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The control of voltage fluctuations in high tension transmission systems by the application of synchronous condensers
(USC Thesis Other)
The control of voltage fluctuations in high tension transmission systems by the application of synchronous condensers
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• • T _Il~ C . Ti~Ol, O .. .t VO I --r I <1-_ _ -; 1 _, r S I O J C 0 OU - 11 PPLI ' TI COii --- ---,: ")~ - ----- . , l. T re T TO TII I U TTIV 1 · SITY OF GOUT 1'1 I O _, I • 0 TR EG~ .:.:!,~ OF P.[\ TiO F ~c IE.JC ,,. · rrr ...DJ-' t T re L , 1 ~ I.JG ., ,,. ------,\ .. , ... _ ----- Pr .. r . Pr .., r Iallam Hans ~nderso1 ' 15 ~ "olle cre rn c~lifo nia r i ral '\.rts 191 . , I I • • • ... • • I LIOG_ • . . ... _-idr s • "T ._ ) 1 · e'- ti on Tan iss a Standar o • " Of 1 n lrOilOllS i.1 t S t ~ ]Lte 0 ~stet fort~ retter ent of S vice _ r C. • -r- I . -I •• E. Bechm n. n . " RJ.ualizi 5 Volta.ere 1 ctue .. tion . " 1 ,lectric· l v-1orl ~; 1~13, 94 . II • F • De ~.re y . _ 0 ! eration of I-I i h v·o1 ta Creneral "Rlec tric J -·, ~T 1 • _ 1 • .:...i. . oue: as . 11 1 1 t . ·- 1 t i " GA cu_ a lllL ;e e q on . (' 1 1 o terns n lTu.r.i.e 1 °13, ~lectrical ~orl , r . 28th , 1910 , I . B. .r i fb. t . " Co stant "\lol t c:.n;e Trans1nission . 0 1I 1 r ns . h. • I . ◄• • P . r o 1 ~ ~-, f I I , 1913 , 721 - 754 . 55 - ' 61 . 1066 - -1067 . 1545 - 1 GS . 1 J J • J . i!z i c kh. or n . · °Calcul c.tion of :Glee . ~\.eve1i 7 olta .. e Dro.i. in ''1"1ort Transmissio11 Lines ." an · 1 .vestern 1 ilectrician, Jan . 11th , 1911 , 106 - 109 .r • 0 Disc esion r_rr ans • ·.a. • n the · irrel Cc:~,e Induction Generator . 11 ... I . E. -c :J • Vol ;-·;r:rr, 1912,. 1841 - 1880 . 0 Discu cion on t ~ro ... aners by J . C . url.rer and H. J3 . JJ i£)1.t." Tr ans . ... . I . 1 • ~ . Vol y~rx.r I, 1913, 1589 - 1618 . "O . eration of 0Jncl1ronollS :.~achines in Parallel." G .,ner'"-1 .,.: :1ec tric ~-· :.eve i r, Oct . , 17ov . , and Dec . 1912 . 634 - 640 , 683 - 693 , 766 - 780 . 'Operation of Tr ns!11ission Lines . n Trans . J . I . : . 1, . v·o1 ~~~"'{II 1913, 85n - 392 . _ • T c. V 1 o c _r • " l.uto! a.tie 1 gul tors for t~ e Con.tr 1 of Sync 1rono 11 £ ...10llVC ers in Poier ·Suute rns . " Gene~al ~1 Jctric ~evei ,, June , l l, 428 - 429 . uvol t age 1 er;·ulation Trans . A. I . E. E. ·P G ·enerators . ' Vol y~~ - , 1911 , 555 - 573. ' q . Y 01 e 11" an J. • : · • i ob e 1 r e c 11 t . ' .. ' a u.re ent of V 1 to 5e .. nd Cl1rr nt m ~io ·1 I i n e at 25 a11cl 60 e ,.,rcles '!1 r o n s • _ ·. • I . '.: . • -v o l .. ~ :? I , 1 .. 12 , over 1 n Trans )er c ec ond . " . 1 .'='l - 1165 . . ' • -. I • .. n n ol . iOtor s 1 13, e trl'. , t~ t 1559 - 1564 . n t.:, " i.:) . • • • 1· .. ~ , C J.1. t ' c • I ... . r . " _he Lar. of Cor nL ~ ·1 1... • I . . ,!J . " _ 1~ ~ c t c l , • .. 1 c 1 u t · on l.i 4 12.r C "LeP f C':'.' ti Cr, • " neral ect~ic ~e .. ~ • _t _ • __ u s 1 ·11 o r e . t . . 1 t . e J. __ 0c ric , 1 11, . e i rr , 1913, " 1-:;:,.c i c.J. t 1 -r1 of ! _~ tern -Li1 ~ Gurre t G S.'P ~ n c • ~ • I . ~ . J:~ • 1 o 1 ~ --! I , 1912 , !_dol t tt n ra 10r . • lo41 - 1880 . r ." Jll "Lerrn ·.:~-.ti n of .Lr<:)nsf rE~ r .... :3u at1o . under T .. o- _ Con i tions o.nd s01n0 I:es 1..1l t _nr-, 1-c1veo t i i-atlon~ ." Tra· s . " .. . I . ·1-r . J~ . Vol 1J10, 12 1 - 1 02. ,\r . I . :-· 1 - · c, . Gei . 0 . · -r1c 11. us ~.Io to • Ty . '0 • _ _t_ .L.' . a.r..c. oo ,,. f o ... ender , T •. f J..:. • . 1 o 1 c.;.,_ ""' ~--- t <- l11 . o v ~- . 1/a t _ Corr t.J • or.1 "'":.,. ;otary Co11.,rerters . " ,., tric . Journal, ..: eb ., 1912 , 1~ - 156 . V • .l • " Som e ?ro lenC' _r n. n1issiori." r r 2.11. s . 1\ • I . 1912 _67 - 170 . "-r .. 1 hi cal c.lcul a tion of Li_e Charccteristics . " ... 1._00 - 462 . . . i .1. r u 1 .... o o Ct bury . "l )0 :,000- T 1 . rl1rc~ lSi11:l.ssio.n . 3yste l!! • ! ~ ..., '") t'• T F / l "'/ ·-: r I I I J 91 L l. L v • .i . .L • • __ i • • 0 - , - -- , 135 1 17 - 1020 . 11 • • • • --~ Notation Sheet ➔} Throughout the paper the following notation will be used, unless definite mention is made to the contrary: Eg -· Volts between lines at generator end. -· Ig ·- Line amperes at generator end .. ·- Er -- Volts between lines at receiver end. - - Ir -- Line amperes at receiver end. - eg :: Volts to neutral at generator end. er:: Volts to neutral at receiver end. e1 :: In-phase component of eg or er. e2 -· Out-of-phase component of eg or er· -· ~ 11 -· In-phase~of • or ir· -· lg 12 ·- Out-of-phase component of ig or ir• ·- IL :::: Load current . Ic :: Condenser current. ¢ == Phase angle between current and voltage. Considering a three-phase line: Er "y'3 -- er -- cos¢ .... Power factor. • ··- Ir .... Power .... °V3Er cos¢ tr i1 + •• for lagging curre:nt. . .., . J12 ..... ~r 11 • • for leading current. ·- - Jl2 - • -· Ir cos ¢ . 11 -· 12 ·- Ir sin. ¢. - r = Total reaistance of one conductor in ohms. 111 e a- ::: Ve 1 2 - e2 2 absolute value of v·olts to neutral at gen. end. 0 lg ::· V'11 2 - iz. 2 11 11 line amperes at generator end. Eg == "V3 eg ::: Voltage between lines at generator. Pg::: Power at generator::: ~Eg lg cos ¢ 1 . All vector rotations are taken as CLOC K ISE in direction. • • • • I I I rI-1· J . I tro uct ,_ T . h.e ~ roble n of tr· i-1 ini tting e lee tric al ... ,,, r 9. t 11 h ot.entials a co n1 le ne n ... stacles ~hi h the in~enuitJ of the de□i~ninu ngineer mus t meet an overcome. _mon~ t e di· ficultie. ith ~ich ~cm st c- rye ar t, ose ll Li-· G tio11s i m·0osed u on the 0""1er . inu 1. otential - ~ ._.. - v i.nsl1lator 1 c a:rcc··ties, corona losses, cl1.a r ~i i curr nts, tr , . t l,r ns1en s, i nsurr ·cient m e ~n of o tee tion fro tn ,r::rot1nds and shorts, ,. r1 t l1e .:. ro ~J l r, of vol tc:: g e re c1 1l t.. tion. I t i s ,,,it t e l n t t er ' ~ hi Ch .:_ r a 11 i ,...,h VO l t ae s --stern Of rr1 · · 1 ern s i ze ru1d c a o.citJ o · t n - 1 ec om...,s tl m o s t serm us factor ~rr .tin~ normql oper ation , qn( vith it s t sJq ent succersf 1 solution b v the a:c _. l icat j_or o:.: · s ncl r nous co·1d·ensers., t 11 t thls .er , ... n I ~ .J.. 0"t~11.er r ~c 1..,or., ~ • a s 1s ece s .ry in le cons _ _ ~e r ation of .tha t of e _sul ation . 1 In taking up the study of an alternating current transmission line, we find that there are many factors to be considered before it is possible to enter into a discussion of its operation. Modern conditions indicate that, as a rule, large load centers and sour.cee , or electric power are located at some distance from each other. The power, then, must of necessity be lead to the load. This can be done only over a power transmission line of some character. 2 In c:hoosing the transrnission line to be used in a given instance, it is first necessaiy to ascertain whethe~ it will be profitable to build said line. If a small water-power source, of perhaps 10,000 kilowatts, is available for use, there is a limiting length of line over which this power can be transmitted economically. This limit depends upon the cost of the erection and operation of a s.team plant a.t the load center and upon tl1e cost of the trans mission line. The first cost of the water power plant aJ exceed the first cost of a steam plant, but the operating costs will be much less as the water is much cheaper than coal or oil fuel. A crude rule as to the economical length of transmission line might be stated son1ewhat as follows : 11 A transmission line may be built wr1ich will connect a power source and a load center· more economically than a steam plant installation could do, when the costs of the erection, n1aintenance, interest, depreciation, and power loss, etc., of the line is less than the difference in the cost of erection, maintenance, operation, fuel, interest, and dep reciation, etc., of the steam plant over that of the water power plant." In takin up the design of such a line as may be nee·ded to fit a given instance, it is first necessar~ to choose the type of transmission that is to be used. or a line of any description, • • • the higher the operating potential the less may be the size of the conductors for a given power transmitted. This, of course, at once sugeests operation by alternating current with transformers. f the different systems of alternating current transmission single phase, two phase, three phase, etc.,- the use of three phase transmission is found to be in accordance ¥:ith best elect rical operation, mechanical design, ~nct economic efficiency . The transmission of alternating currents over a line of any length presents problems which are much more complex than are those presented by circuits of short length. ue to the self and mutual inductance of the conductors, to the capacity action of the conden ser formea by the lines with the inter osition of the dielectric 3 air, to the lealcage conductance of the supporting towers, insulators, and water vapor in the air (coro11.a effect), and to the inherent resistance of the wires themselves, a complex roblem is presented in the calculations of the behavior of the line. The effect of the inductance of the conductors is to cause the alternatinc current wave to lag behind the wave oft e i mpressed volta .,,e. 'rhe effect f capacity is op posite and tends to cause the current to lead the voltage wave. 'I11e leaka e conductance affords aths all along tle line over w l ich small quantities of current nay pass. The resistance ha~ am im· eding eff ect unon the flow of tl1e current and a certain a 11ount of the i 1pressed vol ta e must be ex ended in overcom ing it . If it were possible to concentrate the effects of inductance and capacity into a s~ries of small inductances nd condensers, a resultant expression could be obtained which would readily ive current and voltage conditions in the line. The above assumption is not correct theoretically, however, as the inductance, t e cap acity, the conductance, an the resistance, are distributed equall • • • all alon the line , nd any attemp t to co ncentrat e t e ef ects into localized uni t s at once pro(UC ✓s a l scre a cie i t tr e res ts. It has been faun ossible to c alcul te t e i nductance, ca.- acity , and resistance of tl econ uctor ... er 111 n to et t e t otal values of these factors forte 1 ale lie . e if ·1culty ac ises when an attem~t is r a e to coor i ate t e effect s to •et c l ue to the conditions resu~ti ro t 1eir co i e · ctio . Je fin it Jossibl to calcul t e t e in uctanc c onductor by the follo, in lor ul .e ( e - t ·t i o Intr oductory f or this · nd 11 follo vin • ot tion) : er ile f et r ec edi n L . .... h •• • t:J ( 1 . LL J og I ( - ) I J • \ ) _ fl l r ':\ - ~ i JG. 1,;. ,, Jive r e ac t, c e c an e f o u 1 ~ b t e for 1 : The c a acity per r i e of sin -le conducto · t eu t r 1, i . e . , twic e the single pare a city betwe the sa e leng t as t lows . -· X 7 . 35,4 -· lo 10 ( lie voneiider ed, X 10 - 9 far ". s. ("'1 t,J ) r he capacity reac ta ce lso 't be t ro cor .,uc tor , C 1 Of r e c l cul .ted f ol- OU d · 10 resistance of t1e lie i s calc 1 t ~ ro a .now l of the len 0 t h , teer ~- sectiorrl rea, ity of the · . eri 1 o t e co 1 uctors. is boo e necific con ct- i nt ~ 1 ctrical · e o an v • P. tein et , i sc illatio ns" , in tat n ttem t to c l e l r t e c r r•1 ·c r it- acteristics of 11 volt e, 1 i t.nce li1e, i 4 • • • • • ance, react nc , an ca will le to ery 00 1 i to . ly conver . a r ) 1 ]. • fore , be ne :lected, n ver cc r ' t e re ·ults. t h are al 0 l UC l r ap )ro4 i e t ,-, •• • . - JX • .. ... ... 0 • l.. .. .,_ t hen tl e or 1 e are : 1 .. .... 0 1 - 2 cit . 1 · i ·tribut re on l re ' S e e l icate X re sion. • be nde 18 ex . ost er e an 1 le for r hese or ul e re cc r · te tha any I ) ' i t ct c e . ., ance l l D 0 on co .,uct ce f ) ~o ( 1 - 7 . Q + 0 t e ter s Y, ther e 0 taine ,1 ic • 1ve t 0 ly s i r npler, but f the ret .ods . \\hich in n caL ac i tJ l OC' lized. con uct r to e tral, t I '-' CO 1 ., UC t ) 6 ) to eut ral. d, - ~, ese or ulae Jive t e vale o · volt ~ e i 1 , t it er t e receivi r· r • .e er ti p · e curre t , ·. 1 a • i t . e values, :o a d i o, are 7 Il0Wl: t t r e o t 1 er en. ~it re rr rd t e ctou le ~i , the i n + a.L liefl i f 1o an !o re olta e a d cu1,,re t at the rec iv- ing end, and e siJn - if ; 0 n !o re vo ta.ge current at e •ener ti J . en. m uch .J • ' • 0 , . o , etc., are vec t or ., uantities , i eces r to e t ' bli h - . re ere ce lin . his will b e assu e , i all cases, o be .. ~~r , t e olt , e o ne t a t t e rece·vi end, orre po 1, i y tote ~o s )reviously not e 1 • It s bee our .., ore conve ie t, in get t in line constants, 0 C Jil S id r con itions to e tral . m e co 0 tl1ree p ase li • :1 t 1r • ·ts , cl1. tel en e co l e r s a e 0 e se er e ire e 1 it, reference to tr 1 retur . atic r - ose e ' 1 gra re pres- (A • . t ion 11 oul si iil to t t • i , 1 . e 0 C r s 0 I ]. r Jr. ' • " • 1 lcu tio on i t a n • • ee p, 1 r ac 1 0 0 5 C • • F/Gl/RE' I. /Jlaqrqmmatic Represen f-gfion or/-/1(:!l l)is'fribution tJT E11dvcrr:,11ces, Re'5ist= onces e:rno' Co;:'OC/T/esConcerned wifha Trflnsl'1'1ission sy...st-e'7"✓ where the Transror,,,,,er lmpeclance.s ore ConJtd4;)r- ' B et/ o.s ,,corf ot= l½e P1Sir1 b- ~0 vTed Line Impecl'ev,ce. -:: .-.. H.H./lnd(;rSdn 1/. S. c . 'lS . . • • i • tic " ( J 191 ) ' 1 c• C r ev., ne ) • • . et 0 :, 1 ti t • of tr ission line ·1voc C u e e v1or a s of 0 1 co st t • I . I et i . i t u nerical ill atra t11on 1S ' 1 uc:-e e . 1 te < lV ' e co r t t l tr sforr IS re to e t ken ' rt t 11 _nd li t .. e ' ollo\ving re c: soni to as a 0 e tl1e ir tu 1 0 ctance 1 t . e • • ately • e ra e r V V r1 ~ p rox1 4 to 7 t, t . t vo l t r to 1. ro1 er ce an r Sl. nee e ro • t t • olta In t abse of definite • er ce 0 J. r e s • e ce 1 f r 1 a t i ' e ce t r cent a be ssu e s fair val- . to b e t t c tance drop u ed , and es . ml . e r ce re C J. ... X ... to t t . t t r esist r e e er ce re ci ce rop a s e , e nee n re ctanc o s ar calculat d s followo, t e results bei 0 t e is 0 . . • • ... I, ·- x . . • • .... • • • • . , . _ 1 _ ev.r1 r .. . - J...!.i ~ 100 e e et or w e con ection o t r ansfor ers p .... e en t rap r - I Dx X 3 0 s . e e t . t , t r er re e i s, r o m . . . s e to e volt rr e t e . e e tor, 0 , 1 es i eo· tetr sfo er tt ecei ~re , - • • cl tr . ul ti t tr or 11ers t oth 1 . e., l e e , e 0 d • t t t 1 is. ior1 li their res- re co Sl er 0 l e , i t C react ce e t t , t of t l e line ro er to et t · e tot 1 . r t . • ot strictl te dure , OU s lS C ur roe t is tir l" e , ·11 i le ce t • tr e error e 1. m e C ses . 11 lcu l tio t . ter f t i tension C r e e l s e it t lts if • • ter1 t low tens i on c1rc a e re s e l.Ee l • 0 e side re o )tai ed r i t e ra t10 of transfor ·nc tion . I . . • i ur i1 - j ' . l. ere ue to· ul t r l os , coro a r ctic 1 . J. e , ::: -- . b : · - 2 rr • J '· e e o be su stit t Jd , l o Vi t . : r -- JX, loss , etc ., n i i for 1 e (1 ) e ,, · : : e 1 + · e ( ) nd e r nd trot ine . 9 . a •• • •• o 1er i • ve r er s1 . t l - g i v e a e e e e ' i 2 i v e b e I ,. .. - e i/ e n . ' 11 b ctor J le at tl1 enerator i L re . ) itiv tl e ow r- ctor i i e i ';" . c cor i O t o re i s t e t r t e o r i r r ' . refere· ce vol ta e r · is th s i n e it l J. ave t eir er . 7 • • F/Gl/RF JI Po/qr OIOfrQR'I, ShoU//n~ -#re Phos-e P1splacern~nt' #t?r WPPn (rpneralor /1:J/l"of> e and Cvrr~nr (A-,Crer L "7/"cl.} Ig FICi-llRl= ./Io. Represenforive /)/a~ra,n ora Transm1sJ1on L 1ne w/rh ,ts connecl-ec/ CrPnt?rg/-t::Jrs, S 'lnchrt:Jnov.r t'ohd'~n ser and PtJWe-r L~t:rd. H. II A nde Ott),?. t/.J'. C. Ir • • • • • o best ·11 isc osion n to s cure a or eno ena ion , s le tra s1 ission li e 111 be su1 e a der considerat t e pl1 sic , 1 de ectr~c 1 co tat 1ill be calculated . e operation of t e i e 'it o t xili r .ea of r l · tion of olt e ill e 0 I , t e t e o~er tion n er t e control of uitable G ch o , u con ense 'ill b e sho, an a comp arison draw be - twee '10 co · ti o1: • et s sum , or the a e o obt i r1in or i D e x le, l sir d to e i a ~ i te sio trans~ission stem tl t will ~ eliv r po e ener' te t :·.'.ere e , lifornia, over a t ree se i _- li1 e follo ·in a: t e route o t e So t er cif ic - il - to o es , 33 ile i tant . i li e I b e o · irl 1 r · 1 e sio s i or er or conditio s w ic 1ill show the ef ··ect of line ca city t co ~rect· on ith con enser • • • ln r COllS1S1Ve a ner . he o ~et li e of over 100 kil ov lts o~eratin potential is th t of t e P cif i c al 1 orni , o 1e vO , ro r Bi r. ~r ek to Eagle is ance o 26 r iles t 150 kilovolts. e ill e 150 ilovol s or is line , over a istance of 33 miles. · e st , t ot J Ot ecessit, ~ ve u icient tr ns ore ca acit l ocate he 0 t i 1 to uene a t i on n ~eco ar erator f ro 1 v lue i tr i b 1.1 i o . ceiver e to ise r11 c 1 are necessar, or 8 • • Merced . Gene,-.at-in9 Sf-of-ions . ,,,,.. -~ ,, ' McKitfr1ck . m( 8q 0, sta nee Ta lole. • Mev-c:ed - - Go-;hen ag -ml . Ciosheti - - Coolin 9a. 57 Gost,en - - - Kern 73 Me,r-ced - - - Kern 162 Ker-n - - - - Met< 1-t-t ,-; ck 49 tern - Mojave 68 - - .... MercfP~ Mojov~ 230 - - - Mojav~ - - - Barst'ow 70 Mojave - - - Los An<jeles J03 Merced - - - Lo.s Anqe(es 333 MAP 0 / PROPOSED llt<rH LIN£. FoLkO~s Rt::>vrE •ti! SOC/rHL:RN PA C/FIC . &S r11 TF •r cA~lrt::JR/V'"l'A . Mojave . ---- --- .. . . .. .. .. .. .. ·• .. ----- ........ _ Bar;;Jf!L, -- - - Possib/1:1 F,rt-ur-e Loe,c/ s~,,vic~ L lnes la ourty✓n? di:Stri"'1s. r::.w;tt::::" L os A ng tE-/e~ . 1?eceivin9 Sra,ion. • . .. • • n s e: - -r th i e, 33 r ile 3 i lo et r L • • 0 COl uctor 8 00 r co ... ( i a . 1 e , , r . - t . et ( 216 " ) 1 J I C ' 1 l ' ·)• r • ... .... r 'wo • ·t 0 cleo fr Cl C , , C e C • ... Lo -d C • ·t 60 , 00 l, i 10 attc . • er re ]. l t U • , Po rcr f ctor o 1 ' • • ", ec i e vo t , -e er· tor ... o er , volt . ficie t to p 1 l oa le 1 tio • )e circuit : - T ote - ~l C lcu tions or 0 e con u canac i t , t e ,r i th ere· ce t t neutr ~ es.:.stance D r ile , r C ctor · ~ - o.o 1 . ... - I eta • d ctor · -· , 6 1 ce per l e, er co ·- - ( 1 . 41 1 o l ( ) + . 57 ) 10- - .. ( 1 . 41 X 2 . 41 2 + o.5 ) 10- 4 • .... ( . 412 + . c:.7 ) 1 ,1 ... . ,. 00 88 i rie . . • • ""L : L . 6 . 3 ho 00 - • • ·- · .. - 0 . 125- 5 . • • o. 1 nile . . - • • • ile bet reen two con uctors .. r p Cl er • 7 . - • • ·- . - ' .. log 10 ( s ) ) 2 . 7 - 6 1 -6 ft . .... e r • • X 5 . 28 .,. .o 6 1 . . 02 4 • • bet e l t 10 .. 2 . 14 0 . 02854 Li C J. e - 3 ·- 7 . 4 h • • • . '7 . 66 • • 21 8 . 0373 .:. • \.... • • • .... 0 - . . • • 9 ) 2 " 12" ) . - . , r . -. n loses . tor , it . uct nee l.1 1 1)lane . ohm • 0. s . 1enries. . 1 5 5 0 1 1 s/1000 ft . . 02 54 10- 6 farad s . X 10 - 5 . le cto 1 co . X 10 - f r ds/mile ,. 22328 3 oh 10 - - s . X ·- • • . . • 10 ransformers - 2 2 Line 1 ,.... I s u r .. .. X • • .... n r ·· - · •••• X ·-· ·- z : · -· . .. - + ( ( 1 • • • ··- - • 5 ·- - e • er ce t re C C 1 .i; er nt re ist nee drop . 2 X 0 . 01 X 150 2 X 0 . 8 5 • 4 . 2 ( bot ) ... n s 100 2 X o.o 5 • 1 . 3 ( bo e ) ·- r· 1 ran for er~ - 27 . 2394 i- . 825 •••• 32 . 06 4 0 • • 21 .037 + 3 6 ., 249 . 0 0 s . • • • r - j 3 • 4 • 4J. - - j b . - 0 - j 1T f .... 0 . .. ....... . 141 8 . • . ( 32 . 06 249 . • ) . 001417j ) 0 . 3 34 0 . 04 43j. - J - • - • - • • 1 + -o . 3j •• + ( - . 17 7- . 0 2( 76j ) 2 • • .. • o • 2 7 3 o. 227 . ~ · - • + ) ·-· ( 3 • o 9 . • ) ( 1 + (- 58 - o . 0749j ) - -· J • •• ( 2 . 6 - 249 . 4j ) ( 0 . 9411 - o. 7 9j ) ••• 32 . 4 - 2 3 . J • r r + ) .. . - 1 7j ( . g 11 . 00749· ) - -- • - 6 - - . 01 61 3 - .oo 3335· . t:r ( 1+;:) + ~ '"' (1 + ~} ~r ( o. 233 - . 2276j ) + ¼r ( 32 . 0 2 3.95j ) r r• , ~r ( 1 + 2 ) + ~r ( 1 + 6 ) ~r ( . 82 3 - O. 0 2276j ) · e ( - 0 . 00010613 - 0 . 0133 35J.J . r ~·th t e 'bove for m ula v ic fit t econ itio soft is line e os i b~e to c ~lc la e tae co ition er dif ere t lo i ,--·s . low · t e c -lcul io m nus t , o rro e t ro · o ever sult e ·· .. .. Ir · - ··- 0 0 near t t ,J,. 1 0 .:: 1 - ------ vs- 000 1 3 c tor -= cos , • • t e 1 8 , 77 3 SU o 100 , 000 \~ tts lo~d . r he t e oad , t bul te , i Oi tt Cle 1 ti volts to eutr al . • 0 . 07843 to .. • •• • 5 • . cond . . . . . • • I ·- Ir COv ¢ + j ir n ¢ ·- • . 4 X • 85 + o. • ... . 38 4 . 0 + 2 3 . 6j J ••• • · - 00 ( • 8233 o. 7 • ) - · - , + ( 3 4 . 0 + 3 . ) ( 2 . 4 2 3 . 95j ) • J - ( 129' • 8 1971 . 0j ) + ( 70 , 18 . 4 0 , 125 . • ) - - J 1 1,3 6 - 92 , 9 7 . . 92 , 0972 e ·- v'l 41 , .. .. 168 , 8 0 volts . . .. I ( 384 . 0 + G 6 . 6j ) • ( o. 3 -- 0 . 02 76j ) + 6, 00 - .o 00 61 3 - . 0013~35·) .... ( rz21 . 4 + 1 5 . . ) + ( - 0 . 191 115 . 4 . ) ... . J -- I rr o. + g . s j . • - - l g - -v'320 . 5 + 69 . 8 2 327 . a n ere con uctor . ... . .. 1 8 , 8 0 -v'3" .. :: 293 , 00 volt bet e con uctors . .. • t -1 6 t - 1 285 ... 12° 52' ·- n • 320 9 • a - 1 t - 1 65 -- 33° 17' - - • • - 141 , 316 ( - 33° 60 ·-- a - . - 20 2 ' - 17 I ) .. 0 ' 1 . - . - .... • cos 60 0 f · ·- Q. 6927 7 • cos 1 • . - a c/~ 1 • Gene or D O er .. 1 . 32 X 327 . 9 X 293 , 000 X . 6 77 • 117 , 8 00 .. _ • Lie OS ~ff ici nc ~- 1 7 , 8 0 - 100, •• - . .. • •• - full loa - 12 0 ..• • • • 17 , 8 O kilo 1atts . e cen. o lo -d volts volt 56 . 6 4 er cent . 11 kw • • • • 12 ul r tio f t e eo.m ut'. io so in • the aper tior of a w c 1 rz~3 il 11 e, it co· t l C i lt :e o 1 ,o O olt . • Lin r. · !Jovol t Line Po Lo d. 611 • ec . e •• en . ec. •ff . ... . . - . ~ - - -~- ..-. . La 0 • 1 0 ' 124 . ... 0 49 0 398 472 116 0 1 0 1 2 . 018 . 41 0 . 8 5 6 . 85 Q. 8 0 15 0000 1 4 000 15 60000 1 5 0 5 1 000 1 12, 00 15 J ' ~, 1 L C , I • f;lg . 1 7 • 7 1 5 1 - 4 9 7 , 9 ( 9 . 2 - 20 2 3 6 0 20 ~o • 179 . 7 43600 4 2 . • 9 o.s 1 8 . 2 192. 2 9 . 724 0 7 0 8 0 3 0 ~~ • 8 9 2 · 0 . 5 2 . 0 2 5 • 3 3 • 5 1 11 7 0 ! 34 .. 0. 9300 -.: . 77 . j g '2 • ' 'Z V • 4 • :1 6 0 '116 0011 5 ~ · 0 ; : •. 928 j 0 • ; 539 • 3 :22 10 L1Ql6 I - ... • . ( ra a VO 1 m1 • . 0 . 5 . 8 1.1 v 0 r f c..C to • . C t ct 124, 4 0 0 t r ., in , rr .... 11 c; ••-e V • a ere . ,..., V - ' r t 1 2 Lt 0 volt ·-· V • , .,_ • 4 , 0 i lovolt - um r r • 0 99 . 0 97 . 2 91 . 89 . 0 8 6 -7 86 -1 i e n t , n'"'f or 11 - rs, O, O v . lo c - 35 . 5 ? . tt " tt 11 120, 00 7:W . 1 0 Fno t ove t e ,ere plotte t e cl r ac ris ic curve o tl ir1 e f.> or 1: r tj_o ~ i t h o xter .a l contro l o volt • o m-:- b e een i • • -------------~ .. ---~1 ----,,-..---. j · ' /40 . .. , I - ·~ - - .. i . . - r- • . ' -- - , . .. -· l b 100 20 40 60 80 THOUSAND KILOWATTS RECEIVER . • .. • 13 r : e ee 1 g r 1 io - n t r f w r over t is lo • volt· line 1 ·e ,,. i t 1 . .J 0 t r C rre ic u l_ b ro i . re ot t . cti tor for iers, etc ., ut lso 011 \ e 0 l ' t . • tr1 tr • oiO li it elf . tr •ns issio11 1 c• e 1r r1s 1 • l av t h i uctG C cap city , • t i e"' ci ti l r lr 8 ' C t 0 . l e (A. i ' C rre t eq ir t city • of r 8. e - e ca lo ucl r e te i tlld t h' t • t uired re r e in J ' curr re ) t • ., UC c e citi C to cl lin . e l a rre r ·e - 1 ' lecd i n~ , ( t 0 O'" d ) ' t t . it to c,ondi t- t..J 1..;, ' re erence io11 t t e gen r ators . Lee H goo, i n l' an . • . I . · ' . ., • ol c t tat 110 , 00 - volt line 0 lCh e i r -c t o e i r: le lin er ornal , o 1 0, 000 lrv- a . i vo l ~~e co di tio . u~v e co sic erable o e t en tl1 d io necess r or 14 , 0 -volt i , e . I c -n e ·e ... n ra n e prec edin . 1 • .i. l i1 e uncJ e 01 ~i d e qtion r eq ir C r ' tl e l'"V - • o 2 , 9 0, ven r e t l e g nerator volt" - is 124 , 400 oltc . ~ id fro t e Ji ic tie c i r1 eren t in t e line itself , .re t l O e which r · t.i e r o u 1 u t .ti o ditio s of load ich be are li n le to occ • rhe v t re e r gul a tion u t t 11 t i . i t l in sue 1 i 1ni t c es te 1 tl t s ti factor s rv·c e i s secur ., r-- i :1 s o t l t , t t h e s arne ti n1e, .11 t e tr ns - f r n _,r,_ o r r e""Ci ti n ., vol t .g d t e li , tnin rrre~ter 0 T to s f e d na ic vol t a _ e • •"'"'l e vie . i Y l ti 1 i • i11c two ,.._. r Q C ver - X ' C 1 . er ,. c. ' . ,tio i t a, e C - ro l J • t ce 0 C .U e ·e 0 J e1. 1 l" • I il ov 0 . - e 0 0 e ti f;' in . • J • i . co i der le i r ortcrce to ai mtain :r L , lu 0 r co ·1st t oltag c n c o si 1 , bee use on re - • ... • • due ea vol tc · t rti to u an r a orse 0 r of induc io otors fall o t e re oft olta e. • I tr or1 1 r ·, t e ca c 1 t y or de ~rttre ro 1 U iven eati is ener - 11 reduced or . 1 rate xcit i ng volt ·e 0 t . l. ro m w e ce t l e o~rer o es . I crea - it).g the volt e above nor 1al dec r e e t e outrut , ecause t e x citin current is i ncrea ed nd lso t h e core loses . ·educin · th volta decreases rat ... 1 v - a . cap~ .. c i ty in i n1 tely e e ap r o t e m ra io sine t e pe C acity epends u . on 1.ze 0 t tor·. t . r:-: fe r · ctice to li nit t . tio • e con 1S e var 1 in volt 1. , e • . t o o· .c>. t . lI 0 ff~ C 1 Clt l ; ..L 1 p r c e c;i • ~ t b~ • J. J. . 4 _ _. ' (1 J o r J ~ ) volta .- e of over f i ftee or twe t r .J er ... cent . 0 1 rrre ter b e t o lieve tra • t volte the dyna ic e r 18 e , en teady volt of t te • iftee twe 1 t - cent or . :e e 0 T l.J or per ;J above t h o.t t . t rre ster char it ;oul, ed . V ' 1C T' s e ' e ex 0 to seriou d a -e , n accou f t h 1 r N f low 0 cu rent occur- i l . t C e 0 ' G 1 l e e 10 ern lumin n cell t pe co plete d struc t ·on '/OUl ., be li el to reo lt . rrhe • of vol .A. u ~ . iori • • ir 1 l . l er1ou. ,.J le, , C l.lt .::, b • • o] . . Jr , ' . t ' r · 1 J c · 1 ( we C• C . fl 11 r_ J f., '1 ~ ) . f_, - . - <- . , ve bee e li n--r i t l con t nt rec er V lta ., e ere to for ) I t .l e volt t t . . of t h e li . • er --bl 8 0 rec 1Vl. g e1 e ari s cons1 14 bet v e I 0 lo nd f ull loa c.., unt e rec.Ct, nee d oes ot eli min t e . • Iv t . ut i t t , e lac vol t '1 t e b tin ,. for t 1 '' re uces CO [ l e e C p - o.C • t T curre :, oO el· . t i t 1 t r ri du to t 1 n J e V e is leGdi g current; it lo er, t full load volt ·e n d 0 le ves nr · ctic b. 1 · . .4 e m e volt ,e r ) t a out arter nd till r :, (; • 0 V le t . 00 . i 1 , · it cl r , 1 • . ' C , 15 9 mile Ii t 50 cycles, 1 0 ile wit 25 C cles, tends to tran·for ro · ca st t potenti 1 to con t nt current. 1 ence, Ji t con~t nt volta t the 0 • ner 0 tor e , t e volt e t t e • nd roul rise to infi it t lo d - t t • in r C lV r no l.S' rac- tise, WO 1 be i ni ted 0 1 · b the r., istance ro 0 t e C ac i t~r • curre t- n V lt . :-e e -ul tion \ ' O 1 t s oe b 0 ent . 0 before t i o i tio i"' reno e , , vol ta -- e re r; 1 .tion is seriou lJ i ai:r- d • 01trol o ·e er '" tor volt e- I t i.can be e sil y see from the ct 1 · roblem tc en tl1at ,.. v ~r i ation oft 1 J er')tor volt _r.r e fro u 124 , 0 to 330,00 is not fe~Di le nor r cticable wit n ene1' tor , ir. o ern or t erwise, d t t 1.., e i Q ., rea.t ee o so ie ev i e v ic.i. ill old the • ; • e er at or v o 1 t -e , ; . , o co c t .n t 1 • 2 r ~old rm thod· o o er t ion, - d t h e ne i co l on se to- d,. r' t e VO t' r-' e of t e Ste . i CO t led e · tirel fro t e e - er t r . i n· tion oft 1e bove ta ( rri ble I ) o ~ t e i rn os- t od w ~ e t e 1· es ve · ical con a tan ts of t l rr1 , it de o t e o e n er co ider .tion. L. s Cc.n b e ee , t e C i e i · t e la.r e riation in volt e, wl ich is in- dee t f, ctor 11 niti .. t e c rr.;i O ca acity of t e s stern . ' s 1ne , i.e . , t t t e J C er - ors can .aper .te over r e of 17 J. • ( t . t !11 · ~ i 1 volt~ ff t . l d be to p re ' 1 s to eces r.., carr D n o 1 conditiono, i t r 1um l · S as um e t "lme a r C iver ol 1 00 ts) ; t • {0Ul 110, t li to r , 0 , V O l e 0 er - at t t t . ol . ion fro e, r- C r1 ece1 r l"!'e over V l 0 .,{ V, • to 9 , 200 T 'I l • 0 ab e 0 s · t 0 1 , 00 il w .t s 0 er 1 of t . cion oul ot arr t i t erecti a es 1 ne • • i • l im z - P O • i r a i • • np 1 7. • • • • • 16 tea 1 pl t co 1 be constructed t t e loa center n coul rob lJ e aper t d it UC r rter econo y. r i n ew r . ethod i ,hie there is o volt vari tion · 1 . his result i ob t i e b ~ontrollin the volt. ·e fro bot t l1 I ti t l e r ceiv1n nd • i nev. er rnetho in- c1 a s eve r 1- fol t e c.. a it of t he 1 ine . r is nev constant- volt ,e eth _ a eel ~USC oUCC0SSf 11 i comnerci 1 o er -tion ' 60 miles 1 ), an of er dv nt - ·es both 1n UaUa l V r i u-volt of better service nd lower cost , over the t O • ' e canst n - ol t ~e et o of co t 1 is i e e ce s follo s ; in t e d of controlli s t e volt _ ce t e en onl , s eci 1 1 ch- er c o ois t i e;e e r r 11 T 0 r nous o ors r y · c 1 ronouo cor e· r io i t · l e -t t r eceiver end , :, t h e volt e i O t O l :1 .t j t i e .1. ow r r C i. or . 1 nou s r cr1rono ot o s be i t 11 J to ecure ste a volta a t bo t e d~ of line . h . W l nc r onou iotor . o er te t o old t e volt e s t t • • ·1 ~r to co 1S ver J. the i; j in ,, l1i ch t e "' r e fre uentl y ed t o . i ove e ... o, er actor 0 lo - • lt s be en st ted t ,; t rt of t olt d 1") • t r . . li • due to a ar e p i n ~ n s rn1 1011 e l ,. t e . l re a c C ce . r act ~ C r o· is . r r t t e t e l o .d lo 1 f ·C d ·t • • - c t . c t l - ro .i: orti on 1 0 er or , 18 , · 1 r1 1 ' t 1 . ~ . act i ve c om one t of t e l o d • e raop i t er 0 e n . . - fo r • to . . ol t it t ctiv e ent i s C 1' e c l a ri ~ l e co 0 1 . c t e d 1 - . t . b uf i cient to 1. 0 ~ J. , t . . t l i to i ut ance . i s b V e O.i: 1 e r n1 e - sed . 0 l lo , • r • I . t i "I . t ct· nc e , • 1 e e ce 0 e . ]. e l.l C 1 a co ) 0 t 0 ur t nd . t 1. e re ctiv co p - L ' - i r • e e T • l.J l " 0 .I. l, . L . d • 0 . J ~11fornia . 17 ent . t le in volt • • t 0 e ro e l. ro l. • 11 r + 1 or, or e ctl ' ( . 12 )2 11 r -- . + . + 1.1 r 1.2 .l ( + + ) 2 E ii r i2 r . r where . + vol tv.. ·e at t e • 1 l.C e r ceiver . . r \J If ow 12 i e e · tive, t:r1 t • 1 it 1 le • l l I cur- • r· nt , i 0 poses t e dro i1 r n te s to tr liz it • he u nti t .. • 12 • ca e controlled b dju tin . th iel C rr t of t otors , . it tron ield t 1 otor \ ill e nc ro 0 s since 0 er - . te with le d i ' curr t . It i t er fore po s '1 1 0 con- trol the volt t t he ceiver by . ~ti h e fiel r J cur- e .1.t of t lC rono r otor • - . t t t s ., l UJl e u e u er • tro t t r i io li 0~ r ' tor . t co 0 1. r r 0 V e correct f ect on t e li e vol t c • • I V I t r 0 r p l . ts t e vol n al 0 t l1 r q e C ar . .. b j s ct to u e c 1an 1 ·es u to vari tion . lo ic to ]. l .re r i d or t e vat r v eel -overnor to co m e sat · 'or 1 1 ne i tel ,. • I sue C seo , , 1 ar r.:- f 1 - v l e 1 e f e c t o t e c ste te m i i niz ti c t OU ., e . 0 r c ro1 ou otor or con - :, directl to ·he fl - wr1eel e 'feet re ·oun ery en0ers - 1 i l hi • e ee to t 0 et 0 e C SJ C ro OU con en- .. ., . ot _le r . 0t od . t 11 t er C ' e • 1e . ]. e l 0 n . le ' t l 1 i f lo to 1 load. c o e 0 1 or re r ~ 0 0 • r h i '!OUl . V C r , ti o etv e • nt , th t full . • con C • 1 t . uire , t load nd full lea i current curre l. re 0 1' - t 11 0 d . t cbout 1 · loa C co d er would t e i 1 ' t 1 r eco od . t val zer • l. C as u e 0 co t t tio i ic io OU e er tor V 1 t . C t t 0 t v - n . of co t 1 be • • • . ., • • 18 r uired . volt n e , , iv r . ( o • ci . ) , axi u lo finite e er tor olt ~et t • o.. ,. i ve receiver ow r f ctor, t r i b e eld to s tisfy t e ove con ition . o i ti~ volt , t h ' e of V r i t e ower f ctor oft ect on t e eiver, ·e er' tor volt ile ol in a constant loa , u t in esti ~ated , l. e ., of var in the v - a . conde ser ca city in ar llel wit t e lo d . his m a be one b t a . J. I cons st nee or mal lo \ 01 t ·- ' nd nt lo d t the given. ower factor ( a for in- t norm 1 ower factor) nd const nt receiver i ·rer nt 1 ad·ng nd 1 . i1 rr kv - a ., c lcul- ti t e l e r e. tor vol t r I e for the e w tot 1 receiver powe r factor s ( lo d cond er) . o nts t o f i d i t e v ri tion in uener tor volt - e it a ch e o eceiver pov r f~ctor, t co st t c i er sunder v lt e d lo d . urves otte fo r v rious 1 e r bovecon ·tion, bet een ·e er tor volta -e nd con en er v - u . , cl )e tvcen ., nerc:tor o t - ri• e 8-.nd receiver o er f ctor . It l s bee t t . , const nt . volt .. lo d , the OU ' 1 r ec 1ver P'8 Ct • o e rato volt e \ i tr C an , e i v - a . co e ser cap- C 1. p~ l u cit at tsto t t i chan ·e . receiv - 0 { 0 e - e g, in r p ov1er ctor - e tel .. e r sed b y t r i "J' t li e . " rxen a or vo l t a c es, or the var OU lo ct~ 0 d with no conden r i a r r l e l vi t t e load , r ir 0 t c alcul .. ted . ( Se b l I ' Li w. t Ge eretor ) . r 0 draw urv or ever 1 loa ·t . to s l ec s O\Y C lcul t • 0 - 0 l t , it C s er , fo r . d lo I t 1il . l a ti r r: t oi ts r, c e l • e ·o C esc t a,t t rit t ic 1 te l it t • e e s 0 e l i o f t lue s t t t h . ity C 0 .,. C J 1ve u . ower • • C 1' C or or r C 1 er rr • • • • 19 0 l t ce t 1 o, 0 ilo 1 tt lo t 1 current is 38 4 .0 + 2 6 - . out 11 t i · 36 . 1 c; J • e co n1 on r s - 1 and ;i the co e er - • b a d ch t t t e co enser , curre t ·is 3 • er e("i 1 1 ' t 0 er i ctor at receiver st be it n 38 . + 2361 6 j - 236 . j :,_ 3 4 . 0 corre non '.1 1n . lv - a. is 150V3 x 23 . 6 :: 61, 00 v - a . lead - i . . r h U er t les e condition, t en r tor volta e is ~ .• 6 , 600 ( ~ - 233 - o . 02276j ) + 3 4 . 0 ( 32 . 0 - J44 . oj ) : -- 71 , - -- 7 j + l ' , 88 - 3 , 96j. 9 ,6'7" e 1 n , 4 0 volts to eutr 1 . E • . : 21 , 320 alts betree • 1 e • e co :, i tion fo r es . e 1 it o cone er 1 , 8 0 o ts to nettr 1. :: 2 9 ,. , o o v o 1 t c:• be e i ~ e s . re o lo d curv OU l Q a ssun1i so m e v a lu o 1 c n encer c r re t , ( i . e . , - 115 . . m • or 7 , 000 v - a . lasr•i ) . t ble i'o t e c lcul te r esults i b e II . , own on t e next e , 2 0 II. l~tio oft e co 1 ut tion s owi . t a 1ount of con- en er rilovolt - • r s uired or u it ~ power f ctor t iff - erent rJceiver lo s. 0 Co enser 0 er u l tion tiliz d . -·----- • Lo Gen . Rv . , ec . -e n . -rr .. Icond . - ec . PF l on . v - a . or1 . v- • • e t .li I ' es L a 11n ,. e di m .Load&Cond. 0 124 . 4 o. 5 75 . 7 30000 115 . 40 0 . 000 10000 13 . 7 • 1 • 1 3 . 6 1 . 0 0 , 0 0 1 ·1 . 0 . 8 • 13 . 7 12335 47 . 3~ 1 . 0 0 0 • 4 0 18 .o 0 . 5 14 • 4 70 94 . 4 1 . 000 0 0 21 • o. 5 1 . 2 3 20 142 . 00 1 . 000 80 0 2 5 . 0 o. 5 193 . 4 . 4 000 1 8 . 30 1 . 000 i 100000 293 . 0 • 5 1 9 . 3 1500 236 . 0 1 . 000 • 330 . 0 0 . 0 5 73 0 2 3 . 9 2 1 . 0 0 . ._ --- ' - . )lot t co i tio 1c . 1- 1 1 i ·ure I he 0 ov lo . 0 l • no - lo li ~ 'i t 1 1 it .:) . l ~g ~in / V - CA • to . t t t e , 1 c ee l o t 10 r loa . . • ".,. - t • • t ... . .4 t 1 es v l l (:' - a . V r1 ouo 0 1 e C Li .t\. of t . ,,...,. lues tor volt · an ') kv - a . t '1 e e corres . l V 0 ..,.e -r ·e 1 . ,. . Uot 1 to t .. e 1 • fo r th t 0 l v - • e in 1 v - a . 1 • <:• u 1e of t ese 1 • l,J . , 1 o, 00 \ . ' s t . lo t r itt d t . t ( : i _..ure IV ) ' • a 1 1 e er l e , n e 8't r ut 00 VO t e o- 0 d t 100 , 0 0 li es ' • • . ct , d t value abo t 0 , 1 0 k J' O i it . 1 r · • 1S desi e to ollo out t e irst rren 0 r 1 et ' t ... e s ener d)or volt I · oul e to e t con t ~nt a t -bout 22 . 0 kilovolts in r r t e t e f icienc 80 1 e otte out of t 1e n - chronou con f i7 j_ • u 11 i ti ... ot ential r l a u u 0 r rr • 0 e r C V 1 e C e 0 t vit i u it ·t ill e .. • 1. ·r ---~--~ - r . .: - I : . . ' . . • ·j• - ~ - . - rl .. ,. -- .. . "'- .. - . .. - ~ ' . . - - 100--......... --.__ ........ __ .___.._ ____ ....,_ ____ ...._.~----......,-...----...... ---+---.. .............. ~~ ..... -+-+----.__~ . ..__-................................... ~------.............. ~~.____. _ 4 __ , _ _.__, __ _ 0 40 KILOVOL T-AMPERES 6 0 CONDENS E ff> . . /000 __ .,..._ __ _ . --·-... . . ' .. '- I --- - " .J • -, -1 " • I _ :._ - ( . i -=-T ~ - I T I • I • --➔ • - 1 ,.! -y:. =: ~~~-:~1 _. · -~ ·~ ---1 • I - • 1 .. - r .• : - : .- :-.:· -- ,- . ·'-'·r- - • ---- · -- ... , .~ . ... ' . -- · -·. __ .._.._ ' • I • t ., - 4 ~ • ➔ - ' • t - . • -- , · - - fn .7~ . · . ·- 11 t o . ti . l. t tio lo 1 t 0 r ' tin w 1 1 0 0 e ote t i b , . t·o . to t ai r . r . C r ) \ er l •s l. e 1 p l1 t oro ' ' 1 • evti •J t of 0 en u 1 r • . e J_ e t s n er a r u ber 0 rticles u . on th sub· ct • t 1;r s .ctio l 0 t e • I . • • I V i ti o o coro ~ li it tions- Ir1 1 t ti ~ curren tr s i io lines t ver i volt is Le ~ r loss occ ro b t e '--' t i on o ower i tot ir . iv CCOffi) T inosi ty, ., of t e i surround in t e live c o - uctor , t e o-c e coron • Lo· • t critic ' l volt hi e endu the . ins so n ee, e upon . · a· d • t . co uc to_ r · , · tc ., . .... lZ "' Cl n 0 e 1ne · n 1.ncre se ver y i d n d . • 1 t • volta 1 xtended r y .. 1. e r e s V r T ]. ov 1S e . . vest i ati . t 1 tr ' 1i ss10 line 1 sho that l ri m e s --· lo s • co 0 l fair V1 e t r C e e re s e b T t e equ tion N ( e eo ) 2 r e e I l os ... . 1 g t of . 1 li d ctor , . .... 1 { • D r 1 • in e co • tiv 1 bet e e lin c on uctor c ettr ... l , • • f ... f r _ ,q C r , . .. d . . y t he ation r 1.S ( 1 e ....J . --vf t, • ~,1 er con ,uc t o . • r 1n C .1 • , s ·- i ·t e b ti; .r . to c nduc r · i c m., ·- co ota t , • nd •• t e ect ·v • • 0 ti ve volt ct e to e tral, and i . t l:1e t · e . . . • 0 ., r lo - r , 18 • 21 • • • • 22 w er is ,the di r t i ve r ie t o ir in v . r c . at 25 • d 760 • -ro eter , d 1 co t nt or 11 izeo of :ire , r u ncie , etc . th e f ctive value of u Q i s taken , e On investigat ion . t ollow t - t v . ) r ,.., ( • ) ' 0 • • \.,,, • ax1 nu 1 . . 1 . KV • .t: er cm . ( effectiv ) . ·-· is comot,nt ..,pending ..L: 01 t e sur f ce co ition f t e con uctor · n d t o 17" e a , u 0 e t e n 0 0 0 • • 1 . 0 or ner· . - ... • 0 0 . 9 3 • • • ·- 0 . 8 7 o. 3 ·- out r r iuu 0 ectl fo r PO or 7 - C b l oot ·1 tr • v1re . e or V: eu. tl1 d c bles , ( wl r ires , ecr s.,s ~ dius is r i ' P ro 2c1e the value o l ' r er t i e nunber of strands t'.:1oli C011 UC t r • ; pp l y i 1 g '.,t io to r lin · , , • l 0 r s .:.:> - r s - r ◄ 0 .. . • .... - . -· • • • • • .. • • e - -- n d 0 . 93 ( all owin o- or c abl e n oor urf ' ce ) ' 1 . k· v . per Cu • ( effective V lue ) ' o. 5 ( factor 0 af t or ordinar ltitudev ) , 0 . 41 5 ti X r.- • 1 . 47 C . ,) • • 216 " ~ · 549 . 4 C , 2 6 . 261 9 • '7 r .. o. a 1 . .7 6 . 2614 V • : ·: f ' e C ti V di D t iv critical volt t o et . 1 • v 1 CV • : • . d . c . v . bjtr e t ,o co · l • • • • ·- • • -nd •• - P ·- •• ( e - e 0 ) 0 . 1455 X O ( e - 122 .1) 1,. • er .... 1 . per cond. 3o3 1 . 09 3 . ..:: 11, oO l ( e - 122 . 1 ) 2 Lur inJ it oft e air ur1ou li G the lin doe not be~in at d i ru. tive volt ' ~ e 0 , b t c t i er volt ge ev , he visual ev i UC i er fo r o all wires tan • 0 ' it · s also i . er fo r 1 r ve ir J b t to a lw s se e,,. t Jnt . hear - eticall) 0 ass of no1er s oul occur lo , t l e • ual vol ta Vl. v , .alt U '" e oe ovcur . • go d r ( 1 ) lo ' tr 1 , ev _ , ____ - "LO ne ·- 0 e r • r . 1 , . e to eutral . • • jl V • 2 7 3 . 8 , . V . e t een cond c t ors . race t e ) Oi1 t 20 . 0 ilovolts ca1 bet en ~ rea on b l safe 'or nor 1 1 oper tion . Then from .r i ' r I > 1 O, O O cw . .. 1ith u1it oower factor ( load ca~ acit • C nser) il l e 1. J a con enser o 1,100 - a. 23 valcul atio ca ow b e , ade or lie characteristics of d i - f er nt loa for cor1 Ge· erator volt e E = - ~2 0 , 00 volt s e t ee con uctor s . ~ )eceiver vol t a ~e r ::: 150,000 volts bet ee· conductors . .wet it ea re ire t 20 , t t e c • J co i t i o· s . 1~ ·. 1 . 0 UC 0 · 1 r u . tt t 0 d t e'-J V e .. , t e co t e f 1 61, 10 CO "' se v - i ~e1erat r vol t s or l oa n 1 1 load , and cto , etc ., ar e e ui e or . V or .L, 1 o ·ur ,, C lea • 1v - ]. • co ' 0 lt t e r C e t b le · t e . 1. '.l eter ·i e ser capacit er e r ti OU b_;- reach lo d i re uir d e d . ra i 24 • I . V3 -\ , C V olt · ·- ,= ·- • • i t }1 i it lo curr t , 0 1 ·- I + I . r ·- , • • r t r cu ' Il t olt r; ( ic lOU c1 C ec • be q 1 ' 0 lt ) , 0\ T r J f i c i re ' tc . , :r e fourd. or 1 t , k ., lo , 1 kil r r cond er e , wa s . r1 c·t , . t 11 1 2 volt . 1 , 00 lv - a . C . r u1r r or lo ' l ead in .~. e Ic • · ·- 23 a 1n • .. . . "' • 0 ¼ C 0 36 o 7 · • t 1 e lrv - a . • cl . 1 . ·- 1 ce re U J.r lS i n - G • V , • T • rr 18 I L 1 19 II _.: - - I e . pe • V3 oO . - 8 ~ • ~L • + 2 ... • • • , ·- .J • • 1 nd "I rt • lJ - r C lV r r r ' r COl. J s C r l.S I . + I 4 . 0 . , .) . • . . , .r • . L • v ' • ( 3 4 . 0 ) 2 + ( . 1 a n1 re • ~ '-' ( • )2 r • 022? . ) - - • . ' ( 3 8 • 37 · ) '2~ . 04 243 . . ) • - - J • 7 298 7l j -- ( 12 , 2 - 93 , 7 J ) ) ' . D , 4 - 1 · . . v ' ' C, ··-~ ~ 0 )2 ( S , "'81 2 ·-· 12? 0 volt t) (\' . .. ' ... . ... , • . (' .. 2 0 V lts ( C T ) . • ' \. . ,... '7 8 o. r: • ) ( . 022 - J • • • • • ' ( - • 010 • l· 5 · ) ( 1 - . 0 g . ) + ( - 1 1 115 -4 . ) - • - J ... rz 1 h • • 25 I • 3 ) 2 ::- 335 . 7 er con uc tor. 1 : • e , - - G3° - t an- J.. - t - ~ 1 . _550 • 30 ' ... . - . - • + 0, • , ( • 'Z 0 ) + r"\ 3 0 ---' a - 9 ... .. -- 21 33 ;~- • 30 ' . 5 - . ..• - v1., • •.) • I,.;, ..,, e11e r to 0 e r :: . 1 . r 2 3 5 • "' 2 0 , 0 0 ). 9 • 91 4 - .. 11 , 0 0 V J • - 1 , 00 k . 6 ) . . ---- - .,.... 1 r;, • v er cent . ic i n y . .. e t . - r a t o il re 1 . 1 0 r.v - . - ' • 1· ~ . i l ov lt - a m ere • lrv - ce1 er • • ' • 'r i -. . et . ollow -d t for t l o v a l ues 0 r e 0 er • t e co rn~ 1 t r lt r e t b l Ate i 'f c.-: D _ 0 • • 26 L I I I I. ul tio ft e co ut tions 0~1in J t e li c racter - istics -t differ - t 1 Vi i t CO ' ser < v - a . ~uff"cic t to ' in- t, i const' t er or 11. rec iver volt :es . ·e erator volt I e' ' .. • • I.:., 0' 0 volt •• • .. ~ -eceiver volt se, • • 1 ~ 00 volto. r ' r i • I • .. .,. s/ 0 c1 . 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Af'j'Yt:J .t'/n,a~ ~/or. // ff. ,;f //~r.Ft:'A' V.J:C-: 1/f • • .. t us a to t C 0 t 0 r t s - 0 0 1 tion 0 trol • li 0 t e C aracter C l 1 e . ro 1 t l , ul ,.._ti control of the C 10 0 ro rr ' r n or i 1 ex: i t .t · o 1 0 t lt rnr ti curr nt r at r , r n t e tro t ' . 1 t t cond t the co o · C 1 C r o · s C r no ns r . r c e v rJ ~ • I • 1 ot l Ouoi b l t o rol t l uto tic e ~ u to t , er· tor wi tl t r e i 1 ft e wide vari tion o~ -en- er to ., 0 1 t e to b e ont t a .3 fou c- r l ts . l Olil ' ~ 1 in t' w 1 ic i t e O') ... O i i n , V I C i c- o ol , t li volt res cont nt . 1 tatio 1 , 00 v - . rator unito r ' t r g l ator r obl . ~ s be n w ell ~ore out . o rr u a r i f Uli 0 r . co cit 0 o · t r e ' 0 t er ,ul tor to co trol f i el -co t wo in , co 1 t , o 1e of d e to c~ cite t1e i d f cto ins ries i e c·ter . ( 0ee it ..L t .. e cc d a r exciter re de i e to ~ c · r t~ t e 12 r: v lt s 1 d 27 · ol t re ; ectivel,/ . t 1 i t a pote ti 1 01 it, r g a it au~il i aries to revent a r~ve r s t V i of 0 ·1 e t 1 r · 1 · e t 0 t e of f ie i t e 12 -volt unit o ti s t , 1 u r b c 1 n 'rom thr t cit i o to z ro e i t tion , wit in a u i ' .r ic C b re . 11 - v t i ,.,. C t t o atic v t a rr r gu t or , . , i to . It m e s eco , 0 i cc tl ~ 200 - l • , 250-volt t • fi w c is c t roll o a e ·1 t .. e o e ' 29 1 to 1 1 C c r to C ol t o , . I lC s 0 ·rec t C ~ r VO • 0 ' et r r V u t '' l , w ic a z o . 0 • r ,..., G4 t t o r d c t ~ ci ter 0 t · . , V t r e t It , .L. r C • • • • • r e t . ' 1 4 . .. .. • Variable Volfs Mox.= ZTSV. To Voltaqe Re9ulator. la ~/Taqe tfe9ulaf-or. ToGen. FiPlds, /ZS Volf-s . Con,.s-h,n'f F/6-VRE XIV ,KCJfe Z 5'O\lolf-s ISOKW. Ola9rt:1 m o-1' Conn£?cf-1ons () r Ex e I f-ers, Con f-ro I, ~ 1£'.~ /'or <ren e ra-f-t.7,-"' • Me/-he?d .Z. (1'1--r/i:-r J/},/o od6ury) 200Kw. Exe/re,,-. • Max~ 2sov, @ Z9 a To s f-0Yt::1'fe B~:rttery . F/t:rf./ £ XV Connechons- t:-'o;- M@Mrocl TH/ t7. r /1-rrer ~ o Q 6vr-4:J //, ,R. l'f rn:/P r ...ro n . C/. S. C. 1/- • . 30 l t . d i • 1 shown • i IS W J. 0 1 , as 1n UI' • " u cili . 1 i . to TiV t d excit- C l ro ]. e r vero io ec · 0 ol t olt e " n wh cl1 • t he lin r . 1 I ' t C r t . i . ~ u· li t o t 1is . 1 i , thr vari 1 1 u r iv t nc ' to ( E) u b t r • e ot e r u iliar f ld . ol · for lil.r ~ o 0 i t • . t rrect ol 1 11 1 1 1 rr C r - 0 ·t it 0 t 1 it ' C rr c. t , • • mall , f ro .l the ' i l1 lC lS sa1ne t o1" g b tt er ,. . " r- :l cti 0 t -cit ti 1 0 z ro b an 0 t ot nt- ' e ... i a l I 1 tor, ot fo to e cessar .1 t h ,....,.. nerat - • -ti s' l f t · er or1 0 t 1 1e ron u s co en r 0 at t e eceivi (' 0 .:., ta io , over · 1 e r ge ·c . 1 : t f i ble 1r V ,' 0 e a ' ' i t v Q co p et ctio o· t re i ter olta ft • ob e !Il 0 r· 1 C t 0 o · t e n,, r onou concen ers )r , c n L J _, ot r r o 1 l ot C" s ti a 1 • er ent th t of l r t l1 e gen r t or . .L.1. b e o h t out efor, it i s the vari tion of fi 1 c r t whi c c -n e t e f ctor t e ., T"'i • c onc..en er . 1~ 1 , 16 S l W . i 1 n·v - c r e" 01 t nch.ro nous rel ti on two -- li n· el s l f i ld p · r e · i n CJ. ro OU r clhine . 1 ~ i e lo or s T nc r onous co en er, t r r a tt1r · t i s u i i ~. u r1 ,.., c rt i cr t t ic 1 v 1 0 fiel O.tCit l oa :i of u ity tion. ~t , . 1 . 0. t t er co ni tute e c r ,,n er be i f ' eith r 10 .1 r f i el xci t t i o11 , t curr .,n_ t t ken ' C e r i 1 n t b l i 0 e n r t ifi c i al , . 0 l 1 1 inc , c c d>n it i . to r r vail t W1 ' 0 l i e , r, (A · or t 0 i 1 l t cur t t e 1 . ( 7 i 16 ) , . 1 e ur u :, il · 1 e f 11-1 C r t, i rr ,,nt wi l ov c n e de to l o d it 1 ' r o r m u t 0 1 ' , C 01r,,c i o " , I r c . · . .. ar . ' 13 . f .. I~ ... . ' ' I -1 .. • .. 0 ! • • I I ·I t +,- 1 • ·-· ~ 1 ' ' - · - ~ .... ,, ... .. ' I • ; I ~ ' ! I ' , '-t . I 1 ' ' - . • • I l-l ! : 1 ·-- 4- I i a -r--~-- t ' • t , ' 60 . ' i-: . .. - . ... . . • . t L • ' - , 12 /~ zo FIL=L O AMPERF ..S. 31 rct t . e , . ' 1 cir uit. er or ' co r llin t cit- 0 t e • f • tl1 0 C ser 1S a ea s V r ln 0 r ac t t C t sio . it l tl'l it 1 . :,rature circ r ]. I u u C r, n t , t t, 1 . t nt . r e C r 0 a in r r ., curr T . i . ]. n 1 c t riallJ . i i 1 J.rl ·ur • 1 G t n . . i tl t t t J.O r · u 0 cur e cl a . ~ t · · 1 C r u t . i t lo v lo ( to 0,000 C 1 ' u • Af i tl t _ i s li n e ) , c l t ta volt receiv r en t . t i s . t , 11 r or 1 • ,I d i or r tot c care of cond i o cal 1 J z o , c;1. , t e C C t _e c n e t r -- cti- ' i -0 ssi l to , et .I. to r r , tic r e J' - 1 ow · t r -~u1 , tor to to wo i g , a C'n b on c se of i av i a 110 a V r C ar i C t , a s o e , a o. , i tio ,citers n a re ~ ulator tlU t e c • C b ot s ·r or a 25 - v t 0 t i it r i ts. 50 -volt 111 l i tl . OYC .• to r i ue 1 T J , . - • 0 . l ~ 0 ') fo 7 (' Q T 1 • ~ - ... J... J l. .i 1: - v 0 s J . ,1. co aero ._; t , . 0 JJ. - l - ·re . ..Jf e 1"' C "' . f . . \'J]. VI e l , cl .J 1 r ., i V n t c · t it · vo ta ~e · r c ., I L,LC -c · t -- tio ' th 1 1- --. -. c l , " i 0 I i 17 . t . e !l ll cit'-tion o t l c . t r . 1 ? . t t h .. 0C 1 c me e cod nser is r t e o 1 ~- v t excitat i on, or ., • J.. . el • lti 1 c 1e Wl l.J ]. rr • ev c i t (_ 1.) t ' 0 ~11 :cite r s ~ ich c i t i o t cit · r • e 0 e s s • t - otl e , or 2 5 olt • 'f 0 0 h e ,{c · t e rill - te e - 0 _, it :, 1·v i l 1 1 5 volt z ,,ro cur- ' 0 tie 1 r r citer. 1.J oul ., t e t to - li co er s r a . . 0 volt · ill ~ 1C l u e r•I r f:j , T t i il . increa e C r . 0 1 o olts, or '' , V • ' une 1913. • IS I ® • Line :Jla. /Sokw. /SC Kw, 4- + + • • □ ti tJ 9 lo II /Z. /,1 Fl<rf.lRE XYII Connecr1ons ~F Syncnrt:Jhovs ltJndE'/lSt?rJ, Comb1nulion or ExciT~5/Pnt7 Avro mt::1fic Yolf-t1re Refv/ort,"; Fort/.,e on 7r<'.lr,sn1i.s-.s-ion L in~s Hov;,,? a H@QvyCl?ur~nyCvrrenr. {A.rt-er LQ y/o c K / ~ /'f->7~ ,-..ro'? · c/. .S-.C "/u 32 t . t t • con cte i rultiple , er 0 ' J C .I. C 1 '" 50 vol ~ i ll 1J -li er to iel • of t C ro u con .. 0 s r. I v1ill b t r ose ' t 1S co 1 in tio 0 cite is to t .... volt . i • Ei to th irect • lC 'U1 , 1 J.. . C rr t co t t 0 e r . ul· tor f e er r chin zero . s 1 t 0 5 ol 0 tr1 ulator, 1ich . e r I r ' -1ves an • e -c·tati 0 t C co~nd n s r 1 zero to 2 0 V lt • "I e I"' f o fi ""Cit t io J.!. 0 T In . t , for . ld excitation either sec in s e C er r.- . ]. w 1ay use two 1 etl1od~ , or 0 • J ma u e , a t the recei er end , direct nt w •• cl t . ... > 1 .. 1 t in , -curr ✓nt-driven convert C rr 0 1 ea rom r n rs or to _ r- r ~ or r t f ro .. tr • or e lov ot nt i als . 0 lit t r ator it . s t to erate drive citer e .te er se e . . t o w t er - ur bi or ot am- tur ire drive n U J: it s . Ul 0' 1 • . ' SC e i • • I J. si er -ti • • 1. C '7 • r i s - the loss s i ucl " y t ov t en t ti , ... tio l 1 S S S • r ,n r a lie t r 1 se , u follov . encr tins i..: t ati lO d S s: r icti no l. l.. • 'l il ·- C 1i s e v un ,er 11 i · o t ree divis- s . 1 2 los s in i e l r .. 1,. t ur e con uc tors . . r; cit tio o.J es. • 0 T i t C i ,:: 1 0 • r loss s . r li 1 os es: 12 -.-- losseu i 1 tr or1ers . IIJ 1 · r e t line oss c: i . '"' 1ar g i . c rr , t 1 ii. r 2 losses . I I I . r · a c tan c e 1 s e l,J • i . 0oro 1 dS • v . • ~ . Co 1 ue e r los os : • • .I • • I ·· l o ....,s c·t ti 1 fr i ti . 0 l f i 1 a 0 S • 0 uctorv • 33 • urther i nvestigati o o t se las es -ust o cessit be 1 r - l y ruesswork , or esti atio1 bas ~ o current ~r cti e . e a ~1itu e of the assune 1 lin . 1s sue t t tl r - c nta~e loss of the different f ctor ,ill e r ne r to i i ru • 1.n very case. n frictio lo~ses, i odern b r · t ors v ry fro 1 t en er cent of t t ot 1 l oad t u rt - r load to 01e nd .a fr ction ) r cent at ful l lo 1. 1 · ta 1 o · t , ical alter- tor efficiencies io rr i - el ( ey ' r than are i t en _ed t e Uved int i s roble for s m ~11 r m ac ine ut t ey ifill s rve as co arativ , ill str cti o s . - . -- . - - --+ - ~ oad er cen h 0 . 5 . 25 • 7 a ch i r1e · I • . T Ir. l ~-· 1 z e 1n • ... "... . .. • • - 1000 3 0 • 9 .o 9 L1 • 5 . 3 6 . 0 2000 3 9 . 0 3 . g • • 96 . 6 3000 0 • . o 95 . • 97 . 0 --~ wit c 11 in rr 1 o s s e ' re v r s - 1 11 . < ~ o e o 1 er i.;:; e in 1 e oper ti o· o·' t oil s Ji - e,c 1es (An in the r esistance o · the contacter c . is is ..., r 11 an ic r -cticall n li 0• i l e . Ir1, t 1e tr sformerc , 1 2 .. l osses var . 1 r_ ctiv rap vari es r cent, n t e r .... in t ' ce ro ~ aries f ro ~ . 5 to 1 . 5 1er ce- t of th i ·· 1 p e 0 s e volt • -ilowatt lo n s wi ll , t -1 for . t rc e 1 t . '1. e r ro l l 011e ' f l loss t th . current of tl1e line an :, e ow -r U· C r r:.- l ("' (..) 34 tra fo r 1 ,,rs w· calctlat,d to e , 7 0 l / . 1 it 0 20 { .. C •e e r tor, .L -n 47 1 • i th 1 0 1 V . e erato 12 C ar 1 • i rt' b current losses co 1b i r1 . fro t r ,-r i cent Ti t 220 1 l V . ( 1 . ' to 25 cent • t case of t he er l e ui - ot ti 1 r n t . ii, y note , at tis poi t , t1 t t lo s C i t 1 tl le Vi i t 1 h 2 , 000 vol n tl od . t, o b r ; t ,· t , 00 • 313 . • • i li • • n-Ji ne 1 ss , t full loa • l er c nt . I d it- io 1 th r e i er c nt lo ·sin I ~u ~tor loss d 01 s i t of le a well constructe li e t s a - for 1 r, uxiliaries , etc ." e n car in ~ los s . In con i er ne 0 li 1 i l e . A rrecter lo cs , i t lu i n - cell lectrol - tic t , r 1 e · - li ~i 1 . oro - lo ·s s r to e co id oro . iscusse 0 e 1- , 1 as faun to be al 7 XC L0 • i t e co ce ser a var ... , d '· ... · t' t""\ · t o our u '--' u 01. I - 1 e v t:> t 1 0 0 - 1 : · 1 i · i 1 u 11 e s · a er atin 0 Ji t l . re C, p w e t lo ad. ld r ... . c d · s r 35
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Asset Metadata
Creator
Anderson, Hallam Hans
(author)
Core Title
The control of voltage fluctuations in high tension transmission systems by the application of synchronous condensers
School
College of Liberal Arts
Degree
Bachelor of Science
Degree Program
Electrical Engineering
Degree Conferral Date
1915-06
Publication Date
05/30/1915
Defense Date
05/30/1915
Publisher
Los Angeles, California
(original),
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
OAI-PMH Harvest
Format
theses
(aat)
Language
English
Contributor
Digitized from microfilm by the USC Digital Library in 2023
(provenance)
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC113173958
Unique identifier
UC113173958
Identifier
El '15 1 (call number),etd-AndersonHallam-1915.pdf (filename)
Legacy Identifier
etd-AndersonHallam-1915
Document Type
Thesis
Format
theses (aat)
Rights
Anderson, Hallam Hans
Internet Media Type
application/pdf
Type
texts
Source
20230616-usctheses-microfilm-box8
(batch),
Undergraduate Papers
(subcollection),
University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
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