University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

A study of the existing beliefs and superstitious practices of the Eastern Orthodox Church

(USC Thesis Other)

A study of the existing beliefs and superstitious practices of the Eastern Orthodox Church

PDF

Download a page range

Download transcript

Copy asset link

Request this asset

Transcript (if available)

Content A STUDY 01•' THE EXI gr ING BELIEFS .A~ID SUPERSTITIOUS PRACTICES OF THE EASTERN ORTHOOOX CHURCH A Thesis Presented to the Department of Religio e Education University of Southern California ---·- ·- --- ------ In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of ~a tar of Arts By Agnes ary Baird A. ril 28, 19 9 I ( This thesis has been accepted by the Graduate Council in partial fulfill ment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ~~ ----- --------------r Major Professor- . . . Secretary Cont ent Intru c, .i.ctio - . Pae The statu.s of the Easter Ortho dO)' C l11..i.rch i n th e mo de r r1 , or 1 c l . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . 1 Charter I. fl_ general historical vie v of the r i ie and development of tl1e Eastern Ort o -ox Cl u.rc1_ . The first tl1ree cent ti.r · e o after .. e .A) ORtolic A e.- Official recognition of Clristianity y tl e State.--Spread of C hri tia ity tlro ghout the Roman Enlpire anc., Ea.;,tern Euro e.--RU J+t1.rc be t,,een the Easter11 Ortl o to an tl1e t astern Cht1r cl1 • • • . • • • • . • . . • • • . • • • • • • . . • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 The ttse of sym ool ancl cerer11ony in tl"'e Eastern Orthodo x Ch rch. • Place of symbol anc l ceren1ony i n l i fe and \~o r l .-- • Ita e~reasio·1 i n r elit ctu.:ce of :aste:c Orthoclox C1urch ; in ico ~ ; i~ incense; in croa .--The Holy Liturgy •.... ··········· ~ ..•...... 16 Cha ter III. Sl.persti tiotta belief n ~ r ctices. fioly placea.--Gifts a.11cl vo \ve.--Holy water.-- oly Pae;e cla. y 8 • - - H' a B t B • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • • • 4 1 Chapter IV. General belief a1 d r ctice s . naptism.--14 1arri ge.--Deatl1 ............................. 50 Cha1 ter V. Conclteion: (1) Jeed of reforrration; (2) Means to attain it. ( 1) Eastern Orthodo x Ch rcl1 in tl1e li 0 ht _ of l1i ,tory of religion.--Lack of e irit 1 ality.--Reli ~ion aynonyn1ot~ B vv-itl IJ<.; trioti sri .--I nflt 1 ence t.pon the intellectua l cla s.--I11f lt:.e._ce p on no11-Chri ti r. peoples. -- (2) · Separation of Cln. 1.rch .n ~ state.--An enli l tened prie :tl1ood.--Tru.e conce tion of c ri s i anity ...... 63 A STUDY OF THE EXI STil~G BELIEFS AND SUPERSTITIOUS PRACTICES OF THE EASTERN ORTHOOOX CHURCH. 1 4 .... 0 ..... Introduction: The status of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the modern world. The Great War, wl1ich has been an unprecedented world cataclysm, has brougl1t into unusual prominence certain countries of Europe, hitherto little-known and unnoticed. To the thinking man of today, Servia, Roumania, Greece, Bulgaria, Russia are no longer vague countries on the map, seeking a "piaoe in the sun," but nations of flesh and blood, presenting intricate problems to the world's program for permanent peace. The political, eoonomic and social conditions of these nations have become of great rorld sig nificance at this time of adjustment and reconstruction. But if the deroooratic spirit of liberty, justice and brotherhood is to be the ultimate result of the great strug gle, so costly in suffering and human lives, there is one other vital factor that should be taken into serious consid eration for a fuller understanding of the nations which have so inportant a part in the program of peace and goodwill of Europe. We must inquire, "What is the SE~~~~~~~ statue of these peoples; what are their ideals as expressed in their moral l and religion, on whi tl1e s1.1.peratructure of a better ci v- ilization and culture can be built?" Therefore, a study of the Christian eligion of East ern and Southeastern Europe, as set forth by the Eastern Orthodox Church, seems a timely subject, now, when peculiar interest is centered in that portion of Europa. The Eastern Orthodox Churcl1 is the religion of approx imately a tl1ird part of Christendom -- some one hmidred millions of people. It calls itself "Orthodox" in diatinc- tion to the eatern Chur hich calls itself "Catholic." It is the national faith of Russia (including Siberia), Roumania, Servia, Bulearia, ontenegro and Greece. Each of these countries is politically independent; each has an ec clesiastically independent church with an •independent head, called the Patriarch. In addition to these six independent national churches, there are the five "Eastern Patriarchates" of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem and Cyprus, also four Orthodox churches in Auatro-Hungary and the solit ary monastery of r.ount Sinai -- eixteen 1 independent church bodies, in communion with each other (with one single eacep tion) and with the Patriarch of Conatantinopla, notwi tl1atand ing that he has no authority over them. All profess the same faith and use the same liturgies, alt ough each expresses it self in its on ancient language, such aa ancient Greo£, 1 Fortescue, hurch, 27 3, 3 7. 2 Slavic, Arabic, etc., as tl1e s ma may be. It prides itself on being the original Christin c r - urviving 11 the ers ecu.tions , hereaie and viciasit dea of the ages. It cl ims to ossess the irect legacy off it n t fron1 one post le alone but from the whole churcl1 of the Apostles. Mhatever exception ie my t e to thi claim, we must ackno\vledge that it is a church ivhose lii t orical • • eg1nn1ngs lie in thee rliest erio oft e Christin religion. study of the modern E stern Ortho ox Church ho ~ever, necea- itates a kno1led e of i ts e rly i story a bac grou d for its present condition an infl ence. If it is true that ~only by studying t - e externals oft e life of m an in soc iety is it ossible to get at the correspondtng subjective state hich we c 11 eliefs, nl it i · a- also true th t a t dy of he v~rious eternal ca~se infl encinb thi church mi.: t , e taken into c s er ion. ence, c r ory hi toricrl vie·, of the ri e n a tern Orth Jh rch is in lace t t i B time. _ ade, 01 3 Cha ter I. A istorical survey of the Ri e and Develo ment of the t e n O rthodox Cl 1rcl1 . I. The "Acta of the ~oetle "record in a brief, eneral anner the begin ing n org nization of the Christin Church in the om n w rl ft r o lr Lord left i , di aci: lea ~ith the divine inj notion, "Y sh 11 be t itna sea of me, both in Jerusalem r nd in all J deu nd in rn ri , nd nto the uttermost part of tne earth." 1 The uestion arises how the .astern Ort ad.ox Church as differentiated fro the origin\. l Christi n ch rch, after tho deatl1 of Pa 1 an t· e Apo tolic group . fortunately the historic 1 dat re very r; e r in re 0 ard to the tr~na- ition from t e Ao tolic Chtrch to that of the "Church t ., " ... a nera -- p erio , begin in 1 te in the first cent _ry • • and extending t ro gh the second 'nd thir centuries, hen the authority of tl e oatle~ ~as trans itted to their immediate diacirlee, nd tle e, in t ~ rn, moul ed tne f~ith ' nd ~ atoms of tl e followin 0 gener tion of Chri tin co - rm.ini ties. ·Jhat "'e do .1: osse i "a fragment here, n 1- legory there , ro ance of nkno n thorahi1 , har1df 1 of .1.. J...tere , the au ry examin tion of~ m 0 i tr -te, t e l ct a 1:8. 4 pleadings of two or three Christian apologists, ruetoma and opinione in the very act of change; last, but not least, the faded paintings, the broken sculptures, the rude epit aphs in the darkness of the catacombs." 1 During the first three centuries, when imperial Rome endeavored to annihilate Christianity by long and fierce persecutions, its truth, like leaven, made its way among the mighty and the lowly, among "Jew and barbarians," in canpe and palacea, in homes and in the senate. Even in this earliest period of Christianity, history, more or less authentic, records ~nristian churches in countries that may be divided into three groups: 2 (1) in Eastern Asia inor, Syria, Northern Egypt and Abys sinia, (2) in the Byzantine Enpire with its center in Constantinople, and in Greece, (3) among the N orthern barbaric tribes, including tl1oee on the banks of the Lo er Danube (the present Balkan penin sula), and in Russia. Thie perio, however, is but "a stepping-stone by w hich ie cross from the obscure to the cle II. "The first great visi ble eign of the Chriatinn churcl" was the official recognition of Christianity by the Byzantine mire in the fourth century A.D. The magnificent personal ity of Enperor Constantine looms on the landaca e , giving • F • I S-. .-C t .. • anley, IIi,stor_y _ _ of __ t_ h ..,..;. e ___ s _ te _r _n _ Church , 31. i , 4-17. - " •• 5 dignity and rote tion to the hitherto dee ieed reli ion which had be n slo ly p rm ting the mpir and secretly r vivifying the c yin life of Rom n aociety. Constantine' character and motives for uniting Church and state have been botl1 eu.logize and disparaged by hiator iane, but malin due allo nee for the age he lived in and the many l1ontl1en ideas l ich wer deeply rooted in hio con ecioueneae it must be conceded that he wae, on the 1 ole, a po, er for good to th early Christian Church. IIo raver rk and stained his riv te life and official career, "1 face as set s recognized thi ily for1ard ." The < astern Churcl n has taken the further etep of canonizin - him, ho they have S'rnamed "The E ual of the Apostles." Constantine's rootivee 1 for proclaiming Christ·anity the religion of the Empire were twofold: (1) He thought it good policy. Eusebits, the historian of that day, says that Constantine reasoned in the following manner: " y father revere the Christian God and prospered, hile the erore ho ~ore i pea the heathen gods died a mieera e eat; therefore I till imitate the exa1.le of my futh r a ~oin uyeolf to the cause of the Chriatir.na who are gro in 5 aaily, 1 ile t eh tens are imini hin ." It · a eviuent, ten, to the ind of Co t nti_ th t O~- C ' • 6 heathenism was losin ground and t re~tenin 0 the very exist- ence of the Ell\Jire. i earne tneaa vve11t even to the li it of making Byz .- 11ti m the ca it 1 of the on1 n of Rome, ihich he con idered the very center of he theni m. (2) He discerned a hidden po\1er in Christianity against which not even the gates of ell could prev 11. The Cl1riatiana l1ad found something in tl1eir religion so iorthy and precious that they willin 0 ly sacrificed even life i taelf for it; hence he concluded tl1er must be o e thin0 valt1 ble in it. It vould 1 o be advantageo a otl1 to t 1e .. an l the t te if tr1ey ere identi.fied one • ..&.. l t e otl1er: the Empire 1ould r cei ve ne v life a n vigor, and the Cl1ristians r;ould be free to expand their influence untram meled by fear and opposition. The ye rafter hi conversion (313 A.D.) itneased not only his "faith," ut his "1orK" lso. e is · ed t, e diet of Toleration, decreeiny many h mane ear nd inclu ing relisiou~ freedom to all. e restore to Chri t- iana the ch"1rchea confisc' ted in the 1 te peraeci tions. He granted state f nds for the b ilding of new temple, rging that they be a beru tif 1 n oetentatiou as os ~i le, a characteristic of the astern Church hich s rvive to thia day. Constantine' if nc , oraov 1 , ext on· 0 t .e external vralf~.re of tl1 C rch nd t te. .. . - i y \ · s ver • the alert to detect in of inter 1 fl 7 lead to dis~iption of the mpir. It was not long before factions, heresies, controver iea a peared among tl1e churches ao recently privile 0 ed to "bask in t e st1n ine of Imperial f vor." Fee rin th .t the itically, and consid ring hi self t ire ·gt s ffer ol ead of t a ch rcl1 y virtue of being the mperor, he took upon him elf the b rden of keeping the unity of the faith "in the bond of peace." He sent letters to the i hops of the variou diocese, urging them to enforce 1 nanimity in cl1 rchea by meeting together for tl1e purpose of olvin tlie ne roblems of the f ith. The spirit of contr var,y, ·1ever ,_ . aa too tr • The imperial comm unication bore no visi . le res lts. The seed of the here y of • Xl , in -rtic l ar, had been aov;n so broa cast tl1 it diacu sion entered into tle very domestic ~nd bu.aineas life of t1e mpir, an thre~t ened strife nd oas· le disaster to the t'te. The n y divine i~spiration," says Cont ntin, the idea of G ener 1 Council of the Christi 2n c re es c situation. tote re cu of the The first Great Council of icea C25 A.D.), followed by six later councils, similar in character, held in the East in or ne r Constantinople, an i torical event o tJ. e greate t signific nee. It aa "the fir t i1 ortant davelonment of the ... C h rch," representing "the voice and conscieiice of t e C risti an ' rcl1" of tl1e 'ge. 8 Thi convoc tion w an innovation. •ram 11 art of the 01 n v1orl cam mor than tl1ree hundred bis o· , eacl1 it hia tten nt , in n ~ r to the royal 011 • In tat ge, not fr re ove from m, ri iorn an idance t fr ,1 r cle or in i vid: 1 au1 .... oaedly endo ed with a aci l ift, as herrit or kings, t here -- a an ssenf ly, conv ned y or er of the mnoror, aeel in the th not from him t fro1n "a mu.lti t de of cow1cillor " l1ere "the e i afety" - - in the de1nocratic f a i on. T e C rch wa follo ving the oxarnple of .I.. e early postolic re 1, here ' e tione of li f an cu.a to rare deter- • ned by • 1 mo.ny r in • The vale of these councils has not been forgotten ~ e Eastern Ch re of t1e preaent y. It com.e. orates -:he1n on the nniversary of the last council -- the first _ nay i. ~ant, po 1 rly known as "Orthodox Sun y." On a da , ... eci e h is i iven to "the article of y "a set forth int e creed of ha t first great Co oil f icea, -n to anat eria on all hereaie, ancient and mo ern . The memory of the Arian heresy still ran . .klee in the aster Church, although so far removed ·n time fr mt at re rable occa ion. mo many of u Arin- may see to h ve een mere mt er of" batract orr t e moat a etract region of human t ou ht," b t t y e e ct l : 1- 7. 5 . ley, 9 were vital questions of th~t a e. Thew olo reli ioua world wr s asking: flAre the Fatl1er ~nd S01 n ly S irit a nd consub t ntial or i ri t only of like net re und aubor in ta tote er? If hriat is the bo otten Son of o · , t;hat v1aa is r 1 tion to the Fat er before the ti1ne ,vhen ' e was not'?" etc. In re lity, Arianism aimed direct blow at the centr 1 Christian doctrine of the Incarn~tion of Christ. The cl1ampion leadei" of the day, in the per on of aoiua, ,01 the vict ry for ortho oxy in th grec t 6 at· ering, char cterize y" o er tion, eli eration and free on1 of apeecl1." Arianism w a condemned; and the decision of the council clo ed the controver y for that .eriod of history. The icean Creed, which definitely formulated the doctrine_ of +h 1rcl1, i Ef till I' e'" tecl t: rche ri ken on ~na rec~11~ the vict ry in ... I • l , "I~ eli eve in one "l " etc "It ~ , . . . . . i a i le, .oder{,.;.,t an compre n iv " as compare - to lc..ter confe io of th e ri ti·· . C .. re , un althott l a fe] dnor cbangeo have been de to its original form, in he main, it is a at "' n ing "ulwark of the Orthodox fait ." 1 mhe reat vouncil closed 1ith a f re1ell addre 2 by f'io11 tant ine, an address remarkable fol" it e brea ~th of vision n raagnanimi ty. e who had een olicitous for the int rnal - ----------- - - nley, iatoll, of ter_n ___ _ , 17 • Ii, 167. 10 e ~ ell " e tern l 1 0 h t t nd C rel, xhor - bi 10 to re in ti" to tle f ith of tlo Ao t rge rgi ven; rnun i fir for, nd c coru ri ovo, 11 el • nize tl bi , i ; t ing th council, ave een ac 'n nd elfish on te by motives or by , t if they h d co e to find .:t..h:. . a o t i , "Ther is e • l J. r r · s - real lover of tr th!" o 1 , t '4 t the re n t- a.a) 1 yin r1 ' • t rn h rch, r ic· cl im t e 0 e t r t t e III . tee rly Chri ti irit oft e "re llo r. ed re, lover , f r the death of onsta tine, the E ire -a tern ire .ti th Con t for . e c i a , ,, t e ~astern r~ire iith Rome for it cen- ne next fev cent 1 r ies witnessed t e cru1blin ft ·;e tern • .L..,ire, t e invasion of t~ e Teutonic tri a n'-l e • ccep ance f cro e C e C r ri, · i nity by le tern i.. i e c t· ri , i n l 11 of the Bu.lgars and the 1orav were the first to embra a Christianity; ~ e to the mia ionary labors of two Sl vie brothers, Cyril and Methodius (9th century A.D.) The following century, under the coercion of King Boris, the Bulgare formally accepted Christianity and have ever since remained adherents of the Eastern Ch rch. During that same century (10th century A.D.) Czar Tladimir, the ruler of asia, bee n1e converted and by the pres ,.ire he brou 0 ht to bear unon the country, Russia form ally accepted the Christian faith and ever since then has been, both in influence n n mb re, the stronghold of the Eastern Church, and is considered by the smaller Slavic nations of eoutheaatern Europe aa "the I4other of tl1e Holy Eastern Orthodox fai t 11." The ~astern Empire, as such, continued its existence and power until the fall of Constantinople in 1453, when t· e Turk overthrew the Greek governm ent and made the religion of Islam the official faith of that historic land. The policy of the Turk was one of religious toleration. hie is seen in the s rvival of the E stern Churcl1 to this y in the co ntries nder t e l1eel of the T 1rk. The c re i practical_y nchanged in form n ota:ly in ~i fer0 t t t t l eolo gic 1 c ntroveraie n ccleaiaatica r forn tiona of e torn Euro a. It ia t·11 t e church of Constantine and of the iddle A 6 ae. 12 IV. Thie brief hietori c l survey rnuet not omit the rupture between the Eastern and Western Churches which C'Ulmir1ated in the eleventh century A.D., and estranged them beyond all hope of reconciliation. Even before the division of the yzar1tine Empire of Constantine (4th ce11tury A.D ) , a growing dissension exist ed between the two Churches, which gained in strength with the passing of the centuries. Tl1ie diaaenaion 1 was dt e partly to political disturbances and partly to theological differences of opinion. To the political rivalry: etwe r. Const ntinorle and Rome nay be trace the -a· 1J tion of greater ewer by the Cht1rch of· Rome than it a d claimed p reviot1.a to thia time (5th century A.D.) Hit~erto, there had been a centralized eccleeiaatical gover ment, directed by five Patrinrcha from the capital cities of the provinces of Jerv.ealem, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople nd Rome, ith Constantinople for its headquarters. The ch rch of Rome, ovever, became restless under this s perviaion. The central ch re power, nevertheleaa, refuse d to acAnowledge the attitude of super iority of the Chttrch of Rome, bu Pope Leo was determined to establish the Papal Chair of Rome. In reality, it was a forward atep in the evolution of church organization. The Some of the contributing factors were the influence of the Crusades, the political troubles of u s i~ the uae of two official lan 0 a s. See Stanley, Hietor of ~ast ern Church, 30. 13 E stern rorld coul not eet the demands o t e Vfe tern. In addition to tl1i , tl1ere 11 d ere. t in o e theologi- 1 differences of opinion co cer~1iz g cert i1 doctrine and practices. Theae differ ncee 1 y essentially in the iffer ent type of n1ind each cl urch po aeseed. The ,astern. ln.: rch is eastern in it . meth of reasoning. "It is addicted to spectlativ·e thought nd conte 1 tion." It very langua e, ureek, lends it self to fine b ~ -des of me ning 1hich the Lat in doeo not attempt. The ~ stern mind revels in abatr ct .es iona, en111.L ~ ui""" creed ~ .. n· o s, is baorbed in h ire 1, on tl e otl er , i pr ct ic l , l in it tendency, infl~ence, no coibt , by i o ru n l t.. \V. I t e I 1 a a i z e t 1Utual rel tion between the preme Being and nan, 1ence the terms ttju •tific G.tion," "merit, fl " uni hz. 01 t," " " rgo.tory, fl a~e :>ro i11ent in ~ estern l eology. striking ft e difference bet ,een the two types is seen in the decrees each ch rch ise1.1..ed at its first .eneral v O ncil. The •astern Chlr c philosophized on the ri ity and expre eed its decision in the icean C reed; he .eatern Ch~rch, at i a 01n first cou 1cil, deer e celi bacy forte clergy! e r. o t note\ orthy ctri th ~ t lit tho t o o,r •st e" ilia ue." It i n v n "e .. tinct .ley, er1 14 c ntrover y, " but on it n e th t" nt tle t10 1 r hes fter oee the Ioly content·on of ne rly · thou and yoar ." i it proceed f o th ther nd from the 1 (" dou le rocee ion of the Holy Spirit") or doe procee only fro tl o ath r? The ostern Chur h s .i , " ilioque"; the 1 st 1·n re f so to a 1it the conj n tion. Thi conflict of o~er n op inion a f i11 lly c 'lt f eclii m which, in a ite of an effort of reconcili tion, reach d the climax in 1 4 A. . , 1 n the 0 f ome excomnn; ni C" t d the 1 aat- rn Ch rch n int rn ,v e e com nica.te by the Eastern cl1. • then, ch , 1rcl1 has ept to the even ten ince e~c re of her ay, each c rch a oaes hersel f the guardian of e true an only fai th , each refuses to see in the otner sister, aving a comnon mother i n the original Church f t e ostles. 16 Cha.~ter II. The Use of Symbol and Ceremony in the Eastern Orthodox Church. The religious feeling lies in the dee est receaeea of man's nature, thus placing even the most ignorant and de graded savage on a higl1er .. lane than tl1e moat intelligent animal. This feeling haa slowly evolved from a aenae of de pendence upon some force or forces beyond an'e control. The history of religion clearly teaches that man 1 a needs are ever present and never ~~lly eatiafie, th this needs are more than physical, an t t they are 001 ens rate \Vith his physical ands iritual development_ . aterialists and infidels may endeavor to , account for these needs wi tl1 subtle and artificial philoso1Jhy, but they still rernain an unexplained fact in rr man nature. The primitive man knows not~ing of philosophy, but expre sea hie needs by turning to some Power outside of imself for protection and aid. Thie apirit~al concept is, however, too a atract; he must "vist1.a.lize these Po· \'7ers by aena o 1a means." For this reason during hie childish stage of develo[ r.ent he makes metal and wooden gods and worehi e them per istently and conscientiously. But the necessity of giving visible expression to apiri tual ideas is by no means confined to tl1e 0 va e or 16 • or the h atl1an. en tlou ll i ti ' ni y onco r g intol- l ct li ty wl1i ch h t n ency to di 0 0 e of m teri 11 J e f ct rm in l t 1 ~ r not l i . • t liv • r l of t i 1 ject 1 l mu l I , . 0 r t • t i teri " r 01 0 l 1 · e .L· i l,. i \: 1. co, t of y1 n care any ~ "' id + l reli iou li ·e of • universal fe t f m n l re rel ip . ot only is tis seen in the r ligion f A1 cient G r ece ~nd one, 1hich r1are tl1 er oni ic tion of ym ol- • of t n10 st stri • feat tre of t e Je ii l 17i . e e 1n re- . • of t 1 me t C. t • t • t lace • l 10!1 e e 1 e l iven .J.. l . in the • f Jehov . ay n cero1on1 . rvora 1 · • e • • orifice t t ~ n1n ~n evening a ' e asovex, e • t .e very atn 1.ct re anu f .,rn hi g of · t e tabern C e .d le, even t e sto1 t e bre o..at l ate of t e ~i ri .. st a1 ., t e e br i 'ery on t e 1 i~ roe C ~ e ~· se f y o t e ~dvent f n'1 cereri1011y not entirely ce ae a perior culture n full r reve IfJ ~l rob~ ili y, t ere will nev r c t ir.e e ~n entirely dispense 1ith ome f rm of n tt -r e4 re tr, t J • r ig·on - y vit - 1 O\ver in hi • r: t e cl, t v ry out 1 r o i ';J r '1 y lO y V t V ' 1 n. 17 ation and culture. "The si le finds it h rd to think at all, without aonething on which to fix it attention." It needs to see with hysical eyes, in order to underst nd. This condition of min seems to e benefite in a special manner by symbol ~ n · cere1 ny. It can expres it faith in • Christ far n1ore Aaaily by ·issing ia i aeo tl1an by rnaking a logical etatement. 1 Thia fact should by no L1ean di turb the intellectu 1 Chri etian. Trttth is ao large a theme tl1at its out~fard ex ression can never be exhausted. "Tr1th ~ill live in a sy1nboli cal, long ft r it a J r e in every other, ,.., f ff {,j orm. uome religions .. nd cerei1011ies than others, but all ve o 1 e form. In fact, cere ony seems to be a part of human life. 3 In iviq.uals, fanilies, courts of justice, secret ocieties, etc., all ave a cert- ain "n1ethod" of doin cert 4in thinJ • In the r1 r of Frere, 4 "A task ha to bed ne; then it st be done o e how. That 'someho 'may e good or bad; t erefore pru-ence 1 ggests that a method should be devised and lid down - ceremonial has beg n." Ceremony ia particularly necessary wl1en it concerns a 1 Frere, Princ}El~JL2f Reli ioua Ceremonial, 12, 2 Neale and Webb, In trod. jaaay 11d ote on Durnn 1.1.a 1 Symbolism of Chu chea an Cr1 re rn rent , xliv . .:>Frere, Princ_ipla. ,of e~i.~iou Cere 1, Ch. I, I:i. 4 Ibid, 16. 18 or of in" vi 1 , 0 iz bo y of inen , cl , cl1i. rch r reeont • Th r may al o be v r o e 1 ree of cht1.rcl cer 1 ni -- 01 1or co le., fl "into ret- • e" than ot r in t t ide a to be l , OI r ... ~re 0 vial ly. I s i C of 0 j ctio a, ore r lo , . n the V ... 1 ' hol ' i i not f ttinu th( t ihen mon or- hip together the ing o 'ho t .ro o ttorly de end- ent, there should be arran ed the higheot and roost boauti ful "method" th t can be expree ed in human terma? Sha ld it al aye be left to the clergyman or to the traraitory i .eas of the vror hi er ? ith all it cnldenees , the service of t le Tabernacle ~n , Te le e:,qJres e ig ity and orth, and the ·ev Teeta- ,ent close .1th a gran "idealize" n ict re of wore i in eaven -- the t rone o · G od c. nd of th Lamb ~a the ce ter fall t e adorin, or ~ erly host~ of e v nl • ors 1 r . Te ~astern Ch rch in a ecial manner has favore + e use of ey.bol and ceremonials. In fact, it has a . tel-~ orate system of presenting tntth by this method. It is thoroughly devote to givin myoticr l ignific~n e o en _lest det il con ecte~ ith the c ~ re i t erein. Ita architect r 1 ~n o ceru tal voatr t , its fat .1 o eyrrt" li • From tho f t C t , 1 C , r ' • l t1. r , i n it f 1 l 19 20 cro s 0 r lU t ti 0 t t. il 1 1 te i 0 .r, n ... - l , n t f l r ci to • t i l • I • l f • l r 0 1 . 1 01 • 11t mb 1 l V Ill t • l it l o 1 , i f t • i l ri 0 0 cer- 0 ·e n ., a of -- .LY , r ., l l n 1 aervic ' a ee i • ho f G liel o • , • e, . t of "eccl ,1 tic · l of , 1 y cea ' f it ce1es • l v1eetnes I r a V 1 J e e I ne r m rock nd oil fr m e e. ' l • tl1e early .. e of cere o ern1n .. 1 • fron t canty literat,re of t r , e e .&' • • e can p rce1ve a ro ln · - f t }. tl rob bly t li • - . e 0 0 r - ef"ni ely arranged. The A ostle t V e r of roa in 1 ~ y fro r ri t t t· • • • r " y " 11 I y he C l C!l • h m r yr , ' ·1 .. r - -- ~ y 1 • • 0 r l • • 1th t ict of 1 I of C risti t .. - re ion n • • e e 18 iI er aee rapiclly 1n oman heathen ten~les, whose struct re are still t e e .a. e 1 eals en · · ir ti n~ r~li ion throu 1 ho1 a 1 V y ft r 11 y 21 y g r r - 1 e -i r , f f s Th t r1 n f t n.n 1 thee ~11 t m , o r r ut i n n i J l it in o , n on n i , n #v n r er i n " V , n r f n • • • • • • • n 1 V nor o kr h " i i ivi ing wt 1hic V i or 0 Int ver act of ent rin this ch rch, one is f nte i ha ym,ol. To enter the o y of h re r r, one al·aye ate a down, never ate a h mility can one enter the Kingdom of eave. s eps are either one in nun1 er, to repre ent t e r , r re or ,1tiplee of three) for s of he Trinity . . e lCi . of the c rch edifice inpresse • rn ere ~re tree main ivi i rt o , r n r hex, is 1 r en er il n y • • e lr , r - e -- 22 • e all are free to come and go at their leisure, or diacusa the latest topica of the day. Its aymbolic mea11ine; is only too trtle to fact: the narthe :x "rep re ent,.... t .:.n "u of thi earth!" Second, the 1 av or t e cht_ rch ro er. If the bt1ilding is small it conaiet of one lon , nnrro,v aisle; if more pretentious, of three ni le , lon and narrow. This portion signifies "the things of Heaven." The third part is the Holy Tribtne -- the Altar, representing "things super-celestial." Thia portion is separated from the church proper by a high screen of lattice . ork 1110 e tcp reaches nearly to the ceiling. This screen or artition, often made of wonderful carving, or gorgeo s i ith ~ilt and studded with precious tones, ee arts the cler~y from the laity and ·practically hides the officiating priests from the congregation. The si tuution i s or - e,nh t relieved by the three doors in the ecreon, 1hich re o ene d at state times dl1ring the service, ena lin ) t l e neo le to et a elimpso occasionally of the one ~ho ie "mini sterinu to the Lord." This screen givee grent restige to the office of the priest. It signifies th t the worehi pers aro not on an equality with the clergy. Indeed, why sho l d they be? The laity has not the privilege of direct comtm.1nion with Al rnightJ' God, eo it rm.iet not pre t n1e to s. 1 roach holy gro 1nd reserved on.y for the consecrated one -- the priest ! The creen i a tn1e to its synf ol -- "the obseti.re manner in \Vhich heavenly things are set forth" -- to ch lrch re c in 01t for spirit al li lt! ,tae .. bi s, the hi tori'11, declares 23 that Constantine pl ced the screen that the Alt' r mi ht not be approache by the multitu e, nd t tit "t.,oode11 trelli a r o t i tl th tot rt of fire wor 0 aa to ~fford the a ect to nder u ight." The Alt"' r i t o er "oly o~ olies," aith t1i difference: it n y e ntered by rieats of all r an d ring ~nd after the ch rch service. y the 1 ity, it i eld in the l1ighest degree of reverence, . ot 1 .nt ing even to er oti tious awe, for it re.resents the very body of Christ that waa sacrificed for the forl. The Altar ay ~leo be visited by the church care-t ~ er (janitor.) Te care-t .er m~ot be a. man; unc.ler certain con itiona an uni rried ,ay ~1 o enter t e tr, t never, nu.er es, .ay a .rrie wom n nt r. The lace would be defiled. The Altar lies at the extra e o oft o edi ice and c;.lvrays faces the e· at -- co1 se e tly the Ch re alrvaya faces the wet. Facing the east, the direction ft e rising sun upon hie all life depends, eans seeing t ~ uthor . of llfe ana. goodness nd o r o- riginc.l ore, p r\;- . hich " 1 tea. t ,,ar nl • J.. t • 1se, 0 ea • c1ng e ·e 16 ttit~de of a_le1 le to rd evil • t Ch rch e C VI lC e o .ld show contin ally tote 1orl at 1 rge. Tne atrikin 6 fenttre of tre I ly Tri~ n is t e oly le vhicr com ie or te the acene oft 1 ite clot J t t cov r it re a mo ori eneai 2:8. L t • to "t e 24 Christ's htmanity, made ~ ite by toil and tri lation." - on the Alt r, dignifie n othe wi bare, 1 are Jlace only a few thinga used in th Lit r y, n • ice, covore ear tely by ite n t11e pat n an c in nn also covere - jointly by a cloth~ re re ntin t lin n in which the body of Christ waa rolle aft r is cr"v . .... ifixion, t e oly Go pel, the Sponge an e -r, associated 1ith the death of our Lord, and the Asteria{, metal fr mo 7 1icr later ie placed in the aten to keep the r i•e cloth fro. to chin the broken bread. On the nort i e of th oly Tri b- ne is ... laced a large table, callod the rot' e i , ic 1 i ae d ring the aerv- ice forte la:i· 6 on f olr tensils. On the out aide ar (1) the Sacristy, hero the holy utensils are prepared by the deacons; (2) t Little Sea, 1here the holy v~ter of . a ... tis an the 1 t r i '"ir'1i h t e rie<Jt carer onially cle~nees himself for his office i poured ott rithout any dange r of its contact · 1i t.L h m~n • ein~ or nholy obj ecta; (3) tle Panary or Holy ox for the Holy read ~n ine, be- ,, fore 1 • hie a " le "'less c~ndle" b .. rns. ,.., The reverence 210 , n t the Altar i re ') i ct ree or icon :11 t v i cl: th ch 1.rc' i a co ... y t 1 Te altar is never croided wit c n le tick o . v of f o r r . 7 • ,.,, .J • l,J ' • 101 .. y 25 26 r · t • y n l 1 tl VI 0 ' 0 • 1 n l1uy , 01. no onl t e • l i 11 Vi tl e d , , n l f ii , ro t n rtyr of 11 • e i V i 0 1 . in he • . a lC t1. , • t h t r - 18 l C · e C r e int e ly ~rt 0 • t .. r l C 0 r covere • • fi lely .J. l 0 co 0 e • r x" 10 , 011 eat • e of Sl • e b ilt ficiently hi to 0 l au e re C of small children. Thie niche con- . i 11 . light before it, • l n a rnino !/ l C ex~ing ished. Ever) • - e mar 1ng n . ta in 0 before the "iconoat • " ' Sl , . . of t e Virgin or of Saint, e l i,I roes n some n ect· . . the aff ir ily • r ro a.l in 0 l • - ~. d • e·.ten ive worehi . .... e 18 0 l -- r C t · i , " l vi l t } V l 1 w 0 V 0 l r 1 ' r i · tl 0 , rn " r - " • i r y ') r 0 f ri ti y • id To ., in- r l e ry. i C c 1 t n in 0 er t r 0 y· . • ~ ort ri \.... t . el or y n • " • t e 1 ' seeme .. t 9' e inl> to • - n . r n pr~ in •• ir-:-i •• • t tl i not t :c1 • e of • • .., A . e ~l , u \ T - a I ne as f ... e ~e . Tl1ey were out r1ardly ro ' .: • ~ #114 . + ere is li+tle o ~bt t '1t y e= .. ~ ... ..... cr_a ... J.a.. , - . -- . • ..,.. .... ~ into the C • ti . • r 1 r o rl - .. • f • f . . 08-l n C 0 , 0 " , g a. 0 . ' , . t ('" . ~ ,. V r r - . • r, , t t ) tJ } } ,,r r s 28 • r tition. it l n ' 'Tl d art t t 1 t ti n. l y l e inti i u \ 0 r -clo , t h co , a 0 rkone l b r 011 h t 1n t in 0 form n.r ly to tr " t only 11 it f th in i • ..t • • f f i i tr t i t- 1n l or - 11 r y a , r t zanti • icon 1 to r or e 0 r Y V ll carry1n n ~ t 1 • n t th • • 10h 7t . ) - 1nv 1n mrn , n e on r t. ry r, 0~ ve C. r e ctio n a t e r f Ic l t e . A at co trovora arose co cer i • • • icon violentl e tr e1r n. 1 • er e by rch • er r 0 , · 0 ce C C C , ~ • st te y anoth cou1cil an .. y ot oe re1 r er C ~ t ritiee. • lly in 8 2 A. D. it as deer in re~t ,...h t , ever re e re • ~,ve e e , • • t fe t of wore 1i 1n ""'4 r l e re • f a ea r to tho 1e rt of - "" 'v t t the igh e t lace • the est e roaa es in - -, t· f t e follovrere of Je h~ i t. Alt ca ever ate l y e r th V ry, 0 t r r c . ' 29 r e ft C 0 • - w C n i " ) • e n into • m • i f C 0 "o - f • h iI 0 l t l ·h l 0 ch 1 • te r V I r ln ' . . lan i in t t l 11 cro y • rivi- - .I. r ' " in J al r ncl even r .. V • i pi reed the vior? ' ' f • ia • to the ' • • l pl ne cro • r • ls ! It seems th t it refer s "irit 1 • al meaning e- asaes, and i ts place ie - - .. .. .c to \ hi c 0 derf .1 ef fect are e- • ~ king of the • of t e ss e sign er e • ever it t U C ea r ~l enever "n - . . r 68 r r t J.Oly Trib V t ' , y b y 0 ( C 30 0 0 C ' i l y n nd V r y t • • 0 J O l 0 0 h V l )iri • i y r oe 0 t )Y' t 0 r • h n 1 o C t r rl t e r- i • • le • vor n l e l • t itn l .. a . ' w encv r e r , or t an 8 fore • • votional at it is -- 1 n ver a ex- e -- ~o f lfil t 0 n e • r it rg , as it ie commonly callea , is • day • - service on ever .. r l g t::t ~ ~ ... - •• -C t aints ' D ya. T rit 1 f ·+ ~ lv .,, rgy of s• - v • John C r so tom, ~ e- t e older an, 1 ..., n r it·i-- y f • a 0 l , od rinci ally , r n ... i z , r Before entering ""On '. brief a nl)' is of it, it io 1.ld be well to note for characteristics 1hich it hol a in com mon with other services of tho church. First: The riestly vest ento. .bile officiatin, the clergy wears eci~l g rmenta according to their rank. Theae 0 arrner te evidentl 1ave deve o e fror. th e orr lin ry Roma11 d.res · of tle firot t l r cont ries of our er. T ey are gorgeous nd co t_y i1 ap Jearance, n sJm olical in meaning. Their color ·o_ nds U J Ol the oc a i on in 1 ·ch they !lre vorn. hi -'· e or a y c ti of c lore .. ay otan~ for white) i · f r f tiv • C 81 . ; r e i s • , · r1n fasts, n bl· ck for f·nerals. The Bisho rank entitles him t o a cro, ( .itre) at ed ri tt1 j e\vels and lined wi tl1 red velvet, and to a crozier, _ ornan1e ted \. ith ser~ ent ' hoa s hol e ing : :; t "J'een t e r tern C . 1+ · l V l . a tiny c·o . re a thority 1 +hat the r o f t C rie tl • rr1- A ostlee the Joelv s vere , ment, "let the ener:ies --~ y ·• ture of - the Evangelist Jol111 c ey · i . 1 ! " - s not t o ves- ct· , y one of the ie o s a~ ome even AS _ate as the 6tl ce try .. ? nd i it in- credible t'1at St. a 1 1 s cloak . ~r 1 C e left in Troaa (2 Tim. 4:13) may be still reserved to tl1is ay int at ch rch? Second: The e:.tten iv s of candles n all services. The ni,ht, evidently is , e of candle s in ~yti e, ~e el a at l See • rviv of a 31 incense may be trace to tle ebrev te le or • l • Form r- ly, honor was sho,vn t o o n . .:J nporor s an cleit i es y li ·hto torches and burnin f ince se , o y nattr 1 tr naference they how acco ~any t e rie t s vhen they a i oar before to ~udience in the Jreoence of a oly object, sch o t lc G - pel or the Holy , ch rist. In the use f candles the ch r h eli eves it follows the exa~)le of St. Pail, as r ecor de in ct 2 ·: 8 ; "T her e \'Jere rnar1y li ghts in t he -er c ered together." 0 e · a es t o - t t, e li · · t of the candle is t· 1ly t ey clai1, a " Jlorio s rofl cti n of the inner joy anl h p i o~o of t he Chri tin." Incense, 1~ving the av~ t aee of creatin~ "a visible atmos~hcre" of ray r, i t he aym ol of evoti n i re.yer. ithin, The censer shon~ t he IIi s Godhead; the s ''eet S irit. it of lri t nd th fir Third: accorq_)anied or i t The 11 sic of t ch 1.rc • • 1 n :, 1 n ' n into J. t io i1vo~in oft • l of ch~ t .n • • l 1 .e It is n h mns, containirg little rhythm or t ne, givin~ one the i m)ree ~ion of strane;o, weir l g1.:,rio a ao n ~ s unli 1 .,.0 any other musical composition o~,.tant. Occasionally there re choirs (ea ecially ir 1-s sia), vherc artistic beauty an h 1 0 y are ro ucel very credit r1bly, but aside from im ortant occ ~ i ns lie t 110 hoir i ~resent, the rm.teic of the cl1t1rcl or i 1 .... rily c rti st o of tre 32 chanting of the i t tl t de i a nn.i ic 1 nclyois. v- er i..1nder any ci re metance i there o. y 1 ic 1 inst n 1 ent, large or smal, i e or tri , to gr~ce the services of the churc; never Almi hty F th r. co ·re 7 tio1 singin it raise tote o boo of y.ns i ever o . ene y the laity, for none ha ver been bli he for their use. Fourth: The services -- ~11 the services -- of tho church arc cond cte nintelli i le to all ut those verved i the cient la • l are rendere. Conse . e1tly the r notony of the chants and - intent tions, to et er 1i the engthine o oft e ser,icee in a practi ")n ll.., nees a ~n the or l i )er s wlich · relieved fortunately by variotle short cerei:onial .. , such a the opening and cloair..g of the altar doors, by the coming in and oing o t of the clergy rvith b rnirg candles and s o.vary incen -e , y t .. e ing oft 1e sign o- t e cro s cert i interval, 1 c 1t r i st , et c . This reetle sne~s i ~ gravatec the fact that t e co gregation et n d~rin the entire services , for aide from a f e :r co r fort a le st 11 J l c ce - lo .g t alls forte ae ft O ~ e~ or infirmJ no eta or eve hat<oever are : roviue. The Oriental c atom of st~ndin in the presence of a s erior a ill obt ins; l O\V n ch more fitting this oat 1r • l 1 en 1ortal .re eel in t e 1 s·n of ~l i ty od in i ho I • 33 The Holy Lit rgy first, the pre arrtio y e divided into three art : f 0 chari t (or offeri g); econ , t 1e the Fai thf ll. of th .1atcc .re ; thir , t l e • .as of Before thi ch rch ervico c n . e ro _orly cele r~ted, certain prep~r tion for it, on t e nrt of the priest, are e:-cpected. In tl1e first 1 ce, the riest . t be in the right spirit al attit e of riin tere to the Lord in th te le. or1n g il t an n·ort i es to Go. rea~ his evotionals even tie nd so 1 before he minis- Ie s t firfit confess hie e i e: ecte to h ve ny, ct the o re e·- tioned in connection ,it t e trial L n c - cifi~ion of Or Lord .• In the secon l" ce, l e st have prer, a·red the " acr 1 he service, n r o e iniaelf in his sacordot 1 ga r et . On ent rin 0 the ltar fro1 si ~e oor, the officiatin ri est prono · ces the initial " le in , " lease be our od, al,v ye no\v and ever n t a 0 a on · es, Amen. u In order to be more f lly prep~red for this holy occasion he vors i the icons of Chri t 'n t e Virgin within the Altar; fr- therrrorc, he mak t1ree "a orati o e" e st 1 r d toe her wit the sign of the croa , n ~fter aovernl r yer c. s l e his a a, ho1in ris" rit fr t c le r tio oft t • " h" • er, 1 1 e 1 r-- 34 ... O\V begin the fir t i, art of t e it 1rBY ro_ er, the symbolic cer 4 0 yo co. ecro.ting t e . chari -t. The re· di ro 1n, le vene loaf, of re l1eaten flo 1r vii th n1arke ivieiona, bearin the fi re of crooa on 1 ri t con- \1hich ar ear the letter of tl1e \1orc e "Je ~-ers." (The portion containinw thee letters ia called "the seal.") The prie ton le~sing the reqd with the si rn of the cross pronounces three times the wor s, "In ecory of the Lord nd Goi, o~r vior Jes 1 s hrist." Then he t tee the ' Holy Spear an ta j)in 0 "the s al" . ith it, c .t off a ... ortio11 of the loaf, in . , 11 The La of o is sacrifice," "As a sheep to the el L ghter, " etc. Then another ortion • t off in honor of tho Virgin 1S C .. vii th the v1or e ls, "To o:,r n o t lorio 8 L , · / other of God, 1 lir~in inte • • Lor " even . '.ary, I 0 ces 10 r ce1ve, ' et C. Othc-,. portions ther1, ro .>riate ray- ers, are ct off i honor totes int . ; t· 1 ot er~, for the f ithf .1 cler 0 y and laity, ooth livin an ead. Then holy cloths are lace over the ort i on n are re )eete ly incensed, ,hil the e2co1 (a rie t of the secon · rnnk) ~01rs wine and ater into the cl lice anc later ceneea the Altar, the cler~y ~nd the c rch 1ith it con ·rebation. ,any Jrnyer i t1e forr of ita ie a collect f ollo 'v. It i here that t Gre~t Litany i i to a -- a won erf 1 r~yer, 001 r lenai e in sco Je ~nd -- ' les. ing o t10 .i u, on the • l cl r ~ , on 35 36 r • • ' ntro - in ' 1110 ' 1 r , . , C , 0 1 i 0 ht r ·o r t C ti ri for th " it I tr " h n • t • ion r1 r · oor 11 c 1 roceo r ce e r r 1 n 0 i 0 loft the 0 ) • • i . nd i y,) 1 . r v . o n e - r V re r ir 0 t a .. rn to tl1e t -r. " i " el" tione • t for .. 0 0 a .)) 1 e into • JOOIJle. .o ( l 1n ) r 0 t • econd rt of t Lit e r Y, e ,., • i ti of v , 1 , con r .yer~ t or tho e 0 eT • • • of • ti i ty. his l l r 1 r1 • f t of lon / f t q_y (.; go -- r ere .,,. t 't e ert ole s, they re till C - ~ • • 1 ed t he clo oe of t hi ~ 3 ·o 'lrt of l r • • t "') -rt • sent the l , 1 1n r 0,., C an • • hich f llo 1s . .e ass T . t . rt of the it i nee i the r · r nno • " • ' L t .. t d t o is .. l .! fl r e 1 • . • d tone ti l t lV . l vcr 0 ' n f~ t + • er .t l cro C. ..,, • f ect follo ~, the r ~ at i c.. r .. C ~ y r • - 0 • • 1 le i 1} h . • l C 0 l " l • .:J y r JT n 0 Tr } i • tt t i 1- y r C 0 r I - .I r d . y " o 7 ' 0 . • · 1 b 0 0 • 1 l 0 by .. • 11 0 'IL • • • . l n n Cl I, .,_ 0 a a ~ ·- J n J ~ 0 , ro 0 u i t t i n f +1 ,J ·- i • t • 0 •• oc 10 e y - l. - .. ~ .... t • 1 0 C t' t tern h if- .. .,rt • t C t iolic • "" e 0,: n • -,t lC ... .. .J '- .. , .., . ... t • tit- ti "r:, • • . o_ e 1n ' • loo fl t .... l uY C •• • • • 0 • -, and loo of t • - O.Vl • r 1 . ,,i (,j an r 0 , r in" n ~o 0 0 l C - r J • priest now partakes oft~ e portion of th 1 af ar ed "Jeaua Christ," and y , "T c recio .. a an l most holy .. re~d of Jeaus Christ, or Lord n God and vier, i 0 iven t o me, 1! . priest, for t l1e for gi v l eoa of 1 y • 1 S for ife . everlasting." The e f r r1_ 1 • l r c t ee in • the c·p. He, then, offerr the ele1 e t - to th clergy. s i c. tin After a rayer of tlan~ ii g, tle oor' are o r ene and the 1 rie t, 1 • .11n t C i e tot .-oor le, Bv.Y , "Approach ~ith fear f /'to., . it· i . ro- .. ceeds to offer the eie ~e t • sake of convenience, the r n~ i ~ • erall y ~J .. t into t e wine of the c1~lice Ln' iven to the 1 ity vit a golden The comrm.1nicant ~ lace ri ht • t o_lo r spoon. i n • of his left (a symi oliv • • tt t o i s ! ,... 1 , l e .. even . u. Q and l1olds the l1i · t1 t ct ot . ~ lo ... near so 1 -:' f · o -b ap i lled. After • hi self, he 11i • t l or cross1 0 e . l 0 on towel which t riect's Tli to. 01 • a 1ang n e r · • l al vays b .rned after the • of it oli ess, serv1ca -- eca se the ch"', rch voulcl ffir ' • The .a; ortion of the loaf eet for t l1e aints n.n for the "fo.ithf l" li Vil :-· • ater di tri · .te t 1.n a · 1 u the churc 1 door tho • t a: . .. i 110 e to the ~ 01 e ..- 1ro 6 sick absent en1bors little th -1 • 0~ tl e or a Q _ ss1n Holy Li tl.1rgy. The service clo ~ i e c "1c.: ti O of t e c r n the prayern of the i r ~i sa9.l, ~fter ,-1 i o c.. tr oor 38 are closed and remain thus t1ntil the 11ext service of the church. In connection lith the Lit1r y there are three fe t- ti.res i11orti1y of brief co mment . First: The ideas e ra se in tl1e song an cru:nt are "intensely objective," dif erinu greatly from the hymns of the Protestant Ch rch, 1hich are largely "e bject ive." The cl1anta e "' tol t_ e attrilJ tes f o · , the 1ork of the Holy Trinity, the story of man's rede ~ . tion and hia Redeemer, the character of the Virgin an t e saint. They abound in lofty sentiments and many bea tiful verbal ex preaaiona. second: It is not only the priest who must maKe pre parations for the celebration of the Eucharist. The com nn.inicant also is e :pected to make himself worthy of part i cipat ing. It is inc mbent that he fast in true "orthodox" manner (which will bee )laineu in a later cha _ter) at least one week prior to tl1ia ti1ne and that lie taste no food vvhatsoever before receivin tl1e eleme11ts on tl1e morn ing of the cow union service. Third: At the time whe n the Eucharist is offered to the con 0 regation, tl1e 8}.1)ectant crowd of com.~ 1nica11ts often degenerates into a seething mass, not unlike a mob, so that tl1e presence of a police force i s not a nco1n1non occ r- ronce. Thia diaoxderlinesa is largely due to the fact th t the congra 0 atio n , not eir e te , ( ec e of 1 c of av ) mu t neceaa rily co e , to t 1 altar oore for tl t , 39 and those ,,,ho succeed in reac11ing the doors first are served first. In ad ition tot ia, all are ea er to re ceive the cornnmnion not simply because of its spiritual significance, hit also because it is co idered cond cive to bodily healtl1 and te~)oral prosperity. 40 Ch tar III. neratitioua eliafa and ractices: ... Toly laces and Holy iater; Holy Daye and asta; Gifts an Vows. The mediaeval idea still prevalent in the Eastern Church that one rm.i t ~i thc lra\v from tl1e 1orld in order to live a holy life ha res lted in num erleaa holy placea or shrine to \Vhicl1 the credulous resort for relief from disease or miafort ne. uuch holy places may be mona - teries, caves, o 1tain-tops or raves; they may also be wells and springs who e miraculo a powers, conferred by aome saint or .. oly man, have cured blind11eaa., chil leaa ness, 1 al rial ever, _ar lysia, etc., in token of hich the grateflll reci ient attaches, if possible, a rag, or pieces of atrin or yarn, to a projection or a led a, or an adj a cent hru o. This same motive leads otliers to bring hand-knitted socks or homa-ioven silk or cotton a irta ad to1e1~ as offeri es to the c 1 rel . Tne vealt~ ier cla att ch il- .. er or d an a or feet or lo ""o the a ere . icons a gifts to the ther~pe tic or as a f ulfill et o a vo Conaecr a t ttme na of ' r C • or holy . l ri it to v·om the , re i ndo tad, nde in t ime of i tr as. ter is i h y vale a a • 1n i monthly ator 1 c 11 41 a tifi a ial r r - i . l m C r r l ri r i • i f r OV • • l l 11 0 if 0 i ' t t • • n Y n 0 t h hi w y • rn t C 0 f r y r , th m y wit a , p l . • • n t , ec- m y n f ic- bi l l l r c 1 d ' ri e, 0 . 1 ny rvic lCh 8 th b ic r • 1 tarti of o e in of factory , or the e f chool, or the leavin of a re i- -- in scar f ai ilar int ce -- o • It ie a ay1bol of the divi e e a e ea ity for any public or socia ev n er e c re. ca e dar evotea one special I1oli y f r e y e m r ess r • f ater;" it i a called "Jordan Day," t e v • r a • fter the Lit~r 0 y is cele rte • l f , an i r a i 're cera1 · 1y e ve, ond Ol: V r e t 0 cc r y l t ome c ilclren are af r the crosa is f e of straw for the - ... e · r fr 1 it treeB in or C - .. J I L r • 7. l and according to the "orthodox" mind, the 1 e 1 way would be to hava every day holy day, meanin, day free from toil and work, and devoted to religiou s ceremony nd fest ivity. Since this is not px~ctical, the c 1rch ha select~ ed the more prominent saints or dye co rnemor ting eci~l events in the life of Chri t ancl the Virgin, \vhen people are required (not requested) to oeaae from their ordinary occupation and give up the day to gaiety and idleness. Sucl1 days give an op~ art ni ty for social intercou.rae, as public folk-dances or vi it to er 0 ons bearing the name of the a int iliom they are co .emorating; -- li~etiae chance for the men to "guz le" in the rine sho ,e, while their "\vomen-folk" gossip on the door tepe of t eir ho ,es. There are also some holidays that evidently do not re ceive their sanction from a Biblical or religious ao rce, but front prirritive beliefs and cuato s, au. ch as a holiday forte ice in 1ovember, forte wolves in Jan1ary, for the donkeys on the first tr ~y i n ent 1 e t y ~ e sheared, regardless oft e -er.t 1er), n t e holi ay in J,ly called "The Daya of He t," when all , or ~ in the h ~r vest fields is at a standstill for three days. But the greatest of all holidays, one that overshadows all others in preparation and significance, i the ter festival. The preparation for thi gr t v t f t.e y begins v;i th the lon Le t e aet of forty- ii , n ~ith the early plan i ~n, hoee for e f i y eco1 o ~ i c l rent · o en ◄ te i tt,o t Y, 44 the housewife ives her home a thorough clearing, which she consider s a part of her religious duty. So hen Pae oion W eek arrives, it finds newly whitewashed or tinted walls, shiny windows, fresh dra eriee and renovated r ugs and carpets in every home. The special Easter services begin on the evening of Holy Thursday, when t ·elve select ions of the " G ospels" are read,and t he service concl1des in the small our s of tl1e morr ing trith the n' ilin _ p Ol tl1ree crosses in a co - spic oue lace in the ch rch. Durin the clay of .oly Thursday, the ho e-n.other colors . r .aster et, a, \7hi ch seem to have en in 01tant lace in the ,aster festivities, as ve shall see 1- ter. On Good Friday, t roughout the day, 0 rq ps of women and children and ma1y old or i nfirm men, dressed in their new holiday attire, go to t e churc an ay t '1eir ho age to the crosa that as et· the previous eve i _ . A 1 bring the custor ry floral of erin sand can lea as for~ funeral, and lay them on a special ier which contains the figure of the er cified Chri t; for in im.: gination, which assume the for m of reality, they have all come to the burial of the dead Savior . ,afore leaving the C irch, every one cra 1le on his hand ◄ f nd knees nd r the ~ier in the ho~e of aecurin ~ hys i cal ha l t a nd for ive esa of sine. Tho evening service rich folloiv eem li as ~ vival of the old. "my tery pl'ys." It r acl1es ita clin1a in the f neral roce oio of the i aho nd prie ts c t- 45 ing tho regular ervico for the dead and holing above their hod the ier cont inin tie fi ue of tle e Chri t. rin t e p r ces i 1 it i a co ·on occ ~rrence for so e e rneot 0 1 to n~ t ch flo er 0 y fro the bier, • t t • • il val 1n e l Bl C r C 0 e co l'l y be restored to health by to chi it. The • g races ion akea the circ it of t cl rch b il • de, e n , n ro oneti e ta'ing ny treets to econ li l thi • C por on • 1n • the follovi lti tt e 1 ~ l i te c - dle in hie hand, for any the clergy tl $ f • ea tif ll trea of li t flo 1i1 r 1n a city ~oc -- , tilt e c urc . l re-ent r ry t1e C1ri t fi r tively ehind t e 1 -r. The ~~l in tion ft e aster ervicea is reache at m i dnight before :aster morning. The t ron l as enbl s i h li~hted c~n lee an ~ a ter eggs, antici _ ti the joyf 1 1 on ent \"I .. en the 1 t' .r oors r oJ; ene I t e _i sho in orge 1aly ~ ~ e sed priests nt- d ly ch nt forth, "C riut i ri -on fro t e ea, t e gr ve no longer holds him!" The joy of the resurrection is a g mented by the rin i g of c 1rch ells and chi ~eo, by re~r- ing and eatin of at r eggs (thua ending the lo Lenten fast) , by shooting of pi tole and boomin~ of cu non, · il the glorio s me sage, "Christie risen!" i repeated fro mouth to moutl and t ere deed. n • or e 1 iven, 1 ' Ia i ri en in- Thus Easter orning dawn il ile them ltit e 1ends its way home ar, • 1e ry 1 ody fro~ tl e lent services 46 et- of Passion eek, but hap y in het rt that once more it may celebrate the raat event of the year. One further ·s ecial Easter ervice is held. The after noon of Easter Day witnesses the unique service of the read ing of the ~ ospel story of the Resurrection in ae many dif ferent lan ua ea as the clergy or prominent members of the community can command, in order that no stranger or foreign er present may e ignorant of the Restrrection -- that cent ral trutl1 of the Christian f ith. The joy of Easter continues throu 10 t the iee , t special attention is riven to the first three days when all cease from their ordinary occup tiona. The feaating and carou.aing of the eneral public at this time makes a rich harvest for physicians and cemeteries, especially as it fol lo·1e the long fast of seven weeks of Lent, when vitality is lowered by it and when capricious springtime plays tricks on bodily con titutions. Thia brings s to the subject of fasting, which ie greatly emphasized by the church and practised more rigor ously t ian in the Roman C~tholic Church. Fasting ie not the simple substitution of fish for meat, J it is ) tai i " eta -- incl n b ter, e leniency, owever, is rant rom 11 nimal foo c. -- n ... ro A li 1 , mil, on certai y in Lent, when fi a znay e ten an oliv oil may b e, t e 1 t- ter being oth rwiee t ooed beet ie sol i kine of 47 animals. There are foi r great fast s of the ye r, to v1hich the devout ones or those under vow add Friday an Wednesday of each week. These fasts r observed very reli 0 io ~aly by the "masses." There are forty d.ays of faating afore Chri tm s Dy; there re forty-nine ys of Lent; ~1ere is a fortnight in honor of the Virgin I s aaaumpt ion, an - ' a fast for t. Peter' Day , the len 0 th of rhich is et r1ined y the mova1 le dat of ente c at 1J Eater. The two lon0 e t f; sts of Christmas an Easter · re in- itiated by an evenin 6 of gr at feaetin . an merriment in the form of bonfires a nd fire-er· cker • T e first 4onday of the "Great Fast" -- the common term for Lent -- is known aa "Clean ifonday." The daJ ia devoted t thorough scouring of dishes and cookin.;; utensils, lest tne f -st be broken by the carele sneaa of the housewife in overlookin a y ni~l fat on t1 m . Durin 0 all fast , little children ~re c re f~lly watche an of n terrorize int s bmiasion to the ordeal of faatin~. If any chili or ad 1lt sl1ould ina. lvert ently lapse, he woul 'e ebarre' from the Holy Communion until the ne.t seaaon of fasting, (a deciaion of the i icean church council still observed.) The deprivation of the Comnru.nion rnie}lt bring ill health, bad luck and even lose of aoul! The fast of fourteen days in honor of~Virgin fury ia the eaaie t to ob erve in th tit occ 1 rs in 1 t l en frQit n v et ble r ~ ler t 1 an the 1 n yatem 48 c n beat spare nimal food and products. Si f t . 1 . d d -f • • t 1 nee a 1ng a con 1 ore · as a meana o_ sA 1r1 ua preparation for the observance of any holy day , it is parti cularly fi tt in that t he:re aho 1 1l be · fast in honor of He· r who holds an incompara lee inence, hiQher than Archangels and saints. he, eing the ]!other of God, "makes intercea- sion, nerforms nonder oeyon l me a re transcending all oe lief, gives us an inherit nee to an endlee kingdom, is our prudent aavocate n direct me i ' ,or; she rnakaa us righteo1 a; she loves ua; dhe ake l , iae." 1 1 u gar s, T o:1,_;i[_C 0 • 49 Belief n Chapter IV. ractices Con cted 1ith attism, l!a.rri4ge nd Death. In her vari~ s r1~ics, the Eastern Chrrch has made provision for no· rly all the re t experience of life, but special attention haa be n given tot 1e tnree o t- stnnding events of . 1 's life -- n ely birt i , marri 0 e a11d death. lie o~ inion not only favor· the rite and ceremonies ~r~roJri te to tie occ ion u arr~.ged y t'e ChtlXCb' 1t i aists al o t1at it ~oul be abaolttely iron~ and improper to do otherwise -- so 001m are he neo·ole 4 .. and the Church to time-honored c tomary aye. Bapti m ia expected to take place a few days after the birth of a child. It is considere of a ch vitctl im- portance tnat itlo tit t e v- .. orn lJ i a alas e s a heatlen, lost and oomed forever. SO rectly at t '·e, then, is the aalv tio 1 oi the cl ila. that t 1e Cnurch auth- orizea even a midwife to ~ a .. t ize in c se of re" t emerg cy. The Church o ;)serves infant ba t ism by immersion, ' 1 t does not exclude d- 1~ a~tiam, as, for i_ tanco, int e case of a convert r J • 1 rn . Before the chil is itted to b t i . , tl1e arente find sponsors for it. Tee latter are 1ally identical with those who asai t - at ., . 18 rri ge oft e p· rent. The presence oft p re1t s · t b tis i n itl r n ce - 50 sary nor expected. Tl e a onaors re such vi t 1 f ctor that by virtue of m rri ge and b ti m the p rties become a closely rel te e tho1 ht ey ere lood relations. Here is a c.w.nce for one to choose hie Oin relations! The odp rent on bringing the child to the church mu t enter through a certain door reserved for the unbaptized. The child in tl1e arms of tlle sponsor i eld ' it it he'd tovard thee at and its hands Ofn by its ai·e. Tle priest br eathes three tit ea on its f ce, a.1 es he ai n of the cross th r ee timee over it and p,t his h ·da on it lead. . fter three exorcie a i "to depar t from t e o ic the Evil One ia commanded ,ho ie being lJre red for holy il- l .ninatio " (t i is said of an inf nt!), the .. rie t again breat es tlr e tie • t. a cl il : o its fa.re 1e d, mot1th r yer re.e ted trice that" od ay reast, it. • ev·1 .. d ~1 J.Cle n t • iding n 1 rkin lV aw~y every 1.11g, • • rt. " (.here oeerns to be no do bt abo t " ri 0 inal 111 1 s e sin. ") The 'I • 1 • t ..L~ r totwc.rd tl e vest \Vi th p- l en l., e lifte rms nd t e 8 o 1aor • irecte l.8 to blov, an t it t ree t imea he cilr i • recite vreed lB of t e s onsor .. • t • l : roceed · .. ~ . ... ... ~ e evil an reno n0e all • lS I/Or a. t \~ar t e euat, an the .. icon • t thodox religious . , expre n e Vle • • . a a C • re ll l r rv1 • . r lV n(f Q t ~ C il • · v 0 r e i ·r11 t la 0 0 61 52 C n 8 ft r V ·1 yer iv · n - )lie on the • r rt f l t . ] i ri n:, i to he , l l r • " et th ' o . l on \V , , 1 r l 1 h 1 i n C 0 • he • hr o · l C V r • i • • ol y 08 y - o r n :t 0 • '..L. f hr l rm cr o e • l o_y t l t • rel t- 0 r 0 l ca 88 .. • • it . it l e . ' 0 l l e ce if oe a 0 t al n· , f m le co r ec- • • if i f· t . re t l ey l , r s 0 ..L. e · ot r y a ctio t ey C ot I.I , t'e ro1Jl • • 0 0 , m 18 e • • • fir t tle • it n 8 ·n · re r - .. . er . e for the female a. ~e . . • • .ersed, • .L. is anointe d 't , ~ e e 0_1 18 l l l l - .... o ... • , ., the heali_ 0 ~ t" e e OK , or OI 0 , ear , "for th l1e'-ri n of f ' J • t ... e t f f , l 0 C ' C " 0 - I 1 V , , • • r e · ' f. • I • 1 1 I t, - ation of the chil talcee plac -, whicl co sit of a oi ting it with holy 1ri y m in small cros i n r lines on the forelead, eyes, nostriJ, mouth, ear, rat, h,nd and feet i h t he t t met, "Th seal of t he ·ift of t e oly Ghost, Amen." Cl1risrn or o y ct i o i one of the sacramont ~1ic, a d.lt · • tere - • li r e ti ...L. l OilC in a e. I i c if Y- ven ., i f ere _ t t -nces, 1 cl ief- ly olive oil n lsam t ~11i Gh have been cd rell • e ~1ne, or n ater, in flo etc. It • red , r, er ' 18 r -~ i luge vats y officially a ointed chemist s and blessed ye r on ·1aln y-Thtrsdcy. After t e c firnation, the child is dl'es ed, till • ba ti · t er, • irt resente d we 1 e 111 a new 6 y tne . . li · irt olizes C riat's go - er. l SY · ri te • of • .. . " t t .i. - e y 1r .e ... Vl a osor e - e al ater, . later • • stre m of ·c ... ter . lS a..., e 1n a n. n1n 0 l or "'e· t nc not in 1ma n may defile the sacra ~ dropa. The t iema_ service at tl1e font en s Vi i tl t 1e c ,t- ting of fo,r little 00 ,. 0 air from the f ur sides of he ba y's Tre • t t e ·. \Vas he hi n a d cro ,,, • prie chants m 3:, , ' e ., ie he v1l10 ae trans • • sa ~ es l"' 10n l for J ive • . ,, T m'le • f a t~ r ose l • l covere e ~ e , • ~ take e _ i "l 1 e 11 1 t r er 1 1 :t i V 11 t} n .i:. io ; t l fe 1 at o i 1 C r t i • ort ') j ' 53 54 C d 11 V z I\ . y ( ) 1 0 0 , - V l , i l h ~ r t r r. 1 • t m 1r 0 , o· - C to ry 1 eae of the co n ries h rch • its a t ority, exercieea ve • • ectecl to e ls 8..r n1arry. ere ee e for celibacy in t • e e e n 8 e - • t .e of monk s e l caae - . . the hi h • e rr1a e 1n - l! r - ..I. • e ce tion o.c bi ho , 1 r I r . 1 le do i • , or l • • • t r e - y .. Jl • V 1 • l • 66 the S8V8llth degree; to rel t on hip y mnrri · to t e fifth degre • '- 1 ·, it a. r ti hir ( y b ti ) I C to the t ir de r It I t ho1.1 0 h it not e. r C g lZe , oe - ~ l"OVe of n a f o rt l1 • i ille 1~ , ar 1aue .eca e marri·ge • -idar . et , divorce i lS C • c.cr a grate y tl e ot by t e ci vi 1 "· tl r'tie ) nly in Cc 88 of C it , vi rivi ge of remarri ge to the in11ocent nrty • • inco . l n v t of a tor X n t1. re e cer 1110 y 1 e stern Cht rch i re- garde y t of t t . e eo 8 one e ~o C4n lg- nific of 11 • It I lle l "T tin" n C re1non1e • 1· C e .1or n f t I • t • n t • - r 0 ri n a e r1 sro e n , of ~ • most t of all lS - ya. • i t of t~o art • e ~r -ia e ere · con 7 lC- or - • • rily fo llo .v tivcly, altho t r 1n C sec e·v ._y e rm- .,/ ed a rr:-telJ • The first rt i I - t- l ece s r "f in w • f f arr:., l 1. c-tandi 1 ef the • f re . re icon e 1 ir ain 'ar y, • of t. e I isles f the C re t in o. e 81 e , 0 ~ rieet lesae U :>le t a • of C I eo io r1ngu, one U' Q .J. and one of silver, • • t ring of 1 01 to t a lVln e e oridegroom s ya, "A., t e erv nt of 0 , is b trotha to '1 B.' the h~ndm< .i f • t Sl l e l , • n I t. . e er ag e ne " Tl iv -- , • tl e silver . l · Y " l r1n 0 0 , . , of , 1 etr e A. ' t ff T ·o • tho ri11 · , 8 l ive tl e ri of 0 to tr.te ri 8 a a t e • r1n 0 ilv r to 110 ri 0 ro .1 , yrn Joliz in th ~ "tl1 s man hi, e . to th V/8c. ne .. 'I 1J n, d tha Il n ' h; aco 1 1 ohc.. rer 1 -i ~ eood " r ev- • er 1 cit l c.l't 1 • • t r r ~r r r . c. lr • 1 11 - , r .t. ho C nter of t 1 C- re f".,Cin ~ t e v - tar n er he r ~t cl1 n elier. Tl1e rt of tl1 • t '' cor- secon ceremony no e 1n -- e onation," with the sponsor holing li ht d tl e br i al ever 1 r yer cri tr electi n , ho rie t ) 1 ce • a cro :r- of t . • e lea C • e l a .. e br i uegroo 1. T r e i ·:c. r i 1 1 cro\v 1 rna e , · t , t .et imes . ., t ch ie alt i 0 so l e re w y i • et ., t f ornru.la precious .L. e lSe e • • r C - "A. , the servant of ., • : :room, ou, 18 er vine . , maiden f ..-o , in t 1e 112_ e ol ·, r," J c. ri ue i croineu 11th the ume rord. I re r ate , ree ti ire , ~ cc l i • l l e i of t e cross. e f VI t rr · ':1. n t Ii c ro in , r iv .J. C 1. • r t a ill y , i C . 1 1 I ea - 56 stone flags with v1hich the churches are usually pave'. Then the greu• c n elier han 0 ing over their eada i lighted and swun . in a circle, anc the couple :rith heir sponsors behind them move and stop at four point , a ing the sign of the cro~e witl tneir steps. At the four points, they bo • and cross themaelveu. The circle made by the swinJin5 01:1.n ·elier tYPifiee t e in 'iscol ility or t e marriage tie, dnl the makinu of the croae 1ith their st~ e is their mutual prorrise to "walk" the Christi n life in their new home. After this, t e cro vns are renoved, the pr yer and bless in.., of c i mi sal ,.iven, and tl e newly- e a.ed • air re- cei ve the congr~t -1 t ion of their friends in the nart hex of the churcn amid shover of s ,eetmeata a·na en r1ies. Then, accor.panied generally 'Jy n t ic, the bride room with his party escorts the bride to hi fat er' a house. ,hen they arrive at the threshold, the oother-i -l~w ~et er new daughter-in-law with a loaf of brea an a dish of salt. Before the bri e atop over the threshold, she crosses herself and receive a the loaf of bread and cli sh of salt -- the symbols of dependence~ nd fri nuliness. Great festivities follow this day of lays. The young couple have now reac ed tle goal oft eir ho es and, s ir ationa and expect no 1 re·ter joy t n to see uri 0 t eir life-time their own cnil lren 'crorne · 11 y t · c ·· re . Among then ny ca tif 1 c 1ts oft ~ E' tern lure 57 into 1ed . y tl1e pri t ( 1nfort l1 tely very unint n ne 1an art "' .. y e ~ ~ - e . t e e • . ,l - I e:r .. C 8 . C ' t. f ".1 ' lli 0 i ly ) ,. t f • tr s t evo t i r r 1· 0 n n the ol O\Vi ,. l 1ner,. 1 ervi 'e Q . n • • "Clo 1J 1 a t 1a e' r tl1 t lovee 10 0 I r t i 11 0 v t l1our , r ' ile .. ove e, Ani n " t1 an arm of po~er . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ' i 8 a le rt the ~ no t e orrov, ,, T rs h< 11 · ield to ,..,o n , : to-i. o ro7 , 'o 1 rn and cross to cro 11 1n! n - t - 8- n t· e deat· o an "ort 1odox\ the first action taken "' • to 0 , -'- the • . t .. t er ne 1 ay TA ' . l l. e - 0 'wl . e t a1 t o .)lace lighte 1 lfa )~ t a.A.. uer .. ~ .L. . t l1at "'· he soul - lie - n. IO , 1 · or ·er l n.y 0 9 _ 7. • ita . to the 001-ntry. a y tn no,1n • rola . e 0 . r1e · an o_ ren · re . •.J , 4 .. 9 ..0 0 fo ,, C 0 oil -i 1e· .. t, - ar, . .. 1 • .,)Ort nt i t l e 1 8 Y· u 1 o'1r "' .A: '.J f rr / t.) T ,1 l 00 t y l a • 1 r r V ' • 58 amid distre sing cane of grief and nournin...,, w ere no attempt ia ma eat self-control and n Christian ope is expressed to co1n.cort tl1e rJere ve1. At the ar.)oi ted hour for the f mer 1 services, t e priests, on arrivL1g t the ho e, ut on their "epitrach elion" -- the black tole. After a fe\ prayers nd cene ing of the home · 1 the re1 ins, a f nerul proces ion is formed in the dir...,ct ." on of the c 1·~h. At t·1e he d walk the person who carrie the f Ol or the a , f llore - I the ~Je· rer of t e • 1 . in tee roceed thre .. youn 0 boys dres . e in apeci . rooe , carryinJ the i cens- in 0 , t, e1 fina J.y t· e o_. en ier ith tne r r , i e c othed in ne, gar ente an e oe , an - ri 4 h face vncovered, follo ed by relatives an - rie_ s. At the eras, ro d ,or if • aseinJ a ch rel, t.:1e ,. roces eion h·lta, the ier i lai do1n and ~ r Jere a a rwcited ·y the priests that he evils irits may )8 confu etl or e- terreJ from followin~ t 1e ~roceasion. The service in the cl rcn ,ay bo al ert or lo 0 , d~en - ino lpon tho .rice ~)<,;id t e far ily of the eceaaetl. It consists of the readi 1 of t e , . cri1 tur 1 1 e a e : sal 1, the Beatitt.ides, Jol1n 5: 4, I The a . 0 l n ing very little c r1fort to tl e mo, rner bee . se t 1ey c re not understood y ·he ~eq le. I addition, ~e Canon o· tie ei ~ .. t od ~Ci tt t t 59 l 0 · 1.J. - r y l y ' I 1 ol l C.. t ' " • lr c , • r r • i - a r: 1 t • • ret' • . r , e C 'l or ,., r f e (!. ce ae ~ ea " .. for 6 i v·o • ' y 0 l • • t,. e • e !)ving C 2 e r .. e - - r r 1 ... .. " X' 1~ 0 0 e 0 ...__ b . . 1 i . - • - y , 6 Y - - } l r- 1 1- l lil 1 .. • " l l r n . n ll .. r 1 C ' ifa • ay ,:, , i fi t " t • • ver , , 1r ' y r i d for • t l e lir - • 1 l n e • lf . mhis • r.A.i • lr 18 i r .I:' died • • f ,- .L. e 1as in s .... - , 1 co .. di t ion • e ,.. ··aay e r . . . id .. .. • er 8 8 8, a o .. e · r • " "e -r - , !. a 0 . V J J " r • deeding property for eo rne phil nthrop i c or r l i 0 ious p r Jose or public welfare, etc., etc., or by p yi e for tie ervi cea of those privilege d ones , the clergy , who may a proa cl Al mighty God and t he Virgin a nd pray hi s soul thr o.gh the pearly gates of Heaven. Christ' s nomor . l e sayin conce1·n ing riches aeerns to be contradi cted , f or it r e de t hus i n the li ght of t he Eastern Church : "I ov1 ec\;~il :.:t sha~l they that have riches enter into the King om of l eaven!" 62 , Cl -I ter V. Concl sion -- Th e of a ief r tion an ~ e ne to ttain It. In the light of the foregoin at dy oft e star Church, only one conclu ion y drawn in regard to it fut re t ta, if it is to at rviva the a a1lt r of this a e of science an rogra true reformation fro1 - - · - - A 4- it l1in th The 10 r omande a L tl1er lift his voice in roteet again t the i~nor- ance, sel - comr lacency u11u per titi n th ve dimmed th liu1t of tr 1 of t 1i . tr uly to . • tit t- 0 co an o lC l - • n ~ to ., UC - to tl1e . . ri t .. al ion, e uy lMi e, nel • t. mess e 0 .J. 0 0 l • • ry of li ·-ior • icate - three 1 h t -t e l r 1n e all l"elicio • . 1 eir i t 8 e .._)er1 ce 1n co r e o· e ce. • 'fo anot 1er le 1l ar e • ase - OY one 1n rr1ore or s re .:.> e uence. " conflict; e first 11 e io d neriod of e eriment .I,; n e sec ia one o or ani a i 1 nd j t e t1 t e t 'I ir e_ i.., a n of "( 1iet, ten i to • 10n an for alie t T e e P se UI8 so tim s lo r or 0 r, • or l y 0 r rl 0 . a ot ~ r, iJ1 t il r:t 1er 1 tl e f ollo ·1 t • f 101) .J.. l or er ev ! I.J • • Doe er C :re f lly ill tr .t.. tl i l, teachi of l1istory? 1 Frere, • • r1 nc1? Car • 63 The first ae f e.Jerinent nd c lict i ee i the ch rch f the fir t Ao tles th th d no recelent to follo 1. Chri t left no s 1 ecific ri le for th con , ct of ._ cl rch o a iz tion. It bl -zc it t 11 e " t r i a 1 · n err r" 1 tl o t, ro , t 0 r f e . h- • en1 sm, e 11e t t e fore a f .I. stile om 1 ~n JerVi vorl . 1 C f 1 , l 1 . " { ... n r 1 i ion , n. et fort in 0 ri ati nity, et bitter o osition on 21 aides, nut the in1er ort of its spiri~ · 1 tr tho anc t loya ty of tliose eo.rly follov1er to the victory fter r1a y ye rs Tl1en c(.; me t ity "Y + o it i e co i.. lc., re freely develop t1eir chuirc lif Grad1ally there aro e e for finite c rch 1 ~ t e pl' ce ~ b. 1') o . t 1 i c t r a it i on. .. • nd n govern.1 e~ t to eti.st om ry ~ ,,ay of oing . ie i f , prac+ice .. ere ies v·1ere referred to, ctisc\.J. ed n councils nd decrees o~ i~ho~ et tled no, y l1t rch As long ,. s tl e c rcl1 contin"1ed to ex i-:> - n i nto the neighboring cou· trie of • • ort ern ror e, 1a · 1 or a he , l ole , f • t .. e Africa, it \V s, on , o ier 0 1 World, ultho 1i ~, t .cy C r ch t ~. t · 8 1 Y, aighted di it • tl e 11d ct of t 0 C l"C n ... er l C • Ther I • t- ~. t le at V t 1 t e C rch; t e 1er con- 64 flicta with h re i nc.l oliticul bodia The • were a sign o lif , d ng r Yl tom t -gn tion l n in li ff e11ce. r 1 " livin body - roy, fro '"I"' ' c to r • 0 , I • • • fr 1n .., l tlQ , 0 C 1r • , 1 n e 01 io l c O f O iI i , V O'} th t • • cliff r fr t 0 Jll1l mu..y l'l e 0 t 0 'Ch re tl er," tnles it i car use- le ~i1e- orn r ~ctice er no loner 1 t re ent- day co ition, t er f o 1s one i ne,,i ta le re "l l t: - ev t d to porzp nd ahow i but at t- ' i ion r i t t of ore ive ciriliz tion. • ~ C lS t e t e -c·i ,. o i or ! y ,r e or Jooley, "that .en ct.here tot e creeds rit tale ~or r do .tint o l a t for i i · 1 e ific tion so long aa these o, on t e , f eir ct· on. • • • • • • o lon pirit n ~ i te t e i r a ly c v Je, • l 1 ... , a f a s t ey re se arate , tl e sym 1 ec n e y o e.l to vl1icl , ho,qever, c atom, • ri e or intere t 1 ay etil clin. It then st~planta rat1er than co veya t e reality." 1 ymbol d cereron , a ~eh ve ean in r ce i vet, e·r rig t l lace nd benefic nt inf in ive re 11 r i , er 1 ley, • l i rol) o ti on t ) i of excl • 10 0 8 66 ., 66 for aft r a 1 , eel mo ' i of mi -Or im rt 1 ce I e co .re tit r L 1 . i r i , .- 1 it y rer 8h o 1 0 ' - m . ·o n t nc i 1 1 ,or ov r, • rt. t • to f • tit i o _ cererno r r t C l 1,m l t en 9 1 er h ne, , ' I •._r i t ic 1 1 1 1 ts, 1 1 0 stran le t e -'-1 - lif f !l 1ir i 1 • ll 1 4 • l i • i ely t h • 1 ,a stern o cc 1rr 1n l Cl1 . Ask n1 i' ~ervian l y he • "or ho · .o · " re • a . or c.;: l.,;;, a i • I f . elo g to t l vaot n jority of t 0 lai , 1, ,:- ~ 1 C l t r a s hr only n V r y li i te 0 - ort- I - . ti C l l ~ 1 i • 1 ~ni or ' C ·1 - re, l e 0 e- + i ..t.. e f ct : "I c.; n ' or·t n . ox' oca .... o y 0 ., . . f , ') ·1 :, l" a l l 1 r vere l C 1, i .,, ~o u_ e·o ,,. • J. " " for • 11 fo-:c I tize rie t e l 0 e 0 . e. i,vas Ja. D Y a • of o r f i t1 ' ' le a cl1il "; I fast e11 th C rch 8 r- o so; I . o to cl .rel and ... eep 1 e saints' ; I or i , t · e icons cnr cro a myself ver a~ - e " etc. , e C • , e I s o:rt l1i s outv1 r - : ac • erfo ne ~ • • , ..i:::o t t o j,_ . fa. her - , r e e e r, t re l r ~ \J 0 .r.- • re~i • f i , 1- . • til rel i .· · .. .. ea .. . r e l 10 e i ce 1 a. a c i .I d e r t t o·~ ~ r r .. -o ncl to r1~ r t -- t t - t i ction i ty • • ere 0 ) n r · ..... . l 1n C. • l t ~e 1· J.. • • f ·e . T i., l -- 1 no , l c; J t r re D r. ~o • "I t i . 0 • • or· . ec· t l V ,r n 0 1 - .,/ ' 1J. 0 ' ' t waa comri i tt e l • 0rtl10(0 ... t 0 l 1 - ,. e e • • 1 CtJ of ri · t n t 10 m l .. 1 • .J. I;; • • • • • • • • J e lJ r.uy ac ll. lly co e 0 nt "I t t ol .L. i 0 ' lf -L - r o.L, e --01 f . r no~ . 1 t l t 0 t he V✓ ' 0 1 nl - • I • t t t f ollo 'I li :, ly l r, or ore \ 0 } ~ . of hi futh to re 6ard r 10 - C C o, r re .. J • itl t1" i ti To .. "ort odox'' 101 • y1 1 I . De r te • "' • 1 , 11 rch l1i c h • the reliwiOt 8 res c:= ior 81 r; .J.. 0 C l 1 e .. of l i C l.1 r Ic C if 10 1 oea not :,0 1 e + 1 . r • J IJ 1 - cri ")e .. t l • ., . 101 , • ' 1 l - L l J.. 0 n1s C l r . 0 . ll'i follo\ t 1 1 e c 1 rch is " lain, ense, co1 e c te · 1 L i nor i~ 1 or· 1 ·ty .nd religion ~~y e ae urate ~ , o t atio r li c r li i 0 fes • 101 6 C iva.l r t .. ever 1 . • of 0 .l. Tl1e ~ e 1 . tter · .re so closely 10v n _eor le t .tU:_t even -' he r lir,io ~ s · n - n - t i o nt 1 f e lJ iv 1 s re f ~ VO re ~ • t rel i r • o i. .L. • t 1 en . I • 18 tr e that 0 .J.. t e le, l. • ins or.ly • • t in ln l '-'- ta lishe reli c·ion of t e l i be i er i s 1 coe, 2 . r. the of ~11 t cht1rc 1 ha re " • • al, '.£' · ) 601 ~ r1 nc1 l J. society nd • concor 1" 3 ot OCl t l1e cou1trie .. it • t VIL.er ~ 1 e es- 'l t ion. "T ... e , t ·it even o · rown-t n son tow r ( li 4 67 , mother. e no lon er beli vea t t tl1e f i y t le l e tol l1i are trt a, t because they \ Or e told i • y ll r loves hie gr n motler on coot t oft , ot er , · e l f~iry t le . It cannot be d.isp ted or denied tat the ch rch Qniforuly has an ignorant graa on certain tr th of Christianity to \hich it ha cl n bli ly d t nacio sly fo y ce11tttries, tl1 a rovi 0 tie i ... tri sic v -1 e oft o Chri t- ian reli~i on. But t e :mi t e c re Dr. er1 say , · n t e ... arn.lyais of t e irit- ... . ual life. In ts ia, well sin ot r co ntri ere the Fastern rch i t e e~t 11 hed reli 0 ion, t e cl re is governed . ya nyno , ho e e ber..;, .. re en aen It i logic 1 to irf r, ten, tn t fnt i . o f r t e state will be good fort 11ot an · nn1ixed le i 0 • c '1rc 1. The re t , ce of . ever, 1 l ere i .., u. b .n t ri ty, ot1 state an ecclesias ic~ ni~ormity of , li n cere ony, b _ t t ere is "no readt 1 e. no ~nrmtl1, no freedo " in its olicy. It is neit er is ion- ry in a ... irit (tiit 1 one inule exception), nor ia it i inter- ested in it charit le cti ne. Its chief aim ae t e to preserve its ti n 1 nit y n " l e f'" . t o 10 r ; its effort i~ c fine t re iating a iv ly every jot - tittle of in ova~io i li ioua t ·.i.ou t n li • 1. 68 69 It is thi nfrienuly uttit de toiar rogre a creating the col i , i n ifferent irit oft e gro1in i tel- lect al cl· a to v r t 10 ch rch of it f th r . Th ecient- ific mov ont oft e ge i ilently aasaili th very og- mas and c eri hed ractice s even of thi s aom olent ch rch. Thinkin 0 en en 0 en of to 1 re ot 8 ti fi rit lit.-: er an care ony; • • ot be_i t ... rour :. 1 ve 1 0 c - n ve tr tli C n ·e et ·1 11ce for 1 J t 0 nceve r 0 - cils of tl e st . " he e o.lert, fJiri 0 e ! d , re n f t' e.xistin • ..,_ • s r r 1n e C • ey see l , to free + fr i . t • • they f " " fJOr r1 1 rn, cry r re 4 . , ~n the cl11rc 1, not kl O\iil g "ho:; t o • ifts" to 0 lV8 go er C il e gives t"1em " tone!" Is it tr n e, t e that ' > dr • • f t -~ny re \Vln 0 y rup 1 y r ey re, fr o, t bo.;>o f .a. r h? • • t I e C e . r ,:')ver 1lrl n Jo. o.Jenl_ f e t • iffer • f co e1r L C l reg r r .e ch .. re often ti o- r; ~ ti z e athei t and ake • .. I are a 1....,s ' Y 0 their ere '--1 . f llo v-c t ry1; e • e Llf j rity of i t 11 ct- _1· .ls , 110 ever, otill )erf r t. eir d" ty t t 1 c c per- f .nctoril, for i ein tc L ong t e c 4 1 rcl1 a.1 civil L thoriti o r de en ent or t eir oci · 1 0 i ti Ol c.: n i - .<l ~ 0 • It need no eer' y t Ol, .. C ( it .... t ion. I t eer nly r e t·on dv cin J ci vi liz io • 11 1 l 1 . ill~ in l nd reati , f r r 1 nace t tl10 c r 11 ihic n lon er ,1ini ter~ to it needo. t l a eon the infl, nee o the • aster C rel tl1e no -a:hri t · a it ttr ,.. ct in V hri tia o .. 1 it in i a ere of .t ori ty? he Je oy it ; ir ·oirit· a te&c- r~co, or hu the n ~ rie f Cris~ been h te an c re boca e of it attit t · e ? st · t t 0 ver ati c 1rc tl1 i nly n ny "pogro1a" in 1 r te t i a ilt 0 0 ly co • nd 8 1a, • • • ~ IlCl t race . It is t of t • l a-called risti ned t • oti ted eve l r t live • ~ 11 t- 8 r in C • t o lora ti-~ e • 1 lC . lC ca~ e n 1 l) 0 1 i i C 1 •:l .&. • ' . to f C 10u lC er1nu Je '°• ... t, . cht rch . ended it e ... .a. 0 t e e as lS rec . t lin / of t co· ntry • t erever • o ~er e e l e c.nds t n, l i tory i1 t to t f c. C t t·· 0 igi • e-i i b • _Q_ r .v re l e l ' rt • oacl ' • t r1 e ex1 , f li u, J, . n. 0 t r , • .. n tol t a 1 i i 0 t C r o . l • 1 V r , 70 n be converte to Chri ti ni ty would mean exile n even death, nd for t1e . t . ivo c re, ore 10 . l 8 ight 1 ve ~cc m plished sinco the f 11 of onst ntino 1l into tne · nda of . the T rl· if it h· d re erve t:t e auntleos courabe n spiritual e11ergy of the nrl- Cl ri ti n (fro ihon the Cl1ttrcl1 clqi ..., ir ect eac n 1.~ 0 1 r VG 00 ·lorio ly I - erial o e, not co ir 6 t eir l ive e r 1 t t 11 el ve ! • l . J _ re tly • e no 1 e fr o t e Christia it terr r r ~ ~ t ot er t e latter a ff re fr it • • rox:11 i toelf , or r le a io-- sl , Ial· m' s o 1 iri t of ec 1· ~ ic r yer, i t ft ~ i n ere - t · a1 1 JL rt ulity, and i t of re l i ~i o1 . • • isreg"" r i· nity, c r acteri e oy ·ev ti t lorio s recor , by for! li , 1per ~it i , nion :1 i th the tate 'l d by n n- .,/ • tic 11 r1 lien f i tl1 ? ,ill it . in . • fin l _ . t; t sef" l· ea l inerti ot • • r 8 er r _1 g 10 , of ol cry, " C ~ 0 as ' , l, In t e li g t oft e ·10 onto" 11orl h a " reaKet ! " V r C vi inert t ·t e to i,_ r , - e of ti r e 0 t_i V it .r· 1 ceat fro - Ve 0 ? ... + ·1 t? fl '.J ... .. -u 'I r t l r ' . r r '' o ! , • it ,., 1 8 l r e .,_ so 1.l IJ icl t i , 71 , better "o:cld. en e "the Jloo o · t e rtyr is the ee of ·he c trcl ." The modern rtyr to l111·n greed, econo ic ~pres ·ion and political a ~itio_ rill surely give ne~v life to t i ch rch oI a" ostolic tr' · itiona. "Co minO' event ~ • 1r s 1· ov1s before. " C t tl For years prior to t.1e re r•t ar th . .. re , as )een covert 2ove- 1 nent in tl1e irect io ... of a sen r at io11 of J .rel .,,. lready t11e . OI'lr · ia it 11ep ino an a v ; Keninu -- av1akeni ·1 - 0 -- i n " o1s. vi ," whic i alakeni ~ of tho8 .J.. n lJ \J t rri ole of the o oton- o ~ c h nts of tne rie s t . · l e t · e t x e me .i has e .. a e s 0 Ver a Il ,. a O rJ er j 1 lu n e t i ~ i ,, e i t . r i . ht f 1 . 1 C , t i .I \Vorld ay e ect to ee , a a re 1 lt of e nevi era 1..pon 'llvh i ch entere se·Jara t ion f t t ., • ve I ve ttrc 11 ln . , .. the co d trie .,I.. • ast err1 ':; _ . t r C l • h er1 this • 1 lJ 1 _., r · 10 tep . take - t ' c l rel • t ., ro . O' · l 1 .po_ l s r - ., . . - 1c ·a· 1or e_ e cy, it . 11 . :, f - . ..a.. \71 re c e 1 v e !:1 v 1 o _ er _ .L 1 fllI) e L . c co., r - e to ·o forv r Tl1en, too, t e ri e of enli o ·} t 0 e • . 'better for t· c· l r ..,h . 10 'l{r r n e1 c Jl r ': i 1 n , 1 7 1 'Y w has ., l .,_ lie1 i t l • clo .J.. ct than 1 rouu ll.l r C ln er conL, before. Tl1e • t · e ., . . ever YO' l ~ ~-) rl e a·1 -,., J..l lO U. lea of t • r·1 ., l f- ers co · ve 8 001 - n r1c ce · .:) feri · • ch '"" norr o C e 1 "f 0·10 0 1 C. • • o f · t t . t i Vl ion an e - res .. l e 1 . of • i • . tl1e . of the tr· e C rist i n ~1 ~ C re , .1ry 1 ~ ·O me 1n 72 , tor t I \'Ii 11 f . 1 t al . e i V ~ l. To A. t ri \: ii .. . l fi over e t \ i t1 in sales racti e a ol , t 0 ' n n not e content f l y to l • u o 11 1 r o · C' t c.l cl c .- no - - on , : r {i h cl ,. n , · ~11 i l t n Ll i n c e ut ,it ) 1 1 vo l o t:, .,J e n • • f V l l eco1 t l 10 C l t r 1 , , in o · m , eeda . irit al r ti · o n and \ il 0 .. f y t e i O n e !"\ \V i el t , l e life .tor e of re n r ' )'r ·t". r -'- ere i of irit • V' 1- e 1 t i e ·· e c. i ev ~ • r1 . 1 c· n n ver • ori 11 , or r h i . l i t ri6 t , r.., ar les r-3 of n1ar' . interpret . l of it. i 1 t 1e p· r i t o f ca 1 o· !- e fore "e r e y ra i ion n · m stow~ It will never cease in its fig t - ain t i'-'norance .n o.J: ression , · , hether it . e • oli , ic 1 or eccleaiastica_; it ~ill forever it o ,, s - - a .. • n tr. e /"10 ( ··; . Lt i nt 1 li 1 r r ' 0 1 C y r V O' ~ • rtio to ' 8 Jility to ta . l ro. a ·er l l! • m erefore, t ' t , y th • li '{ T - . ~ , 1 f i i ~ i e' l . T - u l • l . i c.t. l ti . ' C: , i 1 t i r , 73 74 ian church 1 is to e, not a deposit of opinion, ut a. eou.rce of iritu 1 e11er gy, mi 0 l1ty social dynamic, a fountain of rede tive life." , BI RLIOGRAP Y. Bade, W illiam Fredric, The Old t,.~ta~~nt in the t of To.-d8::t:• IIou l1to1, ] ifflin 1915. Co i. , o to . y. J Baring, M aurice, Tl14 -~l'! ~qia11_ .e p lt1,. Geo . • Doran Co • , N • Y. , n • cl. Bliss, Fredrick Jones , The ~t1ligi_o21 _ of . .fod~r11 syi:,i.q and Palestine. Cl1arle s Scribner ' C'or , · . . Y., 1912. .. r n . . ......... Translated fro rn the , ervic ,l )oo r- , vv it_ i tro . ,ctor cl1apters 1 Jy aut11or. Alex. Gar ~ner , P isley, 1 2. Bulgaria, l~icolas, The .H .q,l; _ Qat q, _~:!ill· . • · "' ite by R. Rai~es Bro1nage . Translate by 7. · . D niel. J. 2n ed. Fleming II. Revell Co., Cl1icu o, . Y., (co. - ri c;)1 t 1902. ) Ornaments. Translation an - I ntroducvion y Join Neale and Benj. e~. G i b oin ° 1893. & Co. , London • ' 1. r 'r , 1 07 . Co . , Ltd. , Lo · · n • , ., Frere, Walter Howard, The Pz:inqi1. lea of e~ig~ou. Cer~~qu~al. Longrnana , G reen & Co., ondon , 19 6 . Jiore, A. H., Stuc~en~ '.§. _ Hitlt2..rx ot: .t.h~-G~ee James Parker & Co., Lon · o , 19 2 . rch. - Horscl1, Joh11, A _ Sl1ort, qi f!10~:( of .Ohr i .t~a _it;[. P > liahed by author, Cleveland , Ohio , (copyri ght 1902, 1903. ) Kin 0 , John H., The SU.2eru~t~~~, its Oris i_, ature and Evolution. 2 vole. G. P . Putnam one , 1', . Y., 1892. , Menzies, Allan, Histqrx of ~el~gio~ . John ]urray Co ., Lo11clon, 1905. Neale, Jo li11 ~aeon, A II i s Cqltr_c l} . 3 vole. J. ?~asters & Co~, .I.onclon, 1800 . Reinac h, Salo n1on , Cll~tt! , Nutt Co., Lonuon, 1912. D vi _ Stanley, Arthu r Penrhyn, HietorJ_of ... _tke_ ~stern Cl1urcl1 . 5th eds Charles Scribner's ~o· a , . Y., 1884.

Linked assets

University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Conceptually similar

PDF

Plans and principal engineering details of office and theatre building

PDF

The design of elevated water tank

PDF

Toward a theology of secular institutes : non-clerical secular institutes in theological perspective.

PDF

Automatic street light substation

PDF

The design of a steel framed auditorium building

PDF

The design of steel and reinforced concrete balcony trusses

PDF

Phase shifter design

PDF

"Electrical Johnny" at sea

PDF

The parliamentary history of the Irish Home Rule movement

PDF

Harry Emerson Fosdick and his impact on liberalism in religion in the United States

PDF

The person of Christ in the Gospel of John

PDF

A comparative study of the experiential approach to religious education and some aspects of existentialism

PDF

Sources and developments of the implied powers of the constitution of the United States

PDF

Administrative techniques for increasing academic achievement of gifted children within the elementary classroom

PDF

Traces of primitive influences in the development of the Hebrew religion

PDF

Peoples and movements in the Near East

PDF

The relationship of the gnostic heresies of the second-century to the development of Christian doctrine

PDF

Paradise in Christian life and thought

PDF

Design of hydroelectric power plant for the Promontorio Mine

PDF

The development and expansion of the Spanish kingdom into a united nation

Asset Metadata

Creator Baird, Agnes Mary (author)

Core Title A study of the existing beliefs and superstitious practices of the Eastern Orthodox Church

School Maclay College of Theology

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Religious Education

Degree Conferral Date 1919-06

Publication Date 04/28/1919

Defense Date 04/28/1919

Publisher Los Angeles, California (original), University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest

Format theses (aat)

Language English

Contributor Digitized from microfilm by the USC Digital Library in 2023 (provenance)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC113174210

Unique identifier UC113174210

Identifier R '19 1 (call number),etd-BairdAgnes-1919.pdf (filename)

Legacy Identifier etd-BairdAgnes-1919

Document Type Thesis

Format theses (aat)

Rights Baird, Agnes Mary

Internet Media Type application/pdf

Type texts

Source 20230616-usctheses-microfilm-box8 (batch), University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA

Repository Email cisadmin@lib.usc.edu