p resented to and accepted by th e F aculty 0/ the Gradu ate clz oo l in pa rtial fulfillm ent of the req lli ,'el7le llts fo r tlz e d eg ree of HASTER OF ARTS b 7d~. (c,~- D a f {' ......... ............ ... ........................... . F aCII Zty Committ ee / ~oc..---~ .. --------- - ----------------------------------------------- TABLE OF CO ifTEllTS Chapter Page I . '"HE ABORIGI NAL SAN GOR(XnTIO P SS AREA ... jJ <I •• " " 1 II . PIONr:,ER TRAVEL A ~D SETTL&"4ENT IN SAN GORGO~IO PASS, 1769-1862$ ~ . ~ " ••• ~ ••••• o.~4 33 III . PASS INDIANS AFTER THE \rJHITE MAN'S ARRIVAL •• It 86 IV . EARLY ('!OVERHMENT E PLORATORY SURVEYS OF SAN GORGOlIIO PA'3S .... . ........ o.o ...... Q .~"(J.. 119 V.. THE BUTTERFIELD OVER AnD l1AIL COf1PANY'S SEARCH POR A ROUTE THROUGH SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA .......... _.oo ..... . .... o ••••••••• (t$ 136 VI . SAN GORGONIO PASS AS A ROUTE TO ARIZ01A....... 174 VIII» TRw RAILROAD'S ARRIVAL IN SA} GORGONIO PliSS " . 222 VIII . THE GRO TH OF SETTLEHE1iT PATTERN IN <:tAN ~OtGONIO PASS: 1852-1878.~ o ... .. .. ... .... .. 291 BIBLIOGRAPI1Y" ••• " . .. .... .. .. e ....... .. Q .... ....... .. 0 <I (; 0 .. " " .... " .. .. J l~ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration Par: I . Interior of Serrano or Pass Cahul11 Sweat Ilous e • cI ...................... . ..... 0 • • .. .. .. • .. .. .. • • 1 7 II. Pass Indians· Pottery .......... o .... eo •••• o..... 21 III. Pass Indians' Carrying Net ••••• o ............. ~ 24 IV. Pauline Weaver-Isaac Smith QuIt Claim Deed.. 64 v. Butterfield Overland nil Co pany Time Table . .. .. ~ ............ o.oo .... o.oo.o •• oo.... 169 LIST OF MAPS Map F ga L. 4 2 . ",-0 San Bernardlno-~onora Roada.$.~ •• ~ •••••••••••• 41 4· Western S n Gorgonio Pass ••••••••••• • ••••••••• Pacific Railroad Survey M p of ~xploratio in Southern Calirornia •••••••••••••• $ •• ooa •• 127 6. Butterr1eld Overland M 11 Route in Southe~n C.ll.lfcrnia •••• It •••••••••• OG ••• ~ . . ..... tlO •• •• 1I 173 7. U. S. Geological Sur ey Map of org nlc 8. 10. -as s " .... • • ............ " •• toO ............ .. " • .. • .. .. .. 242 Moore Cl.ty- Banning ..... . ................ o o ..... Bancroft's Map of the Colorado ~1 es ••••••• 27 282 Pocket in back of study PREFACE A perennial imp diment for immigrants traveling to California from either 1exico or the eastern United states has been the Sierra Nevada range. Kno\oJn by vu lous names in dlfrerent regions, the Sierra Ilevadas represent thw nation's most rugged mountain chain and extend throughout California's entire length along its eastern sldea Few satisfactory passes intersect this range and paradoxically the best one was least used by California-bound Spaniards, Mexicans, and Amer~cans~l This narrow opening in the Sierra l'levadas \<iBS San Gorgonio Pas";) throu~h vJhi ch the Southern Pacific Railroad trBv€l~ todav. Its first lar~e .1 ~ scale use did not occur until the early 18608 when migra tion's backward tide swarmed throu~h ~t destined for ....., Arizona's booming gold and silver fields. 8an Gorgonio Pass supplies the focal point upon which this paper is cantered. Its growth and development through 1878 supply the content. Divlded into eight chap ters, the read r will observe two points of emphasis being stressed throug out. F'irst, the geographically strategic 1 Other passes in the Southern California area from north to south include: ~J lker's Poss , Tehachapi Pess, Tejon Pass, San Francisqulto rass, San Fernando Pass , Cajon Pas, and liarner's .ass . vii pos· tlon of the Pass as a g t6\Jsy into Cali.fornla 11 .... be considered for its sl~nif1cance in st·mulating inter-sec tional southe~n transportation. Second g It~ growth nnd pr()gre s s 0 s an interio"" sat tler"lent area .~ -II be trs ceo and evaluated. Some, perhgps~ will criticize this paper £or mani festing a basically ambivalent charactero Presented primarily s a study in local history, the charge may be ada that it has seriously overextended its legitimate geographical bounds and has digressed into a genera history of outhern Californ1s at several points. In de fense .. the author ishes to present the hypotnss':'s that human life cannot exist ~n isolation" :.an is a social animal and as s ch 1s never totally self-sufficient. In order to survive, he is dependent on other~. Similarly~ no civilized area or co[m~unlty can justly cla~m complete independence from its neighborslt Interdependence is a basic law of western 14fe which cannot be escaped ~here fore, San Gorgonio Paqs has not been considered as an isolated geographical unit. Rather, it has been conceived as a small but important section contributing to the growth or the larger Southern California community which, in turn, ha contributed to development of both state and nation. viii Among those who have assisted the author in prepar ing this work, several institutions and individuals merit special recognition. Material has been readily available at each of the rollowlng sourca a : University of Southern California's Doheny Library, Los Angeles County Museum Library, U.G. L. A. Special Collections Library, Los Angeles Public Library, San Diego Public Library, Riverside Public Library, and various San Bernardino and Riverside county offices . Individual gratitude 1s especially expressed for the efficient and courteous assistance rendered by Sacra mentan Raymond D. Weaver, Westwood's Ralph Lyons, and the San Bernardino County Recorder's Offica staff. CHAPTER I THE ABORIGINAL SAN GORGONIO PASS AREA Prior to the white man ' s arrival, San Gorgonio Pass was an obscure, isolated gap in California' s interior moun tain chain abounding in numerous types of small game and inhabited by several minor Indian bands . Concerning the latter, anthropologists have accumulated extensive, general information which has resulted in common agreement that these aboriginal inhabitants' linguistic stock was Shosho nesn . With reference to their tribal affiliation, however, anthropologists are sharply divided . Some have identified them as Serrano, while others have described them as P ss Cahuilla. Basically, Serrano territory comprised the San Bernardino Valley-San Bernardino mountains area, while Pass Cahuillas monopolized a triangular section in the nort - western end of the Colorado Desert currently bounded by Indio , Palm Springs , and fhltewater. Thus , both tribes occupied areas adjacent to the Pass and either might reason ably be expected to have inhabited parts or all of it . This controversy over Pass Indians ' tribal identifi cation began in 1929 upon publication of William Duncan 2 strongts Aboriginal Society in Southern California. l During the preceding five-year period, anthropologists had generally concluded that the Pass had been a Serrano pos session. This conclusion had been based largely on Ruth Benedict's 1924 report concerning her penetrating study or Indian life in the Pass area. According to information she had assembled, the Pass had been an exclusive Serrano habi tat upon which Pass Cahuillas had not encroached. 2 Recognizing the thorough character of her investiga tion, Ruth Benedict's decision exerted commanding influence among her colleagues. Evan California's foremost Indian authority, Alfred L. Kroeber, acquiesced in his Handbook of the Indians of California published a year later. 3 1 1Villiam Duncan strong, tlAboriginal Lociety in Qouthern California," University of California Public tions in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. XXVI (1929)9 pp. 9-10. 2Ruth Benedict, "A Brief Sketch of Serrano Culture," American Anthropologist, Vol. XXVI (1924), pp. 366-68. Appearing on page 4 is a map Ruth Benedict prepared in con junction with her San Gorgonio Pass Indian study. The small numbers inserted at various points adjacent to the foothills on either side of the Pass indicate the locations of aboriginal Pass Indians' village sites as revealed by data collected during her investigation. 3Alfred Lewis Kroeber, Handbook of the Indians of California, Bulletin 78, Bureau of American Ethnology (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1925), p. 693. Hereinafter cited as: Kroeber, Handbook. 3 MAP 1 TH~ TERRITORY OF THE SERRANO ~:OURCE" Ruth Benedict, "A Brief cketch of Serrano Culture,t1 American Anthropologist , Vo18 ; XVI (1924) ~ PG 367. B ar alley TheT rritoryof the S rr no Fr om: Benedict, op. cit .. , (Top i north; e t- t d" tane about 5. mil .) 367 p .. .. Previously in 1908 he had presented an article in which the Serrano- Pass Cahuilla bound'ry had been loc t d a few mile east of Redlands in San Timoteo Canyon ~ s western end.4 tiow, On the b 1s of Ruth Benedict is discoveries he w compelled to relocate it approximately thirty-t'o mil s as t at the eastern end of the Pass ne r present White- ~ater. Although another prominent contemporary anthro pologist, Edwar '~inslow Gifford, did not p bl1sh a retrac tion of his pro- s s ~ahul11a opinion presented in 1918 , one m y ass~~e that he , like Kroeber, was also strongly in£lueneed and prob bly ace pted Ruth Ben diet's concl 1o~ a lea t prlvatalY0 5 In 1929 p approximately flv years after publication of Ruth Benedictts paper, this apparent unity of anthropo logical opinion was suddenly shat'ered by 'il11~ m Duncan Strong'5 abrupt assertion that nan Gorgonio Pas~ had been abor~ginally inhabited by Pass Cahuillas. In hi study of ~outhern California Indianu publ! had by the U iver ity of 4Alfred Le\-lis Kroeber i UEt~..nography of the Cahuill Indians, 1 University of California Publications in America Archaeology and EthnologZ. Vol . VIII , no. 2 (1908- 1910) , PP. 32-33 - Hereinaft r cited as: Kroeber , nCahul1la Eth nography. " 5Ed1srd W i nslow Gifford . "Clans and 10ieties in .outhern California," Universi . of Californi a Publications in American Archs eologz and Ethnology, Vol. ~IV p. 159. 6 Ca11fornia in that year, 11 freely denOl;- ced Ruth Benedict's conclusion, clalm1n~ that she had been the victim of a I1ngui tic deception,. According to data he had uncovare 9 as Cah' 11188 had be -n the areats original inhabItants and Serranoa had infiltrQted it only in relatively recent ye r .6 Followln{ the 1 itlal eruption eau~ad by Etrong ' ... hal"ply ~t1orded statement, the controversy's in\.enslty gr dually ubsided Hlth pas ing years leaving anthropolo- 1st g n ral17 divided in their opinions toward t s 1 sue. In 1941~ }olever, another -articlp nt appeared on the c ne when the memoirs of G. Hazen l-rhinn W ra published n di tribut d tt Paving lived mong P 58 Ind1 ·ns as a youth urine the 1880s and IB90s~ £hinn consider d bimselr a competent authority and freely e~pre sed himself concern in aboricin 1 PasQ Indian lire~ ~mphat1c811y rejecting ~trongt ~ass Cahuilla poit1onp ho staunchly defendd \ut. Benedict's arli r pro-ferrano conclusion allegedly ut l1z1ng inform tlon p rsonally acquired durl_g his yo th- f 1 _ r Id nee. According to f"llnn, Pass CahuIlla h not n i tr t d S~n Gorgonio Pass til . om time dur1ng l~he rnld-ni t th c ntury tt·r IllOS t bo 1 1nal >_ err no~ bad • . - 1 I rt ~t.?d west into "s vicinity of !!an ; brlel ~ n 'ern rdlno ~gs1stenci .7 7 Thus~ der1n1t1ve proof f vor1ng either sid in thi d1sput is not y t .v 19 le~ For a disinterest d ob ~r r, b tter vi~wpo1n ro be n clectlc one \;hich r 1 fro. both nd totally r jects nelth~ro Recognizing tha bo sides n ·he controver y have pparently uncovered rel1abl avid nee ~hQt their re pectiv trlb were aborIginal In- h b1tants of the la8B~ perh ps both e carr cte A ccord! cr .... to thi o position. the Pas may h ve been a tran~~t on are occupied bv ~emnant5 of Doth tr1be with ne ther pogse sing exclus1v control~ One Ioe 1 Southern CalLfornia Iudian · thorlty he has adopted this attitude is "'leI n Pruitt tt , dow or he lat San ! rdino Vall y hist r~en ~eorge e Beatt!e. 8 Helen Beattie' p~ f renee for this t rd ppro ch i w 11 tabllshed, and its popular _~eept- nne ap ars to be growing3 Thro _hout the c p , , r-ro inder, th1 vie'point ill predoMin te. ~ capt wh re clgnificant ~lfrlrenc s xi t bet e n the ~'O tribes~ they ill b recognized s indistinguishable, coexisting Pncs I d n. no members of one tribe or h 0 h r. April f r 10 • Ii zen 'hinn, r<hoshonean D 159 PP .. 8From n In~erv1ew 1 ith ~S. B attl 14, 195' if on \4 dna d y, B Social Organization As one might expect, living beside each other and belonging to the same linguistic group~ ~erranos and Pass Cahuillaa had many s1ml1aritles~ One of these involved the two tribes' patterns of organizatlon~ BasicallY1 both ware divided into moieties, each m01cty being distinguished by an individualized totem~ trangely, both trlue~i moi ties used id ntical toted-s, the nWi .... dcat" and "Coyote ' and most Pass Indians belonged to the latter 1n the:tr re spective trlbes~9 Among Qerrano, the traditional t',lildca n yJas du.ll and lazy, \ hile the nCoyote " was swift and un- reliable$ Moietl s were ~ubdlvided into am 11 bands which have been described as clans. Each c1 n po sessed its 0 n tract of 1 nd on which a portion was reserved for the c1 nfs village sits. Thus, clans were characterized by moiety homogeneity and individual commun1ties These COnt- munit1 s were all located near th foothills adjacent to both sides of the Pass where streams emerged from the moun tains. 10 9Kroeber. Handbook, pp~ 617-18, 705-078 trong~ op. cit., pp. 2J-24~ 10 ~~o.ber, Handbook, pp. 705-07~ I~ addition to Ruth Bened1ct' v map appearing on page 4~ William Duncan Stron is outhern C l1forn1a Indian study also includes a map of th eastern 1 alt of" th~ Pass 1n \vhich aboriginal Pas Indian~t village sites are indicated by enclosed nu erals. 9 MAP a PASS CAH'UII,LA TERRI TORY C'>OURCE: William Duncan strong ~ nAboriginal Society in Southern California," Ul1!v~rs1~x, of' California Publications in American Archae ology; and Ethiiofogy; Vol; ;(XV! r1929).. ..~.- P. 9 9 .. 10", Coach,//a lIa//t-y Sail Jacl"to Mo""tain.s Extr:=tcteo frowt : ciety Map. 4. Pass Cahuilla Territory. WilliR."l1 Duncan StroY1g, in SOlJthern C8.1ifornia," "Aboriginal p ~ R9 ~ 10 30- 11 C1 n leadership wa . organized on a fairly simple ba is ~ In oach cIa ~ leadership r sponsib111ty was as- sign d to three offlcers lI r1os"" important of these \--zas a ch·ef whos power included t)en ral executive , 16gislative~ judicia1~ and spiritual authority over the entire commun1tyQ econd in importance was a cerenonial assistant to whom chiefs delegated much of' their spiritual authority. Least significant was another ceremonial assistant whose duties ler both few and inconsistent within the t~o tribe ~ , rr no cl ns identified their three leaders a Fika, Paha~ .... • rr .... _'$ nd Teaka, while Pasr- Cahul11as called theirs .-1et 9 Pahs.v n akwOe 11 Ho ring marriage customs, both <":erranos and Pass C hu111a hav been described as believers in tloiety xog- amy. his rule dictated that boy's bride be selected ro a cIa b longing to the trib ~e opposite molGty~ Be= c us 1 e "Coyote" moiety predominated s- rnong both Pass tr be , this rule was difficult to onforce and wee usually dl r rd d In i ('! pl ce was substituted the r Ie of clan exo amy, mea in ,erely the t husband and wire must have or! lnat d fro irrerent clans . 12 jpon being married , a ~ 11 G1fford Jl OP e cit., pp. 1&1- 62; Lucile Hooper g "The CahuIlla Indians," Univ rC'lit of California Publi ca.tions in rican Archaeology nd '.. hno 0& , Vo . VI 1919- 1920, • 328. 12 ~trong , Op e cit., p ~ 23-4, 112-13 _ 12 new family established both me· mber hip a.nd residence with the husband's cl n, :tnd family organization was structured on patrilinear bafd.r: h 1 3 \vomen t s ~tatug was inferior not only to their husbands' b't to men in general,,14 iithin family, the varIous members reportedly had great respect for each othert although they seldom expressed their inter personal lffectiona outwardly. For example,. fathers gen- inely loved their c ildren but hesitated to demonstrate their arrection fearing that such behavior would cause the children to be lonely whon they must occasionally be abse t for hunting nd fighting!» cern for others in her family, sle would usually do so by weepingg 15 In addition to family relations Pass Indians' social life also oxhibited other interesting featureS$ Among the e liSS the way in which an individual's personal ~ta tu \-t s d tarmined in his clan. For a man, the sole determining criterion was his record as a hunter. If he were an excell nt hunter~ fellow clansmen reward d him with L , 13Hooper, 0E- c~t._ p. 349; strong, ~E. cit., p. 15. lltnoo p er. op. cit., pp. 3.52-53; Kroeber, Handbook, PPe 705 ... 07. . 1.5 Hoop r, 0'0. t: cit. ~ 13 eat r spa t9' If he posse .... sed an inferior record g his p r on 1 worth was ro l ti vely le .. ,s 4I For \' omen, clan stat s a~ deter in d n t 0 la ses , spoed 8 d qua tity of work$ Thu t the r.10 work a wom n conld acoomplish in a plvan p.r1od of 1m ~ he ~reat r resp ct and recognlt1o~ she 1 ad from 0 h r clans omen" .,noth r significant ''''octal ch r ct r st Adult maturity was hly priz '" reouired to .. . rain their c Idr n to bit def renee ow I'd aId rs" Apparently y h t'o 0 I.i cher1~ h d values n !) · as Indians 9 social ructul~ r. £enorosi v Qnc liber lity r tr dltionnlly exprcs ed in pI , ..L mil! s re.ularly eon tl"'ibute a por ti on of their rly 00 supD11e to th locel clan chief a d youthful unt eu . . rily d1vidod thei'" c tch lith p r ntQ nd ndpa . t .16 ter1 ~ult . fOind in typ cal Pass I dian v111 geu war a c y . 11 fo o urp03 o. t commo ~ p mall i . 1 lingo.;; f \ h11 the min! fa v doc r. 011 o . 'l'he j or r e commonly _ c- n ul pc • It Ibid. d 0 tr cted 0 th tch tule v ieh via of n covered wi th mud plester to Cl--eate a r in-resistant shelter. R sting on a cross beam supported by wo PorKed posts, tne roof sloped in either di~ection and terminated a short distance beyond the side walls which measured about four feet in helghta 17 Ceremonial huts were usually of two types~ One we a general ceremonial houwe of which each elan had its own 0 This house served as center of the clsntg ceremonial Iif $ somewhat 11.., a lodV'8 r..all is th_ foc 1 point for a fraternal ..... order's activitiez today, and wa used on various ceremoni- a1 oceas1on .... throughout the year. Among i."erranos, a eere mon1al il.ou~a Wsg !mOl-in Bo n k1caternte;18 l--ihile Pass # - - Gahul11a~ id ntiried theirs as a ki~humnaw9t~ An average c · - - T - roof was conical in shape an~ sloped gracefully dowftward rrom several high ce tar poles to meet the surrolnding walls which stood bout four feet high. !n the roar's center & small hole had been 1 ft to llow smoke emanating from rires -1thin to escape. , 17Senedlct, Ope cit., PP. 385-B6Q 18 ! 5trong:J OR. _ ei t., P6 21. - 7 - a { 15 Insid • at the rear, 3m 11 sectIon wes part1 ioned froo tho rc. Inder 0'" th room hlch served -s a torQf~e space for .1nor pi ces of ceremonial equ1ptnent nd varia Broods for use by .oni 1 partlc1pantso- 19 Unt'ortunatelYti no 1 11 rly eta~l d d v 11 bl ~ but inference drf:H.;n rrom descriptions ot: ct;iv- it ~ h 1 wi'h1n on ind-cate th t it was approxiMately the size una shape as the Pas~ second about twelve fa t long# v r e boa upportcd on w forked posts root or brush dearth cov _ doles sloped to the g-l?oundlt The interior d to H de_ th of roughly two re t nu in >Its c te \'0 n ~ueted r1"~eplaca0 e structure h~d no root" en .., nd onl 0 : ening whlen wa used for a doorG 20 -lot ery • mple. . . pparel Bui~able tor s arm H a+-hor ..,h bra c-h clooS..h, ,,-hi 1 a popular tJlrftl€nt cool "her cons1 t d of t~ 0 skins s llyn .. ,::ether t- ,1 ho e 1 t or ec. rm, an 4 leg a ~le latter as corn 0 1 i om om~ t~ ~ i t wer- de of m squlte bark -------1~9~.------------------·-------·------·----------------- 14ooper, OE cit., P9 329. 2 703 04. t photo~raphed on p g 17 .. 16 I!.tLURTRA TI ON I Il~TERIOR OP SERRA ·:0 OR PAS!: CAh1JILLA SlriI~T HOUSH! <"'OURCE: Al!'red Lewi s l'Croeber$ Handbook of the Indians of Colifornla, Builet.in"18~' "Bureau or" 'Ameri cQ'n Et:tirio1o~y (Washington: Govern ment Printing Or-flee, 1925), plate 60(!l 17 I TERIO OF SERRANO OR PASS CAHUILLA SWEAT HOU,- E Extr~cted fro~: vroeber, Handbook, p18te 60. 18 prepared by rubb1neg pounding, and pulling until it became soft. Other skirts \lare made fr'om a fabric of knotted twine which W 8 prepared from the w1wut reedo 21 Two typ s of foot e r weI' common of which on VIas the sandal m d 1 th r rrol'~ mescal or centur" y plant fibers and secured to th foot by string" 0 The other \'J8 s a moce· sin made of sort ~k1n which laced up the front and sometimes extnded six inches a ove the ankleso Both types provided good protection .trom thornS0 22 As Pass Indians came into closer contact with hite men during the nineteenth cen- tury, they gradually discarded their native attir and :!dopted th .. white intrudel'" S clothlng 3 Although one antl~opologlst has identified sixty varieties of d1blo plants consumed by these Indians, th lr three be -10 plant foods 'ere mesquite beans 9 acorn, and conifer Ileedso All three were prepared in a s1mil r faahion& After being collectad g they were first allowed o drYQ Then, they were pulver1zed into flour under pres~ sure 1: om atone pestles pressing against mort rs rnade variously from boulders, bed rock. or de ply hollowed treo trunks sunlt in th grounde These three basi foods Her PPrI Ben loa , l 21 Hoopr, o;~ cltG, p~ 357~ Bene let, 0Es Sl;_i 388 .. 89 0 22Kro ber~ He huilla Ethnography," pp. 60-1; diet J 0p& cit., pp~ 388-89_ 19 frequently supplemented with roasted yucc tocks, various kinds of cactu fruit~ deer meet, and rabbit meat. 23 lnlike the ~qjorlty of California Indlp.nn, pottery .. as common in the Pass and was used both for coo .. {ing and storing. It was mode of red clay t ken from adjacent moun tains and was seldom painted. In preparing t~e clay, it was subjected to un interestlng process .. fteI being dried, sifted, a~~ moistened, it las rolled into long ~ope- like strands which were then coiled to create 1 vessel of desired depth and breadth. .As the potter coiled his strands, he flattened them into a solid mass by holding a stone agalnBt the interior surface while patting the exte rior with a sMall paddle. 1hen the v ssel had been formed, it was tempered in the heat of a small fll'e. 2 4 On page 21 is a picture of one miscellaneous and four standard potter forms. Rotating clockwise, at upper-l rt is a small-mouth jar designed both for holdinr ~ater and for storing seeds3 The upper-center jar was a standard form probably used for short-range storageo At upper-right is a small cooking pot. At lower-right is a miscellaneous container not con sIstently found dlnong all Pass clans. Finally, the 23 Benedict, OPe cit., pp. 387~ 391-92; Kroeber, Handbook, pp. 694-9i. 24Benedict:, op cit p 386 · K h TI d~ k ..., ., ., ' J. ; \..roe ... er, I an 000 , pp. 702-03· 20 : 0 fReE: Alfred Le-wis Y~oeber, nEthnogr phy of the ~ uil1 Indians,' Univer ity of California Publications in American Archaeolo ~ and ~thnologl' 'ole VIII, no. 2 190 -lq 0 , plata 9 .. Extracted from: Kroeber t "Cahuilla Ethnography , " plate 9 .. receptacle at lower-lett wss another standard form used both as a bowl and aa 8 dlsh~25 22 B skets were also lt8ed ro~ var1-ous phases ot cooking nd food storage. Styles varied from flat plates and shallo\-J bowl ' 0 large storage basketsG Favor! te weaving mater! 1 were several grass stems" sunulc$ and rush. Fin- 1shed products were generally crude in appearance becauliJo they were woven in a clos6i coiled manner instead of 1n a more o.ttractiv open, twined pattern. Variously colored encircling bands !)l"'ovided the most common decorat1on~ A mong colors used» black was the most highly prized, but brown, red» yellow, and olive also appeared~26 Only black bands era dyed \>4h11e the other four oolors l.vere obtained by inserting multi .... colored sumac stems in the woor Q 27 Closely related to basketry and weaving W&S a three to r1ve inch roe h hammock-like cargo carr1ar& Having headba.nds ttach d to oth ends, 1 t was supported by two Indians' hoads and u~ed OP carrying 11~ht loads$28 For hunting w apon , Paes Indians used three types - , . ,.., "-3 , , 25 I roeber, 'Cah lIla Ethnography. 11 pp. 56 ... 7 G 26Benedlct, op. c1~., pp. 386-87; Kroebar, pp. 69 -702. 27 'rioeberJ nc hul11a l'thnography," p .. 41. l • 28 Krocb r, Handbook, p. 699; Benedict, o~ cit., n illu tr tion of carrying net may be examined on p _ 24. 23 ILLUS TRA TION III SOURCE: Alfred Lewis Kroeber» tlEthnography of the Cahuilla Indians v t:I Qni verst ty o~ ... Csl1fo.rnis Publica tiona in Am.arleen Archaeology and Ethnologyg Vol . VIII, no . 2 (1908-1910)>> plate 11. Kroeber "Cahuilla Ethno late 11 (\1:1:\1 ,\ (, '\ 1 '1 , 25 of instruments & Of the three,. the best remembered today is probably the bow and arrow. Bows were made primarily from mesquite, willow, and palm-loaf stem. while arrows were prepared from wood and c ne~ Although some arrows had wooden and stone arrowhead, bound to the1r forward end s, others 14ere merely wooden sticks having one end sharpened to ina po1nt~ Other weapons included 11 thick, cylindri- cal-hEUlded war club a .d a flat, curved stick resembling a boomerang ~ .: assuring between t\-10 and three feet in 1 ength, he latter was used primarily in hunting emaIl game such rabb1t. Another tropIsm nt which could be used as a weapon was a four-foot digging stick 'Vlh1ch was sharpened on on end and made of hard wood. 29 Although Pass Indian~ believed that all illness was caused by the stomach, they possessed virtually no medicin. s design d fo internal usee Manifesting n 1ntense aversion tor all internally consumed medicines, almost all cures and tr atmants were desiened exclusively f'or external applica tion. ;'om common trea tments were rubbing herbs on palnf'ul area ~ burning sore ... po 5" and Jtlllcking wounds,,)O ,moking \'(18 a normal activity atnong Indian men but as forbidden to women. Using a local plant whose name has ,. J • "Ii Q 1 1 'I' F been translated as lfCoyota9 s tobaccoj If they generally smoked from pip s made either o~ reed or pottery ~31 26 For money Paaa Indians used strings of shell beads measuring about four feet in lengths One anthropologist e timet d a string's value at about t~enty-flve cents when compared with American money in 1924. 32 Ceremonial Life Ceremonial act1vltlesrepreaented the most important p rt of Pas Indians' I1vesa Although basic similarities can be obs ~ved among Serrano and Pass Cahuilla ceremonial patt rn~, in this area one may also find the most 81gn1fi~ c nt dIfferences bet een the t\-Jo Pass trlb~s& Among rrano, the theoretical ceremonial leader in each clan was th Kika who lived in his clan's ceremonial house, or kicateratc$ According to ~errano legend, the tribets cre- stor, Pakrok1tatc, had built the first Idcateratc for his • resid nce g and ferrano clan chiefs had sustained this leg n 1n choosing their dwellings. In practiee g the Kika delegated a large part of his ceremonial responsibility to 1s c:p r1tu 1 assistant, the Paha, so that the latter was the de facto c remonlal leader and the former was only --------------------------------------------------------- 31 enedlct, OP e cit . ~ ps 390. 32 IbId . , p. 3G9. 27 1 11 · · ~~1 t i thi et 3~ Although t~ne K1 vb nom na y s ... gnl..L can n ~ . $ resp 11 · ..).... - ~"'Q 1"8S largely concerned with other matters, he did exercise arson 11y his right to determine th@ speolfic day or days on which each c r -ony would be h ld. J4 The ParJ-S. hrrw ver, had char!: ~_ all ceremonial pars .hernalla, notl.f1ed clans- men of the exact day or days which th Kika had d -S.l.gn ted .. rOF ch eeremon7~ ~eeted and v1s~ted with ~le8ts at c re- monial events, and made all commissary ~rrangements for cel~br~·ion .35 ~le P ~~ sha~d a part of h1~ responaib:l- tty ~ith the Te ka whose function was to act as the clanf~ I Hsvln~ inherited hi -- positlon rrom his tLer's lineage a the Te,aka. f s duty was to lead sinelng t hi~ clan's various cer~onial festivitiesg Although the ongs of e ch clan we~e primarily concerned wlt~ the origin nd wand rings o~ ~erra os in gen~ral. ~ndividual clans te ad to supplement tb1~ by empnas1z1ng the specii'ic con- i-rlbutions e eh had made 1n the development or .. ' r-rano life. 36 Ceremoni 1 leaderanip among Pass Gatillillas was simi larly s~ru tured on ~ thre& position oasis~ The Net in .. · 0 . - • c t., .. pp. 161-829 C .,· ... 1... J 28 each Pas~ Cahuilla clan corre pon d to th ~ rrano'a ~ika, nd likeni 0 . his most important theoreti cal duty w s ceremonial . 37 In ddltlon , the Nat l~o announced the •• exact dates on which ceremonies \~ould be h ld nd knew by memory all songs and 1 gends recognize by his clan and tribs o3f Unlik the Kika , ho ever, he retain d 1 rgar degre of his era, oni 1 rc ponsibil1ty and dele ated less to r~~ · ubord1nates . As among the ~errano, a Paha serv d au piritual assi tunt to each Net, but hi~ aut1cs were mor restrieted because the lIet cu tomarl1y Y\ s rved or .. Hlms 1f a mor" ctive rol ceremonially than di "he Ylka. • A hi clan's v lou:; c lebratlons Lh P 11a • directed pu" - lic sinl~in~ and supervls d ... 0 e of +-h- i .dividual ceremo- ~ .... n1e.. The third party in Pass Cahuilla clan lead rshl.p we 3 "oth r car mo lal assistant knoin s tha tSkw. Hi dutl ere to assign each tam Iy Lts share in ~upplyin food for cer on1al oce sione, to superintend the gathering of ch family's contribution , to prepare the food fflemb. ~ of .18 family, and to distribute the ~ood to those attending each festlv1ty a 39 Thus, t t 0 tribes' pa . rna of or nlzing their ceremonial Ie dershlp re roughly .. 37lfooperJ oE o cit., p . 328. JB(!tro J OP a . clt . lt pp. 105-06. 39 HooP r , °E · . clt.~ p. 328. 29 im11 r, althougl. distr:1bu 10 of sp clfic responslbill ti s var-ed in minor' gr • In both trlb s, each clan s most prized po S Bsion was its ~acred bundle. A ered bundle a nothing more than a m t of' c CtU8 or tul tf er 1n ~hich w s stored the ..:1 nt. ceremonial equipment. .. err nos c lled theirs a uurtc , and it most treasured item was a string ot eagl • In add1tion 9 the 'r.'luurtc contained • bands of flicker and woodpecker feathers. rattles, he d lume , t-Jands, nd strinE... of sh 11 mon y h ving various ceremonial uses. Its cllstodian in e ch clan was the Paha. ~hen not in use, he carefully hid it usually in a n arb,. v~ or Gomewhere in tho ceremonial houae.4 0 AQSS Cahu11las called theirs a maiswut, t,J S '-' ~ i gned I( , th responsibility of being its guardlan$ A roais'Wut c n- lY 1 I! J slated of a r ad mat ho ~ing a s ring of sacred ea ,le feather~ and grlz~ly bearts pelv1s(t "'Down $ yuuknut . , the grIzzly bur' pelvis was perforated with holes ·h1ch nabled it to be used a ceremonial h·stle . Wh n blown by th P,Il,h t 1 ts power w·g s reportedly so great th t 1 t could kill ny irreverent or noisy ~erson.41 An int resting characteristic of Pass Indi ns W 9 I t . . _ 40 ~trong, OPe cit., pp. 20-210 41 ~ I,l~., pp. lO~-06, 128. Q - 30 their cooper tive approach to ear monial life. I neith r trib· would ne have round a clan enga ad in oerem.onlal actlv 'tJ ~tlthout th presence and a.ssistance or various m mbers of other clans in the tr1be~ Eor ceremonial pur- po es, " rrl:tno clans were divided. into fou.r group ncre1l! ~ hen Hny clan hod a earoPlonial celebration, membevs of other clanE in 1 to O€l-'emon £11 group ware seloo I ab~ent~ In 80UlO C S B gueat cl ns ~.nd no spac1nl ?unctlon~ and partlc- Ipatod as equ 15 wittl the host clsn~ At other t1 es. how- evtJr~ CHest cl ns had "'pe~lfic purts to pla::l in the various events, Buch as the responsibility for preparinF: effigies to be u ed in the IMage Burnine Gerel110ny.4. 2 Pass Cahuilla clans lor re llkewi$e org nizad in ceremon~ 1 unl ts , 81 thoug ~ they had thrp3 inste d of roar croup'JI) IJik the :'errano, ceremonial groups ~unc~1oned cooperatively with guest clans' rcspons1bilities also varying from r:; ner 1 to -ac1t1c.43 ",oncerni 8 ora impo 'tant cel~e !lonia ,. the ~o tribes emib! ted l!lany important similar! ties. Eo tl ha ~ u Ho"." t .." Initiation Car luony in \-Jhioh adolesoent boys received .full, · dult m rob rship in t:heir respac iva clans . • 44 BOvh 11 !'. 4 ~ .. ~ • -------_._._. - ____ " _____ ~ _________ V . ____ ff 42 Ben diet, 0E. cJ t." ppo 369-70~ 43 '.trong, op. (;1 t., pp .. 91.2. - . 44.I.b1.d. ~ p Q 31-2; Hooper, oE:, 01 ~o, pp. 345-41f) 31 Girlsf Adoles cence Oeremony recognizing arrival ot sexual maturity.45 Both had a dual purpose Death Ceremony in which tho clan both extended final recognition to the de ceased person and sought to appease his spirit so that it woul d not t'6turn to disturb posteri ty. 4 6 Finally, both had annual week-long celebrations which marked the year's most impo~tant ceremonial 0vent o gion 14113 known as the Annual !4:ourn1ng Ceremony, wh.ile Pass Cahu111as celled theirs the Fiesta. Bothavents eulminated with an Image BurnIng Ceremony during whioh spirits of those vlho had died during the preeed.lne! year raturned for their lest visit on Ea~th~47 In addition to these .four. both tribes had other less important ceremonies about which anthropologists have many disagreements. Frhus. available evidence indleates thtlt- san a-o~gon10 Pass was aboriginally InhBbl ted by several sma-Il Indian bands rep:t?Gsent1ng P6~..nants of two larger tribal groups, the ~errano and Pass Cahuilla ~ The Fase area was probably a transition zona lying between both tribes' main oettla ment areas which was occupied by both but claimed 111 • OP e cit. , E op . 32 exclu q 1voly by neither. Al~houeh the ultimate accuracy of thl Q h pothe ~S may never be known, at least t~ 0 facts 3Ug- J7est it -- ... .... - 1b111ty. Fir~t, both trlhes t m jar territorial posseonlon approached tne P C'4s and either could eas11y have extended into it, asp c1 iI population pres ure bAd neces~it ted expansion be on the bou duries of stab- 11shed villa es. ~eco d, possess! - v_rt ally idan~1c 1 linguistic nd cultur l background , intergroup compatibil ity ~ould hare presented no ser 0'5 problem except whe~e 1n~ufric1ent food suppli s necessitated rivalry for ex_ t- enc 0 S f'!l1 of tho -nthropolog1cal con.fun1on exisu- ing ted y relative to the ferrano-laas Cahuill aboriginal occupanc:r controvererj 111ay lean outgrOl1Jth of' the t'¥lO !'f'roup t p rt e 1 asa1mil tlon in the ass thus leaving tr ce of both but complete recordn of neither. CHAPTER II PIONEER TRAVEL Afro fETTLEM~~T IN ~AN GORGONIO PA~~, 1769-1562 Ea.rly Travel Prior to 1562, neither ~pani8rd5, Mexicans~ or Americans usod the San Gorgonio Pass gateway to ~outhern California in any significant degree. During Alta Callfor- nia' s ~pani8h and l1exlcan occupat.1.on 03 a northern i'rontier colon rrom 1769 to 1848, transportation between it and Ji"exico t as conducted primarily by sea. .Jevertheless, a few intermittent overl nd migrations did occur and these tende to folloH two general routes. Originating at vari ous points in .1exico. some parties preferred Q coastal rout travelling north either along the east side of the Gulf OL Cal1Tornia or up the Baja California Peninsula to ~an Diego . Others desired interior travel along a route which has recently received much more publicity and 1s popularly known as the Anza Trail. Commencing in th northern Hexican province of Sonors, the Anza Trail tol lowed a circuitous path to Yuma where it crossed the 0010- redo River and proceeded across the southern nart o£ the ,t; Colorado Desert. Upon reaching the San Jacinto mountain r nge, it turned north along these mountains i eastern base 34 before shifting northwes t t penetra te th range t - n C rloa Pass. D tiC nding into .... n Jaclnt V 1101,* the road continued north\.16atarly to San Gabriel .·[1s~ion. Thus, neither of the major co stal or intorior routes used by Sp niards and r"Ie .. ~ie ns for OV' rland rave bet oan nor h e~n Mexico and Alta Call~orn1a m de use r !~an Gorgonio rasa, although by rnisr presenting ~an C rlos to b n arlier name or f.an Gorgonl0 late 19 hand rly 20th century California historians erroneously locnt d 'h in teri r route through this latt r pas. 1 I addition, no. of th more .famous (~l,).Qnlsh California explor 1"'8 such a~ I' Juan Battista de ~nz , Fray Franc! co ~8rcess or Gaspar de Portola succeeded in locating the ~::;an Gorr:on" ,a t -w~:r to Although no major fpanish 01 Hex1can road· 11 "".:tng • l'i:' 1 II g" " 1. _ lTh1s error \'&5 corrected by Unl. Vr) a1 ty of Califor- nia ,t rn his ory profesBor, \9 Herber i' lf 1301 ton» 1n the 1 te 1920~ when he con ucted n exhaust1v Inv stlg - tion of the interior route us ng dia~J aecoun s or Juan Bautint dAnza's 1774 nd 1776 trips over it • • 0 ults of Bol :on t s ~or'" \iere publ1 had in': Her crt 1:iugane Bol ton~ Anzats C~~~forn1 ~xpedi~lpn , (Ber ley: University 0 Ca11~orn 'r as , 193a). Infor tion concerning the ~ n Gor'-onlo ... !"'an Carlos controversy appe rs in Vol . I, p. 149 . ~ome e rller Cal1£ rnia hltorian who a~~lgne the road to :-an GorR:onio Pass were: Hubert Howe Bancroft, R1s,!!orx of hv Pac! 1c 3tat . (San Francisco: A ~ L. Bancroft ~ 'bo' p ny; 'Pu 11shers," 1384) ~ Vol . I, 'P it 223 , 262. 264; bl110t ~O es» 01 the Trail of' a C! . anish Plone r (~f w York: Francis P. H rper , 1900, o . , PP $ 20 -05; J • . $ "uinn A Historv of California {Loa Ang le: His~oric Re ord dottlp ny, /I' 1907 j , 'P. 76. 35 northern I-lexico and Alta California utilized the Pass, this s.tatemnt should not be interpreted to mean tha t the Fa a as compl tely igno~$d by Spanish and Mexican off1- c 1ala. . bar11e t available evidence indicates tha t ~,panlah - il·tar:f orr c181 stationed ,t the pr·u1dio in nan Diogo w re equainted \<11 th the Pa,8S 1 existence by at 10ast 1821, a yoar befol"'o the end of .panish eontl?ol in California · At thls tit'l tlI a .. oeo or-ieaps. Ind1ftn nomad. Ce,ptnin Jose in- form d temporary presidio commander Jose Maria Ef'tud 'illo th&t Cocomaricopas were eurl"ontly engaged in fl tlH!JfHlengGl"" service between Tucson and ~an Gabriel along relatively direct route through p .an ~.Torgon10 Pa s~2 Al though the . et dnta on l!lhich 'PQnlsl1. Fr_ne1scan priests at San nabriel first beCRlUG acquainted t-;1 th the Pass is not knovU':\p C pt ' in Joe" t 8 l' 21 report to 'studillo sugges1;s tha t they w r a are 0 it at leas by the early 16208. If this _ . ump ion i' f: lse JJ an 1827 report conoaI" ing San briel's ra 1 property po sessIons prepared by mis ion frat r, for th ue.xlcan territorial t'l'overnm~nt discloses th t b this d t they had def1ni tely acqu.ired knowledge o h , p • t 1 J J PI! i' .. 36 Soan1~h and Mexican interest in the Puss was not ".. conf1ned to ere a areness of its existence~ Follo ins th It za Trail's closur by the -Tuma t~a"sacre in 1181, overland tr val between Mexico nnd Alta California by the interior r'out had bean virtually non-existent. Reestab lishing good, dependable overland road betueen the tliO rea prim r11y for use by 1nter~scctlonal mail carriers had be n 8 mo t distrensing problem for ~paniBh military and clerical au+-horlt1ea in Calif'ornla ~ The proble'>'rl S s riou~n Sf; rCTIlf in d unabated :Cor Cali orn1a? s ner rule s followl ~ t. Mexican Revolution. Unlike their ~pan1~h pr dace sors, hOloiever, the ne :rexic!ln of.flcials succeedod i pre ari ' a .. d ex .. cuting allan they hoped mlgh~ improve 1. tuati n* Under this pI njJ 'Haxiean army Captain Jose o. ro ws to e~lore the Cocomarlcopa Trail from ~ n Gabriel thr ueh San Gorgonio Pan to Tuc30n~ In Dacem b r, 1323, Pomero d part d frOM ~an nabriel to perfor~ his 1 ,ned ssk Be omp ni d b~T 0 fifty ... nmn party and hord of 37 pon mer~inc from the ea t rn end or he n de ending onto the ~olarQdo D 08 t, the partyfs ..... 1 n co. co fused an( ~ aft r much suffering Pomoro wa s or d 0 retr c hie step to Dnn Osbrielv l. 0 r el-p b :forA .omero eo I,ead"," to depart cond t1 • ." ennl 11 !f an enginee .1 t~ a small 37 detachment of laborers had bean assigned to the party, and instructions subsequently arrived for omaro to construct a fort when he should once more arrive at San Gorgonio ~ How~ ever , neither he nor the engineer wished to construct the fort nd the order was d1sragarded ~ Upon completing the trip9 both men made negative reports concerning the route, and the engineer a.pologized in his for neglecting to build the San Gorgonio Pass fort by stressing that winters in the Pass were too severe to permit a year~round garrison to be stationed thara . Although the fort· ... bul1dlng order suggest ed tha.t ex1can officials liare definitely planning to use the route once Romero had succeeded in locating ItSl the yu~ Indian tribe simultaneously made the sta~tllng and un expected annotL""lcement that it wished to resume friendly ~elat1onB wIth its Mexican ne1ghbors ~ The Yumas' petition for restoration of friendly relations coupled with Romero~s adverse report resulted in the Mexican government's rejec tion or the San Gorgonio P ss-Gocomar1copa Trail route in favor of another extending west from the Colorado R1var@s Yum ero sing into San Diego through WsrnerVg Pasa ~4 • 4Beattl , "Anze Road , at pp. 55-71; Hubert HOW9 Ban croft !) The Works of Hubert Howe Bancro.ft , Vol . XIX~ p . 509; George ~r1111am Beattie and Helen Pruitt "'Be ttie , g,er~taRe of the V llel~ pp. 18-20 j 207 . Here1narter cited as! Beattie, ller tase . upon this development, qan Gabr1· 1 l~is 10 t". prie ts war extreMely d:seruntled. Th y had _ervently oped tha~ _ xiean . ov rnment woul A adopt the "- ~ocoruar~copa ~rail road in -eestab11shing an official r-out· for overland communication "11th C!llifornia. l~X end- 1nJ! no~thw ~t f"rom Tucson in northern Sonora, the road .... ~oulA ~Ave lad dir-ctly briel. Rad 4-his be.en done~ ;:; II OS riel wo '.1d lave be- CO:t'€' me road 1 ~ flrat important aton ~n California and it~ .. e~rective northern ertranugfil To this end the mission and had pense and saeplrlce~ the 2~nora-Alta C lifornia ro d had been routed by way OL Yuma and .; rner ' s Pas~ Lnto ('"!QJl F~anciscan missionaries det~r~lned to be realieti~~ In rail pIa·, they auest1 tuted another by wl~ lchhe .. .,,:isc.io_ 39 .a.n n _ rr.a~dlno the tr "I f'irst , d east through uc ips into th vicinity of p.esent Bea ont where it turned outh into th north estern end or the ~an J c1nto mountains, follow n ... virtu 11y the sam p th ~s current L mbta C nyon o d ;hro h this r ng • pon e erginb. from th mountains, 1 proco dad sou h through tho s ~l v111a~6 of ~an Jacinto ..... nd vontuBlly ·r cd tll ;,0 101'a-t 1 fa C lifornia road .. n r. r .. r's F SS~ ; ub quently n.ttl d the n~an Bern rdlno - onor Ho ,It on b 3 U b ccount 1 t 2ug est d tha~ thi was c.. (' ,onora nd Lo.;! · ngele is 0 5 o~ h Pa.~ by orrlcial Me ia n government 1 (; ' occur ed on t Ie at two other ocea~iolls rl 110rnia l !;: ... ort ;":enty-flve yelu p::rJ.od as Q ov1nc f'!ret h pp~ned in 1845 111'01 Cali- forn1 . x1can 'oV rnor i Pio Pico, reQ~e ed Jurupa (.i r 1<1 ) cho r(~sident . .} . D. '.Ii son 0 t'l1 Ke a rip m Be ttl , It eval nd Los An_e_es of u v • .. 40 HAP 3 SAN BERNARDINO ... SONORA ROAD z o ~ .J 21 ~ O~ ""/I \ \' .. ,"/_~fl 0 22 ///\\-':,. ~"'/ "- ~ 2A\\'~ ~ -':: \ f /<: '>-/ II//. 'f • 'II//:, "'- " 33 3' R2W RIW ':!. ?/I 23 24~'" " -"illl 111/-:.,. ., ~ //11 '... " ~/I" ~ /,/ ,lfl\\:\ -"/IJI1\~ ;;'//1\ , /1\26 25 30 SAN GpRGONIC '/ C' "7 ~1- 3' 31 ~ ~ '/,~ ~ II'~~ ~ -:: 4 3 • /~ . .' • ..5''(l ~ ,d ,// ... _ 1- '-: (/ 'I//~ .q ~'';I//< .. • 10 C> It-,>- " 12 ~/l, 0 - -;. - COUN,l '/ I' NAROI~ SAN '~Ej 16; to f-OUNTY "/;:;- PIEGO C ~ fI- - -SAN - "//11 0 ", ~O " ..5'21 ..:-22 23 2" .q1- - , (/1- //11 ~ ~?,.::::... .... )- ~ "''il/' _ '/ C'/ . , "')-27 218 28 25 30 0 ............ /1/ 1 - "~ -:';"11 1 - SAN BERNARDINO-SONORA ROAD 1& -::"'///1 \\' ~ 3 I • "/111 \\' ,,' I , , ;;. 0 Imile 2 1--"1 ~ "'/ < H. E . M. , MARCH 15, 1955, U. S.C. I <~) • Source: RIV. CO. SURVE Y. OFf. I '/1\\\ ~1I\\'~ "'II\~ 20 2 I E: r.: ... ,;::. ..... ,," - ",,\1,\ 'f\' ~( '/11\\ ,~ WEAVER V ~/'I\\\\ HOUSE 'i/l'" 2. 28 2 T 0 ~ PASS 0 .. V 't + + 3' 32 to. 33 Iv "v _.;J ~ ~ 1\ 3 ,\ II//,} ,I ,,/~ • \ 10 ,I II/. ~ :: ,,1// - - - - - "§- -17 I. - 15 -,,: \/111,. "I JIll .' "::: _.. ~ J ~~ 20 21 0 22 >- ~ , q ~ t- ..5' en 2. - 28 2 7 II) ~ q i:" 34 '~ ~'\'\JII\' • 3 I TO SAN JACINTO T 2S T3S T3S T4S 42 throuf·h ;}Ql1 Gorgonio Pa . into PaBS Cahuilla countr.r to captur' or subdue two rabble-l"ousing ~an Gabrl 1 Indi n neophyt,g who had det.>e:rtted the 1.1salon. In response to t.tlJi r quest, '11 on organized ta. party \<ith Jl.ich ho trav ell d tlu'Iough the rasa i_ to the vlci-n.i ty of pre ant 1"'8.111 ~~p!'lne." nd xecuto·d his assignment. 6 The 1 at knoY~n instance of oJ'flci 1 f'lexic n eovern- rnent use of the ass toalr place ply in 1847 sho tly b - fore Mo.xleo t aUI'rorder of Cellrornia to th United !'"'tates ~ On this occasion the visiting party cons1ste of a band of forty or f1.fty ~1exlc n ooldle .!'s engaged in hasty retreat .0 ~Jonor8. COnh"'llanded. by G~ner 1 JOg' 1>1 ria Flores, the gro~l'p h d jus t been de e ted . t the Battle of Los Ange.l S River by n force of imerlcans under the joint co~and of (!!naral _ ,tephen ~i. Kearney and COl'nnodor Robert ,' 0 • .:toc !:iOn. This battle reprosnt d the clos~ C ilcldent in the fornia phase ot the Hex1can ~"nl~, no ur on reco~nizi g d f t !fIlor s ha t qulekl"lf decided tha t u. s h st .... ours wn to r tu.rn to l,,'fexlco t s more rrlendly onvironnent as f!oon • 1. .. from ran~e one \ est throurh rang eight \H3Stt p. 5. shol-Jing road rl~(rm . n Gorgonio to ~:an Jacinto through T-l' mb f Canyon. 6nenj9t'!li David ~/11son, nObs Motions on E rly Day('t n valiforl i~ no .Ie 1 j',ex co, ~t Hi<'!tor cal Society of ~~outhern C lifornia .£11!lual Pub'l;ic .. ti0l'll VolQ; ~JI, pp o 92-40 J more deu 11 account of this e ant ~ 11 app ar 1 Ch pter 111 0 43 po sible. 7 \my he chos to lead his group through r In ti ely obscure ~ n ~orgonio P as is not derin-tely kno ~ , although an e~p1 nation s easily uggesLede fie I1zing tha' hi men' moral W 8 low and th ir su pli poor, he probably desired a ro te on which the chance o~ con ctl ho~ ile b nd~ of Americans would b~ min ~iz dg For h~ purpo~e the Co omaricop Trail throu h S n 1orgonio ..; was exeell nto The L s . g 1 a-Yuma ro d hreu h \iarn r s ." P ",3 wa. tha l.Nokeis w stt-.·ard- ou_ d f.. ormon ttalion \ curre tly upon it Approachinc: Los frngeles Fifteen years 1 ter d'ring the 1862 A - 1 izon gold ru~h. int r at in the Sn Gorgonio P ss-Coconsrieop Trail road W B revived when ~ts western h f bee t e reCO~4 ·zed b eRa wnrd migr tine ~outhern Califo nia~_s as th short- est nd mo t e vily tr vellod routs to the fl~izon . ld \... and ·11 r rields . vOMmonly known s the Bradsh w Road a~ far ea"t as its Colorado hiver ero 1n~ -' few mil s south of La Paz, it cor~enced in ~an Bern rdi_o a d pro~ra~sed - ..... astwa~ through 8sn Timoteo C n on to ~an Gorrronio Pess ~ He e it shifted to a Nouth-aasterly cour e n £olloled 7 T - 11 i 8 ¥i .... son .. OP e ct., pp . 11 -19; J. J . 'Jnrn r , n Hl~tor1cal Sketch of LOS Angele~ :ounty, California,-p. 29 . generally the sanle path a s that tttaversed by the hlghl-.;aT \ihich hOl1 leads to Blythe. Cn one occasion in the tJQrly sixties, two partners .n a terrying comp_ny located at the road's Colorado River crossing were reported QonteMp1atlng the idea or developing the COCio!1!sricopa Trail"s eastern h 1f between the Colorado end Gila r1V(H',I, S tor use by 'wagon 8 traffic. However, no available datAl indicnte tha t they ever ..... eeu ted this p1.Qn~ ~'\aide i"rom. 1 ts use by Indians and 8 fe\<l M exican , ... overnment r presentatives, no r$cords have been located containing evidence revealing that the Pass wa s used by any civilian ~aueasian trav~lers prior to the United s tat st assumption of control over f'*s11forn19 in IB4BJII Durin£:. the preceding period in wh1-ch California. w~s M exico's north r ost province, tl'IO sources revasl that .five Haxiean civilians wandered into the Pass, but none was involved in ny form ')f' .... nter-s ctionel travel e One of these was a loog r, another a trapper, and a third a vaquero. 9 Eimilar vi ito s became more ~requ nt during the early 1850a, but none w·r engaged in projects involving any mora than rela- t1v ly localized trn al ~ Although explanation supplying • "! ... - I at * - I Ij - t >! J . 8 rJOs ~\~610S :::tar" Juno ll~ . August 23 , 1862. For f ulther detal.s on tEe Bradsh 11 Road, see Ch pter VIu 9San Ing H rald , June 29, 1539 . The San BSr'nardlno '1 mes,_ Au .ust 2, 1817~ " . · 45 definit1v r so s phenom no· are unavailable in ex s, two re easily suggested. First, tray 1 ero u the va t Color do D sert which bouncL., th e tern e d of the Pass dif icult. Unpacked de· ert s n ma walking troublesome nd v1rt ally pro lb t d U'5e of an but lightly londed p ck animals. ""*thermor , prior to t~l ea 1,. 1860s the desert t <:I few we. ter hole .... were el ther poorly kno' or und1scov rea. IO 3econ g estab_ished ro d , .... to C) uth ~ n C 1· forn a int rsect ... d the i rr nd +-h . . 0' on' ~,ul Lake-~an B rn -ino ro d bo pe e- trat tt a ountain . rth r north > t Caj v ~Ol1th· n ro d< om Tex ~ 8.d Jonor c nv y a and contlnu thrOl r"h ~;arn r 1 p 3 .• Little 1m ~ln - c t:LO • 1 required 0 underst n why ~ipan1 h M e ica £t'"ld n p on era were r lueta t 0 v ntur out on n un- or;;1d sert te-l nd I sklng .... 0 h 11 a .. property a ~ s 81" h 0 dep da le trails and J.~e l1ab_e pol ..... ..,8 o d h th Y .ht P netra te oft I' ierra Hev d rsn~ - or on10 Fa~ e ~ Ub3 antiatln~ the e eo .elus1ons i Ie t r repared Rancho :'ant de Chino r sid nt 1 t 10 or n more thorou h analysis f ~he volorado ate... pro' lem. see: Bcatti J ItDev lopment of Tr v 1 en. outl ern .rizona and JOB A ale s it Related to 8 rnardino V 11ey. 1 46 John RaIne ['or the Houso COP'J1l1 ttee on Public Lands in 1 60~ r t 1 ~ r: In en r +0 YOl tnt rro:atori 9 reI t va to th Col r do De e t.·!H. ',1 w uld eta hat r have cod nd c-cross d th bove-d ~1b'd setlon of country Aome lite tim 5, and h v explored it 1 11 p rt where it as po sibl to ~o, conne u ntly m ~ claim to 11 v n pecull r Knowl de: of it, an ~om ths t kno\>lle ge a fre to Qy ha t hero is no por t -,lot of it, 1th the exception of the location of the I dian r t nchar1e [Slil, 6 the opening of ~an Gsrgonio [8'lc7 Sj» on \-1hich man or anImal could subnist, or an -POl" ion of it that co Id be qold or any con~l r- t1on, . s there 1$ e1 ther vl t r or v .leta tlon, and +11 execs 1 va hea t nd dr f 1nf.t nd S Insko 1 t G. tram - 1y di flcult 1:0 cross over it, owing to which ·h re h 9 been gre t uf.f'er1ng, loas o~ life and property. It QuId be d1rr1cult 0 e ti ate he amount of propel~ ty a d ~toc 1 at on the d art of death (as c lIed by th H lean). I 10 t yse1f,.. one time, ora "·30,000 war h of she pta had drl en thus sr f~o. · H x1co. con~ ider the 6ntlr s ction (nam d by you) 'lot valueless, but a gra t barrier 0 the 'pros pe ity of h ~tato or c 1 forn1a and to :he Gener 1 Government, and i1" w t·r coull bG in'l';ro{iuced on .tt p it wo lId be 10' sing to m nkind~ ~~···· ·:·I wi tnesaed, in 1849, (after he overfloi of N ~ At r)~ iu u 1 nt gr th of t1''19. nd other veg tatio~ along ana ad j ce t to h ourae ta '$ ~y t .. H~ w te 1 B rlr in California' merlcan poriod 0 erland ic tl rou h h Pas inally bel~an j notlce- t:o a·gume . proportions ... :.ommc c1ng 1. i th th C I1forn tl gol ru 1'1 1n 1840, band 0 .. 0 01" . .iner'-J beg n makln N nnu 1 migr tion. th ough c tr 1 ;Rll~orni 1 1 . ,. no. 2439. ~ ch . pr1,~ d .. tin d or h old f1 Id. Returninr to 1ex co oach . volor do Desert, 49th CO~~.J Vol~ "V,- no. 1321, p. 6, ,.., rial 47 u umn, th ~ oup V l' d be sen fir y and hundr d no r portedly 't tlV 1 d dir- ctly cro!Js t e Color do rt bet t)tr1 _h e and Yuma" n c ... ing +-heir n eri- 1 k • 18~O, th If lu v :1e 0,,- tnBs yearly l::-r tl ns c pc l. v ~ ... r du lly 3ecllne r ' in Ie eading y ar until 185L . \vh n theJ' h , vi tu lly nt/pear d. 12 .. I .dd-tio to ~onor n miners' use r he fa a, our1 g the four y r e1"tlo f om 1 r 52 to 1056 i our ~ede - ally ponsorea ~llrvey D r ie jour -eyed through t-h P ss o v rio ons. Int r stingly, m p r~p ~ea lnt r on t b i of fie_d ot s coropl1ea by two or the e ro p~ d~s l)!3C w ron road nglin stwerd through the P s , -r _ uall ;-'hlftlng 1 t cours from the nort to th ou h .;~(J in th v nnin ItlJ rca now occupi~d by the to ns1te of 31st o n :>ollowin - C it~r 1 f S adMi ~ -t Oh B th Union' l'-J. nd the subseque orga~i tion of couny .., . l onora .nnual .. ... on m vie· o~ l~rt i Co t ('iurvoyor' .... G ... fi ce r~ p ~ ook for r n on aut throut:,h ran.__ 1 ... ht st, 1 48 cover-nments, official reccogn1tion of the Pass' value to overland transports ti OTil frHla no~ long deni cd II B t mid 1851 " the Loe Al"'.geles County Court or Eeasions had made the i-an ~ernardino-(;onora road a public thcroughfare. 1 4 Construct- eo by San Gabriel Hisslon's Franciscan friars in the late lU20s, this read extended eastHard into the viCinitY' of present Deuumont v.here it turned Bouth f utilizing L9mb t s Canyon to p~ss thl'l-oueh the an Jacinto mountain range. This action by the Court of C:essiona Pdid ~ two-fold nig- nificanca: First , it represented 'Official recoG;n1.ti n n that th~5 road was an important transportation ~oute; second, 1 t assured the aval1abi11 ty oj" cou.""1ty .f1.lnd for the ro." d t g pt"~servatlon and repair. Upon the statu Leg1s1ature t s creation o~ 8an Bernar- dino .... ot).nty t"10 years later in 105), most of the P8B3 was trunsferred to the net'i count,.' 9 control .. [;an Bernardino county ~upervlsorfJt interest in transportation thr-ough the Pass ~a3 coon apparent ~lhen in early Uovember g 1855; the,. ordered the creation of a public hlghway cxtending f through said pass to the Estrsn Lai£.7 boundary of' the County. ~f vIe-aver was sppointed • '\ _ . '" county Court or Sessiona 1~1nutes,. M ay 19, t ~ PO d ' . superintendent. 15 Although the minltes of !lnothe~ "'upervi.;..ors ' meetirt .. 'S held approximately thirteen star indl c t that the roso had bee completed s ~ar as the w tern end of ,he Pa 5) an ambiguously struc- tur sent n e e EU~~ sts trat no ·ork haa b n don east of .~'- th P4 sont B aumont <:) n ... :~ to . 16 .ihy \.orR had tormine:' ted h ... re is ot own. Perhaps th ... ere\-: 'Wh:u~h 1,,3 been ass ned - ...... t e tuck !.It.4d .iisin\. the ::uperviso_·s lor-del" to rJea ro a " 2 4"' r .) s t as ita southw rd r\lv~r .:!ion into ~·an Die~o tlroug~ the Pas or not~ county residents! dissati~raetion '1 h eAi tin .. cont1~ t ,· on .... 0'-' travel in th Pass art'5a ,,·als r fleeted by an Oc ober, 1857; p titian submitted to the ~o rd of R que l.Ii th ~t tl~e 60' rd nuthor1~e . e survey and construc- ion of new ro d from c' n ~ernar;i i Q '~hrou:":h t h.... Pas s to tl e coun y' 30uthe stern boundary rew iles e at or P .. 8 nt bazon. tle petitio wu f~vorablr r·celved 'nd s ____ . _._ . ______________ ~_ f~ _, ____ , ~~ COLnty Bo ra of ~uper\1 ... sors' 111n ,1 ,.; t .l1f~ in t: ... e r' r 0 .... the an ~ :lnutes t ook nC~J pre- .Iount"IT'f ,lerl~' n Ot'fi C ' < ~ _ e . 50 three- t ~ survey team w s .. ppointed L;on5i -.; tin of San '10 0 an I .. ' c Jo f;r'1i h~ ~-Hn T:trnotean ,o t phen ~~~ stQ John ,; and Al rod ~ybee .17 Two months thereaft·er the :;uperv 1.a o rs -lard d eAch of the "'non wi th ~60, - nd their s urvey \\ltlS 1 t~r r.co ·nlz- os -he '1~-'mlth surv y.rt probably because o n c ~ ill. tnt 18 1 adership ., < Int tinl :~cttlemcnt Lhou~h the e rllest Caue sian settlers' identlt r '( r gonio . s is not de£initely known. they may have b r nc 1 c n mi a.ionaries frof ,,", n nabriel s po~1ntand- 1 fe 1 sl nt_ outpost located -here@ References t o t 1.., ou O~~ oce lr J.. <'laveral docum pnt .. ~~ but nona l?$veal T bri 1 "\ l·r ntativ s were t least w r ot ~.~an n· o t ... 4-..enc h 1 )20, 20 and it\'l' ~,lection as n u ... probabl r made so~etirrle in the early y ars t! i It). n ... cent rry0 If tho outpostts poriod of ~ 10 \J coe - .t n t ~} tt t.he 0 the :1 ssion. t q ('! n n rdino a b-m1 10 or As 1etenc1 it w s establish d ...;.....;;;..;:;....;;.,..;;...;:..,:.;...;;,.:...::...::;;..;:.;. , • 110 bit obar ~ , IS.:.:>7 o emb r 30 , If}S7o • 3 51 i 1819 and maintained for f fteen ye'rs, or until 1834 " when Ca.li·< ornia' s Hu:x.!ean Governor!i Jose Pi f...leroa , i 3sued a .,acul rization deere endin. the r.1J.s ... lons t ownership of vast traot~ o~ california real prop rty . Het5 rdle~s . hat the -, ct datos mny h VB been., tl' e location or a ~8n G briel Ml~ulon outpost in tIe P 3 ome time during the fir t thr~e-nn~-a-half decades of the ninoteenth century is rea~on bl,. certain. However, rel1. b1e information 1n unavailable concerning e1th r its precise pos1tlo or 1t~ g~neral occnpations" One qrlter has st ted th tile outpos~ waG situated ~t the b sa of t~- foothill north of p "esent ~enumon t no rt . 3 prl "1j~r1 cattle and sheep _~az1nb, giving only minor attention to crop production ~r cultivation~ nfox-tunlltely .... h sst· ta- ment is undocumented and the~ororc is not susceptible of s tisfactory proor. 21 '.hether ~he Hission maint ned p rmanent per on 1. ep!~ centutlve . t the. outpost i~ &1 0 unknonn, ulthouCh ju rt glne by it~ policy in other places i t riC nrc ,. beea sa not even the fan Bernardi 0 ~ub-misqlon receiv d such on~ider8tion.. Nevertheless, intermi ttent te ~.por ry -----------------.-------------_. --.--------.-------------------------- 21 ~ to Pa -8, p. 2 9 I ."~ ;;>~ visits ':Jy ~} n Gabriel f1"'lars inspecting: tho outpost's condition were de.finltely poesible and this entel'priae o bly Marked the first CaucasiQn settlement in the Pass. (fltlC ::econd instance Qr po~sible w~ ... ite settw~GMent in of IBh2. Lots in t'b.f.;, precedint.- yeor an lr'Fligrant from Louisiula, DLniel ~exton, had arrived in ~an Bernardino and Aoon thereQf'tf.~r ). ad migrated in'o the Pns8 to commence a ttmbe:r· .... c f ti1'1g bU,sinass in the mountains ad jo;;,cent to the can 0n north af presa~t-day PeaU!ont .. Professing to have birod In0i n laborers ror twenty-fiv e cent. 8 day. ~exton ye rR t.e occasionally boasted of . celebratton he and his r .dl n fri nd . .. h.ld s"'aged on July l~ f 181~2, a t the $1 te of . is lum e tn~: camp north of Beaumont. Upon being aaked by he Indi ns 'Whet! er. ~mer1ce.ns engaged in any. nnual public c 1 r .Iionf, exton had decided to acquaint them with In1 pen ence Dn~ 'hlch apparently was not far distant~ ortcdly I i~:h ightin.s the acc s10n witt:. a diverse (lrray of' e t:'1 . clu n[: an opening prayer. t1 flag-raising crony, Indian 4 and donces, and two barrels of : .1 sk ,tl d .. 'a celebration eventually degenerated into rin[ 11 ttle T'e(~emblance to the educational type program the Indian hnd 1~equested.22 f:lthougl> daf1ni- ti e videnee is ~~ava!lable concerni~~ either the place or the length of cexten's Pass residence, l"'i~ business r sp n · "bili ~ies undoubtedly required him to live there t least on a emporary basis. ,-,hartly after or perhtlps 31 -ul tQn~ous ~ i th Sexton t,~ lumber .... ng venturP,1 another -hi te m~ n orr1ved in t~-le ["!.lSS, PLobablv xplored its terr /4in, en uoon findin it satis- - , ~ . ., factory clocidea ~O settle there • 'fuls ~an W~ S ?aullne .. caver, a frontiep trapper, explorer, and e uide )>Jho had L i tl~er hi <:! bri thea te nor hie birthplace are accura ely y~~own, but av ilable eV1dence indicatea that Ie was some- o~ be n d term_ned, t e earlinst available recorded date - !: as- 22~uther ~ . Ingersoll, CenturY ATh~ls of f an Berna~ Co '''1ty, 176\-1904, ? .357~ ~!heF SaYl Be_ rna rdlno 'Tl.mes, 21, 1817.' .. . -'- 2Jlnconsl'tent d~a relAtive to Pauline ¥esverf~ oirthpl c and birthdate nas been uncovered by descendent, r,uymo~ . •. C!lver, of' 'acramento. ~iis bir.l..hpleca ~~s been v riou'"'ly ... Qtablishec in Tennessee nd 1.Jou1;;riana, while ri r p rt u blrtlillat~s vary ~rom 1797 to 1800. A s~~mary f R , -end \ tatlver f ::1 res~are'~ on theFe tHO l""sue o has be-en publi",h d i ~ . CQll~.o ~';~"',;!.l'\~ ('I'Wentynine - 1ms. Cal!fornla), !J? 1 t -.:;4. J • 4- ; .. no tl.er accou t of L nullne l'eaver t s ,p:) ... ars in: ~·iell J Arponaut Tales,. p. 253. - 54 discloses that he had est blished resid -nee there by 1842.24- Thr a y ars later he t nd another trapper, Isaac \.ill1ams g petitioned California' 8 last ~.!exican Governor, Pio P1co~ to Is ue the~ a rant of the Pass. In this petition they declared themselves to be naturalized /16xican citizens and d scrib d the de ired ares both as an unoccupied tract of 1 nd a a stratcLieally situat d entry point into couthern California through t'hleh armed marauders had been travelln~. In return for the rant, the two applicants pro. ieed to s tion two armed defend rs in th Pass and to sock tho area with four Qr rive thousand head of cattle. . ceom!) . in~ t~~ pplie tic was a rough map eser1bing -9 sterr in and identifying adjacent ~eograph1cal fea- ur s.25 qecent investigators have oeen ~~able to uncoVer ny concrete d ta re Qs11ng that Pio Pico complied with this requast. 26 :~evertneless, - :e va!" continued occupying the Pass and frquontly referred to it v a rancho. 2 If S L 24Ban ing Id, June 29~ IBB9a 25 ~----. c' rent location of the e two deem ent - is not kno n. Ho ver, photost tic reprod ctions of bot .... are now ail b e in he Rs and D. 'saver collection in :? era enta. A translat d copy or th petition has been published in: lice lnt ('-"Wentyni P Ims. Cali.fo nia;, .~ rch, 1952. 26 cattle, eritage, p. 68. 27 in 55 Pio Pico did 1 ~u th rrant a he had been petitioned, its legality ~~as lat-r abrogated by n act of Coneres passed ~8rch 3. 1851. Accordi~ to this get, all c 1m nt of -~e:xlcan 1 nd erants in Coliforni were rconir d to com mence proceedin)3 i tb the Board of ni ted s t tea Land om- mls on f.l by 1arch J, 1853, in order to tUlV · -h ir rrants '-~ confirmed by the Un! ted 2tn tes goveI"nment. When ~Je ver nd . '1111 rna failed to ubmi a cl 1m for Feder 1 confirm tlon of Hancho fan . orgonio by th prescribed de dlin.e, they Qutomatically forfeited any title vO ti ar may hav been granted J..hem y Pio Pico and the 1"'6 t <.J legal status revol~ted to public In ~o28 Th _ location oj" 'l.jeavcrt s dwelling Is cited in fl 1 not 5 co .. plled by .aeveral 1. edernlly employed surveyors who visited the Pas during the 1650~.29 Described ~ p r t-1nlly ruinod adobo ....,tructure~ 1...-8 ori~in Is not clear .. 2d ses ~ S nate 8xec tive Document, No. 709 J ghi~ton: Beverley Tucker, P inter» In55-1B61~ Vol. V, ptG 1, pp~ 36-7~ t. 2, p. 90. Hereinafter cit d u: Pacific R 11road ('urvey RelJorts. (~uit-Cla1m Deed, P •. enverto 'Tit ";$ C1roith, Oe ob r 22. Itl53. ~.an "3ernardino County Deeds Book uK u i • p. 14-.?~ 28_ .. ld 1 ~vers . e vounty t "'urveyor's Office i1.eld '"-"ot s Book ~o. 26, pp. 47-8. 29? ciflc Rail~o pp. 36-7; pt. 2, -p. '"90& Fi 1 .tote Book 140. 3 J ~e 1 pop. 41. d SurvfjY He,oIts. Vol" V~ pt. 1, Riverside County Su veyor ~ O~£ice np9 J), 38; Book do. 26, pp. 2, G~ ~l.:hough 'eaver In '1 M' e bUl.l t 1. t himself i it may Iso have been f r~nant or the abandoned ,an G brlel .lesion outpo t previously loe ted in that vicinity which Wcav r appropr1- ted for his use. 0 6 obs rver noted th' presence or .fruit tree and oth r sif.tns of cultivation nearby which 8 u ffr,cstad that the area h d b en tilled for many years~30 Having est bllshed rasldenc ... in fan ~or~onio ass did no m an tha ' this much-tr velled western frontlersm had reeigned himself to settled agricultural life in a rel tive · y obscure nountain pass.. Being a trapper by OCCU- p t1on, vi aVe!" loved to wander and explore unknow 1 retrtons in ~rch of good pelt-producing ar as~ ThereforeD 11 wa of~ nabs t £roro the Pass pursuinb various oth r ~ctiv~ t1es elsewh·re. One of thea ah ences occurred during the 1846 1847 • • A -.......". .. J' * . .... sa "@t- .. J l'IiE .3 ° l'uairi.c, .H~}il.rqad .• urv~.r Repqrt.E!,' Vol . V fI pt. 2 P 901/t In terl'.ns of pr sent landmark Fe vor's adobe house wa situated appro.ir.tely 350 fe t southieat or the Div1sion f I,ltore~try' s Cherry Valley Fire ContIaol ftation which is loc ted at the AVunld- Airav111a-Oreh rd ~t. inter action three mils , s north otBeBumont;.l The 81 ta now c u.i~s th - qQutheast corner of a fenced orchard contalng lxed fruit tre6a~ and a private residence lot adjoins its south sid (1008 lvenlda Airavilla) " Terrain on which th hou e l'est d m y b . described as a plot of high ground djoininr: the went ban.k.: of I.i ttle ~an Oort!o 0 Cr ek. It l ocation as ascertained by thA uthor and 100 1 resident Paul r-1 rtin using surveyor ranry Bane ck's field otes compiled inlB56 (.1versld County ~urvayor's Office Fiold Iotes Book Po. 26. p . B. ). 57 California ph sa or the 1~1exlcan · war. Host1!! ties had begun in California during early July, 1546, and by mid August -rho American commander. Commodore R.ob~rt F.. ttocktonp wa confident that Me icots Callrornia d tachments had been sUbdued. Therof'ore, he prepar'ed a official t..>tato\. ent proclaiming California's seizure from }-iiexlco and d1sptlttched Ki t Carson \vith inatr-uetlons to deposit the document in ashlngton Do C. J.\roong the various individual ~Jtockton had assigned to accompany Carson was <lan Gorgoniots Pauline .faa ere Traveling e st along a southern route through v inrner t s Pa e nd lo~ er Arizona, ths party U 16xpactedly Met large group or Callfornia-boun " American dragoons on the Rio 'rand in western taw Mexico under the leadership of General ::.'tophan ~ l . KtHll"ney, United 3tat· s Army Department r tho l.Jeat commander £rom Fort ., eavenworth.. Kearney Nas currently executing Pr sident James K. Polk'~ order to seize M xico s northwe.te~ provine s comprising ro~ghly th pre ant tat s of n . Mexico, Arizona, and C 11fornia. Upon h ar1ng of : toc iton' $ succeBs~ arran(!emants l..Jer' made for C r. on to accompany h. arneyf g three-hw1dred-man party to California. He nwhl1a Jt a 11 e ~ >eaver w s directed to join nother d or troops tl en as ambling in Santa F'e nd quid them also to C llfornia. Proceeding to Panta e ~I aver discov pad the group \..Jae composed of Mormo! 58 volunte rs under Lt ~ Philip t . Georg Cooke's _eader hip Popul rly nown the ~ormo B tt lion, We ver led t p rt west eros South rn Arizon d ntered Sout rn C liforni tnro gh rn r i s P 5 n e rl Ja u ryp 1847e 31 In 1850 eaver h d returned t the P ss nd w s visited by eral c nsus representative . 0 t"li o c ion h stat d that he d b en born f1 t years previou~ly in Louislan a d was curr ntly working as a saw ar e 32 One of the more pact euler e ~nts occurr ng in s u herA C liforn a during th arl 1850 a an ettA u ad ... '" nd n revo t in Dec rob rg 1851. r gin ly pr p d by a Cahul'l chi f Ante 10 ~arr ~ living i th v_c nit of , rn s Pa 3 , th plan envision a nlted camps ~ b a ous nd1an gr 1pS to repo S3 the Southern Califo i . as fo~ e c Iu i I di see e 0 .1z1ng t tre n ou fo ce n d truct v pate tiel auen massed band of Indl o 1 have, G rr pr pas 1 Inc_t d wide pread e r among South rn C lifor 1 • Pauline Wee r~s re - tlon to this pl n was no axe ptlon end he as soon ------~~-------------------------------------------------.-- 31 steph n '. Foster, "Rem niscence : 1)" Fir 10 n Los gel s, t Historic 1 Soci ty of South"" forn! (Public tlons), 1881 , pp . 7-48; Ralph P. B1 ber9 d., "Cooke's Journ 1 of t e t·ardh of the norman Batta on 1846-1847,," ubllsh din: Th So thw st Histo Ie 1 Sari s, Vol, VII , pp . 70, 83-4. 96 . 3 2 Jo of Lo - reported tak:...n{! concrete steps to create n resistance move ment among Cahuillas living in the PassO! His first move wa to contact Cahuilla cllief Juan Antonio who hod recently moved to the P sa from San Bernardino Rancho a.rter its pur- chose by :~orr on Interes ts.. He then '::") ::rr~na.d&d t.he chief to organize a party oi.' his followers for the purpose of pro- ~eedln: into t'arnertg Pess country to capture (larr-s before the propos "d Indian l"abel11on lilO ~ament eould crystallize nd foment into a serIous thr~at. Hhen Juan Antonio con-'" .... ont d, '.enver reuuily supplied the Indians with bor1;!cs and the tHenty-flve-roan pa.rty was soon t!'Clvel1ng south mo ud into the ~'an Bernardino area aoeking n better pro- t cted residence until Garra should tie subduedai' Fortunate- ly $ Juan A tonio t B expedi tlon i;J B an imm.adiate ~:p.l.ccess~ By Us( of nn t4~deBCribed ntrategem tl Anton':o Garra's capture wn repor ed to be 8 relatively easy task for Juan Antonio, no I-e Boon reappeared in tl e Pass bearing the inoarcerated G rr .34 1550; nwh Ie ,f."njor General JQJ HG Bean~ corrnnnnder or • . - J , • J :- t Ct.li.rornJ.~ ( ~ a ~ PItanc is co) 1t January 3 • J1,er:ita86, Pil 10711 60 tole State',,;: ~111tia loca.ted in Southern Cal1.fornia, was also observed heading toward Antonio Gar-ra's Warner's Pass habi tat. Arriv1rs.f1 at Rancho canta Ana del Chino,- he was deta1nea several days trying to n~ocura addItional horses 6' ~or his men. During tilis time~ news arrived of Juan jntonio's return to S n Jorgonio with the im~risoned Garrat and Bean subsequently doparted for the Pass hoping to per- ~uad~ Juan Antonio to release Garra into his custody_ Af~ being ~roml d presents for llimsolr arrl his warrioro~ Juan J ntonl0 cotflpl1ed \41 th Bean' n request. Before leaving ean '-or~onio~ Be n also induced Gurrs to wri te rJis tribesmen r:k1n _ them to ao-nd the r'em~ ind€;r or his family and the chi efe in tha t area to = :an Gorgon! 0 fI Upon completing these task8~ Bean departed pr -sumably to seek 1nstruct1on~ relative to Ga~rat3 disposition and to aoquire the ~upply of presents he ~~d promised Juan Antonio.J5 On Dccerllbe"? 21. Ciarra \-Jrote the General that eleven p ople were awaiting his return to ~an Gorgonlo$3 6 Bean soon departed to receive the pr-isoners gnd to deliver the pr ~ent3 he twa Dromlsed~ ... ~inutes before h1s arrival, an , ~ J!'!t $ .- I II 35Daily 1,,1 ta ,~alitornia. ( ':an Francisco) J tlanuary 6~ "6 -' . rthur ';oodward. '-'Pauline ~'Jeaver of the Restless F at, It ryesert I:as:t.izine, J.~archil 1938. 61 excnange of darog8tory t:ord~ beh' en Garra ane Juon antonio .t.tad pY'ecipi tated a skirmish in ~Jhich Garra t s elaven-n€!1ber to be anninilatad. .... or tuna te 17 for f!s:--ra 1 ectored ordar. On tn~ follow- pre ents ere di s tr:' bu ted, pri~oncrs Here • - chan~ .d, a treaty ·88 signed, and an evreninL celebration clim x~d t~e €vent~ Bea (' I ..,oncernJ.nn ~. this a~.ralr, ~h€ capture ,1 • Pa ;..i_inc C'lJate Leu:izlature ~ec- ompens ever for Dis per~onal less bot~ in animals and su plie- soon appeared in a · R an Francisco newspaper,,3 0 )ersonal financial loss incurred by the been heavv for a p~1vflte citizen to bea~, The er1t oP . is proposition ,.~as not ir'fr1edi~tely recognized; _Its Caltrornia, January ~, 1352. !ddltion concerning the 3ean-.f4Iltonio . reaty v:ill be prasentr..d it' Cn.a~ ter I:LI . In cadi tion to the expense and trouble .,saver had encotmtered fren the Garr~ incL .... ent~ =-_6 was simul t~_4eously harassed by r nother bano of" Cai .. uillas ~ho ~eportedly stole thirty horses nd ~ules fro~ r~s ranc P rhaps t~::s theft occurred'" ile he was tenporarily llving n r· n >?r'!1ar ino auring t~e t.:..r:e 11 -lrlich Ju. .... n .. ntonio l&S absent capturin~ ~arra. {A ~ ~~Deil~ n~ ¥ Janufir7 31, lQ~lo 62 bo ever~ and lieaver received no ~ompensetion until 1654" In thi~ yenr the [tate tegislatu.l. C app!~opriated ~500 llfor animals and pr~v!s1ons ruvn1shed the friend'y Indians of <=,an Bernrdino County, in the: .he 'Were 1n ~aklng prisoner j Antonio Garra, and four other Indi n ch er~ 39 eginn1ne in October~ 1853, ~e8ver commenced dlepers- in~ hi P fin real hold_nge, ~ task he completed in thr e s les extendl.ng OV{U' a four-year per od~ The .first was connum~ated 1.1 October" 18.53~ with a recent erJigrant .from T J..n thi~ transaction Smi~h vaid .. \~ -aver ~l,OOO tor an und~vided third inter~st in tha ill esf ned 8an Gor~onl0 Rfu~cho~40 The second S&' a wa J executed "'-' thr e yea~s lat r on December 22. 1056, On ;1"1 s oec s:: on ~feaver sold the northw .. st qUarter of soe- ~lon twenty-seven in tQ~mshlp two south of rang- one 'f-/fZst t.hree occurred on O~toher 19~ 39 Tbe ~ stutes of GalifOFnia nassed at the Pifth scion of tLe. La Jis~a:ture ( 185'4> ~ P: 171. . ... " 4 0 pho ,,0,,_ tat1c copies or the Weaver-r'mi +-h qui t claim d ed con lu~ed by the ~wo ~en will be f ~ un; in the envelope on p. 64. TIle orig~nal document 1s now a part of th~ GIlman 11y collecw~on located in Banning. Recorded in ~an rd~ 0. County Deeds Book n A f, p~ 3 ~ 4 1 c n d,f « ~) ,.ln oernar ..f.no ",aunt.,. Deed Book i·A7, I' P9 23-4.. In tar s - p~e ant streot nomenclnture i this tract w~ situat- ed of Beaumont bounaed by Orcha~d ~tG1 L~v Oak AveQ, . vc .. , an 4 Hountnili Vie 1. reo 63 ILLUSTRATIOlf IV • 4 • , ... '. .. , , . . " . ,.. ..... , J .. ~ .'. ~!:: . ~'.'. '\ . . .. '- II. ..... , , . .. . (. """ .\" ... , ,,, ·v .... I • ". ,\' ~,." " .. . ... \~. J . "'.,1">, , .. •• -, <C; • 65 1057, 1t#1 Los 11 g los civil nginQsr-politicl. n-investor .~anry Fa .. "1cock. In t ... i sale ti nCOCK pa d io ver .. ·2,000 :'or on !and! ".r du 1 one .. Ql::~ of 11 clhd ~in.f ..... ul)r of rrry ri 1'11, title inter .... t and domain 1 rna for h tract 0 ... 1 nd r ... o;.;n Big B +.1 e n ncho of ,)an Gorgonio or -'e V(Jtt ~ p-ncho ••• to~ether rl th ar. ndi vlded one r.nlJ. "-' ;'~li ~rG .. t 11 tu· COU!l-Y 1 nd ~ ct'1'l.p ~or on # nundrcd and -:L .. ty cr€ij of 1 nIl no ue ne from tlc Un! \.led ro·tat 8 vove-.:. ::t i.~2 S6!' ices rendered during ttl late t-1 r 1 tl. X.l.CO. ,eaver ~pparontly h d little regard for his pcrso~ql property p nse sian in th Pass$ Assessed at ~70 in 1853, thi ed the last year in which available rae rds indio te 1 e pa d hi person 1 property tax. As essm t~ ~e ... e 3 b r quantl m:de in lOSS an~ It56 but neither was P ld and t <11 uf cr v, cave · f,,;: nt .e disappeared « r In .an Bern::.rdino (; unty .t ~ sessment Folls.43 '.:0 vert <!'o ...... ailure t..O pay hip. t J~ suCgcsts tlla t he had el ther left the Pass errn nently or at 1 a (j thad 0\1 beeor.le only a.n infrequent visitor ... ur risin 1y, 11 t x ayment d linquency eve ttr ct(~d CO-.-mron·· frot"'"' o·"'c~am t J D 1 D t· <"t _ l~I'J __ 3~ _" nos ~1 X.lcnoer. 1C : Jour 1. ov my urgeon.1. act roi th l.O \Jhoro Paulin f 'i V r III 1 • Bernardino • p )ecd~ Dook "K', pp. 14-50 ·s~e~s ent Roll, 1~;3 ~r-~~~~~~~~~~~J~o~u~M~l~l (~acr m to), 66 voId n undivided tnird 0 so-called San (~rgon10 Rancho became the frat p rmanent .aucasiqn settler in san !1..orgonio i ass~ '.hen he ~rrived he found Heaver undergoing a painful illne s and l~~adiately extended his profes ional med1cal services. As ~·e ver b gan to recover, l.t.c eneOllr- ged :'mlth to reMain in the P s to establish a cattle ranch It Ultimately, smith decided to accept ~:e vert n advice and com leted th purchase .. r viou ly described . ....oS ther lth lis life, thre sonsj tl~ee d ughters, and one step- daught~r r roith esta lished the t-milyf, re idence at nver· c homesite north 01 present BeaumontQ rpon regain- int is heal th, 'eavor reportedly re . unad his Handering 111">0 n. a trapp r in Arizona. oce sion 11y returning 0 he Pass to visit the ;:'m1ths and to dispose of his rem in inr. r 1 prope~ty rlghts. 45 1 env Yl'~ Que e" 0'" D~ Ier n c 1, C:<!"Ilth, 11!d .... - ' tl.~;:-.·,r +:ed ~. • .., C''' J ... ..;; ""' . ~'" •. J -" ~: v Tta , ~ajon Pa ~ s .nd San Rernnrdino. · 1_ .! - thouO'h his temporary residonce upon deciding to settle in the P ss \ s the ~-eaver adobe, he ubsa-quently established 11s pernan nt ho e approxlmat ly a m11e- nd-a-hnlf' south east of ieav rIg on tho site 0 pr sent Highl-nd ~pring ______ ~~ ______ ---------------------- .--, _______ ,_~_. __ 4 ______ ' ____ 5_U_. ~. __ 1929 bv t Ip. u H. Pavour. A pf.n~.s.. of ~.. Crtlmel1tlA" R ymon 67 t e .... t R nch. 46 _ roving some tl e 1 5' , 1, ~ dl. ~ not ril~ ssory Cl 1m J h Hi hla ~ d r>pring Ar un i <1 l') - n51~ 41 ..... " moers Jet t,.'rle ir new 'l h S ith be'" n de e op1 ,. a n ~,e ~ " ... ....... t pic - 1 stern rano .. typ .. ntcr ... rl · e<l One ccoun dl - that: y 1854 9 all 4jard d been p nt de ~uppl me ting t~ e gr pe vines l otl~ r frul t , 0 ree ~!.to ~lhethar grain fields were sown (lsI ':3 not r corded in av 118 1e oure Sa Prob bly much roor import n": thth\ th .~e rel a.l vel sma 1 ompl1slk'1lenrs Her,.; t he pIa s m! th e ter- f'O'n cr a t1nn~ s tan lsI sto k ran h. By 1853 111 11 wa ... I 46 v 1. er -'1 11 Cali 0 1., 1 iv11' at ",I ~avert s hJ.5 C ttle "ler 1 , fEt J i .. lca tilrd~ ff • . ...lln oreanio Fa s, n publ_sh din: Eolme j .... d ~ fI Hi 'Otory; of .Hi ve.r~ide CoUf1 1 p. 1789 · 47 . "-. A~ Ihan on p. 69. B nn1.ng Herald ~ June 29» SB9 ~a Bern 'rdlno vounty Possessory ~lainw Book 1", p. 1$ lh ~ .. laim e r scr ntion as: the nO:t~t~ half 0:' the .... outh wes quart.... nd the south hal OJ.. the nor h est quart r OJ. ection nty-J.. iva in township two . oath of rang ne 't1 t to 11 g 160 creso California Po~ses ory vl 1m . pub- ic 1 nd we~e uthorlz- b act of the Leg 1 s1eture in 185~ (L, ~ lJ t te of Califo!"nia tl 5 &d at the Third Session of ..I £,:1 . ·r t PP. :;> ... 0 9 cause leJe v r and ~':J. 1 M h d fail d to comply wit an act 0 Congress paosed March J, 1051, con ~r 1 ~ . d ra conrlrmation of v811fornia Mexie n 1 ~r nt~, tt i area d r erte vO public Ian t tu d B e1 glbl to r ce_ e P ~ e~sory la1. Be 48 Bird, op. ~lt g pp. 176-79~ 68 MAP 4 WESTERN SAN GORGONIO PASS z o .... ..J o (.) o .... ,. 2W " VI S A N B E R N A R DIN 0 M 16 " 14 13 18 ,< " -" "" ,I 21 H " 2 ~ 1\\ ,III 2~:: I. ~ "~ '/1 ~ .. "'0'" o ro.' ~" '. , - ~/''' ~ '//11 11"1, ~ '1/1 - '// /1 \"1,,,\ ~"II' -"""" ~ ,,1//1'..- 28 ;: 26 20 30 " I,,, ~ ",,,- 33 34 'I ~ 36 31 ,< , 'I "1 " ~ , I , '/ I..- - 3 2 • /, ...... " 1 / .... -:. : I I II" WESTERN SAN GORGONIO P A S S '" 1-,I \ II , , , I 0 I ~ILE 2 MILES 3 SAN JAC H. E .M , MAR C H I 5, I 955, U. S. C. 18 Sou r C e : R I V. CO. SURVEY. OFF. o U N T A 17 20 '1," , 111'111 1 '\' " /1\\\ 2" 32 • " ..... ~( ~ 8 .... .-:,. ,I' ".., ,,,,, I I N TO .. 0 U N 17 " I N S 16 15 I"" .~=. ~ ~' ~"III\\" " 21 :,.'/\\ r-y ,"E 00 U " '//1111' .,. 0 ~~E"l / RAN ~ V·1.: 'V " .: ~1 H OU ~ 1{ 34 ~ ~AN GORGONI 3 9~ S U,.. W' T sr ... rlON ~o .' II ...... 0 , :: \ \ I 0 .... TAn~s\ /-:. z - (.) 16 ~ .. IS I/~III''''.. ,1111" \ .. .. >1 ~, II " , '" " ~:r '" -:. " " ""111 I [ [R'S B[ 2OSM'7 ~ANC 3e 0 PASS t -t , t II " \ "'/ .. ~ • I '/ '" " .," ", " ",. z 13 c - 0 - 0: 1/ '" '" 0 2_ z - 0 0: C z ~ H's1~ 2 z H ~, .. 1---.: .. '" ... , /III :. 38 '" " " '" ' .... - '" .. ~ It 13 \'\"/~ ,I, .,E {- } V .- 30 " III~ 3' -" '" ~\ 7 " , 7 ... ,1 1 e :., .\~" -'" • z '~ : : 0 .... I. 25 35 69 70 roaming the Pass grazing as far east as the Indian Potrero area several milos northeast of present Bilnn1.ng.49 Raising beef' in the Pass during the early 18508 reportedly was n moderately dange:!rous ve.nturo tor the Sm.ith3~ Wildcats and bears~ both grizzly and brown. occasionally eme l'ged from adjacent mountains in search of food and preyed upon cattle to satis~J thei~ hunger. 50 ContempQrary ~an B~rnardino County Assea&ment Rolls revefll the. t ~mi th t S pI'operty POSs65sions in the Pass mounte~ steadily during the lnte fifties. Remaining relatively stable between 1B53-1855, his as~essed property doubled in value dUl~ing the succeeding year, and b'J 1858 this la.tter figure had almnst tripled. The faml1ytg Pass real holdings were turther ~ -panded in 1&60 1-1hen tl son, Frnnk Smith, established a stoc}:: rnnah at the Pass t eastern 6xtrem.i ty in the vicinity of present wndtewnter~ It aub5equantly ac quired significance during the mid-1860s as the last stage ~top and \4atel'ing .... p-oint tor Ari:cone -bound mining parties before entering the sandy and sparsely watered Colorado Desert. 51 A property addltlo11 of another variety which was 71 undoubtedl: enjoyed much more th n any of the foregoing wag aequlred in 1859. This addition was a small male 1n t: nt who w s named Oliver .. II Smith, the first \< hite chile born in the P a~.52 Dr. Sml t t S personal reputation in ~~outhern Caliro~- nia was not confined to hi achleV"ments ass l"anchara in remote ~an Gorgonio Pass. His interest in San Bernardino County public life ws one of his Tllor important Qvocations and one which produced a great mount of printed publicity for hi.. ~hroughout tho mid-fiTtlos, he WUD one 0 tL.e countyts m o t prs~8tent promoter. of developing and im- .. roving transportation routos in t he eountyts outhenstern section leading through the Pass toward Itort Yuma. 5 3 In lS57 18)8 he s an Q .. tremG y act! va pf.n~t!c1pnnt in the county't' campni':n to attract the Butterfield Overland .':811 company.54 In election years he WB 1dent1£1ed as s pre cinct ofricial on San T1moteo Precinct which then included .. C"<mithts total assessments wero: 1553, ::669; 1855. ,-: 590, 1856, ·'~1,393; 105&, .~.J,559. During this period, he 1 0 acquired nd sold several piecos of real property in n Bernardino, appnrently for speculative purposes (0an Bernal~dlno County Deed Books: nBft, up. 70-1, 298-99: rtc tf I .-Ie:: r:'6 n" 5 6 ~ ~, pp., t+:>;>-:J; D, pp 6 - ; l. .. ughcs, op. ci~.j) p .. 11; Bird, OF cit., p$ 179. 52Lu~hes, op. cit., P. 13. 5)(. 49 r:o ' .C Pp. -~ supra 54 - [' co Chapt r V. 72 the Pass.55 In addition, he Trequently contributed his assistance in prov1ding surety for various official bonda?6 Although these activities were signific.ant, his most outetand1n~ achievement in public lii'e occurred durIn£" the countyts 1657 election. Because nan Bernardino was one of the west's larger l'-lormon colonies at this time, r-1ormon churchr e 1 and their sympathizers exercised a virtual monop- 01'1 in c-ounty politics.. Being 8 non-Hormon, Dr. £mith had maintained a pc11t1eally independent position in prior electIons. His policy had be&n to support the best O'911d1- cate ror each office regardless of religious affi11at1on~ In It.157, ho-wever, county independents divided into two dis tinct groups when a radical element bolted party rQr~s to st bl1sh a new organization pledged to the defeat of all Mormons and Mormon al11ea8 Recognizing that this defection had ruined any ehar~e the independent party might have had in efr ctivcly resisting Mormon domination of county govern . nt, ·he rema1ning moderately inclined independents e~adu nlly drifted into the ehurchis partYa Being one of the latt r group and being reeoen1zed s an able individual who ,. T. - I t !I . sa . j 55~nn Bernard1no County Supervlso~st Minutes, October 23, lu56. 5 6 !"'<n Bernardino ""'aunt,. Official Bonds Book "ATf~ ~an Bernardino County Recorder's Office. 73 hedt Ie t mQ~nta1ned cooperative relat10ns with the San Bernardino colony, the ;orrnon party nomin ted ~ ~mlth as its candidate for the c unty's s tate Asse~blym n nd his aubseqlle t alac ,ion w s only tl ere formali tye 57 Available records are inconclusive concorning th role As n lyman . '~.tih played in the ~~ta t.8 Legls1s ture. Although 11 introduced a. v riet.1 0 bills mostly pertaining to Qan Bernardino County interests, his intluelce was un do btedly 311 ..;ht for at least tl:Jre reasonso First, he l-U1S a po 1 t iC91 novic e in .~,acr6mento wi thou t g tatus in the ,-,tRte t s controll1ru,! poll tical organizatIon 14 :econd, he repr ~ 1ted Q relatively insignificant county in the stat - at-l$.\rge~ 1frhlrd, in gaining election he h .ld allied hi self with n minority political faction WhOBG polygamous and r eligious beliets hod l'e~ulted in virtuRl oc1al ostrac1s1'1lo Thuo.;, in the Lcgilature'.s lfl,58 geaslon~ ~l~l th ·'as prob hl., reearded by hi!J colleaguea ae an insilrnlflcant legisl tor whosa opinions could be conveniently ignorad~ mather he I ftht have displayed ony poli tical brill! nc or have aC11eved ny important degr e of Ie de~ship in sub equent es .. ion wIll probably never be known. George li. ~'hl tm nf g 57 _ . ~l • - " • , - - lioraca- Rolfe, ltThe Enrly :011 tic 1 t- :istory of San Bern rio vount,y,tf Horace q., Rql.l. .. st p ~C'rarbOo¥S, Vole, II, ~an Bernardino ounty Gibrary; San fiernard~no County 8Up r vi or I ; nutes _ ;'eptember 14) 857 ~ 74 election aa Smith' 8 successor 1 in september t 185£3, thwarted at least temporarily- any 8mb! tiona .. ,rtl! th moy ll.ave enter tained in th 11 sembly~5B No !tV 11abl' evidence indicates that he ever sought reelection in succeeding years$ If he did, none of hiscaropa1e;ns \SS successful. Tho pousi l11ty that ~m1th was foreed to ret1re in- voluntarily becau~e of illness 1s extrem 1y likelytD At lenat, simultaneously -w1 th his exit ~om the l!ssembly his wife g Emily L. ~!ll1 t.11~ assumed responsibility for m nsg1ng the family's San Gorgonio "ass ranchG- She soon doclor d her intention to become a gole Trader ope~ating a general ranch nd stoclJ'" farm. in which her total original investment woe 'represented s less than i~5.t 000 It .Ill though l1rs~ .. 1mi th f S peti'clon for Sole Trader ntntus was submitted on January 21, 1859, county Judge Henry Hr# f{111er did not eview it until mid Hov rnber g 1873' e At a hearin....:,. held on this latter d t t 11"8 IJt ~:mi th eta tad tIlt! t she \~a s currently supporting two linor children, sixtean-y &r-old ~ary and fourteen-ye~ old Oliver. Being satisfied \11th her sincerity and , . t J It; I f - f ~ T ~ 'Pi', : r ij j j • 58 . can Bernardino Cou.nty ~~ole Traders BoDle, p. 4" By act of the: ~·tate Legislature passed April 12, 1852, .Jsrrled women 'Were g1ven legal right to oporate businesses in the1r own n&me~ providing their original investMents did not exceed '·S ,000. Homen \Jlshlng to take advantage of this a~t wel'C requ1red to declare their intention and receive COUl"lt pprovald If their pet! tlons \'Ilere approved, they became Cole Traders~ . ~ reco'gUzing her financial position, Judge Miller authori~ her to conduct in her own name a co~bined fsrm1ng~ stock- ra1sin~, and real estate busine8s~ Meanwrdles Dr. °with continued to sU~live but r calved only inrreouent a~tention in contemporarily prepared documents. r s death occurred on ~~areh 17 t lG78~ ~ \lhi te-water. 59 development o~ t;"elr Hi:-:hlan .... !'""prlngs home. other unsettled mi t ra'rlt ... were ex- plorin~ the P sa and rindin~ it suitable for settlement. '-' In late Augustg lB55~ three in~iv1duals ~iled Posse~sory Claims on 160 acre plots in the vicinity of pre~ent B nni. ~ :i1111am .Jones and :ames ~endergon, claimed the aOLl .... rcwest and northwest quarters or section ten 1n 4 0wnship th~ee south OI range one easts 60 In 1055 Jones! propert~ was assessed at ·,,294, vml1e it was thirteen dollar lef!B the ~o11owing year. Al thou&h ~~ander.so" was a sesQed for no real property~ an assessment on personal propsrt7 wns levied in l856 ~h1ch was registered paid4 61 ". ..J j, 9 ~,. h · on . ~ t 22 .4 ue en, o_ l:: • C.4 .!' p. ~ .. 60 .- . jsn Bernard1no ;ounty Po...,sessory Claims Book f .!',ff J pp~ 10-11. In terms OL present treet nam€s, this tract va bounded by !:a."1 Gorgonio Ave,.,. 'r;11son st.:J Hargrave fl."- e~, nd an inaginary eastward extension of ~estward Ave. Its north-south length tHiS one mile, 1-lhile its east-west i dth mea~ur_d haIr nile. 61 .an Bernardino Oounty Assessmen Rolls,lB55 1856. 76 However, in 1858 neither m an received either real OP per sonal property ssessments $ Thus, one roay suspect that the two rnen occupi ad their l~nd far tllO or three years and then ml .rated elsewhere~ The third of these elalmslnvolved the southeast ouarter of section three in the sa-rae township. $ Located northaa~t of Sandersontg claim. it appa~ently re- ca1ved little attention and was not approached seriously by its owner. 62 In lfi57 two years arter the ttl~ee Bunning area claims had been antered, two more Possessory O laims ~ere .filed on Pass terraln~ On this occasion the tl--acta :1.n- volved were both located near the Tooth111s north of Beau- mont. Gnronologically~ the first was pr~sented by Charles HlJ Fampton :for tho southwGst quarter of section twenty-two in tOHn hip tlolO south of one west, while the second eon c rn d th~ southeast quarter of the same gection~63 Al tho h no !movln evidence indicates that the latter ~afJ .. .rt . i j I ilU , .. 62 Ibid , p. 10. This eonelus1on is suggested by the ab ence OL any yearly tax assessments levied against ita owner. Griffeth l.ill1nlns, and b y th~ fact that two years loter I,. /'·,.~urran c 1 aimed the eastern half of" the same plot t s erting tha+- he had no kno\!lledge of its prior use ( an Dernnrdino County Possessory Claims Book tJj\n J p. 16) e B"1' preo nt street nomenclature, Griffeth \'/l111~ul1s , t claim lay bet'e n Hargrave Aves, Theodore st., Hathaway St. J and . 11 son c 't. 63 an Bernardino County Possessory Claims Book nAn, up. 14~ 17 77 occupied and developed by 1ts owner, the presence of an un paid personal property assess.ment against Hampton for lU56 suggests that he may have had more than pass1n~ interest in the tract(t64 Durin~ early Feb~uary, 1857, little more than a month after Pauline Jaaver had old the northwest quarter of action twenty-seven in township two south of r nge one west to Charles M~ Soward, this 8 me piece of property ¥las resold twice in rapid succes$ion~ On the first occasion !:;;oward "'ola it for g600 to San Bernard1nan John Brown who later owned and operted the Ca.jon Pass Toll Hoad" Twenty one day later Brown sold it to another ~a_ Bernardino real estate apeculator j Henry Parrish" wit cash profit of . 300~ If Brown in reflective self-conceit thour ht he f'J.8d -- displayed shrewd buslnoss capacity in sollin~ the plot for 50 per cent pIiofit at ':900, he must have been irke to l~arn four months later that Parris! had sold it a~a1n for ...,., 1,520, or at prorlt of 70 per cent,65 'Phe last person in thiB cycle to acquire O } ership of thl ou<rter section was Joseph Br1dler who retained it for t-J nty months. Hav1~~ paid the hiqhly in latad price 64~ fln 65 ~; n )07-00" Bernardino County Assessment Rol11 1556& Bernardino County Deed Book nA n , PP. 250, 10 of ninet -f V cents per acre, Bridgor app rently decided to develop his neYJly acqul1"l d P as property on prof1tabl ba is. From 6 tot 1 a sessed valuation or . 775 in 1655, his property vaulted sharply to a ~4,080 valuation a year lataro 66 During hi n Pass l'ssi 0+ ce, Bridger becflm an impor tant official in ~an Bernardino Oou ty government3 :fhen rclno C ounty ~herif.r I~ H. Raser resign d lot i 1557, C Oll.nty ~ upervisors appointed Bridger to fill RB r f s ts uthor1z1n p ym nt for his services appear in th· Supervisors minutes d .r1 . the 1857-1858 period.. Although Bridger's activities as ~her1rf ware =en~ral1y racoaniz ed as honor ble g on one occa sion ~-an Bernardino County Jud e A. D() Boren ruled tha Bridger had unjustly imprisoned an indlv1du 1 without leg 1 cause. A fter completing a preliminary hearing , Judge Bore directed Bridger to release the man 1mmediately~6n \~bila Bridger resided at th base of the foothills north of Boaumont, the rir. tattlers began to infiltr te the canyon immed1at 1'1 north of hi r sidenco. Firat to 66 ' . ... 8nn Bernardino 67 San Bernardino December 5, 1357 68~_an Bernardino County ~lerk' Of41ce. . . - . ,. iii .. County As essment Rolls g 185n~ 10593 CQunty f upervlsors' M inutes, vounty Court Book, San Bernardino· 79 arrive were two Vande .ntcrs ho were probably brothers~ On 'Was accomp ni d by his wlfe and entered the canyon sometime 1n j rch, 16500 Cult1vatln three or four cree, he commenced small-seal :f9rmin~ ... in potatoes" corni and various .arden vegetablea~ pon leaving in the f 11 or 1B59, J. mes .,{,t tchell acquired the property but filed to sta;;r long, deciding to .nigr te to l4exico <; 69 Arriving in the canyon during the s me year we another Vnndeventer whose f1.st name was 1ichael~ Living farther up the canyon than the former Vandeventer, y11cr...ael reportodly remained until 1860 primarily grow ng potatoes and crazing stock~70 R'vin~ r tained po session of h·n Pass real property n11 ..... htly ,. ore than a. year-and-a.-hnlr, .Joseph Bridger ul ti- mately pclinqu'shed his title to two Edgnr brothers. The much-traded no thw t quarter of section twenty-seven Bridger sold to !.,r/J r~1111am F. Edgar for ~1,S50 in Feb ary. 1859. ~1 ultaneously, he sold Francis M~ Edgar brother of "1111s s F., ~dgar, nd an e _Q n Joaquin Valley r neher, tho south Oi)t qu rter of section twenty-two in the same r... ! • 69 ;:-outhern Californ1a Investment Company va. 180rge ilstire, at al., pp. ~1-3, 136-39. Briefs and testimony compiled urfn~ this suit are bound in an untitled volume h1ch is a part of the ~an Bernardino County Libraryts legal reco~ds collection. Hereinart r c1 ted as '.0.1. Ga v fl1shlre. Jan Bernardino 80unty Asses m nt Roll , IB58 ~ 70 c n I C .v. q 9 VSw Wil~hireg p. 918 township :for $50(l Thla lattal" tract had been claimed by Charles Us Hampton in 1857. and ho~ Bridger had acquired title to it is unknown~71 80 Dr .. ~Jilliam F. Edgar \HlS an Army surgeon 'Who had al.'trived in Los Angeles during the preceding 7~ar on sssign- ment with Pederal troops engaged in an expedition agaInst t'1ojnve IndlansQ As an ,A.rt"ry doetor one of' his more publicized exploits had been his embalming of Joaquin Murieta's decapi tated head in n solution or arsenic and wh1skay,,-72. After the brothers had purchaseo the two plots~ William continue-d his Army career, returning only for occa- si.onal several-day visits every two or tb.,ree roonthsfiI Mean while!/, Francis Edgar a$suJ!lil~d direction 01.* both brothers' property 'I Assisting him were three men! James Wallac6,t L~ CQ Shackleford~ and another known only as Bireh~13 Edgar brothe:rs' Paas ranch W8.s subsequently expanded in Aprl1~ lB61 J when both supplem~nted their origin&l holdings ,'1 th add! tional purchasef! totalling 24-0aereu. 74 1 - 4 - t. ,'i . - • £!!t'" i!i 1: ~· _" :t> I :'t _ _ :!!i . _ _ 1 ' ~ it · -" f f !! 81 men th Edgars made their initlel purchase from Joseph Bridger, th property "Was cOfll.l!'}Only known as Weaver's ranch and contained ba~~een one and two dozen fruit trees, a seven or eirht acre grain field, and a four or five acre vineyard thought to have been planted by Pauline Weaver ten to twelve years previously.. Other sections in the al~(Hl. also revealed signs of previou~ cultivation~ one part re portedly having been planted in corn by t! ··a,verQ 75 Pe~hapg ~ome of the indistinct rurrows obs rvd by the Edgers were remnants of the ~an J briel M1ssion t Pass outpost's ~orKQ ~egining in 1860 the ar~a being farmed wes progreRsivaly ~panded each ear under Francis' direetion~ By 1862 the vineyard had been doubled and 250-300 epple, pear, cherry, and plum trees had been plated3 Some corn and alralra ware 1 so $O\'ins 76 P-n interestin3 contrast in emphasis may be noted bet-ween the two leading ass ranchers during this period. her as the Smith family stressed stock produetion and mini zed agrlcultureg the Edg. r brothers reversed the @mphasi~ • i& ai nAn, pps 3 -9. The ddltional tracts acquired at this tim involved the not:th&ast quarter of ection t vsnty- ~ '0 pur elms d by Franeis and the south half of' the .. am sa-etien's outheast quarter bought by ~'il1iQm .. 75<. .CoIGe'! vs .. t;ilshire, PPo 60, 62,> 76 . ~ IbideJ pp~ 60-~, 72, 74, 90, 92-3. virtually ignoring stock raisIng in favor of agricultural production. nlthough incomplete; San Bernardino CQunty Assess- ment Rolls rev681 an atnaz1ng increaso in the assessed value of the Ede ar brothers' Pass property during their first two years' l~esidenc ~~ From a mbined total o~ $995 in 1859 J their 1560 valuation had more than doubled, being $2,040t)77 Tho extraordinary reputation their wine products acquired in succeedin\:..> years will be considered in OhaptGP VIlle- Tio undocumented accounts disclose th9t a stock ranch also existed in the present B· nning al"tet:1 during the 1850s and early 186084 Reportedly established in 1654, it was d 8 ribed as a cattle gra~lng Qutpoet belonging to charge of the station vias an f~erlcanl Joe P{)pe~ Hho had m rried a t:,panish woman and was popula~ly known as Jose Pope~ war hi~ headquarters, rope allegedly built 3 small adobe hou~ neAr the foothills QPpro~lmfttely two miles northwe t 0 the eenter of Banning in the vicinity of the p"'escnt Gilman ranch.?1 Thtt-ee conteropornry documents are etil 1861. available which suggest the story~s truthfulness0I 79 I A; .:: I 77 s n Bernardino County Assessment Rolls, 1859 v 18&09 7 Bird~ 0EQ cit., pp~ 170-79; Hughes, 0E~ cit., pv ~ 79 M- an Bernardino ounty Assessment Roll~. 1859, ThG 1859 l:-oll loeB ted 'Pope on !tPubl1e land in fan 83 Judging by the San Bern rdino County Asse amant ~oll for 1861. six newcomers had arriv d in the Pa s durin' the precedin:.... year. Unfortunately, the am nt roll does not indicate wher these immigrants had settled in the rn~ • In four 0 the e cases, this is the only known record \-~hich ident 1 ~ the individuals invol\ed as Fa s settler ~ e- cau .... e one o~ them subsequently cl imed 1 nd in the easter, part of ~an 1 root 0 C nyon, the possibility exists that the County Assessor'lv di tinction bet 'een tbe Pass and djace t ~an . imotao C nyon m"y h ve been inaccur te. this hy- pothe31~ Is true, 11 ~our may have be n estern n Tlmoteo Canyon residents who were arron oualy asnigned to the 00 83S. The :ren-;ainin r: two individuals vere primarily involved in sheep-graz ng enterpriseso .. ne "o a!:: promin n : n B rn r- dine investor and real eSvst sp euls tor, G. , 0 spin. Chapin's assess .. ant di closes tha t he was occuPYl.n n- 160 acre 0_ 13nd and pa.sturing 1,500 head of '""'heap 1~ccordin • t;or:onia [Si£.7!t po;: sessing ill'JprOV ~ments crtn 275. fh 1061 roll recorded hi ownership of three horses, two yoke of o_-en, llnd · waEon, the total value o.f shieh w s -200<) ran a c-1 co Daily J~l ta :;alifornla, ~ arcl 14 If'58Q ..... S . Th· four men were J roes bank • Edmund ~;Jutler ~ John • Killi n, nnd Jose .if. ontollo 11 four 'Wore described a owners of 160 acres of public land pos~e~sinL few hore s no several hend r l1v stock. 84 to notle~ accoun » Ch pin h d acquired the eite on which Joe Pope hud previa sly been ___ razing Isaac ",111iam's ('" nta An 1 ""'.lino c t"le 81 The last of this group was lewto. /oble - he lil e pin w s also credited with 160 acres of public land on whlcl! he was grazL g 200 heap. However, no available record reveal the loc tion of lobI ts property. Int re tlngl , Tsaac cmith ana his "'ife war r ported pos sessin ifty P-merlcan ~O 59 fifty ~tock cattle twelve steer~, 160 sh p . d wenty-three oth r animal , on a 160- r U ot. ..,her r cord xi ... t :h1 h t end to indlc t th 1861 P s ettl ent was ade 9 at least temporar ly~ by e .or' indivldu Is. ~n one ca e a to n-aged boy i r portcd ha·n ltv d ~n vhe canyon north of the ~dgar rothers' r nch or y ar commencing in t e summer f i 61. not e r cord ~n olv s an ambl~uous property tran~fer from n T mot n John fie '""='ril' to Yucaip n Char 1 e K1ergusson.82 T 0 1 lIlt! xist that Fergus~o may have b n porary P sa r s1den wi 11 ~ p rvising h te er use .8 .... a o n g 1 B r s vO n y t are ., he last c se concerns J. r~ Burns, v i f of P lie in the 1 te elrrhties A cor i .. , t1 ony in ~ub~eque t 11tigat~onJ 1 e herde a .l ! '-' e , op. c 1 , p. 13· 2( ... Po .... s 11shire, p. 252 ~ n Bernardino L ~ Bool ft tt, p 45 .. T LO S to '-' 85 f1 ck of sheep in h Indian Potrero two-and-a-half miles northeast of" pres nt Banning in 1861 and 1862 .. 8 3 As 1861 ceme to a clos.~ the in! lal period in Pass :3 ttleme t 11ka'·1se terminated. Prior to 1862 SHn .1org o nl0 Pa"-oOs as tln obocure rraunt in gap about which most western er knew ,,1 th r v ry Ii ttle or , absolutely nothine. Begin ning in IG62, ho ev r _ the Arizona gold l"u.sh W8~ to focus public a .tan ion on th l'ssa, and it w s to become the key passage thro·,sh C I1fornl t s interIor mOl).ntain cr...111n for 01 - hl n Yi Arizona.-bound f"'al1forni£in!h wi th this influx o min rBp knowledJ6 of the Peso' attractions e I)~O d, and a new period in ts development was bun. ------------------------------------------------------------- 83 - nnl 29, 1689 .. CHAPTER III The aborir.~ln81 hah1 tation pattern in ;.",an Gorgon10 ~ Pass b gan to crumble soon nfter the white man's arrlval~ By the early 1820s. fan Gabriel missionaries were active in .. n Bernardino Valley developing the H1ssion'g ~ub- st tlon or rancho loeated thareq In recruiting converts for their project, missionaries ~rew heavily from the : err no Indians who inhabited San Bernardino Valley and adj cent area~ As indicated in Chapter I, Serrano terri tory extended eastward into ~he Pass where its members were co-inhabit n s 1th Cahuilla stock rrom the Colorado Desert. Jccordlng to one ~riter's hypothes18~ San Gabriel misaion- ari g Jorking in ,~an Bernardino Valley not only approached '"'arrano ... l1v1nt.~ in that al~ea, but also traveled east into the Pas s converting tribeSlnen and inducing them to resettle at th , an Bernardino pssistencla. 1 Thus, wLen Amarican . . migrants from the Atlantic seaboard settled in the erea dur n the 1840B 'nd 1050s, the <='erranos had disappeared nd thoir former ahul11a neighbors were the only IndianB Pl" ent. 1 Gil Hazen ~hlnn, .~hoshon~an Dazs, pp. 90-1. 87 Although detailed information is not avail ble con- cerning the Pass Cahu111as t relationship to tho Cahuilla tribe in 'ioneral from 18)0 to 1850; they Q ppesr to ha ve been uni tad wi th thoso Gahulllas 11 vl11g s far eaa t as present Indio, all of whom, ~ave their allegiance to Chief Cabezon \4hose headquRrters W 1"13 at Agua Caliente. During this per1od, Pass Cahul11as maintained a V'enernlly peaceful and cooperative attitude tQ\-lsrd the reyl whi te travelers and settlers they chanced to meeto However, on three ace - sions not1c. 6sble frict10n developed between them nd their \-Jh1 te ne1ghbors 11 vln8 to the ~ t on >.' n Bernardino and Jurupa (Riversida) rancbos. The f'lrst reportedly occurred in 1834 when s band of eighty San Bernaroinans rode into the Pass to retrieve 8 pr1e t whom they believed Pass Indi ans had kIdnapped. Although the 5an Bernardlnan suppos d·~ 1" engaged the Indians in a fight near \-ihltet~8ter no other !~ecords have been found which reveal any add! tional i nfor mation about th incident. 2 I , GBannlng Herald, June 29, 1889. These data were re vealed by Joachim Chavallo, a seventy-seven-YQar-old C4paniard, as a part of his testimony at the t~ial of the North-r'lrd sui t in Ie te June, 1889. North and Gird were two white settler-ra.nchers in the Indian Potr ro who were disputing the Federal governmentts claim to the area on which they were occupants. In 1834, Chavallo stated that he had been employed as a vaquero at ~an Bernardino Rancho and had b en one of the e1ghty-man party of t1an Bernar dinana \b1oh had visited San Oorgon10 Pass in that year. 88 T1 e econd eV nt took place in 1045 arter two rene- ade rsbriel neophytes had etabllshed residence - h r in he Pass Cahuill 'area and had b gun inciting ho tile sentl.ents to ard the Mexico settlements at f an Bern rdlno and Jurupa . By mid-sum, er group of Cahuillae had ~ta e raid~ on both dl tri ts and ere becoming a dis- t1 ct nul.ance. .. a con equenc I novernor Pio Pico re- ue ted Jurupa Rancho res! ent, enja in D. -:ilson , to or nlze p rty with which to tr vel into Pas C huil a co t nd c pture the two trouble-caus rs. fter rna chi g throu .h ~~an Gor rronio Pass, t~l.l on' a n ore arriv d t ~ua 08 lent where an indignant Chief hazon ' S eneo nt led vi goro sly 1 n 0 1ntr d upon hi territory. l he chi f ~ ued that ...... lwny bee frl ndly to white .n and d no inten- ion 0 C inc troubl no; th refors p h could not under- tan y h whites i ... h d to mole~t hi people. ·,ilson On 1 o h t , o 1 vob zon th t l..e had no de ire to disturb any • • n h t he only wi hed to ~aln custody of th two .hen th chief still re us d to alv · his con- ~ on r Itrar ly 1 ced hi. nd h1 arty und r ted an ultl atu. C b zo must d cid 1".&.01" h job--l 1 owvn dian or ilsonts R co nlz1 11 on's ttl ude th t he t r .. 89 meant business. Cabazon selected the former alternat1 e anr'l m de an agre ment by which thirteen Indians t·ould be re- leased, being allowed two days in which to capture and deliver the ~"O ~en~ ~eanwhileg Cabazon together with the aix or sAven r ma1ning members of his party were retained as ho tages(J On the second evenlr.g g the chisi' directed ,Oilean's attention to ~ome rain rumblings in the ground ~ hleh he cl lmed reprEsented the sounds of .o.Lis men return- rh ·· ... .,. .... or {..J.Y efore daybreak the returnL~£ party Ql~ived nd h lted Buout 400 yard two neophyt Sf he ds which they deposit ~ on the groQ~d at 1ilson's feet. The Indians reported they had b~Hh ... forced Onto skirmish in capturing their prey but that nona of he hnd been hurt ~erious17. Havin~ no use for the heads; llso crt the at.gun Caliente. Before departing he d c1ded to e~ard ~he Cahuillas or their cooperation by d-tr buting amon}.! tnem his extra ration. This pr-eeent s relatlv ly lcrge since the Mexicans had prepared for an extended c ipaign~3 - The third i cident occurred ye r later in 1846. this oeca ion Jose l~nt mo Lugo of an Bernardino Rancho F • JBenja in D. ·.·ilnon J .tObaervatlo Q on ~"arly Days in rind ! (} .18 7ic ~ n His to-ica" :-ocietv of :':ou ... hern orn . ," u 1 !?ub1ication, 1934sr pp. 39, 92-4 .. 90 journeyed into the Pass seeking some stolen horses be thought might ha¥e been taken into the uren. ~hether or not he found the hor~es 15 unkno~n.4 ~vid6nce concarninc ;L. .. .l.e location of Indian village in the Pass from l820 to 1860 is contradictory The best available in~ormation relative to tl1s matter 1s :ound in testimony recorded o11ring the Forth-rtird trial. Althoufth ...... witnesses' statements exhibit variation in details, certain broad trends may be observed. During the period from 18)0 to 1855, Pass Indians seam to have had two villages. The settlement about l-fhich wi tnesses' testi!!1ony vias mos t con- ~istent involved an Indian rancheria adjacent to P~uline Weaver's home north of present Be uroont, sometImes referred to as Heaver Rancheria . The !"-seond villtlge \--Jhieh ~litnesses identified was located in Water or ~~ore Canyon north of present Banning. Because the leader of this group was an Indian naMed Ajenio , the villaee ~a8 popularly knovm as Rancherla Ajenio . In 1855 a few Pass Indians from these two villages be'gan to resettle in the vicini ty of fl 2ma11 canyon ap proximately two-and-a·half miles northeast o. present Bunning. Now known as Indian Potrero canyon. the chasm appears to be the result of erosive action ex&rted by a 4 . bsnnlng H~rald, June 29. 1589. 91 small stream emerging from the foothills at that point . Below the foothills on the Pass floor 1s currently found a large alluvial mound which apparently was formed from ac cumulated sediment oarried in suspension by the stream from th foothills and deposited on the plain. Thus , the area's appearance to Pass Indians was probably very att:raet1ve, being pictured 8S a well-watered , fertile tract suitable for agr1cultural development . The Indian Potrero's early s ttlers were drawn from both Weaver and Ajenio raneherias. Because the latter's leader moved sometime in 1855 or 1856, on may assume that his Water C nyon clansm.an either ccorn .... panied him or followed Q short time later . Although Weaver Rancher! also contributed some of its members to the Pass Ind1ans' new settlement , it did not suddenly disintegrate as Ajenl0 R ncheria appa.rently did . Weaver Rancheria re main d an Indian village for several years a£ter Pass ~~ di- ns commenced settling the Potrero area . In their new hom~ the Indians continued to pursue a subsistenoe economy based largely on agriculture. In fact , Weaver Rancheriats Indi~ ana tra planted some of the grape vines they had t ken from th 1r former home and continued to cultivate the planm t the Potrero . 5 . 5 Ibid . Information supplied in this paragraph has een drawn from the testimony of Frank Smith given at the orth-Gird trial . A son of Dr . Isaac W . Smith, Mr . Smith 92. As stated prevlously~ between 18)0 and 1850 Pass Indians seemingly had at least a nominal alliance with Agua Calian eta Chief Cabazon. Early in 1852, however" another group of Cahuil1as established its headquarters in San Tlmoteo Canyon near present El Casco. Undoubtodly~ members of this band soon began roaming the ~ml Gorsonio Pasa ere , and some probably sottled in the region. Thus, during the early 1850s Cabezont~ control over Pass Indians began to wane t scamp t1tors commencod entering the area from ~Qn 1Illoteo Canyon ... The f an Tlmoteo group1J leader was Juan Antonio g one of outhern California ' s better known Cahuilla chiefs at this time. A ntonio and h1s Cahuilla band had previously rosidod ot f on Bernardino Rancho from .he mid 18403 until late in 1051 here they had been employed to protect the rancho against intrusions from Mojave Desert Indians who frequen ly vtempted to raid the settlement. Following tho rancho' ale to a larg e group of' 1 ormons in ~.rept ember, 1u51 the Indians· sorvices were no long r needed at • t tl:fied th~ t he \-JSS orn 1n 18L~5 and had first toured the Indian Potrero \ .. 1 th hi father in the summer or lS5) while t in tock. He reported finding no Indians inhabiting th Potrero t that Ime. For the location of both Ajenl0 H nch ria nd th Indl n otrero, ..,. e map on p" 272. 93 San Bernardino, tho Mormons being confident of their ability to defend themselves ~ lievertheless , Antonio and his clan .... emai d in t1..e ettlement's vicinity for a month or more until hey apparently moved eastward into S n Gorr:on10 Pas somewhere near Pauline '\.:le8vep9 s residence . From here in early December ; Juan )\ntonio ccompanied by tw nty- iva r rlors dep rted tor Warner t s Ranch to capture Antonio rr , the Indian chief who had started Q refolt to free outhern ~ lifornia's Indians trom P. ~ er1cQn co trol. Re tur.ning to o-btn Oor-gonio a week or more lat _1"1 i th Gnrra 110 Dr!., ntH' ~ Antonio had compl ted onb or the mope important ... vent .. , in his colorful career and the one for which he i .., . st rernel'llb r(~d touay" 6 ~"hortly thEH'\eattel' General J .. !f. an, couraandlng officer of the state!s m1litia s·tationed n f outhern C l1fornla, re~-lnrded the group _or its important co t ib ion to California's peac and af ty in subduing 1d ir:pr ~oning the bellicose Oarra . In addition to verbal co ni ot ndatlon and 8 v rl ty of pre ents, Be&n al,o extended tr. ty for ntonlo to 81}n by which th ~tate or Cal1for greed to s cure his titles to land p propertYg and r pop~esslonn as long a~ h r rosined friendly to his .. 6 Be ttl. I 189. pp. 61-2 , 182~ 154-85 ~ 187 , 94 m rican ne1~hbors.7 , Early 1 J 185 2 9 Unt t d "t tea Ind 1a.'1 Agent o •• tOZ ncr f conc1ud d re ty at erne ul wit the Cahuillas d t 0 ther eo th l~ C I1forni n t ... be .... Amon ...... Cal;. 1 19 slgn1n. the doc In t r Juan and a repre entatlve of Cabazon. I ry, t tr tyl con- tent can be r duead to 0 .. t • po~n s. l~ The ndireed to ecogniz :tates ' sov _e_gnty over all 1 n s c l-1exleo in the _reaty of Guad 1 p ".1 fol ow n th ;:.exic n i :ar~ o~ which the United ~d to it b .. alao n got! t a d ... Cal. orn! .. was part. 20 The thre trl~es cknowledged 10 ..... a\ltho~i '''1, accept die pr t etion, r p aceful to~ard it nd i vs citIzen , ~ nd ob y t~e eaer 1 I dian ~ U' R t s decisio to tl m. United ~tote~f d 0 r e Bin pr 1880 to 1 t- e;:to v~ve 3s Th centr 1 are of Cali orn! x endlnf! rou~hly fron can 2orgonio Pae south to e ecul w , p4r I _ nt- 1y reserv d as reservation for these tribe. ti ever, the government re erv d thereon the right to build and onorat schools, milit ry posts~ public buildings, and hou i r un1t~ for 1 p .r onn 1. 4. Federal aid ' s pl d~ d 1 cludin~: food; clothinc; far 1nL impl menta; se ing mater1 Is; bl n kets; bul1din~ mat rl 1 • stock; schools; nd adul~ instruction in agriculture, scchan1cst and c rp ntr . 8 4 '" I • ... 7~o~ Angol , st ~, January 3, 1852. 8 Cl .lros of' t;aliforn1a Indi ns, II arin~s bet r he f'O!lTinittea on Indian Affairs, House 01" Hepres ntstiva , on H.R. 491, 70th Con!. lIst sess .. (\~ shlngton: ; 1 te . tate UOvernment Printing ",fficE?, 1928), cont. ining prelimln 17 reaty draft between Uni ted ~tat S ,l'overnment and thre ~outh rn Callforni Indi n tr1bes kno n as ·S n Lu ReYR ah-\'le-as [Sii/, d Co-co~-c h-ra~ fj1c7 India (f t r. On the whole ~ the tre~ty appeared to be a reasonable arrangement tor the three trlbes ~ Americans \Hll""e rapidly set tling throughout Southern California j and th1 s tt10ve represented 8 sound attitude on tna govern~antts part to make a permanent settlement wi th the Indi.ans befoI~e trouble sho lId arise over wh1 te ancroach.raent on their tradi tional posbe,ssions " Not only were the Indians guaranteed a perma nent horne" they were also scheduled to receive the assist ance of American goods and s6l"'vices... Al though present cri tl cs mif ::ht co.rnpla1n tha t these tribes were being dealt an injustice in being assigned to an area 'l-ihieh l1JQS V11"tU- 11y worthless at that time )} one must consider that on a comparative basis the Federal government was o:rf~rlng them much b tter terms than had been extended to many eastern Jt> r o!: f ' o. M . \{ozencraft was one or the f.tate's more important residents during the period from 1849 to 1880. Among his numerous contributions in helping develop California as an American colony , thl"ee are outstanding. The first oc correa in 1849 hen he participated in the ~tatets :first constitu tional convention. The second commenced in 1850 when he became United r tates Indian Agent for California with head~ qu rters at ~an Francisco. In this capacity he exhibited intel11cent planning and sincere interest in directing Federal-Indian rela tlonships tl The third covered a t'trJanty year sp n from approximately 1860-18Bo when he was a vigor ous advocate for reclaiming the Colorado Desert ~ In addi tion , he apparently took an active role in Democratic Party act1vi ties because in 1863 the Democr'atic state Central Comnitt e nominated him for cuperintendent of Public Instru~ tion. His nomination for this position was received very favorably b: T the Lo Angeles ~t-ar (October 17 ~ 1863)" 96 ribes. ~ ev1ou~ l~der l-Indl n reI tiona had been roarr d y num flOUS e .. _3mples of" nbu e and mi.!n n gement. f :quet ng ) ericantl h d eott_ed on In ian land farther e s co - f1 catin~ Ind! n proper~y for which the In 1 s r c 11 d sb olut 1y no c mpens tion. In J ct, Indi ns orten 10 t h ir ltv s n~ he h ds of ~ederal -01 i rs lhen th y -e~on trn ad 1 d fon e of th 1 nd osser- on~. " f h I ow, ~ e Pe- ra :;.ov e~n"nrJnt appeered to ha:e 1 co nlz ad i ~ 5 Ithou-h 1m crfe tiona }" ~e still pp~rent trnf rtune'!;l!)ly ~ "~ n he trGaty l-' S 1 ~er p;~e . te. to COT'. rc!:~ ~or r ti {- c tic - J 1 t t s r jected. ven th untu ored i~r1c - n Indians did ~ot . er~tnnd • o ne m chanlc~ o~ " rlcan ~overnm6s ~al oracti es. -- ~ nee tree t'S" had bee re re e~tati e of both p t1 s, 1 w e effective from the Indi ns' vi wpnin ~ Ratification te they did no+ UL'"'lder J "and. ThuD ~ Hhen { ,h -' ede 1 overm,ent fa 1 d to fulfIll its tr sty promises, Juan ntoni 's "'ahuilla b nd gr w r Rtle nee ith filed to do its p rt. In v ew o~ the tio "-, Paulin "eaver ·pot Indi n Agent :J D. : "11 on th .followln . letter: 91 D a1" Cirj I write to inform you that the Indians in this vi cini ty J in consequence of the a ilure of: the ngaee ... menta made to them by ~~. Wozeneraft last season, r~ve become much exa.sperated and seem disposed to wreck vengence f.i1s..7 on every wh1 te man within their reach~ nl0Y have attacked ana robbed my house of every rticle it contained, and l~ve killed every animal that I po sensed, leavin~ me absolutely without a dollar to help ~yselr w1th. They have even gone sO far a to cut down my peaeh tr6es~ Juan Antonio haa left to visit the Indians on the Color do, but .for whet object I am untibla to nay. I would earnestly ask of you, if you can do not~lng else, o come out and tQlk \,lith the Indians. as your presence _Jill be of great service in quieting them,. for other- ", .. 1se vhey nill not believe tnere is any power to con trol them. In my opinion, if wome steps are not taken soon to pacify these Indi~ns~ there will be bloodshed ere lo~ betw ,en thO!'ll and the whites.9 t .8 ~pectful1y you.rs 1f Judgi.ng b :}' ~di18onf 5 annual report concerning ~~O-uth ern California's Indians which appeareil around a lUonth-a.nd- a-h If later, he had complied with W&sve~'g request and had visited the Indians for the report included the following . ents relative to the Cahuilla problem and the Pederal Indian policy! Llk~,s a If trea tytl ~ad since Lthe .. fozencraft tree tv, purpor VJ..n.::: to be wi til s. larger number of the sam~ and other Indians, and aiming at a wider seops or operati~ (an not yet fulfilled), it ay have given them the 9 !:an Frsncisoo Herald, November 30. lCS.2e o t no ions of r 0 1 u o n f I .41 robl • r 11 n on ,C ed c v 0 e 0 at t eou corn 0 d he oun ~ r 0 11 c n oro I or u 0 , vee onv rt 0 n B - d _n 0 ndio. c tl oul 1 v 0 de , h 0 ..... 'h - 0 0 c 0 c 0 1 COL 0 0 9 nd of their nt. Ta ity tio ~i. 119T' a h • t- t in ~ n '0 1 t h , e - il"it st - C 1 ou oun- leh 0 nd on .. 99 s ttlementslP H lao l~ecommended tl's .... th eovornrnent supply th of Indians basic traininft n i'nrraing, carpentry, and me..., chanical art &11 "'10 significant action on the gov rnment' n pnrt fol lOv,'ed \ llson'" ub inelon or his ye rly report. Indian di..,sati afaction aroused by the governm nt'.~ failul"e to a ti .... fy the Hozencraft treaty HIS apparent e la te s 1056 'When JUfln Antonio complained to Captain H. f. .. Burton, commander' or n rtill ry detnchment .. ~utioned nt ::an Diego, tl~t he wished to confer with the Indi superintendent... !ict: only nad the governtuent tailed to "'upply th coods }-/ozencrat ... had promised, but nOI1 white settlers were viola ing the treaty by encroaclung on land awarded the Ind1an~ under it provis1on8~ Burton told Antonio to eturn home nd rem in pe c .ful it he w nt d the government to respond ~ ... :·hould h decide to caus· t.rouble, he wa~ threa+ened 'Wi th immedia te retaliation by Nai hundred well-a - d men with plAnty of cannon9 n12 T_ btll organization ~round tn Fas "HlS undergoing .. L§ 11 aug~ey, The ~. D~ Wilson Report, pp. 2, 33, 53; Los ~ geles ~~tQr. January IS, 1853. 12Inaian Affairs on ·he P effie" ouse Executive Document, 3 Cong., 3 s as., Vol. IX, No~ 76, serial numb r 906, pp. 11 M17. Herein fter cited as: Indian Af~ irs on the P cii"'ic o' - b 100 changes durl the mid 1650s~ 19 stated previously~ nem- b rs of Ju n Antonio' <"': group had inril rated the 'ass soon ,fter t.l.,l.oir arrIval in . an 'I1moteo v nyon early in 1052. Althouc h existinG record are ambiguous, Antonio soo to have e tablisled Q portion or his bond ne~r au11ne Je~ver's house in the heart 0:(' San f1oreonio Pa s .13 rome cc ount B clearly identify -an ior~on1o as Antonio' Cahuill outpost, while a fell other .... erroneously refer to th 0sn ~imot 0 C nyon settlement as ;"en '}orgonio(t Althouah Cabazon a authoritY}3 not ignored, contemporary records gave more attention to Antonio because he vHlS n more conspicuous flgure ••• LWho il iron energY9 •• 1s better known to the whi tas. rt f'an G01~ ~on1o? fJ sp tial separation :from f 1 .nton10 1 s f'eln T1noteo headquarters did not jeopardIze his control over h outpo t. Antoniot$ commandi ! influence was recogniz,d fact amon~ ~outhern Ca °io~n1&ns nd his W 3hes er seldom 19norad. 14 By 1856 j he h d become the domin nt .figure amon!: nll Cahuilla clans. Even n"eUtl C 11entc's once po erPul Cabazon had \ een rorced to submit to his power. Thu , -h . 1d-fifti s wero a sit"ni ~. lcant period in ass Indl n f lives ~S hey p'raf.u.~lly tranf'erred their ultimate r 1 r J r.. e, 101 allegia. nca from Cabezon to Juan Antonio a 15 Indian life in the San Gorgonio Pass area during the turbulent firties was characterized by continuous hardship and difficulty" Although he had befriended the Indians 8 11 ttle more than a year bef· ora during the Garra incident$! early in 1853 Pauline Weaver' was accused of depri v1rlg San Jorgonio Indians of their water righ.;s,. Upon hearing this accusationD the Lps Angeles St~r urged Weaver to restore the Indians' ~ater p!~1vileges if' the charge were true@ In additlon~ he was warned that Buch a course both violated recognized 161<,] and might incite the Indians into retalia tory host111tles.1 6 Purther trouble occurred between August and !lQ,v6mber~ 185 "'~ ,. h Jilt .. 1 d /J ~ en usn ~m on~o reported y attempte to organize an allia.nce of Cahuillas j Yumas g and Mojaves tor the purpose of destroying Southern Californieis interior white settle ments ~ Antonio had now been appointed Cahuilla Captain general by the local Indian Commissioner a~l in addition to being th overlord of approxilm'.{tely 3 9500 Cahuillas had at least 1 , 500 warriors among his tribesmena 17 Recognizing ( "' I! 15 .. ~ . . Indian [ fairs on the Pacific , pp~ 125-304 16 . Los Alf,?;eles Star, February 26 j 18530 11 . Ind i an Affairs on the Pacific , pp. 115-17~ • 102 thu they h d a Maximum of only 500 fighting me $ [an Ber nnrdinans ~erc t rrified b7 tho swesome destructive poten- t~al of the t . ee tribes' uni ted forces. By mid .:.fOvemoer S' "-' In Bernardi 0 h d received notic from t: _, n t: rgonio ths· sar .t.ous tension a.s gro~tiling there ov r the Indians i plans nd that soldiers w~re needed immediQtely~ ~\ D1'*avalent . . or even ~eported tha t the Indians had 81read :,..'-11eo one n~ A a re ulti uaptain ~~drew Lytle was quickly dia- p tchad in cQ~~and of a twenty man force Two da,ys :'atar Lytle r ..... urned to ;~an B rn d1no~ havi .. g left fa four-man detail nt !-'an rxoreonio u..~6r Orderly Eer geant t-!. C. Rolte t z! direction. H~ reported that although danger exi~ted it was not s se~1ous as had previounly been thought. Arter the p ge of fl e days f Amasa Lym.an and Charles R1ch9 sen rncrd not~ Hormon lend rs, led a party to Anton1o ts ra~l- dance i ran Time eo vanyon. lhe Cahuilln chief denied 0; any p rt in planning to de. troy tr~eir city and 1 d cated that he d_s1re to live peacefully with th white men. h n the ~ £t ernardioans d par ed, ~n atmosphere or pe co and fri ndship provsl1ed~ In the MeantlmeJt Antoniotp plan r po tealy had railed to m ter~ 11ze beceu e the Yumas : ad ref' ~ to coopeI t and ~he tojav had re .slned ina .- c1nlv~ too ong while!a Berna dinans were organizing ir do ne r€po~t i plies thav underly 1n 5 tho 103 whole problem wa~ the Cn ul las' amolder 1 ng r sentmont 3 alnst th Americans for .failing to abide by their promises in the unra' 1 ri ad \Joz encraft tr a ty .18 ,~lightly nor{~ thnn our months laterg Captain Bur ... toni s subordln"'te g First Lieu n nt 'iill1am A ITj \;1nder tl visited Ju n Antonio's camp and found the Indians . till having difficult1 ~ Bee u~e the Wozencraft treaty had not een ratified ana Gener 1 Bean! s promise of th ~~tatet s protection for Antonio~s eolony had proven virtually worth le .... s In pr ctiee, the can Tlnloteo--San Gorgonio Cahu11.1as nad no gun ant ed lands upon which white settlers could not encr sell and eventually U$lL~P<l Lt $ ''finder reported the t a COnl10n American pr· ctice tolna to locate nnd settle only on tho q fertile r, $ the Indians had pa nstak1ngly develop~d f'tier ronny months. work,. oJ.£ l".i..ng no compensation 01 ther fo th~ land or for the crops confi· eted. fa a consequ_noq the Ind 1 n" were often luckin!t food and 16r rorced .... 0 steal Am r c8n~' c ttle in ordor to Burviva. In r taliat10 the h te had hr at ned to burn tho Indiana' dwellings and ultima'" 1,. to rive them out of the \~hole re$ ~ L. \iinder , - - ; __ Ii" I jj 18 Luther I . Ing rsoll, Cent r~ Annals of ~an Bern r- dina liOU} tYt 17~9-190£t, pp& 153-sli; J::;eattle, I ~errt,age,'" · , pp . 233·34; ::'eat' .. fc' information va a extract d from "':he .: n ~,e""~nardlno normon Church's dally record co, piled by it conrreget on 1 clerk. Indi n frflrs on the raci~lc pp. 115-17. · I . •• . . ., ) 104 xpl"e s d ,he opi!1ion th t should the govornment fail to help correct this ituatioo, u a troublesome and expensive rt! ould soon follow. Furth ermora, he commentad: r feel B tisfied that this chief will do all in his pow to pr serve peace and keep the Indians quiet, ~ ich, howev r i c rmot he 8 cr~at while, under present c1rcum ... tances; H d I am of the opilion thut 1 · vould b c1 eaper to isst - . beef to these Indians than to 1"igLt thn It ut 11 eve ts, ul'h,11 some superintendent of Indi- af 'irs is ap)olntad who 'ill attend to the dutl s pertaining 0 his office" r -oul ~urther au 76st that measures be adopted to mark ~c boundaries of the Indian land~ and that the h1 t . be prev nted fro" _ encro ching furt;lol .... 19 LJ... : ' nd r's report must have stimulated Capt • • tr4.- n f in re t in the affair for rd. thin a month-and-a- hal too had visited the ~an Timoteo ...... . ~n tJorgonl0 Ind1- n. oro ' .. 8 diD nay, he discovered v ry dis~urbing event · occurre early ~ lay. t thnt ti, e a Mormon disciple ro 1 'an - ern rdino, {1 hOI! Na than C. r:[4 enney, had toured tonio' ~ dOf. sin procl 1m! g a doctrine of' l ,.lor"" on love V r us T er can ais1nteres+- in the Indians' t'-Jel.r rOIt Co ... c rnL . t 19 ent r s tu tion, Jua Antonio ~tated: ~e now aqu t ing here, and ta~inc away nd w ~h m n eber Lreaver7, has our nimals killed vhenBver not l~nd enou ~h to plant; r1y oor no hu ,ry; they want somothin£ from lome orleans tell u th t we must Rom 1a It fa do no understand ________ ~;;..;;...,.;;;i.;:;;.r..;;;s:.._.;o:...:n..;;..._.:..:.::..::......=..:;.:..::..::::.::..::1::..c::::., p p • 123 - 2L~ • It; we do not like 1 tlol A r!ormon, Kinney [i·iE,.7., has been pre ching to us that we must be baptized as 105 l:'or .. on ..... --tht,t the "'lormons aro our .friends~ the Ameri- c ns a our enemies; they are fools" 11a~s 9 bad p opl I nd we 11 ust no believe the, ; that the M ormons lwnys tell the truth, the Ame~icans never do; that ,00, tLe Lorn ons \1111 lihlp the lmericans e.nd then t hey ~rd the Indiana will live happy; that the Indian~ must be b ptifCed as .ormons, and all of the Carville LC huill!! nation must eoma to live at 5an Bernnrdino~ the l '~ormons, liko f.:ood friends, will then help them to liv ~ nd not treat theM as the Americans do~ The iOrf;'lOn~' and t'mcrlc ns are enemies:; and will fight £l I upp seQ I do not tell lies; I tell the truth~ You r n off! er of the governrnent--wha t shall we do 1 20 h he rJO Id inform hie comma.nding C"aneral about the pr ob- 16 .nd tho t th cen ral »1.11 (?onde£l.vor to see you r i gh teda u ntonio wa ... instructed ;0 nlAintain peace, to iQT' r; d . 1 hon renn y't' statements as falsehoods, and to ro ibit 01 ou~sidar5 1"rom visit.int: his er0U.pe Before i er>~:in[~, B "rto cQl1ec ad ~everal at tomenta .from p~omi"" n .t .. a ~ er rdinn conf'1 rm1n t-:: ;\nto~iofs ~tory - nd tlD- ~ t! e '0 t~ -' epor later ubml tted to his superiorlt o 1" ~ hcs up 1~m6n nry ("locUJ'nents. w s one cont:Jin ng v .r r ... olution __ reI t1 ~e to tILe rr ir :r.eaently odopted · an -: rnardino citizens' m et1n~. visapprovi ~ or ann ... f ctlon I the Ifth resolu ·lon condemned him ff1n i it .. h Indi n. in d frer t place" _n thl county, in .. I 20 ~b1d.9 pp. 125-30. 106 preaching treason and sed1tlon g and in mak1~~ inflammatory harangues to the said Ind ons,,1l21 upln;~ 1557, condi ti one wera more peaceful.. In fact, nabezon and lis I oup were even invited to celebrate July 4-th in B n- x"dino. Cabezon accepted and appeared puna ... tual1y with and jud'~i 13 by the 19ck of contemporary newspaper comment 2'l on his trip observed no seriouL' irregulari tieS0'" Although orne settle.· ant hna alre dy beC'un at the Indian Potr)ero ort~e ... t of present Ranning , Juan Antonio' f! f:an r<tOrgo 10 outpo.t orth or pr sent Beaumont still existed j and Cahui 1 1 convention ... or councils were held ncar the Smith ranch e~ miles southeast. Some ot theso conventions r portedly war.. t.t ndad by 2»000 to 3,000 Ind1ans19 2 4 f. all 3 ~ount o.f dlr.r1cul ty oecurre 1:n 'rola t"July, 1 f 50 but afte Qome initial exciteMent tLe episode sudden .... 1. disa pear d, r-cceivln': no subseq .ent attentlon41 Accord- lng 0 ~he 0 ly account av 11able f Juan AntonioYs Cahulllas I b ')iii' 21 I1 id. 22 ! .. u-!.. ler • IngcrsolllJ .. entury Annal~ of ountx, 176?-1904, p. 351. ! 23"/" ~ J..IO lB;J 7.- ,an Bernar- "'iii! III 2 3. nning Ii ra l;d J June 29, 1889. 101 had bee molestina cflttle in the P~sa 9- and the Smith ranch ..i' had been one of the pls.ce~ which had attracted their atten- t1on~ In the course ot the affair» Antonio aroused int nSf: :r or among 'f)cass r-esidente when he suddenly wi thdre\~ his warriors into adjacent mowltains~ This event was intar- p~eted as a v~Py omL~ous sigIl which probably meant that he hoped to enlist support from other Indian groups Q Los • publish-ed .an nrtlcle vJh1eh 1 dieated trUlt the _ 8S was Jet the mercy or the savages~t25 !n ~pite of this thr .atening pictu. ejl no ent!uing flghta were reported and news concernirc the incident oLsappeared just as abruptly it had appear&d ", Pass Area lndians During the Arizona nold Rush Duri ~ the sixties and 6ar17 sevanties g the main route to the "'izona {{old fields traversed ':lln Gorgonio Pass . Thi period marked the first large scale contacts betw n whit me and Indians in the San Gor~on10 Pass area ~ ..... Although a faw skirmlshe occurred between the two groQPs which will oe considered in Chapter V~ , inter-group rela iona rem ina relatively peaceful . Perhaps by u1~ time e In 1an recogrliu~d th~1r eve_tunl fate ~nd ~ere resigned to cce t it real1 .... t1cally~ . t any r te j y ...... ars passed and ~!IIi i , f E • - . ...... 2 5 l-r.8 Lo~ tar . July 3 1i • . w' • 10 I nil t c . c d d 0 it , enc J h obI nlfO n t 1v .. On 0 qu r. Ithou h .. robl m lou p a or·ion h r t c 0 coun r , r nt rt • , r n r I I C r or 11 • I r 0 in in y rd • t r 0 1 1 r rv n oc 1 c nt r } er dl n d 0 r • or ly, r 00 ny ndi- c 0 0 1 in b or h h co in- n 0 o 1 nul nc y 0 c ·0 11 1 c 0 1 cul d n 26 I j 1 0 0 n 0 • , n or i uor • - o c 0 0 , h nd, r 'I .27 1 • a 1 u n , op ., . • 0), 0, 7. 1 13. 109 to Pass Indians WQS smallpox. This was a far more serious menace than liquor~ (the earliest axis tir.g record of 1 ts appearance concerns an epidemic among Cabazon's Cahuilla band in 15629 In this year ~ one of' the numerous miners traveling through San Gorgon10 Pass anrJ Agua Caliente (Palm Springs) destined for the Arizona mining fields observed an epidemic among Cabezon~a CahuIlla ch11dren(J squaws were treating their infected cluldren by spitting mouth , fuls of water on their exposed bodiess Additional treat- ment was being administered by medicine-men who vainly tr1~d to arrest the disease through performing «weird In- c nta tions and contortions~ tl Obvlouslyp these methods were ineffective and many ohildren were dying.. Victims! bodies were being cremated on a wholesale bas1s. 28 The wor t eplderaic 0 ccurred early in the ne xt year trhen a smallpox wave spread eastward from Los An~eles and ..... eventually reached the Pasa CshuillasliJ Although many Indians BUCCU..'11bed to this plague, one or the. rirst to con- tract 1 twas ::an '1'lmoteo' $ Juan AntonioQ Upon learning of hlscond1 tlon, the ant1r'e San T1moteo Indian group fled eastward leaving Antonio and sever-al others alone and , ... 28 y ahlon Dickerson h'aireh11d, "A Trip to the Colo- rado Tines in 1862, tf California Historical foci ety 9narter lI., Va 11» ... 1 I, U 0 • 1, P ~ 13 GI 110 helpl SSe ~ome of these ,--,an Tlmoteans undoubtedly took refurle in th P s! nt the Indian Potrero settlement which . .,; was now eight years olde Others continued their flight farther east onto th Colorado Desertql A sympathetic white ettler in fan Timoteo Canyon engaged a Mexican laborer to supply the stricken Ju n Antonio with food. Antonio's selr~prescrlbGd treatments involved a dual ar- r ngeroent consisting of intense sweats followed i mediato ly by cold w ter baths~ Within n week both he and four of hi~ tribesmen had died. 29 t third problem presented by tt~s concentrated hlt- invasion of 0~n rorgonio Pass involved the Indians' task ~ of aajusting to western culture. Hoaring of the extensive Arizona mining activities, aome Indi ns stsrtAd digging for eo1d in the Passs Others were deprived of their land as whit migrants, reco~nizing its possibilIties, pushed the Indians asidee Although Pass Indian life was not com pletely disrupted. adjustment wa~ a significant problem for them. Examples illustrating this fact h ve already been cited, and more will appear in Clllipter VI~30 29Lo~ ng le~, 1 tar, F'ebruary 21, 2B ~ 1863 .. )0 I . - Annual ReBort or the 0ecretary of the Interior, 1 61-18 1 62, R port of t Commissioner or Indian Arfair -~p no. b {~'ash1ngton: r'overnment Prln"1nt~ arric , 1863) t pp. 470-71. III - it 1" .. J ' an e l c (L. a n'-.l • ~Q e entl i .cr 9~~d. f'!.p er~llTl', he ~ ... .n ained ~r .8 c 0 er ile ~d y·hl .... - "' _i 0 t r1 P cc :: ... on,1..!. .. e t. If' 10 ... ·n ,,}"l- cr 0 t. n .x l~ ,., be"o on ~_ n 'h n... 0 "\ non- 'h'~'l ~ n .. ___ c .. }1 0 . e~ 1 v OC 0. 01 de ~eco niz- n . }-' te ""1 a or - (1, .... ' u·'la"" - _ a.. __ .. ... __ !.on • ~ c c e q , zen s.1cc€ .... de~ u n' ~ n !"ICo c oce _io a .. zo 4 E_ , ""- CO • on ,... • e . r • co e _ 0. . 'lnch her' e 11 ri .... ed • 5, 1 66 n ern rdino) , J nuary 25, 1873. 1 2 o pre nt B nn n· w s growing progressively mo~e autono .ous. f" u mis ion 0 ebternal authority had virtually d1s- ppe r d the ~roup no h d it oln chief whose nama was enio. R la lons with the area's fa white BettI rs w bot} pene ful nd friendlyo In fact, some Indian r mploy d b local farmers -nd ranchers to perform r Id or}! nd rout1ne cher Q QI In ddi tlon to sgrlcul tura 1 cooper tion, Ind ana and s ttler~ also cooperat d in main- 1n1ng loc 1 peace nd Ordel"3 For e mole . in ~mrchp 1867. ctln upon lnror tlon s ppl1ed by one of Isaac th' .onr., the Indian Potrero croup succeeded in cap t r1n~ tot s who had already stolen some of ewton obI '8 . tock nd war· in the process of executing another th ft. r"he thie s were immediately surr ndered to loc 1 hlte resld nts who investigs' d the affair and re c d a verdict of guilty. Follo ·1ne their conviction. t t 0 lIt re sign d to Chief Dugenio -who W8 ..., ~lv n h pri viI Le of f"ol ctlng and ad t 1nist rint~ appro r1 t puni nt. Upon r c Iv1 c thir:: mandate, n ub~eque tly cr ad hy hould nged Commenti g on hi", d c1sion, th e- n B r n expr ad t a rdonic opinion h t 1 e w It 9kin ... the ood p c ble ndla 8. n 33 33~ uardi n (c n B rnardino), a c 23, 1867. Pass Indians Durln~ Railroad Exploration and Cons ruction Vl~11 11 ~outhcrn ac1f1c Alo11road' s sur-vey and 113 con truction cr ws ere working in -an Gorgonio P SS~ Indi n life continu d wlt~out significant change. An interest in· v t occurred during August@ 1873, when the Federal overnmc. t r ,.p ci 1 1\" nt John G~ Ames vi a1 ted the Pass .. 11 pacific isslon was to confer Ith A u~ Caliente' B Ch af Cab zon concerning current cond1tlonsmong the Cahu lIas. Gabezo 's domain was described s beg1nning in ~ n Cor onio Pa s and extending eastl.Jard onto the Colorado De (H~t. bazon a summoned to meet A as in the Pass at th Indian PotI' rOe ' report p1ctured the Cah111as as r 1 ively c ful group .Jho Lad been demoralize by hi cont ct nd who desired to be protocted fr m white tIer' ncroachment~ by being guaranteed a perman nt po e ion r rved for the1r e clu lv use. or 1 port nt action of Ames r port described tIe I dian Potr~ro on ~hlc the conf .renc was held. Con- i in 0 00 Cp s of lrrl abl 1 nd I ,he are as de- pict d n nc1ent r f re for ~an B rnardino Vall y Indi- ns in tlme w of conflict. Dotrero Indl ns complained to bout l't at ler who had recently invnd d the no th rn rt of th lr Ian J h in b 11t a crud d el11 g 114 an hnvln confise ted land formerly u.::ed for p sture by .. n 1 na. one ~rni 19 thl D1U tter I AMes pcraund a the n 1 n;;, o deluy expo in~ the white intruder by force ,- until he cou t~ nsmi th rnc o the c· c to :Jashlngton, 1oJ. .34 nc'udln_ hi~ _0port, AT s made several raco menda- tion. One pr~posed he enta 11sh.:."!lcnt of permanent home r th. Cahuillan pr.fer bly cons1stin ... of five to ten ou.and ere ,rac t loc ted .ome\her Ion the eastern base tl n B~rn ~di 0 cun ins. On thi~ tract he nvl ion d h entire Cahuilla rlbe' consolldn ion. • 0 Id ~li , pI n prove unf 1ble, an cceptable alterl1fl- tlv 0 be to i hdr w fro entry 11 gOY. nm~nt lands curr n 171 occu led by '-~ tr1. VB ions ... ments. Al- l ou 11 t 1 1 tt ,.... pl1n i r g rd d tribs,l un1 lcotion, t - r dopt d he e 61" ) ov rn S:1t4> Another r c- on d individ a 1 n holdln--..n, cone oI"n1 nl'" cl i ved e cl 10 ilv cuI hnv .. ~n exclusiv 0 h c 0 cuI 1v te its crop • In contr st, he felt in n "} ould b reId com unally h1rd ecommen- n c re U 0 e n c s1 y for the In( ian. ' 115 assuming eventual responsibility for their own suppo t and welfare . Ames expressod his belief' thilt the government should assist them in satisfying their present demands, but there· fter the Indians shoula learn to exi .... t by tL eil- W! efforts without Federal assistance. 35 In November, 1876, tho I disl Pot. erc wa the scene of a celebration in honor oft ~n unidentified GBhul11 anni- versary~ Other Cahuilla clans wero also present to slst the Potrero Indians in thl event~ aguardient e 36 available~ tho Indians w r Lmbibl g freelY9 and some who had consumed too much we~e becoming riotous$ vfhen one of the chiefs attempted to ar at an Indi an who bad become troublesome g a fight ensued during which the chief's pistol accidentally discharged~ The bullet pierced a bystander's forehead and resulted in immedle~e death. The chief was promptly imprisoned and condemned to be hanged by the other chiefa present. Under 8 n€81 l by tree g a noose was placed around his neck but was not drawn tight. Fortu nately for the chief, as he was being elevated, the con tracting noose miraculously caught on his chin~ Because t~ other Indians were probably too absorbed with ~guardlen~e1 jI 1 J5.~, " 1 ' 07 J. (. pp. i -0'). 6 . 3 __ 1 A~u rd ante w ~ a 3_anish-Me. 1eAn Jord loo~el~ d to any kind of drink having a high liquor content. 116 none of them h d noticed thi!' unusual ...,1 tua tlon, " nd when th chief W's later lowered he was merely unconsc!ous9 n vivln sometime later. the Indians decided to rep at th '-' Be on the following d y. Learnin . of thi~ planp ~ome of the chi(L! B friends apparently contacted (~8n Bernardino County ~her4ff Thomas for he soon arrived to intervene be fOl"a a second hanging could occur.37 .As tl1 ' .... outhern Pac fic Railroad's Chineue construc- t10n crews invaded Pass Cahuilla ~erritory. C bazon was observed to LA very di8pleQsed~ The elderly ciner expl essed f al' that the rr'11road lould ruin h:'s crops~ f"ri {'-L1t"n away e(lTt.le, and offer no t 6coropense for confiscated Indian land He pro ptly registered his complaint l;iith the company's co O\'lner" Char" as Crocltar. In reply j Crocker orfered to nego- t1ate a wood-cutting contract r-lith Gnbezon by which the Cllhuilla~'l would l'ecei ve trJO dollara per cord wi th no res cr1c t10n on the amount the company \Jould accept" Feeling 111"" d,m n 4 s were being adequately ppeased, Cabazon accepted the c~ntr ct which introduced his tribesmen to the wood cutting busine 5. 33 Production ws temporarily impeded a.pproximatelya month later when P -ss Cahu111as were sub- j cted to minor smallpox epidemic. Pearing this dre d ~!ov ember 2,3 I 1676G .an Bernardino Times, Janu .ry 19.1877. 117 d1se sa, many Indians flod ror adjacent mountains, but the scourg soon passed reportedly having a fee ted only three person and having inflicted no d0aths. 39 ~1~rly in 1878.9 Pass Indians were threat n d wi th eviction trom the1r Potrero villa r::e when HillllL Hlcl:anan" ~~ ... " a 10", Angeles business m n, entered sui t 1n ~an Bernar dino to establisl title to th . tract. Hickman was a partner in lumbering company engaged in extracting wood from nearby . ountains under C0l1tl'~get to the ~outhern P clf1c Railroade Although his motive is not clGGr~ one may reasonably guess that he planned to commence cutting t1mber in the mountains behind the Potrero and float the wood to the railroad by flume. If he oould ~Q1n possession of the Iotrero and the stream flowing through it, he \vould both control the prop erty on which the flume would have to be built and possess a satisf ctory source of water to use in it~ Regardless h t Hlckrnan t s motive m y have been, public opinion in ~an Bernardino i8S solidly behind the Indians' claim, and Hlckm n subsequently lost the sui t.40 Later in the ~ame year, the Federal government lth drew froM public entry four townships of Federally owned 187 • ... n Bern rdino Timf:§ ebruary 15, 24. 1877" ~nn Bern rdin? Times, January 19, February 5, 118 1 nd r Indinn u v in h e t rn nd of 'the Pass. The JPno~ dl inclt e th Ildian . .. trero and sur- i . le1a t dd1tlon'1 ero e to ~u'~~nnte :as Indi ns 9 tract dequ t~ or ~he rue nco. Ihi retian was Qig- n tJO r npect~. Pi st, it ssured P SD Indi ns .rm ho e on which tb would b 1 g lly protected ro C O'i C ine:. ~hi t ettler .. cond, 1 rn lked the er ~ovorn ant t 0 ficl 1 ~eco nltion of the 'otrcro ve tu Ilv led to t he . rea's creation as n ..... ov rnm n 'd i 1nt rf3d Jndi n ros rv tlon. Unfortunately, i y r In el 1 entnble rae was discovered that P r ro viII wa ltuated in non o~ the four i e ede"nl cy hieL had boen i 1 r n thrc to be 'ithdrawn had ov rnle t offici lly roco ' 1 ed e or n"h 1 1 ) 0. , proceeded to clear the are 0 te tIer thrOll h a series of prop rty - c • 1 on concltd ng the e ch neG, the rndi n .otr ro e a e n nt ho or a....,s Indi n, 'J8 r 11 ce 01 0 • 5. county LO '!. SAn ,1i thin the hir ... y year pan .from 1850 to 1880, f1 ve ed rally pon~ored urve parti s entered 2an ~orgonio Pas Jeering various 1nstruetions~ ong th five. one wa q en' aged in a project whose sieniflcance la nation 1 in <=lcope, hile nother' 3 \'ork has had last!. importance for 11 of .DU hem Californi. Ahe Jork or the remaining three ~as confined to r Intively local projects and conqe- quently has ttracted pro&ortlonately lees attention. or- tunately, 11 w re required to m 1ntnin :ield note rrom ~hlch vnlua Ie infor. atio 1~ availablee Gontainin both statl.tlc 1 and descriptive data, these note are 'ell nre- • rved nd supply illu inatlng verbal pictures of the Pans durln~ the early p rt of 11 "-' . . t d .i. OI'nlS S on. ericen p r cd. olon 1 Hr..nr" liashin""ton t..., • urveys in , n -or~on10 P s ~1ronologically. he irst of thea groups w s 801onel Henr hin tonts ~h1ch e a Ined h P sa in ov.- '"' .r, 1852. ctob 4, .B~hi gton h d been a srded contr ct by the Un ted ~t8te "'urveyor en r 1 for 120 California ; Samuel D. King, to establish the ~an Bernardino Base and Meridian lines. 1 Having their point of origin on the peak of Mt . ~an Bernardino , the ~an Bernardino Base Line was to e an ellst- west line extending from California's eastern boundary to the Pacific Ocean , while the San Bernar dino Meridian was to be a north-south line extendln~ from the Nevad9 Boundary to thp Mexican border . All present township and sectionsl locations ot ~outhern California real property are made on the basis of these t~10 lines. The Meridian cuts throuph Ran GorLonio Pass mid-way between the present towns of Beaumont and Banning, its exact loca- tion being one mile east of Beaumont's Highland ~prin-s Avenue . By late October , ~-Jashington Bnd hi .... party had arrived in Los An~eleb and vJere ready to depart f'or San Bernardino. 2 Within a month, they had entered the Pass hopIng first to locate the Meridian and then to survey it north toward Mt . San Bernardino. After locating it at the southeast corner of township two south of range one west , Washington proceed ed to work northward. When he had progressea only a mile and 9 . half, he \-JaB forced to abandon the Herid1an survey, IN'ational Archives and Recorda Service, General Land Office Records , California ~urveying Contract and Bond , October 4, 1852. 2Los Angeles ~tsr, October 23, 30, ~52 . ming th t the mountainous terrain in tho t viclniLY sly 1.peded his ere l s accurac .3 121 Tpon 1 avln~ the Pa s, b was next reported dorking o the Base ina north of Lo Angeles were he had one more encountered troublesome lount ins. wbile awaiting special st uCL.1ons .from the SUI eyor General's office tip oblem, he ret rned to t~ e Pass, arriving ther A ome Fe r~ ry, 1853. P~oce d~ng to the point from w ch he had w ked north durl . the preceding 10 e ber, he nmi th :1 r dian cut 0 A.4lter two end a h If les, h ~udd nl moved thre miles ~ est Qnd continEd h t ,->0 therl urs~ into p sent La b~~ Ca yona Alt-ough th fo b ddl c r ~ter of" the T an t.i o tward i~ not el throug hi h h eridian p s s pro~ldes th~ at pIaua..., ible xpl netio,. Lam '3 Canyo i the mo t e s~l~ ers- abl p s a through thes mountain in this icinity.4 o D b r 26, 1654. th Unit st tea Sur eyo n r 1 or llforni conclu ad nother contr c . ith 3 verside county 3 eyer's Office FLeld ook o. 3, pp. 2 -33 . This vol me has been co p 00 s o. 5 0 and 573 of records assem led by the eyor er 's Offie ~O ea ifornl ten t ex oc v on 0 the southe t corner of o th 0 .an~ one e ,see .ap 0 p. 69. 4Ibid . , pp. 5-40; 1853$ u. 89 an i t 15, co.,. lp 122 \"ashlngton prov1di ,.. for the 'ul~vey of tOl nahip boundaries in a fOUl~-mile-w de strip loc ted immed1atel south of the Ba e Line and bounded o~ east and went by the Colorado ~ver and the • an 13erna::-dino l"eridian. 5 f -he western end of this ar a included the present cOTfl.rnuni ties of Banningg Cabazon, and . ill! te\ister. By Januar , 1&55, ~:ashln~ton was busy pur suins 11" k;I work through the Pa g s "it;.! 10 +:r va lline east toward he volorado~ ~ix months 1 ter, he r appeared to perform additional ~ork lon. the ar a's western bound- <.;;. ry. In hl~ field note, I' shinaton described the estern half of the Pass as generally rocky nnd brushy t.,li th only 6 1nterm1 tent p tch :3 of land suitable for farroingft The Pacific Puilroad ;;urvey of ::'an (7orgonio Pass Th second F_dorally sponsored Eurveying party to ppeer in ~on nor onio Pass was 'ropo~raphical ~'cnglneer John • P reafe- in Jovp.rnber, 853. !"t. Parke w s currently ~s- 0,1 ~ne "'0 the Pacific Hailroad ~)urvey and had b en dele ated the task of explor1n£ the Pa~. The Pacific h~ilro d ("urvey . 0:-- a tJongrpsf!ion 11'1 authorized project who e pur 'po e \ a to deter-mine llthe most PI'" ctlc ble and economical 5 . tlon 1 Archi es and "tecord s :-ervlce, General Toland f ie cord, California Curveyin- Contrac ond Bond, December 26. 1854. ' . 6:' iver ide 00unty 'urveyor' t)ffice Pleld Jo~es. Book o. 3, pp. 4-11, 15-17- 123 r oute for a r ailroad from the Mississippi RIver to the Pacific Ocea.n" fJ The Secretary of ~~ar "las responsible for its execution and was also empowered to employ the Corps of 1~opog:r*aphl.eal Eneinee-rs to perform the work<) 7 In oreanizing the projeet g secretary or W ar Jeffer non Davia d1~idod the ope~ution into four parts~ Recogn1z- lng that Galiforniate interior mountain chain presented one of the more formidable obstructions to 0- trnnscontinental railroad's construction, be assigned ~opograph1cal Engineer Lt. " L) S. W :i.lliatneon the task or- surveying the various pass- es intersecting this mountain range f~om San Francisco south. 8 Upon recelv1ng his assignment, W illiamson assembled a nlne~man party and embarked for San F~anc1sco from New York on Hay 20, 185), aboard the steamer Il11noisro Arriving - , - - in f' an Francisco on June 20, ltJilliamson t -8 crew cOlfmlenc@d its exploratory 8urveY Q 9 gradually travelling southward alor~ the f ierrs ,ievadas' wegtern base li> By C'e-ptet4ber 1, the party had reached Tejon Pass . Here W illiamson expressed some doubt concerning the grouptg future route and conse- quently dispa tched his subordinate , Lt. John G. P&rke, to , . l ±:! b 7~·tatute~ at ~r O'"e and Treaties of the United ~tates Amergca r~om )ecergber ,I , .lB5~2 to }1arch 3,' 18~;3J p ~ 219 . Los ,--- geles ~ta~ , June 25, 1853. 124 , a ha~ty raconnal .. sance in the direction of Los Angeles .. Jpon arriving there, urke made numerous inquiries 8~ong nc el nos nnd surprisingly ac{ulred information about an o cur o r in ~he notnt ins known as ~an \~rronio Pass 10 c t d U IMo ~ t c i IJ ec t ly (1 S tor thi s 1 itt 1 vi 11 a g e Il Be fore r turnln . to Tejon. he Made a c rnory 1nspection of the Fa <; and v en rejoined ,!il11a lson to roport his dlscoverya 9 .?ar s's announcement of: Pan ;rOl' g Onio t 5 existence oroduccd no i ,mediately o '1tensiblo chun 3:e in 1 ,1tlliamson t s 1 n. ' h p 1 ~-y CD t1nued mov1n o southeBstward and even- tually ~eached t he )ld c p niah Trail's M ojave H1ver cr oss- in. y t is time, .illiamson had decided to divide his \ii th +-he Inr~er t~rOUPf he planned to e .. plop fir t the J. ojuve River nd then he Colorado iver as '!' r outh I s its junction Hi,l..h the G1l $ Upon completln. thi 1 e anticipated returnin ~ " h t c l rn 1"" 10 t 9 2d '-' 1 , 22. 10 3· . ole p r+-.y fQuld be reunited. IO while, Lt. 'rke \'i S . soiened th smaller de- nc;tr etton. to investigate .Jan (.lorj"l'onio and 'rom he 0 jave Hi ver, Par ~ ~ w s to fo1 ... )1 ~p nl...,h rail throu h jon P-s. to ~an Bernar- ilroad : urveyw . aport, -J. £ .1 33d Cone., " ecutivc Documents, Jo1. V, pt. l~ pp. 7- . b 1d ., pp. 27, 32· _L_o_s~~~~~~~~t~a~~r, Jecerober J1, 125 dino where he 'Ylould tu.rn southeast and proceed to C$an GorrroniOtt From here he wag to descend onto th~ Colorado Desert, skirt the eastern base of the fan Jacinto Honntains, explore Warner's PaSSt and rejoin his superior at gan nlego~ll Upon reaching san Diego» Parke reported to 'williamson that his 2'an Gorgonio Pass explorations had been extremely satis.factory. Because both its ascent and descent wet'e so g,radual and uniform, he 'Ans convinced th~l t this was th~ best pass in the ent1~ 'e Sierra n evada range : $ He ~HaB also impressed by 1. ts openness and its unusually lO\-J elevs- tion of only 2,800 teet3 Near the summit he had visited Pauline ieaver t s residence of ~hich the party's staff ., '" artist had prepared a sketch. 12 _ ~ year later in December, 1854,. when W illiamson .sub- l1litted tho final report o~ his part-y's work to the War DeportTl'lent g he was noticeably influenced by Parke ' 8 account of n norgonic Pass~ After summarizing data eollected durin£: his croupts explorations in the nU1nerous r1erra Nevada passss froN f~, n "Pranciseo south, lil11ismson concluded 11 1Ii " l "'I -. ("e ~'T 'x D ,Pacific Railroad. Surve:r.s . Repor~, Volil V # pt. 1, . 1 '-" 12Ib~q •• pp. 36-8. Parke's route through the Pass is d pict~d on ~ map appearing in Paciffc RQ~~road f:,urve~xs fieporte, 101 0 Xl .. A photographic reproduc.t..ion of the £outhern C lifornla portion or this Aap appears on p. 127u 126 eIFI C R ~ILROAD ~ nVEY .AF ('}4' LX? ORATIO!L .. , III ' OU {ErLT Cl LI' RUIA . .. R ...... ..I,!!; • Reports 0 certain wha • i i I Pacific Railroad Extracted from· ·_ - ---=----- - - - ~I' .)0, , ,- .... ~\ j .-~~ , .. , -, Survey map of explorations in southern California. facific Railroad Surveys Repor~ , Vol . XI. 128 his report sta in~ th the only practic 1 route for southern transcontinen al railro d through C lifornla s d motnt in barrier was n $orgonio P 58. Its chi f compe itor, . arnerts .sss, p~ anted too m nv ob tacles to be con~id6r d for successful nd econ n m1csl railway u eo Regardless-whetller the line were to ~e ~ in t in (n D ego or ~an ~ranc1 co, a th1rty-~ cond par l1e1 southern rail- road co,ld _~no no better openin~ thro4-h the ~outher! part of th <'1 r'ra 1 evaaas than ,-an GorLonio Pass as .... a~ as .. illia"nson h~d been able to deter ne.'3 By tL.e rollc,·1nt. ,ebruary, the Office of Pac1-Pic railroad :urveys had p~epared a preliminary r port .or ecretary of r DUvis consisting of a broad s~~~~J of h four surve .in~- artie::>' ~lctivi -las, di cover':e8, nd recom- menuation~. 0 ganiz d round the fiv~ 'ranscontinent 1 routes currently wBU1g con lder a, ~he paper'~ authors adopted '.i liarnson's convlncln. ecommendation hat· n .... or ... on10 ~ ss be dopted if th- -- ovcrnm nt hould U c1 e t"O a rd t~ support to the outherly thirty 3 cond par 11 .1 route. After rejecti '~ °Jarner' ~ P s, the followin c de- ... cript':'on he bl,. f ~or' .onio as inse~ted: or onio or ~an )ernardino ss ••• i l.~ It _5 .n ope .. v ley, fro,j t\O 13 Ibid., pp. 41- . reM rk o _1ve 129 miles wide, the surface $t]ooth and unbroken, affording in its form and inclination every facl11~y and no ob struction to the building of a ral1road~~ ecretary Davis subsequently prepared h15 own report and submitted it to Congress a few weaks laterg Based largely on the summary he had recently received from the Office of Pacific Railroad 2urvay5~ he discussed the rind- 1 g~ of his four exploratory survey crews relative to the fivo transcontinental routes currently beirt..g considel'eds In conclusion, Lavis remarked that a comparison of avail- able d ta concerning the rive possible routes clearly re- veeled that the southern thirty-second parallel route was !'the most practicable and economical route" i'or which Congress was searching. IS In addition, he was convinced thnt ,an nor onio Pass 'Was the only satisfactory p-oint at hlch a southern route could penetrate Calif'orniats moun- talnous barricade and reach the Pacific Oceano Virtually copyln f • the Office of Pacific Railroad furveys t descrip- .ion, Davis pictured "he '!')ass as "the most favo~able of' he neeses in the Coast rangea n Upon traversing ~an ~or onio Pass, est-bound tracks could be laid to any of California's prospective railr oad termini . >-an Francisco, 14Ibid., Vol . If "An xamlnatlon of the Reports and ~xploration for Railroad Routes from the Mississippi to the Pacific , " pp. 86-8 . 15Ib1d . , "Report of the ~ecret ry of war," p. 29 . 1JO ~an Pedro, or C n Di go could all be reached 1th only .1nor bst cl 8 one th 3ierr devad range had been sur- .ount d at can Gor-onio P 8s. 16 ~ n ortun tely, the Civil ar int rvened baror Congr ss had tsk n any concrete st 0 8S 1st in con~tructlng a trs.8continental railroad. .. e • l. finally did pass an enabling ct in 1862 durl~ the ..., ~ldst of the ivil Jar, the qouthern route was thoroughly impractical because of .Torth-~ou h hostilities. Conse- quently, f-he central route tbrou'_h Immigrant' s ~ap and pr n -day r ckee '1 hin he next year-and-a-half , more information was ccum 1 ted by the Office 0 seifie Railroad ~urveyn. Ithou~h this data w s also interpreted as favoring a outherly thirty-s cond p r llel route, it exhibited a frien lier attitude to~ard nterln. California through arner's P ss, es~ec~ally if an Diego were to ~e th rai'- road'Q ermlnus . Co entin on this matter, the Ofr ce of Pacific 1 11road urv y~l dlr ctor g Captain.. • Humphrey, rote: r s~andard appli d to tne t 0 rou e~--the route n lego b~ n r'~ pas, and that to fan Pedro by an Jor onio pes - ill .ive about the s me co~t ~or eac . I tle objec t is 0 re ch the b y of ~an anc i co, th rOt.! G throu h the n -or oni a s i 131 pref rable J inca I after roaching ,'an Diego through . rner's ass, at a cost qua 0 th t of the route throu _ h the ~ n ~or8onio Paas 0 San Pedro, there ould r main the dist nco betwo n nn Diego nd .an Pedro--ne rly 100 mil s--over which it would be neces sary to build the road. 1 7 hen Lt. Parke ex 10 ed the Pass for Lt • .. 1111amson in ~ov mber, 1853, the exp~d1t1on'. geologist and minep- 010 i t, 1111 m P. BI ka, had ccomp nled him. lake later pr p red hi individual report and pr sented it to °ecret 'y D vi 1 Apr1 II 1857. phaslzing geoloe1ca1 end in rolo ieal obs rvatlons, th~ r p~r very informative in oth r y as well. The ~umm1t or ~an Gorgonl0 Pass rant dna broad, ertl1e gently sloping plain w 11 dapted or grlcultur 1 development. This scen w s uppl m nt d bT a partly ruined dobe house in which ltv d ll-k 0 n .ount Ineer, u11n ~eElver. ologie lly. th P w s de crib d "n b olut bra k or disloca- ton' i orni' Sierra 1 v d r ng Adj c nt n mot 0 v n on pre nted a v r art!l area a - occ pi d b nd 1 r ce tle r nch s. In en 1, Blak pp ar d to be qu lly as pIe sed 3 Parke d b n ov r h pr cticabillty of th P oS for railro d u e. 18 Ire o h Pro re s of ~he Pacific n (u'vey, p. 28-9. V, t 2, 9- 4. 132 Local Surveys fhe third Pass survey was performed under James Go McDonald's direction about two years after Parke's depar turee Having contracted to establish section boundaries in that area. roughly comprising the eastern ~an Gorgonio Pass and Colorado Desert sections of present-day Riverside County, McDonald began his survey during the first week in December, 1855~ in the area now occupied by the city of Banning 0 His impression of this loeality was very favor able, and he inserted this comment in his r1eld notes: The land in this township W ::uch Portions as is f?/7 in the valley ~is first rote farming land • Plenty of Water-zLl and can be carried allover the valley w1 th 11 ttle difficulty [;J their /iiU is a High nange of Mountains tt .. xtending up in to ZSiV the ~~outhern Portion of:' s tOlinshlp which affordes /Sic? ~,eveT'al fine sPt' .ln g Z .·s~c7 convenlen . t to the farm1ng - lands in ~he valley. the /S1~7 range of mountains on the north W also the valley W 1$ Generally covered ~ith a rine coat of Grasso In addition he also noted the presence of several Indian trails and a wagon road in the viclnlty.19 As his work caused him to migrate eastward g he be came progressively less oleased with Pass terra1n. The s ction from Cabazon to Whitewater was rate ,-andy. 011" on which gr . scattered clumps or brush. 19 TIl varsid County Surveyor's Office Fi'leld Notes, Book No.2, ppo 33-42. This volume has been compiled from Book Nos 1517 of records assembled by the U. 5 s Surveyor Gon ral t ~ Office :for California at ('an Francisco. 133 However, adjacent mountains on both sides o:f the Pass were ob erved to contain several impressive sources 0 water both 1 the form of streams and springs. 20 s ometime during the latter half of 1856, Los Angel s clvil engineer Henry Hancock executed another survey 2im11a" to ~4cDon81dt 5 in the western end of the Pas~. ~",ork1ng under contract to U. s. [ urveyor General for California John E. Hayes, Hancock established section boundaries throughout the area now known as North Beaumont and Cherry Valley.21 Cone rning the North Beaumont-Cherry Valley district, he at ted: rtThis fractional township consists of good table lands, well adapted to the growth of \-Jheat or the vine. It rtentral and ('outhern Beaumont were described as "high and rolling end apparently well adapted to the gro th of wheaten On the whole, Hancock W 8 well pleased with the area' agricultural pot ntlalu 22 The last of the five Pas surveys performed during this period occurred in early 1871. United ~tates Deputy 21 ~~e trac Hancock surveyed occupied n triangular orca in the outheast corner of township two south of range one we~t . I s three corners were roughly I:.'!ections 14, 3), and 36. fee map on p . 69~ 22 R1verside County ~urveyor's Office Field Notes, Book No. 26, pp. 1- 10, )7-48 . This volume h s been com pi1 d froM Book To . 678 of records assembled by the U. ~ . furveyor General' arrice for C litom1 at 20n Francisco . 134 .urveyor ror Southern California John Goldsworthy had been contracted by his superior in 'an r ncisco to complete the ectionnl survey of townships t 0 south» ranges one and two est, of an Bernardino Base Line and A:eridlan. 23 Roughly includln~ the present rth Beaumont p ... harry Valley, and (An 1 oteo Canyon districts, he was in the area performing hi 83 ignment during the 10 t two w(7el r s in March and the .1r t e k in Aprl1G 24 i~lthough not includ d in hi con- ract oth r records r v al the while engaged in this proj ct he Iso located the boundar! of R . ncho ~'8n Jacinto - £ ) inantly n ~~an 'rimateo Canyon Durin hl~ visit his ?an 'Torgonio Pa~s surveys were con- fin d to stnblishi section boundar'ies largely in the w tern h If of t ownship t'Wo ~outh of range one west . Two month later he as obliged to r turn to the Pass afte~ two r .. iaonts no r the to\~nship 3 center had complained ths t h h d 11 d to include their property in his surveys In his notes, Gold 'Worthy reported that land near the moun ins as a r1culturally valu bl and seemingly satlsfac orily 'uter d. In ddlt1on, the tabl -1 nd immediately and 94. 1871 23 c e 24 1 Orf1c The m on p. 69 . t10n 1 Ar hives and R cora Records, C I1forn1a P iv uar ian (~an Bernardino), (erv1ce, General te L nd Cla1m Docket reh IB , April 8, 135 w at of the ass we judged to b suitable for extensive l1ve u toc graz1ngo Except for sparse tlmb r upplles, hi opi ion ofs terrain was v.ry f vorable. 25 25 R1verside County ur eyor's Offie Field otes, Book o. 4, pp. 21-42 . This volume h been compiled rrom Boo o . 493 of record assembl d by th U ~ . ~urveyor leneral'~ Offic for Ca11forni at San ra cisco. CHAPTER V THE BUTTERFlbLD OV.!!.RL111ID HAIL COl- PANyt S ~ ~ARCH FOR A ROUTE THHO"''''GH . OUrfHERH CALI FOHUIA On March ), 1857, the United ~tates Con~res pass d its annual Post Office Appropriation 1'111 hich President Franklin Pierce subsequently signed Like many appropri - tion bills» this one included a nr ider." . actions ten through thirteen of the act uthor1zed the Postmsst r Gener 1 to contract for the conveyance of the entire letter mail from such point on the j$.1ss1aslppi River as the eon rectors may select_ to Say 9nclaco~ in the. t t of Ca11fornia, for six years. On the b 81 of this m ndat ~ Po~ mast r ~ener 1 Aaron Vo Brown proceeded to edv rtlse for bids i receiving a total of nine, The one which was finally accepted had been submitted by a group of individuals under the leader ship o~ John Butterfield of Utlc , Ne' York9 2 The contract which resulted authorlz d the Butterfield Overland ~<!ail Company to construct and operate the nation's sec nd over land mail cOrL~ect1on with the Pacific coast~3 The company ,. 1, tstutea at Large and Treati s of . t~e. Un! ted 1 t tea qf Amer~C9 fr~~D~cembe.r _ 3 s 18S~; to March 3; IPP-§, p~ 1909 Roscoe p ~ Conkling and ~ r aret B. Conkllng~ The Butterfl ld Overland !r1a11. Volo i9 PPe 112 ... 1 3The first overland mail co~tr ct bad be n aw rded 137 had one year, or lntil ~6pterober 16, 1858, to commence ope~atlon ~ Althou h the comp~ny r ulrod to ato at cart in speci 1 d points, it res rv d th~ ri ht to deter ~lne tho exaet routes i s ta~cs would follo b t en these pointso travelling w at, the last two required stop~ lor ort Yum and n ~ancisco. Thus, the t sk 0 doter in! the rou a ito stages oul follo t nrough Quthern C 11for ni \Hl til company's e c lu. iva r sponsitl11 ty. 4 "lthough the r1~ht to decide th rout through 'outhern ~ lifornia belo~:ed to ·he co ,pany, an ndica ion do xist th t ostm t r n ner 1 Brown f vored the rou ·e p:oi g northwe t f'rom rort Yum, ero h Color do Desert, and throu: h ~ an ~o~gonl0 Pa 5. 5 Brown m y have becom three onths earl1 r to James E. Blrch .. fr. Birch b ge op rat1n~ the ~ n Anto~ 0 and San D ego I 11 Line on July 9, 1857. 4 he contr ct was reproduc d by t 0 Qouthe4n Califor n1a n wspapers: ~outh rn Vineyard (Lo n~ele) ~ pte .ber 25 1653; ~ n ~ieGoHernld, Augu t 29, 1857. 5f n I?le\~o_ Her Id t ?'ugu t 29, 1857. In thi~ i_sue, the Herala quo ·ed a eop ... of the Phil, delphia l'\ orth . . rican which eported the st in orm tion the -overnment th n ..... po_~e d concernin he dl tan as bet~en th r quired topping points. The distance b twe n h last t 0 requi _tops t i-h este r n end of the line (1 • • , Fort Yum and ~an Fr nci co) as listed 600 mil e. q1thin this sector, the miles e :from ort Yuma to ~~Rn Bernardino wa given a 180 .11 s. Bee use the mileage rro~ Fort YQ~6 to ~an r- nardlno vi ·'arner' B Pas W:3 ppro~ Ima tel 250 mile th report s ems to indicat that of lei 1 ~ov6rnment sourc pr ferred th £ n Gor onio Pass route throu h outhern Californi • fa. 11'r ith t . ilra d route ur e hrou j re dine the report 0 ~ade b t- en 1 53 1855. 6 A Three City ~,truggle 138 th R co izi . t t the Butverf1 Id route hrou h ~ou - er aliforni Q . a no et:ned i the contract, t c outh ·r~ alifor 1a t more dv ced citie 01" t honor of i - 1.c_uded 0 th Butter ield lin ~ an 3 ecc Los ~n.el s, ~nar ino all env~sion d h ~inancial, pop lation. no soel 1 adv nt s whie '0 Iv e d d ro ein~ Ioeat a on route ~ll hr uninh bited in h strug~~ which develope to in ~ne arable opi. ion of C~tterflel· popres nt tl s a Die.o'~ early hop ~ .or nclusion on th~ ButtAr- fl.el in 8.1. e bw.l ouod he ~8 \ tonio ~n vie 0 ail L1 In ~ ebru r J 1~57, ~he Un! te... Congra hs a ho~lzed con ruction o~ on road frou ~l Pa 0 ""'0 t ov r . ich Po t a er er 1 Rr wn had con- tr cted ~ . B1 ch ~1v ~ onths 1 te o c rr ail et 2d Q6 36- en C n ~ntoniu and ie c o. 7 first stage 33d pt 1, Unite re 139 operating by Augu t 9. 8 In December, an Diego discovered that John Butterrield was ne_otlating to purchase the < an Antonio nd fan Diego Mail Tine from s. James Ee Birch) ldow of tho 11nc t s late rounder~ This inform tio caus d Son Diego's hopes to rise sharply. ~hould Butterfield b successful in purchasing the line, he would Qurely adopt its route and send his stage~ through ban Diego. The whole town was certain that ~an Diego would now become n stop for Butterfield Stat:8. What bett?r d a1 could Butterfield make than to purchase s good. thoroughly prepared, proven road such as thi? lhe an Diego Herald enthusiastically published these statements: The Semi-weakly Overland Mail , the groatest enterprise of the kind ever undertaken, is, according to present appearanc s, to meke its tar inus in ~an Diogo. It is understood th2t the Postmaster-General has con sented to a modi.fication of the contr ct wi th ~~eS8rB • . ells, Butterfield ,I-~ Co. permitting the overland rout from st. Loui and femphis to t rmlnate at San Diego, and allowing the mails to be transferred from there to ~an ~~anci~co by stesMbo tSs 9 'pirits rema1ned high until Apr11~ Then, the people o~ ~an Diego were sUddenly shocked to le rn that Mrs. Birch 8 . ~n Diego Herald, Pioneer Notes rom th~ Dl l .. ar jorle Tisdale · !olC!ott. Augu ries ad 0 ,. 9 .~ n Diego Herald, December 12_ 1857g wenjamin H yes, a 1'.lin Ha es, had finally sold the line . but not to ButterfieldQ She had sold it to two of her ernPloyeestl 10 Unless Butterfield could get possession from its new owners~ o"an Diego would have to find some other way to gat itself placed on the autterfi ld route9 Upon Butterfield's failure to vet title to t~ San Antonio and ; an Diego Mail Line~ 2nn Dlegans c~ne~d ugin~ a different approach to the problem9 Interested In oividuals in ~ n Diego knew that finding a suitable poute across the Colorado Desert could be one of Butterfield's more serious probl roS$ They also knew that this diffieulty could b surmounted very easily if Butterfield of:ftciall! could be per uaded to adopt Birch's Fort Yufl1a .... < ;an Diego extension to the governmentts El Paso-Fort Yuma wagon roads R co: nizing this situation, f an Diegans altered their propagand ea paign accordingly. ~hay began to stress the fact th t hero was a road whose practicability for mail- e rry1ng ~tages was a fact. The nat10n t g first Pacific overland mail company had already proven its -worth. It had both water and graase In addition, San Dlegans knew of a shor cut b teen their town and Carriso Creek . a small 10 an D18,,0 II r ld, April 10, 1858ft The two em- ployees who bour ht the company \-Iere George H. Giddings p s perinte~dent a~ (" n Antonio, and HQ E. Doyle, superin ende t ~t fan D1 go. 141 stream located about half way to Port Yuma along Birch's road. If the short cut were adopted, stages could reduce their schedules by a full day between Fort Yuma end San DiegoQ) Rerouting this portion of B1 ~ch' s road had first been proposed in February, 1857. From th~n until October it was discussed sporadically, a committee was appointed to in vestigate 1 t, and Biroh's company was reported to be con- s1der1n~ its use. The short cut ~as described as being ....., thlrty~n1ne miles long, having plenty of grass and water, being more practical and easier to travel than the existing road, B .nd costing $2~300.11 Construction was to (!omroence October 20, and by early December thirty ... rive men were- em ployed in build1ng it 12 ilthough construction had already started, available funds were not adequate to complete th project. As 1858 commenced, the unsympathetic citizens of Can Diego had Bub scribed only !l,200. Over a thousand dollars needed to be eollected to complete the roads Since Butterfield reDr&- 4 sentst1vas were Juet about to begin their investigations concerning the company's Southern Oalifornla. route~ the • Jt d ij - I , ber money would have to be contributed immediately if the road was to be finished and offered an an attraction to Butter- field inveet1gntorr:h, Concerning this matter . the ~ .. n Died o Herald stated: , 'e are all now anxiously expectine the arrival or the a~ents of the great ~em1-weekly Overland Mail; to ex amine the feasibility of making E"ln Diego the western tOl~lnuR of their line; certainly nothing will have a greater ef:fect in influencing them in their sel~ctlon th reof than the construction of a road like thl .... , which will cut off a hundred to hundred nd fifty miles of th worst roadQ 1 3 In spite of this challenge, necess ry fund were still uncollected t the beginning of March tvl0 months later(t On the evening of March 2,1 some interested citizens held a meeting and decided to petition the ~ n Diego eourty Board of Supervisors to complete the roadts constructlon. 14 ~hether the Bord of ~uperv1sorg complied with this request is not kno\!lno At this time interest in the Carr! 0 \agon Rond s expressed in the Herald disappeareda tlo further comments were made by the paper concerning the Carrisa short cuto From ~mrch to late July, avail ble records give no indle tion of what sentiments the company possessed regard ing inclusion of .:an Diego on its route. As July was , , . 4JQ • - . 13 Diello Herald, January 1858 .. ~an 2, 14 ' fl San Diego H_er~lr-l , March 6. 1058. drawing to a close, information was received that Butter field was definitely considering using the city. The Herald made this report to its readers: 'fheir idea is to deliver their passengers and the bulk of their moil in San Diego, thence to be carried to Qan Francisco by steam, the way matter only to go to that point by stage. They think en arrangement to this effect w111 be consented to by the Postmaster General. 15 Thus, San Diego had apparently not yet been rejected. It still remained a possibility in Butterfield plans" As San Diego sought to establish itself on the com pany's route, it manifested definite signs of antagonism toward its competitors, Los Angeles and San Bernardino. As early as October; 1857, the Herald began disputing remarks made by newspapers and people· 1nc1tles to the north. On one occasion it reacted to a cormnent in an unidentifi.ed "up-country" newspaper. The paper was accused of lying about the distance from San Diego to Fort Yuma. A ccording to the Herald, this peper had quoted the distance as 270 miles, while lfthe distanee actually travelled by the mail coaches is 213 miles. n16 The Herald made several direct verbal attacks upon Los Angeles. One accused the people of Los Angeles of 15 <:'an Diego Herald, July 24, 18.58. 16 San Diego Herald , October 31, 185?" helping (~ n Bern rdinans build a new road cross the desert 1n ord r '0 attract the favor of ~he Butter leld luens 17 Anoth r chastised ro Angele 1 Assemblyman, Mr. £ ncock, for ha ng 1n ro ueed in th t te L c1.s1 ture a resolution urging use of ;~an Gorgonlo Pass, thus completely 19 · oring C I1fornla'e second largest port. A third aecused Los Anceles of try! . tc dive~t tho .. tage to:.: n Pedro fro.,. wh nee the m iould be shipped to ~ n Francisco. 18 ~ueh 8 nov 'Would rspresent theft of r n Diego's ide of tran shipp1nQ the mail to 1+ destination. he Harald's atta ks lHH' not directed at Los Angeles alon • -an Bernardino also r c 1ved its abuse. In 1 te July, 1858, when Butterfield repr sentatives lwd apparent ly selented San Bernardino and 'Were busy preparing the road n Qt tiona long th San Gorgonlo Pass routej) the Herald de this t te ant. The impr ctlc bl11ty of the ~an Bernard1no route a oun s lmost to a ae,onstr t1on. It is a continuous desert or 200 rn11es--the sand deep and very heavy-- uch of th way ly1n[~ long the south side of oun- taln chain that ke 1 un n ur bly hot--\-J1th no r S8 nd very little w ter--1n fact in one plac a dl tance of 60 M1l s ov r the andiest portion of the ro d. without drop of w tar. The rout to.8 Di go, 16 RO Herald, January 2, 1058. go Herald, Febru ry 6, 1858. on the contrary, has but one hund.red 'miles of desert, t least half of which is good hArd road--al'l abundance of wat r--at intervals of 25 or 30 m1les at the far the .. I un the dli'feranee in distance between Fot~'t Yuma o Loa ngales by the two routes being inside of 100 miles. At clinching argument at the end of this nrt1cleSt the co any was described as having no ulternntive to using ~'n Dieeo if it were to be able to begin operating berore the deadline stated in it ... contract with the eovernment~19 citizens and its ambitious pnpel~ ware to prove futile. ~e,n D1ec'o v not incorporated into the Butterfield Overlend in1I (,,;0 Ilpanyt s route. h1l .. ~'an Vi f.~ \<J&S seeking to be included on the . utt ,rfield rout· ~ Los J ngeles was also interGstad in he comin n. tatlon for the Butterfield Overland Mail Company 0 I. J ugu t, 1857 jJ the Lo Anrre le s ~. ~~X: reviewod three po S 8i ble routes th company ro1~ ht ta1t€ through Couthern Calif-or ..... 1. mwo of theso ·;ould have to pass through TJos Ang;elas oun t. ~, ltllor could easily include the City of Los 41 ~~ 'h artlcl continu d with a pl 8 for citizens o tl. c· y to start n ct1ve camp ten to hav Buttel'f eld a top h r : Vet with these thlnqg at ring us in our races, we are as _11ent nd as inactive as could possibly be a com munity of fatalists. What re ou~ eap1talists, our 1ndependent gardener~, rancheros and re~l estate holders dreaming over? ~fould not t~e sllrpluB c pi tal nov waltinc for investment, find a stimulated fit Id for i use, if p ssenger co ch~s, from Qto Louis nd ~ In ~anciscoj were to traverse our co~~ty as ~requent- 1y as every other day? ~ yet we see no movement, not the first effort, no. even the rats! of & hand, to insure the select~on of either of the T1rst two named routes by .he contractorg~ Not'ithstanding the absorbing interest felt in our approaching elec ion, we call upon the permanent c~ti zens of thl~ place to Qwaken from their lethargy, to be up and doing , le~ they IOEe what is now within heir po'Wer. 20 People other th n citiz(tns of Los A n E::eles yere also takln an interest in having the rOll e pass throt: gh this cit. correspondent in f cramento wrote the ~tar during pr 1, 1~58, that Seer mentans were beginning to recognizo th t tab st route to. tYuma through ~outhern Cal1for- nia as b , y or Los Lngeles and ~ n Bernardlnoe The riter o~ed1ct d that tr vel through ~os Angelee would soon b increa ina . no he dvised citizen or the city to take adv n of this opportunity. The augmented rlow of vis tor ~o ~nd through the city 'ould benaf t i both financially and numerically. me fac1litate matters, this correqpond nt recommend d that Los A ngeles improve he road 1 adln to an Bern rdino and ul1d a ~ood hotel same here 20 - ugust 29, 1857. os a1 n ..... a J e e p 4 fo a pr ... 21 - . ne, :..858 J ...,-os " .. , .... cles ¥if! """' u t £'I t" o~ c .. t~ e ""'_ t Te :ron • r or·' 1 o e d. ... h:'s se reflects'" ~ 1 .... • r 0 ... . hie~ this " t S'CS e .. en was . a e: co .. cel_ 1 , c_ 'th ct the stages shOQ d pass e dire ors of 'Gbrough our b t . +'h , . e.. r", . c .... · 0 I.< S 1. nge en·, a very serious one ~t is, be remove --nB!lely the n c n~i ~o cf ~n. ern t 0 Hi 1 a~d c.sco p 5S. ~ne subjec~ has been brou~h o lope ~eO.B 0_ e ~OU ,w~o he a 1a eat_n~ consiaer the L t er, and promptly ~ el~ t n 0 +:6 ~ro)os_~i~ • c .. ' .,.,. :'5 rs 39°00, .... ~ • y • .. w~ e 2 2 2 C o - -- n . or s es . , 22 • e 5, ... e or u t s awe oed cont ... acv 0 ... .....f ~ u Q_ visors lat:er ~ .to. 81 :0_ - .J.. ~, n ~ucn jon ... 0 ir , 58. 3. 1"5 • Los An oles \I'as in a much bettor poo1tion to attract atten- tion from he company' 8 route selector e It Hot'll much influ- _nee the ropsir d Fort Tejon road had upon rlutte. 10ld representatives is not kno~nt although it certainly must have had ~OMe effect. tt leastJ Lo~ fngeles w s th only ona of the three cities to be locnted on the rOl.te which ~·as finally Adopted. In addition to Ran Diego and Los Angelos, San Berna~ dino \.Jas also intere~ted in beini! include on the Butter- -~ ~lc11 route. To rm~ther its chances ~an Bernardin ns had ,Ian ad to construe a road through !:;lln 0orgonl0 p ~JS and aero the Colorado Dese~t to wort Yuna. ~he earliest in ication tnat San Bernardino was thinking about providing his ro 0 for Butter~ield stages occurred in a newspaper tiel durin~ October, lS~;7!1 nnouncin~ that s citizens 1 '- moe ing h..~d been held to discuss the ttlRtte .24 A t the same tim, tho } I n Bernardino COll.l1ty Board or Supervisors orrtered a survey to be m de for a new road from ;nn Bernardino through s'nn ~rori~on10 Pa~s to the eastern edge of the countJ' Thr e county r -sid nts were a pointed to perform th1s 2 f ' urvey for which they 1~eC'c1vod ~60 each.:> It wa~ later 24 r . 1 - 85 .103 AOCe as Star, October 17, 1 7. ) . 25 <':an Bei:'nardino ounty hoard or :?upervi sore :r"'in- ut s: October 5, November 30, 1857. These minutos have dl sapp ared from the ~,an Bernardino County Clerk t s files & For heir use in this paper, they were extracted from: 149 identified 8S the ":--mith surveytt because Dr. I ABC ~rolth of ~an Gorgonl0 Pass had been one of the three men who had made It. 26 In March, 18$8 9 the Los, Angeles ~tar published an article descl~1bin the \~onderrul opportunities available 1n ~an Bernardino. Included in it was a short statement that fan Bernardino tit ill be in the line of thoroughfare for the gr a t western mail route from the r::aat to the Pacific. f,27 t-Jhether' t~he author had evidence for this assertion or whether he was merely Viriting hls opinion is not known .. One May suspect the latter since Butterfield representatives by this time had m~de only ono in8pection of the route and were not to attempt any ~..jork on it for another four monthso Two Butter 01" men, \rJarren Hall and E. G~ 0tevens, apparently approached the people of ;'an Bernordlno for assistance l ·te in June. necogr izlng thflt this was the opportunity they IlBd been looking for, Sen Bernordinans ad11y re. onded 1,'>11 th three teams and ~700$ 28 Apparently, the co pony had decided to use the ~)an 30rgonio Pass route Be ttie, Heritage, 26 Ibid • pp. 340-42 .. 27 Los ngelos . tar ~ 11arch 20 I lU58<t 28 Los Angeles sta~, July 3, lOSSi :outhern Vineyard (Los Angelo ), July 10, 1058. 1.50 thr ugh r'>outhern Call1~ rnis j) and :~an Bernardino was not going to risk having stages y-paLs th city b cause it had fail d to ofrer th contractors th help they deslred e \h n r ilure to find w tar on the ~olorado Desert cau ad the company to oreaks ("~an Bernardino, the towns- P oplc nho ed th y war not going to surrender easl1yo ~hey were det rmlned to retain the cl yfs position as 8 Butt~r~leld stage-stopo Their erforts in this direction re described by the ~outhe~n Vlneysrq on Augu t 21: The enterprising spirit of the citizens or San Bernar dino 1 .. not brok n by this untoward ventG ro sooner ere they 8~ar6 of the failure of the well d1gging partIes, than they commenced raising funds for tl~ further an s ccessful accomplishmont of the under t king. It npp arB ths t only tl-lO welle of the five are un- fin1sh d~ 'na or them was Bunk seventy feet$ when the 1a orerers LSi£7 were compelled to leav th work for n of provisions . Be.fore abandoning t~la work they arrived at wet sand and lould probably have obtai ad t tcr Ithin few feet. On 1 t Tuesday morning ,19500 had been ra1sed g .hich would 00 inc ensed during tne day to ,w2 , OOO e rt8 J " Litchel ffi1tchel17 at the head of a party of en w a to lea 6 on I:ednesday for the purpose of re umln..., the ~lorl a The ci tlzens of ~':an Bern dina f el confident 0 UCCC 8 ~29 mhe ~tar received intortion 1n mld-8 ptember that • itch 11's party d :re cn d aepth of 118 fa t t on dance f ~ood w t erQ 3 0 of the 11 ltes, obtain1 an ____ ~~~~~~r~d, August 21, 18586 '- e.,tember ll ~ 1B550 • 151 A week later, 1'1r. :.1itchell had returned to ~,an Bernardino9 He disclosed the following data to the ~outhern Vinayardts correspondent: At one of the points previously selected he LFiitchel17 sunk a well 137 feat without water or indications o~ water. lie then commenced explorIng the surrounding eount~J and at a distance of about sixteen miles from the route, he found cood spring water in abundance~ He immediately moved his party to the place and commenced putting the place in orde'[' for a . tation& ~ r. Hitchell eays that h- has discovered a route by the way of these sprin~s, which, although some fifteen miles longer than the one contemplated, offers a 301id roadway slmos the entire distance across the deaelt~31 This is the last reference ~.outhern California newspapers made cone ern~ng l1r. Mi tchell f s -well d1ggine party. '-:hn t- ever the group's fate may have been, the results of its work did not cause the company to establish ~Qn Bernardino as a Butterfield station. In January, 1359, after the compuny had been using ~arner's ass for four months, ~ n Bernardino was seized gain by the prospects of having Butterfield stages pass through itq streets. One report indicated that the city's representatives had a.pproached the cOtlpany trying to induce it to rccon,-"lder the ~an Bernard1no-['an Gorrronio rasa route. J Butterfield 0 nts apparently r plied that this could be don if ~an Bernardino could duplicate the company's invest- rnent in tho .:arn~r' E Paas road. Thu q if ('nn nernardlno c _ '" "-',.« L> 31 ~outhern Viney rd, optember 18, 1058. woul~ rlv the comp ny -6,000, the route ~ uld b r storad to th clty~ A s bscription 11 t was circulated imroedi t ly throughout the clty~ but the ,6,000 se m1ne1y coul not be rai ed because Butterfield sta~es conti ued to ~se iarner's Pa -S e 32 The final attempt by dan Bern rdlno to make the ~en Gorgonio Pas~ route mar - uttractive occurred dur1ng the last If of 1860 and the early months of 1861. This work w made possiole by a $5 p ooO grant fnom the t te L Q'i .... ~ dl10 COlt ty Boo rd or ~ uporvi sore had called ior b~dr; nd ace pt d on~ of them. :he contract was awarded to Dudl y R Dick of" ~'an Bernardinoo 34 r Dicke 19S to dig three , e Is for n total of 14,700. A ~ho~y repo~t on Dr* Dickeys work was d1 p t hed for Los Angel s b" the star's an -er n rdino correspondent on ugust 29 Grd was publ sh d on ~eptember 1: 32 Los ~nReles ~ta~g Janue~ 29 p 859. The company's wl11ingne<.-:s to change ita route sug __ -at that !'rr. Mitcholltg ~all-digging ventur had been successful. 33 rt tu 6 of Ca11fornia pass t tho ion of the ~e~1 lature , po )109 34 :'sn Be~ rdino county Board of Qupervl ora' }fl - utes: l~ y 28 9 June 27. 18609 Bec use th County 01 r ust d stroy all contracts when they r five years old, the contr ct ~1th Dr Dic~~y is 0 longer BV ilabl at tn1 sOt rc e 153 The Desert W 110--1 am in armed by Dr. D. R n·ckey p the contractor f r digging the wells on the des rt, that th y have sunk (;0 the d pth 0 9$ feetl1 ith prospects of reaching w tcr in five or eight eet mor ~ This is quite encour ging to the Doctor, swell s to his numerous tricnds G 35 On December) 10 , :: n BBrnardino County .. :upervlsor Hard1n Yag r an Richard Varley d p rted for the desert to eXB. ina the wells and ny other watel~ he ss they 19ht en- co ntere T n days later g they returned to Sal Bernardino a d mad hi s report: One well h s been dug on this end of the deso t, t the dopth of one hundrpd and t~n feet~ and no contain fifteen f at or good water ~ although 8 little brackish6 - ~hr miles on this Qide, and in a direct line to the ~ell, a fine spring h s been found with ~urr1cient n t to supply a small num.ber of gtoc"~hree quar .... tore of mil north of where the middl well was to have been ~~~k. a large spring of the finest water wa~ found b the contractor for th wells, which 18 t tenty- i;!ht feet lo:q~9 f1tte6l:1 feet l-Jlae, with fiv teet d pth of water .~Q In their meeting on December 22 # the .uporvisors ordered hat the first t 0 lls be accepted G 37 On can ot help speculating , however~ just how greatly chagrined the Super vi or3 would have been had they realized that th water they had ob erv d in the two well~ had been c rr1 d there - rapo t n el ut Angeles fta~ g pt raber 1, 1B60 .. P s:'. 11ar (Los Ber rdino County Board of ~up rv1 ora t If1n D carob r 22 ~ 1860. rrom ?an Bernardino in horse-dra~n wagon~0 Unable to rind wa~er where he had dug and unwillin2 to r: ~k losing hie ree throug d_snleasing the Supervisors should tney discover thLS, Dr~ uickey had hauled water rnm San BeM rd1no and denosited it in the holes just ahead of Yscer and Varley~ A consequenc» both parties to the contract emarged ~on- tent at this olnt~ The Supervisors thought they had rOu.11d the wat r they desired in two or the wells, while LTG Dicke,r had ave te-d the possibility of his work going unrewarded. Th t' rod \Jell appears never to 1:'.ave been comp!. ted:J Zt was to be placed about fifteen miles northwest of Port YUIlJ8c. 30 Although the ;:'upervist)l~s twice awarded extensions o. th contractg record of its acceptance in their minutes cannot be fo~~d~39 The Le~~islatt.tref s Contribution ~ ~ ~ Butter .... ield s plans, the t;!tate Legislature in ~-aeramento hO'ed definite signs of inte~est in promoting the ~a~ .lor onio Pass route. Variau members sought to secure the 39 .~ , ... n Bernard1no CO!ll1ty Bo rd or Supervisors' !~ln- 5 ::ook * -t, P 0114,134. 155 Legi~latul.ef 3 support oi this route on five occasions .. 1'!he f'irst sign or Interest in the LegislatU1.~G W3ZS initia.ted by Assambl~n Hancock of Los Angele..., 1j On Janu ary 9, 1858~ h introduced a resolutlon 40 ~r~ch was subse quently pa sed by both the Assembly and the Senate ~41 It stated! hosol veda By the Ass·ambly g the Senate concurr1ng$ that our senators in Congress be instruoted~ and our repre s@ntatives re.quested , to u.se their influance to secure the establishment of 8 weakly mail-l"~oute from the 01 t,. f San Bernardino~ IViil han f1orgona 51£7 Pass and Couhul11a [;1£.7 valr~y to Fort Yuma.\l a distance of one hundr-d and fjfty mi.l6S jp to connect with the weekly route already estahllshpd rrom Los Angeles to the said C'~ ty of San Ber'nardino ~ 4-2 The second event favorable to the route oceurred in mid-Apr 1, 1858~ when Assemblyman Isaac W~ Smith of San BerntU'Idlno County introduced a bill to seek art€sian water on the Color do D~sert . The bIll passed the As~ambly on April 23$43 but it subsequently met opposition in. the nate~ Upon considering it g the chairman of the Senatefg Co. mittea on Public Lands, Hr e Holden.~ reported that i" I ~e55ion of the Assemb~ of Seo~1on of the Senate of the 'q of the Assembly of 156 ts.e work ought to be done; ""'1 t the bill ~s so :oose_y drs n--aut:lorizlng the oayment of the man· a.,. on the ord~r of the board LEie7 of supervi~ore of San DieEo and fen Ue nard1no Counties, before the work has be~n p rforMed, and tnere beip~ nothing in the bill compel ling the said boards of supervi~ors to anpropriate the money for the objects contemplated in the bill- and it belnv. SO near the close 0 the sessiong hence~ is im possible to amend~ the committee simply reco~end LS1~7 the bill to L~e consideration or the SenateQ This wa~he last record made of the bill~ It never WliS pre anted t the Senate for a vo eG The third sign of T:egislatlv8 interest in the :=~ n AS( emblyman "hltman g Dre ... -mi tht 0 successor .from San Bernar dino county~45 By this time) Butterrield stages had a1- r ady been running for six mon~hs tbr~ugh ~arnorYs Pass, nd Mrill IIp.! tman de ired to r eain the company's 1ntere",,*" in th route tnrough San Gorgonio Passe HiB scheme in this bill ~as to crant the entire Colorado Desert to Dr& 01 er introduce nd Turnish a permanent ~upply of ~holesome fresh . ter along the line of tr vel bet~ en th-= S n ~r~ona LSl~7 Pass and Fort Yums$ .so that there sp~ll be a const nt nnd permanent supply tal: needful points If thi p'an could b consummated, w t r would be available 44Journal 0_ the State of Californ~aJ p. 15 Jo . th e of _l.nth 667. te of' the -ssemolx 0 157 on the Colored Desert and the companyfs main objection to the route would be solved~ Furthermore, by using ~an Gorgonlo Pas ~ the southern route fron Texas to California would be shortened~ and the fel-l miles in wh" ell the Butter field road was intruding upon Mexican s011 could be slim! nnt~d)+6 f IthouCh both the ~enate a.nd .:;he 1\s embly pass d the bill§ it could not tak etreet until tle Federal gover ment had roade a specific cession of the land involved to the ~tate of C~liforn1a.47 This raG neoessary because virtually all of the Colorado Desert was Feder 1 Government prop- .... y~ Unfortunately for \1ozencraft~ Jongrees failed to make this cession and the bill never took fitecte A fourth manifestation of interest 'Within the Legis- laturo centered around a bill 1n roduced in the Assembly approximately three eeks after the ~'lczencraft b1ll This bill w .... also introduced by Hr$ \lhitman and was entitled U n Act for the purpose of obtaining artesian or other water on the Golorsdo Desert .. u Llthough it was assigned to the Comnitte on Intern 1 Inlprovemonts and we reported b ck ftl orablyg it had been introduc d only fourteen days - • J 46 I ~ ... ••• , , .t tutes o~ California passed at the Tenth ?ess1on f:;iits1atur!!. pp 23b~rrO. 392-93. ' · ., - o Journ 1 or the Tenth Session of the As~embl the "t te c:f California . pa79; Journal of' the Tenth Ses- sion of tile Sensate <?f the -:·tateot CalI.f<?rnl~~ P ia 71$(/1" " 158 bafo~e the Legislature aojourned. Thus. insufficient time preven'c ,d OJ vote bein[3 held upon it Aven in the P,csombly.4 8 ihe last sign of Legi3lative zymp thy for the a Gorgonlo Pa3s route at this time oecurr~d in ~pr11~ 1860. The act authorized completion of certain wells on the Colorado vesert under supervision of the San Bernardino County Board or Supervisors" The priated, and the wells were to be available to anyone usi g the :an Cor!7onio Pas ... road between POP"C Yuma Bnd ;an Ber ~- nard ino. 49 Al though tr~ee wells Here scheduleu to e dug lJ only t~iO were accepted and the money wss ;:;enerally wasted felect1ng the Route On December 23. 1857, the ~an Francisco Call an- a j - nounced the arrival in Baerame to of the Butterfield Over- land Mail Company1s f1rst representative on the Pacific C09 a t. The purpose ot his mission to CalIfornia was nto the arriving 1n ~acramento, he 48Journal of the Tenth ~eesion of ~tatG orCa ifornia, pp. ~3 , j7/9 7 49 tatut,es Of~ Callfornia Easse~:l at o the Le~1sL ura, p~ 310. the Assembl of the "'leventh 50 ~un Francisco Dail~ Morn1n8Pa~\, Dec~ber 23~ I 159 ta~ted no timc~ Two weaks ate~ on January 6, 1858~ he dispatched a party in tuc pioneer wagons to examine the "'ompany's t nt tlv route eastward 3 Having travelled south throu~h Tul re V_lley and Cajon Pass j the party arrived in 2an Be rdino twenty-four day later and reported its trip had be n v ry gatisr ctory.5 1 Upon arriving there, Captain Kenyon, the expedl tion's co,mand ri commenced inquiring among ~an Bernardinw's con- r ~ng ex~er1enced guidos vaileble to lead his group to 'ort Yuma by way of _ an C~rgonl0 Pass and the ~olorado eser": .>11 thin vl€:~tJ'-four hour~ he had located and hired old mountalnee~ livinS in San 7imoteo Canyon~ Stephan r.t. John Thu y the ::1orlllng of' February 1» Ken-::ronts part~ wa w r Bay to depart. ter traval1in~ through ~an Tlmo~ec Canyon, ~t~ Jo~m led the party through ~an Gorgonio Pass and descended onto th 'olor do De art. His route across th desert was simnle. . ~an ~or~on10 Pass he headed d1rectly tow r water hole loeated at the north end of pr sent-day ~81ton Sea. Prom there he apparently e the rou s uth al n~ the eastern base of the ~an Jacinto r ng unt:l h r ched the southern end of th Colo- redo Desert. T n he turned es t ana tr veIled directly lBSBo 51 an Fre cisco y Morni~1 Gall, Februar~ 16, 160 to rd the Colorado Hi vor tihicb. he intersected approximatel:y' seven mil s below Fort Yuma~ The trip from (~ n Bernardino to Fort Yuma required eicht days, and by Pobruary 15 C'tct John h r17.rurnad to San Bernardino. 52 received disclosing that the Butterfield exploring party had arrived at -.-he }'\ort and had continued its Journey eastt-1ard~ Having come by way of San Gorgonio Pass and the Colorado Des · rt , he p rty app rently had not been overly pleased with its experience on the d6sert~ Vario .s members had cT'¥6ated the 1mpre~qion amor~ Yuma's cit1~ene that they favored having the mail 0 from Fort Yuma to San Diego by the nel,-I wagon road currently being constructed by the ..,.·an Antonio and ·an D1or:o Hail Lina$ From Zan Diego~ the mail would be e t on to . ~ln Franc1 S 0 by steam - r", They had calculated t .. at such an rrangement would b cheaper and <:h-orter by five or six d ys tim.e. 5J Ithough Kenyon' party reportedly had reacted un ravor bly . 0 the .... n Gorgonio Fa 3 route, act1vi ty in , . 1 .....\ • SA 52 . an " ncisco Daily Alta Californl i March 14, 15. lG5B; 161 San Bernardino continued brisk0 The town was ~eceiving many vieito~s and the general outlook was optimistic,. Re«> ports 'Were circulating that Banning and Company 0 a promi nent ~an Pedro shipping firm j. was about to establish a tpi weekly stage line between Los Angeles and San Bernardinoe The feeling seemed pc-evtllent among Sqn Bernard1nans that their community would be a stoppIng point for Butterrleld stagaa and that it would achieve unequel1ed prosperity as a consequenee ... 54 The intensity of this conviction had not diminished by early May when the ,,~~~uti1e!:,n V~p'eyard f s San Berna.rdino corr·espondent wrote that fttha great overland mail will undoubtedly come in through this va,lley~ »55 Per haps the people or San Bern~rd1no had acquired information ths.t Kenyon ~ s exploring party had revers&d 1 ts opinion or that the company had disregarded its ~ecormnendation oppos ing the Sen Gorgonl0 Pass route ~ \ihether the company had entertained any thoughts of sending its mail through San D1eeo or not, seleotIon of: the San f~orgonl0 Pass route seemed to hsve been confirmed by mid-June ~ At this time , 'Mr . Efl n. L , tevens and r4r~ ~iarren Hall, superintendent of Butter.fi$ld operations on the desert. l..;ere in Los ltngeles~ The f:tar reported the purpose - -.5li ' - ,'0, ;: en Francisco qn11;:r 1:.t .. t ,a" ;8~:1fot:'n1~g !1areh 149 .55 fo ,uthern 1nezard (Los Angeles) ~ May 8 9 18~8" , - 1558., 162 of their visit 85 follows: :~IJ Ee ~4 • ..:tevens acconpenied by Hr. rlnllj rrived here b~ the steam r Senatorg for the purpos o~ purcha ing v ___ .~ __ _ anirn is and to contract for the as abliru nent or eta tion9j for the overland mail company~ betwen .an Ber nardino arA Fort Yuma ~ They ~e.ft th! s \..1.g:r on :ie ne ~ day nornine in pursuance of 'Chair dutya S A nother event which tend d to i~dlcate thBt fie. n Gorgonio Pass r-oute had receiv d the eO'.ipany' 5 approva.J. occurred twelve days after ~teve:r.s and lia 1 .J.. had left for f~n Bernardlnofi At thi~ t1me g public attention was dlrect- ed to the arrival in Los A~eles o~ another ~u~terrie~d '-'" road construction supervisor, r1r~ Kenyone C oncerning hiw activities» the ~tar commented: • During the wtHak» Mr. Kinyon LKenyo!!i v· lted our c~ty~ in the course of his journeY$ locating sttions for the Ov~rland f.~il CompanYQ He has secured eligible po i tions along the whole line g tr~~ f an 3erna~dlno to an francisco» snd at eonvenient distanees the loneeqt not e-ceedine t1ienty-six mil B~ It is intended to stoek the road immsdiately, end £ut the line intn operation at onee" Mr# }¥injon Lsii! expects t:hat the stagea will OP running bet ... 'ean :'ort Yuma and €" ~n Fran c geo~ tw#ce Q month in th~ month of A~~ st.57 - By tr£ last ~eek in Junes Ra11 and ~tevens we e back in Loa Anaeles - -' They had found t~ road 8Cr~Sg the des rt fa or hl fer \>Jagons and e~?ecterl to have no trouble N.nd- ing at-er. They planned to begin 0 eratlng stages on the $6 ~ Antreles ~tar) 1558. ~os June 17, 57 ri , ~tar • ... 26 9 185vQ June -= 163 PO d by the f1 at of August ~ The two man returned to the rt ImmedlatalY1 exp ctlng to locate eleven station betw en ~an Bernardino and Fort Yum • Travell1n~ ea t from - ~ n Bern r ino, th- first ~tat1on would be loe ted on the es~rt!s edge at rhit w t~4 Rlver p approximately fifty miles from the city. The remaining ten would be dis r1b- t d on the des rt b teen lihl tewatel" Ri v rand Por t Y\ll1la?8 Upon their roturn to fan B..,rna"'dlno," Hull a ,.·tevens . ra fed 111th t\iO job ... 1iI One s to organize a n rtv to stabllsh te. points on the desert, while tb other as t organize another party to prepare statlons~ By July 3. hhe we l-dlgging party hHd been organIzed and had started for ~an Gor~on10 Pas~ no th des rt beyond~ It consisted of twelve men and three te m · unde~ .~~ H 11 v 8 direction. hen fin sha~HBl1 planned to ha· well locat- ed at tw ty-mll~ intorvsl long th de art ro d. In some c s , Ie pI nned ,er ly to lmprov Indian wells al~eady in u e, h Ie in oth rs he env1 ioned digging completely ne · 11. ~h n vis1ting Los Angela 1st in June~ he and . t v had xpr d the opinion tha only fo r 1 'ould r qui d1 fi1ng~ One of thes w mite ater _ 11 ·ho other thre war. at the Fort Yw a end of the • July) , 1858. 164 The st tlon-buildlne party was likewise organized immediately and consisted of eight mane Hall and ~~tevens also dre up a list of specifications ~or the crew to fol- 10'(.1. Each sta tion was to have enough houses for the men in charge and a at ble large enough to ace [Mandate ten hor~es. In addition, every station would pOSaOSS sheds suitable for housing grain and hogs The entire aren at 11 stations was to be enclosed by a substantial fence~60 Organization and construction were not the only probleMs con.fronting Hall and ?tevens ~ Another equally important question was finance~ Although the company was supplying much or the necessnry moneYt it hoped to supple ment it outlays by enlisting local assistance in area where the road was locatedo l-lhen the t'tiO men were in !Jo Angeles t they had stated th~lt San Bernardinans had been v r.r cooperative. \-vhether ~ n Bc:rnnrdlnans had offered their help voluntarily or 'It the suggestion of Hall and :"tevens is not known . Perhaps the two Butterfield men had m rely converted ~nn Drnard1no's p naive interest into active assistance through casual but well-timed comments lB58; 59 . ]:b:tq.; ,S,outhern Vineyard (Loe Ang les), July 10 J ['·an Fru cisco Dail:! Ita. Call.fornia, June 28" 1858. 60 -, . ' Los Anfaele~ ~tflr . July), 185Be 165 concerning the advantages of some other rout s across the desert~ Regardle 5 how San Bernardino's help was enllsted ~ the Los Angela star g thered the following inform tion from IT 11 and qtevens during th ir visit: The citizens of ~an Bernardino have acted Ith great I1ber lity and promptness in this mattere They at once agreed -co build the requisit number of' wells, and to make the required improvements on the road. Mr . st. John with a party u der his direction , ntered at once on the performance of the wcrk. b1 One week later on July lOt another Los Angeles newsp per the ~outhern Vineyard» published a short at tement on the s me subject: '~e understand tha t s ven hundrea dollars have been sub scribed in ~an Bernardino, independent of the us of the teams, and the mail company have LS1£7 also ad vanced six hundred dollars toward~ the object9 62 Thu g th comp ny's improvements on the de art were being financed jointly by "" the Butterfield Overland 1'4"811 Company and the people of an Bernardino/} Hhether the com- p ny ,'a s ~akinf. .... advant ge of ·an Bernard ino t s intense de- sire to be located on the mail line _s not definitely kno However one may suspect that the utterfie'd repr ssnta tives recognized an easy way to save so~e money and think ing in practlc 1 business terms took advantage or It~ 61 Ibida 62 - ~-cuthern Vineyard, July 10 , 1858Q 166 In addition to the aforement1 ned st(9 John party, n Bernardlna 0 had organized and .financed a second group to a 1 t lfull nd Stovens undor DrIS IeDse H. (~mith' s i ac";ion. lth's party h d beon assigned the task ot ad left Bernardino late in Junctj Tn ir t report received in ~Qn Bern rdino concerning "mit ctlvities arrived in mid-July convey d by Joseph Br1d er~ owner of ~ an {~rgonio Raneho~ Bridger reported th t .mith d encountered an abundance of excellent water in his well after digging only thirty eetG In ddlt1on, Bridger report d that Butterfield en h d leased the f1rst ~riO stations at th w~stern end o t des rt to two r n Beroardlnans, a Mr .. Carpenter and r. rcCoy. These two individual were described by Brid " r a ~ollo 8: Fro t well known character of these g ntlemen, I am ur th t they w 11 gi e p.n ... ire satisfaction to tb ny, and wi 1 fford ample and comiortable accom ion to th tr veling public. fir .. t of satlon f S a.t the' 'hitewatcr River~ hi tl '4 ... con " s bout .f1.tteen miles .tart or out on h ert. 6 3 P.lt ou· xls 1n~ ace nt do not 8110 . on to .. • 6 3 Lo 167 d termln the ct , cat10n 0 t propo ad Bu terri ld ro hrotH! the infor tion sIre y cited do e r - ·lanned on th i hltew ter River. ; v 1 t t t ion w On s um h.at th road Is o el-iher 10 "" th no th 1 0 of er-ing fro. djacent foothil re ore umero on that ... 1 · . $ Beyond the P S~ t olor 0 rt9 0 e ccoun -Ug P at th t the ro d _-v 11 d th o dro t a n 1 ton . e f fC ,e ral 0 Ita U Jd by tho ~outhern Pacif s fa a oj Ii land ~ n small communi ty a t the u he t rn end~ He.... 1. t t rned ess v Ultil 1 tne .0 t ld of th Cho 01 te Joounta n i sum t au he at r ~ COlr e to ort Yuma. 6 4 8 .... nO'h r e rl in Pr tiona on th d t ere pro res ins ry ~ tl r c~orl1 • and no on· on th 'nu rt1 ld OV land ~ 11 Comp y ould e din ts over th ~ n (jorgonio ro t tween or n ( n Bern rd1no v th contract's de dline pt m r 6, 1 58(1 'ch u e for th entire rout t'l-'O o 1 n 1 co h d pub11 h nd dl tr1b- u d rl h 19 tur or Jo n vu t i 1 • 65 The July 24, 1 58. 168 BUrL'Tb;RFIELD OVRRLAND MAl COr>-lPANY TIHI1 TABL_ SOURCE: Lyle H$ Hright and Josephine Me Bynum, ed.~ The Butterfield Overland Mail (San ~arlno: The Huntington Libr ry, 1942), folded in sert opposite title pagee No. L] [Sep. 18th, 18118. o L co Y. THROUGH TIME SCHEDULE BETWEEN ST. LOUIS, 1.\&:0., ~:ml.\t.t:P~B, TENN. ~ & SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. GOING WEST. I • . .. ~:- .=-.. _ . _ - _ - . -- - ---' --- I ~~T ~ LlrAVlI DAYI Hour Pl_ im. Mil .. • • • I.e PIaM. allowed. Jar Bov. .-. __ ..... _. ~----- UAV1 GOING EAST. :-:~=.- DAYS. Hour. ----- ._ . ---- --- St. Loui., }lo-., & t . - i 1'----------- D~_'I Time I t.:~;~ "> j.~. allowed. ..t::z. ----1--- ----,--- Memphis, Tenn. ~ Every Monday & Thursday. 8.00 A.II xu .... o.HOW'I San Francisco, Cal. Every Monday &; Thursday, P. It R. Terminus." .. Monday & Thursday. 6.00 P.II 160 10 16 Firebaugh'lI }'erry," .. Tuesday & Friday, Springfield. .... Wednesday & Saturday 7.45 U( 143 37t 3} Visalia, .... Wednesdny & Saturday. Fayetteville, .. •• Thursday & Sunday, 10.15 A.II 100 266 3t Ft.Tcjon, (VIA t.t AapIooIe) .. Thursday & Sunday, Fort Smith, Ark. II Friday & Monday, 3.30 U( 65 17! 3t San llernardino. Of •• F.·iday & Monday, Sherman, Texas Of Sunday & Wednesday, 12.30 Uf 205 45 46 Fort Yuma, .... Sunday & Wednesday, 1/ Fort Belknap. Of II Monday & Thursday, 9.00 A.II 1466 32~ 4i Gila River,- Arizona II Monday & Thursday, Fort Chadbourn," II Tuesdny & Friday, 3.15 P.II 136 30l 4~ Tucson, Of to Wednesday & Saturday I Pecos River,(E" er.o.tql .. Thursday & Sunday, ;U5 U( 165 36~ 4~ Soldier's Farewell, to 'l'hl1rsdIiY & Sunday, El Paso, " Saturday & Tuesday, 11.00 .U( 248~ 5!'>l 4~ El Paso, Tex." Saturday & Tuesday, Soldier's Farewell .. Sunday & Wednesday, 8.HO P.II 150 33~ 4~ Pecos River,(l:. C-.) .. Monday & Thnl'l!day TUCflOn, Arizona Of Tuesday & l<'riday, 1.30 P.II 184l 41 46 Fort Chadbourn, Of Of Wednesday & Saturday I Gila River,- .. to Wednes,lay & Saturday 9.001'.M 141 31~ 46 Fort Uelknap, .. Of Thursday & Sunuay, Fort Yuma, Cal." Friday & Monday, 3.00 Uf 135 30 4l Sherman, Of Of Friday & Monday, 1 San Bernardino Of .. Saturday & Tuesday, 11.00 P.N 200 44 41 Fort Smith, Ark .. Sunday & Wednesday, I Ft Tejon, (VlaLooA.,.loo.) .. Monday & Thursday, 7.30 A.W 150 32~ 4~ .Fayetteville, Mo. Of Monday, & Thursday, Visalia, Of.. Tuesday & Friday, 11.30 Uf 127 28 41 Springfield, .. to Tuesday & Friday, i Firebaugh's Ferry," .. Wednesday & Saturday 5.30 A.M 82 18 46 P. It R. Terminus, Of .. Wedne!\day & Saturday . (Am .. ) San Francisco, .. Thursday & Sunday, 8.30 A.W 163 21 6 (Arrive) 8t. r,.,U~I, Mo., &; ~ .. Thursday & Sunday, " _ )femp~ .. , Tenn. f ______ ~ ~_ 8.00 A. 11.00 A.}( 5.00 A.M 9.00 A.ll 5.30 P.M 1.30 P.M 7.30 P.M 3.00 A.M 8.00 P.ll 5.30 A.ll 12.4f) r.w 1.15 U( 7.30 A..II 4.00 P.M 1.00 P.II 6.15 A.M 8.45 A.II 10.30 P.W xu... 163 82 127 150 200 135 141 184} 150 248~ 165 136 146l 205 65 100 143 160 N o.Jlooan 27 18 28 32~ 44 30 316 41 336 55! 3Gl 30! 321 45 17* 26~ 37~ 10 6 46 4~ '.1 4~ I 46 , 4~ , 41 ! 4l ,I 4~ ;1 4l !I 4~ i 6 ~ I dl d 3 ~ I . , 3t I 3t , 16 II Thl. Scbedule may not be exact-Superintendent., Agent., Station·men. Conductorll. Driverl and an elllployee. are particularly directed to UMI every pollible exertion to ret tbe Stac'" throagh ia quick time. even though they ma, be abead of thi. time. I( they are b"hind tbi. time, it will bfI necu .. ry to urge tbe animal. on to the bighe ... peed that they can be driven without injury. Remember that no allowance i, made in tbe time (ur (erriel, cbanring teama, .tc. It i. therefore uecuaary that each drtl'tr iucre ... hi •• peed over tbe average per bour enough to gaiD the aece_'1 time (or meall, changing team., c!'(I .. ing (emel. Jee. . Every penoD ·in the Company" employ will alway. bear in mind that et.l:h minute o( time i. or importance. If ef.(h driv~r on tbe route 101le~ lif'teeD (16) minute •• It would make a total 10 .. o( time, OD u.. entire route, of t"l'nty.live (25) bourl, or, more than one day. J( each one 101e' teD (10) minutel it would make a total 10 •• of .ixteeD and one bat( (16i) houn, or, tbe belt part o( a day. On tbe contrary, if (,lIch drinr gain. that amount o( time, it leavel a margin of time againn accidtnta and nlra dtlay •. All hand. will Me the great nece.trit, of promptne .. and di.pateh: eYery minate of time i. valuable AI the Company are aDder heayy (orfeit i( the mail I. behind. tillle. Conductorl mn.t note tbe hoar and date 01 departure (rom Station., the eaa". of delay, if any, and .11 particulan. They ma.t alto report tbe IAllle (uU, to tbeir ""pective Superinteadenta. , • 'I'M IlIMioc1 r.(.rre4 10 .. Gil. ltiy.,. " .0 ai'- w." '" • w.'Ia . JOHN BUTIERFIELD • p,..,', Extracted from: Lyle H. Wright and Josephine M. Bynum, ed., The Butterfield Overland Mail (San Marin0! The Huntington Library, 1942), folded insert opposite title page. I-' 0' -.0 170 names of Fort Yum ; San Bernardino, and Los l~ngeles were 11 printed on the oeh dule~ All necossary preparatio s wJr in progre~s nO ample time remained to complete the deto.11Sa ~,uddenly jI on Augustr 21 the ro .. u thar, 1 VlneZI.l~ an- no meed the 8rriv 1 in Loa Angeles of t~rfi ;"oods 9 a Butter- fi·ld repytesent tiv fJ His eseage m·rked an abrupt change in comp n'1 DlanB~ The :.-out:~e~ Ville,- ~d, pl"1nted. this ac count of' his visit: 4r. tiood 5 of the Overland Ha 11 contract 1j000pnny arri v d in this city frotf' :-an Bernardino on the eveYl_l'lg of the 18th i~t~ F?oro him we a~e advised that it r~s be n d termined to ~bandon the ~an l1orgonio routep in conse ..... quence o~ the inability to get water on that routs 9 nd that Hrfil Hall had gone on to the route by ~Jarnert Rancho to,.. ~he purpose of establishlne: the statio sand locatln ~ tho ~ ~oe;, Mrll> rJ-ood» will also at rt out over ttut route todayp C Failure to find ad ·olste water on the desert had caused the company to reject the ~Qn Gorgonio Pass rout Neither rnen nor animals could survive without water. The stages would have to be redirected over a route where eult abl water in necessary quantities could be obta1nedQ J s a consequonce, \.Jhen the first Butterfield stage was dispatched .. ( r, n )' t 5 1 I ar.c Hc>rald (San r'inrlno: The E t1ngton Library» 1942) i folded insert opposite titl page~ 66 ~outhern Vin!Xard (10. Angeles). l1uguat 21. 1658 171 from L s ~. r.lf! Ie to Fort Yuma on eptember 29 1858 Ii 1 t went by way of Cluno, Temecula, and W arn r1s Rancho instead or r an Bernardino • .Jan Gorgon10 Pass~ and diagonally across the Colorado Deserto 6 7 67 ,outhern Vl~eynrd, ( ~os A n ales), August 28~ gep tembor 4, 10$8. On p. 173 appears a roughly sketched map on l-.Lich the lO~-1er line represents an approximation of the B~tterfield route's final location in ~outhern Ca11rornla~ in tLifl papa"", it 11 s been extracted from: tJnlted tat s or of the Rebellion Records ( \I shington- United ... t tes ov rnmcnt iT ntlng Office~ '1872), Vola Lit pt (t 19 u. 247. P 6 ElF lERFI::;rn Vbl,LAUD TAIL 11 U· ... t ~OURGE: United StateH War l~/ash1ngton: Uni't Ing Off'ice~ 1872 RJ A 172 Road from. an Bernardino to \Varner'li ranch hy wa~' of ""illow Springs and Temescal. NOTE.-At most of these camp wood and gra ~ ili Yerr ,,('arCt' ; wa!t'r is auundant, excepting at Coyote llole and Willow prings. The road through Temescal ) the Uest Extracted from: United States War of the Rebellion Records (Washington: United States Government Printing O ffice, 1~72), Vol. L, pt. 1, p. 247. CHAP'l'ER VI ... AN GORGONIO PASS AS A ROUTE TO ARIzOtlA Prior to 1860, relatively lew westward migrants had used ['an Gorgonio Paas in cutting through California's in terior mou.ntain cha1n. In fact, the pass was virtually unknown outside of Southern California. During the 18608, however, it was destined to become one ot the most popular' routes connecting Arizona with Souther n California. In 1861, Pauline W eaver , the former co .... owner of San Gorgonio Rancho, was inspecting an area along the Colorado River's east bank located about ten miles above present-day Ehren- berg. As he ~alked along , he decided to test the terrain for any precious metals it might possess. Leaning over. he casually scooped some dirt into his pan and washed it 1n the river. Not recognizing the identity of the residue, he decided to take a sample and have it exa.mined at Fort Yuma. Upon arrivin~ there , he ahow~d the small sample to , Jose H. Redondo who startled Veaver \~1 th the announc amant thAt it was gold. The next year \4eaver .found more gold in a location farther east wh1ch,co pled with several other discoveries, soon attracted widespread attention and resulted ,..isec· "eries e e . , .... .. 01 a d n t ..... er sn o ':n " e .... 8 ..... .... 29 ? - 3 ~ild ae one , oT:"len A " :aes ar, ~tar, ~~B. 24 J , ) Ij J 1- 62. 175 , 'nen con- one ted .. .-l,JOO. l:"orth re eol1ee~vd eno~gh d . ~ 176 keeps up for a short time longer at the ratio of: the past two weeks 9 there will be a great falling off in our population. At lsst$ after many promises and much pros,£cct1ng» the gold is fast fl .Ol-lin g 1nto our city Li1e/ merchants and traders, and the gold fields of the Colorado are now among the richest of the California Plaears--if lndeed they be not rich beyond all paral lel!) Meanwhile~ the News disclosed that at least a hundred men had left Los Angeles in a four-day span and that large num bers continued to leave da11y~ The city's business was booming. A number of individuals had already returned well supplied with gold and arter purchasing tools and provi- sions had started out again for the gold fields* 5 Information concerning the routes these early mining parties were using to reach Arizona did not receive much attention in Los Angeles newspapers. <;ince experience was not plentlfu1 9 one !tlsy surmise that the majori ty were using either the old Butterrleld road through Warner's Pass or the Government Road to Fort Mojave through Cajon Pass~ Those taking the former v howaver g were having trouble cros~ ing the flooded Colorado River at Fort Yuma. 6 fome who were 01 ther very adventurous or \'ere unacquainted wi th the p , • 4Los Ansele~ star, p-'!sy 24)1 1862 5 . The Sam1 ... Peekl:v Southern Naw5p June 6, 1862 • 6 'rhe ~~emi-Weekly Southern NevIs , June 11 ~ 18, IB62(j • . 177 Butterfield experiment described in Chapter V h d even penetrated S n 0orgonio Pass. 1 " 1 th ref renee to usln f! San '- ~orgo 10 Pass the !~tar published th1[ artlcl : • The Cut Oft~--r9rties who have left town for the Colo r do pI cers, In "endin.! to take a cut off 9 by way of ~}an 'or onio Pass, .';h nee on l stra!ght line to the new digging , have sent back wo~dp to the effect, that the ne road ie 1n first rate condItion, und perfec 1y oractlcabl Those destined for the mines would do tell~ therefore, to adviso LSi~7 concerning the road thi hor~ a judicious start may f)uve many a weary mil of desert, and pr note tho cene'ral eomfort p as wel1~ perhap ~ as success, or the compony,,7 The Bradshaw Road ~xplorntl0 to locate and establish a recognized ro d fro .. Los l~ng les to the ne 'J mining areas along a f irly irect route was commenced in mid-M ay, lB62~ b y 111iam DIt Bradshaw» a reportedly loquac1ous 9 eccentric individual whose curiosity hod been aroused by the fabulous report curr ntly ~wo ping Loa Angeles. 8 Planning only to 7 LOB l1.n g 1 B ' iorne Rem.ini ~ . c nces of ' Hn,nger? pp~ 30J-07 ~ In uddition to being a picturesque individual, Bradshaw h d p rticlp t n CI1 P or ia t Be r FI g Revolt in which he as a nember of the party that captured and imprisoned .aIv dor Vallojo~ D'r! Ie the flrlzo a [oIA r S I he a ap pointed .her1fr for L Paz. Accordlnr.; to one account, his c pac1ty 0 1 lr liquor E virtu lly unlimited, but his eavy arlnking ev ntually resulted in mental 111-1~81th ac co . a 1e y delunlons of being p rsued by :ho ts. Appar .. ntly under th in luence 0 these disturbing influences, on te in , 3(4 he 'Hulked nto n t az carpenter shop, bbed dr ling knife, and co., a1tted uic1de by slitting thro t 178 nspoct the ~,ining fields in ord r to b~tnntlate ~tori eln~ told in Los J gales, he at rtad a tward lOY 6th ....... nd tr veled by l-:n 0 can ern~rdino, :', n T1moteo C nyon, Qnd :nn r.oreonio ass to Toros, a mall C hul11 viII ge bout t~enty-fl e miles eyond present-d y P 1 1. t ... oros he fortunately chanced to neat 8 Jf ric Ind1 n 'ho had taken residence "lth the Cahu111 $. Thi~ Indi n tnt'ormed Brad haw th t he had b en to the mine m p indi ca tine how he had gone . Jud in'"1' from Bra'~ he ' report, one may :3 u.ua thut few whi te men -wer J fa 1111 r tJith tho route oUv11ned oy tne Indi n. One -re t dv nt ge th1s rout possessed \88 several ·ate 1 C poi t long ts cours. l:avinF traveled . ou the st since leav1nr: ~ r- _onio .ass ) Bradshaw now turned en t as dir cte a r! nro- ~recBcd in 1 cst a straight lin to th C lorado Rl:ere 9 Here his nine-man party construct rl "'·ftq And eros cd the river, ~inding th mining centers clos by on he op osit sido6 Across toe river, Br dshaw'~ inv€stip tlon rave. led 9 In poclt t .' t ;~he ba.ck of this study i. copy 0 H. H. Bancroft' s tf\'1ap of the Colorado 'l.nes,t publi "'hed in 1663 as a part of his booklet ntitled uuid to t Colo rado Eine..§. hich $ been reppodLced int:he C.liforni - Risto-ricf.l {ociety . unrterly for 1,·1arch, 1933. ;.he v riou route Q referred to in thi chapter 'lay be identified uroing hiB map. 'Jne mll'7 observe tho comparatl va dlst ness rro ~outhern alifornia to tho Arizona mines ovc_ the Cajon Pass- ·:0 java Desert, .~. n ;.~or onio-Bradshat-, j and \- rner's Pas~-~ort Yuma roads 179 the .1nes were rioh and extensive. Before leaving Arizona, he made plans \;1 th 'Jlll1 m A. Harringer to operate a f'erry in partnership t Providence Pointe B~ the second week in .... J~~e, Bradshsl was back in Lo~ Angeles publicizing his trip nd advert1 lng the Provldnce Point Ferry&lO Althou-h oth~r routes continued to be used j within two month the Bradshlni R.oad through ~an Gorgonio Pass s me' 0 be the cst popular one. However~ during the au er onths, travelers were warned to ao well prepared. Th road 8S far BS tlh1 tewntsl"' was reported to be sat1sf"ac- tory, but he deep sand beyond was allegedly troublesome for wagon tr ffic. Temperature on the desert was described a 126-12 0 in th shade, and liater was not too adaqu-te .. 11 Late in June, reporters from two Sen Francisco news- p p r in p ct d Brad ... haw's San Gorgonio Pass road to the rlzonll ina in the company of Jamee T. Grant • .:ho -was r ctin dir ctional signs along th way. l~arly in July, J. I. riley, reporter for t .. e ~an Francisco Alta g h d re ... turned to Lo and told representatives or the star June 14, 1862. July 12. 1 , 1062; 25, 27, Au-us -, 180 that the distance from Los Angeles to the Colorado River was about 250 iles and thtlt light teams, psol! animals) and riding horses could travel 1 t ~llthout dif.ficulty~ Al though the road led dlrectly to the mining areas, some or 1ts sandiest portions could be avoided by re-r ut1ng it slightly north of Bradshaw' a between Dos Pal1nas and the Colorado R1ver. 12 In mld-Augu .t , mnny m1ners who had spent the summer months in .~('}uthern Ca11fornia to avoid Arizona's intense h t b gan returning to the mining fleldso By Augu.st 22, roughly three hundred persons both on foot and horseback accompanied by · agons and teams hao traveled through the Pass bound for Arizona . The Star reported that not ~ day pas d without people departing singly or in PQPtlas for the Colorado Hlver~ In add1tion to ordinary scenes of pack animals and simple wagons~ Pass residents ba~an to notice new types of wagons specially constructed f"or de- rt travel. One of tbe moro spectaeulor sights observed in late August as a train or roughly 150 '01 n~ pack animals, horses J ..... 12r~h ; mi-: 'eek~:: ~ou.thern l' ew~" July 9, 1862. Riley's propos 1 to Iter the road between DO$ Pnlrasnd th 'olar do ~lver was dvnnced on the basis of J. R& { ink! s e p rience as driver for Col. Henry ~vashln~ton D ," n E'~rn rdlno B se Li e surveying party of 1855 ... 1057~ The lac tlon of uFr1nk's few Road u msy be Been on Bancroft's map. 181 end \oJ :on ... led tl".,rough the PBS ..... by B~ dshaw & 1) Dur! ~ winter a d spring~ 1863, the ;8 ~ cont1nued to experience be v tr vel • . th heart of the m1nin:; area t ~hich had nOH been named the La Paz V strict . Furthermore, another a~trac ion for this '0 d had be n doed in ~.he t'orro 0 ne ~old discoverle .... at _hue-awnll (Cru-cul-walla) :prin~, a ~ater hole on the rOBe. loc ted about thirty-five tn_lea west of the .",nlorado Ll v r. 14 Loc t1ng sufficient uppl1es of watt;r along the r she. Roa o satify the needs o~ the large volume of tr r.rlc using i t ~ as ~t';'ll a s rious proble- m by sUt'"Jrner $ 1863. ietwe n an B€r~ardlno and ~~Ja Caliente (Palm pr n~s) pI nty of water as available . From A: -s Caliente to the ~olorado River, ho 'ever, it s often ~c rc nd virtuall non-eJis en' rro~ June tr~ough A Commenc mr:: ...... in ld Jul ,La ~n le 8papers be~ n a camp,-~1gn to cqu 1nt ·ngelenoa -ith t~ problem end to enlist their 8Up- port ~n corr ctintL it . ..... Pregen~i t.he r~sults of n 'ster - -i;;eek1z 182 survey made along the roa j one accou t stated that thlrt~ wells were badly needed betl-leen Ague Caliente and La Paz g each of which would require ~400 to evelop.15 Concerning the problem's seriousness. the News "tated: Tne future welrare of Los Angeles depends wholly upon the trade arising rrom the mines with which it is sur rounded, and unless a timely development is brought about, there will be little or no use of making any effort to save its utter ruin in point of trad ~ T nothine is done to invite the attention of cap1talists g Los Angeles must fall prey to the obstinacy of her own ruling elements; commit suicide for the amusement of those who have no interests, but to control through official channela--thnt a verdict may at last be "died from political surfeiting.lt A mining trade will con spring up between the northern coast and the mines along the Colorado River which will of course be chief ly carried on--uaing a water coromttnlcatlon, by the coast and Colorado Hiver--it 1s to be feared, to the entire destruction--ln this connection--of the business of Los Angeles. For want of a little attention in pro curing lHlter upon the desert, which we are informed by Hre James Grant~ and other experienced desert travelers$) can be easily obtained and with but _ittle expense--it is more than likely that a stampede ~11l acrain take place, driving back all who may be en route for the Colorado, and thus checking the early rush of travel which would be through Los Angeles. 1b Financing the project was anothe probl m facing promoters & Since the merchants ~f Loa Angeles p San Bern r dino, and La Paz were profiting from the road's traffic!, one writer sugge ted that the three cities' merchants share this responsibility. Proportionately, he believed that 15 L 1 os Ansa as Star, July 11, 1863. 16 The Los Angeles Trl-\v'eekly UeHs, July 22, 1863. 183 Los Angeles merchants should furnish half the funds, C'an oernardlno an eighth, and T.J8 Paz three-elf':h4- . By late Aurust, ~an Be nardlnany had responded with ~300, but no record of Los .ngeles' contribution-, if any, h e been found ., ~~1th the money they had raised!, .. -an Bcrnurdinans hired two local men, Sames Jrant and J . R~ F-rink? to per- form the work~ During the last week 1n August, Grant and Frink together \tilth tools~ provisions, and laborers were journeying through the Pass on their way to do the work. Early in september. Grant s nt e. letter to the Los Al1€eles l!ew~ whlchstated that he planned to dig several wells and had taken well-curbl~ materiel with hlme In addition to oJ digging new wells, they were also sinking b rels in the ground at various spots along the road presumably to colle~ and store rain water for travelera .. 17 Thus, so e concrete action was being taken to remedy the desert water problem. As autumn began, the desert e perlenced heavy rain .fall resulting in ttplenty of water at all polnts$" Con Q 6- quently, traffic through the Pasa suddenly increased as vacationing miners returned to ArizonaG Even be.rore these rains , Yucaipa rancher J . ~ " .Jaters, ex ..... an Bernardino Los .... AUglst 29, 1863; The 24, ~teptember 9, 186) Q 1B4 County (;heriff Moore, and f"ormer San Gorgonl0 Rancho owner Joseph Bridger were seen in the Pass with a h rd of beer cattle destined for the mines. Travellin~ scross the ..... desert \ ith a herd of beet in late July was an extreely risky venture, and one cannot help wondering what their cat ·le f s mortality rate t;J8S between Hhitewater und La Pszt» 'l'hroughout September and October traffic HAS heavy~ Ono party included s pack train of eighty animals. lS Heanv411ile, business record s were beinl set in Los Angeles where m1nine parties were outfitting for the trip~ The News published an article describing the situation and warning travelers to act prudently: It msy be observed that many or them ~iners preparing to [: 0 to Arizona? are unacquainted with desert travel .... - "penny-wise and-pound foolish"H They carry dead and un pro f'i tab Ie weight; pack their animal S 'Hi th a full outfi t for each man, and then climb upon the full cargo or ftcarcass,n as the case may bet and expect to arrive sa.fely across the desertll If the rush has commenced 'With Hha t "We have v:1tnesnod for the past three days, there \>3111 be a stampede ...... every body [81£7 will be nfoot upon the desert-- ll Greek f'lre n might be dodged, but the desert cannot when one is in the middle of it on foot ga Q P1ne ror both water and breath. Too much caution cannot be observed. 1 9 In spite of this grim warning, travel through the Pass r malned heavy. One report stated that 'the road 18 Los Angeles ~tar, July 25, 186); The Loa Angeles Trl-\ eakly News, September 11, 16 1 October 30, 18b3. ' 19 r < h I 1 .l."'-8 .. os Ango as Tr1.-Weekly Nev-Js, ... eptembar 9, 1863. 185 presents 9 scene of almost continual lines or wagons and travelers.' In October more herds of beef cattle were traveling towards La Paz~ In factt people returning to Los Angeles i'rO!l1 the mines reported that su .. pl1es and pro visions wel:-'e relatively plent1.tu l in Arizona and eould be purchased cheaper there than theY' could be aerrl@d across the desert by individual parties.. B8rley, hay" mesquite beans, and corn fodder for ~ ninlols could now be obtained at convenient points along th~ desert rosd. 20 One should not form 9 false impress10n from preced- 1ng p raeraphs thet virtually all travel in the Pass ~as headed eastward~ On the contrarYi from Southern CaliTor nla t s point of view the (:rlCH'tO important traff"ie was headed we5t~ Returning pArties oarried gold t and this gold was the primary concern of Southern California's merchants. Gold brou ,.~ht bu sines8, and business meant proflto. Los Angelos newspapers conetantly were commenting on gold arrlvals$ l~or example, J. R~ Frink' g arrival in San 'Ber- nl1rdino in August. 1863, ~J1th a large quantity of gold nuggets weihhing between t~o and eight ounces was a typical 6vent.,21 Another oceurred in Los Angeles a month latelY .. 186 when some iner ... eturne bearing recious "nurr etsa n22 ..... -- lnln~ p rt~es travoli through the Pass by hor e o tic nt u e~ 11 tho lata t70 nd in lesser te~ree 'ell into he t e 8th c nt r·. :.1.01-1 v r, ~ he in! tiel eyei ement '" ~u cold d, r vel :0 nnd from the rJ..zona mine bee roe ccm- on 1 c , d n w p pers ve carr ~pondln 1 les~ atten- ion to t. ack train trud gi. ng slen the roo d in 1364 attr cted le~ attent10n th n those t 0 years earlier~23 Unu 1 ev t continued to gain reco'mitlon, however. nor 8 pl , rly , 1 66, Cl renee :ing end James m rdn r vi Itc he s havina traveled across the desert , ro rizonn on th r d halo Hoad . These two men were me·- b r 0 So . h ,hi ~ney' 01erra ~ .. evada surveyinG party, 1 • nd 1 In 1~3hed n aceo nt tnelr ")1 eri- r pu 0 tripltc;.' odic lly, • • lrmy troo .. 'alned no ice from th press tl e r-cl throu"'h th destined ither for Port ~ 0 a z. no "'roup con!!1 tl 01 t 0 J ,. In- ntry or L used thi. route e rly in rch, -- ngele I )cto 23, 10639 2 rJ Febru ry 1.1, 1 64· renee .I. n_. ring .... 1 • rnllrdino), arc 2, l' 7. 181 Occasionally attempts 'Were made to improve the Bradshaw Road at various pointe. All of these attempts I occurred on the desert, hOl-leVer, and the Pass portion of' the road remained fa.irly stab16$ ~~1 thin a two ... and-a-helf month span in 1867; the San Bernardino Guardian published three accounts concerning improvements along the road~ One involved the discovery or a short cut between Dos Palmas and Toros which reoortedly avoided & very sandy section of the road and reduced traveling time between the tvJO places by a full dnYe Another ooncerned a plan to re-route the Chuckawalla qpring-Colorado River section which would save time and prov1de a better road bed. The last outlined a proposal for making major relocations b y which the overall distance between ran Bernardino and La Paz could be reduced by at least f or+y mileso 26 \"91 thin the Pass, travelers necessarily had to atop to replenish their canteens and to feed their anlmals~ Severnl places were avaIlable where dr1nkin~ water could be had and where anlmuls could be l~atered and fed. A list of such places along the entire leneth of the road was pub li(1hed in 1862 by the Los Angela star. Between (~'an T1moteo and AgUR Caliente, the only Pa~s locations listed 1867. 188 h i R h d ' "hit t 27 w re C p n' sane an .IOe "wa er . The rollowlng year western historian H~ H. Bancroft Dubl1shed another list of Bradslww ~oad stopping polnt~ which included: Fr1nk' (~"an Tlmoteo), Dr •. ~dgar's, Dr~ ~mlth's" Potrero Genic Ranch (Ind! n Potrero), ntonl0 Creek/} and Grant's CreekQ Bancroft indicated the Pass portion of the road was HbBrd and free fro. oand _ H but from there eastward and was heavy all the way to the 0.o1orado R1ver Q 28 A third list wa p bllsh d by the ~ an Bernardi 0 Guard1an in 1870 which included only 'ummit ;'"an ~.rorgonio Pass g Noble q Ranch t and White River ftation~29 ~raveling east rrom San Bernardino p th se w re the last watering points vail ble before striking the Colorado Desert a One may imagine that these place~ war extremely valuable to travelers and N r used ten iv ly during the 1862~1863 Arizona gold rushe Ii: rly ,,·taging through San Gorgon1o P s In ld ay, 1862 g not long fter rumor o or th Ar zona gold discover! s h d begun circulating in Log Ranch" ~eptember 1), 1862. ttChaproan'g p Ra ch. long the foothills bout a roil pre ant-day Banning in th vicinity to pp. 7-g e ( Can Bernardino) j) ~~ay 21, 1870. 189 n 1 s, pl ns 'r being made to in ugur te stage service b t~ n tl~ city and Irizona through san Gorgon10 Pass. The 1r t entur to ~e1n ttent10n from the press con- ~ne lin b lng contompl ted by Lo ngel stage ny oper or , P. M . Chapman. Chapman aIr ady had a lin operating fro. Lo Ang les to ~ n Bernardino and the e r Valley in • ccording to th ~.,t8r, he now had made pl n to tart another lin to t e ArIzona mines by way of . n .lor onio P and P 1m ~pr1ng j tare on which would be 50 ch a . 3 0 Chap nts pl ns apparently falled to t r1allz for neither of he Lo Angeles newspapers c rrl d n ad rtl menta nor m de ny nnouncement that d co m nced ctu 1 op r tion • .. rlv eptember , three nd a half month~ ls er 9 oth r Lo sta~e co'pany, Al xander & Company. no edit ao to b ~1n op r ting lin to Ls Paz hro th P • are w 9 to be -40 e ch way, and mod r one rd t e .I r bV ix-hor e t m war to traver Q .. .ou • In dditlon to pa seng rs , st ~e would c rry r t wr, let ra, nd old dust . Accompanyln dar' d er 1se t as n ws rticle which eom- t d til , cO ... id ing t e f r , no one nt1ng to et 30 ..... outher ay 16, 1862 . 190 to the mineR need remain in LOB Angeles now. If 0 person did not h v money enouf!h to buy nec8ss"ry provisions and equipment in Loa A ~eles, he coul~ r-till e~ to the minas -here he could eather 3 orne ~old, sell it, and then pur chase hi mlnin outfit in A rizona.31 On Qeptember 6, Henry ilki on nd .arren Hall 1 ft Lo .... A n ..... lea with the fir t ~tag c rr ln~ six Dasse~ ers. ~- ~ ~ ~ ;1t.h them was a herd of tock whic hey pI nned to distribute t stct1.ons along tho t'8Y. HnvinE to est bll h t tiona fl,-, they trav eled, 1ilkinson and Hall did not reach La Paz until welve ~ ys latel. Their rriv 1 in La Paz was a complete sur pris for the ownspeople inca ne~~ f Alexander's plan had not been received previously_ In spit of their sud den arrive , t\-iO days later when they were ready to depart for Los ngeles they had accumulated ~6,OOO in gold to carry in their ezpr s bo r • The ret'rn trip requir ed our days.3 2 U on returning to Lon !ng Ie f Hall g8"e the ~t r n account of th tr1p. Concerning the Br d~hcw Road over -h1ch the ta e had travoled, he stated that this route wae the ~hort t and hest yet discovered. The ro d b~d outhern Ne~ , ~eptember ), 1°62. 1862. e~kly Southern ,_ eptember 10, 26, 191 was 1 reasonably good condition and would require little extra prapornt1on. ~he gre test dist nee between ster holes was t.hirty-five miles, c na where \-Jotcr h9d be n found it w s pI ntlful. On the hole~ Hall expressed the opinion th t this first tr p }wd been very satisfactory and that the company would be able to otfer speedy lnd successful ervice. 33 Although Hall had great expectatlOl'U) they app rently were very short live. Less than two months lat~r both he and ~'11k1nson were aasas ina", d in the ooth111 north of pre ... ent-day Be umont, and Alexander seemed to have suspended operations upon the death of his t~o chi f employoes. 34 At 10 st, nothing concerning th lin as Dublished in C'outh rn California' 8 newspap _rs following Hall nd '11kinson t s demi .e. pecul tlon concerning another ~t ge line between an Bernardino and La P Z 8 r peared e rly in F bruary. 1863. This rumor involved San Tlmoteo t s John R. Fr1nk who had freighted for Col. enry Washington' surveying party between 1855-1851. 35 Nothing concret dev loped until arly <"'eptember, however. when Frink announced that he had 18629 33 Th~ ~ent1-Weekly <:'outhern .New~1 (eptember 26 October 29, 1862; Los ebruary 28. 186). 192 form d a partnership '<11th James Grant in which they planned to haul freight and pas angera between the two c1t1e ~ Their equipment was to consist of " good six and eight mule teams, with ,!ood strong wagon stf Passengers' freight and prov! ion would be carried for 12~ cents per pound. Thus, although Frink and 'irant's servic was to be slower and ...... less comfortable than , Ie ander's had be ng th y appeared to be mak1ng a bid for the business of those peoplo wish ing to take long their entire supply or personal and hous~ hold goods 11th which to establish permanent residence in Arlzons. 36 ~1multaneous wIth the appearance or Frink and Grantfs enterprise, anotheI company was beln~ formed w t h plans to lnauEurate a competing line over the sam route through 9an Gorgonl0 P8SS~ Unlike the former, wh1ch was more interestad in fpeight than passengers» the letter organization planned to oT£er regular staging service in hich its main appeal would be for passengers and light fre1ght only. The first rumo!t reselLing Loa Angeles con cerning this operation appeared n mid August, and two months later Angel nos were reading the company' regular advertis mentn in the .·,ta. r:. . F'or $40 one could purchase ,. 1 , 3 6 Loa .H.ngeles ,~tar, ~eptember 5# 1863~ 193 hi s fQl"e tor a four-day l"ide in a six-horse st!!g from E ,an Bernardino to La F ·az. 37 By December tho compa.ny had ex tended its western terminus from S~n Bernardino to Los Angeles. Commenting on this I1ne g the f.tsr published this article: M essrs. Eruce and Knight ••• are carrying out their promiees to the miners, and trave11nR public ~enerally, beyond all that could reasonably be expected •. 6 learn from pBssen era who have traveled by th abov line to and from the r.1ver, that it is a complete suc cess; that the coaches And stock used on the route are of first cl sa, and adapted to the desert route. cta tiona ave en located at convenient distances where meals may be procured three t1mes each day. if desired b, the travel@r. ~1th everything requisite to sup r sede the necessity of a cumbersome outfit. It is stf<\t&d by t~os.ers. Hobbs and Perry, \;ho came passengers from La Paz, last week. by the above line, that they ,ad· the trip to Los ngelea in four d ys traveling time; consuming only four and a haI.f days on the trip. This looks like business--a lUxury compa.red to a trip a year since" or even six months ago. The .rare from Log Angelee to L [; Paz is only forty dollara, fl S \.l1tl which would not be 8 drop in tho purchase or a good 1) tfi t; those who own interests in tht .. rich mines o~ the several districts alon~ the Colorado, can now vi,it them with but little outlay. Jith e little en couragement the above enterprise could be made an lmportant--a.lmost indlapensabla ... -festure in the busi ness which must necessarily grOl!( up between our city ~1nd the mine.:! of the Colorado. 30 In t .€ ne-xt edition of the flews, public attention • 3 wag d1rect~d to the a3toni~hing fact that the latest st ge -------------------------------------------------------------- 37 Los i\np-slea ~tar , August 15, October 17, IB63 ~ 38 186.3. The to,s j.\neeles Tr1;-\-ieokly .J,ew.s, December 28, 194 rrom the Colorado River hsd arrived after only three and a. hal.f days traveling t1me.J9 The company operated little more than ~ive months, howe ero In early March» 1864j Jam s Grunt had repl~-1ead it wi th ti semi-monthly "Pony 2xpreas H between Los Angeles and La Paz carrying letter and light baggagee Accompanying his pack train~ Grant also had a saddle train available for providing pas~enger servlce.40 Perhaps the strangest feature of thi~ entire picture la~ the rapidity and regularity wi th which almost every one of these staging companies 'W nt out of business. Al thou h nona of the newspaper accounts a.nnouncing these business failures analyzed the reasons responsible g the fund ~ental busIness princ1ple that prof1ts must exceed xpendlture undoubtedly applied here<.l One cannot help wondering , however R why thes fa1lures occurred in view of '" atement~ such as that previously quoted from tner~ewa which stated how comfortable and cheap stage transportation wass Perhaps the cost of out.f'ltting a party in Arizona was o ereat that from n overall viewpoint the miners were money sh ad by outfitting themselves in 20uthern California and traveling on the1r ~n property to the minas. At leas~ ucc sstul at 1ng from ~outhern California to the Arizona 46 The 10 .i> ngeles Trl ... · eekly • el-J~; March 4" lB64~ 195 minas through San Gorgonio Pass failed to succeed until the appearance of government m 11 contracts and subsidies early in 1865. Freighting Through San Gorgonl0 Psos Considering the volume of traffic using the Brad shaw Road through San Gorgonio Pass, one may reasonably suspect that organized freighting operations over the road appeared soon after the great migration from Southern Cali fornia to the mines began. Unfortunately, available records relative to this aspect of activity on the San Gorgcnl0 Pass road are not numerous . One account does show that organized freighting along this route had begun by late June, 1862. 41 Among early freighters Charley Cunningham, an El Monte teamster, probably received more newspaper attention than any other. In pa.rtnership with two others , Cunningham had a fleet of sixteen horses and mules plus two wagons available for service by mid July, when a report reached Los Angeles that he had 10,000 pounds of freight in S~n Bernardino de~tined for Arizona. 42 mont.l.1. and a half later, his reputation had become highly reg rded in Los Angeles and he had little difficulty recruiting a party 4 1 The 42 . Los Semi .... Wee!-tly Southern News, June 27, 1862 . Angeles star , July 9 , 1862 . 196 of ei ~ht p s nge::- and reig.l-tt tlhi~h he on ucted eastward through the P 's to th volorado Hivere Ono of the party's e ber later publi hed his reminlsc n as in wh ch he st e ~nn Gor ... onio Pass .. d been 0 e or th group s ov r .. n ~ht ~, cam lng ~it~sdl43 During the folIo 1ng Y6arg freighting to the mines tt ct d ,u h more attention than it had in 1862~ ~everal orgs ized fr ighting com an1es app ared making r gular trips over the Br dshaw Roado One wao the Frink-~r8nt combinn ion previously recognized as a staging Ii 60 Al thou h the ~wo o"W ers had orIginally planned to off r pas ng r s well as fre1_ht1ng rvice 1 he former riled to n t in Ii Z t and . i thi a fa .lonth~ the firm h d vol e primarily into a freight carri r3 outher Call- omi ne papers published numerous r porta cone rning th co. pan t op r tiona at this tlme~ on of which ~on- cern d h r cent arrival in Los Ang les of 153 poun load 0 e c ll.n~ vol -- 11ver an copper re f_Qn the lP che Ch1e Lcd ne r L Paz~44 J slgn-ficant contempo- r ry of IT1 and [fr nt ~ 8 i, freiBhtlng lin. vurti r ort dl.r po ... s . ad aome e cel1ent equipment wh1ch , Ii on ~ cl r3 n P i-eh 1, _ ~rip to th ~olo in 1362," California 11~tor1cal ~oclety -.;..;...;;~~~~, ~- ... eh, 1933. pp. 2-13. 197 1 cl d Ll.hly eg rd d rr y f stock, se er 1 rr 19ht ng nd t ~ ct ve prin rr c ch s for n .san er . ~ 45 thi~ r ··1 ent frei_h r t hIe oper tor -orle ft _0 e o~flc cAted t Aliso ~ __ tr e s n Lo n el .~.46 Tn d1+i n to th r gul r pack an w on v of +-' a o.t2 e~c .. t!.n ..... , • "pecis_ t e of J...Le ... .... ~ '-' ~rel' in: p rty rolled through 1 ~Un _ unci co by variou r zon mini ~ comp ni One of r c lved peei 1 attention n w s dscribed as ff ne t. orO'l h br c a on.nIt7 -- eight! _ throu.h the -3_ to zon co.tinu d in ... 1 if c nt ,ti Y until the 1 te 1870 .h n th .outh- rn r C fic Ral1ro d compl d th xten ion ot it t ck fro ,0"" .. nr.-reles to Hcrt Yu.tn. I au .s of the Bernar- ina ~ O~ 186 to 1875 ont in umeroug report of fr i tin n rt .. oina to L -- az On of th 1 r er n co rin d ten ten-nule t ms pulling 100,000 pound , or 1,000 po n s p r m la.4 J ~r b bl the ~ st ucce 1863. I ~ pt ber 6, 1~63. ebr ry 6, ekly 1, 1 63. Bernard"no), 8 ell 25, 71 198 re1~hters were Frink and OrAnt l-lho throughout the period ...... cons1stently gained more newspaper Attention than any others. Although this partnerships oriented p 1marily toward f~ei~htlng, company wagons were occAsionally diverted into p ssenger service. For example j ns contemporary report disclosed that Frink h~d rocently arrived in San Bernardino with a load of sventeen passen~ s.49 ~ "'"" The United states Mail's Use of an Gorgonl0 Pass Upon the Civil Warts commencernent p secessionist interference along the Butterfield Road between Arizona and Texas forced Congres to order ma 1 service on this route abolished. 50 Not u til 186L~ HA S mail communication r surned from the M ssissippi R vcr to Cal1.fornia alona the southern route. During this period Southern Californians did not lose sight of the fact that this sarv1c' had been discontinued. Depending on their mail being sent west along th central rout to San Francisco and then south, they reco jniz d that it was taking seven to ourteen days longer to reach them. By late 1863, Angelenos were begin ning to press for r ~uYnption of direct mail connection The 'Tuardian (S n , Treaties and from DecoMber 199 with the eastern United states. J\lthough the Civil · ar , s still In prO~reg8, impor~ant buslne s relationships binding f 1z n to ~outhern C 1 forn! naco sitated mail corom <...;oncerning this nit at"on,. t11.O Los ,n 1 anted! The res nt 13 a ~ oC'(t favor able tit- ,_ fo the people of thla 4 portion of Oalifornia, end 1rlzona to move in the ~atter of procurin the eatacli3hmont~ by Congress, of a United rt te Hail Ho lte~ .from Los Angel·s 0 La Paz, and tl ence east\'srd. .l\ line o:r tagee 1s already in motion, nd are ms.~lnG weekly trips bet aeJ. the points hove named; and could g with th aid afforded b., cnrryln < mall, an readily make somi·~eekly trips~ It i to b~ hoped that no time will be lost in the p g r , by the present Leg slature, of CQncurren~ r ~o lut10n for the above purpose.... To choose a route lhich ~111 0 acceptable to 311, ill be a diffi cult ta k; the peculiar interests of individuals should .fo,L _otten; all ehould Id nlike in procuring a re turn 0 proper mail acl11tles to region of country h1ch i soon 0 lead 11 other localities on th aciflc, for richness. The route used at present by tho LOB Angeles and La :Paz f tage COWptny'l is thnt b rtoy or < 3, n Bern rd1no, thence t kine the Bradsho.!i route-- s n ar s practlceble--direct to La ~az ~2 Erhe clamor ra1 ad by ::outhern C lifornians for re- e t bl shment or southern transcontinent 1 ,all rout finally ttracted v1snlf1cant att nt on in . 'ebruary, 1864. t thiw tim enator Conn ~ pe Itioned Congres i auth r- ze cr nt10n of . eil route bet ~ en ~'an Bern rdlno and • 1863. mri-Weekly News, D cemb r 28, 200 • ,., . ~ T'J 53 Po d La PaZj1 presumeoly tnrough .::an Or2QD_O ¥aSSg ",lagar - loss wh t e.ffeet thl<- request mi:T ha c ~Qd, later .l.n the year Congresg authorized the Foat~aster Gan ral to contract Terrltor79 to as f'.n~el ec by 'Way of ~QPaz and San G-orgonio ass. 5 4 The s beecuent contract was awarded to James Grant) who has ~ b en ~dentifi d previously as the associate or J0 R~ Frink th 'ho~~ he cpC!'ated a freight and pas5-anger service be t er.:.n T ~os Concerning Crant~s racelv- h ~QS Angeles News commented that 'a~ good and ~hat he would surely p·ovide ati .... fi.;tc~ory service. 'Enfortun.etely, 0rant t s enterprise .. vO achieve mo.<- ethan tenrporar.r ""uccess for in little iOJL ethan 19hteen t onl..t~_s the lie~s was complaining again Otlt L(}"thern .... a .... lfornia's inadequate mail serviee.,5.5 "C$s.rl,,' in 1867, townspeople of Los Angeles g f an Ber- rdi .. to luarn that mail eonnee~ tior et -ee A their cit as as about to be restored~ A • 186 • Pebr-'~a ry 29 ~ 201 ad t ounced it would soon cor:~ence runnin: it c ry"ng 11 from \;11mington ard out! to ~an Ber} rd no and e at- ward 10 the Br d_hn Ro d tr~ough 61 Gorgonio Pass had be adop Oe In addition to the ~11 ington La Paz line g Ban Ing also pl nne inaugurat service b tW,...Gl1 ~ "11.01ng ~on and Fort Yumss Traveling e ~t~ etages 01 th two lIn ~ would folIo' th same route as ~ar ae .o~os whor~ t Port Yum line would 6parate ~ probably proceeding south along th of p!--es nt :::. Itoh rea to Sac tte~, 11s, a ..,I;, at ge stop on the Id Butterrl ld ro d to Fort Y una.?O ne ceo nt indicates that Enning had been oper ting s B on the latter out prior to hi. announcem t that rv ce 0 L Paz as being contedplated. Alt lOu£h the we 11ne~ were o· g~nally pI nned to oep'rat ~t lor s, the poiut of ~ep _r 'Giot' ... e ~ to have been xtende t'"' Do 1m s fore t comp ny bgan oper • l.onSIl From Dos -sIn s, ~n Fort Ytwa stage tr~ 01 d in u d rect eouth- r t~rly lin to th lr d tin tion. Regardl . -'" where they ., -. an J..ng* S ..., n ,OS were trav 1 in\..> the two route!!' b.: s 0 s apparentl- were a nta1n d on both + 0 l,C ro- \ oros to Fort Y una is eu g6~ted t.: ncrort ! s volor do :.111. 8 m p . 202 vailable vid nc ofter - no proo~ that ~he co~psny made an reg lar ~topg in the Pese~ oration of mail eervice to La Paz was received jubilantly in ~O them C11~fornia . 0ne wTiter stated that people would now discover th2t Is Paz "still lives Q H57 ~uddenly, a£ter sta 6S had been ~ol ine for two and a hal P weeks, "out ern Cell+'ornians were surprlse?t to learn that Bonnin~ h~d abruptly dl~continued qe~v~ce on the two rout~ The on ~ piec of ln~ormation available offerine any ax- plan t on for this unexpected cessation ot operatiot ... s Haulod 0 r.-~We unde~stand the ~tock or Banning ~ Co. have LSi£! been removed rr~~ the neflly la~d out road to Port ~l1JllB., brenehin&r .from DOB Palmus [iis..7 on tne line to La P Zg It is unnecessary to 3ay~ thEt the road w ,tterly lmpr8cticable~ E cesert eoun~ry of ne rly nundred miles rendering it imposs~ble for stock to tr &1» with ean up to th huhs ~tl Thus, by the end or rlarch th people of La Paz were aGa~n v orously p 0 et:!tin~ their lacl{; of' mail r-acil1tles. 59 In tead of comins to them d1rectly, mail :from ~outhern t; 1 forn no~' h d to corne 1 directly by Clugl'!age ~nd 57 f}uard1an (Can B rnard1no)jl February l'ne 23, arch 2, 16 1867. so 58 (. an df'- f'! ardian Bernardino), barcb 16, 1867~ 59 The ..... uardian ( an Bernardino), Aarch 30, 1867~ 2Q3 Ballard t f! stages through Cajon Pass and Fort p,ro java tJ 60 Less than a y-ear later at-tar fa. trip to San Francisoo~ Cluggage announced that he and Ballard had gained permis sion to transfer their mail carrying stages to the San Gcrgonl0 Pass route by which mail service to La Paz would be restoredQ Temporarily they intended to use only light earria~ag on the rO'lltePc but within a faw weaks they planned to su.bstitute stages s ufficiently large to satis.fy dema.nds for passenger servlcs/& The experienced James Grant had been engaged as a sub-contractor to convey mail from La Paz to Eardyvill and Tuc~on. Pr~$umeblj by April 1~ 18b8, Cl u eg a ge and B allard had transferred their stock and equi p- rnent to the Sen Gorgonio P~8S rout~ and were read.".- to oom mence operst1ons. 61 ~11ghtly more than a month later, a San Bernardino lawyer, Byron i4atera, and a San Gorgonio Pass rancher, Newton Noble, purchased the line and be'gan 9dvertising that they were carrying U. ~ . I~il, pasgengers~ and paokages -at reasonable rates. Using .ood horses ann I1nht Concord .....,. stages, th y soon acquired a reputation for speedy, regular, , , "Ill ~ ~d' !!f i 60 The Guardian (:an BQrnardino), March 14, 1865. -. 61 The Oual~d1an (fan Bernal"dino) , March 11~JI 1868 .. . , - 204 and cotn.fort ble service. lline month thereafter the part- n raM dissolved, find Noble took full poswension or the company. Tr~s even apparently di~ not interfere with th qua ty of the company'~ service for favorable co~nt8 cont nued '-0 .~_ pear. :toble t _ only major innovation seJ-m ' to h ve e n a ~ch au 1 € reduction rr~m two to one trip a ee. ~ver the co~~anyfs routeQ62 f. ltl h 1 ~ t ~..,. bl t d 1 ...:I btedl WU~ ~, .srS- rl O e s e g e r ver s un~ou . Ar~ppe pouches Komewhere in the 8&S containing residents· m 11, o~flcial dellve n ies di not commence ~~tl1 late June, 1868, who 0- tma t er -_ rk ~ rratt opened the do orB of t e lrst poSL o!. fic in . :in Gorgon10 ass . 0 fieisll}, ~orgon1o POgt o_fice, it was nrobabl located OMS place nort of present-day Beaumont eithe~ at the dgar !iner! or at the ::mi th ranch. G9.rrett remained Po ~t- tor for roughly _if teen months \;hen he as rep! ced by ih odore V~ Bro·n who r tai ed the positi n wltil the of i f ~ S 8 enslon in late April, 1869. 63 ar ..;..;;.;.;;..;.....~~;:...:;;.;;:..;;.:.:;r ( n 1"'0 , rn rd ). ~ 0), Ul ~ <), 23 • 186 u ; tovember 6, 1!369. rchi s and Records ervice. Po t Orrice . cord t R Group 25. Garr t~t~ ppoint. nt Jun lu68 ~'h11e Brown bella Oe ob r Tr orfie w clos d j pril 25, 870 ...... Opera-- ed ~I"om ust 2 ~ -879, to ~~e.y 2), IP"'l, 1~ j h ~ direction. Reference to d in t e ~an rn rdino Guardian's J nu disclosing that eaQt- bound qtages In the early months or 1870, James Grant made a trIp to Washington, D~C@., for the purpose of securing several mail contracts soon to be 9t-Jarded by the U$ ~O< &overnmenta His bide were su.ecesaful on three of these, one of "'·Jhich invol vod the San Bernardino-La Paz route thr0Ui:h ~an Gorgonio Pass$ The sublJ&quent contraet \--U1S to. become e:ffective July 1~ 1870~ ROO to extend for four years. Although existing records are ambiguous on this pointg Grant apparently sublet the contract to a san Bar- nardlno business mang Isaac H~ L~vyQ Sub-contraotor Levy proce dad to place twent:r-tour good ho~ses along the road and acquired a new eight passenger coachQ The ~an Berna~- dina Guardian expressed g~eat satlsfaet10n over Levytg s leetion and had con£idence that he would provide both punctual and comfortable serv1ce~ The Guardian 1 a expoeta- tiona proved accurate as stages cotmn. anced mak1n~ the com- ... ,., pl te trip in five and a half days~64 According to a pasaengertB description, Levyts stages stopped at the tol- 10 lng plac a in the San Gorgonio Pass area: Ft~1nkts . nch (~ n Timoteo)Q Gl1man t s R'nch~ Wh1tew8ter~ and Agua .1 S .! .. deli v red ail on 1· ednsadays s.nd pi eked up out-p-oing d1s p tche Tue d ys on their return trips to San Bernard1no~ 64 The Guarqia (S~n Bernardino), H reh 25J! April 2i 23~ J ly 2, 9 t ~ ptember 3, 17, 1811~ 206 Caliente (Palm C.pr1ngs) Q 65 A year later in July# 1871, an order was received from the Po -. t O'l"flce Department directing the co-ropany to establish !H~mi-weekly service in place of its current weekly sehadule. :irnultaneously~ Isaac Levyts name dis appear d from the company' q advertisements~ For an unknown roason j ~r nt assumed personal control of th~ Arizona M ail and £"tage Line and hired Jarn.es ~tewart as its superintend .... ent. Although the exact effects of this change in manage- ment on the company's business are not kno\in" they do not appear to have been adverse . Reports of heavy passenger lists were published on e number of occasions which tend to indicate that business was improvlng~ ~ti thin a year aft er yrant t .... B. S sumpt ion of control, the company tl. nnounc ad gen r 1 reduction in its fees~ For example, ~are ~rom on B rnard1no to Prescott was reduced rroro $Bo in aold to ...... '75 in curr6ncy~ while freight feas between the two points also dropped rOtQ fifty cents per pound in gold to forty c nt per pound in currency.66 D uring the SUnImer months of b5~ . i 7 l .. ~larr s lte roar.t:c, ~ .~,xtx £e~rs il1 .. 59u~hern C81i.fornia, p. 414· 66 Other !"eductions from f un Bernardino to: \~fi c :enburg, A rizona Territor;] Old: New: Passcneer .farA: "~60/o1d · '60 currency Frel ht fee: 40 . per lb . gold 32i per lb . eur~ency 207 1872, Gr nt teropororily withdrew his staees because the volume of traffic was insufficient to justify their uses As sub t1tutes he placed two cov red buckbo rda in servl~et each cable of carryine two passengers addItion to the mailG 67 nd frei ght in '- By JanuarYll 1075, Grant and ~tewart had extended the western en( of their line rrom San Bernard1no to fpa~ the current eastern terminus of ~outhern Paclric track 0 Op ratine under the name of ttCalif'ornlll and Arizona .:..tage Company," the line nOH ran the entire distance from :'''padra through ('un 'Jorgonl0 Pass to ?rescottjl Arizona Tarrltory~ For a short interval of six months D the com- pany transferred its stages to Cajon Pass and the M ojave Desert, but then reversed 1 taelf and restored the <',an Gorgonio Pass routee 68 As t ::;outharn Pacific constrtlction crews completed new sections of track~ the C ulifornia and Arizona ~ ·tage COMpany was f· r c d to move the western end Ehrenburg, Arlzonu Terri tory Old: New: Pnsaenger fare: ~35 gold t35 currency Freight fee: 25i per Ib~ gold 221 per Ib~ currency 67 The Guard ian ( S~~n Bernardino) 9 July 8» 1871; Apri 20, June 'l~ 8. 'lB72~ 6B ~'un Berna.rdino rieekly J.'r ,.US~ Hav 31~ December 6" 187.5; he .rl1a~qlan Pan Bernardino 9 January 27, 30 g 1875; The DaIl~ '~1m .J (etober 11, December 7~ lB75q 208 spite of this s1tu- stions the eompanyfs excellent standard$ remained high and much public pra"s6 was expressed through th newspapers{:} Thus, t-Jhen the 30uthern Pacific transferred its terminus to the east end of San Gorgonio Pass in May» IB76 i ma11 stages suddenly disappeared from the Pass. ThrOU£thout ...... most of the preceding fourteen-year perIod, mail carrying stages had rumbled through the Pass destined ror the Arizona roin8s~ Now the railroad had supplanted the stage as mail carrier and had brought to an end one of the more eolorful periods in PS5S h1storYQ69 !lot long ai'ter the Arizon.a gold rush began~ h!gh- wayman war busy ply-ing their trade along the various roads leading to t~~ mlneB~ The Bradshaw Road WQS no ex- caption to this geners11zation y and many complaInts were received in ~outhern California relative to this problem~ One report told of a band of horse thieves who had commit ted aix recent murde'J's,.70 \if . t f' th _ T "Los 0_ esc groups were de..,. scribed as e ..... Californians . Commenting on the road in gen r 1, the Los Angeles News published a letter an t:t . l!C 69 The Da11y Tlmes_ May 10, 1876; The ~8n Bernardino october 10 I 1876G - :0 70 Los Angela,s "'.tar l September 5, 1863. ngeleno h d just received rom Arizona which 1ncluded th1 s stat oment: 209 .-1urders - epe frequent. .d band of Callfornl cut tp~oat8 were on the road v and much danger is apprehend ed to thoso travelinL to and from the mines, more s pecially, however. to those returning from the mines ith gold o 71 ningham 'a~ ~rave11ng est thrOl ~h he Pa~s at the head of a dang Qua band of twenty-five cutIs" 3 conslst1n~ lnrgely of escaped c01victs. The party was IHLer reported to have arrived in the La Paz area 72 I; lrdcrs were alao common both along the Bradshaw Road and in the mining areas~ During the course of the -- Arizona gold rueh s three much publicized murders occurred in the r an Goreonio Pass area~ The first involved San Bern rdinan Rush R. Dickey, a brother of Dr~ Dudley R~ Dickey whose well digging contract was desc lbed in Cl pter V$ About the middle of MaY9 1862~ Dickey had left : an Ber- nardino for tne mine. Upo. eme~ging from the east end or th Pas<D he was ·ttacke- and killed bv a small band or v Cahuilla Ind1.sns. Having r' ce1ved no communication from .., him for five or six weeks~ his ~an _ardino relativos 1863. 7 1 The Lo • Tri-'ieeklil He 16 , September 9 g 210 became concerned and decided to dispatch a four-man party to invast~gtlte~ f rev] miles beyond vJh1 tewater the party encountered en un1denti:fied Cihuilla alcalde 'tho, upon being threatened 1 con£essed that members or b1s group ~era re.ponslblea Being able to d liver only one 0 the cul pri ts and pro dsing to rind the others, the alcalde 1.1 S released and the culprit, And~cs.tl \:0· taken lr: custody to t' an Bernard i no. A party of fifteen citlze 5 and a deputy Sheriff was assembled in San Bernardino wh:ch soon departed to receive the remaining offenders and to obtain Dickey's body_ Upon reaching th ir destInations they discovered the entire group of Indians had fled to the mountalns~ The party immediately enlisted the assistance of San T1- rnoteo t S Chief Juan Antonio who recovered six of" the group~ including the alealde~ As he escorted the Indians to the San Bernardinans' rendezvoug~ he shouted aha d ror them to prepare their handcuff Sa bearing his command SJ the Indians became fr1rrhtened and decided to run for the near by mounta1nSe feeing his party flee p Juan summoned tlle ~an Berna~d1nens to rire~ Pctin _ upon Juan's command, numerous ~hot3 were fired and three or four of the escaptng Indians Jere killed. Had the whites recognized that the .... r .fire lrJould draw retaliation. they miftht have acted les 211 belligerently and allowed tho Indiana to escape. .egard- less, '.,Ihartly attar the shots were released [J a swarm of Indians em rged .from the mountains !. :1.11 ng the sky vIi th a cloud of arrowso (~ i . ee ng this wild displaYg the :'Bn Barnar- dinans were obliged to execute a hasty retreat in the diroction of friendlier 2an T1moteo and San Bernardino$ ollowlng this pisode~ the Cahu111as grew very warlike until Chief Cabezon seemingly intervened and restored fr endly relations ,~ith the Amer1cans$ 73 1eanwbl1o g the ~ahul11a Indian named Andres who had be· n incarcera.ted in ~" i:ln Bernardino was being tried for )lckey's n' der~ He \colas ultimately :found guilty on the basiC'! of hi.~ own confession and on possession of portions of he decet)sedts personal property$ During his testimony, i9 f ndraa implicated two accomplicas 1 one of whom wag still t large. ~he other had been one of the Indians killed in th nhootln affray described in the preceding paragraph~ In p yment for his cr ttl 9 Andres was sentenced to be hanged on Au(!'u tOe 74 .. ~ond fatal incident occurred about five months after Dlckeyt~ ' e th in th hills north of' presel"'t Beaumont outher j y 2~11 June 7, 1862; rr:ha Semi ), 10629 212 when both lJarren Hall and Henry H1lkinson, the two chier employees in Alexander's California Ptsge and Express Llne j ware assassinf.lted~ About ten days before the event, Hall and ~ ilklnson were returning from Arizona on the stage and upon arriving in ('~an Gorgonl0 Pass decided to inspect the stage's oxpress box. To their urpriseg its contents or ten to twelve thousand dollars had dlsappearede Sus pect1ng an employee named Gordon, they arrested and imprisoned him at the fmith Ranch. Approximately a week and 8 haIr later, the two men returned to ~¥mlthV s on their east-bound stage .. A ccording to '1ordon's subsequent testimony, Hall and Jllkhr son had attempted to extort his confession and to force him to reveal the moneyfs locatlon$ In doIng thls~ they had first threatened him with death, rollow1ng hich W ilkin son had (!iven him a pick and shovel and had escorted him to a nearby canyon where he was told to di g his own grave~ 'N'hl1e digging the KraV6 9 Gordon claimed he suddenly drew a concea.led knIfe and slew W ilkinson, catching him. completely off guard. ,: 1multaneously, Hall appeared on the Bcene and was likewise sSQssinated, after which Gordon rled to San Bernardino and surrendered. In ~an Bernardino Gordon was ex mined by Justice Clark and pleaded innocent of the robbery. He w s subsequently released on the basis that he had acted purely in selr defense. How much of thi~ story was t~ue is unk own because the only witnesses to the incident were dcada Thus, Justice Clark could do 213 little other than to Accept Gordon 9 s testimony as accurate .. Hall had led a distln-u1shed career which had included a signif cant part 1n the Butterfield Overland Mail Compsnyl_ unsuccessful attempt to use San (torgon10 Pass. ~-ilkinson had migrated to Southern California only 8 few months before from the northern part of the statea 75 A third fatal incident occurrine in the Snn Gorgonro Pass area s'ggests the plot or a pulp magazine western thriller. R. Lee and J. B. Crandall had stolen three horses, two saddles, and a bridle in ~an Bernardino and had fled through ~an Gorgonio Pass to Ague Cellent6~ Apparently one of the victims immediately had sent an employee in pursuit of the two thieves for such a person intercepted ~an Bernardino County Sheriff Newton oble returning from Arizona on the Bradshaw Road somewhere west of .hlte~ater. Upon eing informed of the situatlon p leble reversed his course and returned to Whitewater where he procured fresh mounts for himself and the ~an Bernar- dinan. The two m n then embarked for Ague Caliente9 75 Los Angeles ("'t~, November 19 1862; The 3emi \Teekly ;outhern No'us, October 29 p 1862a 214 leaving the road about a mila and a half from the village in order to circle the town and approQch it unexpectedly from the La Paz side . Arriving in the village p Noble contacted station keeper Jack Summers i'Jho identi.f1ed the two out laws resting b side a nearby fire~ Crandall was crouched next to the fire with a pistol resting on his lap~ Approaching him unobserved$ Noble placed his hand on Crandall's head and informed him that he was under arrest. The culprit immed~ ately stood up and commenced backing away while slowly raising his pistol . The sheriff warned him to drop his weapon two or tr~ae times, but Crandall failed to heed the warning. Finally!} the gun was almost pointed dt the sheriff~ and Noble had no alternatIve but to fire his weapon. Noblet s slug pierced Crandall t s forehead, but was allegedly not fatal. Meanwhile Crandall's accomplice had slipped behind some wagons and was in the process of leveling hie weapon at Noble when station keeper Summers observed what Lee was doing . Summers quickly aimed his double-barrelled shotgun at Lee and rired. The shot wounded Lee's face, and he rell to the ground. Observing Lee's face bleeding badlyg Noble and Summers made the erroneous assumptiol that he WSw either dead or would be soon and allowed him to lie unmolested. Lee had suft»ered 215 no serious injury, however~ and during the evening decided to escape in the direction or the Fass_ He traveled all night and finally arrived at Ran_om B~ Mooref~ ranch-house north of present banning where he found no one present~ Vhile trying to break into 1 ;}core 1 s house, he was suddenly ... urprised by ~ .. herirf ~~oble t s unexpected appearance and was promptly arrcslJed ithout a fight" liable rilid discovered Lee's escape and had painstakingly followed his trail most o~ he .ight~ Although the maxim that crime does not pay il~ ~een prove once again g this whole incident possesses one very urious :'eature.. In traveling to Agua C_l1iente~ :'herlrr Noble had enter d Q· n Die~c Countv and thus had no <.J ~r legal power to apprehend or imprison anyona. 76 ~hert was another p~cblem occurring in the area during this period. Althou~h numerous therts prob- ably took place concerning which no records were msde~ information about several was recorded~ and two of these till e mentioned here~ ""e occurred in Octobsr 9 1875~ abo t th·e miles east of Wh-itewster Ihen Jfu"'n9S Vader 9 an Arizona teamsterg relieved his two Chinese passengers ot a cold b r valued at $lD07J~ Vader and his passengers had left C" a1 t 1i ver ~ Arizona Territory ~ about two ~l€&ks berore and when the robbery took place one of the Chinamen 76'I'he '.u rdla.n (~'an Bernardino) I Cctober 22, 1870Q 216 succeeded in escaping and reaching .an Bernardinoo The Chinam n immediately alerted a deputy her1fr who 1Jubsa- quently arrested V dar when he w nd r~d into town someti e later. On this occasion the tact thnt the event had taken place in ~an DIego County seemed to m ke Q difference, and Vader ~as soon transferred to ~an Diego County ~h riff Hunsaker. Hunsaker escorted him to r'an Dieg o where ho was scheduled to appear before the next county ~r nd jury and released on batl.?? The second example of theft h ppened appro¥imately three months later in adjacent ~an T1moteo C anyon Jhen one of Grant ana ~~ ts'Wart 1 s "sliforni and Arlzon .. t ge Corn- pany stages was halted by tlO masked bandi t ho CQ , m n deered its express box containing 4'1 ,500 1 golda Aft r acquiring the box, th stag driver was 01 cted to con- t lnue hi s trip and promptly comp11 ed I) ',lhen out 0 f 19ht 9 a company official who was aboard ordered the driver to stop_ Tog ther with another passenger he dismounted and returned on foot to the scene of th crime. Upon arrivin~ ~ there, the two men observed the culprits in 0 n arby clump of shrubs examining the box. Approaching cautl0·s1y, the bandits were completely surprised and rled lmmed t 11- • • • 77ThA v SQnDiego Union (weekly)p nctober 23, 1875 217 As the con~aquence, the express box was recovered unmoles~ ed and t-lSS replaced aboard the st '2 • 78 ~eyond the P ss on the Co oraclo Desert ~ many inci dents involving hardship and distresf{ took place" \-later W.E carce om early spring to late rall$ Fr quontly mule""g horses, cattle~ sheep and other animal s ~~era sban- cloned for lack of food and later. ~omotlmes people wan- dared from the trail or selected the wrong alt~rnative ,,"here road .... forked. One of the more serious problems in rainy sea~ons was the appe r8nce or po1sonous grasses betwe~n Do Pamas and Chu~kwalla gprlng which caused the deaths of many animals8 79 In spite or these adverslt1 s, the vast majority of ~ravelers u8in~ the Bradshaw Hoad arrived in Arizona with a minimum of difficulty and were reasonably pleased with their tripso Although a sad experIence for those 1nvolved~ one o~ th ~a events appears rather humorous from a more distant viewpoint. Early in June, 18699 one of Newton Noble's stages had loft .san Bernardino for La Paz and proceeded without Jifficulty as far as ~an Gorgonio Pass. At this point, he 'ever, the driver tfby Rome mlshap~ got ofr the • - ! 78~he D 111 Time,s, January 17 g 1876. 19 ~ Los ft,n~eles f'tar, February 21 j Ib63~ 218 road, and when on the top of ~an Jacinto Mounteln upset ~1£7, making a wreck of the coach g but luckily injuring none of the passengers very severe 1 ;r.fl Although the ·'rlter undouttedly was mistaken concerning the place where the accident had occurr-ed ll one is amused to consider that a driver could be sidetracked into the ~on Jacinto Moun- tnin \,zlthout course before recognizing his mistake end revorsing his °0 encounter-ine difficultyoO Competitive Houtes to the Arizona Hines In dditlon to the ma.in route through ~an noreonio ase, two significant alternate routes from ~outhern Ca11- rorn1a were al~o used. One was 8 land route, while the ethol" was by saa. The land route extended from to Angeles to San B rnardino, where it turned north through Cajon PeSR a-o then veered eastward across the Nojave Desert to Fort ~.oja"e, a Ue ~ .. :'rrrr:r post located several miles north of Ueedles. Thi~ road was used bv /\rizona-bound miners .. from the beginning or the rush,8. 1 but 1 ts importanoe gradu- ally beea~e secondary to the San Gorgonio Pasa-Bradshaw Rond route as tho latter proved to be a more direct road p - .. . at: $ nuardian (tan Bernardino), June 5. l869~ 81 'fh~ ~-:em1-~ 'eakly: ~~outhe~n liews ~ July 16, lB62. 219 to he principal mining areas and population centnrs. He v r, it was qt111 v lu Ie route to the northern rizona mln1n districts hich were developed in later year~. On of the More publ1c1z d events occurring in mid 1863 vi 8 II V rbal battle which dev loped etween th t 0 ro d 1 promot In a 1 tter to th - los fngeles dew, r dabs .. tat d: ; ntleme • c·. I 111 say .for tbe b nefi t of .ny friend s in allfornia, be re of Impos1tion~ There ia a great cry h t th ~ojQV route is the way to the mlnes~ It 1s out of the way ona hundred and .fifty miles, and the object is to t ke ou over th Cojon Toll Road~ There i still another: 'hen you rrive at Dt. John's Ranch or C,lou~h LBradsh w is now r rerrin to the road earln his namy, n'O to Bradshaw' - Ferry--1 t is the n are~ nd be t ro d to a Paz , nnd 11 the p~lncl~al copp r Dld Eilve lodes, east of the ColoradoQU2 In r ply to Brad haw John Browni o~ner of the Cajon Toll He d, t ted: • l ws.--In your paper of August 14th, and over tho s1 n ture of .~r. D. Bradshaw, I .find an article in hich he, Ar . Brad ha\>i, 'ould insinu te thHt royowelf and fr1 nd. have be n holding out inducements to the publicg "HIlO re de irouB of goin - to the n w nine i e of the Colorado , to tsye the MoJ ve route, in ord r to dece ve them. In this Mr~ Bradsh ~ is mist k n. It 1s him elf th t is tryln~ to force the travel n public to t ke the L Paz road,9 nd cross at any othe~ r. rry than that of Hr. Bradshaw.--He also YSj th t h r i. gr ut cry that the Mojav route is the w y 0 th ne Mines; this cry, he calls it, i made 52 Th Los Trl- ieelrly Augus t 14. 1663 220 bood~ honest mine. w 0 have retu-~ad ~rom thereg and -ho r nei 'char interested in road or e- r 'r1 ~s but he r eompet nt to at te raets precisely as they found thErmo Had MrQ) Bradshaw kept within the bO\h,ds of decancY9 I should not h e troubled my elf about thi matt ~~ but s it 1~~ I state to all parties con ce ned that froM all the information I ca. gather p the oj v. or H~ale's route is the nearest and best to the n W fflln So J The second route to Arlzo a froM ~outhern CalIfornia w . y ~ at r extending ~outh fro' . San Pedro and San Diego:; d ~ Baj Ca11iornla~s Cape San Lue < t going north tough the Gulf ot Cal1forn1a~ and terminating at th n ... '1'1 de elope .~e)f.lean tv.L O'\o'jt of Liberty· located t the C lor do q v ~g ntOllth{)84 "ltl-ougn sailing round C p L C S W 8 oft n dangerous~ t.1 s~a rou~e proved ~ pu- river st ... am nd w.gons er avail ble fer carrying r.o s to the m ne~~85 Pas _ig r tr rrie by ea was n e ar~ y astrict d to p ople h v1ng su~rieient fundc t urch s their pass g nd tho e not desiring to unO r- O ~h f 1 d ~ rt tr v 1~B6 v . r gor~ 0 over n oe w - ------~~--.----------------------------------------------.- '!F"!i • I • ~....., )3 Th .. e 4' rh ,., .?The 1 62. 6 LoB .nB~le8 Tri-WtJekl:y News j August 28 9 186)f7 ft ort or LibertyU s nO-J kn wn sPort Isabelo Jun 27 ~ ;\U,~ st 29~ on f h. trip b r p gh 221 Thus~ the qan r~rgon10 Pass-Bradshaw Ro d had no monopoly on transportation to the Arizona mines, but it certainly was e significant link between the mines and ~outhern Cali~ornia over which the majority of the miners tr veled who made the are famous • • V t - Navigation on the Color do Rivert published in the Cali fornia Historical Society Qu~r~~rlY9 Vol. XXII. nUmbers 1 and 2Q CID\. 'fER VI! lirE R .,. -,HOADf~ ARRIVAL IN SAl ORGOHIO P·iSS Although S cr tary of war Jer.fer on D vie f 1855 p c .1e R 11ro d Surv y r port expressed preference for a south r y thirty-second parallel route through San Gorgo 10 9 Congr fal~ed to lend Itg asslstan .e to any trans- c . tl ~tal railroad project prior to the Civil War ~ verthel 88 » western desire ror rail eO~ieetion with t rn at te remained un ~.Hlu8ged 9 nO!' did l'iorth,."Soutn ho l1itk ~ ltigate the w6at f :3 vociferous demands<1l ,-inal- y . lB62 i ur1.ng the 01 viI wart S .oat d1scour ging period, vongres d Ided to authorize its support for an 0 erl nd al1ro d t the ac1tlc co st ~ At this t1m southern 11101 P eVenved the thirty-second p rallel s adoptions n c ns q e tly the centraL route betwe n Omaha and ~8n n i co through Reno9 Truckesj] 6nd Colfax was selectedfi Early lroa Inter. t in San Gorgon10 Pas Ithou in t"sl 1. tory belonged to the Central p 1 10- n10n " c1flc sponsor a eent1"al l"oute, lntere t in sO"lth h o - • Or continental ra lro d through B n Gorgonl0 n 0 1 terated & • - l'66 p r n intro e d a. td-gr n bl1~ to 1 22) in constructing a southern line trom MIssouri and Ark naas to th Pacific Ocean~ Generally followIng the thirty~ tifth parall el westward, the rails were to separate upon r aching the Colorado. Riv -r ~ One ,et of tracks WBS to proced southweat through San Gorgonl0 PaBs to S n Diego~ while the other 'Was to continue northwe-st througb Tejon Pass to Snn Franc1sco. 1 i ltho'ugh some de-talls in Bro~.rng 8 bill were rejected b,.l Congress i' its basic provision for gr<snt1ng Federal ap proval and assist nee to construction of a t~anscontlnenttal thirty-fifth parallel railroad was well reeeivoo. Acting upon the stimulu.s this bill had p-rovlded p Cong,..ess pro ceeded six raonths later to approve e similar aot nr"'r' " ;11 " th nt tlon s set!ond entry into the- field ot Federally sub ... s1d1zed tran continental ~al1ro d construction. Popularly know aa th Atlantic and Pacifle Railroad Act~ it author"'" zed go ernroent ald tor buIlding a thirty-f1rth parallel r 11 ... oa comm n ing at or near Spr1ngf1eld p MissourltJ' and t rml_!lting wlthou pacification on the Pacific eoast~ . ther t route t~ough CalirOl~la nor the site for its Lolor do ilver crossing 41~e diotatad by the aet Q 2 Thus 9- .. 224 he chance till t Atlantic and P e tic rail might be laid through ~an Oorgonl0 Pass was a· distinct pusslbllltY0 In succeeding months the company decided to locst its Pacific coast t erminus in San F''Panclaco but remained indecisive concerning its route through Southern Cal1to'Pn!a, Three poe ibi it! -5 were recognized and all received the company's seri us attention. Having located It~ Colorado Rive Cl"O .sing at the lia&dlcs~ one progressed directly across the Mojave Desert toward mejon Pass .. while another was rout(td through Cajon Pass to Los Angelas§ passing north 0 ~an Barnardinoe The third extended southwe t fro!!1 'he l~eealeg traver ing Morongo and San Gorgonio Pase~ b fore reaching ~an Bernardino and Los AngelaS$ Obvlou lyg the 1 at w sthe favored route among ootn <"an B ardl s and S~n Gorgon! ns 3 3 Although the Atla~t1c no Paclfle Act had be n p s d 1 July~ 1866 9 company surveying par tes did not mmenc ~ork1ng in Southern Calirorn1a until late 18710 n t. le at two oce sions they were report d to e 1n San Gorgonl0 Pas8 ~ The first occurred in Octob r, 1871 whet j r W!l lam ~. Watson led a party a1 ng tlG vOlpany's projected route vhrough Horongo an Y f Elf • .. (lusrdl.Q!3, (['an Bernardino) ~ January 6ft 1072 10) 225 . n or.onto P saes but lIed to tina a sat~aractory road throuJ:h the __ orm 1" 61 4 The second p r't,. toured th saUl~ out 19ht month later and w l1kew.i$ - unlmpressed.IiJ 5 Rumor concerning the cooopany' southern C l1forn1a out oelectlon began circulating soon after Major Watsor-~s d p rtur tor S n Francisco where he was to report hie Ob8 rv tiona and discoveries. The first revealed a prefe_ ence for the lOj va De -ert-Tej n r s rout1ng, while the second 1nd1c ted pre.ferene .for either the Cajon or ~·an or on10 Fa s locat1ons~6 o!hen the eOtIlpsny .f1nally an~'" noun d its ottici 1 decision, it chose the Mojave Desert out III hu coropl tel,. 19nol.--1ng ;)sn Gorgon10 Pass.t ~an (,r ard no, and Loa i~n .eles. 7 I dd1tlon to the th1rty-f tth parallel main 11ne~ t e t 1 0 authorized the S uthorn Pacific Railroad ~o p Y of Gellfornl to ou11d branch road to San Fr n- !'"t c1 co fro he net~ point of entry into C l1rorniaP 4 rnardino/ g Oetob r 14~ 28 7 • :runrd1an (...; n Bernardino), June 29, 1812& ( n B n dlo), 27 Febru- ry Bern rdlno), ay 25. 10720 01. XlV, p. 299 226 hn o mont s fter ct 11 rn P c1 e's Bo rd 0 Dlr c or~ d pproved p ro t y whl h w s soon ubm1tt t~o the Gener 1 L nd o fice . suing that Atl n Ie nd P cl~le e tr ok ould th Lalor do _1v r At the eedl g th lin J. 0 e d- e n ro the HoJ v Des r through Tehachapi Pas n -h Pan Joaquin V 11eYil to its S 1~ ncisc ...,tina t io 9 9 I - v1d nt'4- c nc rnl. t e comp "1' 13 1nvesi-:i tl of n no gonia Pas<; route 1 s inconcl i v ~ Alt ough on sourc sugg sts that the 88 W B bel tt co lder , ... riou r c ption or any pl n to use it sa ms unllkely~lO R ",ogn zIng tha t the c -,dles l - th most logic 1 Colorado R v .r eros.ing for thirty-fif h rallel _ '~lroad, out d1 v rs on through the P s in 0 ~'outhern Callfo n1 ould v b n much longer n~ m ch ore xp~ns1 o co. truct th r t wh! h w ppr va Gill • I th pr11min-ry .oj v D rt-Teh "h p P s . ub qu ntly gr nted th co pya fin 1 ; t It 1 F i ;r ... \ 10 a1 Arch! e nd Records Servic o x.oup 49 ~ Map L nd L n unt1 1 v s v 0 .,. Guardia (2an B~rnar ino) , F ruar7 16. 1867 $ Bur of rc and P bile ... port of 221 fl ?woy ot <11' r 1 d e wi 1n~ness to r 1· h to Quther port on of it e n +r neieco br no 11ne ~ t p n w· pre by th " n Jo 1 J 11r 11 t pro 0 11g the constructIon of a lin om ~t c' ton to F ~ t along p cirl d rout ~ Like 08~ young 1- oad " fin no ~8 e res :a t So.. n 0 th San Jo uin more ser1ou~ pr ble S $ In rd to m t con truct_ n cost D co P ny official nnounced the would he e to M CUI a5s1 t nee from thos ¥ountle through -hos' t r i an Jon uln rails would p as~ I responu to th pI , :t n1 u ~ 1 reed , .ul .~~~ an r - po d d va Cou tv . .. pr tlv l o In cant over ly hostile. As ing for .. ··l g 000 1l 000 gr n n 7 nt~ w nty-ya r- bon , the e mpanyi~ r pr nt - t v t J . Ro Brow 9 was oun y raj et d by thr to on m jority_ - cording to , hl c opinion poll c nd e d by h ______ ........... i S n Bern rd n ns desired "ry uch to h-v o d n heir oca ty n r I111ng to or in ne1 1 nc , but they w re Int ns 1y appOrt d t h pl n l' hich requlr d th tTl to uppl a sum amo .ti to wi t cou: vyt total a d t 0 ~ C tUl r1 h pa v' p oposal, c nty J Id ft st d .. -- 228 eomptto. 1S6 plan by which the railroQ, d ~ 8 oounty taxes would be $uapended f'or tlisnty Y6srS (f This latter propos! t10n received a very dis8stisr1ed response fttom the eompar.tY9 and Browne threatened to Bend th9 road through Tehachapi Pass and across the Mojave Des, ert 9 completely avoiding ~an Berna~dino and S~nGorgon10 PiU~S I» 12 Following San Berna,rdtno e s negatIve reaction to the ::sn Joquin!1f} off'el"j t'Wo other events oecllrl"ed which made railroad use of San Gorgonio Pass appear ext~~e17 p~ob lam tical, 8t le'st within the immedIate tuture& Chrono logically, the fl:rat was a plan initiated in San Diego County inviting Los Angeles and San aernardlno counties to cooperate with it in constructing a railroad ~orUleeting their three county Beat$ ~ Although sach a road could probably have sat1$fled much of Southern CallTorn1a t s local need for rail tr nsportat1ong it orteved little eneourage m nt ro~ a transeontinental route through San Gorgon10 s ~ Ir San Diego and Los Angeles w&~e to gain direct rail conn ction, any company planning a southorn trans continental road 'Would have much greater incent1ve to dls~" r ge~d the Pass's geographIcally superior features in favor of .. dl act line from Fort Yuma to Ran Dlego$ The Colored" 'III Q Io!l HI 'I 1869; Bar ardi ... o) g Decem.ber 18. 259' 229 Des);' ~ nd even, he om1nou Laguna Mountain. could be sur- mounted or t' e reward of' ~nher1tlng thoroug"ly p!» P red road c nn ttngnd monopollz ng inter~sectlon~l rail rv1c t Call£ornla's s cond and third largest port ~ In re etlan agaInst Brownets exo~bitant ~ropos,lt fouthe~a ..;al1fornl n apperently were qu.ick to respond to this less .pen~lve alternativ6e One repopt dl - eloseo that San Di gan_ had r p~dly r pii d 1th subscriptions totalling $220~OOO and that Angelenos were alsc &xpres lng -r VOl' b 6- o pi i one 01 Another urged ~' , n Bernard ina s support 9 but Avail ble reco~da reveal little mo~e than verbal assistanee em.inatlng from that cIty' s re~idents(t 1) P rhaps !:: "'~n Bep nardlnans sensed the p opes lis potential danger ror ths S n Gorgonio Pass ront ~ If the tpiangu2 r loc 1 road should be constructed and a major overland company anould sub qu ntly b Ild directly into S~n DIego from Fort YumSg t:' n Bernardino woul rl b com, a relativel,. insignLtlc, ' nt ci t:y ne tIed at the end or an unimportant sp~"",lL!"f\;o. ot the - ,,i in r d. 0 the oth r h nd~ should th P S8 gatG ay to South epn C I1fornl be dopted. 'an BePnsrd1no '&S vlrtully ured of beeo$ing a m jor western transportation enter e lng gre t ealth and large population • • 1 iii ¢ _ 1 l' ! i §I - J 1,3 7he Guardian ({jen Bernardino).. Januar"'" 15... }1 reh 5 ~ 1870. " If J., 230 Tb second event besrlng negative impl1eat1ons for the Pas involved the San Joaquin Ral1road c s dec1sion to eeon ider its initial plan for San Bernardino County nd to sUbstitute less expensive 0 e. In addition to reduc- 1ng its request for Xinanclal 8upport g this ne~ plan re located the line's eastern terminus at the Needless thus lmost all pas Ibl11ty of using San Gorgonio PSGa. 1 4 ~ mmsncing in mid AugtlSt p 1870;; S n Bern~rdtn IS egan campaigning for a railroad to cro!4~eet theIr city w1th the Paeifle Oceanj probably at San Pedroo If such a road were completed. the Qu~rdla~ prophesied ~an Berna~dL~ ould ~e the most eligible terminus for a south~n tr ns continental ra1140ad entering Southern California :'r~ugh Qnn Gorgonio Pass~15 Local aspirations ware soon answer-d when St'n Pedro's trtll,sportat1or- Ie der» Phineas B.r4~lng~ 1111 B edltor~ stst1r~! My DeaF Sir: We are no s~r eying a route tor a ail road rr~~ the line of the presenu one LS n nedro tv Los Angelei7 to Qan 5ernardinoQ Plesse inform me 4f the good people of your county would be willing to assist U J and i£ so to what ex~cnt9 Pi ase show this to yourl~erchantB and others and let me hnoW thei . anawerQ 14 . ~ The Gruard1an ( ~an Bernard ino ) , Pebruar, 1~ June 18790 .., 'iJ.'he Guardian ( -, Bernardino):; Augast lJg .LB70~ -lI.:_. '-2 '-". -.. n 16 The r,-uardisn (San Bernardino) J Sept m'ber 109. 8700 231 The (luardi(u'l received Bann.1ng's letter enthusiastically and inserted this comment in its ~eply: It !Banning's proposed rDilroa~7 will hereafter induce - .... yea g constrain the Southern Pacifi c railroad to enter through our great netural gate--the San (~orBonio Pass , and thus put us in closer and direct connections with Dixie, with Yankee land, the Atlantic, Europe, &.c",_Let our people then nEe up and doing" .. till achelv1ng ~i£7 --still pursuing," And let them at once respond to the above invitation. 8S their duty-"",the1r interests, desirr'i convenience and happiness unequivocally de mand . Although Banning later planned to extend his line beyond .. ~an Berns.rd1no through San Gorgonio and Morongo Passes to Prescott, construction was never begun and no newspaper records concerning his proposed enterprise appearedaf"ter mid Novembere 18 ('even years later a fourth company , exhibl ted an interest in building 8. railroad. through San Gorgonl0 Pass. Officiall y known as the Eastern Division Union PaclTic 19 this company planned to build 'West from Kansas along the thirty-fifth parallel into ~·outhern California where it , - , 17 Ibid .. 18 . The Guardian (~an Bernardino). November 19, 1870a 19 . ~. The Eastern D1v1sion Union Pacific Railroad Com- pany was neither synonymous vJith the nolon Paoific Rail road Company nor was it merely a subdivision of that com pany. It was ;) distinct corporation chartered by Congress 1n the early 1860s as the Leavenworth, Pa.wnee and Hestern Railroad Company_ ':hen the company acquired new owners in 1863, its nama was also changed to Esstern Division Union Pacific. 232 would swing north to te~ro1n te in ~un Francisco. In 0- eating his rood,. ~ ~ ~tern Div1 S..l.on ?residant t.Tohn D. P rry he 11~tle difficulty a~ tar w ~t 8S the Color do Rlv r. Upon crossing th Colorado Riv r how ver, the tesk became much Morp troublesome. By ~~h8t route the line should pane .... trate C.a11fornia' s uesome mount.ain barripr vlas ver per- plex ng probl ~ for Perry~ Appealing to Captain Edward F. Beale for assistance~ h was adv sed to crose the Colorado River at the Ne . B cut across the r10jave Desert toTe hachapi Pass, and proceed nor h through San JoeqLin Valley. Since this plan completely disregarded ~an Bornardino, c1tiz n o of this small interior villa ~e vi r orouRly pro tested Bpsle's ad'lce~ favorinp a more southerly route f1'o;:1 tho Needles throueh .1oron[!o nnd can Gorgonl0 Passes to ~an Bernardino. 20 Pr "ident Perry fortunately did not Accept Beale's opinion vJi t out further inve~tigation. He soon had the COTnn ny'~ tre surer, General \v'ill1am J. Palmer, in the field superintending 8 force of five survey parties. A ong other directions, Palmpr was to explore California's Sierra Nevada range to ascertain the best available pas for a railroad from the Needl~s to ~ an Francisco. 20 The Guardian ( an Bernardino), January 4. 1868. 233 Retaining personal cotm:rtand of the group he had assigned to e'xplore the Mojave. Desert route through Tehachapi Pass, Palmer deleeat~d another party to John Hunk lfJi tb lnstrue .... tions to survey the Fort YuTlls .... San :$orgonlo- - ,an S,ernardino route. 21 Before leaving Call.fornia J Palmer tunployed San Bar ~ nardino County ~urveyor wilkes to complete a supplemental survey r~om ran florgonio Pass to San Diego. Upon return-' ing to 'iashi <:,ton" D. c ., General Palmal" SEH'lt a letter to ~"9n Bernardino Rancho distributor W . A. Conn containing the follol-Ilng stateriient relative to the San Gorgonio<!lO$l1n Diego route: The road to San Diego , via Morongo and San Gorgon10 pas oos, .from our line of the 35th parallel (~ihi ch 1 t leav s 70 miles west of the Coloredocr o aslng), 1s so important, that r should regard its construction aa certain within one or two y-eers after the completion of the :'an Prenc1sco I1ne .... - possibly soonar . 22 I.lthoueh Palmer'D statement 'Was not specific concerning h. JJe dles-fEln I!rancisco route; it strongly implied that he favored adopting Beale's t10jave DeSEn-t-Tehachapi Paas recommendation. During !'-1ay. 1869, the Ran E"rnardino Gua~dian pub .... • a f .S 12 II " '*' l1s1ed A.n 'ccount of General Palmer's subsequent report 1868. fi-unrdian ( fan Bernardino'), J nuary 11. 25 i ;:J2 The '1uerdian (fan Bernardino), Hay 16, 1860. 234 concern! ~ hl~ five p rtle ' e ploratory survey. rv lu- ~ ting the t lrty-second par llel rout trom ~e ~:tev-1co to ... ·an Francisco , he stated: T'_e V'rsd s in hi·- d1st nee of B50 niles, from ...- Isletta (near Albuquerque) to the foot or Q n Gorgonio P as, rc u iformly low r than ,,-"' 35th pnral1el . T passage of the Cordilleras fflerra Nevada Rangy is ~ de at ~ .an Oorgonl0,' th beEt pas_ in t e '~ole ranee, with no grade exceeding 90 teet and scarcely any '!or}~.. Ind ed, from the point 0.1' divergence near .41bu querque through the Los Angeles Valley, the amount or exe vetion a c~ emos kment requtr'ed iCl: co p. ratlvely light . But here the troubles begin. To reach !:an Fr- . c1 e c I the CCA~t route .)cing ex_ ceedl rrly if:'lcult. and objectionable in other respects, the Cordilleras hav to e r;cro~sed to the east\'ar , flfl'"'ich 15 done bv the ~an ~ rnando Pa s and tle Poled d Canon to the "" crea ~ !3 8 '/L fln'~ a t: ird ti l1e c. as sc \i ,st\Hl_~d, at T hac~e. e Ls1i7 Pass, ~n order to reach the great VA. 1 OJ ic~ divide.;! t1.~ :-ierTu ~Tev da .fro the Co st rt r1f~e. 23 As a substitute ror the ~an Gorgon10 P8SS-r~s Angeles route to ~an Francisco, he suggested on alternate proce ding northw t from Fort Yuma across the Colorado D sart, Moron:o Pass , the Mojave Desert, and Tohach pi Pas. A lthough this road 'ould be shorter and e at' to con truct, half of its course laid predominantly in 9 des rt wa.tel nd o_fering no attraction fo rallro d in- ve t. ent. Thus, Pal. r concluded th t th proposed Sun Gorgo 10 ass-Los Ang Ie route \/as f nancilllly perior to hi o altern to su~g stion which woul reach ~an .$00 ... ." .. j • ...... ..;.;............;;;.;;.;;;.;.;;;..r..:;;;,d.;;:,i.;:;;;,un;.,; ( ~' an arnardl1o), e y 22 J 569 . via the 10j ve De art one In comment ncr on a th rty-sccond par 1101 route terminatin[ in ' an Dieg J Palmer re1ter ted his conclusion thHt judyinfY by in. orrnat101 his ... urveyors had collected San '}orgonl0 P sa was the only practical point t t--lh1eh a south rn ov r nd r ilroAd could enter Southern Gal1.£or- . i. Concernin th s atter~ ho wrote: L 8 through fil1f.'? ll].e,rf1y to ,"'an Diego, the route of t.e 32d par l1e1- has decidd advant g s in gradient, prticularly lr B detour be made by ~an {~rgonio p. ss. {both Harner's and Jacumba Pass, on the more direct route ~cr05B the Cordilleras, beine very di£ficult A5 and requiring long stretches or heavy grAda.)5is..7~ I·hile Eastern Dlv1qion Union Pacif1c surv yors .. roamed the state, widespread popul rupport was being generated among ,·outhern Call.torni ns in favor of promoting this attempt to establish direct transcontinental rail connection Wltl th ~tern United St tes~ ~an Bernar- dinens 1 d by \1 . A. Conn exerted pressure on the (~tate Legisl turcnd succeeded 1n procuring its doptlon of a Joint Re~olutlon urging Congress to lend upport to th1s ventur .26 In addition, letters-to-the-ed1tor ~ere pub lished in local newspapers seeking to stimulate Eastern 2,36 Divis10n adoption of the ." n Gorgonio Pass-Los Angeles route through ~outher California. One of the more con- vlncine lett rs \ as prepared by a L ljor h . ; ... trobel. ~trob61 p16sented a precise, factual statement eoneerning the superior! ty of this route and concluded that ( thorcugh, imp rtinl investigation by ~sstern Divis on s rv yore could yi Id no other result tbnn to con£lrm his opinion~ It_ough the rtiele did not $upply eny info m t10n about 2trobel's b ck~round, his le t ter ~eva led keen knowledge of the re ul t OJ of Lt. ::1111 mson t a 18.53 survey of' --.1 .. rr I€VAd p'. ses and SU~e t d that h e Jieht have lh~d sam connect ~~ on -1 th tlse P c1fic Railroad t'll.rvay.27 Polloling publicat10 of Gen , Palmer's 1869 report, interest in J(~ stern Division Union aclflc t ~ tr nsaon- t1nent 1 proposal dad ra pidly. Th .. company's plnnB t'or a southel'n ovarIan railt-Ja:r !l€V r materialized, nd its nn e hrl. subsequently changed to :1{ Inafle )acific. 28 The Texas-P ciflc Act As 1871 began~ t:outhern Californians t interest in obtaining transcontinental rail comm nication throlgh San or onio Pa 8 8° stIll apPBrnt. Durin the preceding 1868. 27m_hn f""I • ( 1; ) T ~ !~uard~an Ban Bern rdi 0 , ~ebruary 1, 8, 28 For more co prehensi va e aminatlon of ~.H stern i vialon Fnton eLfie'.. .ro tth nd development .:..tee: 237 ye l", local newspapers had occasionally- published perti nent editor1als nd letters whicQ helped keep the matter within th reading publicts attentlon. 29 Now , popular tnt rest ~as suddenly 3ti~red by the appearance of t 0 bills in Congress containing proposals for extending Ped eral assistance to southern overl nd railroad projects. One bill sou..ht eovemmant sid for constructing n road ~1rectly ero the continent to ~an Diec o • lthile the other provided ror a line tormin~tinc in ~an francisco whose 20uthern G I1fornia tr~ilck8 would tr verse f'an Gor "1'on10 1~ns8, In Bernardino, und Los Angeles. 30 As the bills war about to be debated on the floor of Congress. th 'ZWlrd,i n reported thqt San 8ern8rdinans war 6 extremely leth8r~lc. In the latter bill, ~gn Bernardino po sassed n excellent opportunity to further its chances for oros~ parity and n tlonal importance, but few citizens \'ere ob served taking more than casual interost in the ~Btter. Qcanwhl1e,an Diego was allege to be conducting an ex- .... tensiv lobbying campaign seeking to induce Congress to ... ! sa L H nry 'irks) hlte. H~~tory: of ,the Union Pacific RUi.l'uny, Economic :tudies of the University of Chicago) Number II ( Chicago: The Un1versit"1 of Chicago ppe~s t • .(395), p. 38- 48. 29, " ( i ) _~_--.:.....-.....~.,;.-;.;n ,. a n Bernard no I 30 t ecember J f 1010. .;ruard,i n (~ n ... ernardino), Ja u ry 23, 1871. 238 31 adopt the former bill providing for a ~an Diego terminus. n1e Guardian's concern over qan Bernardlnans' dis- interest we subsequently justified when Congress passed its first TexDs-Pecirie Bill on Mareb 3rd providing Federal nid for constructing transcontinental railroad slona the ...., th~rt~-8econd parallel d1reetl into Sln Diego. ~an Ber- n 1 dine end :';.an l'orgonl0 PaBs were not; definl tely neglect- ed, owev.r, nor the ~ct also authorized construction of a branch lin extending from Fort Yum.a to ),lehachapl Fass via Los Ange 63. Although the bill did not spec1fically Men- tlon either of the two places. their inclusion on the branch line was not an lmpo5sibil~ty if the contractors should decide 0 adopt this route bet'Ween Port Yuma and Lo. Ange ea. 32 lfhe contract for building t".lC :r.1sin line ~ c awarded to 10m ~cott's TO~8S-psclr·c Ra11poad syndi- cat , . b11e t .. 1at for the branch line wes assigned to Ca11- Po nat, fout. ern Poc:flc ~ l1road. latter company ~a owned lnd operated by a group of Qacr~ento husiness I en "ho 010:>0 controlled the ~entral racific trJhlch ttiO years previou 11 l'ld co parat d with Union Pacir c in conetructlm '-' .. • J t 239 th nation's first trnnscontln~nt81 railroad e~tendit~ from Omor n to ! ')sn Franei. co alonr: the central rout e . Texas Pac1.flc- f \outhern ?o.cific Oompetl tlon for Use of f an rorgonio Pnas B. early !-1ay, "'outhern Pacific ot":fic1 Is ha- sa .. lected heir branch line's 2cnertl route. ~ plAt SUbMit ad to the United ; tates Land Office, th~ com- pany had d 1ded to lay Its track through ~"an ~ior.onio tr ~_.'* Pass. 33 This announcement st1mul ted (t:reat exci to .. ~. t in ~A.n Bernardino" As Q result f several rties of San Ber- nardinane were soon repo,rt -d axamining tho r 'Dute en .. tWin~d t.hrou'!h tho Fa s. One ~iX-r.1an group und r civil enLineer Fl. G. !1 trray' 8 direction c. x mined the P S tlli thi fa days after the Te~n.s-Pacific j ct'g pass!1 ':e, while nother infornal PSl"ty m de 8 similar trip in id 11 y. Both cx- pressod a-treme ... at1sfuction over tho company·s choice and presented ddltionol ssuru c for r ilrcad u~e.34 hat tlC Pas was practical By late Fobrtary, 1872, f Olthern naciflc surveyor had been dispatched to ostablish the branch linefs precise 13 - Nationnl Archives and Records Service , Bureau of Land 1 na .J 1 ent R cords, Rocord I1roup "9, Map 4,. Tu e ,50; Th uard1E~n (f:an ern rdi 0), !~ny 1J, July 22 J Ie?l. 34:;'1 e (ruaro1·n (f1. : :rnDrd1no), f~arch 10, T!oy 1), 1871. loe · t10n from Los .Angeles to ~"'or-t Yum.Q~ D\l~lng the lat ter half of Murch, engineer Phelps' party was busy ex mining the P as. and by e rly April it had reached the ares now occupied by the northern p rt of the t'1alton Sea0 A month 1 ter g the party reappear d in San B&rnardinc on its re~ turn trip to Loe Angeles. Durln~ this brier visit. the ..... Guardian was informed that the distance frOlU ~an Bemar- - J I . dlno to Fort Yuma had been 203 l'n11es and thnt altitude along the route had varied from 2~7,O feet above sea l~vel at S n Gorgonio Pass to 222 teet below in the vicinity or present S'llton Sea&)5 Meanwh11e~ Tom Scott's Texas-Paoit1c company W$$ 81 0 aglnning to express interest in the PaSf"h) Under hig Aongr ssionsl uthorlzat1on to bulld a th1~ty-s cond paral- 1 1 line into San Diego, Scott h~d hoped to rind a direct route across the Colorado Des&~t .nd through the Laguna .. ounta1ns \ihlch separated Fort Yuma and San D18g0& Hi .. xpectation were soon truatrted, how$ver~ when hi$ 'i , iii I 'J f .. .. tc lf111i l 35 he Gu rdlan ( San BernardinQ), May 4. liovember 30, 1 72· Bure u of talid' Managefnent Reeo~ds$ }tat-tonal A reh1 vas an e ords ?erv1ee, Record Grou.p 49~ ttnnUJl1hered map en..,. title "* p of the Brnneh Line of the southern Pacific R 11road Showing 20 and )0 1~11e8 Lateral Llm1 ts in Los Ang s L nd D1 trict Cal1.forn.1. Phelps" san Gorgonio p S8 ro to sele t10n lu proj cted on a United states Geo logic 1 ~,.urvey q adr ngle maD reproduced on page 2420 Al .. though record exist of another Southern Pae1fie survey party trav ling toward th Pass in November. no confirma tion of its rrlval can be 10e ted~ MAP 7 U l' Be GEOr."oOICAL SUR\rE'Y t~AP OF SAN GORGO~IO PASS 241 11. . GEOU)GI('AL TR\'EY 117 I EXPLANATION BULLETIN 845 HEET 28 California uatl'rnar}, PIiOf't'rll' anti ~{io('en(' (;r nitI' , .rlll,t , linnt/', I'tl'. O Ra- It FAult ('onl"':l.I"tI fault nch- B m. I 000 prox R ~I Pli~nf" Geo!! by F E au han G A Wann o M r raler W J M 'pr an,1 oth rc; N A R o .J A C I:; 20 M ILES 20 KILOM . E. 5 nth :; s G N o I --J · estern Div! ion's Chief Engln r James '.. Evan J an~ nouneed company surveyors had not been ble to uncover a s t1stactory pass t~ugh the Laguna rang& aws of thitot problem had reached Los Angeles by late August, 1B12, and was so-on tranSlUitted to San Bernardino. Upon recogrAizins this .faet, 1:. a .s decided to search t ther north and was soon inv stigating ;;an Gorgonio Pass. His reaction to the Pass wa apparently favorable £or two weeks later he dis patched two group~ of surveyor in rapidsuecess10n to examine it more clo8ely~ In ddltlon to eying th Pass it elr,- the second group under Joseph U. Crawford Also traveled southeast across the Oolorado D es rt to ~pt Yuma investigating the desert's p~ etlaab111ty ror rail road construetlon. 36 N ws of Texas-Pacific's activities in the Pasa was verY' encouraging to S n Bernard1nal'ls., If' the eompany 'Were to aeont the Pass route~ Qan Bernardino would 11ke17 cqul~ . direct raIl communication with San Diego. Aecom pan1d by South .rn Pac1fiQ t s san Francisco connect1on~ the e.ty might ea 11y become the nation's southw stern ~ran - po t tlon cent r.37 One or the more exciting piae of il J • ~ I _ i M b fj"f Allgu_t in rmeti n ec 1 ved by the lluardl1lU1 in January, 1873, was t" e report of Engineer Crswtord f s eomm.ents upon his arrival .' art Yum e Raving surveyed a line acJ)to S8 the Color do D sert .from San fltorgonl0 Pass» Cr-awfnrd WQ~ eotlvlneed that th Texas-Pacific could reach San Diego ~om Fort Yuma as!l,. and chsQpl,-' by aying its t~acks along the c1rcuitou ~an Oorgonio P as route. 56 C~a4fordJe statement f lIed to elie~t any Lmmediate r aotion rrom f.cott Q Po official announcements were issued eonc~n"nlng any routing changes .nd another SU 'ley party soon de ts appea~ance conducting further ·xamlna- ion in the sn$o In spIte of scott's persistently stable attitude, rumors were prevalent that he bad made an ar rangement ilth SouthfJrn Pac1flc.s Leland st ,nrord wh reby • e Texas-Pacific 'Would share the Pass' a use with stan rordf~ COl pany.J9 Although ~cott later dented thea ru~ he co ld not disregard tbe fact that Southern PacifIc bad nnoune d it decision to build its ~an Francieco b~aneh lin through he P as over a ear pz'evlouslYfl men in mid May ~cott f*nally r v.eoled his compan'Y'a del ion to u e the Pas , ~~an ernardinans were ~ rch F 1 II . - 5ti • ! f ""l Ii 1 . 9 r • tI . I 38~he .tuardian (. tn Bernardino). January 4. 167)1) 39 ' The ~ rdian (.8 Bernardino), February 2 • f1, 1813. ,;:C p l' j b1l nt 40 ...,_ .... 11e tate entfj Ch no r ut or thl" v he v1den e ~as conclu iv that, while he San Gor on! 11 i the longe t i m1les, it 1s, t ping in 0 onsld r ion the cur tur&8 and des. cammaral lly tifty mll a th ahortest ~ Beside g1v- lng San Diego b tt r nd cheaper fae l1tles, and conn etlona lth A lzon, x and ~exlco, it 111 turn1ah b t u let t that portion of C l1fornia which will seek o t~ d with ~a~ D1 go~ The Board h ve Li1£7 t - fo~ adopted "lin numb r tour, b 4~h nearost route t tb cent 0 u n f",O ' gonio P (J ~ f :r 'j an tly xplal ad scott' .... r 1: r r to n b 1ng he . hori; s t the in s 1 a d by th eompany'~ surv or betl-16 ,. S fU1 onl0 an . '11 Dl ,go .. Ii ong its (Jour e, ed u1 nd then :r n alii 111 along th Son Lui Hi (;) 42 f'c ti announe m -nt of h s i s 1nt ncion ul throu G gon! . ss notr ived "' • pp 1 Y ft·nfor ra! :r- ed titlan :1 era (II Ph 1 i 1 -C';o 10. 1 ombin had it its vo d P r th of 1 Cal for 1 t r -11.1.o d $ 13 thl n , t d 1 c C liforni uardi ( . n B r 0) _ • 9 87 {J , (c n Bar ' "d1no) ~ r~ y 240 1 73 rd n } Ii f, Y .3 jI le7~ I) camp ni g and "ur1ng the seventies had beeome the dominant pow r in western rail transporta ion. The croup had yrudglngly yielded to ~cottf inva ion o~ San Diego only art r being SsUl d the right to eonstruet - branch lIne Y which S n Fr nei co wO Id becom the erre ti e tarm!n o e:. -o .... 9 11 - ... ,e \# . S . n • Now that it controlled san Gorgo go P · ~a throug~ wh1~h Qcot had belat dly decided his lin MUB~ t va o reach ~an Diego~ the Oe tral Facliie-Southern Paclrle group could ~1rtu 117 Tore the ~exss-Paclrie OU~ OJ. California. v;1thout San OO1?gonio Pass g qeott ~ ould be c mpelled to eonstruet his line OYer- a mueh or· -d~:r1eu t and expensiv route through the tPOublesome Laguna Mom- tulns t reach San Diego. .F\uttherlaore if th c-outhern Pacific should force ~~m to rely wholly on ~4n Diego's bus1nes by refusing to ace pt his Northern Oallforn1 trade .t Fort Yuma or tr3n~shipment to San F~unc1sco ~cottt S company could not sa 11'1 survive. F r& areg when 00ngress convened in J nuary~ 1875, tan.ford and hi as oc1 tea were all pre-sent to of£r _ott eery obstruction a a11ao1 to impede his C 11:tornia and • n {'Torg nio Pa -s amb1t1onSa B-efor the House- Com mitte on Pacific Railroads. ~outhern PacifIc's ofrlci ~ gued or the . x -Pacifl Act's r vision. In place o~ t e provision uthorl Ing q~ott to build a complete o fred u1 d e t g me tl g the T x -p elf~e SOm wher long a prod te - in N thlrty-seeot'ld p- ra.tlel rout.c) Southern Pacific eo.own rjil Colis P. Huntington~ remlrtAod th eon .. mitt th t Central P fic and Union Paeifie had on- ructed th lr e ntr 117 located S road succ fUlly and expediently using a similar eoopar - he suggested the the two sou h rn pmlwsion to c nstruct th th1~t7- econd paralle1 road o~ the same baaisG Eunti~ to ma nta1n d that lr this proposlt~on re tH~epted, tl'l 11 uld be bu1lt in half the tiMe Scott .. ould re uire wi th t n uthern ?a 1 lcJ~ only re so~ to proposing eh was to protect ltZi onopol- or Cal1.fornia t s rilll- ro ds. A t ough Sec t di _a~pro e-d or Huntington~ a plta ~ h w s notdv rse to 1.sertlng revi~1on in the 1871 In ~ et he 8 ~ult neQusly r va 1 d tha h -s equally ae In~er stsd in l~terrer ng wi South- r P if e's ~ n -""ncls b eh lin s th ~out ern cl 10 ~es in re_tr1c in his main line. ..... ecogn1zin n Gorg nlo str c i 1. his P - to r eh S n DisgOg ~cott desired tv u cure th _ tor hi exclusi i~ he we~e 110 e. to lay n thi= round- bout route froro P t Yum to n Di go" .13. .. should Southern P elric ~ra~ks be pe t ed to par 1 el his across the Colorado Des rt? toe 1 bu in s along b s Sa. organic-Fort Yt.mlil s ott 1 lAJSS viz-tUB 1 r~ nd ~>O them P e1flc ou~d only 10 e on ·L~ inlng a eompetit1 Colorado Desert l!ne~ Tt~er- ror • seot~ sugg s ad that couth r~ P ei~1~'s San ei~ 0 br neh commenc at San Gorgon1ots w . tern end Fort Yuma~ In doing tb1s~ ~outhern Pacific WOu d st_ll monopollz railroad tpsrr1e to San Fr neisco~ while the exas Pac1f·c auld be enabled to reach San Die~ ncor - taring only inor geogr phical dlrf1~ultle .44 Ynus# the basie d fferenc be~w en Huntington-s a d s~o t £ wa· connlet betv en monopolistic and eompe· ;r 1tlve 0 01 f ~a iforn1a's rallroads~ ~~~ing ~V~ 1875 ession of Congress, no eh nge m de in th exi ting T-xas-P elric Ac~. Two Je rs ar another bill to revi e the l8n et ae intrOduced "n t House of Repre ntatives and was repoptea favorably by th i j r 44Texas Pacific R.l1ro.iAd. PJ'igument on the Tex ... Pacific Railroad. Before th- Ho-;se COt-nm1t ee on Pael:fie Ral1ro d , 43d COngo9 2d sea . , House M18c611apeou~ Docu ments , Vol . I no . 36~ pt . 2. pp~ 2 6, s r1al no. 1653. e f# bu "a not rot d n'":o ~ '> s bIll o-uld hay d d the Southern Paei_ c con truct10n rights as f r at aa a po1nt a hUndred mil· st of '" Paso t) In add tion. 1 t would he.~e ftuthor1z d th eomp ny to conatru~t the m in line to San Diego ug ~an Go gonia P s ~~ the e n Fr ncisco hran~h lin would hs "'" para -ad -c: rdrt7 m1 eti west of the Paa~~4/ P e f~ct · westarn eon-tructl~n pl TIS occurr d during gout~ rn ea l.f'ornia-g 1875 Congr ssional eleetiono Ine..-....~ He n t"ve Sh rman O. Houghton was a .... trong .adv eat of co pet tiV9 r 11roaa1ng~ while his opponent~ p~ D~ Wlg- i to - an arch defen er ~ ~outh rn Pae1~ ot~ mon po- ppeared iv ~al issues ~8n ~ egans w ra violently oppos d to : 199ii to 11 rear! g hi S 61 ct;ion won d strength er an G J. 8 nio j s position nd v rtufilly e1 Inate l1J' thoircity migh . th rn e~lan railroad t · t-~ - 875~ 250 D1. :) decld Bough () '1 s'-- onghold" ~·outh rn ~ ael1e ol"lf1 la1s to vi -it the city in an effort ~o g in suppor' for th . r nand dat ~ As reward for San Die-gena shIrting heir support to igginton$ the compan7~ leaders pro~18 d to in tru t th 1r po rful Southern Paelf1e block in Con.r s to 'Work for pas age of: 9 new bill tra 1s..ferr.ng control of the ~exa -Pacific's western division to South- ~n Pacif1e ~ If they could gain con~'ol of the thlrty econd par lel routets wea'ern end~ company official rt d they auld abandon their san Gorgonl0 plans and r loc t th lr San Frneisco line directly seros~ tl~ Co r do Dart and through the Laguna Moul1tallts in 0 3M D g * oe 1 new papers w~rn d San D1ega~ to b wa~s or ubt r ugC p p dieting that Huntington bad no int@utlon f ful 11 tng hl promlse~ fhe ltlho e plan was repT"C3sant cl a tr c· 4 'h no other purpose than to secu~e t1,gg~ :ton ot .47 1e e 1 an hil p the act! ties or Southern Pae1r1~ n ~a Diego had not passed unnoticed in Los The D . ropo d rout shocked by t" t ration nd pr nted th s at temant1 • • j d :z:Is ; U i _ J. ...... , 47 d I 251 Anv citizen ot Los Angeles. 19 tbknows that III PO d which e~es through that pass LSan Oorgon127 will contribute wO the ggr ndlzement or Los Angeles as well as san D1ego ~ But are we to understand that, it the gentle men of the Southern and Cent!".l PacifIc railways ob ... ta1n control of the western end of the i'exas Paclfle~ os Angeles is not to get 8 smell of that road--tnat not the faintest aroma o~ the co~erc1al a~A other gre tness which will result to South.rn OIlifornia franl its bu1~ding-~sball c' ome to our nostrl1s g for that appears to us to be the meaning of aban~oning the. ~Em tlorgonio route tor th. dire t route to San Dlego~.q.v A week later the same paor published ancther editorial which clearly dese Ibed the sltu~tionf~ sign£f.csnce for Los Angele8 Q It the ~exa$ Paclfle road eo~es b7 the way of San Gorgonia fs if Pass Los Angeles will be 1 ta . actual terminus. It it comes to ~An Diego dir~et from the East. Los Angeles will onl,. be 8 way station bevwe n San Diego and <t&1l Francis- co. No on& is ao blind as not to see this (ll49 Not all Angelenos favored Bough-toni santi-Southern p el le po11ey. however <,t Some asserted that the only WftL7 Los Angeles would 'ver receive overland rail c'Onneetion. w ul e through suppo~t1lli3 the Southern Paeitle~ Althou~~ T m ·cott h d good intentione tI he would n-e'fer be sucee· aru .... n ~ ping with ~ouhern Pacific's extraordlnar7 financial and ongress ona1 po-wer~ Therefore" these people expl"'t6sfH3d a pt'o ... So the!tn Pao_fic attll.1ude hoping to have the company ..,.Z t , ....... , , , , ( .. I f& [ ij d '"* te. 48 r.rb.e D 111 !!!vening Expres~1l A'.1gust 21~ lfJ75~ L 9 Th j" 11:£ }tv 'n1p5 ExJ2ress g August 27 9 IB7SQ eo t1nue with it Although the oontemporary election campaign aroused wIdespread popular Interest~ its long-range s1gniflcsnce ~as relatively un1mportant ~ The southern Peeltle had com pleted onstruet1on betveen Los Angales and Spadra in J nuary and lat r resumed laying its track towsr· d San. Gorgon10 Paas. San Diego was never included on the com .... pa 71's route, and Wigg1nton's election' did not caU$(1 the c~'11p8nl to abandon 1 ts plan to use S&1'1 Gorgonl0 Paas~51 In mid October, Southern Paclt~.c t s Vice President j'} (lan~ David D. Colton f) acoompanied by C'htet Engineer G~ E~ Gray (nd Contral Pacific Vioe P::res1.dant Oha.rles Cro~ker visited ~he P s and were reported highly 1~praased ~52 On the1r r turn tripg they also stopped in San Berna~dlno where a el lzen ~ eating was called in whieh the railroad offi ci 1 e eouraged bUsiness men tc 1nve.at $100 , 000 in Sou.th"", ern Pac' fic b(}nds ~ 'The e.rteet of this plea for financial ·uppo!'t w Inrg .1y n llitiad by one or CherIe·s Crocker· s coumante in nswerlng a que3tion one of the cItIzens had k d hi. . In his reply. Crocker stated t.hat San Bsl;tnar dinan' bond purcna es ~oul~ ot guarantee th c1ty W s I T PT rip" ; J _¢ I P V', Cj" n Di~&.o Union, August 4;0 1· 875 <J iIZ Evel'li,ng, B:xE~a~f!.s ~eptember e fij 1875 (J ........ .;;;;......;..;.;;..;;o ...... ;;;.;::;..:::;.......:~::.;;;;.u:.......::.;;.::.:..;::..:~, » () C to be r 21 » 1874 b 16 it 21$ 1074; 1nclusl0 on th · (!OUlpany' route4} As the result, ~_ ... an Ber .... nnrd1no's bus1nas en £a11 d to cooperatet and Southern P cl:ic tracks were subs quently laid several mile south the city»>53 C;outhern Pac1,fie's Construotion in the San ~orgonio Pass A~ea During J ' nu ry~ 1874f. ¢toutbern Pacific's eastw rd con truet10n h d been eomple"ted to 1..'PQd;rtB~ a small settle- ment locate a few miles west of presentPom.ona~ A year 1 e1 ra ins crews commenced working on tl.e next section xtendlng through qan Gorgonio Pass hoping to complet the ~3 by late summer~>4 Contract for the job had b en aw dad to M . S.. ·811~ and by late March his erevH~ had pro- s a. ar s the f nta Ana River crossing a short dis- tance ast or pre t Colton~55 Meanwhile, during the irst t 0 ks in FebruarYt two f.:outhern Paoific repre- $ nt tive. 1I~ 13 ., Underbill and J . Bo Rspris g had inspected 53 ' ... 11 .. I~~e~so11, CenturX ,A~nalqo~.San Be~nrd1n~ 11 17 6 9 19 0 4, pp~ 25~ 55. Furthe~ in o~stlon rela to the T x s P elfic-Southern Pacific controversy over cont 01 of the hlrty ..... 16cond p rallel route is avilaol in: L i '!. L qleYt uA ;;outharn Transcontinental Rsill"'oad into v l1forni = Te'x s nd. P cif!c versus Southern P clf'l.....e, lJ65 ... 1085,' Th- Paclfl Historical Reit.iew, Vol ~ V (1936)g p o 52 60. ' - '6 - 5' _L_o_s~ __ ~~~~~a~l~l£y __ ~e~r~l~dt January 7, 13~ 1875~ 5"" ~ ~! ro1 no ,ek1z ..' rm!s ~ A rC":l 29 J 1875 ~ 254 the rout as far Bst as the Pess~ ~ecause Barr! wa the ompany's per1nt nd nt of Construet!on~ his presence w. probabl. related to current construction plana~56 In April Hall's men tier-e busy in Sen Tlm- oteo Canyon~ and during June and July they were building the- grade through the PS9 Ju ging by contemporary newspaper reports~ the ~r8di ~ ~anc had completed their Paes work b~ mid AUgQst '- ~'-' C J - and w re cont nulng in a southeasterly direction somewhre bet e n -hit v 4ater a Agua Ca11ente~57 B or Hall t s grads:'s had :finished their worl~ .. i the P s , other crews at Spadra had begun laying ra_ls e at 'ard . In early JuI:r large supplies 'Of ties and r 118 w re r port d accumul tL,g at the Spadra terminus, an soon rail-l ying was progressing at high s~eed~ By July 20 tr ck W 3 reported complete as rar as the Sent Ana 1ver no on August 3 the Los Angeles D 1_ 1: E:v"ening __ ~~_ publish d "Telegr phic F1 sh' r~veall ghat outh rr Pac ~ic rails had sen laid eight ml1~? e st of Colton. 58 ! j - , Bernardino) 20 j 1875; The --~~~~~--~~ 255 A month late » r 11-1 y rs w r reported approach ing " n Gottgoni P e J; nd by Sept mbor 10 t Y had "uc eeed d 1n r ch1ng the summit of th Pass, opproxlm tely two bloCK south of pl"osent Be, umont High sohoOltl 59 0 October 8 san Bernard! 0 n wsp per printed a at t ment disclosing that trains w re ·h n ru ning s rar 8· Gilma~ R nCh g or approx1mate11 a mile we t of the Cit of Banndn ~ lthough ava labIa avid nee 1 not conclu. iveg another report su~ests that the comp~ny maintained '- t ea . rn t, ~ 1nus here for at least a mo th 60 By mid F bru ryJ; lr76~ the terminal station h d bee mov d as t t th Whitewater River cross1ng, nnd Q" sub eque t 1nterv l~ 1 w s moved progressively fsrth-r bond th Pass in the dlr ct10n of Fort Yuma~61 In addition to its grades nd ra11s g th company 150 ins alld other improvement· in the Pas80 Two at - tlons war established in th viclnlti s of. tho pre ent ~own8 0 Be umontnd Caba~onQ nown ~tm it tation and Hall's Sid1 Rg he .... " "t. .. • . . dSd 5. i I ... t& peetl·vely tw-o localltie " .. " r 4 • 59 The San Diego Uplon~ Septcmb r 7, 1875; Los Angel a Datil Iierald .. 'f!ep"ten'b er 1 lOre!.p , .. · - - abC)' - ..... ~ ..; ~)an Bernardino \-ieekl Ar us, October ll~ 1 75; f:l~e I.? .JJ.y ~me~ San Bernardino , October 23 s 18754 61 1 '76" The _D~i,lX Time " (S· n ern rdlno) ~ 7ebruary 15, ae 1 ly Ipr s ad camp ny offici Ie baing th .0 t prom spots _~62 ron1e lly, thre ye ra 1 ter they wer- obliged to es lis a sid! gad S otio house rnld-i y between th tiO original at tlons at a little vl11ag known as Banning, whoa sub., equant ~Towth ;vas soon t surp as th two original stat on locatlons$ At Summit st t1 n, t tion-houa and several w 118 were b ing pr - p r d by early ~ ptemb ~. 1875~63 However. according to .on empor ry account, w Il-drillers pparently encoun tered dlf.rlculty in obtalnl.ng a s tls.factory 'atar supply n ~h1 loc tion. Th@ir work we described a folIo • • On ~1 ?or some time past 'orkmen hav_ ben engaged in ainking seven inch w 11 t th.e summit or til f:. h Goraon 0 pas for the South rn P. elf!· Rail oad C mpa ny~ The .. _itu tion c .. losen is app l·rantl 51c7 ona 0 the most unlikely in th country at whlc to pro,-" .1' w t r; nevepth less, at a dep""h of 290 fa t--the dis tance no attained, w·ter rise to lthin 110 feet 0 the surface o~ the ground, in other words th re 1 180 fet of ater 1 the· 11 ~e understand _ m Mr. f" r 11 , who J..S conductl_..; th ork nd Is who i by th bye, 1s a succa ~rul ~ tern w 11 bor r, tha h first struck water at 80 feet, end oth • reams t 10 r depths, but th greet ell r nt struck at 250 feet in body of qu·cksand Mr9 p, 62 Is b 1_ I..oore to 1m do Correspond c. of several person 1 let era now pres rv d 1 tb J m dows I n Go gOlio PeAs Hi torlcal 0011 etion in Banni b lIe 100r w s on 0 Banning pioneer Ransome B6 s d ught rs & Bird, ?g ll oit$ p~ 181 {) ·1ElPS :1neludll tntions Q. ar on p~ 9 nd p~ 282 . 63 l:~e Dal1xEvan;ng . xpre 9» Cepternber 7~ 1875~ 257 is continuing work on the well in the hope or bringlng the w ter ne re. the surfae ~ if not suca ssful in obtaining a flowing l 811~ The stratum of quicksand, how veri 1s retarding the Hork from th f ct tha- the slightest use of the tools below causes an 1 .edle Inrlux ot sand hleh 1"1· os in the pipe 15 to 20 feet() i1riJ Marshall $XP~:'H!ts to overcamg 4 th1s difficulty by 1ner as~ pressure on the pIpe" Amon~ other South rn Pacl~le improveme.ts as tel graph 11- e constructed simultaneously end ~ ral1el with its traeka. The ex ct date of the telegraph's com pletion is not avail bles but one may assume it ~9S rln lshed by mid February, 1876~ when advertisements concern ing direct ft~lzona telegra h connections eomms _ced appear ing in th S, Qn Bernardino Da1l:.1 :,l'lme!!~ 65 Another 1 prov .>'> m nt may have been the ·substitution of steel rails '£or the iron ones Hall s crews had originally laid in the Pa~s~ ~hls pos Ibl1ity la suggested by a report in an aar13 li vemb~.H"$ 1875~ ls..,u.e OJ.- the Los Angele~ lJ~1~1 Ev f4epre . which stated that ffPlfteen ml1ss o:r steel rails In additton to cons ruction crews lt the P sa oce - siona ly as visited by p rties of company o~£icl1a s ~ oth dit1ngulshed persons on v rlous missi-ons& In 1 t 1 • ' . . , 64 D 1,ly Times ( !:.nn Bernardino) » The November 27, 18751> t _ , ... 65 The Dally Times (San B rnard1no), Februar 15 $. 16760 , , c b r~ 15759 outh rn I~ ray. rr1v d in he Paa eccc p n1 by fou ember ...,outh n P citic t s S ;In Fran taco branch lin wea Ii Fedel~- 1 y nub Idl ed pro j ct 9 nov rIllI" it inspection and ap proval er req l~ed bafor the road CO" 1d be d cla.red c 1 co pl e~ On this oecaslo g Ora was gu1 1 ~ th Com 1 ' over th 11nef~ d.r:a"'ua~ Oorgonio Fa s 1 n~ ~ r wh1ch t y ~pre sed their apnrovale 61 Wlth~ in ort l_h • a other group of dign1tarle arriv d con- 1 tin Colis 1'(1 unt1 tong D' ld DII ColtO!1j} (lanD 11 1 doth rso ltho gh the p _ rpof! of ell" tr1 16 not vaila 1 , one may suspect th Y l.Jere PI' rl1y tlon. 68 tra s 1 r tere t d 1 ob g the progress ot construC!-' 1876 gan, unsch.dul d p senge~ nd eig t r v rei g til d 11'1'" Three report con- rly train rvi in e P as re still 811- b • c 0 010 ely, the lr t lnv lv p seng rt c pIn 0 h d o h m j st c, o -cl d ount in scenes he d oar a train hl1 tr v ling t ct . . . r 21. 18750 1::61" )0 6 .. 259 Lo e e..,. . 1 w pe on r c tv d h • ory n pr ce ad to p b i h i for n'1'el no t r d .. Six o ths 1 no r at-bol d rain ne r1n'! - .. it station atr c orse i knock1_g t into n adj u1tc _ u nc 1 no eriou dams Th third con rn d a p n r tr 1 t B ,- t east of ita til r Riv r C ... o · u e by n b of drift ou n hi h vy n had p Ie aero s th tr c - 0 69 R 1 rly sc ed' 1 d p s en ..... er 3 rice hr gh t 1 no co j c til 1 Y 29 11 876. Prior to the h d r i ~ had stop ,d at :01 tone The first tral op n on hiR Be ad le le.ft Los 1 a at 2:30 in th ....... rnoo nn s p to r a h van P 1 . , a am 1 t por t t.Lon ocat d abo r G , 10:15 P 9 turn 1 w not 1 en bu ch dul d 10.10 ~. • u 19 t e tern rm n 11 h c 1 d D t t 0 11 s sou he st or rture e for t e Lo Angeles arr1v 1 t In h fo o in gs7 0 0 ~ s was tr f rr d to ndi I 10, nd on . 2 187711 ern rdino)j Febru y 9 9 n Be n rd 0), Augu t 31 260 the first train de-tined to tray 1 through to th Colorado Rivex climbed the Summit ( eoumont) grade aid dese nd d onto the Colorado Desert Q 71 CRAPTER VIII THE G OWTH OIjI A . ~STTLSHENT PAT'l'ERN Prior to 1862, the number of people who had cho en o set.Ie in ~an Gorgonl0 Pass was extremely meager and of these on y a handful h d displayed any des1re to make their tenur p rmanent. A score or more immigrants had investi gated th Pass, selected homesites g claimed landg remained a year or t 0, and than migrated elsewher ~ The creation of a precise readily dist1nguished settlement pattern remain d an unachieved phenomenon in Poss social develop ment. Peopl had come and gone both along the rooth111s north of p~ sent Beaumont and in the vicinity of present day Banning, but no coneret settl ment groupings had yet appeared~ During the sixteen-year period from 1862 through 1078, the stru~ture of Pass settlement was to solidify into thre clearly evident ettlemant groups . Publicitv and ~talemat: 1862-1874 he t elv arB from 1062 to 1874 witnessed a qu1('kenin ... teMpO in Fasli settlers' liv8o.J. ·.'1th the begin- ni 15 th 1zon ~ol~ rush in 1862, ~an Jorgonio Pass suddenl b came th key p ~soge-way through Cal1forn1a i 262 aweso. 0 ~iorra Nevada chain for oast ard mi~rating, Arizon -bound f~rtuna-seekers. Being a geo:raphlc lly strategic point on the Br dshaw Road» hordes of gold- hungry miners trudged through the Pass simultaneously br1nging it widespr ad fam.e and popular recognition. How ever, few of th e thousands of tr clars h d any desire to settle her-e. The toil and drudgery or ordinary ranch life could not c ropers \,1 th the axel ternent and wealth to be found 1n Arizonu's gold and sil~ r fieldsG Consequently, aside from sale. of supplies to minern and tt small amount of bus1ne~s derived from pass ng st ges, the Pa s s settlement picture remained relativel~ stable. Ch ep and cattle grazing supplemented by limited agricul tu! continued to be the chi f occupations or re Idents. In fact, unclaimed public land was even utilized for paa~ ture b San Tlmotean such as Hi m 'illiam who in 1862 reportedly had a herd of slightly more than :fifty cattle roaming the Pass0 1 That portion of ~an Gorgonio Rancho which P uline feavr had sold to Angeleno Henry Hancock changed otners three times, but no contemporary documents , indicate that any of its new owners made any us of it. 2 l-an B r·ntlrdino C u.nty t B 1 " " _ ~ _ ~gree~en ~ 00 ' h, p ~ 29. 2 ,·an Bernn dino COlnt DGe '!" ::001' "En, ppj) 320-21, 409-10; Boo HK", p. 16. T' e o. 1 jor Iotempt by n Bern rdino County '1 perv ore to improve the wago road extendin[~ through the Pa~s durln~ this period occurred in late 1870 . On this occasion the .upervisors commissioned 'Teyton Noble t relocate the ro d closer to the foothills along the Pass's north sido. Across the various stream beds nnd 111 ..., over wh cb. the road would pa.ss, rfoble erected a of brldge~ t ex edite w ~on trQf~ c. Why the , . P v .... or_ or r d th s change s unknolrlno loble w s q ant trl ... t • 3 .:. v ap 0 nt d "Road Oversecr fl in tLe Pass dis- nte n month lat 'r, cltlze ~ petItio was r nted t tho up rvisor r au sti. ~ trllit a new road ~ . b c nt:'truct ~ f~ om (an Bern rdi 0 through San Gorgonio a 01 nJo P sses to int raect the existing ~an _arnard1~ no- ajo a s-~ort lojava road at Cedar Canon& The pur- po e o~ t i ~eqle twa to st .blish a more direct route from ,.. a dino i to Uorthern Arlzon where some 1 cr 1v in ng wa the in progress. he Cu.perv1sors ceded to tl1n propos 1, but pp rently utilized the road o 1 u e p~ p r d y rand half e rlier tl- ..rol th B .nar~ no Coun y 0 r ". • 472, lov mber Ibid., pp. 16, 21-220 of .. up r i ora t 11in- 18700 264 When San Bernardino County 4ssessor \vI ~TfI Hughes visited the Pass in early July. 1862, he round conditions essentially unehanged \-lhen compared wi th their status in the preceding yee.r~ Reporting fifteen assessments, ten were relatively minor, their rt1clpients having little more c: than a plot 01' land and tt<jO or three horsesa..... The remain- ing five represented substantial investmen.t.:. d v ted pri marily to stock raising & North of present Beaumont p Isaac Smith* s wIfe, ~1nl1y Lit ~roith~ possessed 492 farm animals which included & herd of 300 sheep and a 119-head herd of beef eattla~ Directly aeross the Pass at Jacinto Potrero$ a large valley nestled in the San Jacinto Moun tains, Newton Noble and his partner Joseph Bridger were opernting a sheep ranch consisting or- 500 an1mals~ 6 Along the foothills northwest of BsnningS! Gt) ~ '& Chapin was operating another sheep ranch on which he had 1,750 eheePll an increase of 250 head in a yearVs t1ms*7 5 These poople f s names vIera: Ioni assno £Si::..7, James Banks, George Reep~ Antonio I. 'ravia, and M9. }i"f" Vandeventer. Perhaps SOllle or these, especially James Bar.k~ may have been ea.stern :)sn T1moteo Canyon residents who were located somewhere between San ~lmotao's main settle ment area and the western end of the l?ass . 6Brid«!~ w~~ the T?rmer San Bernardino County ~her1ff in lb57-1o~,8 vJho nad Bold his portion of ffSan Gorgonio Rancho n to the Edgar ro .... her :s in 18.59", 7~~dn Bernardino County Asa8ssment Roll" lB62G The lone exception among the five major Pass ranchers ware the Edgar brothers who continu d to de ote their attentioll to tarrning rather than graz1ng~, Probably to protect their crops fl:om unaoliclted and destructive intrusions by their neighbors' herds of cattle and sheep, the Edgars w~n"'e reported to have bull t a fence by 1862~8 Under Francis l~dgnrt s dir'action~ production remained geared primarily to gra.pes~ gIainsjJ and i'rulte(f When FTancls died in lB74it the farm reportedly contained around thirty acres of cult! ated land of which approximately t.enty' ere in oreh8rd~ three in fruit trees, and the re mainder in Qlfalta~ Upon Francis 9 death a.n employeep Valentine Herltelratbjt assumed temporary directl.on of the rancl. 9 Perhaps Herkelrath had been em.ployed in mid Janu arY', 1873, when another employee, fJ111iam Shackelford 9 had decided to purchase 160 aores of land p located about a mile and a hall'" northwest of Edgars v property.10 DUl~lng the EdgarfJ v ownership of their Fass propertyS! William established his residence th~re on three occasions" ... . - . . ... , ..... .....- Blbidfl ' -:tit 'II~ . 9~.C8I.C. V8~ Wilshire. pp& 63, 81.82. 10 1 ;(' , _. Decrees and state ~chool Lande FiledI' Book tl1"" pp. 53-54, San Bernardino County Recorder's Office. ~haekelrord' ~ tl tIe vJas annulled eight years la-ter for failure to maintain pa. ymentsfO> 266 One occurred b ten May, 1869, nd early 1871, another covered rouglly two ye r co m nclng in the .............. er of 1875, wh~l the In t included 311~htly more th n t 0 year be- - innin in let 1878.i~ In ddition to his partner hlp .... in the f rm1ng ntal"pr1 lith hi br the. 1111a prl- v t 1y entered the sh p bu in ss i the Pa s with -1111 m P. "lor-rl om t1me ound 1869 or 1870. H in join d the nl t d ~"t t Ar y's cav lry 1 1866 at Pl ... lad Iphl , f1orri. wa sub equantly 19ned to the rmyt~ Dru Bar- racks in I1m1 ~ton where h was 1 tel" disch rged lth ~300 p yment to procur r tsportation b ck to Ihil delphm. At this tim he as ppro chad by illiam Ld a rmy s rg 0 ~ Ed a1" p rsuad ad lA'orrl s to lnvest hi 300 1 t b .. sin ss which w s urren 1 v ry pI"ofltablee T t 0 pr ce d- d to PI" p r thr e-y .r r eme t in which ~ gel" 0 1 furnish th range nd OWl r r-fi hot h r wh11 I ¥orr1 wo Id own the r mai 4 ing fIfth nd would sh ph d the flock in return for r g 1 alary to b paid by Edgar. ;-Jhen three year had xpir cla1med he could have old his fifth interest in the busi- ness for $2,000 profit, Bugge ting that th venture had 11 p ~ r 267 been very successful. However, he decided to retain his partnership and concluded another three-year agreement with Edgar involving an arrangement based on shares - Un fortunately , the second three-year term was marred by drought, and both men suffered a loss~ When the second agreement expired, Edgar engaged E. H. Ross In an equal partnership at which time the flock's size was described as slightly greater than 1 , 800 head~12 As the sixties progressed, Pass settlement remained fairly stable. In the seven years ending in 1869, Emily c m lth had converted Highland Springs from a general stock ranch into a specialized enterprise largely devoted to sheep raising. In this period she had added 1,200 sheep to her flock and i t now totaled ' .. 13 1,500 head. A s the decade drew to a close, however, one immigrant arrived whose presence was to exert significant influence in sub sequent Pass development. This man was James M. Gilman. Gilman was a twenty-seven-year-old youth who six years previously had left his parents' flew Hampshire home and had migrated west. Upon reaching the west coast, he had secured 8 clerk's job at The Dalles on the Columbia River. 12 Bird , DE . cit., pp. 468-69; San Bernardino County lacellaneous Records Book "An , pp. 435-36. 13 San Bernardino County Assessment Roll , 1869. 268 How long he retained this positIon 1 not knowng but six years later he appeared in f'outhern C l1fornia searching for a satisfactory ranch to purcha s6Q 1 4 After investigat- 1ng San Diego County and finding nothing satisfactory available, he traveled tnland to ~an Bernardino where he met Newton Noble. Upon learning that Nobl fa Paas ranch was for sole, Gilman inspected it and found it to be exactly wh t h desired. Before making a declsion~ h hesitated approximately two weeks» and on May 8, 18699 finally completed the tr n ct1on~15 Taking pos ession the follorling daYJ Oilman discovered that, in addition to the land Involved~ he had also inherited fifty 1 in cat la, e1ghty-eight horses t two stallions, one jack, and one saddle horse. He soon rented a plot of ran e land in th Indian Potrero, located roughly two and a h If miles northeast of present Banning. on which to p sture hi horses and cattle3 On occasions, however D his stock wan- dared as far as Yucaipa, and on one of these some w re even impounded by the ~an Bernardino County Sherlff3 16 ''''' . 14nugheSf 0Ee 7lt., p~ 128; Bird, .2E.~ c\~ .. ~ pp. 4 6 J-64G 15 If a written deed was prepared t it was not re cordedo 16 Daily Morning Argus (-an Bernardino) August 27, 1878. James M. Gilman Diary Extracts, printed in: Hughes,t op. cit I pp. 127-29. Unfortunately, GIlman family des cendants are no longr in possession of the diarY9 2.69 Du'rti . 11. first n1 e years of Oil. an g e Pa~iii> 81- pr1s i to in r Pm 30 pri sril n barley, w atSl n If 1 D@ Although the r son for coover "8 n v de in ely "now' 11 _t ap. rently rr~~ulted in 1 rge part fro_ th r pid hie. tr ~ f rme i th virtu ly 1 .ins·ed i 1 0'& 17 use for -se 1 stock gr z by his di ryg &ilm n w s an affable m n n h h ~OO. b ish frIendly relation~ with ever 1 i 1 s . One of tnese w s I ~a c end Emily 1. th' s e 11 at Hi hland prings .. Aceo-ding to his di rYM on o th e sons hich prompted him to ka frequent visits o tn 8m!' fa fly· s the pr~sence ther Ot e er rl d young ~omen ~ ~JO year~ after his .rriv -l 1 th P ss, on J n ry 11 9 1871g Gilm n married one of: the ~.1 h d U" t ra . M t ie · $ Smlth~ T is rep.8scnte ri t I!Q I fir m rrl g f coupl d it Bubsequ tly r produ. ... t prodl..lcilg eight ch1l.dren ct 18 0; • 17 Ibl .. ::.8 J m s ~ ~il ry Extr ~t~ , in llugheu» j p 0 27-28; San B ~r 1 rd1no C ~ilt Ii,ar <iag s c1 1 Bond s Boo " '.t'!, p . 183 -- 270 Durin the mid seV nties, G11m n on£lrmed title to h s ss r a1 posses ions b h by obt Inlng a Land n t nt a by fi11n\'r though he h d earliep mortg gea th . same piece 0 g oUIld to n brothe in San ane1ac for ., 5,OOOp the mortgage wa 1 te discharged and Gilmanis title \i - S neVer impa1 ed (ll20 o p ot this w tar ~ source ) G1lm n also filed claims on tnr tre m emergi,g .from foothills in the vicinit:r of hi property~21 Two years after ailmants errlval~ another P sa at"" ~ler Ho 0 e . • Moor , clai .ad 160 acres of public 1 nd 1y1 , in tle nortn p rt of present-day Berm 080 U ins Agrlc\l~ur ,1 C lleg Lan Ocript awarded to Alabam under provlsi) o~ th orr 11 Act of Jaly 29 1862~ 'oore clai. ad curr nt y bou de by Alleus ndro A v nU8g ~ilso F iii"" t - . 19S n Bernard no County Lan Pat .nts BOOK tI f !>. pp. 520 21; ~ n B rna d no Com ty Hom st ads Book nB n !+ , . ~ 379 p e Mic 11y, the cl 1 i~vo vad the outhe at u rt of scion flv in to ns ip thre south o~ range o. e , or u rt r- 11 qu r plot whoa south est co n r ia prse tl located t the intersection ot Twent1- th 1 on str et in c)rthwes(J Banning{t G"lman 6= cl r the r to b \0 th ~2.500~ s e map on p. 2720 .... "'''"''n rdino ljou t .. :)1 ~ n B r ard no Co nt p iJ 1 060 tar eords Book itA", 271 M P B MOORE CITY B ~NIWG - - S A V '// -z.. '/ 'I ... '// A " - - -- I 0 -;. - .~ -z.. ~ '" -- / 11 I , I' ", , , , , " " I \ o M OU NTA I RIE RlE S ::. ~ z ~I o - " , //1 " 0 1 1 /111 ' / I J I I ::: ' ~ \' ORE ' S I , SAN GORGONIO PASS - , "'//1 \'::- // , .... - '" -... \ \ \ 'II' ~> \- .... ~/IIII,I /, 1 ~;/I \' RAN C H GI MAN'S Jo4UR RAN C H RAN C H MOORE CITY (BANNING ST~TION ~Utj,T'L I- S.Mi :gERNA~'~ DIEGO COUNTY Jo400RE CITY BANNING , I J o I Jo4ILE 2 H.E.M . , MARCH 15, 1955, J. S. C. SOU R C E: R I V. CO. SUR" E Y. 0 F F. \ \ II 11 / \ I II , ..... \ ./ \ / ... \ I 1/ " - ,\ / .,. ..... '- .... '" / /, \ .... /1 I I I " T 2 S T 3 5 o o z o I- 273 Btreet ~ San Gorgonio A enue~ and Banning's northern bo nd arY G 22 How long Koore v~d be n a Pass r a1dent when 1 _lled this claim 1s unknown p although one. chronicler has suggested that he may have lived in the vicinity for nin~ years prev_ousl yo 23 U 'ortun telY9 this at tem nt ~anno' be co~robor ted, and data contained in the San Bernateino ounty ~s~essm-nt noll for 1869 lndleat· th t he l-18,f:'! .;. at hen livi g in the Pa8s ~ At this time 9 h was repo . d operating a hors . and raattlral~ch on Slln B rnsrdl.no R ncho~ '!he earliest availab1 6 re!?"'ord of' issue of tUG San B rnard~no 1uardlsn0 Wr1~ing b U~ t~oor i B ranch and house thereon y the writer appe~rs to have cean referring to the plot in Banning which Moor cl 1m d nine men+n la' er il 2t~ ~he fact hat e perm nSl t w 111ng hac been constructed on the property suggests hat Moore had occupIed the land for a sign~rle nt perle prevlously& It~ exaat location Is not der1nitely fuownp lthough it was s':'tuated some here ne r the mouth or ... . . - d . 24M ... he , 21 "" out no hal north ~ B8r~ingts busin ss dl trlet J :18 c-nyon -as hen pop - rly kn n ·s !1oor ... Ca~y n a tod y s om tlme~ i"en- t1 1 d '"st C-snyon" Fo'"l!'t y -fte :f1 'ij 14 rr . Af?!; as r ar - '- ..... cultura.l CoIl g Land cr p g .. ovr a so cl i d mono:-ol r" gh' n 11 t r e~ ar . r 1'11 the ~ n on J.fJ- . h ' .. tp wh h 1 wed thro' · h ~ n }. .A. pr pertYfI Pre "lously - .0 ~ s :;;) n >'!org roo or ndian Cr ek h d S uSJ16 o 1 ore Cre-k 1 118 ly s he hs 1"8 0 1 n In .25 1 r cha~~ed the A though f . records ais' of t '-' pts t d valo .. i 1~~ nte.pri s in the PSt one d ap~ear in April, d I 0 ",er vo14, 1'.cCall a parently planne" e_ ~l'ag:- in ,in! ~ upo a 1~500 foot stret r or river b n~a26 ..... A un.i r u y, 0 0 er doc :1 ts rela iv to ·1cCal- 1 s v o xtl. s n rl ~ v n 1 s, s ttla~ent" lih ch had be,_W'l d _inn' 1858 n h 275 develop a xoan 4i} B t 1863 and 1876 g fou tr n- or ttler d ar 4 1ve , . ,d dep rted ~ B .. T 1811 how- ev , t'lv e , h d b come reI t1" v permfiUlent occupa ts g d in em 11 cale arming ope~at1onB and n sixth j 8 B 8& .. [ W 0 larl known as }~dg r Orin 0119 'th ~ r r U Q u1t bl pr marl.ly tor po ato groYling irltith cond y 1 t, panted n corn p alfalfa t fru~t treas9 and ~arden v~g tabl 8 0 27 t1 m am d canyon lac ted immedi :0 y o "d y n~ anot .. r had qui tly sa tlsr n Octo 187 QI His u ,h r dad entry ·$r ... S not lnd1cat ve~ 1s future eta us ft a P s res1dent$ Within o v r, 0 e h d t t -oro ogical station at his hom f,} ~ lcs of h s we ther obs rvatl0 s war b 1 ,... p bl1 h d a iaus San Bernardino newspape 89 1. etivi prim r11y as a publi sar iC8 g J . 1 o only o 1 t, 1 0 er t~ eti:6 o~~ man ~chamb r 0 tI b tlng 1: va ble Inform.·tlon 0 slti'Cude, em r i o u t 1y log >fl ----------____________________ ~~ ____ • __ ._·" ________ ._._. _____ ' __ .r ____ • __ "~ 27 " It 0 • ...t ., 7 20 - j, 2 1 276 1 ere sed public att ntlon South rn Californians to th S o ·0 rea . 28 \-lU , d ring th t elv ., c r p rio f'rorn 1862 to 1874, thoua nd of min rs d b lne men h d travers d o t p s P s In both dir tio s , but Arizo nd coastal 11 or i e1 th 1! destin lions , no 1 Bea ll! .3 superior t ture s u h they r cogni" d th throu h C 11 or i ' in r1c~ de and cons ntl p bl ciz d it 1 t n e thr u-hout th ic t ir cont Ibut10n to Pass settlem nt nd de- v lopm nt w nit en t . Probab y, the most f'curat d r t v phra. wh ch can b pplied to the Pass's ~ 1- during this p ... lod is: "Publicity and B lamate " t1 00 • Bust ~ nd Dxpansio· 1875- 878 In let June , 18.,5, C 1 . " • s . Ha 11 gr din r p ro chinn' th from S n T1 oteo C n 0 ~ r din contr t 1 po eSB , th So th- r c fic h d d i anoth r suppl 300,000 ties . h r r n c con tr t ng t e r lro ,par bi ,onth, ------~~---------------------------------------------- o 0) , 277 Hal ether with . 't er 1 en erprising Los ArtgGles ri ends had or g' nlzad th ~dn Jac1n (} Wa on Roe" Comp 'fr3' for the pU"ipOS~ o~ executing th!. no I. r et ~ Wi h Hall s pr 1dEtnt g th coropany proceeded to crganiz and secured :rlna:n~ 81 sistan~e f"rom the Temple and WOI·kma Bank in 30 Los ng s ~ Atter s lectlng the S n JQ~ nto rang& south oT the pr SEh,t comt"llunit of Cabazon tor it timber source g S roll sit 'Wa 10c I) roughly wo and three-quari;ers mIles north e t 0 pres nt-day Lalte Fulf ore on the Banning..., .idy to transport its tlmb~r out o~ th ""'10unta.in~ ~ the c mpQny decided to construct it l:-J4<;;.:.on connec:tinE tne Pass wi. h its mill . Beginning a~ the n ~ b e so th 0 Caba~on~ it extended a distane of i ·1 « 0 n . outheasterly into th San Jaei to rangs$3 2 he 0 n J cin 0 Toll Road ~ its creacherou initial #r d i 1 trace fA faint D reva.r.'sing line 8cr. OSS the f8~6 r h,., u t 1 blow Cabagon~ ~o Bupervi e th road v con t r ue lon ~ th Lo ngel s no Independene Railroadis I , 1 , Suz eyoria Office Map Book ro one e t Oro gh ran~e ti e San Diego Unlon~ Jul 21~ 1875~ 21 fo er Co st~uct1on ~upe_lntendent) E~ Y3 Buch8nan~ wa mployad . Under Buchanan's able supervision the road was compl t d b m d October$3) £wo a. a half months before the rOQ is completions Hall alrea y had a crew or men in the mountains fel • t rob r " Although the erelil~ s atte"ltion was centered rl sr-l1y on sugar pil J) an bundance 01: yellow pinag oaktl" a.d cad r was also reported to be aval1able~ One account thu 1 s 1c lly described the trees as the best yet s~an in Cal!for- 1 some measuring 250 feet in height · d other.s not ranching for - dis tance of , 00 feet above the groUlld 0 p 0 paets seemed good that once this timber raaehed So th enG iforni markets the S nta Cruz-Humboldt lumber .0 opol could b broken at least in the southern part of the t te al In ddi ion, Hall had privately informed PasJ r hr . , 111 am ~ F~gsr that he would be able to sell Sa J c«nto aug r pi ro~ .15 per thousand teet g o~ halt h pr v . 1 ng m rk t pr1c i~ San Bernard1no~ In late p 1 75~ h only s1g~iflcant impediment to the re 11 a 0 ot these hopes appear· d to be the ra11roQ fa 1 t n 0 C bazo ~ After an~thar seven miles 01 rails 219 h d co laId. Hall ppeared r, dy to flood So them C 11~ orn! with his com '10' t 1 .3 ~ pine f 0, the San J cl to d w aks £ter Buchanan had completed the ~an Toll Ro d's c ~truc long H 1 ead to a n' v rlety o~ machine~J to the company's mill site ncrth t of Lak Ful_or. Include in Ub Itlpm nt we en ng1n d two bo~ler to uip y;h - , r-ompan: 7 sate m saw of i~b-r could be ow 1 " th ell 100aOOO fa Co Ad Ition 1 it m 1nclud d machinery r r pl ning, nd lath mill e Thu 9 arter the machln9r 'a in- 1 tio, 1 S n J cinto .coll Road Com.pany had a otBl tw .1 s tits 0 t in lumb~r camp nd bu lness a 00 1 By . Id Daeember OO~OOO fa of sugar pine had ell d n tl S n Jaclnt r nge&3$ ' e t base 01 t e mO~U1taln outh 0 ,. 1 • It IIIi '3 Octob 59 ra1 30~ De~ mb , 80 sm 11 8 tl m n h d udde ly p d. opu- Ia ly Know Hal City, he unit ~s 1- purp sa t he dq rte s s s pply i t f r th . ':') n cinto Tol Ro d Co p mount 1r. 1 ering b in B 1d l"OV b Hall CIt pos s t nt -four ho lith hop v r 1 bu y w gon m k ra, d 1 r boarding ou e bo st! . ~ fort -m n ap city i 'I 1 n - ously, Hall in c natruct1ng his own p ou 11 .l g and pl nn ng hot 1 bull 1. g & Th C 1 faa or res i.e 1 w a uch. '6 bi Qua bu,_ding pr r pp ara , b soarlc!' y of .fr th . r . e k 1 t.1' a loon, leu" d d s eral 1 _$ ad be n add d an unorfici 1 c n u co d y Sa B in n J hn F& Gould dl alo d popul . 0 1 ght Y t r han a hundred C uc s a d + 0 J u as r c co er 'lth ", bl 10 s to e pu l ... sh n' wsp per en itled _T_h __ ,_~_]_e_k_l~y_,_H_8 ______ ~~~~ ~ontrlbut1ng to th city ~ hust11 g a osph r re Lreque tly arri Ing t mber w gona pull d by 1 g te 0 • 1 - (S n Be,l.n :r 1 riou asp et o , N of -1 0 pear 13 l' ag 2 Dec r 6, 1°75; mb.,r 7~ 1 75t) o 281 r·1AP 9 HALf" CITY - HALL~ S SIDING z Z <l m o .... R?F - "1, \ \ \ ' ,,' 6-;' / / III \ \1 '1/\1" .. -18 1 9 30 3 1 6 ~--LI ' I , I , I 1 I." '" I -, \-, 29 , HALL'S 17 , SIDING I ! S t N J A C 28 ,,-s. ? (" 32 (" '33 U\ G\ 5 .~ HA LL G I T Y - HA L L ' ~ S I r '\ G I I I a I m i Ie 2 H. E. M., MA GH 15, I 9 55 , U. S. C. S ur c e: R IV. C O. SJ R ' EY. a F F. . 10 PASS I " J.. I • I' .' ~ 15 ",'l , 12 ,"{"-1 T~.J....l1 I , , , Ir 14 24 I N TO M PUNTAI ~ S 27 26 25 34 3~ 36 ~ 3 2 I ~ " " " ....... 10 "- II 1 2 ~ "- ....... ....... - '. HALL'S MILL I !I 1 4 13 o o I- T 35 T 45 282 mules~ Maneuver1ng t hese loads down the treacherously at p no winding H 11 City Grad 1m edlat ly south of the co unity constltut d a chal1gng for even the most ex peri le ed eam t ru ~ During the COUP a of this enterprise, the Ho11 C~ty Gr de was the scene of several serious accl~ d ts in which teams ~ wgons . and cargo were all hurtled uO d ~tr ction down the abrupt mountain=sldeG FortunatelYD on only -wo of these occasions were th drivers v1etimlged ~~th their loads e Precautionary measures designed to avert these do ngr de dlsast&rs included the us of f~~~ eled brak 89 roughlocks ~ and dragging-logs attached 'to th rear 0 the wago S o In one account, a contemporary t r Is described as baving used e4ght~hors teams on d wngI-ade trip.¥ t control agons loaded \"i1 th 9 9 000 hak (t 38 n retur trips from Rall City back to the m 11 sit the w go 5 w re loaded ~lth supplies for both log .... rs . n ml11...,hands 0 These supplies were purchased ill Los nd l~uled to the P S8 as w gon freight behind te n-hor t e TIl Ii> In Hal Ci ty they 'W re stored il1 1 rg g ner 1 sore H 11 had constructed, and their quantl~ ty w po ted muel groat r th n cond1t1on~ d manded Q 39 ..... 284 While Hall CIty was experiencing prosperity and sueI"' ss,? employees intermittently returning from th com pa y's mount 1n lumber camp oocasionally converted the normally h8rd .... worl~1ng]l faa -paced s t lement into a typi cally me odrnro tic wester frontier towll char cterlzed by excessive drink! g~ various rorms of gamolin~ , and a small mount of ITun ... play ", On thre of' thee occasions,Q the ante wh ch transpired 'W re sufficiently serious to at,.".; ra 1; eounty .... wlde public1t .. r,) The fl_'s'c of these occur ·~ed 1 e r y O. oberg lB75 s ~hen one of railroad contractor 1. S~ Hall's sons~ George Hal1~ killed another townsman~ G 1 s. Jccount vary concerning the difficulty which ignited the affairo One states that the men were rival saloon k pars between whom t~oubleso,e relations had p~e~ 10 sly xls~ad and that this incident merely marked the 'lroln "ion of their mutual ho .. tillty.4 0 Another 'ttrlb the av nt to a dispute over ownership ofn unde- r! d qua~ etton of. land in the vicinity of Ha 1 y~41 Art r A h.arlng before Justice ~athe~s' court in S rna dl 0 in which d flnltive proof was pr se te that t1 S ot1 7,) had occurred in Sen Di go County, th J • • • Ii l '!!'io 7 .. rWil liP PMi"'''' ce \i8S transf'erred to the San Diego County Justice Court at Temeculso42 The second of these sensationalist-typerrai~s 28$ g 1nl~ ~ou ty",,\-lde attention exhibited a unique f ature in confession extortion taehnlqu6s~ Oone rnlng the eventg San Bernardino 3 s Da.J1r, Times published 'this art! cla Quite a excitement was created at Hall$s Camp a short -me sin e over a lynching affair. It .appears tha~ e man as strongly suspected of stealing certain articles but the proof not being sutfie! nt to wa~rant legal proceedings it 'Was determined to extort , Q confes,s ion or thet trom the part7~ H was therefore t ke to tree, a noose plaeed about his neck and was ~hen hung0 The exper1m nt was repeated haIr B dozen times~ but the fellow wouldn't confess worth a eent~ 30 they turn&~ him looseA This eems r ther peculiar manner or treating thieves but doubtless has its merits in certain cases.43 The third event involved another shooting which occurred in Septemberg. 187th On this occasion en Indlvidu a1 va~io sly nam6d Di~~~on9 Davis, and Dennison shot a otl ·r named Moor6~ When the former man had reean 1y b n in Loa ;\ngeles t he was info:rmed that Moore had pre v~ously bean ther spread.ng slanderous stories concerning t. form r'g s ster" Upon returning to Hall Clty9' Moore wa sk d t retract h1s statem tsnd a fight ensued durIng hlch Moore was shot by his aasGl1snt~ !he bull t ----___ ,_. ___________________ r&_~'_ t !-. 18750 42 Th 4Jrnhe Dail"::' T,1 n1 . o .e . 0 (0 an l::lrn~rdlno) Ut'lrch 4 18~16 d.. -: ~~f(); ~Q \;;; ~ g » nn g Q 286 pierced Moore's flesh a short distance below his heart and lodged near his backbone. A doctor i-JaS hurriedly dispatched from San Bernardino and Moore \Jas later reported recovering satisfactorily. Because the incident had taken place in San Diego County, tho San Bern rdino County Sheriff subse quently transferred the case to San Diego County's Sher iff.44 During late 1875 while Hall City was undergoing ita early wave of prosperity, another small community was be- ginning to congregate around the railroad siding two miles north of Hall City. Then frequently called San Jacinto , Hall's Sidin~, and Vandeventer Station, it was later renamed Cabazon, probably in honor of Agua Callente t a Pass Cahuilla Indian leader, Chief Cabezon. By early December one saloon had already been built and lumber had arrived for constructing another. Additional plans had been prepared for a restaurant, barber shop , blacksmith shop, and livery stable,45 and a spur-line had been graded south to Hall City. Whether tracks were ever laid on this grade is a disputed issue. If they ware , they were subse quently removed. 46 Probably one of the more important 44Dailv Morning Argus (S~n Bernardino), September 13, 14, 21, 187b. 45The Daily Times (San Bernardino), November 7. 187S 46 .. Iug'nes, op. cJ."t., p. le7 B~ 8 _ ~; ~rd, op. cit., p. 1 2. 287 co t mpor ry re Bons for envisionIng futur development and prosperity at Hallts Siding cent red upon a propos d tlum h1ch H 11 contemplated bu1lding betw en it and th v n ac1nt mOll t n ~ Ih1s proJect oul~ have vert the d ngerous H 11 Cit Grade and 'Would have expedited lumber del1v ri s to the railroad s 47 ~urthermor D it would h been ideal for transporting t~o-root Ie th f cord wood fo~ use in firing lood-burning locomotive n~lne . AccordIng to one ccount, Hall h d numero s g chopping and stacking angine-wood at v rious points in he mountains djac nt to Hall Clty.48 A onths passed, the San Jacinto Toll R d C ·a y' control nd ownership gradu 11,. 6rav1tated into lal r S poas ion. Perhaps his alleg d partners had be n merely flct1t CUB entities created for the purpose of im pressing Sou hem P cific offici 19 or for s curing fin nei 1 ass1 tanc f~o. Los Angel a ' Temple and W orkman Bank more rea 11y~ However, by mid November, 1875 the ntir nt priss had b com the property of two menD • S. Hall and E. • Buchan n. ,rhether Bucha n had pur cha ad hi share or h th r Hall had been fo~ced to gran n Bern rdlno)i D c ·bar 79 288 him hal:f interest through being unable to pay him fully rOf' his services as San Jacinto Toll Hoad construction supervl or 1s not known. The resulting arrangement reprsn> sented neither a m$rger no~ a partnership. Rather» the two men agreed that each should own a specifically divided portion or the total enterprlge~ . although in practiee they would function in lk11.1son. ~~s a ~esult of this property division, Hall acquired half of the wagon road f the mill and Hall City. The last lt~ was identIfIed as including two tracts of land . Th~ smallep contained 160 acres of undescribed terrain which probably e.omprised the Hall City townsite, while the larger covered 9)}OOO acres or nUx d agricultural and timber land ~ Meanwbl1e tl · Buchanan assumed title to the company's two saw m111s9 a part of its t1mbe~ lnd, half the toll rQad~ and all its debts $49 Simultaneously, roar and a hslr mils west and across the Pass, local resident James M . Oilm.an and nsso- elate. s. S. Acker~ had purchased a plot of timber la d for ~300 at the head of Mooretg Canyon where they installed 111 and commenced business sometime in May, 1876~ Po -u larly known as the 011m n and Acker Company, the two mel " ¥. • • - Q] 1815. 4° 7The ·Daily T:pnes, (San Bernardino), N'ovemb r 1), 289 p educed cedar ties which were sold to southern Paeif1c tor use on the dese ts 50 ApparentlY9 this project as a rela- ttv ly limited venture tor it received only small a ount of eontcmporary publicity at a time when newspaper copy was not earl~ 0 plant! u s 1 t 1a today~ \Cii thin a matter of d ys after th0 new operating gr ement had be n formed between Hall and BuclUlnan. South ern california experienced a »111d business recessions Among banks most critically affected was Los Angeles~ T mple and T orrnwn Bank which h d seriously overexpanded ou~ee81t As at ted prev10uslYg one of '!emple and orkman'S inv stroents had been Hall's lumbering project in the San Jacinto mountainS9 As a consequence, Hall and Buchan n Budd nl7 found themselves in serious troub16~ U able to p y their m n in cash g they decided to substi tute person 1 cheekS 3 wben these proved to be unnegotl- ble. many te msters 9 mill workars g and lumber-jacks 0= parted whil others seized the company's various as ts as s curity against payment or obligation due them@ Upon reopening it deors, Temple and \:,iorkm n dispossessed JaIl nd Buchan n and reportedly were planning to resume .. i I n rnardlno County De ds Book ··P", pp" 104-05; T"'M"'=""' _____ .a.-...;,;;'1;..;.;;l-.;m~B (Sun B rnardlno) November 27 9 1875, , Y 1, 290 oparat1onB#51 '~Jh th r the bank suc-ce ded in executing this pl n is qu stionBble for it neve~ regained a at ady footing and subsequently closed it· doors permanently 1x months later. MeanwhIle. a varl ty of attachments ~ re being f led against llll, but he steadfastly mn1nta1ne that he would discharge 11 his d bts 5uceessfullyo52 By early September, 1816 g lumbering oper tiona we!'6 b in resume ·n the San Jacinto range and within two months 250,000 railroad ties had been praducedlt Upon D camber's arr1v 1, a load of lumber was being loaded Bv Hall's Sld1ng (Cabazon) for Rive~s1de, and eompar ble hip ants for (') her SQuthern California localIties we;pe ant1clp ted.53 ~he ne' owners were Bartholomew. Gilberts and 11oore. a trio of Sacramento business men who had pur chase the lumbering; enterprise from Temple and W orkman's 19n as in May $ Emp .... oy1tt.,g between ten and twal v men t th lr mil19 th y war produel~~ 10,000 to 20?OOO ret of lumb r dally, oat of which ~as being sold to the rail. roe. Sm 11 r mounts were also being shipped to Colton • ... - - 1 ' - - - , 5 1 The Dail n Tim (San Barn rdlno)~ 27 J December 6~ - 1-15, J 'nuary 1711 1370a 52 The pal1y T. mes (Sen Bern rdlno)~ ·ebru ry 8. 1016. . - November 19. 26~ Janu ry 2 9 53 ~ B 1 ,h • ,S _ n ern~r.9 no Ti~es, 110vam e 1876~ 291 and San Gabriel, and Bppro7imately 8 d(i~en teams were en .... gaged in transporting Imt1ber rrom the COmp.f'UlY'S m.ountain mill to Hal1ts ~1ding$ Transporting lwaber from the moun t ins to the siding apparently was one or the most costly aspe-ct of the entire operatlonQ Hall had previously @xperienced this problem and had contemplated building a tlmfHi 1n ord.er to solve Itli Now the' new owners were con- front&d with it and had likewise decided to eonstruet a flume @ Although the flume was never completed g one aocount indicates that four miles had been fInished by Christmas$ 1876@ Described as a. uVushaped structure costing an esti mated ~lOO~OOOb its completed route would have extended thirteen miles south of Cabazon lnto the San Jacinto iaoun talns;o54 In addition» the oompany was operating two genera. stores for the benefit of its employees and others living nearby~ One of these was located at Hall City while the other was maintained at the companySs mill sitew Business was reported exoellent, and even M~ S$ Hall had returned to participate 1n transporting l~bG~ to the siding~55 In ·arch~ 1877, business had reportedly declined to an avarage .... - L t I .. .. v , - 54 '1:he _ L19111 rr~n).es, (San Bernardino) t May 1, 1876; !ha San ~(u'~az:Olno Times,. December 20 J 1876. January 19" 1877; San Bernardino \ie,ek,ly Argus" December 241f 1816~ 55Ib1dlf J ~ 292 daily output of 10,000 teet~ but th 5 was probably only a short-term phenomenon occasioned by Southern Pacific s temporary cessation of construction at Ind1oG 56 For dive~ sion and rel xatlon c1 tlsens of Hall City were reported having .frequent social gatherings at the communlty~s Back man Hotel@ These parties were allegedly respectable affairs rated s major social functions which were attend ed by people thro ghout the eastern half of the rass 57 Following his november .. 1875, failure in the £San Jacinto mountains south of Cabazon g M il! S~ H .. llis next Pass business venture occurred deep in Mooreis Canyon n rth of present Banning0 In partnership with two Ange- l nos~ william Hickman and Peter Backman~ he organized another lumber business but did not officially incorporate it as a legal company@ Apparently the tr~ee men had con cluded their mutual agreement sometime in September" 18761)' and had proceeded immediately to dispose of preliminary detal1s$ Among their initial preparatory activities was the t sk of selecting a t1mber source Procee ing north to the head of Moore's Canyo , they chose B heavily tim bered, mountainous tract in the ~an Bern rdino range 56 The ~an Bernardino T~mesg Oc ober S~ 1876, Janu ry 22, March JJ IB77Q 57 Hughes OP(J cit<ll~ P<t 158; The Dtl1y Times (San Bernardino), LU;: 1076. .. 293 located a.pproximately twelve or thirteen miles north of the Southern Pacific's future sidlr~ at Banninglll The area reportedly contained abundant supplies. of cedsr, augar pine, oak, alder~ and other valuable WOOdS0 Another prob lem was to decide how the felled timber was to be trans~ ported thirteen miles south to the re11road~ Their dee1 .... sien on this question was to build a flume costing between twelve nd fifteen thousand dollarsiW A third job was to etermine by what means lumber was to be prepared for ship~ ment south in the flum£h Their answer 't4flS to construct a saw m111~5r By early Octobers several carpenters and laborers had been employed to build the flumeo Three end 8 haIr onths later in mid Februarys: seven miles had been com pleted 7 hut .1 ancial difficulties were beginning to im- pede constr etlan@ Apparently in desperatlong ownership s expanded to include eight more man or whom one was San r.orgonlan Ransom B@ hoore and three were alleged to I B : 50 The San Be~narQlno .Times, January 19, 1877& Francis Reynolds$ John Bolen, and J~ A3 Rousseau VS~ San lor"'~on10 J lumlng Companyct iscellaneous trans r1pts and lars relative to this suit have been specially bound in one of s veral unnu~bered volumes entitled "Transcripts and Briefs" which comprise a section in the San Bernard1no County Libraryts leg 1 records collection. The three plaintiffs were former company employees seeking legal ac tion to s cure u.."1.patd wsgesQ II reine.ft r cited as: S n JorRonio Fluming Company Ca8e~ 294 be fictitious entitles created for unknown purposesQ Simultaneously, the organization was incorporated ss the San Gorgon10 Fluming Company 'With principal headquarters in Lo.s Angeles a> Its f1 va directors \ 'u~re Pete, r Backmang J@ DfII Bicknell, 1.ln.fleld ncott g Henry C() Thom6.s)1 and 'Jil1iam H1chltlsn", Winfield Scott~ a Los A ngeles l3apt1s t ministcr~ was elected the company-fa secretary andJ{;) Dill Bicknell 1~8ce1 ved. its pres i.denc-Y{j Immedia.tely prior to the company' s forrnat1on~ unpaid wages due employees wer"G either paid or covered by promissory notesG Ih.v i ng re .... stored the employees' conflde-nc6 p construction wag resumed H1th complet1onexpected 'Within two months!!>59 Local residents seemingly regarded the flwiu! an n unique ,nd interesting spectacle(!t In writing a letter to The, San Bern~:r.d1no Times ~ editor, one San Gorgonian COtn- mented: Spaaking of locomotives LSi~7 reminds me that for rapid trans1 t there is nothing th~;lt can eclipse Hall & COg'S flume~ You just get into a bar at the head o~ the strea and turn yourself loose and (like the fel low~g India rubber railroad) slap bang and you're out at the other end--no breltomnn4) no- conduetor--vsry oft~ no h'il:' on your hoad~ Oh I tell you 'tis fmanss<Il • ~9 . . . I r Sen ~lorf!onl0 Flunt1.ng Company Case; Th~. ~_an Ber- nardino Tlm.es,~ P'ebruary 16" 24~ 1877Vt UArticles of In corporation of the San Oor-gonia I-o'lluming Company-It filed with C'llifornia"s Secretary of state on February 13, 1877~ and n(,..~ preserved in the San Bernardino Co Inty Clerk's o f , ce0 295 SOale d Y come 0 t ore n when you have nd try. it 9 b g the~ you up leis~e I~ like to have you 1ng 10 r r t baskt)t a ong "" the atobplng Ls1s..7 _ laco0 60 C· pan expansion Q reorganization had n t perma~ n ntly so v d the flu DB project's fina cia1 pl'lloble how ver~ i1thin a month S l<'OOta17 Sa t had announcod a lr etc ... s' d cl g10n to levy on ·-dollar ass :mc);"t 0 1. 11 61 pay bl b~ April Sth~ Even this mova failed to iml'J1"'ove th COfllP oy· s fina e1 1 positioll and in arly JulY9 h rtly arter ~ha ~lume!s completion~ a ger~e9 f v n mach nies 9 lIens wa!lie filed gains' 1 t "n rapid uc e loH,- s king to sseu a unpaid · ges totalling over ,1 60 I» hra of these wer's ~t..bseql.u~nt17 converted into or "losur ber re San Bernardi' .. o CountYl s Eighteenth Court and ware aw rded tavo~ bie verdicts . San dlno 'unty Sherif' Aa J i/j a~y was directed to ad- -, rt· e anA conduct .e. torst: losure sale on San Gorgon10 . lu.11 £t .... pany p~op A ty but w s tempo sr-il" restrained the delnd nts ~ tne Sa:l Corgonio Pluming Company!) p 1 d th dec ion 101: rev! w by th Cal.!l for 41 st t~ Supr m Court fl After eonsld ring the easel) the Stat . pre ourt sust 1ned til 10 er ~ourt 6 pleintlf'r ... .r 'tTor.,.. 1 ? rd e . Sheriff Curry t~·n proc ad d to conduct th ------__ ,_ " ___ , _. __ ._u ____ , __ -_. _,.1; •• __________ , ; ".-~,_"'._._"'_. __ ,_ .. 60Th 61 .rch 3, 1817 ~ '-ian --~. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 149 10710 tor elo-tw 19, 1878. 62 296 ale rrom th courthouse doorstep on Janua. ~lthough the flum had been completed in early Jun , 1 77» its 20,000 eost h d constituted a insupcr ow au den hich h d twice submerg d company o ·per in se lou flnanc1 1 difficulties and ~h1ch It! tely rouFtht the .... comp n f s d In spite of this problem, ompan manager ~ el ood ~lurrayf B forty- an ere i had done a sat! - factory joh in c nstruetln~ both the mill and th ighte Inch, "V, shaped rl e. Unf'ortw tely, 111denee is in .... 00. plate concerning the flu.me'a dl 'Oosltlon follo ing SherJ.f Curry's foreclosre sale. Nevertheless, no ·1g- ni 1cant av llable d ta ~ugS sts that 1ther th rlume or the ill w s ever operated on a rinanci lly protltab e b 51 .6) fi"l -n ... ~ fo nother luming project were 91 0 rvealed s ve·al months at er San Gorgonio Fl~~1_~ ~ornpany eon t e tlon h d cO' menee· . This pro j ect wss to extend fro ~ r ;J ,- - 62;, n orgonio Flmlllng Camp n,. Case; San Be rd_no Cou ty -eeb lcs Liens Book nAn. pps 137-45, 152-59; D lIZ ~or~ ng Ar:u~ (nan Bernardino), July 25. Dec mber 14, 1B77. Ja uary 19,1878; The Sa BernardinoTlmes g A· ust 10, 1877. , - . 63nughesJ op. c~t., pp. 17-18; Bird. op. cit., p. 183. Construction sup -rintendent for th flum was J e • Forquer. A recently demolished l -ndmark also built by Porquer w Bare its l It Vista Hotel~ 297 vlhltewater up the northea tepn slope of Mt . San Jacinto. Principal promoter of the sch~ e was a can Bernardlnon 1 entifled as Dtt o Bousseau~ who, a.fter Making 8 prelimi nary survey to establish the flumeis location. had invited 1nterested contractors to submit the1r b1ds a This an- nouncem nt sti~~lat d a var1ety of rumors concerning future 1mprovements in the Wnitewater area . Among thess, one involved a paper factory& anothe. extensive 11me kilns. and a third a s sh and door factory_ 6 4 Apparently_ none o these ever succeeded in passing the rumor and planning stages tor no available contemporary documents indicate that any of' them were ever constructed, including the fluma~ A n th various projects described on preceding pages w re developed and exp nded, numerous indlvldu 1s nd f - m111es migrated to the Pass lther aek1ng employment or new business opportunities . H0lJ6Ver. many of these peop10 wer only temporary settler , who quickly emigrat d lsewhere after the Hall City and San ""or-gon1o Fluming Company ral1ures e Others lingered for longer periods, but th number who remained Qtte~ the late seventies when ral1~ ro d construction had passed into remote Ar1gona and Hew is - §" gf ., 'Ii 29B Mexico does not ppear to have been greater then n hundred people. :Cur! the variola business .ooms'9 howGver p the in~flu" of ettl :. ... 8 had bee ve y 1 ".rt:O t and one observer predict d hat yearly 1878 "ev ry foot o· the pass will b ta en up,," T addition, ho co ante that n mechanlcs an laborors co get 11 they c n do t fair wages "65 Bu lnes p culato~8 r Also :rrequ nt Pass vi 1- tor C:'hor ly aft r .~. S (f Hall bagan org: n1.zing nd de- velop1 hi lumbering business in h~ S n Jacln 0 moun- tnlns large numbers of "capItalist n were reported leavlng Los .. to insp ct Pass business oPP<)l ... tun1tie. On on occasion a Lo~ lng e. physici ,Dr. ~ illlam Hobb~! 9 h d b e so f vorably -ropre<sed by general climatic condl- ions th h was serious-'y conslder1n~ building a tthe Ith in titute tl or s nits1"lu. Farmin8 prospects were also ei nr f vor·hl treatm nt and ly 1archp 1877~ a new ro d was b<i g contompla ad to connect Sununit Sta ion { eau ont d San Jacinto Val1ey~66 n aceo panyin featur or thl xp nd1ng settl - n t picture \ s the relat1vely Budde. di ppearance of unclai d w t r in treama flo n· nto th P 8 from both an Bettn8l'" ino Tl 1 77. ~ebruar 24_ arch 3, r 21, I 75, The Bernard1no ,'eakly 299 mountain r ngeso Reco _nlzin5 water's n cessity for prcs- _""v tion All :Co '.S of animal and 't egetable life, this phenom non is no surpri lnga Men j stock~ er~p5~ fruit tr sand s , m loco! otives all ne~ded water~ and at ... tl rsi ttempts to se re d q Ate 51PP ias ~ere n tur 1 ovelo t o. • hi.:r \-1 q o. th f.lr~t tim€ wAter' claims h b n 1 J w claim h d already bean recorded, and 1n 1 t nor h, 1871, four J "l B rnardino speculator together t 1 h d 1 c rpo~ted the S n ~orgonio C nal Camp ny or th PU '00. . .. of ecur11~ ~onopo11 water riehts on a 1 roam en .ring the Pass4 Or~anized with caJital . . ... t"tto"k . 0 th ) ()O,OOO ~n th"t'ee-thou a d " ,,100 shares, tlJe c po· ( cl red ts ~ntent on to build 9 serie of reser- os' 11"1 to u the \1 t::r ! or irr1gation~ water powe » in , d nnuracturlng. 67 rrihetier the co ·pany encoun- tere sue'" ss ex cutlng l~s plan 1s uru~nown. At 1 J S , ~ny ce'S it . y h1ve h ..1 wns only tamp~r rJ, for ana 0 t 1 mo ~han forty c1 1m and .Il! trB star f11B o p s OU Diner o c of' th . e c 181. 18 W filed -.----~~--------------------------------------------- • 6711C rt ficste Cs ' om If t d of Incorporat on of ~) n Gorgonl0 ?"" In d; ~7-, ~ rvcor4e A~th n B rnnrdino Count 01 rk on same date~ 300 on or C yon w er by P ss sid nt John S~ lore n e c nv y1ng it to th Pa f oor fro .. o !oore Cnyon in a tV" sb p d lume mea ur ng et en tw 1 an thi.t inch s. Becaus the ~an Gorgonl0 Fl 1 Compa- ny had co e cad building its fl e long t ~S ;r r course two onths pre iously» ir ~oore had conp t hi th tv.o would prob bl h v leled 8 h into th vicinity of pres nt Un11k th flum1 company, bow ver, 100re dl p ayed 0 inte tion to float lumber , his flume~ Rath r, h 'Pro sed m rel to t sns- port w er in it for lrrl at' m1 ,. M ~ , and do 6stie ur .. o on th P ...,5 l:loo~.68 0 of the e ter est bl1a ed and ore anbltlou .P s . e .tlcrs we D • \ "1 113m p <J 7d1!sr ..... ~ ho in! 81 p p- ty pur naar the footh! .$ north of t . n b n mad· n 1859~ By 1 75 h n South rn Paclf tlon Ba ~ re busy qrad1ng nd 1 y1nr: tr ck -¥ .I. south of hl~ rene houseb Edg r n t r s of as abllsh1ng the as t ~ r t settle attr cting ub-d4V s10n8 Planning to mak .it ba lc lly n gricul. tur 1 s t Ie nt no recognizl ~ he 1 -t d av 11 bl it .. 5il .. .. .... f 68 Cjan Bernardino Co ty ',iater R cord . uO ft It tt 9 John Sa oor 's cl 1 ppears on p. 66 in this 301 o~ ~ass ~Dtar sources , he p oceeded to tile eleven water claims within the n xt two ye r~ on various streams gme~g ing ~roA ad jac ent f:an Bernardino ountainscontsining over ',000 inch s o~ ~ tar. 69 ~he only 1 itation he contem pI ted pI eing on purchasers involved .. rrigation ·stero The mo nt available for any pruchaser would be enough t irrigate fifteen acres. However, bee 86 only gr pes, fruit trees. alral~a and c rdan vegetables re- nulre n srti ieial w te~lng, people re free to buy as !Duch land as t~ ey miSh desire for dry-farmtng grain& .. c- cording to o~e report, no dry-farmed grain crops had yet f ad in 'n Gorgonlo Pass, and no one os d rear losing .on y on such n investment . 70 taou~h ~dgar posses d extensive plans and pro- vided 1 c 1 ~out rn California ne papers with ample copy f r pUulic:ty, .1s progress was ~low~ By 1077, t~o years a te~ he had conceiv , s plan~ pr parations . re still inc Oh'l, e1 et s" i 0 .rtno"m s _ 1 s had been made. Judging by a n . rn ino County 10rtgag BOOAg Edg r had encount r d financial di f culti' sad had had to mortgage portions of 1-9 an B rnardino County tater R cord p • 45-50. 63, 74, 7U, ~5J lli~ 12&, 137. 70 '11'18 L 11.; :ven1ns Express, July 24. 1875; Lo~ ngele~ Daily Herald, ~eptember 9. Book er 7, his proporty 71 Neverthel ss. optimistic reports con tinued to appear an by the beginning of 1878 he h d acquir a Chicago emigran t Cap 'sin Al .. \1 ., 1~illburJ to 3 0 2 superintend and manage h1s enterprisG .. 72 One S n Be .l.ar dlnnn having vi31ted r~gar's P as r nch re urned home an- th iastlc 11'1 proelalm1l".g that the 7 ,000 ere tract wa an exc·llent agr1culuursl ara on whIch "tlfty remiltee could easily be colonized. t~73 In addition to the saetlon i s exe llent dry-:termlng characteristics , other ttractlons were also being publi cized .. Amot"lg these was its sue Bssful cultIvation of lmost every decidUOUS fruit ineludingr nges t009 port dly wlth i:--r g t10n its alt l.l!' production could ...t _ .L. __ hardly be equalled . On of ~ts more unique f tu: s a lleged' to b its capacity ror grapes which were grown bot for wine and raisins . In Edgarts thirty · er vine- yard, t entj cons" sted of olders mature vines devo ad largely to wine production. Concerning Edg ria vlneysr and the ina produced at his l-Jinary!l one obs rver i rot· : '" "'0' I~ 'I -, , . ..... 71 Sun Bernardino County Mortgage Book UF". pp. l08~ 171~76. 12 The pan Bernardino T1~8g January 8, aroh 8, 1878. 73 "'1 ( ) Pal. y 'iornil"~Ar(~us ... an B rnardinoll Nov mber 21 J 1877& "* ,j - - -- The 8011 is lIght nd gravelly, and ad pte to the growth or the gr pe in perfection. Jo~here in th St te is more del1c~ous grap grown than 1n th . 303 gar vineyard. Indeed, the grape of th root-hills is much .. ore delicious in fl vor than that gro n on the rlat plains. The delicacy or flavor i most agreeably discernible in -ilne. Nordhorr pronounc d the Edgar w ne to be the best m de in Call~orni ~ The grape from. the ola vl_ e7 -rd are mostly made into wine. Thousands of gallons of as good light wine as ny mad in C litornla are stored ay in the cellar, an ola adobe building venerable in its antiquated brown hue . i. l7'embering that this viney rd lies 3.000 fa t abo the 1 vel or tho sea g directly t the bas of ~Grayback# If which shelters 1 t from the north, snC4 th t it 1s open to the fructifyine rays of the u. on th snuth, e_ t and west. we cal readily account for the sup riorlty of its wine aver that msnufactured from the rich r bottom lands. In Europe, 8 is w 1 kno~~g th superior wines re all prodpc d from grapes grown 0 the l!ght 80il of the hl11s.7~ This in as currently selling for t'ifty cent 8 gallon in " n Bernardino and pes eased s s pert~r reputatlone 75 rd' - r ain1ng ten cres consisted of newer and imported vines ~ hose grap S 1I re 1 rgel,. used top r islJ.lae 76 R g rdlsss ot these attraetions nd their public 4 ty, va11a:, pu lie docume.ts in th San Bernardino Oounty R ord r'3 Of~ie~ disclo that Edg piS plan to erea~e frul nd f t ing -olony sl.ml1 r to that previousl,. 7~ 1877. • 1871 . orn100 Ar ~{us (I..i n &?rn rdino). June 5 ~ 304 d veloped n 11vers1de never reached fruit1 n. Some p reel war old in h rly eight e , but thea fer r 1 tlv ly r w comp red wIth th reo fS stl~ ted flTty family c p aity. Edg r ul Imately so d hlw r m 1ning ; property to the Southorn California Investmen Comp y in J 6 9 1886. 77 . an htl g appro i t 1y f1~ ml en e st a thor sub-divi 10 was be1ng pl nned on the townsite of pr s t nnlng by 1 cal res1d nt .. nsom B •. oore~ 11 vi a claim d larg ar· i that v Q cinlty during 1871 h ha - qu ntly bee re ort d e ecutlng ext n 1 e Improv e had r 1nforce h1s title to his pr vious claim bot 1 1 ederal Land Pat nt . 7o T Ith th rival of ra11ro d co - ructl !"G S nd the pp ar nc of v r10us l~Oj t b th 1 th San Jaci to nd ~)an B rnard1n taln I 10 r p ear to h ve acorn very optimist! • 1- tho gh h had countered trou 1 from Dr. Edgar ove hi o e en yon wa r rIg t nd had ortg ge hIs re prop- rty for 1,020 at 8 2 per cent mo.thly 1nt r·st i by arly 1877 he d decided to est b ish 8 to n&79 C nc rn1 1875; s 16. 79 The Guard! t • 71. rdlno), January 15. .stants Book uBI, p~ 15- {Sn B rn rdi o)g pr11 3~ 1675; S n )05 ~oorets plan. The ~R~ Berner,d1no \1mes' 3an Gorgonl0 cor- responde.~ wrote: . n. ..own, 'foore I'll ty Q has been laid orr on the Ra.t lroad, at the poin \-Jhere the biS lumber and wood .flum , being built ~y It .:.srSq Hall &, Co . J will have its terminus, 51c7~r. Moore is determined to have a town if he doe n't male n cent and 0 insure his ei~ a rapid gpowth has declared his intention to give away lots to thoa ~rho \-J111 build on them. The 81 te of the own is 'Well selected, being immediately in the eenter o the pass, on the line of the railroad and the flum~ it certainly has such dv ntages as will insure its growth to considerable s1z • If an of riel 1 survey las made and a plat prepar d of the to nsite, copy was n ver recorded at the Sgn Bernardino vounty Court House. !hcn th~ communIty i s name was chS1J.gad -to Banning s not _ n tely kno In. Th i"irst knol.-ln use of ~-he name pp ers n · 1 eh m1cs L1en fil d a~a1nst the San Gorgonio Flurning Comp ny in mid Jo ly, 1877. Tt ~ econd use appe8rs n National J~rChiVe5 ecords conce-rnin the creation or. a r .- B nn1ng Po t Office in October» IB77~81 Tne n me appears quite o~t n in documents year, a few of whIch a e i' E prepared dur-n. the succeed~ id~ntified bel w 82 ~/hy the , - - Bernardino County Morteege Book 'E u , pp. Bernardino 11 as, D celb r 5, 1876, ~arc 379-81; The San 3~ 1877" 80 r!r. 1. 1 51 3, 1877. :-- an n ...::-nardino COU_'1ty ~ .ec'lanlcs Li ns Boo!! n,. 'f , pp. 150-59; t10nal Archives nd Hecords ~ .. ervice, Post o fic ~e_3rtc tRee rd ,Recor roup 28. (.'2 o San Bernardino County Deeds Look 26, pp. 3 1 3-14-; townsite's n me w s hanged has been a matter of specula tion. AccordIng to corresponden~ prepared by one o~ ooreis two surviving daughters in the late 19408, San Pedro tra sportation leadernd local flnancl r Phineas Banning paatur d sheep in the Pass and maint ined a load~ lng corral adj cent to southern Pacific's tracks somewhere o th townsite's west slde e Hav1ng established a close .fri nd hip wOth Moore and be1ng one of southern Cali.for nia's leadlnrr bus1ness and political figures. Moore decided to oed cat the ne ' community to his friend through chang""" ing it na e to Banning . 83 Beginning in 1877~ the Moore C.ty area beg n to 9 urn efinite preliminary signs that it was destined to b come a typical rural country town~ Probably the most 1 port nt future attraction for both business and popula tion w s a snlal depot and siding erected there by South- rn Pacific app rently somat m late in the yer& Although this i provementts date has trd1tio ally been assigned to 1878, Cl rk document recorded with the S n Bernardino County ld J 1y, 1877, daf1nlt 1y ide tlties nBannlng • Daily Mor t nlng Argus, (San B rnardlno) p l<iarch 16. August 27, 1878. 83 Isab l1e oore to Jm eado s . One of several c rrespon ence oxch ng s batw en th sa two individuals now pres rv d in the Jam s e dows S Gorgonio Pas Histori c 1 Collection in Banning. 307 Station,' clearly suggest1ng that th at tlon and it d jo1 ing s:td1n h d been Inst lIed during his pr c ding ye r ~B4 Reg rdless when the tstlon nd siding ware e ct ed, this addition's significance ror future community g owth !8S extremely import nt o Being n stabllsh d toppi g-polnt for ~outh ;ron Pa trio p . sse 19 r a ld rre1~ht tr ins po sa sing both a full-time gent-tel g apher aiding, the area w s bro .. ht into direct contact Ith overland r 11 transportation .nd telegr phle com.un:..c tion!> At lme when thes two mad! 'Were th roo t dvanc a forms of t an portation and coramunleatlo. ne has litt .... diffIculty 1n understanding how ~he r presenc could.a teet r v10usly in 187, the compny had r cognized th a ric ltural colony north ot Be umont ad the Hall 01 Y lumber g enterpri by est bIle Ing both Summl ~t- t on . nd Hall's S1ding. i ow t ce1vlnv slrn11 r recognltlon ~ oore Cit area wa re- Rlth uoh the ex ct r sons ~h1ch prom ted corop n off 1 Is' d claion to make these improvements a unh.-no n, v reI are s11 suggeste . FlrstJ eed~n~ lu her both or ties to support 1ts tr aks and tor fIr -wood t in it loconotlv 6 , he prim ry attrac ion appear to v - ----------------------,.--------. -.----------------~---------- , .~ 84Jan Bern rdino County J~i3chanica Ll Book n 1 58-59; Bird, op~ cl~~, p. 189 ~ See m p on P9 212. »P b n he San (;ol~..;onio Flu ing Co-mpan ~ Propo 1ng to cut ti. be in th . an Bernardino ra ge which would be -1m ad into ~oore City tor sal to the railro d, Southern P atfic undoubredly ished to avabl itself of this oppo~tunity ospee_ally in view of its eontemnorary eonstruct10 plnns aero the Color do Desrt ~ Southern Ar zonag and He" :x1e-o hra tl wo ld be needed and lumber iould be se rc ~ ~Urthermor6, 0 ce tracks had been laid, a sacur source o~ fire-wood liould be nee as ry to enabla company tr i to op r t on the line. A 1 S8 important reason hich m 7 have attracved company attention was th a~1 .... '" c 1 tural potent! 1 of the I oore Cl ty area. Properly d - p-d, it agr cultural products might supply larg ounts 0 c rryo for the ooropanyls fr$1ght tr ins and ro du e ignif1cant re nue from lading fees . Fin liy, if Moore City w re to develop 1nto a signlf cant rural coro- m 1tv s .ta ravorabl· s01l and promi s ing lumbar bus!n sa sugg sted it m~ght, c flc's pa could on'y helD to .., rea enable eon"pibutlon to South -r '" trarr" c m ght w 11 be expects t'hi h 1 h camp ny's profit orient e • C r ainly , ell thre of th se thought must have h d so.e free 1 · h l-O'1ng company officials decl e to ui tation nd lay a siding at Moore City in 1877 6 noth r lndle ion that the Moore Cit - B nning re 3 0 9 possess-ed a promising future ~~e:s its reeo nltlon by the Feder- 1 '!ov rnroe t in the ~ rm of fl ne'l nost O.rf'ice. ~·s- ~ t ol~sh (" on October 11, 1877. Andrew J. : orsham \.jas appointed po tmaster nd retain d this poslt!on until July 6~ 1080, a period of two years and ten months. His succ or we J~ • l·fooree The official name ass1 ned to the Post Offie was Banning.85 A third sign of Moore City's progreos as a community during the late seventies was its population growth both in te rna of settl rs and in terms of unpropertied laborerso This rtrowth oJ s reflected in several \,;ays . Firat, in early Lovember , 1 17, population in the area had become suffi- ctently large to justify the County Supervisors' creation of to~nsh1p governmen~. Known as San ~orgonio To~nshlp and erobrac1n all of the P 59 situated 1n Sdn Bernardino Count and tL Colorado Dosert's northwestern part, local Bann1n~ resident 'ielwocd :-'urray 14liS appoInted Justice of the P a e and Peter Thompson was appointed Constabl eQ G6 urra~ had re ently migrated to the P as from Los Angeles nd h d a.ssum d the S n uor'''onl0 < lumlng Company' 9 manager hip •. 1thin 8i_ onths he 8_p / rently h d settled in the t p rtm~ 1 Archive c rds, ecord nd Reeo-nds rO'1 28 .. ervicc_ 1'08 86 Sa ernardin-o Count] Iloard of Supervisors' oo~ B, p . 373 74. Office rin- 310 vicinity of _resent-day t 0111 nee Indl Sahool am h d elmad oster rights on th s r erg! fro i the toot- hl.lls at that point. E for a e r h '"' passe he had - bought porvlon of the ar-a an sub qu ntly ho t --'d d the ent:..re t act~87 Another . ef 1..8Ct 101 on gro~~~th was th l"!crgonio ..... cnool y C un";11 S d eo tel- sa nine and half months pr v:ou Although th dl- t let ~nel- ad an sr - 51_ lar to t ~rev1ougly ncorporated w t. n the to nship g va e b undar , the sehool.site a salee d n an~l ths pres t First street- "v .. ngsto .. tr- tinters ct10 • Housed .f ~ rough, s1l""~le-ro hac 1 ~ t resembl d • J( 'C -.J.- '" cal, one-teache~J w st m •. ub11c school. The room po s sa d no 1 ckboard" but 1rcn1~""11y supply of ch lk errl ad shortly before tue close or th t~. ~~ cur 1 culum included readIng, writing. ar1thm tie, spe 1 1ing§ and c ograpny~ I first tea char was ;"r Q J #I 11 Sand rs n in rueted ~wo-month term salari-dt -55 per mont· B Because she w s certi~1cat d exclusively =or teach! 87 San BernardIno Count,. \ister Records BoOK tf A t p. l~l· ~an Bern rdlno County Deeds Book Un. pp. 22 -2 ~ 551~.52j ,--,an Bern rdlno Co ty Bome_ tead B ok nB~' jJ pp. 404 Q5G e map on p. 272. 311 elementary grades, in tructlon was limit d to grades one through 01 htQ In addition to her salary, the school district Iso expended A26 for other purposes, thus making its y rly ex end~tures total lJ6e Upon the close of the 1877-1810 school u6sr, district clerk Winfield Scott re ported n ~chool tre sury balance 0 l 17.46. Out of forty five eligible children in the district, only twenty-four had attended at any time during the term and daily attend ance avel"'aged ci .. ht and Q half students,. 88 In genersl facilitlp.s were represented as poo~ and the for r [!ular i~#ht-month program would have estimated cost oean .466 0 89 By l87L th little communitY' included several t nt and shack-type re 1dences, three saloons, a bo rding house, a .snor 1 store, and the railroad st tion previously me1- tlonedo The ge ral store had bee erect d by the San Gorgon10 lluming Company in early ummer, 1877, and in th d .!t 1IIiI - . : 8This low at ndanee fl~uro 1s explained by t e f ct that the stat Lel~ls1atura had not yet enacted a cotn puls ry ~t nda Cj 1 w B9 H ~he~, 0 • cit., pp. 10 175; Sen Bernardino County,' upervisor's' inutes Book f!B n , p" 396; n Annual Report o£ the Condition of Common ~chools in the County of 'an Bern rdino~ ~tate of California, for the Y ar Commenc. ing Ju y 1, 1877, nd ending June 3D, 1818," San Gorgonio Lehool D1 trlet; Isabelle l-'ioore to Jim .. ~ ado\~s Correspond ence. ec une the P s was then divided between S n B r nardino n San Diego counties, the school census involved only thon eh11dr n living in the former, school racill ties nd instruction being unavailable to Pass resident l1vln~ 1 5. n Diego County. 312 following fall had been sold to E. W .. iJorsham \4hose son, Postmaster Andre' J~ 'ior5h"'~11, conmenced operating anning's 1r t Post 0 ~ice in S Dart of it on ~ctober 11. 90 * Thus, as 1878 began u derlnite settlement pattern d appeared -n the Pass. Consisting of three settlement areas situated at approximate five-mile intervals along ~t-we~t line, San ~orgonio Pass r~d eea ad ~o be a ~p8rsely i~~abited front 1 er area. ~ettler8 had now ter ~ the ass and occupiec its entire length4 Only 1 t rmlttent patcnes f land located pr .dominantly in the at_ran. and sou heaste'"n po,.,t1cns had ot been subjected three sat tIe ant congregations had L adually nccUl'1lulated over a sixteen- ear period extending roughly from 1C62 to 1878. Vlr~t t appe r w s the agricultur' 1 colony along th f thill.. north o~· present-day Beaumont o Hn 1 G1 ty-Uall Sidin,;r -- lumber settlenl.ent 10- ad p.rox mataly twel e 11e e&st in the vicinity or pr ent C oazo e ~ast to crystallIze was the ~oo~e ity- an in: d _v 10 ~nt ·~hich a.ppeare~ in tne rei -seven'- ie purred by th combined r ilro d and l~~ ring booms which dOni nat d th tass at this ti. e. "'pproxlmately a ]13 decade and a hBlr~ a previously obscur mount- in g p had be n trans~o~ ed 1. to .el . -~opuleted. p ... cdollinantly f.:l'!riculturfL. distri ct recorrntzed as 0 e of v 11 rornis t s ....... - better endowed interIor settle~ert arcas. B r B L I 0 G RAP H Y -.-.-"'--..,-----.-.~...,.--.--- BIBI,IOGft PHY 1. Historical Collections James M . Gilman Family ColI ction. C r ntly dlv ded between Banning and os Angel ~ this coll ctl0 con siats primarily of manuscript m t ri 1 relative to the Gilman ram11y~s role in pioneer settlement nd de elop~ ment of the San Gorgon10 P as are 9 or second ry m portance are several mise llaneous docum n s cone nl the Isaac W . ~m1th family, one of whoa d ughters m r-ied James M il Gil an~ James Meadows San '1orgon10 ss Hi orie 1 Collee i e Located in Banning. this collection onta:1ns a ty of correspondenc8$ m nuscrlpts~ nd photogr phlc erl - als specializing in the period from 1880 to 1940. aymond D. Weaver ColI ct10 $ Cons! tl g of bound volum ~ periodicals, manuserlpts~ 8 d photo tated repro c 10 5 , Sacramentan Raymond D II '~Jaavar h s s mbl d an e ten e collection. or materials re at! e to th 'e ver fa yW growth and development from the early nlnetee th centur to the present . One or the fml y's b tter kno n m bers was western trapper Pauline Weav rhos xplolts dur1nc both the Mexican War and th Arizona Gold Rus. have attracted subsequent ttentlon rom numerous w st ern American historians . II . g,overnment Documents t .~ecords j and Publications Ae Federal gonares8ion~1 Publioations An,nual Re120rt of the_Secx:etan 9t: the Interior, 1861 18b~, Report of the Cotrun.:lsaioner ot Indian Affairs, no. 8. Washington: GoverTh~ent Printing Of tic ~ 1862 686 pp . Annual He ort of .the Secretar or the Interior 18 2- __ ~I1_J Papers Accompan ing the Report of the Co 18- sioner of Indian Affairs , 1873 . W ahlngton~ Gov rn ment Printing orflce~ 1874. 811 pp. 6 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s, Bearings efo~€ th epresent ti es H. :ashing'on: ited t t ove n ent ~~int{ 01~1 , 1 28~ Co. prel·, inary tr ty ra vb, we n 1 ·ted _t t ~over_- n d t ~ Southern Cs ifornia Indian t ibes . 0 the fOan Luis Hey, h-w - LS1£h n ~ -c ~-c ~ r LS1£7 I dans. - 243.J • ur n a 1, ... • Unit nt . n .. e J. e ses p bl1 P • inti g O~ ic • 7. ' 31 x s Pac.J..f'ic 01. _ Ifie . , 24 so, ... O s ~l. .... cel..l 0 o u- o. 36. pt . 2, e~lal o. 1653, e \:::co ds cord r p 9. 1 317 -ureau o~ Land ~anngement ~ecords, ec rd GroQP ~/, np 4, Tube 50. Bureau of Land Management Records, Record nro p 49, U • b -ud . p ~tlt d". ~ of +~e Br c_ L ne of the Southern Pacific Railroad ehowing 20 and 30 iles ster 1 Jlmitn in s r n i t~ict C lifcr- nia . " Burs u of L nd Mana~e ent Record , Re or ~roup U~ ere an untitled p ureri posed on c u uap of Public urveys in Californi nd eva cco"rlpany Report of urveyor ~ nl . , 1864 5." Co in Southern P elfie's ro ta sel~ction made under ~thor iz ·on o~ beth the ltlantic-P cific A~t (Jul 27, 1866) and the Texas- ciric ct ( arch 3, 1871). General Land Office Records, C I1f rnia Private L nd Clai Docket! 9 i : . . -r General Land vff ce Records, Cr.'iforni tr ct nd Bond! October 4, lS52. ener 1 Land off1c Pec rds, Calif rnl t ct and Bond, December 26, 1854. urv ying Con- Co - OL)t or i epart ant eco~s, Record rroup 25. statutes x. 318 Statutes at Large and Proclamations 0 the United States of America! trom'D cemberi !869~ to, Ma~eh, ~1811. Vol XVI. ' Bos'ton: L1 tIsl)" Brown/} and ~ompeny, 57!. 1314 PpQ B. Stat of Cal fornla Lesl~~atlye ~ournals Journal Session of the Assembl. of the State .t . State • S cramento: John 0 t era, 770 pp " Journal of California ~ '185B) de vtatePrinter, 1B580 r 1 Sacramento: 791 PP$ Journal of the _ Tenth Session of the Asaembl State of Ce11tornia 1 9. Sacr mento: state Printer, - 1859. 914 pp. Journal of the Tenth Session or the Senate ! of Calif'crnie CiS!:9') Ii! Saeratn' nto. John State Printer 9 1859.. 958 pp~ the State , Journal of the Eleventh Session of the Sen te of the . S''€ste' . or Ca"l1fornia (1660) ~' Sacr manto: Charles J. ~ Botts p State Pr1nte'r, 1860. 917 pp~ Statutes - , !p-'e ~ta.tutes or Ca~i:rox:p~a Et'lssed at The Firth S ssio~ of.th~ ~~g181at~e . Sacramento: B~ 83 Redding~ st Prl.nter 9 IB>4· Q 2)0 pp" :eased at the Ninth Sea. on 0 (j Sac'r8mento~ John O'Meara 404 pp~ 3 I st p. c. roc 1 t Los 1 o r a ... s1 s. in as.}) n e~ a d~*o Count t_on Co 0 30 t Do 0"'" 1 al . 320 n~ :ess_on~ Boo • - .1. ad 1- ong' m~nut ~ e • O ...... '!UO ........... unty 2 n Bolen, nd o p n ... .- ~. Rousse_ ... oe Pol! ieal Histo ... /I> •• 0 r t s SCI' of ~B.n o s~ • :re r::1 • 321 Suoervlsor f Clerk's Office ... Minutes Books , "Au. nstt . Sup rintendent-of-Schoolst Office Annual Report of the Condition of Common Schools in the County of San Bernardino, state of Cnlifornla» for tho Year Commencing July 1, 1877, and ending June 30, 1878 . Surveyor's Office Enlarged map of San Bernardino Count.r's western half prior to Riverside County's formation in 1093 . III . Books Bancroft, Hubert Howe, filstory of the Pacific ~tates of North America. g"ln Francisco: A. L. Bancroft ,~ Company, PUblishers, 1884. 34 vola . ----, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft . San Francisco: A. L. B ncroft CompanYt Publishers, 1085. 39 vols . Beattie, George William, end Helen Pruitt Beattie, Herlt~ of the Valley. Pasadena: San Pasqual Press~ 1939 . 459 PP. Bell, Horace, Reminiscences of a Ranger . Santa Barbara: W llnee Hebberd , 1927. 495 pp . Bolton, Herbert i gene, Anza ' s California Ex;eeditions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1930 . 5 vols . Brown, John, Jr . , and J ames Boyd, dino and Riverside Counties . Pub11shing Company, 1922. 3 Historl of San Bernar Chicago: The'Lewis vols . Ca ghay John Jalton , ed., The Indians of fouthern Cali fornia in 1852 1 The B. D. Wilson Report and a Selec tion of contem~oraril Comment . ' San r<1arino~ Hunting ton Library, 1 52. 154 p • 322 Conkling, Roscoe P. ,an J1 rgaret B. field Overland Mail. Glendale: Conkling, *The Butter The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1947 . 3 vola. Coues, Elliott , On the TraIl of a Spanish Pioneer. New York: Francis P. H8rper~ 1900 . 2 vols ~ Engelhardt, Fr . Zephyrin, San Gabriel l~iss ion and the Beginnings of Los .Angeles . Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press , 1927 . 369 pp . ~vert30n, John R. , comp1ler. Census of the Cit~ nd County of Los Angeles Calirornla for the Year 16 o. Los Angeles: rhe Tim<'HJ-llirror ress, 1 2'9. 139 pp . Farish, Thomas Edwin~ History or Arizona . Phoenix: The Filmer Brothers , 1915: 2 vola. Guinn, J . M . A History of California. Los Angeles: Histor1c Record Company, 1907. 2 vols ~ Hafen, LeRo R. , Ihe Overland ~1a11, lBl19-l869. Cleveland: Tn Arthlr H. Clar' Compan~, 1926. 361 pp . Holl, .... h rlot H., First Citizen o~ Prescott, Pauline "eav r, with an introduction by Alph ts I. Pavour. Fleets of publication absent. A copy is currently preserved in the R ynond D. W eaver Collection. Holmes, : lmer Wallace , ad., California , containing enti tIed If Clan Gorgonio Record Company, 1912 . History of riVerside Count.x an rirticle by Jeisica Bird Pass . " Los Angeles: Historic 783 pp . Hu Son Gor onio Pass . r1nt, 193 . 21) pp . In Luther A., Centur Annals or San Bernardino 1769 t 0 ":;"1~9~O"T-.--"':'''''='L-o-s~A-ng''';; '-e'"='1''';'e-s'';;':~~ L'''';; .. ~A~ .~I~n;'':::g;;':'e~rs 0 11, 7 pp . King , Clarence, Mountaineer1n in the vierra Hevada . London: Sampson Lo , I Jf arston, L01', ,A Sear e, 1572. 308 p. e ~marl" " } rri s, ': ixty Southern CaliFornia , . 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I.AP 10 .1AP 0 THE COLO Pa raft · br~r.r , of .lalif0 Y> f1ia · Vp,VlS 8,,,c,,Mt . [ N c OF J. t - H ....,. -, . ...-' -..-... R 0 S 0 C .;'" .!... ....; .... ~ 0 i G

Abstract (if available)

Abstract A perennial impediment for immigrants traveling to California from either Mexico or the eastern United states has been the Sierra Nevada range. Known by various names in different regions, the Sierra Nevadas represent the nation's most rugged mountain chain and extend throughout California's entire length along its eastern side. Few satisfactory passes intersect this range and paradoxically the best one was least used by California-bound Spaniards, Mexicans, and Americans. This narrow opening in the Sierra Nevadas was San Gorgonio Pass through which the Southern Pacific Railroad travels today. Its first large scale use did not occur until the early 18608 when migration's backward tide swarmed through it destined for Arizona's booming gold and silver fields. ❧ San Gorgonio Pass supplies the focal point upon which this paper is cantered. Its growth and development through 1878 supply the content. Divided into eight chapters, the reader will observe two points of emphasis being stressed throughout. First, the geographically strategic position of the Pass as a gateway into Californla wi11 be considered for its significance in stimulating inter-sectional southern transportation. Second, its growth and progress as an interior settlement area will be traced and evaluated.

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