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Safety engineering
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Safety engineering
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safety Engineering A Thesis Presented to the Department of Electrical Engineering University of Southern California. by Leon Shepard Moorhead - December 1917 Contents Chapter I. Origin of Safety. age M ovement in United States.---Lovement in Germany.---National Safety Council •••••••• 4 Chapter II. Safety Legislation. Divisions of Safety •••••••••••••• 8 Chapter III. Railroa.d Safety. Protection to em_loyes and traveling _._ ublic •• 11 Chapter IV. Safety in California. Industrial Accident Commie ion.--- ucop e of ~oynton Act.---st te Con1pensc.tion Insura.nce Fund. Safety Department.---Inspection work.-- Indi vi dual ra,te s. - - - " eri t Ra ting" •••.•...••• 13 Chapter v. Electrical Safety. Line Construction.---Power house installRtion.-- Op er~tion of power p l ants.--- .irst a id.-- Low vol tctge sho c ,..s .•..............•......••.• 34 2 ' 0 -L Chapter VI. Psychology of Safety. The personal equation repres .nted by .,rnr loyer and Dnploye.---How Insurance Com}anies 1age dea l with moral haza rd. • • . • • . • • . . . . . . . • • . • . . . 46- Cliapter VII. Personal Experiences. Typical report on l a rge plant •............ 52 Chapter !III. conclusion. Requiremepte of a Safety _Jngineer •••..••••• 77 3 Chapter I The title of thie paper would indicate to one familiar with this subject a broadness which can only be described in the eame terme as one might describe engineering. In fact, many volwnee have been written and still could be ritten on the topic choeen for this thesis. Safety Engineering extends to every branch of the engi neering sciences and reaclIBs beyond the actual confines of - engineering, into the very households of our People. It will be the purpose of this paper to confine most of the in forrnation and discussioi1s to "Safety Engineering" as f ound in modern industrial fields. I hope to lay a broad acnem e embracing safety engineering in all its phases, with the idea of impressing upon engineers the importance of this new branch of the profession. In order to do this it will be necessa ry for me to give qualifications required of Saf ety Engineers today, and this matter will be touched upon later in the paper. "Safety" might be traced back to our f irst information in regard to animal life on earth. It is admitted that to carry the origin of "safety" back this f a r one must allow for a stretch of the term "safety". Let us, f or instance, look into the animal life of today and see wherein the safety spirit in animals · originat d. , e find in a.nimal 11 e in- herent qualities of self-pr eservation. } el1-pr eservation 4 means notl1ing more than tl1e insti11ctive conservation of life and this instinctive conserv tion of l ife is found in almost every animal Known, inasmuch as t l1ey have had from birth a quality which forces t : em, in all t heir actions, to guard their lives. W e will go f rom ani rna.l life to pre-historic aan . At first we find this semi-beast sin his hands and feet and teetl1 to eke out an existence from nature. These s a1ne implements were used to preserve his life and tl1e lives of his immediate companions a~ainst the onslaught of beasts. He soon discovered t hat by usin 0 roc(B and club s he was able to further gain the advantage over the powerful wild animals. ~o my mind this pre-historic man in the invention of his rude implements to ~reserve his life, both i n a defensive way and in the 1natter of securing foo d , was t he pioneer in the sa ety idea. From tl1is time on more refined irn.!. lements of war fare, of manufacture and of living have been brought f orth by the various genius es of the day , until t t 1.e -·Jresent time we are confronted by this inventive enius a s a menac e to the lives of our workmen. e find an increasing demand for more rapid production, machi nes devised to take the place of many men, ponderous high-speed devices with almost numan actions p roduce the m ulti-numbered roducts of present day manufacturing. Some fourteen or f ifteen years ago a small band of far se eing engineers b lieved that , i f inventors continued pro- 5 ducing new machinery and a consequent increase in the toll of lives t'ollowed this increase in labor-saving machinery, sooner or later the price tha t we should have to pay in human lives would be too great to justify labor-saving machines. ere then, in the United States, we find for the first time engineers banded together for the definite purpose of preventing the injuring and killing of workmen due to our modern manufacturing facilities. Probably the first people of the civilized world to make a thorough st dy of safety work was our enemy , the Germans. They, i n their cold, calculating and phlegm tic way, ~roceeded to study the matter out from a purely economical standpoint, and they soon found that in an economy of mat erial and money there was a contingent economy of lives and that there followed in the economy of lives an increased efficiency and a l arger pro- duction. This led them to further pursue the safety idea and they passed compensation laws and orde r s in regard to machinery protection, until at this time they have a well formulated plan oy which an injured workman is pr actically cared for by the Government and that the industry where the accident or injury occurs bears the brunt of the cost of the injured in its over ead expense. Let us then return to this small band of engineers, some fifteen or sixteen years ago, who took it u~on themselves to study out a means of stopping the waata e in lie in modern 6 industry in the United States. These en formulated the idea that every accident was preventable and that the method of preventing t e accident Ytould require a study of al l -Jhases of each and every accident and determine the cause of same. Once the cause of the accident was determined a method could be devised which in the future, unde r f avorable nircumstances, would prevent a re petition. These engine rs then took it u~on themselves to classif y accidents as to specific causes and further divided the specific causes into two divisions: First, tne mechanical element entering into the accident; and, Second, the human element entering into the accident. These pioneers in the United States rapidly gained other supporters among t11e engineering orot·ession and among tl1e larger manufacturers, and today we find the great organiza tion for saf etlr, 11 The lfational Sa · ety Council'', commanding the respect of the entire engineering and manufacturing pro fession. Finally, this institution has probably saved the manufacturers of the United States millions upon millions of dollars, inasmuch as by their good off ices they have been able to prevent thousands of accidents, ~ith a consequent in- crease in efficiency of the factories. Today they are so well organized that a ny- member of this organization having an accident peculiar to his business, and not knowing what remedy rn.ight be followed to .1 revent a re~ eti tion of t he acci den~ may communicate with the headquarters of the Council a t 7 Chicago, and this Council nill circularize all other embers in an effort to determine the _roner eans of preventing similar accidents. s soon as the information is in the hands of the Jational Safety Council the inquiring member is promptly inf ormed and thereby gains the co bined s ~fety know ledge of all of the embers throughout all the States of the Union. At the present time we fin . practically all of the States in our Union with compensat ion laws on their Statute books, laws which, \hile t hey do not in so e i nstances ork out as smoothly as might be expect ed and while they do not offer an unfaili _g equality 01· justice to workingman nd manufacturer, are at least a great stride forward towards a mutual interest between em layer and employe, and another step in the safety movement. Chapter II The Safety Legislation in the various States has as its underlying features the conservation of ife and limb and the economic reasons of the conservation of resources. It is quite likely that the guiding impul se of Safety Legisla tion in the various States was for the purpose of protecting the workin 0 citizen of these States from the toll of life and limb that had oeen exacted from these citizens as slaves to modern manufacturin . rocedure. In addition to the re- imbursement financially for loss due to an accident, there was also taken into consideration the care of any dependents that might be left behind from a f atal accident, as well as for the care of the injured person during his time of con- valescence. When these laws, propounded by the various Legislatures, were passed a good many manufacturers thought that the movement was guided entirely by labor and that they, the manufacturers, would have to bear t e cost of this new legislation. It has later developed that, while manufac- turers were adding their cost of insurance to their over head expenses, ultimat ely the very workr.aan who is protected by this additional cost to the employer is indirectly paying his share of the _rotection, due to the added cost of the product manufactured, and while the manufacturer ie required to stand the financial coat initially for the ~rotection of his men 1e ultimately receives in return a fair share of this cost by the sale of his goods. 1e find the States in their Safety Legislation taking up the matter of safety in various ways, but, almost uni1·ormly, we discover that they are dividing their safety aws into distinct enterprises. First: We will find laws encountered knoNn, usually, as ''General Safety Orders". These orders apply to saf ety in general, taking into account the various hazards to hich the workmen of the State are exposed. 9 j_ Q second: We will encounter a special set of orders relating particularly to construction work, such as concrete, masonry, stack erection, sewe r buildinf, steel structural work and all the allied industries that make up t ~e business of a general building contractor. Third: Supervision of boilers, oil tanks and like con- tainers. rovisions are made for the enforcing of proper rules and orders in regard to installation, care, maintenance and on -ration of oilers and tanks. ... Preventative measures are included in tnese orders to urevent workmen from volun- - tarily exp osi11g tl1emselves to extraordinary hazards, due to the improper use of boilers and tanks. Fourth: Elevators, conveyors and the like come in for their share of rules and laws. Certain specific ations must be met in regard to carrying ca acity and to the proper in- stallation of elevators a nd conveyors. Cable specifications are laid do,m for the manufacturer. safety devices to prevent broken cables cauei11g injury to persons using elevators and conveyors in case a faulty cable is overlooKed. Fifth: E~ectrical equipment and the manufactur e of electrical devices and equipment, in addition to meeting certain s pecific ations for safety from fire, etc., ust also come up to a prescribed standard, both in the method of in stallation and, finally, in the method of properly onerating and maintaining electrical equipment. 11 Sixth: Probably one of the most hazardous, a s a class, is the mining ouainess and we find all the tates incoruorat ing in their safety orders specific requirements for the proper o- eration of mining ~rou rties. The United States Govern- ment has propounded laws governing the use and storage of ynamite and other ex losives, nd these p r ecautionary measures are usually incorpora t ed into the laws of the St tes in some modified form. Particular attention, in addition to dyna- mite and ex· losi vee, has been paid to the proper metl1od of driving tunnels, drifts, etc. The large mining companies almost uniformly ado ted precautionary measures a nd we find now the small operator to be the one wno requires the most attention. 1his paper will not deal wit1 mining safety work, on account of the fact that tl1e writer is not familiar enough with mining engineering to go into the matter fully. Chapter III Probably one of the most notable step s towards safety is tl1at one taken by tl1e railroads. ~·ractically every day the individual citizen's attention is called to the fact that the railroads are ever alert to protect not only the lives of their em loyes but those of the traveling public. Through the Interstate commerce Co ·· ission, ~.1i th the co operation of the railroads, innumerable devices for safety for railroads have been tested and installed by these rail roads. tone time there was an ap allin nwnber of acci dents, due to switchin 0 operations, and by the simple in vention of a safety coupler the brakman was given a chance 12 to _erform his duties in cou )ling and uncoupling cars with out taking the unnecessary .11azard of placing l1is ., ody etween the cars and thereby running the chance of being crushed underneath the wheels • . any of the railroads have adopted the scheme of noti fying the engineer that road ork as being one ahead by the cormnon method of oosting flags a t Known distances from a point where men were working on the tracks. Careful systems of placing signs on cars or equi9 ent where en are \ Orking assist switchin 0 crews in avoiding hooking onto cars or equip ment that is under repair. In the construction of the railroad due care is being taken to avoid grade crossings wherever practicable, elimin ating the possibility of accidents due to negligence either on the part of the railroad employes or the ~ublic in using ordinary precautions in observing the approach of the train at a crossing. .r!here grade crossings are necessa ry syste1ne of wigwags have been installed. These devices are usually electrically op -rated and when under careful inspection very rarely fail to per! orm tl1e desired function. I n the actual operation of the trains over a railroad various interlocking devices for switches, semaphores and block signals have been installed to indicate to engineers just what the condition of traffic is ahead . I n the :passenger coaches passen,. ers are forbidden in many of tl'le states to .lac e articles of baggage in the aisles where other passengers may stumble over them. Only sma 1 pack- ages are allowed to be nlaced overhead in the racl s provided for them. The railroads 1naintain an e:f! icient staff of competent a nd experienced engineers to daily work out the problems confronting the railroads in r egard to safety . These engineers are ~iven aut hority and po~er to enforce regulations which are designed to prevent the smallest sacri fice in life of the em loyes and the traveling nublic. of the railroads l1ave taken such l ride in their Safety De partments that they are spending large sums of money for the purpose of educating their employee, as ,vell as tl1e general ·oublic. ~ There being, ~~ong their other achievements, the fact that they have oeen able to show a decrease in accidents over their railroads, and their ultimate goal will be the reduction of accidents to the smal lest • • 1n1mum. Chapter IV Safety in the State of California probably bega n to be a real problem and was de lt with s such a t t he beginning of the year 1914. Previous to this time there ·ere various 13 • 14 laws and enactrente int is st t which had to do with t e safety of workmen in a gen ral way, but not until the passage of the "Boynton ct" did the Legislature of this Sta.te .. i ve to the Induetr i 1 .Ace id nt Commis ·ion full authori t:y· to promu - gate 0nd en1orce definite measures for t 1e saf ty of the v,orl<:ingman. Briefly, the "Boynton Act" rovides for the org niza tion, ,ewers a nd duties of the Industria l Accident Commis sion, to est ab l ish this Cornmiscion a s c quasi-court, and through this chan 1 pr actic a. ly a.11 in tistrial a..ccid nt ca .. s es are adjudic E ,t d; eYce-'= t, t:b A ,t he Cormnis ion has no jurisdiction over accidents arising out of and in the course of interstate commerce. Three Cot , issionera are a..t:1~ ointed by the Gover or nd serve G t his leasure for a period of four ye rs. This J_ ct pro id t ha.t ev ry em~ layer of 1a·bor i11 the Sta.te of Ca .. lifor11ia. shall b e res ·)onsi le for accidents occurring to employee without rega.rd to negligence on the pa.rt of t e em:ploye, nd th only defense that tl1e em1loyer m ay v is tnat t e injured em loye was either intoxicated or was guilty of wilful misconduct. Cases of intoxica.tion are very r rely raven, on account of the f ct that intoxic c.tion is difficult to rov - that a man is intoxica4ted. As to ,vilful misconduct, it is still harder to prove this oint a s a. defense, bec ause wilful misconduct eim ly means that the employe injured himself for the sole 1 ur_ose of r ceiving the benefits oft e Act. All in ustries are included in t l1ie . ct, e c e· t domestic serv i ce, casua l em·)loyment, r anch and f arm ,vo rk, dairy, horticultural, agricultur 1 and vi ti- cultur 1. I n cas e an em~l ye is i njured in t he course of his em9loyment he is entitl d 1'ronhis e 1loyer, or l1is employer's insurance carrier, to ed ic a l att nt ion or th first ninety days follo~ ing t, e accident, and this t ime may be extended at the discretion of the Commis sion. In addi- tion to this the i njured nan is t o receive sixty-f i ve er cent of his a vera e . eekly earnings, de ducting t he f irst two weeks, until r ecovery is effect ed . l n case the injury results in a permane· t disa bility, such a s the lo s of finger or a n e e, this disab i l ity is rated in accordance witl-'1 the rules laid down y the Commis sion and the injured · erson receives a certai11 amount oi comi) nsati on in the i orm of .... money for this disa bi l ity, regardless of the time or r turn to work. In case of total disaoility t1e injur ed erson r eceives sixty-five 1 er cent of his average weekly earnings for t wo hundred a nd forty weeks and a forty .er c ent pens i on for the r est o!' is life. ota l permanent dis )i lity con- sists in t he loss of oth a r ms or both le s, total b l i d es s or total 1aralysis du- to an accident. ny disability whicn r ates over s i xt · er cent involves a pension for life. h .S a n example, a sixty-five e r cent iisa· i l ity oul ntitle the injured erson o sixty- ive p r c nt of his average weekly earnings for two hundred and orty wees a nd five per cent ension for t ne r st of is l ife. ..n case of death where there are ~ersons t otally de.endent on the deceased the death benefit is I' i ured a t t 1. rate of three times the average annua l earnin s, not t o eJ ce ed . 5000. and not less than $1000. out of this award the depe ndents must pay the burial expenses. n case of partia l depend- ency, the _ :Jerson so partially dependent will receive three times the average annua l contribution of deceased to this dependent, , i t h the axim um l i mit a ave stated. I n addi- tion to this artial dependency award the burial ex ense s must be paid by the e1n~ layer, or · }1e e :-11..)loyer 1 a in°ur r-.nce In Cose there are no de end ents the employer must 11ay burial ex ens a not to e;~ ceed ~ 100. "_t the resent time an employer mc, y ca .. r · his ovm insurance, assuming the full obligation imposed by law, or he may be insured with one of the corporate insuranc e cofil ·ani p1emit® or he m y insure with the Sta t e Com ensation Insur ance Fund, a branch of the Industria l ccident Cormaission, by the payment of tl1e proper premium. In case ~ n in·ury is caused by t hird party t e injured -may accept com ensation f rom the employer, or thee player's insurance carrier, in which e,, nt t he er a_p l oyer, or employ r 1 s insurance carrier, is subrog .ted to injured 's ri t ga inst 16 the third p rty, or the injured mcy proc e dir ct ag inst the third party, in which event the layer, or his insur- ance carri r, is 1·reed rom lia 1 1ty. An injured em loye may c11oose one of two courses wh r n ccident occurs and no third p ~ rty is involved. He may either accept com ensa- tion or sue the er loyer t commo11 law, ut in c 2tse of suer suit he mus rove gross negligence on the art of thee - ployer, end i f t e employer i car o ~t ion he ust r rov gross negli · ·nee on th part of one oft e executive officers , if a partnershi on t}e art of one o · the .n individu .1 on the part of the indi idual . ,rtners, r.d if If com ... en- · sction is acce Jted a co ·on l,w suit c annot be inst·tuted, d ·~ .n l. J. .. COl HOn 1 w suit i brought to tri l corn~ensc tion cannot be received. The Saf e t y D a rtment of the I11dustri ,.. 1 --_ccident Commis - sion has be n g iven · ower to ·dr, ft or ers and requirements for the various industries "nd t is de J .rt . nt ef'ore dra t ing t 1iese l aws ha s c lled to the Counci t abl r presenta.ti v , rr nufacturers nd l aboring men to assist t ~m, and the pres t safety rules ·o ·- rovid d are tne result of . r .ctic 1 exper- ience on the part 0:1:· the Sa ety Dep9rtm ,n and those a ~oci - ated with them in this work . The present s . . f ety la. ws ar designed for p r actic 1 op r tion, e.s ell s to be economic .1 · to the ma.nuf .,cturer 11d equi t . le to th n. This S f ety D rt ent s g t ered t tistics based u- on cci- 17 dents re1orted to the Industrial ftcc ide t Co is ,io f or the ast thre years and it has been found th~t throu h s afety "rork in this Ste t the num er of fa .. t a.l accidents h .e been reduc d v ery ma.teri a lly, e .. s well c1 .,s c t decrease in the total number of accidents re orted. Pe be!ore stated, one br nch of ·this Commis sion created under the "Boynton Act" was the State Com:eneation Insura nce Fund. This "]ilnd" was crea.t d fo1 the pur ose of o fering employers relief from the li " bility imposed U )On them a s em: loyers by the "Boynton Act", by the payment of certa in premiums, dependine upon t he clas of work they were engaged in and on the amount of payroll expended by them per year in their enterprises. During the first yea r the insurance rates for com.ens .tion insur .nee were on the average higher than a t the present time. The r ates used in this State were not based upon the experience of this State but u1on the general exp erience throughout other States f or the various industries involved. The Sta te of California, t hrough the State Comp ens9,tion Insure .nee Fund, went into open and direct competition with the va .. rious pri Ve te corpora,te insurance csrriers and, due to the prestige of the State of C lifornia and to a very efficient ma.nagement, the "Fun " s:pr8ng into the lead in the amount of insurance premiums collect ed. Each insur~nce carrier maintains its own Safety Depart ment for the purpose of inspecti ng the risks insured, and following the lead of the rivate carri re the State Insur ance Fund organized Safety Department, he · urpose of this de artment bing to se that the em loy rs who ~er in .ured with the "Fund" conplied , 1th the safety la.ws of the State and protected their workmen in every reasonable manner. This combined effort of the S ety Departnent of the Indus trial _ccident Co Lis ion and the rious s Jfety organiza tions of the insur nee com. nies resulted in a very ma.rked im~ roverrent in a. l Hrge numoer of our indus t rial ent r "'rises. In addition to furnisl1ing information for corr ct mecb8ni cul safety devices for .chinery, e uc tion 1 ropaganda was disse inated among the workin clae , ae well as the em. loyers, bringing a out a re liza.tion on t e - rt of all concerned tlw,t "s,-fety first" was n ore tl'i.an a ere sloga.n. 19 The Inspection Departnent of t ne "Fund", for who the ,,riter served as istrict Insi ector :ror c ome t1n1e, ,ade a practice of celling person lly on practically every employer insured witb them, taking up the matter of safety in detail, recormnending sEf ty devices here and there, 01ga.nizing work men in l c;~ rge ... la,nts into e fety committees and in g eneral preaching •safety". The result b i11g t @_ t those e •)loyers who complied with the requests of this eu rt ent found tha.t tl1e im9roved con "itione brought tbem inctnci .1 returns in lower insurance r a tes. anufacturing enter rises were car - fully i11s ected nd 11 the mechanic ~ l and bysica~ l defects were called to the attention of someone in authority nd remedies were studied out c .nd suggested to these employers. A compr .hensive scheme of romulgatin individual insurance rates on enter rises came into use .nd still is in use in a modified form.. The construction --nd hei hth of buildings a,nd the number of employee on each floor wa.s ta..bulated . The number of rn.a.chines used a.nd their pur osee, and the number of op erators in proportion to them chines w s also t aken into considera tion. Elevators were carefully ins_ected, boilers were lool~ed over, ex) osed bcl ts, ulleys, jack-e llfl.fting a .. nd ge r ing ordered guarded, so that employee would not be subjected to the dangers of these devices unnecessarily. Engine fly v,heels and n1oving parts were ca.refully ordered gu rded. The general conditio1 s of light, ventila.tion, ea.nit ~ tion were considered, end last, but not least, the attitude of the employer towards his men and the attitude of the men towards safety were taken into consideration. All of these things were then ca~ refully a .. la .. nced one ~gai11st tl1e other, charges being made for serious defects nd credits allowed for better than normal conditions, end, finally, an in ividu 1 r ate as arrived at w1ich r eflected the actual conditions of th plant under inB~ection. If an enter rise wa s enjoying a rate belo,wr normctl it simply ind.ica,t d to the profession tha,t this 20 plant hctd ta .. ken extraordin .ry preca.utions in ua .Jrding it em~ loyes "gai11st a.ccidents nd in providing them a .. s fe place of em loyment. This system is known a s the "merit ra.ti11g system" and is used 01 r actic a.lly all rnanuf ,cturin enterprises. It does not extend to mining or quarrying, but is rather confined to rry m nuf ~ cturing enter rise where definite physic &.l conditions are encounter d without much change in the general arrangement from year toyer. In addition to the adjustnent of rates this Department looked in on srnall olichholders, e . g ., a .. C c. r ful ins :_ ection was made of the pre ises of a grocery store or a et 1arket, tl1a.t was insured, to det rmi11e i:t ro e r precautions were being ta.ken i11 storin ... m ateria l i11 their stockrooms; if proper railings were inst alled on their stairways; if proper light was to be had i11 ba.sements; if g a.soline and explosives were properly stored on t e prenises. The personal call of the Inspector was a constant reminder to the employer of labor tlr..a.t it paid in n1oney a..nd i11 effic i \ncy to take every reaeonaole prec aution for the s afety of the em loye. The result of the safety move ent has been tha t the experience in the State of California warranted lower rates on almost every enterprise, and tod y e find that practic al ly all branches of industry are enjoying lower r ates for compene tion insurance than in 1914. 21 A rate increase wills ortly e encounte1e in this tate, P · rtly on accou1t of t e ·a c t th t t e i ti g riod, i11 Cc, of ~ -- 1 cci ent, .. s been c t ov,n 1·ro fourteen days to ten days. mhe 1 • t 1is ···i 11 w in c _ ng e C eff ~ ctive . 1, 1918. art of t . • be anuary 16 increase can also char ed to the • sed t of . • business by 1ncre co cqu1r1n • . his . 1ns1.1ra nce c a r1·1 ers. 1 c rea · e , _ o,vever, s 1l · i'icient to bring t }1e r tes u _p to the . oi t r1 r e in 1914. , i l l no t .. e ,nP ..., ... Let us t a .. e as a 1 ex .,m,11 roe or less ty 1 ic 1 · anu- fact!.lrin _1 lant ai1d follow the : rocess of "rnerit r l.- t i n "• If r :f erence is made to the Univers 1 Ins~ec t ion Re· art .... attached to t i 1 Jape r the inforrnat ion t r_ lated c n be eadily understoo • , e will f a low the Ins 0ector's Reuort in the orde r t ~at 1 a t erial a , ~ears ther eon. eference shot1ld ...... also be .ade a t tnis ~oi ~ t to Universal Rating For attached. It ill be noted that on t~is Universal Rating For · t 1ere are six coltunns. Tree columns rrevoted to char~es and three colunms devot ~d to credits. In ) r a,ctic lly 0 .11 manufacturing · lants there are tnree Kins of accident azards and the tl1ree columns under chc:1.rges and t e three colur n s unler credits are intended for the workin~ out of rates, taking into account these three different hazards. The first hazard is the c atastrophe one, such as burnin of buildings, colla1se of buildings r:nd boiler explosions. The 22 charges and credits a pplicable under this heading affect th entire .:.. ayroll in the buildin, nd therefore columns "B" and "E" v1ill ref lee t these conditions. The s ec ond division is the hazard inherent in th\ · crticular industry under consid- eration and aft·ecta all e 1 1loyes. s the insur nee r te is cornl._uted to corer this h z rd ny redttction or increase in t 1at hazard will 1 1.ave a corres )Ond i 11g effect 011 the insurance rate for that ~articular industry. Th r fore, char ea and credits under this headin are fi gured on a ercenta e of the insurance rate and columns "A" a nd "D" take care of t his phase. Third: Cer in hazards inherent in the i11 ustry are such that only l imited number of mployes are ever exposed 2 to this hazard at a ~ one tie, and these charge s and credits, tnerefore, are adjusted on the payroll asis of the plant in question and colUJ.--nns nett and ":B,'' take care of these condi -'- ions. We wi l l now turn t o the Universal Inspection Re ort and take u the coniitiona which eith r nroduce a credit f or or a - ~ charge against t he _articular .lant under consi eration. The report to be cons idered in t his case is a laning and moulding mill and the inforn1ation gathered y the inspector is tabul ted on t .. 1e i11s 1 Jection r eport. Buildings. No charge is made on ouildin s les s t han four stories, but cert ain cre,~it is allowed where under four stori s. In this case 25 points are allo\ved s credi under colwnn "E". oaf Tanks No credit allowed for ~ood installation, but charges c n be ma -e for defective condition. Floors No credit for good floors, but charg e can b e ade for def ective conditions. Floor o· enin s Char e of 5 _points in colu1nn "C" for e a ch such unr rotect- ed o 1 eninv. Hoistways ' 4 Cha.,rge of 10 points in column "C" is ma.de where un uarded hoistways are found . stairs 4 ~ oints is charged in colur.an "C" w11ere stair is p oorly lighted. 4 4 oints is charged in column "C" wher stair has defect i 'T,e tread. 4 points is c l1.arged in column "C" ,vhere stair has no hand rail. ~1evated Runways C:b..arge of 2 oints under column "C" is ade for eacn te11 l i neal feet of ru11way over six fe t from fl oor and not provided with hand rail a toe boa d. -inimum cha.r e 2 oints • ... Charge of 1 point under column "C" is made fore ch ten lineal fe t w~ere either w.nd r ai l or toe oard is is ing, out not both. oilers Discretion ry char e from ~Oto 100 points where abnor . lly da n erous con litions exist. Cr di t f 50 points is a llo,•red i11 colu 1n "E" wl1ere there . boiler • 18 no on premises. Credit of 30 ~ oint s . 1101.red • column "E" ,vher boiler 1S in • • ')5 c. l.S ln deta ched oiler house and ins .1 ected by accr E.- ited ins1 ector. Credit of 10 • ts . a l owe d . colu It " oiler .... 01 1S l. 1 n W'J. re . . det a ched ooil _, r house and not i 11 s ~ e c t e d • 1S 1n ere it of 25 is in dj oinir1 ints is allo,qed i colu: n " .. where - oiler oiler hous a nd ins ected by accre it d inspector . Credit of 5 oints is allowed in colu nn " ~ 11 where ooiler is in adjoinin~ ooil ~r house a d not ins 4 ected. Credit of 20 oints is allowed in column "E" wher boiler is in, a in D ui din and in uected b accr ~dit ed ins ector . .... · oiler and other Stacks Cr ... di t of 5 points in column "E" ,vhere no stac 1 s are on pre1nises. Cre it of 3 points in colurnn "E" where stack is of concrete or brick . Steam Engines Cr Jdit of' 20 uoints in colu ... "E" here no nines are o ... erat d . Cr edit of 10 oints per en 6 i11e in column "F,. wh re dan er- ous movin . - rts r e guarded. Credit of 2 · oints per e ngine in coll.L'1ln "Eu v vhe r in e pendent seed limit stop s are insta lled. Credit of 5 .:._ oi 1t s 9 r e ·ine in column "Ett ,vhere stop stations are conveniently locat ed throughout J lant. Chctr 5 e of 10 points per ·1y whe 1 in colunm ••en where wheel is not guarded. 26 Charge of 100 points :per engi11e in column "C" where eng i e is not equipped ,vi t 1 1 t:>Overnor. lect ical Equipment Charge of from 10 to 100 poi~nte • column "B" where dan- 11'1 electrical instal ation • e r ed. gerous lS encoun Power Tra 1 s ra.i s • ion Charge of 4 points • colun m "C" for each uarded 111 un e a r. C.har of 4 poi11ts • c oluv nn u C" for each ed clltt ch e 1n unguar within eever1 feet of f loor or p l a t f ori . Char ~ e of 2 points i11 colu cal or inclined belt. "C" for each un·ua rded verti- Char 0 e of 2 points in column "C" for each unguarded hori- zont a l belt wi~hin seven fe et of floor or latfo~n. - Charge of 2 oints i11 colu n "C" for ea ch v ertic a l or inclined shaft. Charge of 1 point in colu· n "C" for eacl1 te11 feet of un guarded horizont 1 transmission shaft within six feet of !'loor or platform. Char ·e of 2 points i i colu n "C" for each un· ,Jrot cted sr1aft dead nd wi t hin six feet of floor or p l t arm. Char 0 e of 4 points in colu n "C" for each prot r din st screw. Char e of 2 points i n colu _n "C" for each sh ft cou .li 11 - ith - rotruding nuts, bolts or eys. Char e of 4 points i11 colur. 1n "C" -·or each set of tight and loo e pulleys not ~rovided wit belt shifter • .. chi11e has i 11di - vidua l · oto r drive. Credit of from 1/ ~ to 10;- in colu11 n ''D" ,vl1e r e not o rer t e 11 rnacl1ines a r e driven i11 eac rou1) throughout :plant. Credit of 10 ....)oints in column "F" where raeans of quicKly stoppin 0 all machines in each room is installed. Jaintenance and Ins.ection Cre it of from t'v to allowed wl1ere aha ti11g is fitlJed with self-oilin 0 bearings or where me t l1ods are employ e d obvi ating the necessity of a n oil er going near sh ft i n 0 when in :notion. Credit of to 5 .1~ allowed where r egular inspections of chains, hooks, ropes, etc., a r e ~ 1ade and r ecord kept of these ins r )ections. '· ,,1achine O eratives ... From stRtietica l data gat hered throughout the United States normal percent a e of tot a l em loyes eng u e d in o~erat in r · achines fore ch industry has be en ormulated, and in 27 case of a planing n moulding mill the schedule states t hat t1e average cont i t ion f or I achine o_ r ato s runs b twe n 30 ; anl 50f of those e ployed. _ spe c i f ic charge of ½% for e cl1 1 1 of machine onerators .... over th maxi mur n normal conditions of 50 ,., is charged i11 column II _i\_H • For exaiill) l e , if 52, of the em ... loyes of a _ 1 ni n 0 a 11d mouldin mill w ~ re eng ed in op eratinb machines a char e of c l1ar ed in column " ft • In other rvords, 1/~ woul d b e char ed f or the a b ove cited case. A si1 ila r - ~ is a llowed as a ere :i it 1n column "D" where - the percentag e of machine op e r ators is less than the inimum, 28 and in tl1e ca se under consideration 30/o is t he minimum. There - fore, for eac}1 l / 1 under 30f a 2 % cred i t would be a 10, ed i n column "D" • safety an V elfar e Credit of r ram 1 1 0 to 10% is allowed in column "D" wh re a systematic a c cident prevention c ~a i 6n is carried on. Credit of from 4 % to 2 ~l is a llovred i n column ''D" ,vh :re an efi'ici ent first a id c b ine t is installed. ire Haza rd A charge of from 10 to 200 l oi11t s in colu. mn "B" where insufficient and oorly arranged fire e i ts exist. A credit of 2 points under column "E" wh re ood 1 eans of giving fire alar m is inst alled and here f ire rills are held regularly. eneral lachine Hazard Credit in colurnn nF" for each ~ ower machine whe r e ge ars, sprockets, chains, bands, belts, pulleys, clutches, wheels , shafti11g, SJ) indles, couplings , counterwei hts and all other dangerous parts a re ·ully uarded . Credit t 1e num er of poi ts equal to 2f of tl1 . insurance rate with a maximum of 4 poi nts : er achine. In the case in 29 question the insura nce rate is ;~ 2.51 per ?100. of ayroll p r year. 2f of 251 c ents equal s 5 .02 c ents, and under t e rule would mean to allow 5 . 02 points e cep t for the f act t1 t the rule states t.11at the max:i um of 4 ... oint s 1 Jer 1 achine is al lo'1'1ed, an in our ase this ! axi u , will oe a llowed per ;· achine , credited as above required. A credit of 4 points in column "F" for each machine in a woodworkin ~ l ant r1h .re t e ... oint of operation or' tne r. chine under consideration is so guarded that t~e employe operating the - achi11e c annot get his fingers c a ught a t this 1 oint . Explosive Haz ~rd A charge of from 10 to 1 00 ,J oi11ts under column "B" where explosive materials are kept in unusual quantities without due regard to proper storing and handling. General Order, Lig t and Sanitation A charge of 1% to 10,? in c lumn "A" where overcrov ded con litions, ad lig· t, poor sanitation a nd ventilation, and poor general orner a r e in existence. 30 _ credit of 1,. to 10\, in colu n " " ,vh r ~ tl1e cont-it ions in r egar d to li ht , ~rd r a s nitation ~ re except ionally ood. a rds A charge of from 10 to 100 oi nts i n colu n" "wher xtr azardous con i ions exist in y ds, sue a s ngerous railroa tr cks and swi t c ,1es and the uns e ) iling o material. Grindin · .!heels A cha r e of one oint i n colu i1n nB" 1·or e a c gri ·1cti g "111e 1 over eight inc es in c i ameter not ounted !'Ti th s f'ety 1·1 nge s equal to 1/3 t1 di a eter of the heel. A charge of 1 ... oi ti co umn "B" for e ch , heel not ro- vided with substantial r e t ainin 00 • charge of 1 ... oi t in c olurm nB" f or eac l'vhe 1, or or heels if on one a rbor, not equi: ped wit su · ·. ic ient belt shifter • . 1r .J. c r ge o:t' 1 _point in colu m nB" or e ~c w eel, or nai r of whees, wi~1 un: rotected ar- or ends. Elevators A cha r e of 5 .& oints 1 n colu n "B" w11ere there are pro jecting objects ins aft oft e e evator t hat ~ill !o r~ as · ea r ith the elevator :flooring . A charge of ~ oints in column "B" where the car is not ... rovided with a roved safety catch s Y ere the lift of the elevator is overt elve feet. oint s in col mn "B" where t 1e entr · ce to 31 the elevator shaft is not : rovi e with ap 1 roved ates. ch r e of 5 oints i r floor .... in c o u n "B" ,vh re , ate - • ways (not i11c lu in entrance) are not enclosed in a .... roved anner. charge of 3 poi11ts • column "B" wher the levator i in 11as i10 auto iati c car i i t sto , s .... t t 0 - l ... and • ottom. 1 cha rge of 2 oi11ts in column "B" where e evator 1.6 not u rovided wit autoi atic linit sto os • ... P. char e of 3 .:.. oi11t s in colu n "B" where car sides not used for entrance are not properly enclosed. A ch re of 2 oints in colu n" "for e a c h elev tor and i11 _ oorly l i ted . _4 credit 01· 2 · , Joints in column "E" here t 1e elevator is equi~ped with an im r ove system. A credit of 2 oints in col ur n ' E" wnere elevator has locking device for cable at ea c 1 floor • . A . credit of 2 oints in column "E" where elevator to s properly . rotected . j credit of 2 points in column :E" rrhe re elevator is properly ~rot ected under the head sheave s . A cred i t of 2 oints i n column "E" where ele ""rator is equ i_ ped ~i th speed overnor. ere it of 4 oi ts in colu ,n" "wnere re ula r elevator operat or i s ei ployed . General Provisions Char 6 e of irom 1% to 10~?, in colu n "A" where extra h z rd- ous con litions are r vealed y the Credit of 1~ to lO o in colu tions of safety exist • j2 . ins ct or ' s r - o rt • "D" ,vh re superior c o ne i- ... ri th t11e f orego i :. '1g i n · ·or at ion n t he re) ort, t he Universal Rating ·orm contai i s a clmrge or .3~~ in colu n nAn; no c a rges in colu n °B"; 63 poi ts c_argea i c olu "C" ; credit in colu · "D", 47 oints credit i n column "E", and , 4 points credit in column 11 "· I t is est a blis e ~Y rue tn t in colu ns "B" and "E" it t ales 10 oints to nake a c nt , ai1d to determine the nu ber of 1 oi ts equal to one c nt i n columns "C" and "F" we s i r -1y ulti .c'ly the yroll oy four and point off four laces. I n t}1e c e under con C! i cl r ~ , i on this ___ iv .... us i - 0 i11t ' .... qu . . 1 t c ent. ~orking t he charges and credits on this b ~ is e h ~ ve a credit of 20.83 cents cnarge in column ".A " and 10.5 cents cha r g e i11 coltt m "C", LR.ki ng a. tota,l charge of 31.33 cents. _ credit of 30.12 cents in column "D", a credit of 4.7 cents i coluJm "E" and a credit of 8 cents i n column 11 F", n ir1 to t a .,l er i t o· "' 4 . t,_ c leaving a net credit of 11.4- 9 cents; C c: .. l ing t his . 1 5 cent s C •-' ' nd dedtcting this from the ins1.1r nee r ~t e of 2.5 we inc.lly arrive a t t h c justed r ~ e of $2 .395. It wil l bes en by exan ining this Universa l ~ating orm tha.t i f che .. r ges c ould be 'limin .ted t _ e r ate could be furthe r r educed 31.3~ cents, din ou r c e 11 t ese ch rges c ~ n b e elimi11 te d by t oner oft e 1 ning 1i 1 . c .. r eful con- sider .tio of t 1i forn1 wi 1 show t 1., r der t ia.t t 1ose it , s occurri11g under colu1nns "C" an "F" ctu .1 y . : ly t o only l1nited num r of - .m · lo./ s, wl1il colu ns ti " , " " , " " •• J -nd 33 "E" - p ly to all the mJloy • ~ rat d ~ 1 more i ght bee id about this r atin syste , but it is t he writ r's idec to g i ve only " brief discu ion of t l is tt r. To . idea to g i ve n s follovring • a r e l n : R ~ · = achine s h o s • • • • Ou u s i cl ... , .1 • • Cl .. ric,;1.l of · c e • • • Cha.,t:tff ur • • • • • o· · · e r ti on • • l a stin • • • • • • O per tio! o!' oil 1 . rilling of oi v1ells r ate s 0 t (. ,· . s r <.\ 1 .. 1 • 3 . 5 .10 .74 5. 75 2 • 2 2 .27 4.57 . v2r1ous 0 of . nt er Jr i s s t 1 e yr oll per ~ r ar Tl1e St a.te Cornpens c.,tion Insur nc Fund 11.as , e e n ble i n tl1e ·J .. t to i n ure .za rdotts undert a.~cin ~ s t:n.at were not desir d by riv te insur nee c .,rri ers, - L inly t rou t :l edium of their Ins ection ep rtrent. For inst ce, if a .za rdou 1 r w s p l a.ced on tl1 b oo s of t e "Fund" a c r eful urv y was · de by ~ n Ins· ector nd da ily visit s to t he scene oft e opera- tions i11stil - ed i11 h e em loy r t e "s f ty" h ,.._ .. it. A 1 ,r g mount 01· er it or t e st1cc e s ful o:i)er tion of Sc ! ~ fety i- neering work in this ~t ct should be i n to th Saf ty Dep rtment of the I duetri ~ l J ccident Co iscion, under t direction of John R. Brown 11, ;,ncl to he v ... riou.s s ,..tf ty d - artments of th , insur .nee co. , anies, a n 1 t, ut not 1 the Safety Depc rt rient of the "Fund " und r t e ir ,ct ion of . 34 t' E. F. Go lzer. It is u u .lly f c.ct th.at ,.._ gr du te n ineer of some recognized Univ r ·ity ke t 1~ e best s ~fety engi er after being properly trained int is br nch oft e rofession, but this is not rlways the ca.se . d r, fillV in t·r. Goelz r, a bove ntion~d, a a n who is not 6 r adu te of en engineering school but one who h ,s e uc , t hir s lf c: ,long engineering lines by .ctu lly f a cing th proble s ,,it the .- i lity to overcome t em, and I wish her . to ay my r .sects tot 1is wort. hy g entleII12,n .s one of the ioneers of "sa f ety 11 in Calif orni . Cha ter V In t ~ ;.) "'ield of e ectricc .. l engi11 eri ng · ro oly the most hazardous of all tne alli d in ·ustr· · s th t of h i ght nsion work. The hazard 01 tis work i ► for t_e ost rt dependent upon the f8 .. ct tbat l1igh otential is encounter .d. In the construction o a hi ·h tension pow 1 r l ine th re is fir .. t t 1e st1rve~y v,orl<, w11ich, under ordin,. ry co 11di tion , v,oul not be considered h ,z• rdous, but ir t e country over ich the line is to oe ui t i rou ,h .. n 1 ount ,i1 ous a,rticu .r C'1,re ust bet y t mi 'ht not r . ult. surv 1 yi g er ~s , in ord rt t accid nt Under the j r ,c nt sy t s of i ~ l t n ion 35' lines concret ba.se re u u r;,lly l a id, in ,v ic J. to anchor steel towers. These toy 1· f'or t most :)a.rt re a,rti .lly and sometimec holl~ ~Se Jle _ on the roun then r is ed into osi tion by . d rrick, c nd , h n v r b oc nd t .cl<le and c .-bl is us d for th nurpos e of lifti g ny con icler ble wei · t the ~e cables shou l d be i sr cte ily, as we 1 a s t oth I ~ Jar a ern8li c: 1 • conn ct d therewit- • The crews o er ~ction vrork must b com os d of n1e n l a ili r ;;i th the work in hand and thorou e;l l y cogniz .rt of t ie Zc,rds connected t erewi th, :for if one er J loye in a crew is c r less or f org ts, this ca r .le ·s ness or forgetf't:.lness a.y result in a serious a .. ccident to ot ier men, who, so f a r c s t 1ey e re concern d, have observed 11 ~he rules of safety. I n stringing hi gh tension lines due care must be ·i ven to b elts or men orYing aloft. r ~ ctically al l large electric c tl ower com1 ani \s hc . . ve their belt r ade to certain spec if ic c,tions Cvnd one of t h IJ in f .. ct ors in t 1e C 01 1s truction of a b lt must e that t e le . ther ou.t of v, ich t 1.e el t is n1B,de is first g r ade, full-gr cJin, v ell-se,~ed le ther. The fastenings and equi} lll nt shotll be de of rr1al le ble iron or steel end this equip ent shoul bed ily ins· ected to discover ny f aults iJvhich might I sul t from con t c. ,1 1t use. A man v,ork- ir:g overhe • d ust tl e r · son ,ble c ,.,,r , i vi11g consideration to a,ny other en1: loyes who m clY be ,1or~ 'ing a longsi e o h i m on tower 01 ole, ~ 0 ell as to see that no tools or equi nt are dro1 ped to the groun b lo , nd in order t o prev nt cB .,l a. mi ty arisin out of t h.e ro-J·Ji11g of tools, t he 1 orer on the ground below should e ful ly instruct e d to keep out from under at all times. In high tension work p ~rticular ca re should be given to strong line construction an lenty of room should be llowed etween the vc rious p owe r lines , so tha t if man is r quir d to 1'!0rK on or1e of thes e towe r s on a line which h .s b e n tem~ora rily n de deed he should not be subjected to t rie 1..1nusUE tl h.8.z a,rd of hi g )O t ~nticl in anoth r line on the s a,me tower • thorou h syet _ of t e.g should be inst r lled on the lines which a r to b e repaired or ,or 'ed upo n , i ndicat ing to the workr n the ctt a l condition ot· the line t o b e ,vorked on. 1rost acc idents oc cur on line work, - l argely due to tl1e f act tr.i2,t tl1.ere is a l a.c k of definite rules a nd regula ., tio ns, and in the event of rules and r gulations , l a ck of enforcement of s me . Usually, in the re_air of lines t h ~re is . the neces s ity of hurrying the work a nd thi 0 is the prime fa,ctor in increasing acc i eent s . In t he constrt1ction of 1 ower 0 t a.tions the s e, e prec a.utions in rega.rd to derric s, hoist s and er ,n s shoul be ·ollowed , a .. s outlined Lbove in r egard to l ock aid t ackle. High volt ge transformers and supply lines should be isol ted a s m uch a s · os s i ble f rom ,..tctua l o·)erc,tions , .n . in. ca s i~olat ion i s i - ' r acticRl they should t le st be in t alled i n th o en , cle rly 1 bled nd with r . on .bl or ~in s p .ce ,round them. ood lights shoul . e furnished on c.11 construction work, so th .t the woI n mc ty t lea st ve . f air chance to see w, t t l ey a re doin. In the structur 1 work involved in .ower station, sc a.ffolds s hould be inst-- lled on 11 work ove r ten feet from tl1e -round. These sce,ffolds should b e equi -- ped with r ailing s end to o r d to prev nt nything f alling off the scaffolds. · . orkme n should e strictly prohibit · ·d from ri ding 0 11 ird rs .. nd materic 1 be i 11f:S oi ted y cranes. In the riv .ting wor~ involved i n ste 1 structures gre t care should e ex rcised in t}e h n~11~ g of ho t rivets from the forge tot ie p l ace where the rivet is to be use , and fo r this, flooring should e inst~lled to ~revent rivet f .lling to floo rs below wh r work en ~ r e n a ed . uring t 1e erec- tion of --> o ver st a.tions one of tl1e m in thing s t h2,t shoul be considere d by t he des ~gnin' engine rs is simplicity in the lay-cut of tl1e bus ,rs, connections, transfo ·mers , generator and other equipment. Com 1lic c .. t ed switching a rrc ngementa often le~d to misunderst .n ing by the ope r ators. uch isunderst .nding quit frequently r esult s in e, f J t a l er or whic11 m .. y co s t t~ e live s of fellow workmen. Lightni1 g ar est r int eir i stallation should be iso lated from all co bu sti le material. They should be equip ed with prop rly insulated di connectors nd grounded by direct co nection ith s littler i st B.nce int is c on ection 37 • ossible. witch boa .. rds s ould - e in ·t tlled, phic will indic q t e t 11 times tle ouer tin condition of t l e ol ant, and conti11uotts in ic -.ti n g round detectors s1 ould oe i eluded in this instc=tllB .tion. Tra nsformers should be isol-- ted and their metal ca se thoroughly rounded. ,~ere tra. sformers o:f:' th oil cooling ty "'"J r ., insta .. lled, specia l arrc ngen1ents should be 1 de to discha.r ge the oil from 38 these transformers inc .s e of f i re. ir-· , res ure ... here n .ir-cool trans larm should be installed in the transfor~e1, so that in Cc se a trans armer ' rea-s down and a fire results tl1e o·.;er tor may locate the fire prom.Jtly a .,nd be able to den l v,i th Bel . ... e before it h s a s urned d .n erous pro ortions. In the installation of l a rge batteries of storage cells first consicl ere t · on shoulc b e i v n to isola.ting t hese t t er- ies from the other p ~ rt. of the ~1a nt. he roo Js i which the batteries are to be insta,lled should be well ventilc .. ted and the floors uilt of cid r esisting m cteri ~ l, cs well as having strength to carry the load of these batteries. lenty of room should b allowed betwe 1 n t ue batteri s of cells, so tl1a.t periodic .1 nd regtllc .. r inspections ca.n b e de without any danger of the operator co ui11g in cont .ct v,i tl1 a.ny live parts of these atteries. Another precaution which should be followed is th t w re over 150 volts : r ssure occurs on battery lines t he two sides of the line ehoul c be sear t d a t lecst three feet, to r ev nt the ~0s 0 i ility of the o er t- or ehorti g thes e battery lines wit his body. The fume s from store e natteri e ~.fter be ing constant1, inhaled oft en cause severe infl ,rnmations of the lungs, and the o erator of any attery system shoul be r .quir d to 1 time in th rooms contc ining atteries. in only a short The writer nows of one cas e wh re the a ttend .nt for l a rg e battery installa - tion is allowed t wo or t re e months V c.c R-tion out of each 39 year, in order to recuperate from t he results of inh ~ l i ng fu 1 es from storage .. tteries. Oil break switche s should e i nstB,lled for t -e operc ... ti on by r mote control and all tl1e mecha.ni - s of these swi tcl1e s should be thoroughly grounded; bed p l ates, fr c.mes c nd eta l arts of generators a nd otors should be grounded; c a les shoul d be covered with led s heat hs iher exu osed. ... A more ex ensive but thoroughly r eliabl e syste of i ns t clling bus bars is to pl ace these bus .rs in sTecially constructed con- crete com.A: a,.rt ment , rna.k i g ti-ie bus b r Sl'Ste s i11 dU })licate , so tha.t certa .. in sections may be grounded wl1en necessity a rises for the r air by s ec i 8.lly i nstr lled bu rounding discon- necting s i tc11es, c re1'ul y i _sulc te nd in t a l ed. The plant should be equi~ped with i nsu l .t ed l atfor Js or rubber mats in front of swit chboards; em~loyes should be furnis ed wit l ru ber gloves nd i sulat d t ools for r ep l acing h i gh 40 voltage fuses and ulling ~iscon ecting switc es. All switches 11d live ~ o,rte shoulc e in t 11 d in s _:>ec ic: .lly con- structed com1 ,rtment vrhi c ma. y b e locked y eye vrhich are in char e of the superintendent of the ~ l ant. Reactor should be inst lled in generator circuit in bus bar Slste s and out going :t' ders, in Oider t ~ -t current i11 t s ... '1rts may be somewh t limit d to p redet e rmine value, in case serious short circuits occur on it. VThenever a rounc is beine; i11 talled for the _ urpose of maki11g safe a ny met, 1 a.rt of t he s:-tst tl1is ground should run to a l a rge body of uet 1 loc a ted deep down in n1oist earth, so tliat tl1e ground c Y e of low resista .. _ ce nd t l1at t e re sistance of thic:? ground r r1.ay be of a Known permanent va.lue. Grou11ds s ould never · e made to g c s a ins, en a ccount of t 1e ex losi,Te rai):ture in th se mains c nd on ac cou11t ot· tl1e cemented joints in some a ,in inst c.lla.tion. If a ground is r ade to ga s ma,ins c .. n explosion is li' .ble to 1 sult wl1en sections of this main a re removed for r epairs or re placement. In the comr leted l ant all metal arts on switch b oards sl1ottld be thoroughly grounded; the operator should ha e a dry, well-insul ~ ted nlatform U JOn which to work. lenty of l i ght sl1ould e fu.rni hed over t, ese b oa rds, so t t all i nstru ents and switches a re in rlain si ht. In the r .r of the oard plenty of room should be a lowed, so t lat i n c ~ se of necessity a workl n could make r - airs on this b oard without t aking the 4I chance of cont act on liv .I,; .. rt. :i~ntr nee to t r ar of the - oard 0 ehoul be lock d , so t hat only under prop r authorization from someone in authority coul a war ' n a ~e a11y r e pairs t her on. is· .tcher shotlld be loc,1t .ld in n isola ted 1 .. ce, so tl-1at in C c, s of ttnusu8.l istur nee on the syste or under gr a t stress he ould be l e, due to his i elated position, to ct cooly c,nd ~ ccurately. of power l nnts, r r air wor on existi I n the o eration lines should be under supervision of co et ent for e en . _en should e selected for this work who a re f a.milie~ r with t e rui zards i vol ved in coming in cont c.ct : i th li "(te wires and li v equipment. A careful systen of su ervision y the chief aper tor should be i11sta,lled, v1her in any orders i ven ·by t 1is operator for t e "killine;" of line, so tl1a,t it mi ght be re: a ired, a.re not misunderstood by tl1e various operators. In ca .. se 1.essa~ges are given by ' 1 hone or telegr ., , t 1ese r-essc .. es c,nd orders should be r e) e :.:l,ted, in order to ch Jck ny error in t tra s - mission of the ess c.ge . A bad J r actice by some oft e ower comranies is t t their tel ~hone systems e r installed on the s ame to,ers or · oles it i gh t nsion lines nd tat t e linemen will use _:·,ort .ble tele· hone instruments, ta pinfs in on these system s qt v a rious .::i l a.ces. his is a serious ist ke, for the workrnan tl i g this ' · hone h s no ay of det ~ r ining in advance whether or ot a hi h ower wire is down, .. . ... a.Kin contact with the telephone line which he y t . i11 on. A permanent tele hon system should e i stall d with def- i11i te, permanent stc ,tions t va 1·ioue points on tl e line~ Careful precautions should be taken, in that the pr on using the ' phone in these st tions is thoroughly insul ~t~d from the ground by pl· tform s with l a ss in ulRtors on tle legs of tle p l tform, c,nd by com let ,ly rounding tl1e et 1 1a.rts of t e 'phone. Car ,ful and ri 7 orous a ily ins _ ction y t e o· erating staff shoul be r c de and r ·;orted on roper forms, so that the slightest irregulcrity would come to the attention of someone in authority, who would t ike roper prec autions to have t _ e irregularity pron tly r ectified. 42 At the p r esent tie linemen's belts, rubber loves, shoes, goggles, hel · ts and oth r - rotective devices worn or used · y men eng ~ ged in electrica l work have - ee n standardized ~ 8 to the specific~tions necessc .. ry to m .ke these i11stru ents of safety effective. Each a rticle is definitely s cified s to quality of~ trial ~ nd e c h a nd every crt icle is sub j ected to certa,in tests at t l1e f'· ._.ctory to determine il1ether or not the rticle in question ill a.ctua lly a fford t .Le s a.fety for which it is inten ed. One of the most im ortant thing ~ to ind int e e uca- tion of men engqged i i n u tries .herein e ~ectr·c shoe liable to be encountered, is t ne c~use o electric shock, . l.S 43 its results ~ n th pro er method of treat, nt in cqse of s}1ock. It is e r lly b liev d tl t el ctric s ~hoc c uses death in one of tv.o ways. First , by r lyzing the res- piratory muscles; end , second, y king the he Nrt "fibrill .f-ell V • In the fir t c ~ se the shock to the nervous system paralyzes tem- orarily the res ir tory muscles nd the in 1 .l at ion rd exhala.tion of air fro - 1 tl1e lun ·s ceases. his in ttlrn nre- ... vents the heart from recei vin ure blood an s~ortly results in death. :Then t e he rt is caused to "fibrilla te" by electr·c shoc k it sim ly me Jns tha t t he nusclec. of the he rt are p rtly r a lyzed. rnhese uscles ar not a whole, but locally in the v 0 rious sections of the eart . The heart do s not tl1en contr :=tct a nd expa.n a s " unit, but some of the muscles of the heart are contracting while otler~ ~ . . a re ex· nui ng , c ausing quivering action. his in turn c auses a f a ilure of load circulation, finally resulting in death. At the resent time no dequate means of combating hea.rt "fi orillating " h ,s be en disc ove r ed, but as to respira tory muscles many devices an ~ - 1etl1ods re in se . It is now consi .ered by tie best aut oriti st t the rone ressure ethod for resuscita ion is the proper one a nd th t the r s~ir tory action e given to t he lungs by proper movement of the a rms and chest. The mechanic ~ l dev i ces • for artifici 1 res ir .tion re not considered s t oad as t l e prone pressure 1 J.etl1od a d echanical de rices should be used a s u .. ilic: ri s to tl1e rone res sure 1nethod. very loy i11 electricc 1 i dt1stri ., e shoul .,_ b e t, u l1t ··irst t e d n rs of electric shock nd, second, known e ns of r susc it .tio • The effects of l )ctric sock d d ri, rily on three factors. One: - is ... )i tion of curr ·,nt throu h the body. 44 Two: - The r a t e of is i a tion of lectrica l energy . Three: - The tota l dissipa.tion of energy , w ich, of course, involves the length of shock. In electrocuti11g crin1in ls onl:y from sev n to t en r..·, er s at 1700 volt a.re used , a.nd contacts re made with vital parts of the criminal I s b ody, so t ha t the dissipa,tion of current through the body .) sses throu gh vi tc ,l org ns. This flo of current is allowed to continue for several inutes, ut robably death results in only a few seconds ti!e. ,uit e a little study has been · d e by various individual s on the eff :let of lo 1 vol t a.ge shocks and c,t the oresent ti e a greu,t de 1 of oubt c ppears in the ind s of _p ople familiar with the subject as to i.rrhether or not a vol t ...... f:, e of less than 220 vol ts or even 440 vol ts will e .,ctu 1.ly ici l l a hun .,n eing . V!hen e, ma n iA killed on a lovr volt a.ge system the question usually c .. r ises, - was it knov,n absolutely tl1at only t11is · re scribed low voltag was the volt g e a t the time of cont ct. It might even be the case t iat just preceding shock t he volt ~ "e wa s less t l .. n 440 and th ,t i edi ately following the vol ta,ge w s less t han 440, but a t t } e actttal tin1e of shock, for some unknown re son, th voltc ge , re . lly h i gh r. It is tle wr·ter's o inion, aft er l i nited ex ri nee long these lines, tha.t vol t a. e of 440 or less is i n lJ ost cases not a d~ng rous volt ,ge an .ill not cause death. ,_,hie st .te- ment should be qualif i d , inasn uch as 1 ny other conditions enter into hock from less ,n 440 vol ts. In the irst p lace t he cmount of current which could flow through a hum n be ins c tt a vol t a.ge of less than 44- 0 would de end l e- r gely on the amount of contact resista nce. his cont ct resistance would depend on the area of contac t a nd u 1 on the quality d conditions of same . or inst nee: If n a.s tanding in water a nd firmly gras; ed a v ire 440 volts a ave ground t he chance would be th t he woul d r ec ive a severe soc~, i ch coul d easily r esult in death . This , however , could b e further modified by the body r esistance of the indivi dual in question. If he v a s in a, ru11- dc vn condit ion 11y sicall y - and covered ith 1 rs_ira tion, the chances of is d ea th would b e f 2r gr .~ter than if the individu 1 was i n robust health with the surfcc e of his b ody tho r oughly d r y an the ~tmos ere dry. I t is p r actically certa.in t 1a.t under 440 vol ts a .. shock from this potenti 1 woul _ not cause cny seriou s incon veni nee if the indivi dua l sub j ct ed to this voltage was . v1ec ring thiclc-soled, thoroughly a ry shoes a.nd in nor '"'1 :pJ· Sl - ca l cond i t ion. v,as troubl ed vri tl On the othe r h nd , i f this a 1 i i vidu 1 eqp he rt and he course of tlis current throu. • •"~i :his body r a n r thi~ org _ n i t i gh t sily r sult in death. It 11 s be e r 1ry X.t .ri ence h t in 11 c .,ses of death from low volt ge good contcct betwe en the wire a nd ground was always ir evid nee, and t h tu u ~l y t incivi- dual' s body w s cove r ed rr i th rs:piration. examining tl1e cond i ti one of a, num er of de the fro low vol ta.g e t h .t alr est uniformly t11e individua l kille d ha hold of a wa t e r or ga s p i ~e, or a in cont ct ith s , e a t t he very time t hat he ,as in cot ,ct with the power line. ' his subject is one which in t he future ,ill de a nd t he at tention of c Jreful ngine ers nd ultimately Scfety d evices a nd re gulation~ .ill e i ugura ted which, I believe, ca n aln1ost 1 holly elii i n .te de th fro this sort of shoe {, if tl1e co-operation of the workers i n this li11e is obta.ined. Even at the - r esent t i me we find on t he market stcnda rdized electric switc 1ing a rra rerents for these low volt ge syete 6 so constructed a s to absolutely prohi ·it t e operator from gettir g con t a.ct tl1rough the s,vi tcl1e s to grou 11c , .nd t hese devices in no W~ Y i nt f ere with t 1e s itc in o: e r 8 t ions. Cbapter VI I:n all s a.fety ork it is my o .)inion that the p e r s ona l equation of the employer a nd thee Jloye is the vita l one to be considered when romotine s afety. 1 e usu .lly find three 46 classes of e _lay rs. First: One who is O inst interf r ence int e o er tion of his lant ya saf ty en in er; Seco11.: n m laye r , o is ~ illi 0 to carry out most recorr1"11endat ions f or sf t~r as lon a s vhe cos t ·s n o-- incl; nd, Tl1ir : The • ro res s i ve ty _~ e o : e_ ...)lay er, ", ho r ealizes t hat s afe ty and ef iciency o h·nd in h nd. The first class of em- layer, as above nentioned, is afraid that if they organize safety car ittees runon 6 t eir · en ai1d do all in t_ eir 1)ower ·to :promot e their welfare that it ill only serve to bind the e uloyes closer to ether, nd that these em~loyes, so bound , will be in a . osition t o enf orce upon the em~loye r eir ishes in rega r t o .att rs of wage and hot1rs. I believe that this defense of t he em~loyer is not really beli ved as a enace by the em~loyer hims 8lf, but is holly for th J 9ur~ose of discoura6 i n 0 Scf ety work in the plant on ac count of its cost. Usually ru 011g this cla s of em"'" layer you \Vill find that ,.,hen a certain device f or safety is IT .:: com1nended t l1e:t ,vill ex} lain at great length that they have operated for ten or twenty or thirty years wi t out a single accident, ad that U lOn investisation one will f ind that t ney nave not only had rany trivi a l accid ents buts veral severe ones. This sort of em.laye r harks back to the old saying that "what is good enough for zey father and grand father is good enough for me" , and you will f ind this type 47 of en~ loye r oner t in~ machin .ry which has long since een disca rded by ~rogre ss i ve em~loy ers and is act ally dan eroua, clwnsy a d ineff i cient . In all du e justice t o en1 loyers of labor let i be s a i d t . at t 1 is fist class of emJloyer is decidedly in th inority. The s econd class of e , layer ref Jrred to, i ll e found Jrogressi ve in his ethods of manuf cture and in the met~ods of distribution of his product. He will .usually b e a manu f ~cturer of mode r ate wealth, whose usiness profits ares all and who is runnin 0 on as. 11 f inancia l reserve. He ay 48 even b e graduated out of the first class and wnile 1 artially in sym 4 atby wit 1 the sai ety move nent he ~ill b r nd fficl,ny safety devices as "new-fan 0 led", a s unneces ry and as dangerous. He will allo~ his en f air wages and re sonable hours and ill require of thera normal -oro uction. e will install s afety devices which he hii_sel f co _ r ehends , but anythi11 .. tha t is beyond his line of <nowledge he wi l l r eject. He will peri it sa:t'ety engineers to inspect his p l ant, to 1nake reco 1 1end tions, but will r ~serve to his on judg~ent, which usually is f aulty in these matters, the fii1a l approval or disa-o- rova l of the devices to b e installed. e find in our work, quite fr e - quently, t nat a serious accident wil sudden l y c net is class of em ... layer frorn t he second c.1ass to t he t 1.ir class. To t he thir c ass of em- :_ l oyer we 1nust g i ve the ere it for all the progress nae ins fety. He not only o~ ns u~ " his _lant to dulJ ccreditJd S'fety en ineers, but a cts u.on t11e i r vic e , seeks · rtl1e r inf o atio , ~ ays .u e n to d evise all reason ble ethos of s fety. You 1ill find in his plant thorou~hly equi?p e firs t - a id syst s. will be imbued with th s a f ety idea and habit. His 1ore111en The re will be co nmi ttee s and eetin s and a en r a l educ' .. tional c m1 a i n carried on t all times. Anyt ing i nde d in t he s fety line is carefully scrutinized a n discus sed by him ith his men. Engineers are called in to 1 a s s on t e advis a oi l i t y of in 0 tnese new schemes. This t " 1 e of em ployer is fair enough to see that by conservin every atom of his or ing force he ~remotes efficiency w nic h far outdistances t ne outlay in cos t in s; .. f ety work . His prof its increas e . He is enab_ed t o . pa .. y his men ore , b i v t h em ette r hoti r s, devote uore .oney to s aiety, expand his educationa l campa i g s a nd p romot e the 1 e11eral welfa r e of every 011e con11ect ed \vi t h l1is ore:,anization. This ty :p e o f en 1 _ployer is the 0 uidi· :1 0 sta r of t h e s afety n ove- ment. The safety engine raft e r an interview and a consul- tation with this class of employer find s r enewed vigor a nd hope that nis work is not in va in. Throughout all s a1ety work , as a ove stated, t he human equation is vita l a d while we have delta ove wit_ tha t ~art ~ layed by t11e em layer a still more important part is the A manufact rin 0 c onc ern ay spen unl ··ni t ,d amount s i n 1 ecna ic ally perfecting their 49 plant and 1 y spend like nounts fore uc tion oft e en ploye, but if' t11is e loye i not of the kin t at \'l'il r cei ve t _ 1is education is of a ehi tless, thou~htless n ca r less nature the numl er of accidents i 0 ht even increase in the face of co11tinuous imr roved ec nic l co :1 i tions under whicn he was working . A large amount of the educ ation of workmen depends upon thei ~ iiirrnediat su rior, a nd the 2ro r ssive type of e 1~ layer inv riably s e l cts as his lieutena.nts men who a re thoroughly in sy r: ~ at iy wi h tl1e s fety Hov e ent. It has been the ~rit r's pers nal experi ence that every case, wl1en analyz d, p rove s tl1 t tl1e hu n equ tion is the out- standing f eature. e hear of acc idents bein 0 clas i ied as u11avoidable, but no accide n.t · s un voidable i t 1 1e educa tion of the ~arties concerned wa s such t 'm t they were a t all times 011 t 1 1e a l ert, a nd L>.1at t l1ey were thoughtf 1 of tl1eir owi1 welfare and the ielfare of their fellow or en. It almost u niformly occurs that someone connected win the acci dent i11correctly estimat ed t e haza rd encountered or t .1.at through c a relessness a tem )orary cessat ion of alert11ess occurred. .- e fin very frequently that n accident occurs on a machine w ich echanically has been Jrotected to t1e utmost, and on thorou h investi J tion we soon coi e u: on the fact taat the employe injured r e oved a uard temporari ly or t~rned to talk "i ha fellow-cmploye, or t1at the otive power of the achine, whic c used the ccident, was 50 • control of in 80 e at er e ploye. who t 0 a . tle sly a li d the uower vrhen tne i11jured n was i11 a osition whe r he ... could not protect himself forese e . dan he old or l.S er . • t11 t "famili A-rity br -~ds contempt" . inde e true • 6 Yl. 11b 1S 1n s afety wor" • .;e find that men who are wor -ing high up on stee l structures or one ceptionally dangerous machiner~ a l 1noet unifor.1 ly a re on the alert and are constantly using every means knO"fn to thern to rot ct t11emselves from ca.lamity . When an c cc i de t occurs under t ese con itions the underlyi1g cause can usually be traced to a 1 ck of knowledge or educa t io n on the part of someone. 1 To niy ind the saf e t y habit should be t a u ht in the k i ndergartens , i n the grarnmar schools , in the high schools arid i n the uni versities . It shou d be brought to the attention of t he puolic throu·h the news 1 a, ers anc t_rough all other med i ums of ne~s disse1 ination, nd not until e realize that safe t y i s our duty and our business will the s fety engineer be able t o a c c omplis~ all that is possi- le . The writer real i zes th t it is absolutely impos sible to prever1t all acci dents, but raintains that t1e r eason f or this condition is simpl y lack of eduction in the s afety habit on the art of somebody connected with an accident. Of cours - ,ve 1nust g i ve du e weight to those among us who are ca r eless and who s h ow a wantonness in the matter of s ..L·ety of life a d l i b. The deal i ng with these ·)art ies sho 1ld be nade a - art of our corre ctive le isl tion, as uch s th inc rcer tion of a criminal in our en 1 i sti t tions. Tne hu · · equat io is t a k en into consider - tion by in surance com~ anies to such a n extent th t we find th s com- panies r efusing to insur m layers a g inst li bility unless certain prec autions in rega rd to tn ex1erience of the en e 1Jloyed e t a 'en. The experi ..,nee of t11ese i11sur ce car - :panies is c arefully t a ula t d by t 1 1 each ye a r nd thes e statistics a re used a s a guide in future acquisition of buai11ess. gre a t ·nanJr concerns em1 loy l a rge 11umbers of forei 6 n 1 bor rs a nd the i11sura· ce com~Janies look u· ~ 1on tl1is class of ris ' s da n 0 erous, unl ess the direct s1periors of thes e l a orers understand sa ·ety - ri· ciples nd are able to transmit t heir un lerstandi1 0 to t he men under t e" • They also , 1 1· pos sib l e, obta i11 the atti t e oft e ploy r towa..rds safety and classify t e attitude of the em ~loyer as vell as that of thee oloye as the mor 1 haz r d of the i ndustry . If t11e 1 Jhysic a l conditions of 1 nt a re standa rd and to a point of ~erfection 1 echanically a n tle 1 ora l zard is b ad t~e insurance com~ani e s re loath to a cce ot the 1 i aoility. On tl1e other ha d, ~ bad physic a l defects a r frequently over- looked if th mora l haz rd is g oo . t \V lC woul l ead us to naturally conclude tha t the ora l haz r d involved is uro bably t l1e more vit a l :factor. Chapter II uririts ~ li it e ducat ion in s fety work: in C lifornia 52 I l1ave had qny ersonal ex eri ences ic h will i l ustrat e bad practices either on the rt of the em layer or t e em ... loye, and th rel tin o · s a e should be an a r u ent 0 aga i11st uns afe · r c t ices. Some ti e o i n Los An ele a concern 1anuf acturin t anks wa s called upon to m ke r u~airs on one of their tans which had e en p r viously inst l l ed for n oil com~any, - this company usin - the tan< for the storai e of gasoline . According to t}1e 1 test imp rov d methods t :1e t n< rvas r a ined of gasoline nd allow to st a nd several hours. r- his t ank was tl1.en connected t o a ste · line a n li-r e s ~ -e a force d through the tank for some eight or ten hours. After t his process, wi thottt any furtl1er test s a s to whet he r or not t 1e gas from the gasoline till r e ai ned in t e tank, the r epair men were se 1t i n throug a vent in t1e top of th tank , l et themselves down y eans of a ladde r and s t arted to wor. They tl1en found tliat it wa s necessa ry to li t a S:.11all asoline torcr1, i11 order to ea t a solderi11g iron which ,vas to b e s in the repair of t his tank . .llien the torc 1 was lit an explosion result ed and one of t he emJ loyes wa s s o severely burned th the di d t a t d y from the burns. _ peculiar feature of thes burns was t hat his clotl1in and body did not appear to have een subject d to actual fl a e, ut rather to terrific pressure a nd he at, other than t he t of flan e • • The man's clothin snot ba ly t orn, but was c iarred in such a manner that touchi 1 ,. s a .. 1 ne c -- .. use t l1e clot h to crUTI : 1 u ... and f all aw y. In e ining t he cause of this accident only one conclusion could e drawn a s to wh r e the as came from which exploded . U on examining the in side of the t a n· it was f ound tha t co11s idera le rust had a .... e a red a nd tha t pro- baoly this rust -bsor be good de a l of as, and tha t t he stearnin 01· t 1e t a 11k d id not r emove s ar e. he i si e of tr1e t nk present d a l a r ge rea over w~ich this ga s could b e absorbed and wl1en the ste wa s shut o · i' "this gas exp ncled from the rust and later caused a n ex~losion wh n eJ ~osed to a torcl1. The ex plosion did not de. ol ish t h e tan , but relieved itself through the s 1 all v ent at t he top . ow J~C i si1npler it would have be en or tl1e ,or· en, knowin 5 that t ey w re to us e t e torcl1 i11 the tank, to have dro·Jped this ighted torch by means of a rope into tl1e t a nJ.-c b e 1·ore t 1ey t l1emsel ve s entered. The worl'...rnen ,v 1.0 entered tl1 t a n~ did ot eve 11 know t .nat the tank had been ste ed , but ere sim~ly oi on t e statement of the superintende nt of t 1e oil corn· any tl1at t .1e stea:iine p rocess had been done . They, the s e l ve s , did not make any ins t ection whatsoever of the t ank to det e r i ine to their ovn s tisfaction just what t l1e conditions vere, under which they were to work . his accident should serve ea striking exam~le an l ea r frui · by cautioning other men doi ng similar work. In anoth r case n a ttendant in a hosuit -1 ros e rly in the 1 orninu ard went o ¥n s airs to li ht as, 11 water 11eater. ' his hea t r had a distillat burner in its a se, and tl1e em .. loye c a r lessly turned tl1 sup· ly of istillate into tl1e burner, a llo1Jri 11b s .1. e to overflow. He t 1en · plied a match a nd an ex~losion r esulted, "hic h lew distillate over his ody and is clothi ~ ro otly i ni t Jd. Instead of lying on t e f loor and rolling to . ut the fla1es out this em· , loye rushed throu h the corridors, a human torch . One of the nurses int hos~it 1, seei1g t 1 e pr e ica ent of the injured an , with grea t } res ence of ind secure blan et and wra· ~ed him u_ in s a , exti uis in 0 the flames al ~ost imrnediately . Promi t tre a t ent ~a s iven forte burns, but t}1e man die d the f oj_lov1in 0 day aft er sufi e ri11 0 twenty-four hou.rs' torture. An a ce ident occur re not lent, c_. o ,v ich ra s c aused by ti e fact t l1a .. t the .1.Jarty i 11jured id not re alize nd connect uu .... certain circumstances soon enou~h to realize is dan er . t a certain place two railroads operate arallel lines . r hese lines are s epa r ted by about two undred feet . On t 1e day of the a ccident each railroad was o· er ting a train running in the s ame direction a n running very close to the sa e schedule. The injured n "a s etting sa ne mat eri ls from a freight house on one of the r ilroad trac ~ s. e was busily enga in loadi11c.> a s1 all hand true · .. ri t 1 the aterial and upon coming out of the s 11 freight hous he took un the .. truck, dragg i11 e a e b ehi11d him, and walked down the right-of- way of one of the railroa s. · robably about tle time that he took hold of the true: he eard a r ailroad nrine whistl and looking down in the direction from which the sound came saw a train ap1 )roachin P- on the oth r r a ilroad . hinkin ,, • 56 that this train ,as the one that was signall i ng for a eras l. 11 ' he proceeded wit1 his truck lo d of r terial. During tl1e interval, between t. e time that h he rd t he first whistle and the time he . a s i njured, he heard so e train whistle several oth r time s . .,. _ s bef ore st ted , two t r a i ns were approac11in 0 , - one on e a ch trac -,.. . The train a proaching on the tra ck wher e the injured n was, wa s slightly behind the train which had b en observe approa ching by the injured man. · he en 0 ine e r f or th railroad u 1Jon ,vhose ri ht-of -way injured w s loc t ed w~istled a t t ne usua l ~l ace. He saw t he injured a n step into the freight house a nd p r esumed that it was a assenger who a t first i t ended fla ing the train nd t~en cha nged his : i nd . ~he bra s vere released and the train continued to ~roceed a t its usual s_eed through tis flag station. Int· e m eant i me injured 1 n apnear ed on the right-of-way to t ake u~ e trucK an. · roceede d towards his automobile, which was l oc ted on a cross road only a few feet distant. t.rhen the a ,) _proachi ng tr i11 w s i thi s ome forty or fifty fe e t of injured man the en ineer was tol by his fire 1an, ~Nho vas on · he side of the n ine that injur was located, that they were . 0 l.! to strike a an • The histle was blown and the bra{es set. At this time · h .n the whistle 57 was blown injured seemed to realize that a train was ap roachin on the track that he was tr V 3 rsing. He turned, but before he could take another step the pilot bea of the eneine struc· him in the back and t rew him some t hirty or forty f eet a inst a :post. .Je was .... icke u: b, the tr ir1 crew, but died only a few minutes later. The deceased had lived in e vicinity of this crossin f or several yea rs a nd probably new t hat these trains ran close together a nd would a r rive t t, is fl station (.,t about the s ne t ime. ~e was busily en5aged , ow- ever, in his duties and for t1e anent f a iled to connect the a pproach of the tra in which he s w ·ith the a ~~ roach of the train on the track where ~e was loc a t ed . 1 1 his temporary la ~se of the usual alertness caused his death. The railroad .... ,vas not co11sidered res 1)011sible in 11y v;ay for the accident. A year or so a 0 0 an e yloye of 1ottery com any was required to oil tl1e rnachi11ery f or th.is com- ·)any, an al ong otl1er machines lie oiled a. large jac '"-gea r ,; hich pro - elled a tt c11-ctser", tl1is "cnaser" beine used to mix clay. The oil was adri1itt e · to this ,eari1 g by a n oilinc . --poon a 11d t e1n.1loye while oiling wit this poon a llo~ed the sa e to b cau ht i the . earin. In order to save t e s· oon tb.e e . .. loye hung onto same trying to disenuage it from t e e ,ring a n in so doing his right hand was dr awn into t h earin . ith u11usua l presence of min_ l1e attem t ed ,vit11 his l e t hand to free his right hand, and in o oin 0 tl1 le t hand was drawn into the earing. ,_.,his en19loye lost his right a r m t tl1e shoulder and his left arm a t the elbow before the machi n riJ could be stopped. Hews t aken to t he hosp i tal ~ullJ con - scious, o:erat ed u1 on nd ,as out oft hos oi t a l in a~ out - thirty-five days. Under t he Ca l i f orni a l aw t1is accident was known a s a tot 1 p eTI anent d i a bility , n , a s sucn, en- titled the injured n n t o co~ ~ensatio a t the ra t e of sixtv- .., f ive :)er cent of his averag e a nnu 1 e rni11::, s for four yea rs and ei 6ht months, a nd after t hat tie up until his death he will be paid a pension equivalent to forty p er cent of . 1S avera~e annua l ea rnings . i ll of thi s pa i n , sufferi ng , expense and dernoralizatio n of t 1e ! actory on account of the f act that the employe desired to s a ve n oiling spoon. tood,vor.Ki11g tools are conside r ed very dangerous by those familiar wi tl1 tl1el1 nd numerous a ccidents vvi t l1 tl1ese tools could be cited. is as 1ollows: The case th t comes tot ~ e riter's atten ion An employe of ~ :. ) l ani r1 ill ~as unni1g s o - e thin mater i a l through a jointer. I t is customary when r1n ing material of any kind through a jointer than t1e o_ e r ator ., US i l the lumbe r up t o the j oint e r "head", ke .... i ng i s hands ,ell back from the - Josi tion of the "he d" unti l after the i ce to be laned h oas .. over the "head". Instead of follow- - i11g the tail o · t e • i ce of lu er over the 0 he d" witl1 is hand t e is su_ oosed tor move the hands ·rom the tail end of the board and l ace a e he d of the cuttin lades, ulli1 the board co yletely across. In this ay if', y y c 1ance , the blade cuts throu~h the piece being planed the ran ~ill not be ex osed to the blades. - I n a great rna~r mills it is a re- quire ent tl1at a s nall tick -b e used t o iJUSh the tail end of tl1e boards ac ross the - blades, tl1u s o- via ting t 1 1e hands comi11g in contact with tne blades . he accident under consi era- tion was that the e ~~ loye in _Q l ni 11. 0 ·) thin t i ce 01· lumber followed tl1e board across the blade wi tl1 l1is han s. The blc de came clear throu h the thin oiece of lum er, cu t thee - :ploye's right hand and took oft four 'i · _ rs oet e en tne second and third joints. I t is no~ the practice of most . laning mills to install circular ead s in the joi nter in p l ce of the old square head, which w s used in th 800Ve cci ent. The pur.!)ose ·oein that if an em ... loye oes 0 et caugl1t in the blades t~e circular nead Nil not allow a s uch of the finger to b cut 01·1· a.s the o square ed. In one of the nlants ins~ected by the ,riter a numoer of stampin 0 presses ,ve r e used :ror · -- ressi· , out i etal :parts. These resses were es 1 ecially constr cted ith tri p . so that t e elTI.:_)lOye o ... e r tinr s ! e oul double lever e required to take both hands from under t ·· e ie, in order t o use t · ese h nd s 59 to op er te the trip. ' he writ r u _p o11 =>oin~ throuµh t:iis l ant oun the m .:_)loyes had tied do~n o r1e of the tr i ... levers, so tna t it ,as only necess( ry t o oue r t e one of the tri p 1 vers in order to rform the stamJin function, and this al owed tl1e em 1 ,loye to use the otl1er 11an l to Jlace the 1 eta,l unde r the die a nd to reL ove 0he st pe rt; in other , ords, . ore . ater- ial could e turne out i n this 1anner . t has sinc e een prove11 · hat tis ethod t ey vere a l so better ble t o st off more fingers. The em ... loyer in t l1is case, through is foreman , was acquiescent in this an e rous or ctice, ~. aking this ris a bad - oral hazar . • Anot 1er accident it h oodwor· in ools occurre· i n ~cs n ~les on a buzz s aw . 1 guard as : rovided over the blade nd when ronerly i n place 1 a t e r i a l could be run t rough by the O l) e r ator i tl1ou t any unnecess ., r;yr c11ances being t aken y hin . On the d y of t he a ccident the em~loye r e1 oved the ~uard , in orde r tat he i ht 01er ate the machin in th ol d w y • ich he was sed to doing . n this particular day the ooa s awed c~u 0 nt, ulling the o erator 's h nd into the olade, Mith the r esult that several in ers ere cut off . he employe suffered t he los s of t fingers , alon ~ith the ain connected ... therewith , and thee ) layer 's insurqnce carrier suffered a f inancial loss si~ ly du e t o the fact t1at t1e e · loye con sidered that since e ad lon - Dee n t t e wood~or in ~usines ~e was etter jud et n the safe t e i~eer a s to whet, er or n ot a u rd hould be used on ouzz s w. 1he riter a s si n d t o inv st· ati which had een occurrin · in a certain qu rcy in C li±'ornia , and u ~ on a r ri--r i ng a t t e scene o t · e se ace i ents h e ·oun t at Jractically ' uil • . th p l nt, v 711ic every 1 n 0 in crus 111 s . a11 adj unc t to t11e q u rry , had l o e s 1· vh .. t a l roofi • i nqui ry he t 1at t holes ' .L·ly i ng pan · oun ese "\ re c ause oy roc k s which had been , Jlasted out OI the quarry . l• ~ ny s ane coul that . p r e ct ice coul result onl y . pe r so11 see n1s 1.n 1 any se r iou s a ccid nts . Th qua· en w r e scur i11 ~ u-) and o,, the s i _ es oft e _ arr ith .tic r of dy1amite in t h ir poc ' et • The p owde r m~ z i ne : s vi red for electricity , , hich is a vio l at io n of Unit e d t a es law, s o ·1""t G :l c p owder men ILi ght have light when r emovin ' of y · nit • The nt nnce to the :p owd r m o.. · zin wa s constr cted of f i n y wood, so thEtt . if a. s t r 2y shot fr om the gun of . • hunter h ,.,d _c;ound s it rrark this e"' pl oded t, _ e ntire • ,.,g z i n e . These dange rou s c ond i t ions rer ord r ed top -ed your afety Depart 11e1t and c r eful syst - . 0 S r v · i , b t r- intendent of the p l a nt r e ult d in e ma teria,l ~ ecreo.se in t e num ber of c c idents . This c oncern -V11 ~ s lso a.llo i:r g em- ty dy nan1i te ca~ses to be str wn around the i r r mi s ¥T i thout · ,ny identific8tion ma rk on t _ e b ox as to ,h ~ther t e cot ,ined d:y- .. ami t • I t ~ s recom ended th t t ese yn . J. l, o -e , v, e_ empty, ~ .v t e b 1 s o ing t . t yn it "vV .• s t } 1. ori e;in 1 contents era d from th on t " 1 ou id it would undoub t J ,ly til cont a.in .ce of t e ox, e .. r te e 9 loy s b OX still or the m ark " dyn it di ~ n in ice.tor to n th .. t the ox v ry str --tn -:e ,ccide t oc ct1r d to one o .. t e oil co - -o~ni so I ~tin · in tl ... Stc,t e • It se rns h t t is oil co - , )any c . . nyon c. n ~ t t t a soline store. C t - .. n s ., r e lac e t d ve1 1 hunc r d fe t fro1 th ir boiler qui 1 ne t. Durin on certa in night fo j• ca. e in fro. tl1e oc c .. n o ,l 3 .illed t . canyon, c.Kin ] 8 .. sort of over the round. i thout n,ny a r nt r ~son -- n ex ) 0°ion occur ed in thi ca nyon. An inv sti g v tion 1 d the s a rety e11gine -rs to b li v tha t t e i'u e s fro t 1e ga.so ine stora ~ tan -:s w re eld d own in the C c: .nyon oy the l Et · e t of og, , d n these · u11 es r ~ c11e t . .. oilers tne tire str tu. ~ of g, rv-- .s ignit .d . ·ortu11 t ~ 1 no on . ¥ s injured. he C use 01' t is r.c c ide nt Wcv S \i or ed out ;Ur ly on t 1eoretic . .. 1 b cold not e ~ solut ly - rov 1 l to be corr .ct. n a ccid ~nt ,, ic cold ~v b en r e v nt c J ~ e t o e ,ivri ter' s at t n-'· ion no l on go. ·brine t ·.n s, in v hie ot b ri11 cert in concern one r n d circ 1 t . by wate pumps. An exh .u t pipe from the t .. nks ext nded b yond on of the build.in of t is c omr a.ny. The ex ~.,ust V'"".l e w s loc - t d in i e oft - uil in • r he lo o r . -ing t his valve could not see the e11d o · th i p hr tJ. b ·n 6 discl1 .. rg • On th occ ,sion tlna r con i ,_ r e. tion n en ~ loye opened t . exh· tt t Vci.l ve' . • • le qu .ntiti lS 1SC rging conC'.!1 c.. r e of hot brin At about thi tiI e nother loye - ssed . • 1n front of tl 1.i s xhaust • ly· C' .. lded. It . - l l € an w 6 se v r 18 unn C s c: ry to dd t t e syst e ch ng ed - _ t the 0 men oper ting t e exhaust V t lv , could . ve a . cle r view of t e · ipe wh r the rine w s clisch .. rg ed, a 0 , 11 Ets c . iey eev r ,l e t in either direction • .i12.ny o.ccident c ome to t e a tte1 tio r:. o S '"'if ty e gine r where a 1 a n is injur~d on r a ch.in Cc u ~ h l no~ w tc hing his work C u na 18 eng g d in t , ki11g to a e l lo - 0rtroloye • cas of this ind ,a s c~lle to the rit .r's attention w 1 er man opercting ) 1 ning mi 1 c r eless y pl .. ced his hands in thew y oft e cutting tool .h n e turned roun to s e a k to a fellow- war Result - s v ri11g of the right ha nd . Another m J lo:ye w s rtlnnir g lumbe r through a '> l c.ner c.nd not pa. y ing ny p rt icul .r a tt ntio to t conditio of t he lumoer 1 ., in ., so run . A cert~in i )ce of lumber oin t rou the _ pl aner 11c .. d C v ' not in it , nd \Vll n t h e .&. l8~ ner -.nife struck t"' e knot the knot w· ts thrown out of the - oiec of lumber nd str ~c ·~ the oper ~tor in the tem~l. The em)loye w s 1 te af -licted wit h blin nes from thi nd then de .. th. low, follo d shorty by par a lysis On certa i c • 1 1~truction job in Sout hern C "lif orni c. t 1 buildin ., wn n 1 ·ost o ulete cle ned u an all t h , 4 loose lumb r .. nd r=t t ~ •rial aul d w y. • . chut con truct .d from th f ourth fl oor down tot ,. irst ·1oor • ~ o t t the lum er from thi r'ourtl1 f loor could e e i ;i Jl r .. ced on t l e round 1·1oor, from ,vhicr1 oint ,vagons could h ul ma,t ri ~ l w y. T e top OJ. t11 e chute wet s not in sight of ,r em loy working t tn ottom of the S c. . m , an th m ,n ctum~ ing could not see Vi hethe r c..ny ~orkrne n , r ~ t r i .l int o th to t t e bot t OTI • T e bottom end of th ~ chute a s so seven fe e t from the f loor .. nd a,s the lum, er ·,nd ri t ri 1 C c,n1e d o n )m · lo s t t ·1 e bottom cle --:,r d S c.Jj e aw ,y. The pur -os of 1 cin t h c~ute seven fe et from the ground w s o t -- t ,.... l a rg aunt of' m .trial could accwnul te vri tl1out the necessity of cleaning it away. urin ' · the process of sendi g m .t ri ,,1 c ovm this contri .. --.nee e n em loye C[ -:i.me under t~ne bot t om of t11e chut e nd not l1e arin a nyone a. ove took occ .. sion to look u- tn c· ut -l • .. bout t 1. is time someone on the fourth .Lloor drorped a iece of lw b r 2"x4" .. ,. 1 into the chv.te. This p i ce of ltunb r _ a.,i1 e con iderable v loci ty before re .c hing the bot tom . struc.K the workma n elo" in the forehe .ct., knocking 1 im down, .isr. : liri g hi1n for sever 1 ,vee l-..s e.nd fortuna t ly did not kill hin1. The s nf ty e ng i er u ~on inspection inune i c t :1ly r qu i r ed t 1.a t t "' 1 e exit for t is chute ,t the lower nd b built to vi t in t o f eet 01· t 1 e ·1oor (_.nd tha.t tl'1e e,..,"me be bent ,t c n ,n le, runni1 g or . ne rly p r llel with the floor. On -.nether construction job . bri ge s bein ~ built of concrete. The mat ~rial }1 d all be n oured n . t e f ~ l e ca.f oldin ~ · b . t, ,k - n do,vn. he fore of t job V! JS 1ng - .. n the SCc,f J. 1 0lding and !l • tructed to rno ck W,,...6 up on in wor 1 ~ 1 out iece of br • ich h d . ht it. The a. c1ng \:! no e l u·)on v,orlanan, who Wc S e n ignorant fellow , knoc d off the ,vrong brace, • f act t brace under tr e Vfhich the - in e cross e .. rm U_)o11 forem~n wa s working. The foren .. n fell ► ome tl'1irty fe t, euffe1 ing c1 .. ~ev r i11jury, the result oeing a tot ,l disa.- oili ty for life. P .. r e c nt Cc,se nich c a me to tl1e att ,ntion of our Dep rtL1 nt w s where an e 1 Dloye working in . n iron found r"'jr l .d occ a .,sion to pull a. switcl on 440 volt li11 • he switch Is - rovid d with a tool properl:,- i 11sul a t d , ut t11is employ e had se n n any other en ~loyes use their h n · s t o pull the switch. It se ers tli .at at first .Le used tl1e tool 1i t hie to pul l this switch, but t he ction oft e s · itch w s rath r stiff ~nd ne thought a better way to operate e~. nle woul be 1ith is h c.n l s . He as standing on wet "moulder I s" earth, h i c:: •· ody vva s covered wi tl1 ers- irati on . 1c tne co1tn.ct e J. . l.S on the s, itch . n c aused ~ flow of sufficient electricity throu h his -ody t o kill hi 11 . The em1loyer in this case h d not rigidly enforced t l e use of this s af .ty switc} uller, for if SE eh .d be n en- forced this a n 1 s life would h ,v be n S c. .. v d. self, undoubtedly, did not rt l iz e hi d nger . The man, him In t is p c.rti- culc,r case due note should be t ·< e n of t l1e f .. ct tl1 t '"'.11 the circumst ~ nces , both chc .. nic ,l hy ic .1, ,v r in r op r rel tion toe ch other to cause this low vo l t ~ e of 440 to reaul t · t a,lly. 66 Numerous other ex ples of c c:. .. reles nes , of :ror e t ulne. s and of indiscretion among em; l ayers and em loyes could e cited , but I believe the a - ove will i ve the r ~ ader of t e possi ili t ies in .ccident prev ntion. v ry oo d i dea It occurs tone c t this t ime that ty ical Sc- .f ety engi- ne e r I s r eport ,voulcl b of some Vt.vlue ,.,n I int e nd to quote in the ·ollowing par c _ g r a iJhs e .1:cer ts f rom a ._;u p - le enta ry inc :pect · on re1ort 11 . e y E . F . Goelze r c d the rit .r . It is to be rem IJbered that this su J· l e J.ent .. IJ' r e~ort vrc\, s a de in a ddition to the complet e t abu l a tion, d re -ort on con :i i t ion of a.11 a car ul survey of ,nnu .1 w .g e ex- pcnditures, as \Vell . . s t he num Jer enga ed by t his concern. d n c.tiona lity of t e em l oyes "The qu rri c , wt ich ~ r l oc t d fro11 the mill, SU) ..i; ly ot i · e stone .n cla. y w1 ich re neces- s~ry to t he manufactur of ce ent . The met o of ope r ~t ing the qua r ry is Et S follows : T 1e men enr0loyed in t his connection are chosen s to · ili t J, .nd a lert11 , a n e J c d yon enterin tl1e p re1. ises are sea.re ed 2.,nd relieved of c nyt l1in of a et llic nature which mi ght c -use e n e ~l esion hile h .ndl i n - e plosiv s. Em loy e s re not even llow d to carry their w .tches 1 1 d chains with th - lm to heir l c,c of 11 The e 1 od o I • l a .,sti nt." loosening up th rock ~ 7 c l . y i11 the quarry as een c 1 g d frorn the "cyclon •• to the "coyot e " s:f st err • In the " c o yo t e " sys t :.> n 1 tunn 1 is driv n i to th .t ortion of the qu rry • ,hie i to be l asted . is Ccrried on very ucl1 the s me c" a arift in la.r two-men Ingersoll-Ra .. nd a chiries ar used. extended to a len tho fro ixtJr to e i ghty This 01, r ~ tion . ~ . mine , e.n r gu- 1 his drift is et, a.t t e end of vr1 ich drifts c re e ... t ended c.t right c ngles from both sides for a d i t ~nce of fro tw ·nty-fi r to fiity ieet. oc et a.re surJ< - .. t t e e1 d of th se cros , cuts r" re tl·e powder is l a~ id. T,ivo kinds of explosiv , --ire used, dynamit a n ol .cl,. ... owder. The chc .r ge is laid in the allowing mEtnner: The center, or core, is com 1 Josed of 8 .. sixty per cent strength of .yn l,Jj i te in which the percussion cap is locct ed. his core is surrounded by a five per c ent str ~ n th of cyn ite, e;round .hich are · 1 _,ced lc,rge qua tities of .l a ck ) OWd r. 11 the pockets included in one blast aggre --ate from tv,enty to s vent~r tons of explosi ·es. These cross cuts nd the drifts E tre then acl -filled .ith tl1e material which has b e e n r .moved . tt ~ched to the percu~ 0 ion Cctp s re electric wire v1l1ich 1 a.d to a s itcl1 locc t ed in the mill, hi cl o i 11 t i s in t 1 c .,r ge of tl e chi f electrician." - "An expert fron1 the u Pont Powder Company is in ch~rg of the blasting o r ations c,nd tl1e :t'ollo ring n ethod is c arri )d on to - rot Ec t t h u l i e nd n1.I. loy s c g in t c ,.cc id nt r A sul tine; 8 from . n explosion. • of fl t out to 11 ser1e:,s g n n c .,r . • s the differ nt • of .cl1 to d ke b ck any ) 011'1 s .,p ro L ' rn p • • persons, vehicles c ,l loco uotiv s. ' hr e v1 .rn1 g sirens re kept const _ ntly owing for c . p riod of six minut .s • to previous the setting of! of t e bl st . The ff ~ cts of the "coyote" syst m do not result in srre ding the b l asted trial more th one hundrec feet . he shock i ~l' lifts up the section they wish to work n allo sit to settle ck in c loos ene _for . This loose d roe is t11en h e n 1 d . i th st · . ~ ov ,l s c.nd lo ed into c, .rts, in ,vhicl... it is conv yed t o th oun"--er, - this - u1ucer e in · connecte to the mill y c ~ble tr -w~ys . 0wi11g to the fact that a. gre 2 .. t any ·1 i 'Ces of roc ·c re s ill in too 1 rge form to h n l e conveni ntly holes a.re dri l led i11to s a e by me ns of a one-m n ~ir ,r i ll . These holes are then ode ith _Jowd r c .. nd t1ses att cl1ed .nd set off _ t noon c . .. nd .t night, ,11en the men ar f ,.. ·. 1· f,t • 0 J. ,..; Ex Jeri enced men a r • ln C r of t his - work . The us s r.re 11 cut in one l ength an will , urn in four and a a f inutes. On a iven si ·n .l the ±uses are light - d by t e en in chnrg e , irnrne i c "' t ly after tire to a he vil~ ti ber .d rot ,ction. The p l ace of .., Jrot .ct ion l a.st, li j•l'1t~ 2 . p iece of fu ich t ey re n re chi 11g this equalling the length of those use, in t e a ove st· .t d operation, and tl rows it up on the quarr bed , i11 order to e na le t n m to det ·,rmine hen all the b l .stR have b en fired . Thirt., Ininues 1 pse b fore the en 1n c lf..r ge ex mine e c 1 ol .st , e ,,n rovi ing ny ha ve n issed fi re they c re l ab eled i t c " red fl a.g tt ,cned to • stick which rotru es from th b l st hole. One n is de - t ~iled to blow out the t am~ing of the unex laded l asts by me~ns of a ~i ece of rubber hose att ~ ched to the Jir line. Tl1e ide of the hose -e i g t ,t there v1ill be no d n ger of setting off the blast v1hile removing the t a,m. ing . ore powder is then added, a no t her f use inserted nd the misfired holes discharg Jd in t he s ame nner c s " bove de sc ri oed." "The fu.s ~.nd C c"P m g zine loc ated on · t h e qt1arry bed is in cha rge of t he superinte ent a nd h a lone h s the lock nd key. A leathe r ca se provided wi ha pad t t e ot t om is used to convey the c J ped fuses to t he quarry. This to pre vent c•.n ccident u l discha,r g e r sul ti11g frorn the C c p s coming in contact V f i th a ny hard sub st ,nee." "T he r .serve powder g zine is loc a t ed across the valley on tl1e side of a. hill .. nd is constructed of concret with a twelve-inch airs ace betwe n the walls and the owder. This magazine is loc[1t ed in a. funnel-sha11ed depression in th sid e 9 of tl1e hill c tnd a n explosion occurring in the g c,zine v ,ould send the flying ateria l i A no othe r direction eYcep t vertical." "The dy11a..mite is r e c eived in ca rlo .d lots and conveyed to the magazine in the f ollowing m v nner: SP,eci 1 wa ons painted red with a dded eds re use d . The ho ees used in drawing these ve hicle s are c a.r efully s elected and the men i n charge of the tra11a ort a,tion of this p owder a re thoroughly reli ble. o bl ck powder is stored on the remises. he company esti rna.t es t e cunt neces c ~ rY when ~ utti g i n a. blast and uses s '.) c i .. 1 t ct- i e in deli veri n the order dir ctly to tl1e qua rry, v:hE :re it is to be i edi t .. ly us d . Specie 1 caution is t aken when u in em t y · owder -oxes by r n o ing the l ab iJ., e,r1d it i s a ssumed as long a s the ox ears 1 .. el tha .. t it co nt,.. ins \x Jl osi ves. ... Specia l o .. e s are sed in con- veying the powder :from the raae;azine to t he quarry. These boxes are lined ith blot t ing paper to absorb any nitro- e;lycerine wl1icl m y esc pe from the stic s . his blotti11g pa1 er i s r en1ov d and repl .ced fro "'- ti e to ti e ." "The rock eing deliver d t o the mi ll is then putt rough a series of crushing ill s .nd g round to a owder a,nd then it is blended in the tube mills wi t h clay. This materiel is tl1en roasted to a. fus i ng point i n rota.ry he ters equipped itl1 crude oil burners. The 1·used t ri 1 is carried y con- veyors, e,fter e i ng cool ed, to g ri11d i 11g ill, rh re it is again ground. shipping." The inished product is then s a c~ed for "The ceme n t before reaching the s a c ing m chines is auto matically weighed a d an verage of 1700 barrels is turned out in twenty-four hours . To eliminate tying f ull s e eks the s acks a re ti ed hile e pty by a pecial m achine. These s a.cks are equipped with an a ut omatic self-cloQing v ~ lve in the corner of e ne, trough hic h t he ce ent is fo ced i to the sack. This dos a ~ y ith the nee ity of tying he vy 70 sacks when full nd rev nts t e esc c e of ce nt dust. From t1e s a cKin m .chin s the s a c~ s re dro; d to a con veyor and carri d through tote store house or tote loading platforms for shipment. The milling o erations use ex- clusively for their driving ow r nergy w~ic is supplied by an electric com any from a 33,000 volt line to a build i ng owned by the company. From this buil _ing , which cont ins the switc es ror directing curr nt tote verioue arts of the lant, the lin le ~d s to a ~ djoini ~ ~uilding where t - e volt age is ste ed down D y tr sforLers to 440 volts for motor service and is ste ed up to 6 ,000 volts f or dust co_Llecting mac in s. The cem nt comT )a ny a i11t .ins ., s ;yitc bo rd vii t 11 the necess c;_ .ry instruments for the control nd isolation of c- n:y sections of the pla. t. One not able ro tecti e fe ture of tl1eir lectric installc.tion is the double locked Kelrn.a .. n svri tches, connected with every motor circuit betv,e en tl1e lines a nd the stc ,rting com ns a.tors. The Kelr .n switch is provided with two locks. One lock being oper~ted by c naster key, hich is ret ained by the chief el ctrici n, and the other lock on each switch o erat ed by a n in ivi u .1 71 key for each loc k . If a ny re ) ir ~or< is nee es n.ry on otors or the m cl1ines l1ich tl1 se otors drive the employe v1l10 does this work must ply to the chief electrician for the master key, at which time the chief electrician kes a r ecord of the er loye who h s the k y nd where he int lnds to work. With the m ~ st r · ey tle em~loye unlocks the eiitc h which can th n e op ned, bre~king the circuit on the m a chine to be repaired. The op r tion of o enin the switch uto tic- ally locks them ster k yin its - l ace, ant by turning the key belonging to t he switch this switch 1s locked open. Thee~ loye then t~ es the key wl i ch locks the switc h OJen and retains it until the r ,- a ir \V Ork is done, knowing tl1a.t the noter circuit c w nnot be closed by another em~loye. A reverse operation t l en is neces ~a r to closet e switc h ~ nd the master key is r eturne to t he chi f electrician. mhis makes it imr ossi ble fo n m loye to bee · ectrocuted or injured by c ~r . ?less closing of the switch y nether em ~loye." "The dust from the cement aper tions which arise to t he top of the ~uildin · is c a ug t y a n el ctricc l rra ng ent which may e descried a s f ollows: Large etc l co nt ainers suspended from the to of the buildin re equip ed with nun1erous 11et a,llic v1ires, }1 ..a.ngi g from the upper end of the • contriiner. These ,vir s c"re rounded through a me t a l frat e to the building . ~;ilectric~ 1 chines connected to the 6,000 volt system exert an ction on t h e risi n dust in such a rnanner that the ato s of "s a.nd air are se ... r t ed, - this same action posit · vely charging the materi 1 in the O s rhich appears B .s dust. m he wires sus ended in the cont iners 72 bein negatively cn°rg.d e ert a n attraction for t he ~ ositively 73 cha.rged atoms in the s nd ir, which r)sult in th se ato s being coll cted on t he wir.s . .· echanicc~ l rr ngem nts for s ha ~ing th se wires erioaic8lly all ows the dust to be col- lected into ho; ere and conv yed to the ground floor. Thie dust contains from thirty to forty er cent potash , which propert~ makes the dust va luabl s . fertilizer and is sold s sucl1. Seventy tons of thi~ dust is collected ev ry twenty- four hours when t .e - lant is in o ration." .. "This concern is a ione r i n the ~ tter of safe- uard- i11g their pre -ises a ~ a inst c.ccidents to tl1eir employee from ex1)osure to dang rous machinery" "In rega rd to the elevc .. t d - ro ches le _ ing to the mill, railings ha.ve been inst .lled, maki ng it necessary for efil loyes to pass underneath these approac es a t given points, which - oi11ts are n1c.de e ce tion lly saf e from above y r e inforced guards in such a manner tliat roe s 8 .. nd other rnat ria.l cannot f all down from these approaches. The elev~ted plat - forms and run-ways throughout the mill a r e equi pped on al l sides .ith su bstanti 1 r ailings of ,ood or e t al, consisting of a top rail three and a half feet bove the platfon1 , an intermediate rail and toe board next tote f loor, this toe board being six i nches h'gh nd desi n to ... revent ,nytl1in fa.,lli11g off these platforrns to a ~ oint below -here other employee might be working . o protruding setscrews are found on any of the sr1aftine; in the ill, wl1ich is a .. rather exceptiona l fe ture, consid ring the lar e amou11t of shaft- ing existing throughout th p r ises. 11 shf 3.fting r un- ning within sev n feet of floors or pl tfor1s is equi- - ed with met 1 coverings , insi·e of whic the sh fting r evolves . In this covering is i ncluded all sh ft couplines, Yith ro truding bolt he ds ~nd bolt ends. All de d ends of sh ft exposed to cont act a re als o covered . All horizont a l over- head lts are eaui )ed wit h etal fra, e uards covered vith ... ... .J~ v1ire mesh on the s ides a d bottom." "All vertica l nd i nclined belts runn i ng throu h f loors to counter s r1aftin ne c. .. r "loo s a r entir ly enclosed with n1eta,l f r a. 1 es ctn:, ,1ire mes to a hei ghth of c..t least six feet above the f loor, through which t he b elt 1uns. r hese guards are m de to include the ulleys from which the belts Gears, s- roe ' et gu a.rded in a s imila.r manner ." nd c iains re ef~ iciently "All drive b elts running from otors, including motor pulley, h v e been C c refully nd substa nt i .lly ua.r de d b y a pipe raili ng syste with a n additi on .1 wire mesh construction attached to sa 1 e wh ~re rev0lvinB p rte or wheels A re in evi dence." "The general order, li ht a nd s a.ni t .tion throughout the premises are exce tionally good, a.nd special care is ta.Ken in piling material nd i n ke e ins they r fr e fro111 . e r1s. Special c arte r e ul Rced i n v .rious locctions in which is 74 deposited all rubbish, a.11d s - -·ast as it a.ccumulat s it i hauled ,vay." 11 In a e r>8.r c,te buil .in ,· fully equi ) sheet n1et 1 s o J is aintc• ~ ine :, y the co .)any. chine and Thee · loyes of this dep rtment are thorough mechanics and a r chosen wit l respect to their abili t:y to p rforrn t b.i __ rticulc1.r or ,~ . All r chines o. e r ated in thi c onr ct ion c .. re very C [ 1 .r fully 'Uarded a.s to be 1 ts, ulleys, g e ring a.nd raoving parts." "G6ggles are provided or e1 ~loy s doing grinding and clip~ ing , a.nd notices ar _ ost e d ~ l<ing it obli .tory t t em1 loyes us these goggles \ ·1en doin grin ing d chi D in work, a.nd a~r effiiJloye f a ilin to abide y t es e notices 1.s subj ect to ~ischa rge. ~he gogg l s ar furnis ed t cost to a_.l l e Jloyes ·.h o are a verse to ve ring g oggles whic ~ ve been worn by others." "The co pany n1a.intains a 1 . . bore tory for t e study of perf cting conditions in the l ant, ot~ 1 anufacturing and safety wa;/ • _ hos i t a.l is ma.int a in d I l • s rte building , which i 0 f ully equi .&. e ,~ith a os ital .a.rd, opera ting room and a. com l ete line of i nstruments a nd su ... - 1 _.,lies. Arran 6 em nts are ade 1 h reby the lant is dir > ctly i11 conn ct ion v,i th t ·our . . octors a d a. tra ined nurse. e doctors s ·Jeci' .lize in dif erent lines r nd a n auto obile is kep t in t1e city her he doctors r side, at a 1 ti es, 75 for the purpose of conv iying tle docto1s tote l ant on short notice, a.n . t he ccoii · ad tions furnish d .t t is os i t a l are c. dequ ,t or 11 tre t n ent neces 0 c.ry to prepare the atient for remov .l to a os ital in a ne 0 by city." "No per son is e loyed by t c o 1 1 ) ny 1 i thout f ir st be i n x . in by one of the ici ns ~ to i s p · sica l con •ition. In addition to t h i s , _ r c ~ uti ons _ re t a. en to ern1)loy only st1c h 1 nen s , in t l e judgr nt 01· t e co p a1 y , are competent, 1 entc lly nd p hy ic~.l ly, to erform t e duties a · s1 gne to the .. . Interp r ete r s are e ... loye d t o exp l c: .in the dangerous conditions t1rou hout t e · r e i ses to such em.)loyes a s are not f · 1nilia r wit h t e tnglish l a.n g v. ge . n "A s afety c alll a i gn is c ~ ~ r ried on an:, meeting s e re held every ~onday evening , where s t gestions a re brought U) and discus s ed r lati ve to any e .. osures in 1. e ) l ant, - t .e is cussions leading to t 1e ulti ~te eli1ination of tne hazards . complete minutes are .ept of ea ch e tin • r hese me ti11gs are presided over by co ittees appoi ted f or the .urpose of ca rrying on the ca ,pa i gn. hree s epar ~te co, · i ttee s a r e maint ained, rep r esenti ng the three depart ,ents i nt o ,nich the working force is divided. Each cor itt e akes a re. ort to the gene r al co rittee and the matter s are inally referr .d to the superint .ndent for hi s f inal di~9oscl . · ~-~ 60 ,000. has been e ended by this co , ~ny i n their att e t to better the working conditions of th ire uloyes q d r1a.ke the Jlace of em_ploy ent s f e. 11 The reading of the above re ort will ive t he reeder an idea of the irnporta,nt i te s to be covered y s e.f ety engine .r \vl1en looking into the m atter of s ~. ety in a n industrial plant. You will not . by this r r ort th t the . safety enginee r t a es i nt o coni c rati on t e 1ora azard ,vhich runs concurr ntly with the physic ,:: 1 })lant . Cha_ ter VIII zard of the In concluding this . . / 1 t o co c1 u on soi of the r equirements -'· at ·1 1u .. st be et y an engin r t o ente r t 11e field of s ~ fety en ineeri11 • To be a successful s afety en 0 ine e r one 1u t first have a general knowledue of engine ering : ractices in all its brancl1es. He must be a1)le to discuss ,aith 01 e r at i n 0 engi- neers the feasibility of different s afety clev ·ic .s, a, _ . _ i · orde .A.. o do so i ust }1ave ,,1 1 underst" 11di11 0 of th a chines to wnich the s fety devices are to be att a ched. This 1neans a good working knowledge of all t e in ustri s to be cove r d b:y tl1e e11 0 ine r a11d a f niliar i t:y of the n1achines used in t-;1e various indt1stries, ,Nhat t heir r equi e ents are, what • 77 the product is to be, and ow t e J ro uct is ha ndl d from its raw state tote finis· e condition. This info ~tio, c .. n only be g a i11ed y a large amo tit 1t o · readi 1g y con- siderable actual ex~ erience i n thJ fie l d. One of t~e worst mistakes · ade by m ny s afety engineers is that t hey will attempt to sho· an operat i ng engineer how his plant ca n oe more ef~iciently OJ r ted wh n they , th - selves, d o not even understand the operations of the plant . The em loy ~r, nd his ens ine er, and his em~loyes must be a ·. roached vi th re t de 1 of tact and diDlom cy . The safety e11 0 ine er m us·v b e o- en to co11viction of oetter ethods tha t those suggest d by h imself and must b e rompt i n the acce • )tance of duly proven s st : s w"· 1ich ar n1ore effi c i 11t tha,n the ones nown to hi s lf . ·an~y instances occur v"'1.e 1 1 a s a,f ety engineer co 1 es i con act ,vi th a rob le YT 1i c " na s not been rae t by other en "ineers . This requires n ability to analyze the prob l e throuc h all its nh ses and be a le to ap9ly sci enti f ic enbine eri r knowled 0 e t o t he final ol tion of the .)roblern. As before stated in this 9ap er, t ne saf ty engine er's work:, while lyi11 0 a.lr os t entirely wi t ... industry, ca n oe carried on to 0 00 d advant ~ 6 in pub l i c schools and in m )etins places of the public in general. Our r~ ar and hi 0 h schools should set aside a certain a aunt of ti ; to e de voted by t he students to rrenera l s ~f ety, - to s fety of 7 their own persons nd the oersons nd properties of th ir fellow ein! s. In the univ rsi t i es a fety en ·ineering is beco nin . a reco g11ized s ... ecial profession for e11 ineeri11 0 students anl will eventually e as hi 0 hly s cialized a s any bra nch of engine rin~. Since safety work really ori inated in Europe the safety n inee r has becoi e romin nt there in advrnce of a simila r ro inenc e in this count~, and the title "safet.., en in er" in Euro1)e today is a s val ied and honored as the degree of any ot~ er branch oft e .ro fcssion. Tne universities are 0 radually comin 0 tote idea of addin 0 to t_1eir curriCllltuns t he study of safet~r rvor ~, wit}1 tne idea of producin~, to meet tne increasin ~ demand, engi neers trained t horoug ly in ec11anics an electricity , i th t~e additional trainin 0 or safety wore. A prominent engineer once remar~ed "T: e engineer us t know s0Jethin 0 of rn.any t l1i11gs , several thin ,, s rrell and or1e thi11-- -Jrofoun ly". This, I believe, can be a· lied to sqfety e ~1neering, and the thin to be profoundly known in t~is profession is how to teach and promot s fety . 79 Bibliography .she, Sydney, 0rga_nJ:1~atio_11, .i .. n__Accident Prevention. let ed. ~cGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York, 1917. Cameron, 'f.N. H., The At_ttt_ude of .. t__he EmJ_).1_oyer. towards Accident Prevention and Workman's a a,_. ,..-~-----.............-.-...- ... C .... -..---~~---- - • Compensation. n. p., n. d . I ■ - • • ._.i ~ / . Connelley, Cl fl ord, Safe.ty _a_sw _a_,_ a~t of the Cowee, George, Pr.~c.t_;_cal ... Sa_f_e.t.Y-_¥.ethode !1.nd, Devicee • . . ... ,. .... D. Van Nostrand Company. New Yori-c, 1916. Dow, Marcus, The Progress and Possibilities of .. W4 • u __. • - -~ __ __. ~ -- ---- Accident Prevention Work. n. D., n.d. _____ .....,...,... .. ...... em _,,,,.. ....,_.,.~::.a,,_.........., • G C • ""- n. ~., n.d. Nat iono .. l Saf .=ty Counc i 1, Proc.eed_i_nas .. ,_ .. ~.bwl.i .. c_ ut.il.i.t.i.E:._e. _s_eot .. ~~B:,l.J 1 _e_e_t_i_n~. 4th Annual Satety Congress. Philadelphia, October 1915. National Safety Council, Public Utili t iee Section. ■ S S C.CU◄4 _ ,_,.._.....__ - Detroit, October 1916. 0 1 National Safety Council, Pr.e.v,e.n.t ... i.rl_llAc.c_idents. n· .,n.d. National Safety Council, Bulletins from the files of w. H. Cameron, Genera l Hanager, Chicago . National Electric Light Association, epoi:t. _q_t the Accident Prevention Committee. National •• -4 - - - • - --____ .__.. ___ _ Electric Light Association. Chica o, May 1916. Pennsylvania, State of, Sa .~tx ~~andards of the Industrial Board, Electric Code. ____ ..__, ___ _. ------- · • - a• al . 1 - No. 21. State of Pennsylvania. n •• Spicer, John, U neafe Practices in Connection with ---·- ·--- ■ ..... e--c~- ... - -··--· - - ---~ - ------- the Operation of Railroads . n.d., n. ~ . I • e ZLFae¾tiC& ,_ W .._...., ..._.._...... _....,. .._ .... ___. __ _._.._.._.._. Wieconsin, State of, Elec.tJ;.i.c.~!_ Saf~tL _90_4.e_. State of Wisconsin. n.d. Universal Inspection Report APPROVED BY Department of Accident Prevention, . Inspection and Merit Classification Workmen's Compensation Service Bureau Name of Owner, Firm or Corporation • I _, W " ~,•II Nature of Plant _ n _ 14 _n_ , _ _ a_ M _~ _ ,_M. _o _v _/ _ q _i1 _,_ I_,__' _ Y/ 1 __ _ Street and Number_ /t:> _ 8_- _ £. _q _ ::. _ f __ . _ S _f _ . _____ _ Town }_0.5 AMq€- /e.s J State {JQ /, Inspector L. S , Moorlt~qJ • M4 re h ~, 1 '31.s Date of Survey _____ __;;__ _________ _ File Number _______________ _ / Form No. R. 10. nu ., . UNIVERSAL RA TING FORM Name of Risk John Dae PJ an i ng 1,ill Co . File Numb r __ Classification Planing a.nd 1 J!oulding I1Ti ll Estimated Pay Roll$ i 5. ooo. CHARGES CREDITS ENTIRE p A y ROLL Adjusted Pay Roll ENTIRE p A y ROLL Adjust d Pay Roll Per Cent. of Points Points Per Cent. of Points Point Base Rate Base Rate A B c'I D I; F Buildings ....... ......... ............. .... . ~c:: ., Foundations ...... ......... ... ....... ....•• Tank on Roofs ...... ..... , . ...... .. . . ..... . Floors ...... ......................... ..... . Floor Openings ... ... . ......... ......... .. . t; . ,. I-Ioi tways ............. . ........ ...... .. . Stair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 4 Elevated Runways ...... ................ . . ~ - Boilers. . . . . . . . . . . ......... .......... .... . . 2 0 Boiler and other Smokestacks ........... . Steam Engines .. ....... .. . ............... . 1 {) Electrical Equipment. .. .. ... .. .. ..... . . . . Power Transmis ion. . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . ?~ 10 - Maintenance and In pection ........ ..... . l ct I achine Operatives .... ................. . . 8 . ~c/, - , S f ety and Welfare .. . ....... ......... ... . ?ct I Pr t tion Ag inst Fire Hazard ... ...... . ? plosives . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ... .... . . G ner 1 Order, Light and Sanitation .. ... . A.~ I Y a1 .. d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... . .. .......... . . ·- Grind· ng and Poli hing Wheels .... .. .. .. . Working Machine Hazard ......... .. ... . . ~2 - levators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . 18 6 - en ral Provi ion .. ..... ...... ...... .. . . . . t;' ( .~ , , r nes ........ ... ..... . . ... ........... . .. . . OTALS ... .. ........................... .. . 8 . 1:~, 6i 1 2 ~n 4? 48 - . umb r of Points to Equal One Cent . .. . 6 1 0 , IJ Rate Credit or Charge Expressed in Cents 20. 81 ] 0. ', ')1 0 .1 2 /, - ? H Manual Rate - - - Total Rate Charges _____ ___,,--.....,L-.f--1---Cents Total Rate Credits Cents Net Rate Charges or Credit _______ .____._,,,,._ ______ ., __ __..__. _ _,,__ ___ _ Ra ed by _______ Date _____ _ h k d b D t ------ ,. ' .. . .. . . . CARRYING COMPANY -841ATEffi~ · ~ JP~E~~~ ~ s~A~T~I 1 ~~~ ~~~~.-.- ~~-.L;~ L.6--.L-6--1-3..L..&J~~.L.L.-~OWN~fk..:A..~~~~--~--- - JNSPECTOR __________ D ATE OF S URVEY--- - --- - DESCRIPTION: Name of Owner, Firm or CorporationJohn Ooe M,'11 (10 . Principal Office address---= L =----=- o_.s -=-_ // _ n-4-_ e_t _ e _ s _________ _ Location of Plant--===....=. d _:__ rY/ _:.._e- ___________ ___ _ _ Does anyone occupy building besides this firm ? _ /Vo __ o _ _ ____ _ If so, ,vhat is the most hazardous industry in the building, located under this Firm? _ _____ _______________ _ Business of this Firm in full _______________ _ (a) RAw STocK. Describe fully L V Y>7 € r- (b) PROCESSES. . Describe fully H a Y7 I n , n v,.!cl t'n (c) N ATURE OF OuTP T OR PRonucT. (Give principal classes of goods manufactured) =====.,_- ·---r--,----r-----;----------- _____ _c,__ /-, -=-' Yf -=---= I ~ ::__ h _ € _ V n1 ber ..54 ~h - --------· () -.J 1. BUILDING DA.TA , BUILDING OR SECTION A B C Number of Stories t: What Stories used by this Firm? .411 I Wo~J I Construction I Sprinklered N'o Male JS- Total number en in Building ~ ~ Female >- 0 ~ r:i.. ..... ,e. Male ~ Number below I 5th Story Fr.male ( 7>ntre1 C' .... 2. Foundations* 0 , k. 3 (a). Tanks ,ft;,, 4 (a). Number of Exit s vt/4, ~ Floors CJ.I( *NoTE.-Describe under special hazard. For Ruter B UILDINGS B E O ccuPATIONAL CLAss1FICATro:-; z - D E FouNDATIONS B 3 M ap showing relative positions of buildings, fire walls, exits, boiler , tanks and direction of fly " heel rotation. Designate buildings by letters as under heading on opposite page. I - \ ~ ~ ...- ,_... / " ~e1 QI . 5t- ~ k . ' .,, m •1q) ,- - B tJ , le ,,-- ~ I \ · i. '/ ' \ .-_ - - \ -7, ~, '1C 11• ,c:. \ E~ _ '"1 ►~ ,,,_1. D,- - / - I I ~ '- ~ I 4 Roof Tanks 3 (b). Are there any tanks on premises ? ..... Af_o __ _ ( c ). How many tanks and supports are not accessibl for inspection?___.~- ------------ ( d). \Vhat is condition of tanks and supports? __ Floors 4. Are floors overloaded?~ In which buildings? - S. Are floors defective? No How many square feet? - Floor Openings C 6. How many floor openings not protected by standard rail and toe board? I ------ - --- Hoistways 7. How many hoistw_ay openin·gs not guarded accord ing to standards ? ----=fr '--- e,o _r/ -'-- ~ -=----- ----- - - Stairs 8. How many poorly lighted flights of stairs? #ot1 9. How many flights have defective treads? ft0t1e 10. How many flights not provided with standard hand rails? I Elevated Runways 11 (a). Ho,v many lineal feet over 4 but not over 6 feet from floor not provided ,vith standard hand rails? /rtJ ne (b). How many lineal feet over 6 feet from floor not provided with standard hand rail and toe board ? / o 12. How many lineal feet over 6 feet from floor pro tected by hand rail or toe board but not by both? o B B C C C C " I ... 4 C 5 Boilers QuESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED BY NUMBERS LOCATION INSPECTED NoT SAFETY VALVE INSPECTED PRESSURE Detached Boiler H. Adjoining Boiler H. l\fain Building I / -;).0# State whether inspected by Boiler In~ection Company or State Inspector? /11.Si/rTI 11~e C' o 13. Describe unsafe conditions observed in boiler room ? 20. Are boilers owned operated and maintained by tenant or occupant ? ---:.r-=e=-----5 __________ _ Boiler and other Stacks 21. How many stacks?_ / _ _ ________ _ 22. How many stacks are brick or concrete? flk>ne_ Steam Enaines 25. How many steam engines on premises?_ / __ _ 26. Are all dangerously moving parts guarded in appro ed 1nanner ? _.;._ ~--= o :;.__ ___________ _ 27. I-low many engines are equipped with approved inde pendent automatic speed limit stops? /Vo'le 23 (a). Are sto stations conveniently located through- out plant ?- -r---.s .:.____ ___ --=----------- (b). Are they t ested ? ___,. 1 X _ e _s _ _ -...,,,. ____ _ / (c). Are records of tests kept?-~----- B E ;! o E , • E F 6 Stean1 Enaines-(Cont.) 23. H \ many engine fly ,vh el are not guarded in appro ed manner ? _ _ --L-_______ _____ _ 24. How many engines are not equipped with efficient o-overnor ? _ Hone.. Electrical Eqnivment 29. Are there any dangerous conditions in the electrical equipment? ~ ~--------------- Describe fully Power Transmission 30. How many sets of unguarded gears?_ I ___ _ 31. How 1nany unguarded friction clutches within 7 feet of floor or platform ? _-=- M _o =--:.......__ ________ _ 32. Ho,v many unguarded err cal or inclined belts in- cluding rope and chain driv s Count by floors--'- / __ _ 33. Ho,v many unguarded horizontal belts including rope and chain drives within 7 feet of floor or platform? !Ybrte 3 . How many unguarded vertical or inclined shafts? Count by floors_M _ o _n _ e ___________ _ 35. Ho,v many feet of unguarded horizontal transmission haft within 6 feet of floor or platform?_~/o _ _, -1- f ___ _ 3G. Ho,v many unprotected dead ends of haft within 6 t t of floor or platform ? __ Af _ o _fl _______ _ C /0 B C 4- z I • . Power Transmission-(Cont.) 37. How many protruding set screws? (Not including set screws in hubs of pulleys covered by rims of pulley.) 38. How many unprotected couplings \J ith protruding nu ts, boltheads or keys ?--~ O ::.......rf ......!_~------- 39. How many sets of tight and loose pulley on power transmission not provided with permanent appro ed belt shifter ? o rf e 40. How many power working machines driven by direct connected individual motors ? _..:,_ M ....:.,__ o _ rt _;__ ______ _ 41. How many machines driven in groups of not more than ten ?---L..i...::.:..._,:___...;__ ____________ _ 42. Ho ze; nzany room or department are equipped so hat all machinery in such rooms or departments can be stop ped simultaneously ?-~~n-!-..::=--------- Maintenance and Inspection 43. What portion of shafting is fitted with self-oiling bearings or provision made so that oiler does not go near shafting while it is in motion ?__,;1t....:.._ J ....;,_ / _ ____ _ 44 (a). Are regular inspections of hooks, chains, etc., made ?-------------------- (b). Are the same annealed? ____ ___ _ ( c). Are records of inspections and annealing k pt? (d). Did you see the records? _ ______ _ C JG D F JO D 1¾ 8 Machine Operatives 45. How many employees work on machines? / O 46. How many employees not on machines? o" Total IS Sof ety and Welfare 47 (a). What is done in the way of a systematic accident prevention campaign? ____ ----,--__. . .___ ______ _ Bt,1//ehn.s (b ). What evidence was furnished to indicate that such a campaign is carried on? _________ _ oard 111 :Sho 48. Are efficient means for first aid to the injured f umished by employer ?--i¼,-:.e:.:::....- .S __________ _ I Describe--===-------~~-------.------- /34,1 e ,-- q nd f3 /q~ R. Fire Hazard 49 (a). Is there a sufficient number of proper fire exits ?fr.s (b ). Are fire fighting appliances sufficient? ,Ye 5 50 (a). Do fire walls run vertically from_ cyllar floor to roof, separating building into sections?_~ ..... --=- o __ _ (b ). Are sections connected by fire doors ?_,,¼_~----=-- ( c). Has each section independent fire escapes? ,,¼; (d). Do fire escapes lead direct from each section ?- 51 (a). Is there an efficient means of giving alarm in case of fire ?~'f"""" B ..::;;._;;;; 5 _____________ _ (b ). Are fire drills held?-~~ ()~------- ( c). How frequently?_ -________ _ A D 8.3J, • D % ., B E 9 Employees What is the average annual pay roll ? - '- ~ - ~ _ 0 _ 0 _ 0_'_2-_ 0 ______ _ Percenta1e American born of all Employees / oo (a) Table of Employees Percenta1e Employees that can read or speak Enclish JOO Percentage of all Employees that have been in plant for ten years or more 0 How many of the Foremen have been in plant for ten years or more ? 0 45-46. Give below, in table provided, number of employees in each de partment; number working on machines; number not on machines and number of adults and minors, male and female. TOT.lL NAIi 01 DEP!RTIENT EMPLOY- JUCHINE WOR.IW ROT ON JUCHINES EES C) C) C) C) C) a C) -;; C) 1 C) 'i -;; - a -;a - .. Cl) C> )it ... =- II« =- C> =- II« Iii:. II« - - ... ... - - ... ... :3 :3 0 0 "a "a 0 0 d .9 .9 .a rd '"O .... '"O '"d ◄ ◄ =- :i;ii ◄ ◄ =- =- - -P !an,;,q /\111/ JS- 10 v TOTALS TYPE F M CHI~ E - tfaner- r J(,p '5ctvV I , l,e ,te r- lonq-ve an~I C-rddt'e l'fet. Jo,·Y'/-,-€.Y- B ve /e-,-- vv, ,-iq f ,_;t-o({ Saw I - ~ WDo cf }_4fhe . . General Machine Hazard Report Total Numb r of P wer Driven Ma hin in Plant .3 ?:, I I ~ I :z, I --- I Number of Machin not Equipp d with Approved Starting and Stopping Devic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 l 1 J Number of Machin s on which O ars, ~prock t • Chain , B nds, R lts, Pul l y , lut ·h ", ,vh eel ' Shafting, pindJes, Coup ling- , Count rweights, Revolvin and Recipro- ating part and all oth r dangerou points, parts or projection , ar guarded in approved 60 . manner ~ I 0 0 I 0 I 0 ~ - . Number of Machines on which Point of Operation i Guarded. Thi in- ludes Saws. Kni , Rolls, Punches, tamps, Pr e e s , Sb ears, Cutt rs, Grinders, Poli hers, Boring and all other machine operation 61. 3 0 CJ 0 0 0 0 0 ~ 3 If additional Machine Hazard pnlles are to be used atlach theID here. Number of Machin with Automati F ed 3 0 I 0 z I 0 0 - ,,.- 7 F Number of Hand-f Machin on whi h Operators' Hand om wi hin Dan r Z n of Operation whcth r Guard d or not ~ I ,.. z - . 12 Explosive Hazard 52 (a). Are any explosive materials (liquids, solids or gases) generated, used or stored in unusual quantities for this class of risks ? __ M_o _________ _ (b ). Describe quantity and methods of storing, etc. . ' /CO p/,/ ,5 vr,ei/ lank 1:3ar4 . General Order, Light and Sanitation 53-54 ( a). Are aisles free from obstructions ? Ye ~ (b ). Is material piled orderly ? ___,.. y _ e _s _ ____ _ ( c ). Are rooms overcrowded ? ----.M ----- o ~ --- ( d). Is light, sanitation, ventilation and general order good? --~---.----------- Yards 55 (a). Are there any dangerous railroad tracks or switches in yards? /110 (b). Is material piled orderly ?_ y'c_e~s ____ _ (c). Is general order good ?_ ~ ,__ e _ .s _____ _ ( d). Are there any conditions tending to cause accidents ?-----f'l•r-1- 1 -=------------ -- {Vo Grinding Wheels 56. How many grinding ,vheels over 8 inches in diameter not mounted with safety flanges ? ...... M _____ o ___ n ..._e _______ _ 57. How many grinding wheels not provided with sub stantial retaining hood ? Non e._-=--------- 58. How many wheels or pairs of wheels not equipped with efficient belt shifter or other disengaging device? t/one. 59. How many grinding ,vheels ,vith unprotected arbor ends?-LM~~~----------- B A D 4'¼ B C 13 Elevators 62 (a). Are there any protruding objects in shaft? /ltJ (b). Do beams and floors form a shear with floor of passing car ? _ M _ a ______________ _ (c). To how many cars does this apply ? ___ _ C 63. How many cars are not provided with safety catches? I S 64. How many entrances to shaft are not provided with approved gates? Count by floors_/ _ _____ _ 65. How many hatchways are not enclosed in approved manner? Count by floors._M _ o _ '1 _e. ______ _ 66. How many elevators have no automatic car limit stops at top and bottom ? _M_o_11 _e.. ______ _ 67. How many elevators are not equipped with automatic limit stop on machine? __ ! __________ _ 68. How many cars have sides not used for entrance im- properly encased? __ M_o_n_€_ _________ _ 69. How many elevators or landings poorly lighted ? M ( 14 Hlevators-(Cont.) F 70. How many elevators have approved signal system? I 7 l. How many elevators have locking device for operating cable at each floor ?_.,__J(t_o_rt __________ _ 72. How many elevators on which top of car is properly protected? _ _ I _____________ _ 73. How many elevators have proper protection under head sheaves? __ ! ____________ _ 7 4. How many elevators are equipped with speed governors?_...__ _____________ _ 7 5 (a). How many regular operators are employed ? A,611 {'. (b) How many freight elevators?_ / _____ _ (c). How many passenger elevators? N o r1 15 General Conditio11.s 76. De cribe fully any extra hazardous or superior con dition not brought out under the foregoing headings with special reference to competency of management. . ' - 1an1,s 0!:J1t0J <1 boY. --=:,,.__ }Jormq/ , n tJ,e n1otfer--- o -1--- ~erq J ore/er~ £ :ti! . l, q hf I J /.S qoo cl, J . ___ Men _ _ g_CJ_ no_f_____r- t;;zv,red - To ___ rv_ h \#'Ori\ Qn~l _ r,re ull _ I 'n li-_tL f;,_d_ , n -rl, e v 5 q _ ~ f. __ J~ V;~_ M, !Is_ :__ -- Mv,-q_ L _ ___ -4-- -- --- - ---------·----------- A D sfo 1 19 A D Machine Hazard ------------------- - • No. of Ap- Ex- Point Auto- Hands Type of Machine Power proved posed of matic in Machines Stop and Parts Opera- Feed Danger Start tion Zone = ~ = ... r/l ~ . = ---- ------------- --------- ~ • ... ~ I I ~ = 0 ~ E--t ~ rl.l = r:11 0 ... ~ = ~ ~ . = 0 0 ~ ~ r/l I E--t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ =· = r:11 rl.l ~ < . = ~ < < = = = ~ ~ .. = rl.l Q ~ ~ < 0 ~ ~ o , ~ ~ I ~ pi-f I ~ ~ I ~ =: = : < ' I = 0 ◄ - I ~ E--t ◄ i . 20 Buildinits How many? ___________________ ___ _ _ Stories each ? ________ _ Construction each ? __________ _ Employees in each . _____________________ _ Sprinklers in each ? ______________________ _ Total number employees in building? _____________ _ Employees below 5th floor? _______________ _ Floor Openinats Ho,v many not protected? _________ . ________ _ Hoistway Openinas How many not protected? ________________ _ Stairs Flights poorly lighted. ______ With unsafe treads. ____ _ Without standard hand rails, ________________ _ Runways Linear feet between 4' and 6' high, not properly guarded _____ _ Linear feet over 6' high not properly guarded _ ________ _ I Steam Entines Number __________ _ Moving parts guarded ____ _ Stop stations, _______ _ No. with limit stops. ____ _ Tested, recorded etc. ____ _ Transmission Gears unprotected _______ _ Set screws ______ _ Friction clutches under 7' ____ _ Vert. and incl. shaft under 7' ___ _ Loose and tight pulleys, no shifter ________ _ Horizontal shaft under 6' _____ _ Dead endsi __________ _ Stop Machine in each room . _ _ Keys and pins ____ _ /
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Asset Metadata
Creator
Moorhead, Leon Shepard
(author)
Core Title
Safety engineering
School
College of Liberal Arts
Degree
Bachelor of Science
Degree Program
Electrical Engineering
Degree Conferral Date
1918-06
Publication Date
12/01/1917
Defense Date
12/01/1917
Publisher
Los Angeles, California
(original),
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
OAI-PMH Harvest
Format
theses
(aat)
Language
English
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Digitized from microfilm by the USC Digital Library in 2023
(provenance)
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC113174139
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UC113174139
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El '17-1 (call number),etd-MoorheadLeon-1917.pdf (filename)
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etd-MoorheadLeon-1917
Document Type
Thesis
Format
theses (aat)
Rights
Moorhead, Leon Shepard
Internet Media Type
application/pdf
Type
texts
Source
20230616-usctheses-microfilm-box8
(batch),
Undergraduate Papers
(subcollection),
University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
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