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The development and expansion of the Spanish kingdom into a united nation
(USC Thesis Other) 

The development and expansion of the Spanish kingdom into a united nation

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Content The evelopme t and Expansion
of the
panish Kingdoms
into a
United &tion.
The 1
resented to the
e rtme t f tory
1 r t f out ern Californi •
11
b
t
y • 191 •
8
•
I
This thesis has been accepted by the
Graduate Council in partial fulfill-
ment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Arts.
-- ---- ------ --- --------- ------------------------------
'
\
Content.8
Ge e o o,
1
i ~ · 1 Ta 1 . , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Map • ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••....•••• • • • •
• • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • •
Page
••••• • •
2
• • •••
•• 10
Chapter
I. 1.1 od
PhJf '"&i ca
•••••
......... ~ ........................ la
II.
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4
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u •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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•••••••••••••••••••••••••
()
•
l
Chapter
IV. T
•
2.
•
v.
•
• •
Page
Re adjustments. . . .......................... :>8
(a) Poeeibilitiel5 tor Union,Caet .. ile and Aragon.
· (b) Alfonso, "el Emperador".
(c) Caetile and Leon.
l d) The A11nohade e •
{ e) The Ri ee o! Cat.al1 1na.
{f) The U ion or Aragon . d Cat lu a.
Ri e e o f t e C o ~ ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o 7r
e La
The
( )
Beginni11 o! · n Co t •. • . • ........... ,
Ara o •
( )
The
Caet i e.
Thi rt en th Cent u r • • • •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1
v
(a)
(b)
(c)
Caetile and Leon.
Aragon.
Alfoneo el S bio of Caeti .
•xternal nd Int nal St if ••• • • •········
(a) Ara o.
('lJ) Caetile.
(c) Ped:ro " 1 Cr el" of Ca il •
( ) ... ,nri o! Trae •
Cent1 ,y
of Die· nio . ••
Co i of
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a
.
rna do
lea l ..
a) Ca
( )
1
• • •
.
l.
2
· 3
Ki ngs of pain in Chronologioal er.
1 . Cor dova.
2. Asturias y Leon.
3 . Navarre .
4 . Leon and Castile.
6 . Aragon.
6 . oorish Ruler , after Yussef Ib . Tasohefyn.
7 . Granada.
Numbers to left indic te king oms.
l.Cordov
•
from to
• Emirs 714 766
.A turi Leon.
2. Pela o odo 719 7 7
•
vila ( eon of _ el o) 7 7 739
•
• Alfonso I. ( son i -18.W of elay ) , 739 757
•
Abd-er- ahm n I. ( 0 a 1) 766 7 8
•
ruela I.(son of Alfo so I.) 767 768
• Aurelio (n phe of lf.I. 768 774
•
ilo (son-in-la Alf. I.) 774 7 3
u ~ ' ( ~, r n
A p
l. •
. )
78
1.
..
I' ( ~
I 788 796
•
ermudo I. (brother of urelio . 788 791
2. Alfonso I
,th Cha te(Grandson o lf. . ) 791 842
1 . l akem
796 22
1 . Abd-er-
2 862
2. Ramiro I.(son of Bermudo I.)
,-.J
2. Ordono I.(eon of Ramiro I.)
1. Mohsmad I.(son Abd-er-Rahman)
.Navarre.
3. Garoia Ximenez ( Count of Navarre 857 ),
• Alfonso III,the Great (son of Ordono I)
• Fortuno, ( eon of Garoie. Ximenez).
1 . Abmondhir(son of 10 ama.d I.
1. Abdallah(son of ohamad I.)
3 . anoho I(eon Garoia Ximenez)
• Garoi I(son of Alfon o I I)
1 . Abd-er-Rahman III,fir t C li h,
2. Ordono II(eon of Alfonao I _I)
• Fruela I on f Alfons I)
• Alfonso IV, el · ( on f Ord n IT )
• Garcia II(son of anoho )
• amiro II(eon o~ rdon I )
• Ordono I I( on f amiro I )
• anoho I( o of
• rdono IV(son f lf nao
• ancho !,restored,
t ron
t
•
1. l akem I( on of Abd-er- ahman !_ ) ,
• Ramiro I I(so of ancho ),
3. ancho II(son of arci I),
1 . x em II( on 1 H akem ),
•
ermudo I (son of Ordono I
) ,
3 . Garcia III( on of noho II ),
• Alfon o V(son of ermudo I)
J'rom
8~2
860
862
860
866
880
886
888
906
. 10
912
914
3
924
26
3
60
65
55
960
961
67
7
976
982
994
999
To
860
866
886
880
910
905
888
912
926
914
961
3
924
7
950
55
66
960
967
976
982
94
1013
99
1 0
10 7
4
• Sancho III "el grande"(Garoia III)
1. uliman,
1. Ali-Ibn H a.mud,
1. Abd-er-Rahman IV.
1. Al Casim,
1. Yahga Ibn Ali,
1. Abd-er- ahman
•
1. ahmud III,
1. Yahya Ibn li(restored)
1. Hix em III,
•
ermu o III,( on of lfonao V •
.Leo y Castil.
.Gehwar.
~.Garcia IV,( on f noho II I) ,
.Fernando I( 1 g n e)(
f
o I I.
re)
• ra o •
6. Ramiro I,(son of a cho I
'
v re
r,
• • a noho I • (
of 8. oi IV)
•
,
II ( c,
) )
V (L
'
,
J
• S·
I ,V .
. )
,,. • Al n
(V
~~
)
~ • s c ... _ (I . A
r
- ) ,
From
1000
1013
1016
101 '1
1021
1021
1022
1023
1024
1 26
102'7
1031
1035
1036
1066
1 43
1 64
To
1035
1016
101'1
1021
1021
1022
1023
1024
026
1 31
1037
1 43
1054
1066
1 66
6
1 76
6.The Moors.
6. Yuesef Ibn Toaehefyn,
3.s edro I(aon of Sanoho V.Nav rre)
5 • lP I ' ( s Jl O I • 0 A . '.,' . l ) '
3. SAlfoneo I(son of Pedro I, av rre)
5.iAlfonso I( n of Pedro !,Aragon)
6. Al Ibn Yussef,
4. Urraoa(daughter of lf.V.Ca i e)
4. Alfonso II(VII eon)( on f rr c )
3 . Garcia V(nephe o~ anc o IV).
• Ramiro II(brother of Alfon
etron lla (daughter of
5. R ymond of areal n
6 . rf Ibn Al1,
•
)
. l
•
lfon o I I( C
• Alf I ( etron l F
6 . sef A u ku ,
I
I)
)
0
n f
0
)
From
1091
1094
1104
1106
1109
1109
1134
11 4
1137
1
1 45
11
57
6 . Y kub 1
• Alfo o L o . , on 0
n ho
) .
I ~l
11
1
1
11
•
c o V I( 1
edro I( on o A
bn bdall . '
6 . Yusee f Al unt
I
( 0 ) .
0 ) .
• Die o ( 1 on eta or on f e o I,
· • Jnrique I,Ca ti ( on o Alf no II ,
lf . I) I
4
l
1198
1214
1217
To
1106
1104
1134
1143
11 6
1126
1160
113'1
1 63
1145
1163
1 4
1 6
1196
1 4
11
l , O
2 4
.,13
1 76
12 7
21'1
6
4 Fernando III,(son of Berenguela,)
6 .Abu ~~elik •
6.Abdalla Muhamad,
6.Abu Ali Edris,
6.Muhamad Ibn Hud, last of lmohades),
3.Teobaldo !(nephew of Sancho VII),
7.Granada.
7. uhamad !(founder of kingdom),
.Alfonso X,el abio,(son of Fernando III),
.Teobaldo II(so of Teobal o )
1
n • nrique I(son f Teobaldo ),
7 .Muh8l!lad I,
.Jonna I( u hter of nrique ),
6. edro I ( on of ie o I ) ,
• anoho ( on of A fon
• Alfon o I ( on edro ) .
• ie o I(~on of edro
I) '
• ernando I (eon of Sancho I ),
7. u amad II ,
. Louie I(X of Fr nee ( on o Joanna 4 h111
of F- ,
7. 1 aser,
.Afonso ~ I son of Fernan o I },
.Ia ael I,
.Juan I(I. f France, o of Loui ) t
r • elipe II(V.of ·ranoe,son of hilip I . J
Jo nn I),
.Carlos !(IV.of Fr nce,son of Philip I.
Jo nna } •
7. uhs.mad I ,
5 Alfonso IV(son of Die
I) '
Joann II(daughter of o ·
From
121'1
1224
1224
1227
1232
1234
1238
1252
1253
1270
1273
74
1E76
l 4
1286
12 1
l 95
1302
1 06
1 09
l
l 14
316
1322
1326
1327
To
1252
1227
1232
1236
1263
1273
284
1270
1274
13 2
13 5
1286
l . 5
1
1327
131P,
309
1 6
l 14
135
326
l '.Jl6
1328
13:33
1 36
l 49
7
'I. , Yussef I ,
6. Pedro IV(son of Alfonso IV),
3. Carlos II(son of Joanna II),
4. Pedro I(son of Alfonso XI),
7. Muha.mad V,
7. Ismael II,
7. Abu Said,
7. he.mad V,
4. Enrique I (son of Alfonso I),
4. edro (restored by laok rince
• Enrique (reetor d),
4. Juan II(eon of Enrique II).
3. Carl III(so of C rlo II),
6. JU8 I ( on of edro I ),
4. Enrique III(son of J n I),
7. Yussef
t
5. artino II(eo of edro IV),
7. amad I,
4. J n I I ( on o ,nri e I I I
7. Yuesef III,
• Interregnum fi spirant •
6. Fern do I(eleoted )
5. lfon o V( on of ernando I),
uhamad I ,
From
1333
1336
1349
1360
1354
1359
1360
1362
136
' 67
1368
1379
13 7
1387
1390
13 1
1396
13 6
140 6
1408
1 10
14
1416
423
3. Blanca(daught r of Carlos I II.Ju n I on l
of er.of Ar.)
7 •• uh m I I,
7. uham VII,re tored,
142'7
1429
To
1354
1387
138'1
1366
1359
1"60
1362
1391
136'1
13 8
1379
1390
1426
13 6
14 6
13 6
1410
1408
1459
l 3
4 2
1416
146
142'1
1 '19
14 9
1432
7. Yussef IV,
7. Mohamad VIII,
7 • Muhamad I ,
7. Muhamad X,
4. Enri~ue IV,(son of Juan II),
5. Juan II,II avarre,son of Fernando I},
7. Abdul Hassem,
4. Isabella(daughter of Juan II.Cast.),
6. Fernando II( on of Juan II,Ar.
av.),
From
1432
1432
1446
1464
145'7
1468
1468
1474
1479
• Eleanora,(daughter of Juan I , r.
e. • ) , 1479
3. Franoie hoebue de ,
7. Muhamad
3. Ju n II
I•
(son
.Castil
f Ju.a I
(n phew of lea
nora),
r 0
,Ar on, )
.
1
Fern ndo
I ab 1 I(d ughter of Jun
,c
1 e)
• Carlos I, r nd n o r • I
1,
14
14 3
1 7
474
1 l
To
1432
1446
1464
1466
1474
1479
1482
1504
1 16
14'79
14 3
4 ~
161
l
1 4
666
9
10
Table One Asturi aid Leon
Sall numer als a t l eft o na es (l) = ordem of reign
(l) Pelayo (719-73?) (?)
(2)]aviola (737-739) Daughter : (3)
I
I l
Alfon o I ( 739-? ·7) ( ?)
I
(7) ~ r gueto (7?4-778)
(4) riola I.(6) Silo= daug ter. ( ) urelio. ( ) Ber udo I.
( ?o?-7sa) I ( ??4-783) ( ?68-774) ( 788-791)
(9) Alfon30 II (?91-8 ~)
( 1 )
(11)
( 2)
( 3 arc i • ( 1 .. ) r
(~en, u - 14) ( l -
( ' ici - Le
I
. -~
I
(16
( )
~ I
1 r no III
( -
I
( t er udo III ( ?-
iro I (8 -8 0)
- I ( )
r ono I 8 o- ·o
I
~a III ( ·6- 9 )
zal . ( ri I
iedo (
-
i i ( lit ri I -
ic·
I
(17 ir II
I
I
( l) e do I (
- 9 )
I
( ) l fon V (
- 02?
I
( 3 B r o III ( l 7-l ?
•
T le To en d C tile
= or
t> n ch o III
-
of lavarre a: un
lvi
reign
of Ca9tile
I
Ferna o
I
(1 35-1065)
VI
I .
G arcia
(106 -l 7)
I
Sancho (l 6 --1?) (Castile)
(1 ?0-1 72) (Leon)
(~) Al'fo o (l? -11
n of ur un y: ( 6) Urraca= Alfo
(11 '" -1126 )
o I of r a on
(27) Alfon oVII ( in
astile) (1126-11 ?)
( 2 )
( 3 )
r
Alf n
(3 ern
( 3) 1
( )
nc
( ♦
er
( ? e r
(
(
I
do I
I
XI
(
(
J
(1 9 - 3
1 - l
-
.
II l
(
J
(4
•
l.
l
-
?
)
(
( 7-1 ''
(l". ·-1
I
I (1
I
e II
I
I
(
I
~
( 5 ·4-1 ·1 ' )
-
-
r I e
•
C 0
I
III (11 ?-11 8
(e tile)
I
J
•
?
-l
7~
(1
-
_u
I
(l
I
ili
~'
( 1 -·
a
11
Ta. l T r v ,r r e
G ,rci a.
I
I I
(
(
•
IV •
1
erna ndo Cl '
-1 .
J
l
(
nc I
( 16 ,.,
-
'l .
I
(
.
(
,
.
,
l
-
I
(
(11
I
(
nc II
(
l 4-l 4
(1·
(
7 e
III
(
(1 l ?
I
( ' u is I
( I
e
( '
)
(13 -131 6) (1
I
(
1) Ju . I (1 6-1 l
)
ir. inez { 6u- o)
I
( ) ·a,ncho I
I
( ) G rci ~ II (9 6- 9? )
( , ) cic n c o I I ( ? - 9 ~ 4 )
( .
rcia III
I
(?) c.: a c o II
(lu 0-l
(
.
· of l
r
0 .
)
I
. I ( .
.
z lo l a~ ir
el .v za )
I
(? (
()
C
T (
u? ·-
I
'
I
(
(I?
e l o
1
I
I
"
-1~ ( 8
I
i
( 1 ··?
ue
I
-1
) - bil i 0 • a ce
-
I
( .
C
) ( C
)
(1
I
( 24) Jo II (13 -1
I
(
C r .s II
( 1 ,.
, ,
-..&.. IJ
( ,,
I
( C I I
, - ? -
'
)
)
I
ile
-
· :>
,
I
I
( )
J
Table Three varr (c t· nu d)
C· 'Jrlo.3 III (13 ?-1 G ) ( ·z6
( ?
1
(?):Blanca (14
I
-14?9):Ju n II ( r on):J enrigu z
{ 8)
( 29 )
(
(1
(l
I
I
Eleanori {1
I
(?)
79-14-) (31) ~ n an d I (1013-1616)
(
(lu6
( 5
~ Y
1
I
o rt. I
?-lr
(1
l
oe is d oix (l? -14 3)
( 0 Ca t lin' (14 3): J .n
(1-z 4-lol)
Ta le o r a
C I I (
V r
J
I
4 i I (Lu
- u
I I
I
( ( o I
•
II l
1 4
(
( 11 # , 4 -11 -; ? )
I
t ,
-
Ol' i 1 ( 11 ?-116'
-
I
( .
n _o
II (1
• I
- 11
I
(
e II ( 1c ·-1
(8)
I
(
.
I
1 l -
1·?.
l
I
(9 e r III
-
I
I
I
III ( (
.
-
l
( l I
'
I
,1
l ?-
(
e ! ( l
-
I
I
I
d t r
-
rtin I
,
I
-1 10)
-- e
o I (l l ' -
!l . )
•
rt
7
13
( 1 )
(l
(17
Table our r on
Sancho III (of
I
v re)
I
( l) iro I (103 t -lu6)
I
I
I
( · ,Pedro I (3) fon:30 I 44) ir II
(116 -1137) (1065-11 4) (11 4-1134)
( )P etro i 1 , : y~on o
I
I
Cat lon (113?-1163)
I
l on30 III
I
u n I (
I
u.f n30
(1
(6)Alfo .. soII(l -11°·)
I
( ?) Pe ro II (1 S ·-1 ·13)
I
( ) J ,.., i I ( 1 l - 1 · 7 .
(9)
I
o III (1 ? ·-1 ·
1-1 · ., l
I
r n o (
I
I
(11
(1
(1
r (15
l -1 1
( )
(
(
( l
i
I
II ( l 1-1 7
I
I ( l -
I
I (
I
-
'
II ( -1 ?
I
~ II (1 ? -
I
- ( l '. l ' -
I
· I (1 ~ -
14
15
Te evelopment nd · xp nsion of e iri do s
into a United tion.
Chapter I. Introduction.
----------.-
"Pue lo 1 r u 0 l ipl C 0 SU estruc r
eo r fica , C rtic 11 .r or i aci C obre
.
n r
plic -
.
to
.
cid . 1 tr ci C a l r n
( 1
a• • t
•
•
. .
it in, l l
t t i
.
'
r or a C l
i
l < In t
.
3t
r
•
l C
r T
r
l li e to e
•
r ci l
. .. .
n r a 0 re r e l r
t
•
l T t
.
i
.
l ' e
•
a l. ro ce l
t .. ..
•
l
,i
'
10 ,
•
a l
. .
l Cl a l
.
r .l
.
,
h C t 1 n C n '3 0 t e t
r
C t r9,
Bt ·
. .
r, l
.
· 1
t
'
r l C 1c, ,
0
~
til h l C tl r e ce OS
.
. edi
1
.
act t
.
t li n i r 0 V l.
•
1n l
-
p
se t e .3
t ~
n i r n
e ~
le int r t to
.,,
e
•
15a
study of Spain.
How a people of such diverse r t ce, 1 nu e,
cu9toms, reli ions, and political in3titution could be
elded into a · ati n 2tron enou ~h to domin .te the olitical
i ~tory of Europe for a century . d alf is a wonderful
story. Gpain's import nee doe not lie W
1
olly in the f act
t ~ts · e wa9 t e le ,din ower f · urope or o lon, but,
ec .use e ere "ted ne~ oci tie:3. T e i cov r of er ic
nd t
1
e colonization f t e e orld t · i country
c n ed t e istor t ire ci ilize orl. To- ay
e ton ~
of ol C t l i n ov a r e itory
n tnat f ny o e
i t o r ce t eve t
t p i ev
1 e i ce, V r C
0 t
'
r u
e
.
n1 i t
o-
•
et
•
1
l ic lo
C
l J l
le ; n e C l
xt t
•
'
ic 1 ter, ivi
i
•
e i i
c .. r e
e , exce t Bn li
•
I e
L tin- ic n
1
t t , o c
i i C t
t e r t
.
n l 0 eric
t y t · v
.
l
i ·1 c#
· t · e eo l 3
in, i C er e
l
d C ,
3
1 a
•
C 0
.
a 1 exc h e
e r l
r t
r te i r
e , l
.
1r
r/ i C l e=..
r r e
•
e · osle er te a.te t
o C J.ri t.
i '
t e
il d t e t t
0 S
i
.
l
•
fro w enee t ey in turn built an tion w 1ct nited t e
ifferent ele·A nt3 i nto
re ellious i t · in i ~elf,
t · e o rl • T 1 ... t e s y
t , . Tur ul t , di joint , and
et rese ti a .3tro rrier
ic
ace r( li ed i .
e o · et bf
i per . ''it ' C o ject in in C Of
15b
t
C 1 y
hie, i . i ter ti1
0
oci 1 y , eco o ic lly,
t ece ril eft tin i . ert ... tio
d o iti­
t i
1
• . nl ..
h p r~nci le e e t3 , 0 t
f
ort loo r 1 ti i
t e C
.
l C
[ )
e •
1. C i •
I
. .
r C er
•
l . l
-t
.
n
•
i i
•
l e iB il
'
i
'
C l _, . '
.il
. .
r l r 1
'
e, 1 r: i c e r
.
t e
l
f i
'
,
and the whole eastern shore of the country.
The interior c nsiets chiefly of a vast table-land or
plateau, reaohing from h e C ntabrian ountains in t he north to
the ierra orena, f rom 20 0 to 2700 feet in height. This
plateau covers a. terrttory of nearly 90 , 0 0 qusre ilea in
extent.
In the northern art of Spain, fo~ming a nat ral b rrier,
are the Pyrene a, 270 miles in length and 9000 to 11,000 eet
in height, and running east and west, a do mot of them un-
tains of pain. In the south t he ierra eva a
sea-ooast, and form t e highe tr n e of unt
arallel he
in uro e,
ex ept the l ps . The ,our, the ague, the uari na, the ~-
Guadal v r, nd bro are t e im ortant river.
The climate var es, ac ording to the o i n . In t e
high table-1 nds t e oli e is evere t r 0
•
the o nter V t tr le 1 1 t
b. V
ol t t
in t e inter n in is eeol t t e 0 C n t
.l.
of t un. Int n rth orthea t t ro e b e r
o n .• In t e u hern r vince b-tr ic 1 1 n
d t e climate
•
en rv ting. e 1 d trem
1 in 1 e
-
l r 0 0 tl d
•
T ve t d
O ·
0 n .r r t n e
of t er CU tr in r
•
he o . d the C rk,
,, le t o iv
'
the e . n, r citron
.. ice u r, co ton a d t r e
·u
11
t
belo the soil gr at mineral ealth 1 still to be obta n
1
•
l
Yernald,The SpAniard in History, p , 11.
17
•
:Barly Races in
-
a
-
Invasion9 of early The e
•
rlie t inh~bit nts of
•
of t he ·~edit races pa in were rrane .n
r nch 0 the uro e n ce.
Two type :3 compo -3e t
.
ro ,p
•
if t
.. . t
f entr 13
,v
lC er 0
, n
1
• outherr1 rope , n
•
di f lC er9 it in i tsel f
1
• T e e
t w o typ
•
t t rlA
Ll o-I
•
lichoce 1 L,li C
' -vi t
• •
e 0 e, r1 n ,
oval f #J e e r i n ;
t "
e ot er, e
l •
r i ls
.
l
-
1.- ~
'
olic oc ph lie, out l rk e e
.,,,
d a 1 er f ce, e
still r e r
•
I
.
l n ie
cl el l i i
•
i t ir e l C r C r V
•
il
.
cl l r 1 0 e r r C
'
l i c e i e r e3
•
1
.
i
•
r V ee
•
C l C
i J 3 ,
'
e
'
r
.
I
. .
l l 3 r C l
•
'
i
. .
i C 1 C l e
'
l V
i
.
t r e V C . 10n
I
.
ce 3 l i
0 l
•
~
• •
.
-l
l r> C e
'
l V
i
•
l e t
'
r
t · c
'
c e
•
e e i ,1 ri
,.,
V C l
•
•
' '
..
t i ve,e rin i
.
i d 11 l V
,_
3 e
J
'
'
I
•
I •
•
• -
3. 1 \.lt ir •
• •
•
e
•
1
infused into tl1 amated race an element of persona pride in
the struggle, into the oonque t of an opponent, apart from the
objeot of the contest.
Other p oples added t heir oharaoterietios to this foun ation
mixture , hioh h sever been he baokbon
nationality. The hoenioians, clo ely
the base , f ~pan h
J ied to the Iberians in --J
raoi 1 type, r ached thee or of pa
•
e '.1'
of the old
•)
te t ment, about t e twelfth cent ry - .c. The o ·nfall o
hoen -
reek oian sea- o er in the sevent centur , nd th ri 0 t
ooloni 1 e n on ovem nt,
f r st a
•
- e
r t
r ohed in s r 6
r 1 e t o ti
•
he C r h
I r n n l • but
t
h t t r 0
fe e t t n f r
m·10 r r
(
6
• •
t
h r ini n r not
0 n t r on
-
con
,
l the
G k
•
• t
·n1 n
-
1
i
l d t
e
• J
Gre k t plant a colony
E 1, i n 11
nd as foll d 'lther
er
1~
e
1
o 1 n
r 11 in
p in
let
00
itor
0 e n tel
n C
,
er
•
t b i h
•
ace for lon
t
1
• •
80 n in r e
et m on
ry it o nquere
There exist few material remains oft eriane, but
their phyaioal and psyohiosl oharaoteriet os redominate in
the paniard of today. The Celtiberians had great and
powerful individuality; were h rdy, sober, frug l, determined,
chivalrous, vindictive, restle s, tubborn, careless f an r,
hardly to be led, faithful friends, fearle£a foe ~ but impatien
1
allies. 11 noient authoritie a ree on these char oteri tios
oft e Celtiberian: i hy ical reei tanee, hi lo alty ad
f 1 hfulness, even unto dea
•
The hoenioian pen tre.t d t e interior of pain, b t
the r influence a stronger in luo a and uraia. The
dre great alth from in, n in t rn dev lo ed t e coun-
tr n r the ood r 0 m n
•
h e b ilt 1 ht-
h u
t
blis e n i n trie
t
nd 0
t t V th o kin
t
f n n m n
-
tu- n
t
•
e m rt h Cel i n r 1 h t,
n h oie c ri in
(
ro r eft
•
0 y t i
n luence c n 0 on n h n fe 1
•
n
not u 1 C r ul o r n t he old
n e.
re t 1 th
•
or h
•
1 nc d n bo n 0
•
0 arl e
t 0 a 0 h r
t
tr re mbl n
G r p C m 0
b
1 h h
1
istor1 0
in --•
. ,
•
•
'
••
ta
-
r
•
ne.,
un1
•
.
J /
lta ir
•
d
f • •
• ,
'
• •"j
ere a western colony of the
1
cenean period of Greece .
Their oivilization was greater, and not fundamentall1 Iberio
in character. The Greeks ere sympathetic with the natives,
anc thus influenced their political, religious and moral idea.
The hoenioian influence as felt mainly in a ma.teri 1 way. The
n tive tr1.bes of the northeast used the Greek syste of co na e,
and there are ooin in existence it in criptione not n the
Gree alphabet, bu in that of ind
3
The re k n e OU r ce.
l o 1 pr v d a riculture,
the olive. Yet no re
in xi e c .
Th C lti erian n ar
ens in 500 f roing t
4
h ni n. 1 o h
0 ry
c sto
r t o
the 1
unio one a.r
r ind in
0 che
2
pani e.
lt ira. Hi
•
n
•
mpire
--
ople,
toria de
4
panif3h People, ume.
t ira.
6
lt
ir
•
intro duo in the cultur of. the v ne
in 0 r e rt n soulpture ar
e the hoenio n
t 1 -
1 tter t call o eir d C
t
-
on rol o
r C th
nd
•
o lo-
n od oe n u v r 11
•
C t 0
i
in. 16 .
•
• J
•
-
- t ) I
.
...
, ' 0 •
0
3 . The oman Con1uest.
-
olitical
epe!)t..:. Ree.lizing tha t the Carthagin-
sula Cdtore-ho se nd
were better soldier th n
took adv nt ge of the a t
t C rt nan
•
()
ry con rd, the l
f re.
rp
f' e
or
and oh b 00
t
b e
be re t e e
of _ u
a
0 n e oi
ep l
•
1 7
•
e r
-
•
es ord- o
•
e
,
l r
oonquere.
j n
were using the pe.nieh
recruitin ta tion, ( t he Ib
the
1
th umidi n mercenaries
t
o k n aglmtum
the 0
.n
n
arth in n
d 0
t t 1
s e a
•
e, b u
o e-
.
o e
"
1 0 r
ft
,
ti h
nd ro i o
to deolar war
te oonetd re th
er
"
V r
o pio
0
he dv
1
v O
on
0 l
•
0
it dr
a )'
r
.. sa
e r
oe of
to
0
Ib rian
t
of th
l
e
re.
1. eople.
3
J
• J - '
ouo r l.
1 •
penin-
rie.ne
omana
•
t 1n
n
•
I.J
l
r ·
h
t
'
•
t
,
• C . ,
onquere. The Roman influen e in pain oan hardly be over­
e timated. Although the omanization as lo in the early
years, and while the chief centers of
1
omen life were the
Roman oolon · the munioiJ2ia, the _c ___ or 11:!.tary camps,
the in1ng districts and the Latin cities, the om n dominion
lasted long enough to reaoh all then t~ve inhabit nts, 1th
the exception of those d elling in th northern m ounta n di -
tricts . ome a ved pin from the ull evelopment of trib 1
natitutiona. The pr stnoo
rimit ve devoti n
the sta ciet
i i
on i
•
n r ligion ere dpt d to a
The he ide f
n to n • 1 1 y ,
she
pon
pin o om n t h n o e.
ngrafte
e r
pin c m e on of he
m ost important o n r ovi c , oontrib tin be ide t ri 1
e t o ,
•
ro
au
f o eti
n,
r a
'
• t
n t 1 a n , t
liua re o l
p t
rt - l
r
mp
•
0
o h d
0
0
r a r
der
r.
e
0
0 ro
0
1 r
e
r J n nd
e r
n or
ur 1
n
re
0 C 11
e .. o n C 1 ti n
•
-
1
t i oot h 1 . e rt l e, t he arl o rs. t er -
ter c t rie t 0
0
l
4
5
6
~
•
•
•
•
t
r 1
d t
lta ir
,,
pan
•
..
..
"
.
'
..
.
•
ouo er
e l e er redo
u
O' •
•
•
•
•
•
•
• '
,
.,
i
• •
•
t O •
tat 1
-
-
7 .
..
•
•
•
t h
nder t he ~ oma.n
nt n
h a n 1 c r e-
e. 6
I
•
n ,
-
4.The
1
iei!othic Invasions .
a
-
Political Events a once she h.e.r m 'a
lory, pain no ah red er ft •
t the nd of the ourth Century the tribes from the north w t
do n on p in, they di d on ome. Th inv ders,-the Al ns,
t he uev, t he Vand ls, nd the isi oth, er o di tinct
raoi 1 t e,-dolio ooeph io,
1
ir d gre -e d. The u vi
tt l dint
e r
or 1
ea.et
ears
northw t corner, t e Ala
d eet, t e V d 1 n t
e ravaged t h oountr
1 t he center nd
uh t t h
t f re a or
- or
h n
h
d
tor
1 1 ot s sept don o coun r • _h 1 a
1 n 1
h e n-
r
0
0
1 t
b
et
befo .
1
'
, '
0
'
v don to frio ) • t
ty ed er e d 0
o At 0 r
t oh f' o r,
n u 0 0
l •
rl tribe l
of e
r
•
C e t
ot of
h l 1
1 z
in
1 0
r 1
on
•
-
, . .
0
1
1
•
d
b
•
t
l •
n
1
i 1 ot
C
C
t
0
e
n
o,
in.
rue
r
h terr -
er h e 1 -
l l e
h
n t
r
e f
d
nd
1-
3
•
It was not d ffioult for the Goths to n re , on
lines r
0 1111 ffe e fto~ ose of Rome. he n v 1 ty
of the Sp niar roae out of natural proud,personal independ-
ence an i pat ence at restr intb
reoognition of th 11 1 vi du l wa.
th r m en. The otl1io
great measure the ou -
oome o st e of
•
1 1 zation, an the peculiar road b ioh
it as reaohed.
1
lllilitary go er
Gothic et od
nt
ere
The only cent liz power as n el otive
int ine by lan -hol in chiefta n •
2
iard
thei o la o e ,
perirnposed on Roman~ The
1 t e oth had the
•
r C ,
v.- el
t:
no
cc
0
~ollo
n
0
•
ie
t
barb ri bro t bloo into he oorr t n
h e fr m at ol oi to . r ia i
1 ion.
,
le
OU
te
bu
t
h v lop n o he
1
n r e.
e d
'
r
d 1
e n
e
l n
1 n
•
r
due
0 . 0
ro
r
0
0 -
•
t h
o e
0
t
n 1
0 e
1 ee
'
s ion o t
G t
0 o t a
ro 1 eo l1 e
r
•
et
1 -
h
uo
1
1
le a o
- t
0
of o 0 0 r l i r er 1 11 p eerv d.
l
3
4
5
H
•
7.
, ioid, -5.
e, iatori
•
•
de
'
• i . 0 •
4
The rank an file of the iepa o-Rom n were p gan r
orthodox Christin ,
1
therefore the adoption of a at te ohuroh
by the Visigoths a not
t the people n m d
eu ces • lthough it wa ben)f oi 1
nity po s
•
he rule of the re t
had emaso 1 ted her oe.
2
Th old manly vi or as lost b t he
isigoths; th s · rd a e p sed; the had beoome population
i tho11t patrioti m. h huroh a com so c orrupt it
llow d a as to be d f or the liv n ~in the hoe t h t tnis
1 h h e e th or er 0 in th property of he e-
C d. 1
•
se lor a on 11 e d
•
ell
t Ollt th oh C
•
et d t t of t e o tr 1
oh int r trife ever e d n
t
e oo roe tr
eoli
•
V
i r C 1 -r i e 0 r d
-
t 1 tr
•
pr 1 0 U 1 t e 0
0 the V d 1 0
•
•
oori on.
-
0 t onw 0 1 0 t
co t C 0 r 0 0
-
'
C
•
O · n tr
'
n
1 0 0 on
•
t
h rd n r
r u 1 r 0 a ri no 0
-
'
t
in n o■.
n o b t
l
er
•
o •
1
r e,
.117,
Al 1
•
i
•
• •
4 ur
e,
torz 0
• • 'l •
to the oma
-
yoke of ing
lergy , they ere lad to exohange the double
i oua oppre aion for the imperial liberty found
under the re.be. The spread of the ohammedan religi n, the
dissatisfaction oft e erbere nd r .be with the narro trip
oooupied in Africa, lon 1th the n t ural t ndenoy of thee
peo le to war, gave them th de ire for oonqtiest hich he
a tisfied as soon opportunit ffere.
b
-
olitioal he fir t erbers
entere i on m ruing
e:rp edit ion u er ar o. ic etu d to ri 1th hie
ive hundre n loa. oil·
'
nd read hen, inc e
h e offered, 0 n in 1 re . Op 0 of
ev
1 r !l. z
'
80 0 t e o ert ro ,
0 r 0 0 0 er. ent to 0 t
t
t- r r e Ceut
•
on fr r
t e er er fore
•
Co Ju
•
1 lin n ve 1 l t
0 ki g n t 1
•
h f 0 e f
•
r
0 uli
•
e in o n e
•
ho t e 1 1 t r, h 0 e n 11
t bli ed t t d tr r 0 1
•
" V n
o er is h 0 onage . O r roo h oh a
ex ed re. hi pear 0 11 t 0 t 0 n
r 1 in le ,do 1 00 n t h n on
•
n 1
t
t
tory o in.
. um
n - P o ,
6
d-
y grave insoriptio~ t Visea! Portugal . everthelees, this
Roderio gathered together an army of 60,000 men,mo tly serfs,
Jews and poverty-strioken burghers , the most dan eroue el me11te
in the tate, to face th 12 ,000 men sent over by Musa, under
Tario. The ar. iea met near the Lake Jouda, on the pl in o
Xeres. between .edin 1
province of Cadiz.
4
Th
nd ejer de la Frontera, in the
ttl r ed fo seven a e~ or
B'hile it seem d s f the su. erior umbers of the Goth ou
o rry the day. ic or to e 11 his ower to hold
is me
':itz a'
erber •
6
teady.
on
h tre&vher e tere t er k of he oth.
d th ecol
any o
aot ally n e in
n
r
e
army e
e ot 1
to
1 ude
of
prob 1
ate er fo
h d o
nt a enti 1
e
n
0
1
•
in
0
a ti e er t es de of the
hie thy de r
• the
i n t
ell -
h a
er.
a.7
•
of
ode Cf ec,
e 'at in o
1 oar
0
erio k
i
al
ed, h
1 e t,le
1 0
ot
h
oh ohmen, in lie O 1 o h n d
op
r r
s er 1
usa divided
l
ri o , in
A
o ti va
711; e,
lt ,7.
• 1 bon .1.,
1 h of
o-f' ivory
e
r y 1
•
UJDe, ople, 67.
"I
liume,Ibid,68.
0
o r
' a
e n t
7.
t ,7;
r it
•
t 0 t
oon st of
, 0 O;
- lario oul h e blu he t the
sor - ----- reolin ng in a ca
s.'
7
•
•
'
tle.
ain. The prieete saw t er mist ke too e.
1
The o e of
Spain, if not Europe. ould have to be reconquered foot by oot
by the ohu ch of Christ. Tario nd a did not agree, but both
realized the need of unity, and rk d to ether until recalled
to masous by the je lou oaliph, u as ruin d.
2
Tario as
omewhat b tter tre ~ed, ltho gh he was not permitted t return
to Sp in. Abdu Az
t
3
on of sa, in oommand of Sp n,
ered, nd bdur- shmen given t h p ce .
0
-
Re ult of h oori For t e i st rty
invasion.
i o 0 p er i n 1 f r n
ab er 00 S t 0
l ed h n ber b
0 r
•
t e e
rule t t 0
erefo 1
e e 1t fro
e e 0 T 11
bet r.
• Ibid 6.
r e,Hi tory of
4
5
erefo d, 1 to
ur e,
ur e .,
ibbon, eoli
-- -"If e co
reoo ery by th
the moderati n
6 Harrison,448
7.!IUME, 72.
he on
C 1 mi
•
s. er
dly o d
0 n
•
b r
• • •
of
pa.in fro
•
•• 1
•
.1
•
11 f t 0
th 1 ion o
of Ca tile
oi 1 e of
r d t of 8
ario enty oor el
•
he e b r nd
•
r
rn e a in
h b ot C rao-
r er 0 lerant
r n 0
-
ion eoe e
0 n- n 0
nv on·
7
•
n C
t
to 1
•
t p
.v, h.l
~
• t
Spain Ooth
t
and
'
emus 1
h n con ero
t
r
-
The Vii ot
r
•
, eredity
o ility base on o nership of land di appeared. ere
was no resist noe th peo l e enjoy d the privilege formerly
enjoyed. The towns-people ret ined t eir property by the
payment of the head tax nd by the payment of the univer al
tax of the
1
Thy ed by their oodee, and Caliph. ere ru own
the ri hta of t he rel ion ere administered by the own
'
churchmen. Chri t n nd Je dw lt in ea e ide b ide
1th rab. On of the good effeot of t invasion was
3
h t there a n import nt ooia revolut on whioh end d
e
n evil
•
Th d f eo
8,
l religion f e,
t e o rch a
r b e lt
er 0 t
•
he
e an
h
t e
i
3
4
C r t
o e o
lt m a
oz , 36,
z , 2 ,
6
H i rr o •
t .
h d
nd the
0
e
I
in
•
6
Christi
n
t bi
11 1
6
e co
•
b
e eo
m.
m.
•
VU
0 a
•
The
he bi 0
•
h offio
r, o ten lib ine
t
u lm
t
one only b e 111 f
rib 0
t
1 h st n
n me 8 t e en on, un 11
oppr 1 e, n s ca 0
•
ain. lt mi
I
istoria e
Chapter
•
pain to the Firs nion.
1 . Earlz Event •
Pelayo 1!! the orth. It is tly stat d that
the ome.n oon est f pin
civil ze barbarou raoe, and th .t the oth
converted an effete oiv za.tion int ro
on ,
1
but th it 1 ft fr th ,aracena to
b rb ri n st te 1 o c vilizat on rich an
•
let d le int en t
0 s , sprea hi o v lizat on i unn
rly a e ai que to ioh 111 n ver be p
oon 1
-b rbarou
-
n _ d ever
t
n
•
o th. t
er , 1
1 z ton ou v been of ny bent t o e rld
th 0 e o
n
n, e der 0 1 o,
0 0 0
nu e so t
de el
•
8.
te o en i
p n rlin
f n r
t
i tal
b
-
of Pel
d 0
1
a i e
•
e p 1
on t
ro a
n
t o deat
1 •
defy t e o
istorz of
ader t
f
t h r
0
m.
.' tz
• ,
tr centur h
ty e
if, ro
t
el
•
of t
h r
a
fr
t
r
h
l o e
e e t n
the
o r h s
ave 1 o h 1 0
•
1 th not t
fter he dee t
i n s
OU
'
6 •
4.
• f 5 •
.... ~:.c=- - ---
•
( 32) , t e oh mmedans c n
them elves t o th te ritory
o th of t h e Pyren e. he 1 1
in do cot. n e to gr w.
~ vila, son of · elayo, follo ed his father'
olicy ( 737), but
was killed by
be r h le h11nti . • . J fon o I, on-in-law f
C
elayo , t oo u the ei
tron.
ni
s
0
er
r
C
c,
C
•
e w ho
n
r .
k
in
r b
n
A
n
O t
0
n
0
V C
m
n
o o e
8
o h .
0
A
o t h
•
0
f overnm t.
h l mit o_ i
•
n 74 h
e
of C t b a.~ _ es ze of
d o
t b
e
r
n
b 1
C l
f 1
t
0
'
.n
0
a
0
C
o - h ,
b •
•
1
r
e
1
•
f
-
al
•
r
1 C
-
•
•
•
h n 0 m 0 . -
o, l n
1
--
t
'
l
-.
-
, 07.
ri 'O ,
n, 0
•
l
2
1 not conquer he e o ~ n, b t ev h n rofit d
by these bloodles ioto a . l He put t h e re
tt
en to
the sword , and carried off th Cretin~ or - eop l e
o h . nly C t : !_le, th Co
remaine peopl d . he re
of G li
des r
t
nd Lon, r
oh for d an
,
admir ble b rri r b twe n the Chri ians o . th north and he
Inf d 1 of he o th. r e oi 1 lie A t or d Lon
were ot 1 a h ed ear later, in t h
ig
0 t
Ordono ( 50). hee o oi e r i t h had
C
in O V 1
n 0
d rib
•
ho
r o h
a
OV r
ri
ber
0
r
io.
n o
in( 7
h
l
n .
r so ,
ri o
-
n
h n r d r lo
t
in
1
lo
h n
ob e
r
o Abd- - h
X i
l n h o
f or
0
0
r
0.
- - a
'
t
1
e r
1 h
or
- .
•
r(75 - O . F1
6 • b
d 'a.
llo r
0 0
f
J •
0
o h b t
0 0 (
e OU
0 0 0
a
i VO
1
•
rri
1
t
0
•
-
d
0
V
'
) .
n
-·
co red, imp in up nish his ory and literature because
it gavti rise to the legends of er ado del Car 10. one of the
great Sp nish heroes .
1
ilo was followed by .augeto, bast rd o of Alfo o,
and tten Bermudo I. et one w s oonte te by lfon o II,
son of Froila, an grandson of A fons I, tron ru er.
evertheless, the hin n li ht o th p rio
Omeyyahd prinoe d- r- ahman, from hi
he
outh rn b e
e ched out tr ate ing ar
orth rn ount 1
•
orth
0
an
T
A
- -
C
d t
t
l
•
0
e t
r- we
2
an
-
n h
of t pri o
t
f 0
r t 1 in b
o h de at
ed
•
8. t ro
0 0 e
0 0 V
Chri 1
een he o t OU8
or u d , and
rong fo tre
e a rino
he t
00 r e
3
e fl d
•
fo c d bb o d
C l h C 0 ea h 00 n h enc
30
r
r,
•
I
•
ion, n
un
1 on
•
•
r- "
n
n hi
r
•
n -
0
'
•
oti n, ,
t
n
1 b h
•
n of
he invasion o Cha magne 7 ), bd-er- ahm n le to
leave his on and suooes or , iah m I, n ndimini hed kingdoa.
1
Hishma. I . was 11 iou inoe r ther th n arrier, ode t
an charitable. Thi r er illed t hi s coessor h
r 11-
giou disputes b tween the u nan Fakih . er ·ere r -
be lions in o edo an in Co dov ntil on the d y ft
uburb , or the Arrebal, aha er h d h riot
•
The rince,
- r-
•
8 QC
r of a
a ll ia, nd lo r of di pl Y• r
a e
poe,
ur in
' h
e n d b nan n eao
e a
· he
t
t e
fa er o t
po •
e p n.
fi n e n re ne
ourt
rti
a r tee.
1 r
B ri
d a
.. 0
o th, lt o h
r a s
•
mon re
•
11
0 n
i 0
t
0 e ed
11 1
e
e a
0 0
stil
n
1 r of he
r ec 0
at t
in
n in
of n
1 0 0
0 sr r ra
•
n ueno
e o
•
•
•
C te deo I t 1
• b
0 x lla t
4
6
er
n e
ce
Co
0
r
he o
•
e,
de
d Chri
r r
•
1
•
l
'
68 .
6 •
1. , 164,
•
b o
ra 1
ietorl
rz 0
rn
r b r.
o ra e.
a ion
•
E~1n.
•
0 h
o r t. H
alled a slave ; hunned b
he osl m, at d by rue
Christine, and prevente f om returning to Chr1 ti nity.
1
The tax e ere beoomin
dred and fifty yea
eavie on the 1 0 b
eet caldron b bb e
assisted b Ohr tin n. Ther 8
•
Fo hun-
r quen 1 ,
oraze ong the
6
Christian os rabio prie s to suffer mart rdom . Ab -er- hma.n,3
ol erant a he
to r v t
-
e C 0 0
0 u i
•
ion. C
r 1
-
m f
a
r
0
t
9 .
3
•
4
'
d d 11 in hi po er to v nt a an tic
n the ear of h i
oil o e r
ic •
2
on.
1
•
r
0
h
'
n
d 0 r e
0
of
o r 0
do
•
t
•
• •
• •
e
e n h po
pr n up o op
h c n r
•
t
n 0
0
0
nth
h d
0
0
e
0
C
0
0
r n o
e
,U
d -
•
eon
6
d
n 791 after having been pushed a ~1ae fo six year~. The
tohammedans pi laged his op tal , but he wa sucoeesf l in
cutting to pieces a part of the ar of Eixham nd in taking
the oi of Li bon 7 6) in p yment of the insult.
1
The body
of t.Jam a the A os le w
in nti o amposte a.
t h e ocourr d during he
After a rule off t
•
miro
t
f erm o I,
mir oulou l found and depo ted
Other onder ~l things were aid
. n of A :fon the Cha te •
d
o n
wi h 0 , bu
throne.
e of lavij r b ly ne r
occ rre
0
0
t
1
2
3
5
ur
e
A
e
lo
0
•
r
-
rr 0
r 0
t
'
ve or
exce . int e a e of
t of
ro
ce so
•
d on h
e
e
f
0 e
0 0
r
o I,-0
b ne tan n v r oo
eh story of r
0 t e o
T 1
t
n
•
,..J
o n n
t
0 n r o
n I,
h , llion 1
1 r
n
•
,1
r,~
•
• •
•
15 0
•
•
1 o o .
1
or , 1
0 n .
0
- e
b n o
ri
oor1 h
oi
•
e
•
C h
p
1
6
he last year of Abd-er­
eeneion, nd these di ut
ed under h
an f 1th,
uooe ·s or s T e
ekin
mart t
n II.were d1 turbed b re iou
became more violent nd exten -
ri ian insult d the ohamme-
at heh nd of the OO T .
he unrest o b c e ge ra, o vil e 11 eligi
•
Rebellions b o e out in various pl ce 'i 11 more e ergy nd
nde nd nt. In 876 better results, m n ohief becom
1
ol edo
it th
C ree.
of
d E
1
eon.
1 hate n Ad lu
er 1 der
1 A lo
r up, h t
1 i l
T
-
of
-
0
7
} .
0
bl1 n
1 • t
t
t
0 • V.
0
t
r
8 8
o h r· u
t
p ni
t 0
r
•
0 e
z n
0 0
•
o.
0
•
d
re
•
dura r v lt
r-b - afsa
•
set u
11 in lf
n inde e e t
e r n de ho ere the oo -
n 1
C •
r ded s o e
0 ev .. t he .1 o r om
e • 11 •
n s
t
r
-
h
.,p n
t
a i 0 t n
0 0 0 0 T
e
•
h b e
e
ta 1 r t. 0 d
7
C
8
r their king Don Garoia imenez. In t hi 11tt e kingdom t
othio traditions were eak; the Iberian rjbal id ere str
n still in the ascendent. he king continued to be elective
f r ma y y
r ·•
Hi s r wa b r g n·
'
hi ol'!er ere diaCUt3Sed
l i
•
f o he ect d. u t intain t h rig t n m
of e g vernm nt, n d h coul adopt no impo nt d oi ' on i
-
e ouns 1 n a. prov of t~'e l ve reooshome p ointed e r
b h nobl .an d clergy. e a b o d t div de h o n ee ~
g hi o rn p o e. He '8 n
rcj
0 r
~
va_
0 C a o b-
•
r 0 r f or
0
•
1
1
e, 11.
9
. Deoadenoe of the oorish ower
----- - ------ ---
a
Gro '_ing ower 1th the aece 0 0.
of Leon.
A fon I
(the Gre t) t o
-
t e t hr ne of As r
(
6
) t
ne p oh ,n d
for h Christi Rin.
-
or h
C i ph e b 0 the Duoro d t e G
•
ten id
..
erb 1 st , 0 n rs
bl e adva ce r r e
- •
•
t 1 f C
•
e
..
n
-
r e Nl t dov 0
-
•
gi o 1 0 h 0 m i 0 i ol
l on C bt b en
•
e rr i e of v rre, h 0
lo e n
- •
0
)
• d ed 1 0
•
t C 0
0 0 0
•
1
r t i
•
in f e n, f C p t
•
-
'
e B er le
•
he sta e
o·
no n or C
t
1 r
•
h . S i el 1
e Y
er
•
- t
'
,
•
aroelon d
•
_ Aiava
0 h 0 er e 1 n on-
t t er r en n e nte
-
,
l
' .
ri o , 1
•
0
nee from the in e 1 guage ot
kingdoms naturally were different, com ng a t hey di from d -
ferttnt sources. evertheless, it se e d probable that a trong
king co ld have united t e if he had aearched for the ond of
union , - religion and a common 1 fide nemy.
could h ve done this, but instea e add d
Alfon
fresh el
I
nt o
iaintegratio • e established a bad reoe en hen h d v·­
e h kingdom m on
,...,
Ordon, al oi thern o tu r
aroi ucc ded o the ro
•
d
'
~
rdon o G 1
ruel II, ' o el ria fr h
0 i h th
t
n
0 0 . n •
eo i er o t 0
1 e h 0
•
r o
11
•
h t h
omez. A t e dea
,,...J
Ordono II .a
n rel
n I
to o o e.
a er. i
If"\,/
rdon I, ho
tie , erne.n o
1
• •
3
rri o , l
1 t ir , •
4
1 , 2
•
•
•
d
i 0
l o
•
l
•
0 r o
)
r t
- n-
•
,
h
r oei
I eo •
'
a, tu 1
•
n l
1
•
1
ivil
n
r
f
t
0
b
n
)
r ro
0
0
41
b •
-
he rise of Castile. The Countship of Cae-
-
tile was or ated some e
uring th re of lfon o I 73 -767 , as a dependenc of
eon.
It w oreate OU of the ne ly-oonquered territory to
the outh of he t ia
•
Little known of the ear y counts,
u u de e a e e ve er n onzales the Caetill a B ai
i dep nde. oe.
0
-
varr
•
0 her ruler ollowed
re a i f V
•
0 r
(
05- 5
•
r in t e .. r 1 e n
11 oele
•
d V
f na
I
2
ve
•
r
'
•
0
•
0
•
b
b
0
1
s r
•
•
r
e
r
0
1 1
h
I
n f j
f t 0
t
1 at on
0 0 r n
0 t bo
-
1 1 n p
t
•
0 h
or; 7 •
l n u 1 .
f an
a i t 8.C
-
em r
'
e e
ng t t e
'
•
•
d
-
The Caliphate. At Cordov t he suo­
o aeor of bd-er-
ohamed I, Al 1 ondh r, nd bdullah, d 11 tle infl en,e on
the poli t c
kinned r b
1
moveme t of the t . e. But t h blue-e , a r-
•
-e -Rahman n nas
..._. -----
0 • f
'
U nder thi o iph, ent e, i • p u f another eta p.
ent nd coo 1 od, son of C r o h
3
ho m d t
1 of C 11· h of Cor v no l
ore t n t
0 s end r
a
t
r a
r e c
t
a
o b
o le
n f
ice
r ille an a
l edo, A o n
0 l i te t
•
r
i
h e o
n
1 s ,
1
e,
Altamir
4
con e,
Bu ,
6
r
t
0
1
on
1 e
r o
Co
,
1 C
n
•
• •
4.
• t 6 •
• , 72.
• 178 .
t e
e 1
1 e
ca 0 l
f o r z
l io n d
V C
0 , 000 n
d n •
n n
t
e nd no
n f
er n
•
e c q er r
g t ob
-
11
n
e •
n. 0
•
0
t
a, u
f 0
h e
-
0
-
•
t
0
f
2
•
he fam us physician and diplomat, H sdai, S no o ' oorpuleno
as reduced. The Christ an king, le and heart, a in
the aid of a
,..,,
oslem army drove Ordona the Bad fro Leon and
regained his throne. he eat o l iph held the re ne of o -
ernmen for ov r fifty ye r s 1 ruling it ustio , eroy nd
onor.
1
Stern yet not cruel, firm and resol t, he was ou ne
by th n ire o lem old on 1 dea h (961).
l
4
Growing Str ngth of the Christians.
a
-
Christian ~ggre sion. Ordono II I a oceeded
on the t hrone of Leon b h
oung brother, ~anoho the Ft. ernan onz 1 , Coun f
Ca tile and f ther- n-la of Ordono,
1
beo er-in- a
Sanoh , o rdono }1 repttdi t hi ife, and
er lo 1th h i b t er' k n d
•
r to
-.,
I •
o Al on
'
evo ted, ad i h he i d of
on ale bee in f eo . an I, h h
e n rmy, r v
_,
rdo i e
•
__,
rd o
h o rt akam I, th u e or
b - -
~
ono are f e e o , c ev
f so t i
- -
h
n r h r
t 8 d 0
n 0 t 0 0
•
0
•
b e ri
0 h b .
h 0
V r h 0
,
•
e e b
•
1
arr on
•
0 44.
0
,
•
no o o 1 ·rd
1
d, on
e er n
1 0
h
r o
r
I
n
n o
r 0
n-
•
t
-
5
q r Galicia and occupy the city of Campostella for two year
but were driv n away by ona E vira, Aunt of amiro I and
regent of Leon d rin hi mino~ity.
1
The noble, h ting he
weak and mea -spiri d amiro, off red the oro n to Berm do I,
the 0 ty. on f
,..,
rdono I
•
ermuio was no matoh fo he
i y Almansor, lthou he is apo en o prudent, rcif l
on f
e efu
kin dom, too pose
is ca i ta , o ell d the C co rt
n t ld un a n , n t tr b e t e e •
b
-
Caliph Thee oce r of Ab
- r-
I
) ,
t
•
r d
er r C l 0
t 0 or C e
•
e d 0 eo
'
h r o
0
n -
r o 0
d i e I -A
-
C d 0
•
,
r 0 nd par nt b e,
e
.. i
C 1
•
0 por h 0
0
e e k 0
-
•
ce e Ch
•
1
0
1
Al
36.
•
• •
r
•
r
. '
7
•
6
s or int e northern territori s. Although pri arily
a. ighter, llli:\ lso a 1 v r of art. Polioy forced h
ogive the ib ary of Hakam into the h nd of th
th Ulema, ho bu ne m ny pric 1 ss dooument.
heolo ians,
'
Almansor d no 1 ct t h arm. He reorg n_z d nd
trengthe ed 1 • Theo liph
eli ous studie and give the
s or ed to spen h ti . e n
inist a ion ov rent re y to
c mberl in. 1 an o be n t enlar et e bord r of
is tate. I h om elle r II Leon to beoo e
1 i u r • t tune i t o C
0 a 6. h J on e V n
.. ro n f ok, r h n n r o
ze , or n ,
e 0 0
•
ti 0
-
n 0
•
Al II h 0 1 e C n
r o b n
0
'
1
•
0 0
C n r
t
o_
.
f 0
•
0
-
-
-- -
,
•
7
•
t
•
1 r J on
'
•
con ·
,
T
...
~ "T
•
•
76 • r
'
• t
•
'
7
to 0
t;
•
ad o:, le tlS of the po r h n he
h d one oh
ev
t . If he d bee er dled on he step of
thron th orld ould h ve o n
j_
tl o r .. proe. h i
i
•
e impe d h
•
h .y
f r him l f. as in
any r , " V t➔ll
h
•
d p 0
n,
J
n n 1 0
triotly b immut ble ca on ora y . e fin i
-
le to love h ,
iff.
1 to a ir im .
1
1
0,.
•
5,
The Di eolution oft Cordova Calipha e.
~ ........ ··-
--
-
a
-
The Last Cali2!8 _!.
lman or uoce d d
-
Cordo a. b hi on, Ab ul lio
Haj i b · , bu e g or f
Cordova. h d ep rt d. In 00 h h lf b r hero bd lio,
Ab ur ahman
1
follo d h i
t
b in h l O hr t n
d like by p ni d nd r b . real ler
A,
for
bd c e·
t
Abd r ad
•
0 h
Ar
obl
ere th aster
•
nw t e erbe e e
• •
t
or th p C on ol o t r 0 e r e
1
t
•
h
•
a n r n ca
'
bu 0 d 0 0 aft r r
(
)
1 b C i h
•
ove
C a e C
-f'
C
-
-
•
I o dov
t
0 ha l e
h • r d ar
•
n S 0 C e
•
•
C r 0
1 d
'
0
• a ib 0 0
ce.
-
1
u
•, l
•
A a,
1 • '
•
Al
t 1 • '
•
divided the stste trea ure, cased he destruction of the
c pit 1, innumerable vil lages, and the desecration of the great
anotu ry f t.Ia o . The oountr as in a itiable tate of
ruin d di as er.
1
1th e aoo seion of Alfonso v •• a minor,son o ermudo _ ,
yr, bett conditions prev ile. The ido ed queen, Do~
. n t h
e in
0
alio an ount, enendo onzale, ere hi tutor •
var e n
•
e thee
h Coun
ates nt B
e · hi u
nd on
•
t
1 . n b e i t
f Ca. t 1
n t Al
·o 1 e.v b
a ooe -
1
p
1
C r
1 on
t.1 te
an
v.
h r
l
b
0 C
0 0
h
t
r
o o re
0 0 •
n
e o 0
ec
h
0
in
ti 1 de h of lm no r o e
t
0 C
r •
u
•
he oo d
ed in
h h
0
•
1
1
he a
1
t
0
r ls on et en he
te l
•
oon
n
•
f r
on i e n
t
r o 1 t
-
f enc r r
0 r
J O • h
C z ry
-
r 0 e 1 t
0 0 or ob
T
n 1
0
n
nor r
f nee
f
l uar
lt
Al
on.
n 119 .
r ,
ira,
, l
•
'
8.
• t
7-
6 .
•
0
For the firet time the vassal could ohange r at will.
In many ways the servile olaes as more independent. Moat im­
portant of all wer the oonceesions to the municipalit e, of
untramme d admin str ive and judioi
t the king.
1
fu otiona, ubjeot only
The ourse of e aev 1 pain,- long minoritie of her
prince
t
in hi h t he country wae delivered ov r to the h nds
of h artl noble ain occ rred .
2
Bermu o I .
•
on of
Alf on o V., got into rouble it he he rtle s a o o el or
of av rre, · ho drov him fr 0 it
t
eon, to th
on-
t in
•
e d 0 V i r fu u l r h
noho n 10
•
er 0 d 0 b r is au
ter to Fer n o. old t 0 0 n
•
1 0
e. t
B. io a 11 n d arr nv J 0 r u
11 co tr oe t 1
•
l
, 11 .
ri o , l •
-
Chapter III. From the t Union t o th de Tolosa.
•
Te ir t U nion •
Through the ffor of on kines,- a ci 9 6- 70) ,
~anoho II(970- 4), Garci I ( 994-100 ,
1
ava r increas i
size nd in power.
to giv avarre he on
man
erjod of re n
or noho he r
•
0 l o
t
Sp ni h ol tio did 1 1ttl e eta e iee op wer, b ve h r
ne hbors ad pla e di g p r.
noho married a siater of h
h e ela at t h
anc l o oo C t
n t
n t
ter had rri d er do
.o
a Ar
n
n,
•
e
l a. er po
nc o , i t
•
e
l
2
3
e r
e
of
d
I
oat
Al
'
•
or t
Chri ti
•
0 0
•
0
,
0 0
0 0 r
0 ..
b 0
0 0 n 1 0
the er
aut .
it e
7 0 l
Au
t· n
r , V • , 24
•
on of t h
•
i
an
n o
ee
t
•
Cro
o l
e
•
u
0 of ti ,
n
on u er d h
'
0 0 er i
n t 0 0 l
on o
t
V
1 0
on,
•
h e 1 0
h 0 0
r 0
d n h
i h le l
h C
l in th s
-
0
r
t
zo
•
a
-
onarchs, o . ivi ing i t te be
ancho made the mi ta
f J n r
en hi so
ated by Sp ni
•
rnando,
his oond on, h d m ried h a.ugh er o er udo .I .o
J on.
0
0
n
b
0 d gr ed noho to iv erdinand Ca tile. he
vi ion of rri r h d B udo I.
b
r e
r foe, ernan o o
er o e u o .
0 d
l e 1 n o
r ul
0 r
•
n
0
k 1 in t
m d eon in t he
0 •
n n
r oft
ce
r n
8
on o
1n, 1 ho
0
1 0 Co n ( 10 O) • I
0
e
•
r r re
r d o.
,
a t
0 0 r
e ,
0 re ,
. n V
1 ,
r , .i • p . , 7 •
' .
0
h o
e
of e
e •
r
(1
0
p rl
t
h
'
0
p
) .
r vol ,
ron( 0
•
e, he
11 h
•
os e
•
, of
r
r
le
•
do
'
1
er n o
t •
ent ag int the M oor. e oaptur d Vioeu nd Coimb, and
even went t o t he V lley of the Tagus . e had made Toledo ribu-
tary to hi crown . On his death(l065) the ork of a lifetime
'86 done b the divi 10n of hi territory mon hi three 0
•
nolo,th ldee
'
received C ti l e ; Alfonso, t h tur
.
nd
n roi -.:;i ,
Galic a. is dau ter, Urr oa, as given
o ~a
lvia Toro. U p to t B i t Jnir > of l edo ,
t
?.are.
06 eville er se -depend ton noho;
t 0 t hey er ain raoti •all n de nden
•
b
-
ragon. a o e o 1 d
in h on 1 a d
ev lo 00 1 h n r b 1 h
C 1 r
•
t i n 1 n n 1 a
0 r r V 1 r er n 0
•
.,
0 of t 0 0 0 t 0
-
0 r a d l
'
co 0
•
0 noh r ehe h erl
'
b t 1
•
0 C 0 t C 1 d V r
•
0 e. 1 0 0 0
1
•
nc h e r e n
•
0
'
.in 0 r 0 0 1
e
•
r 1
, 1
•
on,
•
C
-
avarre. On the death of · nol o,
aroia f 11 heir to av re.
airou of ollo v. ng in the step 0 hi reat father, he
cove e ragon , ell s C B 1 nd eon. He s defeated
n d. k 11 in b ttl , hi terr ory ven to
j_
on nc 1
ern do.
•
erio of
-
a
-
s eta e fo
t
•
ern div k
o■
en 1 t r e d
t 0 0 C t f 1 s
n
,
1 f t d r- n r
b tl r a o f v rre, i
•
0 o h co in f
(
6
•
n
0 d r d e t U 0 n 0 0
e h 1 t e C
•
b
-
T
'
r .
0 I I.o C il
r 0 C
e -
ex e e. er fo of 0
t
n tl 0 h i r
,. i
l
t
in 71
0 e
•
ti l r
'
ut on o llo
t t
.
r
1
•
•
As a re ult h wa cut to pieces by the Caatili
returr1-
n nd ttackin him in t he rear.
Alfon wa taken prisoner,
nd a i mmurred in h oastl of urgo , u 1 ter
llo ed
o retie t
-'co take re:tug
0
1
hi oro
rom lvir
nd f 8 V
a ur
e rn
0
-
'
l o d
0
C t lia
rri
•
•
Al
'
a
t
C
ona.ter
h oo
of ah gun ,
t of Toledo.
2
from where he esoap
t Garia
o G 1 c gap db 0 no1. Toro
t , 1 tt e dif iou t , bu
e
C
'
t
acer
•
'
o th
d r
n p o
1
e
, d
ea
e n
1
•
•
1 r
t
r
•
t
•
a,
e
•
.,p
.)..
r
h
• t
. '
0
• ' .L: •
m or a
i t
i 0
0
e
h
o r
•
r
•
C
ne
•
•
•
t d hron
next e
e by
0 •
•
C 0
o , and A on o
•
0
r o
1
h f m
..
•
d
e r
"
0 j
t
n no extract d 0 0 ea
t hat he ad h no hand in the murder of i bother noh
•
Fo tis, is.a, the ominating f u e of the e od , th be
-
belove r f e aev 1 n, a b ni he b fo
•
he tty 0 i gs er n io B for th 1 of e
Leo k n ain t each other; bu lfon o V
•
a bound b
teat 1 in, in f oledo, n p teote m i t
h 0 pet r
•
hi h lfon flt el r e
toe ter 1 0 r em t a t.
•
e 1 from
Leon and ti e, t k n r i h t l
t
d f 11. t
0 _ OS e
1 0 a r 0 i e
0 t. no oru 1
n ·
n i t r ,- ri t n
0 0
•
ee po e d h 0
•
n t on ol on r
0 0
•
fo so in C
•
-
'
e o e
•
r h
t
e i ho n n, 8 0
"
u p e 1
3
1 0 C n
'
) . 0 h ao 0 lt
•
e
t n 0 tt n 0 0
A fo o . 0 V
•
e i e 1
t
1
11·oerfo ce, 1.
1
•
• 'p ••
•
-
3
r
( J •
'
• •
1 e od
'
t •
4
•
• t
•
nd oall to a d Yuseef t e or n e, Ch ef of orthern
Afrioa. he f Chri tian oh1v lry a de tro ed m st
unexp c ed y lac
•
n y ar
1 ter
(
108) ,a Uo 8, here
Alfon o' onl 0
• D
n noho 11 .. d . Alfon o, rok
n-
heart d and o n ou ~ b h strug l
t
d ed the follo ng ear
(
10
):
d
-
Inv
•
In 10 6 t h 1 ·ohad
C ef, e i r e,
e n C n
•
t o
•
0 ev r,
rhen C 11 d on 0 h V 1 n t h e o , he
1 r e
•
n f
t
0
. f
erent
ood. ey d t d 0 0 r 0 0 r bia
•
n b d
•
h
t
in
•
-
Ar gon.
oco, 0 dea h,
se 8 0 r
0 ano o
)
e l e r s 1 e 0 h
i th
•
h i C e 0
er 1 r 0 n
et, b p
e 1 0 on.
e or n o
V t b V
•
0
Alt
a,
•
• 1
•
2
Copp e' , of
Con~
n, y
•
•
•
3
A t 1 de a 7
'
•
• •
•
I
ho ob jeo ed to the r l e of am iro , he b ta.rd broth rand
mur derer of ancho .
1
.
They also feared t hat Alfon o I. f
Cat· e should posse
im elf of the country. v rre oon-
tinued o b ·
ited to r gon unti 134(1076- 13 ). Pedr o I.,
suoo s or to anoho , compl ed h f ther' i ueca ,
beei es 1 ing o her own . 0 th th of edro in 11 4
1 son Alfon o I."el t 1 dor, tool up the oepte.
• eadju
-
ibilit es fo nion Alo
•
j
1 t 10 t
Ar gon. heir
•
le 1 1 t
-
Urr
•
d
•
h
0 of aymo ,
nd rr 0 f n o of
Ar on. f r o h n 0 l a n ,
0 d h r 0 h b
f e en r e 1
•
0
• t
r n V e. een the ro
C t in o er o ohad n t e 0 t
•
C e ed on o 1 0 n
C z 1 1 er
e.3
,
e C a t l e r
•
1
•
h e o 0 0 1 n
t
r C an r lfo V
•
r
t
kn 0 C 1 , an h a 0
•
in 0 en ( 1 0
•
t
ev
0
t
0
b d n 0
,
n
•
a i t
1
t
•
Alt
•
Hi v .
•
7
•
•
. ,
•
A t
r
•
6 • t
in of Argon o Urraoa, ~ he a fit; on the pro lamation
of Alfon~ VI., h id Urr o
ea oe a th n m debt een Urr
drive Alfonso out of Ast r
nd Alfonso, but it did not
1 t long.
1
Alfon o of Ara on 1 sisted on i ntedtrin i
ife' aff ir in pie of the faot th th pop deal rd h
ma i ann lle • en b l s too the si e of Urrac; t e
0
t
h 0 l o o· so he e
'
c vil ar in en
'
n
L n an Ca tile u 11 h ea h o Urra c , hen her on
-
c e ru
0 n i
•
2
b
-
Alf o,"el mper
•
Alfon .h 0
-
•
p 8 B t e b 1 e
V 1
•
t an i e
C
•
1 n r
,r u
h h r o r
•
A f
p h
-
e A 0 0 A
on,
e b t en d C 0
•
e i 0 d V
•
A fo
V e e
.
h u 1 , i
1 r e n P r g 1 r 0 efo e.
nth h o n o
•
r ho 0 0
e in n 0
•
He z
•
a
. e o
•
ho e t 0
0 1 h r r 0 e
3
•
e
35.
• •
•
Al
•
e
•
The wok of reo nquest was al.o ca ried on by Alfon o,
who entered the oelem territory and took the o ty of Cordova
(1147). However, th e Anda u 1 ne o lled in the frioan lm -
hades, ho retook Cordova from th
in charge of the ct by Alfon o.
1
etty tributary king left
lfonso VII. not a i fied wi h the title of kin,
8 he ook th to Emperor, a h d rn n o
•
t e
very littl alu o t id 0 in, and n V r 0
e entiou in h em t r or o t e y 0
E , Alf n o u r cer ono t b p d h
•
e 1 to 0 r on , t ol
ar 1 n
'
e s 1 o n n an
t
r d r
h n hom
•
al o h e f b
1 11
•
-
C
,.
l
•
e e
-
i n
C
•
er
' •
'
•
0 e t
•
t n 0 eo 0
0 0 0 0
1 r on
0 p
'
of
•
A
• •
1
• •
-
r
These men assumed the task of holding the fortre a of Cala-
trava aginst the Joor . h y 1 ned the strongho l over to the
in 1158, an in 1164 th mil tar order of Ca a rava was found d.
hot after, in m uoh the
cantra.a a fo
e •
h o d r o Cl .tr va a h e se n
at ely ... p n sh _ 1 y order to be und
•
e oder f
n ia o wa eat bli o eti e in the early pr of th v-
ern n
e
0
.
t
o~· h
ent
•
he f
1
mention 0
. r ted erta n on stical p oper
•
11 t
1 to
no~
n 0
hi
•
e
rd r.
0
e
0 n
n v r
n
t
e
.1- r
n
r
•
•
n ri 1 n
0
1
•
C
b e
0
r
•
I
0
1
0
r
h
, h
0
in 10
h
•
•
0
0
n
h n
t 0
e
•
•
--------------------- -------------- - - ··-
•
62
Alfon
VI _
•
· abl 0 0 r ' 0 h con of o lem
d
.
n . e fo 0 ace th Infi el Aro ,and
n
PP r
b e n r V re,
r
d e t h lmo
troo
.
b.
Al 0 h eac w d 0 so on i
•
0 h on (1 7 1 d b t er l a ion by
m rr h gh eren el 0 t f L on.
1
en on o n o r he w
n C 1
h r
I
e
' 0 •
n 0
ia in on f OU 1 0 0 0
,
1
) .
1 0 0 0 . a e or e 1 t e
1 l
-
0 0 0 .e
onq e n
•
h g cce
r • 0 r
t
0 t f 0 0
0
•
0 r
r la.c
•
d
•
Alo
e •
1 n
h
C •
r e
h .0
•
1 .,
•
'
•
4 o r 0
I
1
A
6.
8 T
• . '
•
.
r
I
e 1 • I
•
l a. , ib
t
• . '
4.
J
p
op
&:: 1
1 2 .
, 3
1
h Alfon o
I
ohe.d s were in oontr 1. t he de of
_ of L
on
and C st
'
t e A oh d t 0 OS e in pr ia tr le
for Sp ni rd
•
her VJ 0 ng r 1 0 t rab- oor
in he ove e
•
O?!lin n nt y
0 T The
A -
t
•
mora h 1 t n con eror
• h
d BO thin n 00 on
he
A a · -
le hom h C eded. he Al h
, p rely
A C traotio
'
h very n 1 po or p ion.
1 rin for nva 0
'
.bdul , a 4 d,
(
) . o ever, i h V n fo un l oh e 0 er 1 t
t h p n ~ 1 V a 0
r, (
l 1
•
h tl 0 0
C
.z V
n r 0 r 0 0 r r
-
,
1
•
A
•
ol ra 0
'
r
'
0 n 0
•
'
0
op n r
1
or 0
'
n
0 0 0
'
•
-
•
r 0 C
-
r
- •
r
•
r z
l
-
'
0
•
• •
0 a
0
0
'
•
t hioh uauaee had been ap ended to make it co rm to Franl:i h
ides, u ed. Te ear ie
the Churchmen of eon t
b t Core o
b ed on
e tle en or kni h
h a
C t h
n an 1 it
-
-
0 t
r
•
) .
7
h
tr
-'-1
-
•
t
T
0
•
t
•
0
0
h
t r"
0
t
d
v a a
r ,
e •
0
0
0
0 1
0
l
•
1
s
p
usuag ,or ou tom, re is ued by
nfere ce in 1
•
nd were ace t d
he :i r nt ve s s-
o h c o • The t , viscount
•
d
r ind soinot rights granted the by
t e sel s wer i 1 t d by e
e he i n ' pr r oga a r ng
Alfo I. o 0
u
t
vin i
-3
ob
• •
e C 0
1
•
fo e C d
'
•
on r
'
0 i 0 e
on,
• -
•
0 d r. I
1
' Jo
ar
r
•
r 0
•
h r .
-
r in ~
•
•
• • t 7 or d
ragone e the Catalans dded the desire fo
n a col."Jl!leroial nd civilizing int r our
xtern 1
the
p nsion
et of
uro e.
1
smo and Berenq r, th on of etron 1 a and ren-
qu •
the r kn of uni e on d C tal
•
•
t
0 ra one e u j ta h took the of onao
(I. f , r gon,I. o C 1 a) ( 116
or m ny ye rs 1 on o
I • f Ca til • 17 he
L n, V r 0 al
h f
,
n e o o r
•
r o _ .._ .,
11
•
1 ob
11
•
0 0
0
h
C •
0
0
0
• •
a a
1
2
•
t
C
•
n
1
n
rth
n
i
il.
o ter
0
n ally of A on o
1 .0 'u
o v r, i n 179
of p r -
t e thr n
h r o o
0 -
r
•
.o
r
1
•
0
o a
A
rt
V
1
0
1
n
h
0 tn er
•
•
0
t
. . . ' •
4
r '
a • r ,
7 . •
•
• i • , 7 •
d a the betro
d of the dau ht r oft e Count of oulouee ,
of 1ontfort .
' r
- -
crusaders i th b t of
ion of i mon until he po
s mon .
4
T e he a
l
•
h 1 nd
h of ten a
rago a, h e t r
•
a
,
0 etr n
•
1
,
dro
• a kil ed by the nglish
ura , h on r · inin in o ee e-
in r ered, hen e g:J.ve a b
o n
p le
to 0 t
obl u r lled con tan
'
0
C ed f 0 k er d d
l f into h ar
d ol n cru
•
de ra-
•
'
•
•
. . '
7 -
0
0 •
•
Chap t er IV. The Ri. s e of the
- . --- - -
ort-es .
1. he Beginning of the orte .
-
Th ing of A on nd
v rr er or at on of nee
'
n ere ot the
-
n mi ter oft e t eo r on-
roh of he 1 t i i ot , bu er or al h fa
oh en b h llo ~ f
·he
0 ar o h
le r. r r d V r_, 0
•
t at 1. r l t b 1
•
obl
po r o r t 1 e. h r 1
•
n
i d b n b e 0
'
•
h t V C
•
d
ob r b 0
o a 1 b
•
t oc 0
h 0 0 t
•
•
n r 0
•
h r 0 n
•
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6 .
abolished it although other oountri
of unishment for many centuri s.
retained t _ ia cruel mea
Five y aro 1 ter, a bold and
eucoe eful ing gr nt d t he rivile ,es of Union (1228). he
Gen ra.l Pr j_vileg , th rragna C rt of Argon, ad pro i 1 ns
againut poilation, taxation, ec e t ibun 1. or e te oe o
u io· r ithou oo ..;>e of h Cort
•
Th ex
of the r vileg s of Uni on er d stro od by Pedr IV( 34
k i
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68
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69
h p .ni nation h din the . in at earl d e thr
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large y lik in bloo
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t
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he onatant pressure of foe g ater h n e lor s ma
the to · th ore i port nt element in the p rtnership.
result th town e e g ven cha ters nd ivile s, b hen
th e y
1 the nob be to oppress and
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•
The Thirteenth Centurz.
a
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Casti l e and Leon. Alfo 0 I
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foll d
by on nri e I., m or .
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Bi e 0 r e a d V e o
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Baleri 1 nd n h n dro e th
(1 6
)
and from urcia (1 66). He
1 on-in- a Al on o x.of c at
crus de t 1 eti e
•
b a
1
e
72
Jaime of ragon wa a
lever in.
ors i t o
took nui-01 in
nd Le n. e
force to gi
,
e oonq er d the
o Va enc
the am of
ta.rte on
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y the incl m nt el ment
•
n h is
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d le h 1 1
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(
76 ) ,
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6
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One of t he fir tact of th
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,
s to refuse home. o he pop . Pedro
also had diffio lty 1th the nob e, and 1 h th C tal n •
1
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r uh hi maria 1th th hire 0 anfre o Sioily,
Pedro bee e in lve in h e ruggle fo Sio 1. e ro uh d
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in V l nc
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74
Pedro III.was on of the fe orthy overeigna of the t
•
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far- es . H b 11 din n ya h in ord r o oarr
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1
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'
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r.l
Alo
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pol t 1 11 e w not e ooe e 1 re
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ro h th literar fforta of Al oneo , · e Caetilli n
t e or fo .m of edi ev 1 Sp ni beo me recognized s th l ~ n-
gu of culture ~Pin. The irp tu iv tot i di 1 c a
i n tr al i n et bli~h t or he o t h
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Histor e epana, V • . • , 594 •
78
a
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Afonso IV. auoceeded ha f ther
re n V,B of little i portance . H on
.e _I ( 13
u d t
•
8
strugg e
Genoa nd Pisa for the I 1 nd of ardi · • Al ons IV also
tate for a hi kingdom, ere tin a ne
th
nn d to divi
oun er on b
op nion reve
rinoe o C ti le .
d him fr m ccompli h
A rong adv~r e p bl o
dr IV., n
n .,ire i
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kin•~ life were embittered by family troubles . e died hile
on his expedition to subject the people of ~arr gon. ho were
1
vassal of the bishop(l 87 • The immediate euoceesors of edro
.,(1387-1 5), nd t e on of Ju .n I., artin (13 -
1 10 ), er o little importan e.
b
-
Ca tile. T e trot
of
Fern n o' 0 norit7 er
hi d h, h l ft a n of e s th n ea 1
r. Fo ent r n n b oor
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l
u jete th d turb no ri i g from his inority, he set
about organizing the po l ioal nd admin trative machinery of
th country on the lin ugg a by hi f ther,
l ons
, 1
•
Al hou h he i no t e roy the root of t h evil
rom w hich int rna r bl run a ga n, nd hich nary
r ined C t 1 in 1 .terr ign, h l aid firm
st ble h arri r kn of C til ame
to n nd h t h o o I 360 •
2
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7 •
7 •
t 5.
•
nam of Justifier given hi b hi c ontemporar1.es fo the mag-
1
n nimoua ay in which he treated his brother En~ique. Pedro
l ter angered many h noble b his heartless tr at nt of
..
1 nch o B bo. Then ble ed l ague a int t he ing .
In
0
1 thy er
thr ne e
u por db Pop U b
2
•
ho as er ed
a on r e in tr
•
Du u olin
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8 n
of
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t
'
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•
ngland, ho E t d married Conetanz
t
a dau ht r of -Pedro
I. nd
aria de
,ad ill
•
Ho ev r ,
and ,n la d
a e tended by
ntered on per of uiet
(1~7
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n
a
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p
T
(
6) ,
•
de
in
1n75
th true b tw e r nee
h e po e to in·
t
anc1. Enriqu I .
v hich st l hi d th
n J r t
- . '
0 ·de to
h 0 iti ol of hi f t r,
bl
.
th 00 n
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' . . '
•
Chapt r v. The Last 9entury of Disunion .
1. o the Oro in f Fernando and s b
•
a
-
Casti
•
Th regent of the b y
kin
'
. '
b e
le of h u r V nt d a p t 0
0 h e tum lto s 0 h f t
'
inor t n I .
•
0 tron ki i f VO AV ro ,d
.
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•
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r e d
Enri e I
• •
ined the
the throne. After t he
it 1 eoo g 1 Z
a p 0 1
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l
2
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Alfo 0 p
v otory of Almedo n
e th o A l n o. I
r,
n 0 e t
t e o
,
147 ) .
onl afeg ar in
1
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r
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• , 6
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p
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for ,e to ive J y , a the oort eA of Rrc lon
TOtln • l d to t n < its
rn 1416) , l .on
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2. The Joint Rule of Fernando and Ieabel.
-
Isa.bell as d termine to be th r ler n no pup t
had marri d
1
in the hands of the nob 1 t.
do, heir to th tr ne o
1 ,1469. For perio it em d
between t e oun que n an h
e oun pr n e
on n
if t r
b nd , o
V , on O ctober
uld be tro hle
the po er e oh
wa to have in overrun nt af ai s.
ly arr n ed b
f seal nt eT
o tu lm r
erna do' 0
h put
o r
a 1 f otor­
con ollin
e tra
a 1 e b pp
r 1 C
er o t
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in
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1 m
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2
lt
3
e'
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o tion, and ir pit of th protest of th c res hioh
favore the youn r on of J na, Fern ndo pro lai Charle
o Ghent, oldest on Ju.a a, Y.:in f Sp in. Under t e
r le of Cha s V., Emp ror of th oly om n Emp r • pin
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Bibliograpny.
Authors oited.
Civ-
,_
ilizaoion Espanola, 2 vols. Juan Gili re ona 1900 .
Ag11stine, Don Antonio(Arohbiaho of arra o ) •
de las Arma y linage de la obleza
adrid 1734.
ouaher, E.I.
ain Under
Burke, lrich Ralph.
mpire.
1.etory of
imes t the death of
Longman• s ,
0 est
C der
An
[-
to
e
C • o do ,
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tudio
ri
n 1
r
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e r
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ietorl
the Ar oors,
which they ohiev i m p
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ittle, ro • t
n,
oz
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e n rt tro
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r u. 1 t on D z
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rn l ,J e
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h
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in fro
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u
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rlie t
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.
1
Froieeart,John. Chronioles o
.Pain & ~rittany.8 vol. Transl ted by Thoma Johna ,
London,186'1.
Gibbon,E. peoline and Fall of t he Ro an Empire.Lon on,l 53 •
Harrison, Jame
Hereford, Rev.C
• Spain. Ladfi ld, Aikon, hio,19 3 ~
Hi tory of pain f rom Gades to 151 •
•
G. Kearsley,London,17 3 •
ume, artin _ . ·. 9ueens of Old
Their Origin
1
Gro th and Inf
London,l 01.
in. The h Peopl!_;
I illi
La
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ool, t a
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in
...,p n •
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Authors Consulted.
ueen of ueen. Andrews, s. rion.
Busk, •• A ~istory of ortugal from th Earliest
TimEf! to t he Peac of 1814. Baldwin Cradook, ondon,l 2.
Clarke, • utler. El Cid C mpeador. and the ~ning o the
Crescent in the est. 's on, ew Y rk,l O .
El1io
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r nee into. ld Court Lif in in. 2 ol
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I I
C1apman 11,Lon .1 9
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emoria
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art
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en o
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Undergraduate Papers
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Asset Metadata
Creator Davis, Ida Elizabeth (author) 
Core Title The development and expansion of the Spanish kingdom into a united nation 
School College of Letters, Arts and Sciences 
Degree Program History 
Degree Conferral Date 1915-06 
Publication Date 05/01/1915 
Defense Date 05/01/1915 
Publisher Los Angeles, California (original), University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital) 
Tag OAI-PMH Harvest 
Format theses (aat) 
Language English
Contributor Digitized from microfilm by the USC Digital Library in 2023 (provenance) 
Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC113174097
Unique identifier UC113174097 
Identifier H '15-2 (call number),etd-DavisIda-1915.pdf (filename) 
Legacy Identifier etd-DavisIda-1915 
Document Type Thesis 
Format theses (aat) 
Rights Davis, Ida Elizabeth 
Internet Media Type application/pdf 
Type texts
Source 20230616-usctheses-microfilm-box8 (batch), Undergraduate Papers (subcollection), University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection) 
Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law.  Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright.  It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright.  The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given. 
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