Close
About
FAQ
Home
Collections
Login
USC Login
Register
0
Selected
Invert selection
Deselect all
Deselect all
Click here to refresh results
Click here to refresh results
USC
/
Digital Library
/
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
/
Thriving beyond domestic violence and abuse
(USC Thesis Other)
Thriving beyond domestic violence and abuse
PDF
Download
Share
Open document
Flip pages
Contact Us
Contact Us
Copy asset link
Request this asset
Transcript (if available)
Content
i
Thriving Beyond Domestic Violence and Abuse
Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies
by
Essence R. Reed-Williams, LSW
A Capstone Project Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE USC SUZANNE DWORAK-PECK SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
Doctor of Social Work
August 2024
ii
Abstract
The Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies (HEAL) addresses the pressing issue
of insufficient support and resources available to women of color survivors of domestic violence
and abuse (DVA). This project aims to transform the journey of survivors from mere survival to
thriving by offering a comprehensive digital platform grounded in the Thrivership Model and the
Stages of Change Model. Through educational resources, community and virtual events, and
culturally sensitive tools, HEAL seeks to foster resilience and holistic healing among survivors.
This initiative directly contributes to addressing the Grand Challenge of Building Healthy
Relationships to End Family Violence by promoting survivors' empowerment and overall wellbeing. The specific problem HEAL tackles is the heightened vulnerability and limited access to
healing opportunities experienced by women of color DVA survivors due to the lack of adequate
support and resources. By providing a tailored digital platform, HEAL aims to bridge this gap in
policy and practice by offering survivors accessible, culturally sensitive resources and
opportunities for community connection and empowerment. HEAL represents an innovative
approach to social work by integrating theoretical frameworks and evidence-informed practices
to support survivors' journeys toward empowerment and well-being. Its potential implications
extend beyond a local context, offering a scalable model for supporting DVA survivors
nationally and globally through its web-based design. Additionally, a dedicated Instagram page
complements the platform, providing further avenues for education, motivation, inspiration, and
community-building among survivors and allies.
Keywords: Domestic violence, women of color, Thrivership Model, Stages of Change
Model, empowerment, community engagement, social support, mental wellness, Grand
Challenges for Social Work.
iii
Acknowledgments
I extend profound gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout the completion of
this Capstone Project, shaping both my personal and professional growth.
I sincerely thank my design team and peer group for their collaborative efforts and
unwavering commitment. Their insights significantly enhanced the quality and scope of this
project. Special appreciation goes to my Capstone Committee for their expert guidance and
mentorship in navigating the complexities of this endeavor with clarity. I am grateful to my
external design partner for enriching the development of the high-fidelity prototype and
contributing to the foundational ideas behind Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for
Ladies. Thanks to Leading Young Women, LLC., and Generation Fearless for their partnership
in empowering women, particularly women of color. To my friends and family, your constant
support and belief in me have been my anchor. Your love and understanding sustained me
through challenges and fueled my determination. A profound acknowledgment goes to my
mother, whose strength as a survivor has inspired my commitment to empowering others. I am
grateful to my parent coach for her unwavering support and to my beloved children, Gabrielle
and Jayden, for their patience, love, and understanding. In addition, I want to express my
heartfelt gratitude to my adoptive dad and uncle, who are in heaven, along with a host of angels
and ancestors. Their guidance and presence have been felt throughout this journey, giving me
strength and wisdom until the end. Lastly, I sincerely thank Dr. Kay-Wicker for her exceptional
mentorship and empathy. Her guidance was pivotal in my academic growth and success. Each of
you has played a crucial role in shaping this Capstone Project. I am deeply honored to have
worked alongside such remarkable individuals and organizations. Your support has been
instrumental, and I am forever grateful for your contributions.
iv
Positionality Statement
As a Black woman, mother, survivor, and scholar, my journey to this Capstone Project
has been profoundly shaped by the intricate interplay of personal experiences and professional
aspirations. Audre Lorde's poignant words, "I am deliberate and afraid of nothing," resonate
profoundly with me as I navigate the complexities of healing and empowerment in the aftermath
of domestic violence. Growing up as the youngest girl in a family scarred by domestic violence, I
bore witness to the toll it exacted on my mother's spirit. Her unwavering resilience in adversity
became a guiding beacon, illuminating the path toward reclaiming agency and purpose.
Nevertheless, the lingering echoes of DVA manifested as profound struggles with self-esteem,
worth, and belonging, further fueled by societal pressures and expectations.
These internal battles, compounded by the weight of trauma, propelled my determination
to empower others traversing similar paths. As a school social worker, I have encountered
countless mothers like my own grappling with the dual burdens of trauma and caregiving. Their
stories mirror my journey, igniting a fervent desire to uplift and advocate for those silenced by
the shadows of violence. Each interaction serves as a reminder of the inherent resilience and
strength within women of color. Through this Capstone Project, I aim to transform pain into
purpose, darkness into light. Rooted in empathy, compassion, and a resolute determination to
effect change, my experiences have forged a profound sense of duty to create a world where
survivors thrive.
In honoring my mother's journey and the journeys of countless others, I carry forth the
torch of resilience and hope. This work transcends mere professional obligation; it is a deeply
personal mission driven by love, spirit, and an unwavering commitment to fostering healing and
empowerment for all who have endured the scourge of domestic violence.
v
Table of Contents
I. Abstract………………………………………………………………….……...……ii
II. Acknowledgments………………………………………………………….……..…iii
III. Positionality Statement…………………………………………………….……..…iv
IV. Problem of Practice and Literature Review………………………….……….……1
V. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework………………………………………….…...14
VI. Methodology………………………………………………………………………...16
VII. Project Description…………………………………………………………………19
VIII. Implementation Plan……………………………………………………………….28
IX. Evaluation Plan……………………………………………………………………..31
X. Challenges/Limitations……………………………………………………………..36
XI. Conclusions and Implications……………………………………………………...37
1
Thriving Beyond Domestic Violence and Abuse
Problem of Practice and Literature Review
The Grand Challenges for Social Work (GCSW) initiative, established by the American
Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare (AASWSW), outlines a transformative agenda
aimed at addressing critical societal issues through evidence-based and scalable solutions
(Lubben et al., 2018). Among these challenges is the imperative to "Build Healthy Relationships
to End Violence" (Kulkarni et al., 2020). This challenge underscores the significance of
cultivating healthy relationship dynamics as a pivotal strategy in preventing family violence and
other forms of interpersonal violence.
Problem of Practice: Domestic Violence Among Women of Color
Family violence remains a pervasive societal issue that necessitates urgent attention
within the field of social work. The Grand Challenge of Building Healthy Relationships to End
Family Violence calls for comprehensive strategies to prevent and mitigate violence within
familial contexts. This challenge recognizes the profound impact of family violence on
individuals, families, and communities, encompassing physical, emotional, and psychological
harm that perpetuates cycles of trauma across generations (Lubben et al., 2018).
Efforts to address this challenge require multifaceted approaches that encompass
prevention, intervention, and policy advocacy. Social workers play a pivotal role in these efforts
by promoting healthy relationship dynamics, preventing violence through education and early
intervention, supporting survivors, and advocating for systemic changes to enhance family wellbeing and safety. By fostering resilience, promoting empathy, and equipping families with the
skills to navigate conflicts constructively, social work can contribute significantly to breaking the
cycle of family violence and promoting thriving communities.
2
This Grand Challenge aligns with broader social work values of social justice and human
rights and promotes well-being across the lifespan. It underscores the importance of
collaborative efforts across disciplines, community partnerships, and policy initiatives to create
environments where all families can live free from violence and abuse.
Recent developments in social work practice have begun to shift the focus from solely
addressing victimhood to promoting survivorship and resilience among those affected by
domestic violence and abuse (DVA). This paradigmatic evolution acknowledges that survivors
of DVA possess strengths and capacities that can be harnessed to foster positive outcomes
beyond mere survival. Studies on "Thrivership" among DVA survivors have emerged,
highlighting the resilience and growth that can occur in the aftermath of trauma. Heywood,
Sammut, and Bradbury-Jones (2019) conducted a qualitative exploration of Thrivership,
proposing a new model that elucidates how DVA survivors not only cope but thrive post-abuse.
Their findings emphasize the importance of recognizing survivors as agents of their recovery
journey, capable of reclaiming agency and rebuilding their lives in meaningful ways.
Moreover, research by Haynes-Thoby, Casado Pérez, and Bryan (2022) contributes
further insights into Thrivership, particularly among Black women. Their study explores the
resilience strategies employed by Black women facing intimate partner violence, emphasizing
cultural strengths, community support networks, and spiritual practices that contribute to their
ability to thrive despite adversity. By amplifying these voices and experiences, social work
practice can integrate culturally responsive approaches that empower survivors to navigate and
transcend the challenges posed by DVA.
The shift towards a Thrivership perspective in social work practice redefines the narrative
around DVA survivors and informs more holistic and empowering interventions. By
3
acknowledging and building upon survivors' strengths, social workers can facilitate long-term
healing and empower individuals to cultivate healthy relationships, break cycles of violence, and
contribute positively to their communities. This approach aligns with the broader goals of the
Grand Challenge to Build Healthy Relationships to End Violence, promoting safety and the wellbeing and flourishing of all individuals affected by DVA.
Effects on the Target Population
Understanding how a target population is affected by DVA requires a nuanced
examination of its impact on individuals, families, and communities, particularly among women
of color (WOC). DVA encompasses a spectrum of abusive behaviors that exert profound
physical, psychological, and socioeconomic consequences on its survivors (Grand Challenges for
Social Work, 2020). According to recent statistics, WOC experience disproportionately higher
rates of DVA compared to their White counterparts, compounded by intersectional identities that
intersect with systemic prejudices and socioeconomic disparities (Coker et al., 2002; BryantDavis et al., 2015).
Physically, survivors may suffer from injuries ranging from bruises to severe trauma,
often requiring medical attention and contributing to long-term health complications (Woodlock,
2016). Psychologically, DVA survivors commonly experience anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a diminished sense of self-worth (Bent-Goodley, 2007;
Haynes-Thoby et al., 2022). These mental health consequences are exacerbated by the chronic
stress and fear associated with living in abusive environments.
Economically, DVA survivors often face financial dependence on their abusers, which
restricts their ability to leave abusive situations and rebuild their lives independently (BryantDavis et al., 2015). The interplay of these factors creates a cycle of victimization that is difficult
4
to break without comprehensive interventions addressing the intersecting challenges faced by
WOC.
Survivors of domestic violence often experience profound social disconnectedness,
stemming from the stigma associated with their experiences and the systemic neglect they face in
accessing supportive services (Bent-Goodley, 2007; Woodlock, 2016). Social isolation
intensifies their vulnerability and complicates their recovery, highlighting the need for
interventions that not only address immediate safety concerns but also facilitate long-term
healing and community reintegration (Haynes-Thoby et al., 2022). DVA isolates survivors from
their support networks, exacerbating their vulnerability and hindering their access to resources
and assistance (Grand Challenges for Social Work, 2020). This social disconnectedness is
compounded by societal stigma, cultural barriers, and systemic neglect in service provision,
which further marginalizes WOC and limits their ability to seek help and support (Bent-Goodley,
2007; Woodlock, 2016).
Stakeholder Perspectives
Understanding the problem of DVA involves perspectives from various stakeholders,
each offering unique insights and approaches to addressing this pervasive social issue.
Government Agencies: Local, state, and federal agencies in Northern New Jersey
recognize DVA as a public health and social justice concern. They view DVA through the lens
of policy development, funding allocation, and legal frameworks such as the Violence Against
Women Act (VAWA). Policymakers focus on legislation and funding initiatives to support DVA
prevention, victim services, and legal protections, aiming to strengthen institutional responses
and enhance coordination among service providers.
5
Non-profit Organizations: Organizations like Women Rising and Womanspace Inc.
understand DVA as a complex issue intertwined with gender inequality, power dynamics, and
socioeconomic disparities. These non-profits provide direct services such as shelters, counseling,
legal advocacy, and community education. They advocate for systemic change, raise awareness,
and empower survivors through holistic support.
Healthcare Providers: Healthcare professionals recognize DVA as a health issue with
significant physical and mental health implications for survivors. They understand DVA's impact
on survivors' well-being and the barriers survivors face in accessing healthcare. Healthcare
providers screen for DVA, offer medical treatment for injuries, provide mental health support,
and connect survivors to resources such as shelters and advocacy services. They advocate for
trauma-informed care and collaborate with other stakeholders to improve responses to DVA.
Law Enforcement and Legal Professionals: Law enforcement agencies and legal
professionals in Northern New Jersey view DVA as a criminal justice issue involving protection
orders, arrest procedures, and court proceedings. They respond to DVA calls, investigate cases,
and enforce laws to protect survivors. Legal professionals represent survivors in court, help
navigate the legal system, and advocate for legal reforms to enhance survivor safety and
accountability for perpetrators.
Researchers and Academics: Scholars in Northern New Jersey conduct empirical
research on DVA prevalence, risk factors, and intervention effectiveness. Universities like
Rutgers contribute to evidence-based practices and policy recommendations, educating future
social workers and professionals on effective DVA interventions and prevention strategies.
Community Members and Advocates: Community members and advocates see DVA as a
community issue requiring collective action, survivor support, and cultural change to challenge
6
norms perpetuating violence. They raise awareness, provide peer support, organize community
events, and promote bystander intervention training. Collaborative efforts aim to create
supportive environments and challenge societal norms that perpetuate violence.
Solution Landscape: Meaningful Analysis and Trends
The current solution landscape addressing DVA against WOC encompasses a range of
trends and options aimed at prevention, intervention, and support for survivors, informed by
empirical research and best practices. However, gaps remain, particularly in implementing
interventions that foster not just survival but thriving, which is crucial for long-term recovery
and empowerment.
Legal Interventions
Legal advancements have seen progress in policy creation and law enforcement to protect
survivors of DVA. Policies such as the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) provide legal
protections and resources for survivors and mandate improvements in the criminal justice
response to DVA (Gover & Moore, 2020). Despite these advancements, challenges persist in
applying such laws, with systemic racism often leading to mistrust and underutilization of these
resources among Black and Brown women (Potter, 2013). This underscores the need for
culturally responsive legal practices that consider the unique experiences and needs of Black and
Brown women survivors.
Technological Solutions
Technology offers promising avenues for DVA intervention and prevention. Online
platforms and mobile apps provide resources, crisis intervention, and support for survivors
(Woodlock, 2017). Advances in artificial intelligence and data analytics also offer the potential
for predictive modeling to identify and address DVA risks (Mikhaylov et al., 2018). However,
7
digital divide issues and privacy concerns may limit access and uptake of such solutions among
Black and Brown women, indicating the need for continued efforts to ensure equitable and safe
access to these technologies.
Social Movements and Advocacy
Social trends, particularly movements like Black Lives Matter and #MeToo, have
amplified conversations around race, gender, and violence, challenging societal norms
perpetuating DVA. These movements advocate for systemic change and foster community-based
solutions to DVA, emphasizing the importance of intersectional approaches to address DVA
against Black and Brown women (Crenshaw, 1991). Despite their impact, societal resistance and
backlash to such movements may hinder their progress, suggesting the need for ongoing
advocacy and public education efforts.
Theoretical and Clinical Approaches
In terms of theory and clinical practice, trauma-informed care and intersectionality theory
have significantly influenced approaches to DVA intervention. Trauma-informed care
acknowledges the widespread impact of trauma and seeks to prevent re-traumatization actively
(Reid et al., 2020). Intersectionality theory recognizes the interconnected nature of social
categorizations and the need for tailored interventions (Crenshaw, 1991). Despite their potential,
challenges in incorporating these approaches into all aspects of service delivery and limitations
in training and resources may impede their full effectiveness.
Shift to Thrivership
As mentioned earlier, recent trends in social work emphasize a shift from focusing solely
on victimhood to embracing survivorship and, further, to Thrivership. This approach recognizes
survivors' potential to recover and thrive through empowerment and resilience-building.
8
Heywood, Sammut, and Bradbury-Jones (2019) developed a new model of Thrivership that
highlights the transformative journey of survivors who have experienced DVA. They found that
empowering survivors through community support, skill-building, and fostering self-efficacy
contributes to their long-term well-being and ability to thrive. Haynes-Thoby, Casado Pérez, and
Bryan (2022) also emphasize the resilience and strength of Black women in the face of intimate
partner violence, advocating for programs that support their journey towards Thrivership.
Evidence of Effectiveness for a Multifaceted Approach
Understanding the effectiveness of support initiatives for women of color (WOC)
survivors of domestic violence (DV) requires evaluating both their empirical basis and
theoretical underpinnings. The current solution landscape includes a variety of interventions,
such as trauma-informed care, empowerment programs, and community-based support systems,
all designed to address the multifaceted needs of DV survivors. These initiatives draw on social
capital, resilience, and trauma recovery theories to provide comprehensive support. However,
despite the abundance of programs available, there is a notable gap in the empirical validation of
these interventions, specifically for WOC.
Research indicates that WOC face unique challenges and barriers when seeking support
for DV, including cultural stigmas, systemic biases, and a lack of culturally competent services
(Bent-Goodley, 2007). While general DV support programs can be effective, their applicability
and effectiveness for WOC often need to be explored (Burton & Guidry, 2020). Programs like
reenvisioning events, which promote creative expression and future planning, are promising but
require rigorous evaluation to ensure they meet the specific needs of diverse cultural groups
(Pemberton & Loeb, 2020).
9
Trends in the solution landscape show a growing emphasis on culturally tailored
interventions and incorporating community-specific resources. For example, some programs are
beginning to integrate cultural competence training for service providers and are partnering with
community organizations that have established trust within minority communities. These trends
highlight a shift towards more inclusive and effective support systems for women of color
(WOC). Research by Meléndez Guevara et al. (2021) provides insights into the importance of
culturally responsive trauma-informed services, emphasizing the adaptation of counseling
practices to serve Latinx children and families better. This study underscores the value of
partnerships with community-based organizations to enhance the accessibility and relevance of
support services.
Nevertheless, significant gaps remain. Many existing programs lack extensive data on
their outcomes for WOC, and there is a scarcity of longitudinal studies that track the long-term
effectiveness of these interventions. Additionally, there is a need for more targeted research that
considers the intersectionality of race, gender, and socioeconomic status in the experiences of
DV survivors. To further explore the landscape of domestic violence solutions, specific
components encompassed within the HEAL initiative will be considered for their effectiveness
and theoretical underpinnings.
DV Websites: In the United States, there are numerous websites dedicated to providing
resources and support for survivors of domestic violence, especially for those who may be
reluctant to engage in in-person activities. DomesticShelters.org maintains a database listing
approximately 2,868 shelters and programs, with 2,501 actively reporting their service
information (DomesticShelters.org, n.d.). The National Domestic Violence Hotline also offers
extensive support and has assisted millions of survivors annually through its website and hotline
10
services (National Domestic Violence Hotline, n.d.). These platforms provide crucial online
resources, ensuring survivors can access help and information discreetly and safely from their
homes, addressing the needs of those hesitant to seek in-person assistance.
Domestic violence (DV) websites are essential in providing information and resources to
survivors, yet empirical research specifically validating their effectiveness for women of color is
lacking (Emezue, 2020). Theoretical frameworks such as empowerment theory guide their
development, suggesting that access to information empowers individuals to make informed
decisions (Ramos‐Vidal et al., 2020).
Social media: The use of social media within initiatives for domestic violence (DV) survivors,
including women of color, can be theoretically justified through frameworks such as Social
Support Theory, Empowerment Theory, and the emerging Digital Empowerment Framework.
An article by Storer and Rodriguez (2020) reviews these frameworks. They posit that social
media platforms facilitate peer support networks, empower survivors by amplifying their voices
and advocacy efforts, and contribute to community resilience. Despite theoretical alignment,
empirical evidence on the effectiveness of social media, specifically for women of color DV
survivors, is limited, with mixed results in existing studies. Their research underscores the need
for rigorous evaluations to understand better how social media can optimally support DV
survivors regarding well-being, safety outcomes, and empowerment processes.
DV Book Clubs: Malyn et al. (2020) support the assertion that DV book clubs offer peer support
and educational opportunities. However, there is a need for more empirical studies on their
effectiveness for women of color. Bibliotherapy, encompassing literature and reading, aligns
closely with HEAL’s virtual book club initiative. By engaging participants in discussions of
relevant literature, the book club promotes healing through shared experiences, empowerment,
11
and emotional validation (Malyn et al., 2020). This approach integrates well with HEAL’s
mission to foster community solidarity and empower survivors through accessible, supportive
resources. Theoretical frameworks like social support theory underscore their potential to
empower survivors through shared experiences and knowledge exchange.
Meet and Greets: In examining the impact of social events on survivors of domestic violence,
particularly women of color (WOC), the theoretical framework of social capital is pivotal. Social
capital theory emphasizes the role of social networks in fostering resilience and facilitating
recovery among survivors. Ireland et al. (2021) assert that these events promote social
connection and community support, which are essential components for the well-being and
empowerment of survivors. However, empirical validation of these events' specific outcomes and
benefits for WOC remains underexplored. It is crucial to investigate whether these initiatives
effectively address the unique challenges faced by WOC and how they contribute to their overall
recovery and resilience. Further research should focus on the measurable impacts of such events,
ensuring that the interventions are inclusive and beneficial for all survivors, particularly those
from marginalized communities.
Reenvisioning Events: Wieczorek and Forlano (2024) highlight reenvisioning events as integral
to empowering survivors of domestic violence through creative expression and future planning.
These events have been recognized for their potential to foster resilience and facilitate recovery
among survivors. This approach aligns with HEAL’s mission to provide holistic support and
empower individuals to envision and pursue positive futures. These events often utilize traumainformed approaches, aligning with resilience theory, which emphasizes the importance of
positive adaptation in the aftermath of trauma (Pemberton & Loeb, 2020). Such initiatives
provide survivors with a supportive environment to explore their creativity, envision their future,
12
and build a sense of agency and hope. However, the research mentioned above indicates a need
for more empirical validation to confirm the effectiveness of these events across diverse cultural
groups. While the theoretical underpinnings suggest that reenvisioning events could be
beneficial, particularly in promoting resilience, ensuring these benefits extend to women of color
(WOC) survivors is crucial. The unique experiences and challenges faced by WOC in the context
of domestic violence necessitate tailored interventions that address their specific needs and
cultural contexts. Further research should focus on measuring the outcomes and benefits of
reenvisioning events for WOC. This includes evaluating whether these events successfully
enhance social connection, community support, and personal empowerment among WOC
survivors. Additionally, it is essential to explore how cultural sensitivity and inclusivity are
incorporated into the design and implementation of these events to maximize their impact.
In evaluating the evidence base of the HEAL initiative, it is essential to consider its
approach and the existing literature supporting similar interventions. HEAL emphasizes a
holistic and community-driven model aimed at empowering women of color survivors of
domestic violence (DV) to transition from survivorship to Thrivership. While HEAL is new, its
framework draws on established theoretical principles and promising practices in traumainformed care, empowerment theory, and peer support.
Empirical evidence supporting trauma-informed care underscores its effectiveness in
addressing the complex needs of DV survivors (Pemberton & Loeb, 2020). HEAL's emphasis on
creating safe spaces and fostering sister-circle-like solidarity aligns with these principles, aiming
to validate survivor experiences while promoting communal healing and empowerment (Delker
et al., 2019). Additionally, empowerment theory provides a robust theoretical foundation for
13
HEAL, emphasizing the importance of autonomy, self-efficacy, and social support in facilitating
positive outcomes for survivors (Ogbe et al., 2020).
Moreover, while specific studies on initiatives like HEAL are sparse, broader research on
peer support interventions and community-driven empowerment programs suggests their
potential efficacy in enhancing well-being and resilience among marginalized populations
(Ireland et al., 2021). These frameworks highlight HEAL's potential to fill existing gaps in
traditional survivorship-focused interventions by fostering long-term empowerment and selfsufficiency among women of color DV survivors.
While HEAL may still need extensive empirical validation specific to its model, it aligns
with evidence-informed principles and theoretical frameworks that support its potential
effectiveness. Future research should prioritize evaluations of HEAL's impact on empowerment,
social connectedness, and overall well-being among women of color DV survivors to
substantiate its evidence base further and inform best practices in community-based
interventions.
Gaps in the Current Solution Landscape
Despite progress, the current solution landscape lacks culturally responsive programs that
embrace the Thrivership model, especially in regions like Northern New Jersey. Traditional
DVA support programs often focus on immediate crisis intervention without addressing longterm recovery and empowerment. Without programs utilizing the Thrivership model, many
survivors remain trapped in survival cycles without the necessary support to achieve holistic
recovery and empowerment (Heywood et al., 2019). This gap highlights an urgent need for
interventions that go beyond mere survival, fostering resilience and community integration for
Black and Brown women survivors of DVA.
14
Numerous domestic violence (DV) programs are available both in New Jersey and across
the United States. However, a critical analysis reveals that many of these programs, particularly
those in New Jersey, lack a specific focus on the unique needs of women of color (WOC). This
gap in service provision underscores the need for more inclusive and culturally competent
interventions that address the immediate safety concerns of WOC and support their long-term
recovery and personal growth. Future initiatives should integrate culturally relevant practices and
Thrivership principles to ensure wholesome support for all DV survivors.
HEAL distinguishes itself through its approach that emphasizes Thrivership, a concept
less commonly addressed in existing domestic violence support programs. While existing
northern New Jersey organizations like the YWCA, Oasis A Haven for Women and Children,
and Womanspace, Inc. are considered evidence-informed, they focus predominantly on
survivorship and immediate safety. In contrast, HEAL extends its framework to empower
survivors toward long-term thriving. By integrating the Thrivership Model, HEAL recognizes
that healing from domestic violence involves not only safety and recovery but also holistic wellbeing and empowerment. This approach fills a critical gap in existing services by fostering
resilience, self-efficacy, and community support, essential for sustained healing and growth.
Through initiatives like DV Websites, Social media outlets, a virtual Book Club, Meet and
Greets, and Reenvisioning events, HEAL validates survivors' experiences and provides tangible
tools and supportive environments conducive to long-term empowerment and well-being.
Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
The proposed solution draws its theoretical foundation from Kimberlé Crenshaw's
Feminist Theory, specifically embracing Intersectionality and Empowerment Feminism as
critical frameworks. Crenshaw's work has revolutionized feminist thought by highlighting how
15
intersecting social identities—such as race, class, and gender—shape unique experiences of
oppression and privilege (Crenshaw, 1989, 1991). Intersectionality serves as the cornerstone of
the project, recognizing that the challenges faced by women, particularly women of color, stem
not solely from their gender but from the complex interplay of various social factors.
Central to this theoretical framework is the acknowledgment of patriarchal structures that
dominate society. Patriarchy historically privileges male authority and perspectives,
marginalizing women and exacerbating structural inequalities (hooks, 2014). This systemic bias
underscores the need to dismantle patriarchal norms and empower women across intersecting
identities.
Empowerment Feminism within this framework offers a proactive approach by
emphasizing collective agency and equipping women with the resources to challenge and
reshape societal narratives (Kroløkke & Sorensen, 2005). It advocates for understanding,
awareness, and active engagement in advocacy and community leadership, fostering
environments where women can thrive as agents of change.
The Thrivership and Transtheoretical Model principles significantly contribute to the
framework of HEAL's initiatives. The Thrivership Model provides a comprehensive approach
for survivors of domestic violence to progress from survival to thriving through empowerment
and community support (Heywood et al., 2019). This model informs HEAL's strategies for
creating trauma-informed environments, fostering communal healing, and promoting holistic
well-being. Additionally, the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) by Moore (2005) offers a structured
framework for understanding behavior change, recognizing the non-linear progression of
individuals through stages of readiness for change. HEAL integrates TTM principles to tailor
16
interventions that meet survivors' varying needs and readiness levels, ensuring support is
adaptive and practical throughout their healing journeys.
Methodology
Human-Centered Design
In developing Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies, Human Centered
Design (HCD) principles were pivotal in tailoring solutions for women of color survivors of
domestic violence and abuse (DVA). HCD, known for its emphasis on empathy, ideation, and
iterative prototyping, guided the project to ensure effective and relevant interventions for this
vulnerable population.
The initial phase centered on cultivating empathy through qualitative research methods.
Interviews, focus groups, and surveys were conducted with women of color survivors of DVA to
deeply understand their lived experiences, challenges, and aspirations. Immersion in their
narratives provided nuanced insights crucial for shaping empathetic interventions. Subsequent
ideation and co-creation sessions engaged stakeholders, including survivors, community
organizations, and experts. These collaborative sessions fostered creativity, generating diverse
solutions such as community-based support networks, trauma-informed workshops, and digital
empowerment platforms. These ideas aligned closely with community values and needs.
Prototyping emerged as a critical method for testing and refining early-stage concepts.
Low-fidelity prototypes of interventions were iteratively improved based on stakeholder
feedback, ensuring interventions evolved to enhance efficacy and relevance. Validation occurred
through website piloting and usability testing in partnership with community agencies. This
phase assessed the feasibility and impact of proposed solutions, refining strategies to optimize
outcomes.
17
The final phase focuses on preparing for full-scale implementation, including securing
funding, establishing sustainable partnerships, and refining operational plans. By integrating
HCD principles, the project ensures innovative, responsive interventions tailored to empower
women of color survivors, address social isolation, and promote comprehensive well-being.
Design Justice Principles
Design Justice principles, articulated by Sasha Costanza-Chock (2020), further underpin
the project's ethical framework. Centering marginalized voices, challenging power imbalances,
promoting pluralism and diversity, and fostering equitable distribution of resources are integral
to addressing systemic marginalization and enhancing community resilience. These principles
guide the project's commitment to transformative social change and ethical practice in domestic
violence intervention. The application of Design Justice principles in this Capstone Project
facilitated a holistic and ethical approach to addressing domestic violence among women of
color survivors. By centering marginalized voices, challenging power imbalances, promoting
diversity, and fostering equitable distribution of resources, the project aimed to contribute to
broader social justice goals while empowering survivors to lead dignified and resilient lives.
Market Analysis
The market analysis highlights a critical need for domestic violence support services
tailored to women of color, emphasizing gaps in existing offerings such as crisis intervention and
short-term support. These services often lack the sustained, culturally sensitive, and communitydriven approaches for long-term healing and empowerment. Survey responses consistently
underscored the demand for culturally relevant support services and the importance of
community engagement for women of color survivors of domestic violence.
18
The proposed project, "Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies" (HEAL),
distinguishes itself through cultural sensitivity, a community-driven approach, and holistic wellbeing initiatives. Tailored specifically for Black and Brown women survivors, HEAL integrates
cultural sensitivity into its core design, addressing these communities' unique challenges. Survey
respondents expressed strong interest in HEAL's holistic wellness practices, community
engagement activities like the virtual HEAL Book Club, and peer support networks.
Survey Insights and Stakeholder Feedback
Insights gleaned from survey responses highlight several key themes:
High Satisfaction and Accessibility: Participants rated HEAL's website and social media
platforms highly in terms of satisfaction and ease of navigation. They found the information
provided, including resources on Thrivership and self-care tips, beneficial and relevant.
Feedback for Improvement: Suggestions mainly focused on minor usability
enhancements, such as improving mobile page formatting for better readability. Participants
appreciated the site's warm and inviting atmosphere, reinforcing its appeal.
Interest in Virtual Events: Many respondents expressed interest in participating in virtual
events or support groups offered through HEAL, indicating a strong potential for communitybuilding initiatives. Questions were raised about HEAL narratives and the content that can be
shared on the website.
Likelihood to Share: Survey participants reported a high likelihood of sharing HEAL's
resources and platforms with others who may benefit, underscoring the potential for organic
growth and outreach.
Market Potential
19
The market potential for HEAL is robust, driven by the growing recognition of service
limitations and the increasing demand for culturally competent, community-driven interventions.
Stakeholders, including philanthropic organizations and governmental agencies, are likely to
support initiatives like HEAL that demonstrate innovation, sustainability, and measurable impact
in addressing domestic violence among women of color. HEAL meets immediate needs and
promotes long-term resilience and empowerment by incorporating insights from the Thrivership
Model, Empowerment Theory, and Transtheoretical Model.
Competitive Landscape
Current offerings in the market primarily include traditional services such as shelters,
hotlines, and counseling programs. Some organizations offer support groups but are often
designed for specific issues, such as sexual assault while neglecting the full range of abuse DV
survivors endure. HEAL differentiates itself through its emphasis on cultural sensitivity, holistic
wellness practices, and community engagement, which survey respondents identified as critical.
HEAL Project Description
The Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies is an initiative specifically
created to provide an opportunity for women of color who have survived domestic violence and
abuse (DVA) and are striving for Thrivership to connect with others. This initiative allows them
to meet other women through various programs such as the virtual HEAL Book Club, Meet and
Greets (both in-person and virtual), and reenvisioning events, which will also be offered virtually
and in-person. The prototype serves as the vehicle for these events, activities, and programs.
Additionally, HEAL is available on Instagram and plans to expand to other social media
platforms for increased exposure and educational purposes.
20
The Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies is a transformative initiative to
address domestic violence among Black and Brown women. The digital platform integrates
educational resources, community engagement initiatives, and holistic wellness programs to
empower survivors on their healing journeys. Through a multifaceted approach, HEAL aims to
create trauma-informed safe spaces, cultivate community solidarity, and foster proactive
engagement among participants.
Why the Project is Necessary
The necessity of this project emerges from the pervasive societal taboos and stigmas
surrounding DVA within communities of color, which compound the challenges faced by
survivors. Extensive literature reviews and dialogues with experts, survivors, and community
advocates have highlighted the need for an approach centered on empowerment, community
solidarity, and proactive engagement. Black and Brown women often face marginalization
within existing support systems, exacerbating their vulnerability and hindering their recovery
process.
How the Project Works
The Alliance's framework focuses on creating trauma-informed safe spaces that validate
survivor experiences and foster communal healing. Central to its methodology is cultivating
sister-circle-like solidarity, collective healing, and participatory community involvement, pivotal
in supporting participants' emotional health and empowerment. HEAL aims to enhance selfefficacy and empower survivors to voice their stories, shifting the narrative from mere
survivorship to Thrivership. This approach ensures that Black and Brown women not only
recover from domestic violence but also thrive in their personal and communal lives, thereby
redefining their identities beyond their experiences of trauma.
21
Building on Relevant Policies, Programs, and Models
The proposed solution builds on several key policies, programs, and models. It aligns
with the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), ensuring legal protections and resources for
survivors while addressing gaps in culturally responsive practices. The project integrates best
practices from trauma-informed care, emphasizing the importance of creating safe, supportive
environments for healing. Additionally, it draws on empowerment theory, promoting selfefficacy and leadership among survivors, and the Thrivership Model, which focuses on holistic
well-being and long-term recovery.
Contribution to Grand Challenges for Social Work
This project addresses the Grand Challenge of "Building Healthy Relationships to End
Family Violence" by fostering healthy relationship dynamics through educational resources and
community support networks. It also contributes to "Achieving Equal Opportunity and Justice"
by focusing on marginalized communities and promoting culturally responsive care.
Furthermore, the project supports "Advancing Long and Productive Lives" by providing holistic
wellness programs that enhance survivors' long-term well-being and productivity.
Design Criteria (Appendix B)
The project's design criteria emphasize cultural sensitivity, community engagement, and
holistic well-being. The initiative is explicitly tailored for Women of Color DVA survivors,
integrating their unique challenges into its core design. It fosters community engagement and
peer support through activities like the virtual HEAL Book Club, promoting solidarity and active
participant roles in healing. Holistic wellness practices and empowerment activities align with
contemporary mental health care trends. The Design Criteria for HEAL can be found in
Appendix B.
22
Prototype Description
The high-fidelity prototype of the HEAL website is designed to address the pressing issue
of domestic violence and abuse (DVA) among Women of Color. This comprehensive digital
platform embodies the Thrivership and Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change), offering a
multifaceted approach to healing and empowerment. The link to the website is provided below.
(Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies)
How the Prototype Works
The HEAL website serves as a platform tailored to the specific needs of Black and
Brown women survivors of DVA. It integrates educational resources, community engagement
initiatives, and holistic wellness programs to empower survivors on their healing journeys.
• Educational Resources and Tools: These include articles, videos, and interactive modules
focused on understanding the Thrivership Model and strategies for safety and self-care.
• Community and Virtual Events: Events like the virtual HEAL Book Club and Meet and
Greets foster social connection and support among survivors. Additionally, Reenvisioning
events offer creative and therapeutic activities like vision boarding and storytelling
workshops, promoting healing and self-expression. Meet and Greets will be offered primarily
in the Northern New Jersey area, and Reenvisioning events will be offered virtually and in
person.
• Trauma-Informed Approach: The platform's design ensures that all interactions and content
are sensitive to the experiences of DVA survivors, rooted in principles of safety,
trustworthiness, peer support, empowerment, and cultural competence.
• Participant-led Initiatives: These empower survivors to take on leadership roles within the
community, enhancing their sense of agency and empowerment.
23
• Feedback and Iterative Design: Continuous input from stakeholders, including survivors,
social workers, mental health professionals, community advocates, and tech experts, ensures
the platform evolves responsively to meet the dynamic needs of its users and uphold
principles of design justice.
• Scalability and Sustainability: Plans ensure HEAL can expand its reach effectively while
maintaining long-term impact and relevance. By refining content and programs based on user
feedback and community needs, HEAL aims to sustain its commitment to empowering Black
and Brown women survivors of DVA.
Theory of Change (ToC)
The Theory of Change (ToC) guiding the Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for
Ladies outlines a framework aimed at fostering transformative healing and empowerment among
Black and Brown women survivors of domestic violence and abuse (DVA). This ToC is rooted
in the Thrivership and Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change), delineating clear objectives
and methodologies to achieve holistic healing and community empowerment.
Central to the initiative is its primary goal of transcending traditional crisis intervention
approaches by establishing robust community support networks, enhancing emotional wellbeing, and empowering participants to advocate for themselves and their communities. These
objectives, which include reducing social isolation, fostering self-efficacy, and nurturing
leadership skills, are grounded in empowerment theory and trauma-informed care principles.
Empowerment theory underscores the initiative's focus on enhancing individual
capacities and autonomy, aligning with its aim to promote self-efficacy and leadership among
survivors (Zimmerman, 1995). Simultaneously, trauma-informed care principles inform the
24
creation of safe, supportive environments conducive to healing and recovery, recognizing the
non-linear nature of individual healing trajectories (Hogan et al., 2002).
Functionally, the Horizon of Hope initiative implements the Thrivership Model, which
proposes that individuals can transition from surviving to thriving through empowerment and
community support (Heywood et al., 2019). This model guides diverse activities within the
Alliance, such as workshops, advocacy training, and wellness programs. The Transtheoretical
Model (TTM) by Moore (2005) complements this approach, which recognizes each participant's
individualized pace and direction of healing. This model respects and supports personalized
healing journeys.
The Thrivership Model is a cornerstone of the proposed initiative, offering a framework
to comprehend the journey from victimhood to thriving. It delineates a dynamic recovery process
encompassing safety, stabilization, healing, and thriving stages, emphasizing holistic well-being
across physical, emotional, and social dimensions. Central to this model is the recognition of
social support and community engagement as vital components of healing (Heywood et al.,
2019).
The Transtheoretical Model (TTM), also known as the Stages of Change Model,
complements the Thrivership Model by providing a structured approach to behavior change that
acknowledges its non-linear nature. TTM outlines stages individuals undergo when altering
behavior: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance (Moore,
2005). This model's applicability lies in tailoring interventions to survivors' readiness to engage
in different aspects of the program, ensuring timely and effective support at every stage of their
recovery journey.
25
Aligned with best practices in the field, the initiative integrates trauma-informed care
practices throughout its interventions, ensuring sensitivity to survivors' past experiences of
trauma (SAMHSA, 2014). By fostering community engagement and peer support, the Alliance
employs effective strategies to facilitate healing and empowerment among survivors (Heath,
2007). Embracing the non-linear nature of healing through the Transtheoretical Model further
enhances the Alliance's responsiveness to participants' evolving needs and aspirations (Moore,
2005).
HEAL’s Logic Model (Appendix A)
HEAL's logic model outlines a structured pathway from inputs such as expert knowledge
and community partnerships to activities including website development, educational content
creation, and virtual events like the HEAL Book Club. Outputs are measurable outcomes such as
participant engagement metrics and completion of program modules.
For a detailed overview of the strategic framework and anticipated outcomes of the
Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies (HEAL) initiative, please refer to the
HEAL Logic Model provided in Appendix A. This model outlines the project's inputs, activities,
outputs, and intended short-term and long-term outcomes, ensuring a clear understanding of the
pathways through which the initiative aims to facilitate transformative healing and empowerment
among Black and Brown women survivors of domestic violence and abuse.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical considerations are foundational to HEAL's virtual and in-person events
operational framework, encompassing informed consent, confidentiality, cultural competence,
equity, and ongoing evaluation. In virtual events, ensuring informed consent involves clearly
outlining participant rights and expectations before engagement, including data privacy measures
26
for online interactions and capturing feedback for further improvement of the website and HEAL
programs. Confidentiality measures include secure data handling and participant anonymity
where applicable, safeguarding sensitive information shared during virtual sessions. Cultural
competence in virtual settings is maintained through diverse representation in content and
facilitation, ensuring activities resonate with the lived experiences of Black and Brown women.
Equity is upheld by promoting access to technology and resources that support participation
across diverse socioeconomic backgrounds.
For in-person events, informed consent procedures are implemented through clear
communication of event expectations and participant rights upon registration and arrival.
Confidentiality protocols extend to physical settings, ensuring private spaces for sensitive
discussions and data protection measures for recorded content. Cultural competence is
demonstrated through culturally relevant programming, respectful engagement practices, and
consideration of diverse linguistic and cultural norms among attendees. Equity in in-person
events is fostered by providing accessible venues, transportation support where needed, and
inclusive participation opportunities that mitigate barriers to engagement.
Addressing ethical considerations involves proactive planning and ongoing assessment to
uphold participant autonomy, safety, cultural sensitivity, and program effectiveness. HEAL's
commitment to ethical leadership and social justice guides continuous improvement and
adaptation of practices to serve best and support survivors of domestic violence within diverse
community contexts.
Likelihood of Success
There is a high likelihood of success for HEAL. First, the website, which serves as the
prototype for the project and the portal for the HEAL initiative, is already live. Initial feedback
27
on the website's design has been incorporated to ensure it is responsive to users. In addition,
HEAL has begun collaborating with other organizations serving women in New Jersey. These
collaborations ensure organizational support for the goals and activities of the initiative and that
the project remains relevant. The evaluation plan for HEAL is ongoing and designed to
determine the success of each component of the project as well as the project as a whole. The
staggered implementation and evaluation design allows modification of each component while
additional aspects of the program can be rolled out independently.
Success for HEAL will be measured through various indicators, including participants’
enhanced knowledge of Thrivership and increased social connections, which are assessed
through engagement in events such as the Virtual Book Club, Meet and Greets, and
Reenvisioning activities. Positive outcomes will be indicated by reduced feelings of isolation and
a heightened sense of belonging within a supportive community, crucial for recovery from
domestic violence (Goodman et al., 2014). Empowerment of participants is another critical
success factor, gauged by their ability to assume leadership roles and apply skills and confidence
gained from HEAL programs, aligning with empowerment theory (Zimmerman, 1995).
The initiative’s effectiveness will be further reflected in participants’ improvements in
overall well-being. Holistic wellness approaches are vital for comprehensive trauma recovery
(van der Kolk, 2014). The evaluation of cultural relevance is based on feedback from Women of
Color regarding how well the program meets their cultural needs. The program’s success is
contingent upon its effectiveness in addressing these unique needs, as research supports the
efficacy of culturally tailored interventions in enhancing outcomes among marginalized
populations (Bent-Goodley, 2007).
28
Beyond individual achievements, HEAL’s success relies on its extension to broader
community impact, including participants’ involvement in advocacy efforts that contribute to
reducing stigma and raising awareness about domestic violence in communities of color
(Crenshaw, 1991). Additionally, the program’s sustainability and scalability are crucial, with
success measured by its long-term viability and potential for expansion to other communities.
Developing a replicable model for adoption by other organizations would further affirm HEAL’s
effectiveness in addressing domestic violence among Black and Brown women.
Implementation Plan for HEAL
HEAL will be piloted and implemented in community settings that cater specifically to
Black and Brown women survivors of domestic violence. These settings include community
centers, local organizations, and accessible online platforms. The initiative's design emphasizes
empowerment, resilience-building, and community connection as integral components of healing
from domestic violence trauma. By focusing on non-clinical environments, HEAL seeks to
create safe spaces that foster personal growth and collective support among participants.
Key collaborators in implementing HEAL include Generation Fearless and Leading
Young Women, LLC. Generation Fearless brings expertise in empowering women and
advocating for survivor-centric wellness and community support approaches. Their involvement
ensures alignment with trauma-informed care principles and effective survivor empowerment
strategies. Leading Young Women, LLC, contributes through its commitment to leadership
development and community engagement among young women, enhancing HEAL's focus on
fostering leadership skills and advocacy within participant communities. These partnerships are
essential for integrating HEAL into existing community frameworks, ensuring cultural
sensitivity, maximizing outreach, and enhancing program credibility and sustainability.
29
The initiative began with outreach to key stakeholders such as Generation Fearless and
Leading Young Women, LLC. These partnerships are crucial in finalizing logistical details and
securing ongoing support. Community outreach efforts will employ culturally sensitive
approaches, targeting potential participants through community centers, organizations, and social
media platforms. Personal connections and word-of-mouth referrals will be emphasized to attract
participants, highlighting HEAL's benefits and community impact.
After the official launch, HEAL will refine its program offerings based on continuous
participant feedback and evaluation. This adaptive approach will ensure that program activities
remain relevant and engaging, aligned with participant preferences and emerging needs. Quality
assurance measures will be implemented to uphold program integrity, guided by best practices in
trauma-informed care and empowerment theory.
Stakeholder engagement will be prioritized throughout the implementation process.
Regular meetings with community leaders, advocates, and funding partners will provide updates
on program outcomes, solicit feedback, and address concerns. Collaborative workshops and
training sessions will deepen stakeholders' understanding of domestic violence issues, traumainformed care principles, and cultural competence strategies. Public relations campaigns will
leverage media outlets and community events to raise awareness about HEAL's impact and
successes, fostering public support and perception.
User engagement will be sustained through the HEAL website, which will serve as a
central hub for resources, event registration, and community forums. Interactive content, such as
educational resources and the virtual HEAL Book Club, will be regularly updated to maintain
user interest and participation. Peer support networks and mentorship opportunities will be
facilitated among participants to nurture a sense of community and mutual support.
30
HEAL's implementation plan reflects a commitment to creating a supportive and
empowering environment for Black and Brown women survivors of domestic violence. By
engaging stakeholders, refining program offerings based on user feedback, and maintaining
cultural sensitivity, HEAL aims to achieve sustainable impact and contribute positively to
community well-being. The timeline for HEAL’s implementation plan can be found in Appendix
C.
HEAL Line-Item Budget
For a full breakdown of the financial requirements and allocations essential for
successfully implementing the Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies (HEAL)
initiative, please refer to the HEAL Line-Item Budget provided in Appendix D. This budget
delineates the specific costs associated with each project component, ensuring transparency and
strategic financial planning to achieve the program's objectives effectively.
Fund Development Plan for HEAL
The Fund Development Plan for the Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies
(HEAL) initiative strategically addresses financial sustainability and program effectiveness.
Initially, HEAL will rely heavily on in-kind contributions and volunteer support to manage
revenue and costs during its start-up phase. Upon achieving 501(c)(3) non-profit status within its
first year, HEAL aims to secure funding for operational and programmatic expenses through a
diversified approach, including grants, individual donations, and corporate sponsorships. The
plan emphasizes expanding grant applications, fostering relationships with major donors, and
developing sustainable revenue streams to ensure long-term viability. Key strategies such as
grant writing, individual giving campaigns, corporate partnerships, major gift cultivation, and
exploring earned income opportunities will be implemented over a phased timeline. Continuous
31
evaluation and adaptation based on fundraising outcomes and community feedback will guide
HEAL in achieving its financial and programmatic objectives.
Marketing, Brand, and Communication Plan for HEAL
The Marketing and Brand Plan for Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies
(HEAL) outlines a strategic framework to effectively promote the initiative and engage key
stakeholders, specifically focusing on empowering Black and Brown women survivors of
domestic violence. Central to the plan is HEAL's identity as a catalyst for transformation,
emphasizing community-driven support, holistic wellness, and empowerment activities. This
brand positioning underscores inclusivity, resilience, and collective healing, tailored to resonate
with survivors seeking empowerment and support.
The plan's communication objectives are to increase awareness, foster engagement, and
promote advocacy. Strategies include maintaining an informative and engaging website,
employing SEO strategies to enhance visibility, and actively utilizing social media platforms like
Instagram. Facebook and Twitter will follow. HEAL intends to forge meaningful connections
through partnerships with community organizations like Generation Fearless and Leading Young
Women, LLC, facilitating collaborative events and resource sharing.
Content marketing initiatives will focus on crafting compelling narratives through blogs
and infographics that highlight survivor empowerment, wellness advice, and community
activities. Event marketing, including virtual and in-person workshops and panel discussions,
will further promote HEAL's mission and engage a diverse audience.
Evaluation, Data Collection, and Monitoring Plan for HEAL
The Evaluation Plan for the "Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies"
(HEAL) focuses on assessing the project's impact on increased knowledge and understanding of
32
Thrivership, social connectedness, empowerment, and well-being among Women of Color
survivors of domestic violence. To ensure efficient and effective evaluation, HEAL's various
initiatives—such as DV websites, book clubs, meet and greets, and reenvisioning events—will
be implemented and assessed in staggered stages, following its implementation timeline
(Appendix D). After each component's implementation, evaluations using validated scales,
questionnaires, and interviews will measure immediate impacts on knowledge, social
connectedness, empowerment, and overall well-being. This phased approach allows for a
detailed analysis of each component's effectiveness, providing valuable insights and enabling
real-time adjustments to enhance the initiatives' effectiveness. Specific strategies for data
collection and monitoring each HEAL component are described below.
HEAL Website
The website's impact will be continuously monitored through bi-weekly data checks on
website traffic, engagement metrics, and user feedback. These assessments will utilize metrics
such as unique visitors, page views, and user interactions to gauge initial engagement and make
necessary adjustments in real-time. Additionally, information will be collected via an embedded
online self-report survey that will assess key users’ awareness about Thrivership and knowledge
gained through the website's resources.
HEAL Book Club
Virtual book club sessions will incorporate pre- and post-session surveys to measure
perceived empowerment and social connectedness changes using validated scales like the
Empowerment Scale (Rogers et al., 1997) and the Social Connectedness Scale (Lee & Robbins,
1995). These surveys will assess participants' sense of control, decision-making abilities, and
feelings of belonging within their community before and after engaging in literary discussions.
33
These measures will be administered for four sessions. Qualitative data from focus groups and
optional key informant interviews will provide deeper insights into the book club's role in
fostering community support and educational empowerment. Participants can engage in an
interview or focus group at the end of Phase II.
Meet and Greets
Post-session surveys following virtual and in-person meet and greets will evaluate
participant satisfaction, perceived social support, and community belonging. Administered after
each event, these evaluations will measure short-term impacts on participants' well-being and
social engagement. Attendance records and group discussions will complement survey data to
assess engagement levels, venue accessibility, and the effectiveness of networking opportunities.
Reenvisioning Events
Pre- and post-event surveys will measure changes in self-efficacy, future orientation, and
emotional well-being among participants engaging in reenvisioning events. Qualitative analysis
of event artifacts, such as creative expressions and personal narratives, will complement survey
data to assess the events' impact on personal growth and empowerment. These evaluations will
provide insights into the transformative effects of creative expression and future planning
activities on participants' resilience and empowerment. Annual evaluations will focus on longterm impacts and sustained changes in participants' outlook and personal goals.
Comprehensive Evaluation
For HEAL's evaluation and data collection strategy, participants will be given the
opportunity to voluntarily share their contact information or email during live events or on the
HEAL website for future involvement in questionnaires, interviews, or focus groups. To ensure
the success of our evaluations, consistent participants will be encouraged to engage in these
34
methods or whichever they are most comfortable with, emphasizing the importance of their
voices in shaping HEAL’s initiatives. Evaluations conducted at the 6-month mark and annually
will consolidate findings from all program components to assess HEAL's effectiveness. This
assessment will involve data analysis using validated scales such as the Perceived Stress Scale
(PSS) (Cohen et al., 1983) and the Quality of Life Scale (The WHOQOL Group [WHOQOL],
1995) to measure stress levels, life satisfaction, and overall well-being. These validated scales
will be integrated, streamlined for usability, and included alongside the questionnaires
distributed at all events. This approach ensures that the information collected remains aligned
with the intended measures while being manageable for participants to complete effectively.
Confidentiality and informed consent will be strictly maintained to protect participants' privacy
while valuing their input in refining HEAL’s programs. By synthesizing both quantitative and
qualitative data across its initiatives, HEAL aims to continuously refine and enhance its program
to support Women of Color survivors of domestic violence.
This structured data collection and evaluation approach ensures that HEAL monitors
immediate impacts and tracks longitudinal outcomes, demonstrating sustained improvements in
social connectedness, empowerment, well-being, and increased knowledge about Thrivership
among program participants. By employing a mixed-methods approach that includes pre- and
post-program surveys, focus groups, participant interviews, and direct observations, HEAL seeks
to validate its approach and contribute meaningful insights to the field of domestic violence
survivor support programs. Utilizing validated scales and conducting regular evaluations, HEAL
aims to capture changes in critical areas, provide deeper insights into participant experiences,
and continuously refine its initiatives for maximum effectiveness. This comprehensive
35
evaluation strategy supports HEAL's mission to foster Thrivership, ensuring survivors receive
the holistic, community-driven support they need to thrive.
Communication Plan for Reporting Results/Impact
HEAL has devised a communication plan to effectively report its impact internally and
externally. Internally, bi-weekly team meetings will be held during Phases I and II to facilitate
ongoing discussions on progress, share findings, and address any challenges encountered.
Monthly and quarterly reports will be generated to summarize data collection, analysis, and
insights, enabling informed decision-making and continuous refinement of program components.
Externally, HEAL will maintain regular communication with stakeholders, including community
partners and funders, through progress reports to keep them updated on the program's
development and achievements.
Furthermore, HEAL plans to engage the broader community and attract potential
supporters by disseminating its program achievements, impact stories, and evaluation results.
These updates will be shared via the HEAL website and social media platforms to foster
community engagement and transparency. Feedback loops will be established to gather
participant feedback continuously, ensuring their voices inform ongoing program refinement.
Additionally, input from stakeholders and funders will be actively solicited to ensure that HEAL
remains responsive to community needs and expectations, thereby enhancing program
effectiveness and sustainability.
By implementing this structured approach to communication and feedback, HEAL aims
to assess and enhance its initiatives effectively and cultivate a supportive environment that
empowers Black and Brown women survivors of domestic violence. This strategic
communication plan underscores HEAL's commitment to promoting long-term empowerment,
36
resilience, and well-being among its participants through transparent reporting and stakeholder
engagement.
Challenges and Limitations
Implementing the Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies (HEAL) initiative
faces several challenges that require strategic foresight and adaptive planning. Securing
sustainable funding sources beyond initial and in-kind contributions is a primary concern,
especially during the transition from start-up to operational phases. HEAL's strategy involves
diversifying fundraising efforts through grant applications, corporate partnerships, and ongoing
donor cultivation to ensure long-term financial stability while maintaining mission alignment and
independence.
Participant engagement and retention present another significant challenge due to the
sensitive nature of the issues addressed and potential logistical barriers. HEAL plans to address
this by offering flexible programming, leveraging digital platforms for accessibility, and refining
services based on participant feedback and community needs. Establishing robust partnerships
with local service providers and community organizations will enhance outreach and referral
networks, bolstering participant engagement and retention efforts.
Navigating regulatory and ethical considerations, particularly regarding data privacy and
participant confidentiality, poses additional challenges. HEAL prioritizes ethical guidelines and
legal requirements by implementing rigorous data management protocols and transparent,
informed consent processes. Ongoing training and professional development for staff and
volunteers will ensure adherence to best practices and maintain participant trust and
organizational integrity.
37
Another complex task is scaling the initiative while preserving program quality and
cultural relevance. HEAL plans to approach scalability incrementally, piloting new initiatives
and expanding services based on best practices and community feedback. Collaborative
partnerships and knowledge-sharing networks will facilitate the adaptation of successful models,
ensuring scalability without compromising effectiveness or cultural responsiveness.
Conclusion and Implications
The Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies (HEAL) is a transformative
initiative designed to address the complex challenges faced by Black and Brown women
survivors of domestic violence. Throughout its development, significant insights have been
gleaned from collaborative problem-solving and applying design thinking principles, shaping the
project's approach and anticipated impact.
Lessons Learned
The collaborative problem-solving process has underscored the importance of centering
participant voices and community needs in program design. Engaging stakeholders such as
Generation Fearless and Leading Young Women, LLC, has highlighted the critical role of
cultural competence and sensitivity in developing effective interventions. By integrating diverse
perspectives and lived experiences, HEAL has refined its strategies to better resonate with the
realities and aspirations of its target demographic.
Moreover, applying design thinking has reinforced the iterative nature of innovation and
adaptation in response to complex social issues. Flexibility and openness to feedback have been
pivotal, enabling HEAL to evolve its programming based on ongoing evaluations and participant
input. This iterative approach enhances program efficacy and fosters a sense of ownership and
empowerment among participants, contributing to sustainable community impact.
38
Implications for Practice and Future Use
HEAL moves the domestic violence (DVA) landscape from one focused on surviving to
one centered on thriving. It aims to educate survivors on thriving, promote well-being and selfcare through on-site tools, and develop social support networks through online activities like
virtual book clubs and in-person events like meet and greets. It offers a new way to
conceptualize and implement DVA support initiatives by emphasizing empowerment,
community-building, and holistic well-being. The integration of trauma-informed care, cultural
responsiveness, and empowerment principles sets a new standard for addressing the unique
challenges faced by marginalized communities.
HEAL's model of survivor-led empowerment groups and virtual community engagement
platforms provides a scalable, community-driven intervention blueprint. This project addresses a
critical gap in long-term, culturally sensitive support services and advocates for systemic
changes that promote equity and social justice. By demonstrating the effectiveness of its
approach, HEAL aims to inspire similar initiatives and policy reforms across diverse
communities dealing with domestic violence.
Action Plan
To advance the next steps for implementing HEAL, several concrete actions are imperative:
1. Pilot Implementation and Evaluation: Launching a pilot phase to refine program delivery and
assess impact metrics such as participant retention, satisfaction, and empowerment outcomes.
Continuous evaluation will inform iterative improvements and validate HEAL's effectiveness.
2. Partnership Expansion: Strengthening collaborations with community organizations,
philanthropic entities, and local corporations to secure funding and in-kind support for program
sustainability and expansion.
39
3. Capacity Building: Investing in training and development opportunities for facilitators and
community leaders to ensure fidelity to trauma-informed, culturally responsive practices within
HEAL groups.
4. Advocacy and Policy Engagement: Engaging stakeholders and policymakers to advocate for
policies prioritizing survivors' rights, access to resources, and systemic reforms to address
domestic violence disparities.
5. Scaling and Dissemination: HEAL will expand its model to new geographic areas and
communities through strategic partnerships and digital platforms for broader reach and
accessibility.
In conclusion, HEAL represents a bold step toward fostering resilience, empowerment,
and societal change among Black and Brown women survivors of domestic violence. By
leveraging collaborative problem-solving, design thinking principles, and a commitment to
ethical practice, HEAL stands poised to make a lasting positive impact on individuals,
communities, and the broader social landscape.
1
References
Barth, R. P., & Macy, R. J. (2018). Stop family violence. In Grand challenges for social work
and society (pp. 56–80). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190858988.003.0004
Becan, J. E., Bartkowski, J. P., Knight, D. K., Wiley, T. A., DiClemente, R., Ducharme, L.,
Welsh, W. N., Bowser, D., McCollister, K., Hiller, M., Spaulding, A. C., Flynn, P. M.,
Swartzendruber, A., Dickson, M. F., Fisher, J., & Aarons, G. A. (2018). A model for
rigorously applying the exploration, preparation, implementation, sustainment (EPIS)
framework in the design and measurement of a large scale collaborative multi-site study.
Health & Justice, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-018-0068-3
Bent-Goodley, T. B. (2007). HEALTH DISPARITIES AND VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN:
Why and How Cultural and Societal Influences Matter. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 8(2),
90–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838007301160
Bryant-Davis, T., Ullman, S., Tsong, Y., Anderson, G., Counts, P., Tillman, S., Bhang, C., &
Gray, A. (2015). Healing pathways: Longitudinal effects of religious coping and social
support on ptsd symptoms in african american sexual assault survivors. Journal of
Trauma & Dissociation, 16(1), 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2014.969468
Burton, C. W., & Guidry, J. D. (2020). Reporting intimate partner violence and sexual assault: A
mixed methods study of concerns and considerations among college women of color.
Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 32(4), 370–381.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620941583
2
Capaldi, D. M., Knoble, N. B., Shortt, J., & Kim, H. K. (2012). A systematic review of risk
factors for intimate partner violence. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 231–280.
https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress.
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Coker, A. L., Davis, K. E., Arias, I., Desai, S., Sanderson, M., Brandt, H. M., & Smith, P. H.
(2002). Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and
women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(4), 260–268.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00514-7
Collins, P. (2015). Intersectionality's definitional dilemmas. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1),
1–20. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142
Crane., B. (2002). Full catastrophe living; using the wisdom of your body and mind to face
stress, pain and illness. jon kabat-zinn, 1996 publisher: Piatkus, london isbn: 0-749-915-
854. Spirituality and Health International, 3(2), 52–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/shi.88
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique
of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of
Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), Article 8.
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence
against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among
five approaches. (Fourth ed.). SAGE.
3
David, S., & Congleton, C. (2013, November). Emotional agility. Harvard Business Review.
https://hbr.org/2013/11/emotional-agility
Davies, L., Ford-Gilboe, M., Willson, A., Varcoe, C., Wuest, J., Campbell, J., & Scott-Storey, K.
(2015). Patterns of cumulative abuse among female survivors of intimate partner
violence: Links to women's health and socioeconomic status. Volence Against Women,
21(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214564076
Delker, B. C., Salton, R., & McLean, K. C. (2019). Giving voice to silence: Empowerment and
disempowerment in the developmental shift from trauma 'victim' to 'survivor-advocate'.
Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 21(2), 242–263.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2019.1678212
DomesticShelters.org. (n.d.). Find domestic violence and abuse help, information, and stats.
Retrieved July 21, 2024, from https://www.domesticshelters.org
Emezue, C. (2020). Digital or digitally delivered responses to domestic and intimate partner
violence during covid-19. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(3), e19831.
https://doi.org/10.2196/19831
Goodman, L. A., Dutton, M., & Harris, M. (1997). The relationship between violence
dimensions and symptom severity among homeless, mentally ill women. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 10(1), 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490100106
Goodman, L. A., Thomas, K., Cattaneo, L., Heimel, D., Woulfe, J., & Chong, S. (2014).
Survivor-defined practice in domestic violence work. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,
31(1), 163–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514555131
4
Gover, A. R., & Moore, A. M. (2020). The 1994 violence against women act: A historic response
to gender violence. Violence Against Women, 27(1), 8–29.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220949705
Grand Challenges for Social Work. (2020). Build healthy relationships to end violence [GC Fact
Sheet No. 3]. American Academy of Social Work & Social Welfare (AASWSW).
https://grandchallengesforsocialwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/BHR-One-PagerFINAL.pdf
Gregory, A. C., Williamson, E., & Feder, G. (2017). The impact on informal supporters of
domestic violence survivors: a systematic literature review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse,
18(5), 562–580. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016641919
Gutiérrez, L. M. (1990). Working with women of color: An empowerment perspective. Social
Work (New York), 35(2), 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/35.2.149
Haynes-Thoby, L., Casado Pérez, J. F., & Bryan, J. (2022). It’s about time that we listened:
Black women’s resilience in the face of intimate partner violence. Journal of Couple &
Relationship Therapy (ahead-of-print), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2022.2141410
Heath, R. (2007). Rethinking community collaboration through a dialogic lens. Management
Communication Quarterly, 21(2), 145–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318907306032
Heywood, I., Sammut, D., & Bradbury-Jones, C. (2019). A qualitative exploration of 'thrivership'
among women who have experienced domestic violence and abuse: Development of a
new model. BMC women's health, 19(106), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-
0789-z
5
Hogan, B. E., Linden, W., & Najarian, B. (2002). Social support interventions: Do they work?
Clinical psychology review, 22(3), 381–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-
7358(01)00102-7
hooks, B. (2014). Feminism is for everybody (2nd ed.) [E-book]. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315743189
Ireland, H., Tran, N., & Dawson, A. (2021). The role of social capital in women's sexual and
reproductive health and rights in humanitarian settings: A systematic review of
qualitative studies. Conflict and Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-021-
00421-1
Kroløkke, C., & Sorensen, A. S. (2005). Gender communication theories and analyses: From
silence to performance (1st ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Kulkarni, S. J., Kohl, P. L., & Edmond, T. (2020). From “stop family violence” to “build healthy
relationships to end violence”: The journey to reenvision a grand challenge. Social Work,
65(4), 401–405. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swaa038
Leavy, P. (2017). Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts-based, and
community-based participatory research approaches (1st ed.). The Guilford Press.
Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1995). Measuring belongingness: The social connectedness and
the social assurance scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), 232–241.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.232
Leone, J. M. (2008). Listening to battered women: A survivor-centered approach to advocacy,
mental health, and justice - by lisa a. goodman and deborah epstein. Journal of Marriage
and Family, 70(5), 1326–1327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00569.x
6
Locke, E. A., & Bandura, A. (1987). Social foundations of thought and action: A socialcognitive view. The Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 169.
https://doi.org/10.2307/258004
Lubben, J., Barth, R. P., Fong, R., Flynn, M. L., Sherraden, M., & Uehara, E. (2018). Grand
challenges for social work and society. In Grand challenges for social work and society
(pp. 1–17). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190858988.003.0001
Lucero, J., Wallerstein, N., Duran, B., Alegria, M., Greene-Moton, E., Israel, B., Kastelic, S.,
Magarati, M., Oetzel, J., Pearson, C., Schulz, A., Villegas, M., & White Hat, E. R.
(2016). Development of a mixed methods investigation of process and outcomes of
community-based participatory research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 12(1), 55–
74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689816633309
Magalhães, E., Grych, J., Ferreira, C., Antunes, C., Prioste, A., & Jongenelen, I. (2021).
Interpersonal violence and mental health outcomes: Mediation by self-efficacy and
coping. Victims & Offenders, 17(2), 182–198.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2021.1880508
Malyn, B. O., Thomas, Z., & Ramsey‐Wade, C. E. (2020). Reading and writing for well‐being:
A qualitative exploration of the therapeutic experience of older adult participants in a
bibliotherapy and creative writing group. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research,
20(4), 715–724. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12304
Meléndez Guevara, A., Lindstrom Johnson, S., Elam, K., Hilley, C., Mcintire, C., & Morris, K.
(2020). Culturally responsive trauma-informed services: A multilevel perspective from
7
practitioners serving latinx children and families. Community Mental Health Journal,
57(2), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00651-2
Mikhaylov, S., Esteve, M., & Campion, A. (2018). Artificial intelligence for the public sector:
Opportunities and challenges of cross-sector collaboration. Philosophical Transactions of
the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2128),
20170357. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0357
Moore, M. J. (2005). The transtheoretical model of the stages of change and the phases of
transformative learning. Journal of Transformative Education, 3(4), 394–415.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344605279386
Nash, J. C. (2008). Re-thinking intersectionality. Feminist Review, 89(1), 1–15.
https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.2008.4
Nash, S. (2005). Through black eyes: African American women’s constructions of their
experiences with intimate male partner violence. Violence Against Women, 11(11), 1420–
1440. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801205280272
National Domestic Violence Hotline. (n.d.). National domestic violence hotline. Retrieved July
21, 2024, from https://www.thehotline.org/search-our-resources/
NCADV. (2021). National coalition against domestic violence. https://ncadv.org/
Ogbe, E., Harmon, S., Van den Bergh, R., & Degomme, O. (2020). A systematic review of
intimate partner violence interventions focused on improving social support and/ mental
health outcomes of survivors. PLOS ONE, 15(6), e0235177.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235177
8
Pagelow, M. (1981). Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy. R. Emerson Dobash ,
Russell Dobash. The American Journal of Sociology, 86(6), 1475–1476.
https://doi.org/10.1086/227416
Pemberton, J. V., & Loeb, T. B. (2020). Impact of sexual and interpersonal violence and trauma
on women: Trauma-informed practice and feminist theory. Journal of Feminist Family
Therapy, 32(1-2), 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952833.2020.1793564
Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application.
American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 569–579.
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02506982
Potter, H. (2013). Intersectional criminology: Interrogating identity and power in criminological
research and theory. Critical Criminology, 21(3), 305–318.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10612-013-9203-6
Ramos‐Vidal, I., Palacio, J., Uribe, A., Villamil, I., & Castro, B. (2020). Sense of community,
psychological empowerment, and relational structure at the individual and organizational
levels: Evidence from a multicase study. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(2), 398–
413. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22261
Reid, N., Kron, A., Rajakulendran, T., Kahan, D., Noble, A., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2020).
Promoting wellness and recovery of young women experiencing gender-based violence
and homelessness: The role of trauma-informed health promotion interventions. Violence
Against Women, 27(9), 1297–1316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801220923748
Rizo, C. F., & Macy, R. J. (2011). Help seeking and barriers of hispanic partner violence
survivors: A systematic review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(3),
250–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.03.004
9
Rogers, S. E., Chamberlin, J., Ellison, M. L., & Crean, T. (1997). A consumer-constructed scale
to measure empowerment among users of mental health services. Psychiatric Services,
48(8), 1042–1047. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.48.8.1042
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. J. Weinman, S. Wright,
& M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio. Causal and control
beliefs, 35(37), 82–003.
Siegel, J. P. (2013). Breaking the links in intergenerational violence: An emotional regulation
perspective. Family Process, 52(2), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12023
Sinko, L., Burns, C., O’Halloran, S., & Saint Arnault, D. (2019). Trauma recovery is cultural:
Understanding shared and different healing themes in irish and american survivors of
gender-based violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(13-14), NP7765–NP7790.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519829284
Sokoloff, N. J., & Dupont, I. (2005). Domestic violence at the intersections of race, class, and
gender. Violence Against Women, 11(1), 38–64.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801204271476
Stith, S. M., Smith, D. B., Penn, C. E., Ward, D. B., & Tritt, D. (2004). Intimate partner physical
abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and
Violent Behavior, 10(1), 65–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2003.09.001
Storer, H. L., & Rodriguez, M. (2020). #mapping a movement: Social media, feminist hashtags,
and movement building in the digital age. Journal of Community Practice, 28(2), 160–
176. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2020.1757541
10
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). SAMHSA’s concept of
trauma and guidance for a trauma-informed approach (HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-
4884).
The WHOQOL Group. (1995). The world health organization quality of life assessment
(whoqol): Position paper from the world health organization. Social Science & Medicine,
41(10), 1403–1409. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00112-k
Tropman, J., & Wooten, L. (2010). Executive leadership A 7C approach. Problems and
Perspectives in Management, 8(4), 47–57.
Tropman, J., & Wooten, L. (2013). The 7c approach to conceptualizing administration:
Executive leadership in the 21st century. Administration in Social Work, 37(4), 325–328.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03643107.2013.831714
van der Kolk, Bessel. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of
trauma (1st ed.). Penguin Books.
Wieczorek, C., & Forlano, L. (2024). Reimagining temporality: Exploring the intersection of
time and trauma in design research. DRS Digital Library.
https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2024.1032
Wong, J., & Mellor, D. (2014). Intimate partner violence and women’s health and wellbeing:
Impacts, risk factors and responses. Contemporary Nurse, 46(2), 170–179.
https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2014.46.2.170
Woodlock, D. (2016). The abuse of technology in domestic violence and stalking. Violence
Against Women, 23(5), 584–602. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216646277
Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American
Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506983
11
Appendix A Horizon of Hope: Empowerment Alliance for Ladies – Logic Model
Appendix B
HEAL DESIGN CRITERIA
Design Goal The target population comprises Black and Brown women survivors of
domestic violence (DV) who experience intersectional challenges,
including social isolation, stigma, and limited access to culturally sensitive
support systems. Insights highlight their need for long-term, culturally
attuned support that fosters empowerment, community connection, and
holistic well-being.
Functional: The design must provide educational resources, tools, events,
and programs that support healing and empowerment. It should facilitate
community-building activities such as the virtual HEAL Book Club and
other interactive events.
Emotional: The design should offer a supportive and nurturing environment
that validates the experiences of survivors and fosters a sense of belonging
and community.
Psychological: The design must address the psychological needs of
survivors, including reducing feelings of isolation and enhancing selfesteem and confidence.
Social: The design should promote social connections and networking
opportunities among survivors, helping them build supportive relationships
and a sense of community.
Addressing these needs is strategically important to foster resilience and
empowerment among survivors, helping them transition from surviving to
thriving. This approach aligns with the Thrivership Model and the
Transtheoretical Model, which emphasize the importance of non-linear
healing processes and the provision of ongoing support and empowerment.
User
Perceptions
Importance to Well-being: The proposed offering is crucial to the target
population's well-being as it addresses the unique intersectional challenges
they face. By providing a culturally sensitive and supportive environment,
the solution can significantly enhance their emotional, psychological, and
social well-being.
Ease of Use: For the targeted population, ease of use means intuitive and
accessible design, minimizing technological barriers, and ensuring that the
platform is user-friendly across different devices, particularly mobile
phones. This ensures that survivors can easily navigate and utilize the
resources and services offered.
Physical
Attributes
Information Capture and Transmission: The solution must capture, store,
and transmit information about usage to monitor engagement and
effectiveness. It should also ensure privacy and security, particularly given
the sensitive nature of the information.
Environment and Situations: The solution should be designed for use in
various environments, including private and safe spaces where survivors
feel comfortable accessing resources. Considerations for bandwidth and
connectivity issues are crucial, ensuring the platform is accessible even in
areas with limited internet access.
Functional
Attributes
User-Case Scenarios: The design needs to accommodate specific user-case
scenarios, including those who are technologically inexperienced or have
limited access to digital devices. It should provide multiple entry points and
support mechanisms to cater to diverse needs.
Compatibility and Standards: The design must address compatibility issues,
ensuring seamless operation across different devices and operating systems.
It should also adhere to industry standards for accessibility and inclusivity.
Constraints Sector and Environment Constraints: The sector and environment impose
constraints related to funding, regulatory compliance, and cultural
sensitivity. The design must navigate these constraints while maintaining
its effectiveness and reach.
Ecosystem and Regulatory Concerns: Ecosystem and regulatory concerns
include ensuring compliance with data protection laws and maintaining
ethical standards in support and intervention strategies. The design must be
responsive to these concerns, ensuring it upholds the highest standards of
practice.
APPENDIX C: IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINE
PHASE I: FOUNDATION BUILDING
MONTHS 1-3
PHASE II: PILOT LAUNCH AND REFINEMENT
MONTHS 4-6
PHASE III: SCALING AND EXPANSION
MONTHS 7-9
PHASE IV: SUSTAINABILITY AND LONG-TERM GROWTH
MONTHS 10 ONWARD
Establish organizational structure, finalize mission and vision
statements, and secure initial revenue through in-kind donations.
Lay the groundwork for sustainable operations and build
community partnerships.
Conduct baseline surveys and interviews with stakeholders to
assess initial needs and expectations. Data collection using semistructured interviews and thematic analysis, to understand
participant perspectives and readiness
Develop and launch HEAL’s website and Instagram page as central
hubs for information dissemination and community engagement.
Track website traffic and engagement metrics. Conduct user
surveys and analyze feedback to gauge usability, relevance of
content, and perceived impact. Conduct bi-weekly data checks
for the first tthree months to assess user interaction and
satisfaction.
Launch of HEAL’s virtual Book Club with bi-weekly sessions,
focusing on literature that empowers and inspires resilience
among survivors.
Administer pre- and post- session surveys to participants to
gauge changes in perceived empowerment and social
connectedness. Analyze feedback from discussions to identify
themes of relevance and impact.
Virtual Meet and Greets: Host monthly virtual meet and greets to
foster peer support and community bonding.
Use participant surveys immediately after each session to
assess satisfaction levels, perceived social support, and sense of
community belonging. Conduct follow-up interviews with a
subset of participants to explore deeper insights into their
experiences.
Apply for 501c3 non-profit status
Launch of In-Person Meet and Greets: Transition to bi-monthly
in-person meet and greets in accessible community venues.
Implement a combination of attendance records, post-event
surveys, and focus groups to evaluate participant engagement,
satisfaction with venue accessibility, and perceived impact on
social support networks.
Reenvisioning Events: Initiate quarterly reenvisioning events
focused on creative expression and goal-setting workshops.
Utilize pre- and post-event surveys to capture changes in
participants’ self-efficacy, future orientation, and emotional
well-being. Use qualitative analysis of event artifacts (e.g.,
participant artwork, written reflections) to assess personal
growth and empowerment themes.
Begin identifying potential grant opportunities and developing
grant proposals
Explore initial funding sources such as seed funding, donations,
or in-kind support from partners to kickstart staffing needs.
Grant Applications and Diversifying Income: Begin applying for
grants and exploring partnerships with corporate sponsors for
sustainable funding.
Track success rates of grant applications and sponsorship
engagements. Conduct annual financial audits and feedback
surveys from funders to evaluate satisfaction and perceived
impact.
Explore hiring staff for ongoing sustainability of the program
contingent upon grant approvals and income.
Appendix D: HEAL Line-Item Budget
Category Start-Up
Year 1
9/24-8/25 Comments
REVENUE
In-kind CEO donation 5,600 3,000 CEO time
In-kind Personnel (other) donation 25,000 Coordinators(s); Facilitators
In-Kind Website Consultant 400 CEO-funded
Grants 10,000 Pending 501(c)(3) status
Individual donations 7,000
Facility Space 1,000 In-kind donation (LLY & GF)
Total REVENUE 6,000 46,000.00
EXPENSES
Personnel Costs
CEO 5,600 3,000 In-kind contribution
Project Coordinator 15,000 In-kind contribution
Volunteer Coordinator 10,000 In-kind contribution
Program Facilitators 2,000 Stipends
Operating Expenses
Facility Space 1,000 In-kind donation (LLY &GF)
Website Development & Hosting 1,700
Marketing & Social Media 2,300
Website Consultant 400 1,000 In-kind start-up only
Resource Materials 1,000
Legal Fees 1,200
Accounting Fees 600
Office and Computer 2,800
Workshops/Events 2,700
Telephone & Internet 1,000
Total EXPENSES 6,000 45,300
SURPLUS/DEFICIT 0 700
Abstract (if available)
Linked assets
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
Conceptually similar
PDF
Sticks and stones: training protocol strategy to reduce violence in relationships
PDF
Atender, live! Strategies to acknowledge and cope with cultural taboos in the Latinx community
PDF
Collaboration across systems: a program design to address the reoccurrence of domestic violence
PDF
CEASE Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): A healthcare-based intervention program
PDF
Empower her plate
PDF
SafeGuard: enhancing psychological safety for child protection supervisors and workers in New Jersey
PDF
Building healthy relationships to end family violence
PDF
Cultivating community: creating a sense of belonging among Black women at a predominately White institution
PDF
Intimate partner violence in the Black community: empowering Black families through education and engagement to increase survivor safety via a strengthened social support network
PDF
Exploring the development of psychological empowerment among survivors of intimate partner violence: does the Personal Empowerment Program live up to its name?
PDF
Social Determinants of Health: working with social workers and social work managers to build capacity to screen and refer in the medical setting
PDF
The revolution will come home: gendered violence and transformative organizing from the Philippines to the U.S.
PDF
Project Community Capital®: a social capital platform - connecting ready workers to employment opportunities
PDF
Chronically informed: hope for people with chronic illness
PDF
A targeted culturally-informed approach for caregiver stress among Vietnamese caregivers of family members [executive summary]
PDF
A targeted culturally-informed approach for caregiver stress among Vietnamese caregivers of family members [oral defense]
PDF
Tenemos Voz Network expanding behavioral health resources and services for the Latino re-entry population
PDF
Tenemos Voz Network expanding behavioral health resources and services for the Latino re-entry population
PDF
Myths and taboos: deconstructing patriarchy through intimate partner violence awareness
PDF
Belonging as Black women: Black grandmothers pilot program
Asset Metadata
Creator
Reed-Williams, Essence Renee
(author)
Core Title
Thriving beyond domestic violence and abuse
School
Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
Degree
Doctor of Social Work
Degree Program
Social Work
Degree Conferral Date
2024-08
Publication Date
08/02/2024
Defense Date
07/18/2024
Publisher
Los Angeles, California
(original),
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
community engagement,domestic violence,empowerment,grand challenges for social work,mental wellness,OAI-PMH Harvest,social support,survivors,Thrivership Model,women of color
Format
theses
(aat)
Language
English
Contributor
Electronically uploaded by the author
(provenance)
Advisor
Kay-Wicker, Robin (
committee chair
), Ramirez, Paulaska (
committee member
), Ranjan, Sheetal (
committee member
)
Creator Email
essencereedwilliams@gmail.com,reedwill@usc.edu
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC113998R9I
Unique identifier
UC113998R9I
Identifier
etd-ReedWillia-13322.pdf (filename)
Legacy Identifier
etd-ReedWillia-13322
Document Type
Capstone project
Format
theses (aat)
Rights
Reed-Williams, Essence Renee
Internet Media Type
application/pdf
Type
texts
Source
20240802-usctheses-batch-1191
(batch),
University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
Access Conditions
The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright.
Repository Name
University of Southern California Digital Library
Repository Location
USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA
Repository Email
cisadmin@lib.usc.edu
Tags
community engagement
domestic violence
empowerment
grand challenges for social work
mental wellness
social support
survivors
Thrivership Model
women of color