University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Legislation in the South that has tended to defeat the purpose of the Fifteenth Amendment

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Legislation in the South that has tended to defeat the purpose of the Fifteenth Amendment

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Content I . L TI ~ .J '!1,r I I .! • :. f • . 0 i' .. I .. ,. .__ ___ .,.... ____ _ • , ' ~ L I I ... r I • t ·') . . I I J -/ t· t .i. ED I • C I • ···r ... .. -· I "( .!. !.I , J. ~ • • • • CONTENTS • .Introduction---- Chapter 1. Definition of negro: Limitations of the 15th Amendment--------------- ----1 Chapter 2. Negro suffrage before 1890-- --------- 7 Chapter 3. The political reconstruction of the South----------- .-------- 13 Chapt~r 4. The 16th Amendment and the undoing of reconstruct on----------28 Chapter 5. The undo ng of reconstruction after 1890---------- --- - - -----48 Chapter 6. Southern suffrage qualifications. (Residence; Taxes . )-- --- --- - ~- -56 Chapter 7. Ownership of property: Educational test: Gr ndfather ol use---- -----60 Chapter 8. Character and understa ding clauses: Persons exoluded from suffrage---- --69 Chapter 9. Efficiency a of Southern legisl tion-------- - - - -76 Bibliography-- TRODUC'l 1 IO . Subsequent to the Civil ar, three mendr ent ere added tot 1e ~ederal onst itution, ich changed very a - terially t 1e civil and olitical ri eJ1ts of · e ne ro. 11 were framed with t.he obviou s i ntentio n of enefittin i condition. The 13th Amendment . ve 1 made hi1 under certa in conditions citizen oft e nited States; and the 15th forbade t . e deni a l to i _ of t 1e ri t of suffrage because of r a ce , color , or ~r vi ous condition of servitude . These sweeping c ages -eca1 at once a art of t r. e Suprem e Law of t 1e Land, nd t 1eir effec t as nat rally tre- endous. ~e see t 1e Sout ern St ates forte ears 1870-1890 , tryi n to adju s t t emselve s tot new cond i t ion, whic1 1 was so radicall di verse fro ). t 1e old . Te off ' cious northern agent a ided t h e negro vote, for a eriod r eig ed sup re .. ~ e. r)ut in t ·1e re ctio wr ich f ollo,ved , t e Jolie of interference w s s 'e t . S l e , nd tte 0 out~ ern St tes ere give n a free rei in t eir t r sk of rec on t r u ction , o 1 r - stricted y t ie provisions oft ~eder ~l Consti t · on. In followin g t l le isl tio n of t 1e suc c e din ye r ' e a re led t rOU l t at order- zo n . • az , 1 e n 1 e s t 1 e 1 wful d t e unl f 1 i elds of le i s l ti ve , ct ion. 1 1 he pur ..L os e of t 1i 14t :e1 nd nt lla ee p rt• ., 11v .. nu .... li - fie ' nd t r of 1 t - n nd1 e n 1 ,0 t oll fe" , l a, s ot t o . 1 te t l c o C so Vl fl rri n rr V ut . . f ct t - ri - i n ured. lC l con r V · e er s s , Int is study e 11 inquir e i to t e na t u re of t · ose 1 ws of ir i i a , Geor i a , l aba , and Louisiana, ~ ic~ terd to defeat t e i tent nd ur ose oft e 1 t mendment. ,. e s alls ow tJ at tis le gislat i on i nvolves r a ce discri i n tion a ainst t i e ne ro, 1ic violate t ie ~u r pose, to - not t e letter, of t his A endment and 1 ence a re of s c t i a t t e eder 1 court , eve n i tt· ck t 1ero . o · · cli ed re i er ar' cter, at e t o ."e s 1all .. evote atte ntion to t · e istorical settin , review t e re sons advanced f or t - e en c . ent of t e e nd- b rr1 e nt, co1 i er t l' e r ovi si on t - e pu r ose of t l- A endment, err el ve i c" nd conclude 1 it · e d o ef e t n esti m ~ te of t , efficie cy of t 1 is co nt r- le 0 i 1 tion i n C CO .t lish i n t · i e f t . .., l e fa r st te nt i o· e a v , een 1 c1 o sen , C use, e- • lly t sit ted o arap lC e re 60 0 repre ever ec- tio of t a territor 1 OS f ct ... " s l uestio l ver , nd t l ~, en ent· ... nd o r t he r 0 t · at i n .!o r eir constit - ) tio .1 • . fo 11 feat of t h e le gisl rov1 s1ons r e r...ose r es - tion to e con s i d r e • ?..1ue credit . has . to 11 • t .r1ors f l en g1v n V r1ou 0 v e xores d t l 1,sel ves }- . of t · . . ct · on var1 s 1ases lS u J .... out t 1 1 t gene r ::1_ h . . ca l i n f or .. tio n consider i r ri o s ~or V e _ rt V t <e li ert of • , 1 USl a co no ro - erty , ot . ail f rdi n g · t . n V 1v e n r rence r g 1 Defi itio of egro: Lim ation~ ft e 15tn e m t . C a I Before con i u1ng th di cus ion it wil be eo sary to fine the word negro in order th t we may h ve a exact knowl d of it . m ean g. At first tho ght the ropo ton see s absl1rd, but legi lators a d judge h ve be e barasse ih r tt m t t et rm n me n it ma ro itably ocoup or t enti • t woulds e t h t t vis .ble, p y ica eo li ri ies wou b e e ·t e n det r, n the race, a d en e de i t 0 bas d up n thes in c·a . wo ~ be the most ati factor ne. Ge erall t thi woul r ve uffioient, a th ull-bloo e Et iopian, ongolia , or C uca 1 n h ve racia ch r cter tic wh ch re e bers ead i t g shable. ut i- cult s X c d in te he e t " 1 r l of • al o eavag • obl t te b co p it pr oge " wh t era o aracter ___, le are i if 0 estr e int rriage. O e r r sa s: I V nt of d m ho r n on g t egro in ev r cal t r bl C, o n e1a c ' t 1 d i h , bt t I h 0 t e and 0 n a te am w e rt· n t t e re reall aoc e d i efi C C of a r : 7 I I av seen bu -e d egro , and gol en-ha re negroe ; on gr r ha I have e e r oe b n of oft cou d ot ea ra·gh ngu t too Je l h or Frech t , pe: o ce talk d wt d h fro an I egro. t firs f or 1 ' Althoug a se hi aman but who told me he a • rate en mer tion of m 1 oe • b n attem t ur of t p o·n e umer tion ro d co s d r .. 1 uncertaint t ch it elf t o t L e c . as i cat • • e n s uch t j d 0 r a - 0 U 0 0 t u e tor • f r 1 9 B 0 d t 1 . ;. h l a 1 t i 1 91 , ' 0 eo- o 01 e e an • • • • .. t e · I t o 2 9~~ o t a · ou p • • • 9 0 of C ur res t t h e tir oa of t a a r o • a xtr d • .1. ... d· - "' • , . 10 • l e ]. r 1 n C r t r • t·c • c er11e i th f..,._ic u. t t t he her t in • 0 e g t l. Ca c i o, t.)tra·n i lg ob te ated b h P e o.L - a oe of r can • r· tan o .ff tl di oer e n • 0 ' th sha i g roce l eg d f i n·t • h V 0 st e ave c - strued t t r "negro " 0 cla s es g V ng d rees of A r i can b ood. labam t i or t o 903 defin d person of C or 0 0 8 e oe ded from a ro t o t e t n a • t 0 l ve. i 0 r • • • B ' .16 . od o-f 1 ba 190. 2 on t But lat e fin t fo o ng "negro" within-the meanin oft which re ers s f m xed blo fin t i , ood ' desoe • tar 0 11 mu d on t t of the fat .. r r t fro n go noestor tote fift gene tion 1 cl iv " rg n ' co e ate • that ever on hav ng fo rt 0 re f ne ro l bloo shall be deeme 8 ' 0 lore e son; wh le, Georg wit four other tates ecla e th on s a per on of color who as as much as o e ghth ne ro b ood . to 2 a Th the ter . ff r n 0 ctions o n gee 1 r ct c t i 0 e one s c ns red a negro at least tot e ru, t tent of be ng t visibl classed t e ace f h exh b B the trace of f r an bloo , o f • known that heh s 10h bloo in his ve • Th s r ea n n • l. car to it th t og ca e r son wou d br gus t o th o· clus o of frican blood m s a gro, h le o be a Ca ca a , hi bl o adulte ated. "isoe en tion ha ne r be a bridge u on wh~o o mig rose fro t , egro a t th thor uh are r u s n C C ou h ·th b en a 3 tot r • " It over n cess r tat defi· 1 te know edg of the 1 o s of h e ct oo e o t 15th Ill met ob ai ed, a e recogn·t o of t explio t rovi ions Code of Vir. 1904, 2 Ga. Coe 1895, sec 3 Raced t notions • 49 . 8 o. A roan t .1. 3 will be of consi er ble value in the f . ollowin argument. As we shall later show the purpose of the endment was to confer upon the negro the right to vote. Many held that he already possessed this right as a result oft e 14th Amend ment whioh made him capable of United St tes citizenship, and made it unlawful to abridge his privileges as a citizen. But to make sure that suffrage, alon wit his other newly conferred privileges, should be enjoyed, the 16th Amend ment was proposed and ratified. It reads "The right of citi zens of the United States to vote hall not b de led or abrid - ed b the Un tad States orb any st on coount of race color or ravious o . di tion of erv· tu.e . e "doe n onfe t e rights of frage; bu I it invest ~ c tizens oft e United States w·th t e right of exe iption fro disori~ination i e exerc se oft eel otiv franc ise o co t f fic e o6lor or prev ous cod ton of servitude. It revents t .e states or th& Un t ~ tats from giving ref reno o it part t o one citizen f the U n ted States over another on accou t of the three oondit one ated . Before its adopt o, this could be done. It was as m ch with- in the power of a state to o de o t zen of the Unit d States from voting on account of r o color or prev ous condi tio of servitude, a it as o account f g , pro erty or education. ow it is not. I oi t zen of n r ce a 1 g l u. s. vs Reese. 92 u. s. 214 oertai qualification are ermitted by 1 w to vote, those of another having the same qualification m st b granted the same pri.vilege. Previous t o this amendment there wa no oonstitut onal guaranty against this discri inatio , now there s. " st important rov son in this A.men nt t e 1 h b t n upon the Un t t t s s 11 a upon the states, for it would o b m ng i gr at ol ti r stin upo pr j io , ad grasping r , t h ab o of t h e e f Stats n wh ch c of represe t a t me r ght t o de r ve the neg ou l on r ov e in 0 sub·ect to f euffr ge , for eiture e 1 t e de t, a e e- sult or ri gme t u fr g t orit. us e h 00 n o he m end t, e con t on a e sta 0 wh ch t ..tO e p h b n . ht o f c ·se. R c, o or or v 01.a con ton of er vi t e c nn · form h a 0 t t r s m m r. of en 0 r e u • to B u o g e· 1 • • n n . h d e t nc h g , at ug o d t r h t t r e C ar g , and th h r t C O t l 6 as tor nder i t easil ossible to forbid to the former a general e ercise of the elective fr nohise on other ground than those entio ed i t e Amendment. This pr oedure will not:t.ce • • 6 Negro suffrage b foe 1 90. hapter Virginia, t he field of e r e was also the first to witness t e negro. U nde her ear · et las rma nt e tl em nt f a.nch 1 fr m h m t f t e voio i public affair. These i ncluded t he matte~s f u - dred, a d later the election f e b s t o t he Ho se of Burgesses. However, in 1656 i order to eliminat t e oli t i oal influ nee of form rly in e t red se.,.v t ho h i tle interests 1 t e o ·t t uffra was 1 t d t o "h u e- k per ' whether freeholders, ea ho ers th wis ten ts." Bu owing t t e rapi d i 0 ea n er c lly i - 1 1 ' f th 1 ndl e C s, e oug p r btained t e · d t r V eg " h a C t i- zens of t he co 0 alth" it pr ert or u 1 f - oat • ut gr e ev r V te V r g ... i f 0 1 8 -1 6 tho V J... ent l f r o rt in a efo 1 R V ut. o ar ,a • At le t f a 0 0 f orbad in t n e ' t t es a I i • T 2 act was ab y rep le by proc ma.tio • Suoh an act co tr r t t s r 0 al gover w ver, it wa cu~ t om r f r r 81 0 be e fra hi ed. ' t t d er - Pol. • uart. 9: 1 2 tatute at Lare III 250; I 33, • 7 • oours of d v lo et int different from that Louisiana and Alba a tate ad efin t l n C whit me. the nor rn and astern 0 rd not 1 a rl e ot d econ tone o te r t h b t to nin 1 1 deed w re the t whio fought t o re erv t h Union , hioh were t t t time 1 lin t o e t t right uffr ge t e negro and wh te o the s-&~~, bass . "Of the thirty-fours ate oft ion i J u ry 1861 , t rt oluded e ne ro from the anch e on t t on vision: whi e i tained no su h our t t h cont t to ro oo - rov s t t ne ro v negligible beoause f numbers, and property and educational qualif· oa- tions. I 1860 t mber of n gro men f vot n g in the state of New Ham shi e was only on hundr d and forty-nin , while i N York t e number wa o ly t elv t u d, nine hundred and e hty-nin. In e Yr lone, pri r to 1868, was a negr o al owed b expres provision to vot; b ta negro vote ot to a pro ert lificat o of 250 not ppl cable t t vot • h ro att mt 1 fr hi.;» m nt m in fiv of ngl es . b t acc o g to th at te- e t of Chi f 0 T h a re oot de 0 • "In no tate of t e u ' • d t e A r C 1 oi t 0 0 a.rti u l i h t in 3 X C of o vi and ol t cal r ght . ol. Sci •• 9:674. 2 Thor 1 ' E> Co at. i t . of U. -7 . 3 Comma ari by Ch c 11 Kn - t e. , V • , p • 26 • 8 • Th d cision v rtua ly h d that n gro was not a citi- zen n r o pable of beoo t d.otum, whioh s unnece ary to the eo io of the o e in qu stio s a con ... c derab factor aoc r ng to Ja.e 1 r ce in pro pitatin th Ci 11 ar. This daoisio howe er shows that it is not very profitabl to stud leg! 1 tion hioh crimi ated agains the ne ro pr or to th • 9 Th enfr chi et of h egro a. on oft s lt of the ar. d t co t uti he "nit m It f r er h ri r cl t io n co t t ti n 1 hi tor of t 1 r 1 briefly 4t, and 15t Am ndme t , e nu ro na C il result t ta. ore 1 int 1 w of the ariou h , rt f e D c. 18, a r nor nv u t serv tud in s u of the ar e n t a a e o 0 0 18 2 a cc e i ng r , t n e vio r e C 6, e lared tat C ub ·eot p 00 V ct t ir t U o for e • o le i h s th of alle 1 ec t a • t d f e rat Un ted tat t zenship tease ce to a ore ower. e u s ould B 1 t n e r t r Uni t a n re t act ' 0 , o., n 0 t e 1 ·ng e i ro t b it C t ze t b C ,u _ to 0 • • 10 The pri oipl oft s bi 1 w r e mbo dint e 14t Amen 0 was rat fie J 1 28 , l 6 • It rovide t 11 b r tu a ze u t at - j to t e j r di oti t of are o t·ze f t u t tates d f t estate herein t he rs de. o st s all r f re s. l w 0 aha 1 br dge t e pr vil e es d t C t zen of th Cl • ""' t hal at ve a e on of lif libort 0 r pert t r oe • or en t n pers h j r sdiot ion t 1 e q ti n " • ord e r doe t a t o gh obv o tat h. a t inten e i n n te t a t vs C k-- C urpose d eff ct 1 • r t 0 C a h • 0 of h a r e ra t t t f b n r 1 r t r f r me t e u ·e f ' ot n t 1 0 t e g of • ie m t t t 00 res he r c em ent or n 0 . e f af o al of r gu m t • V 1 al o f e t or pl ed , 0 - oe 0 t end n of r m t t , ' t a e 0 - 0 0 uf a i e re t 0 of red, rom hi e t came t fr he t o e go t o f or e t o of t e it t o d r 0 b C z om tho i end met of r ov din t t 1 r to t h fr of le ct ze , 1 r of a ion o r 0 righ ot , e cept or t Ci r It va ced r er m • b o tot oted t h t 0 s t u s of a nite e end ent d- ate o z , t d not aff m uo as th :x n to h e fr c se. And n - r 1 e f a r leg wa t t o 0 11 tial t w s dee s met f q a i un t e to pr ov d fort 1 rtioular n rt ct n it otion of oit zen- hi a t ona Amen uired nu era rovi o • Aoc r 1 gl th 5 oo t t u- as sent tote ta e, rt fed b th r t e t - i e 0 7 eca ea part f u em law f • t r. 30, r po e d r ov 0 h v be note abo iv b Congr r a r n t e C v 1 1 c ed att t e fu e and 0 ali t t r • f i t r 0 a 1 z 16 Stat. • 356 re • f t e t of t 1 O 00 0 1 t 0 of t 0 t erted ed tate r ve fort t hould b s hi nt t e t e ccomodation , f ao itiea privi an oe o m abl t · t a ub j b r o d o r. a d at at 1 t a d a , 1 o Thi br f enume r t n of Fed r l Sat tes an4 oonsti tution 1 Amendments, follow ng thew r is iven to sho how thoroughly was the attempt to change the statue f the nagro fro tat of oomplete civil nd polit oal disability , to that· of complete and unqualified United st tes citizen hip. In the next chapter these will bed cussed or in detail as well as some of the determi i ng fact rs wh oh infl enoed the character of legislation enaote. The politio 1 reoon truotion of the South. Ch pt r 3, "Reoonstruotion was an effort olumsy and p rtiaan , yet in the main honestly meant to ake r v ion for the l inevitable consequences of the Civil War." "The years immediately suoceed ng the mane p tion wer yeas during whioh ig ts an privil g of th negro as a free an 2 were being def ned and fixed." Nor have we yet a oomplete stud of Reo st ction from a master-hand, that extraordin ry perio in wh oh as Carl Schurz said, t e problems were not to be solved 3 in any way without erring and s me grave injustice. In t broad ense reconst otio meant ore than the "process applied b the viotoriou section to the efeated." All sections of the oo try h d to become adjusted to the new oond tion created by the war , but the field of this study deals only with that process in the south; nor does this study include t h eoonomio reorganizatio, for the ordinary operations of production and distribution were also aadly impaired and generally suspended, but Tiewa only the politic 1 organization whloh necessarily had to be 4 reestablished in order to hold aooiety together. 1 Am.-Nation Series, Editor's Introduction, vol.22. 2 Curry, The South, p.241. 3 Nation 96:276. 4 Fleming Doc. Hist. of Rao T.I, p.241. - 13 14 The war ended, one of the most im ortant roblems before Congress was this political reco struotion of th~seoeding states. Thie reoonstru.otion nvolved roble s fo r whivh no precedent existed to aid in their solution. T e att· t ud taken by the F deral government during thee t·re w r had been that the seced ng states nev r were o tside f the U ion ,and hence their various(var ous) rdi noes of 1th ra al w re nullit e. If thi were th tru condition, then h n sur- reotion ease, those ocoup ed n rebellio pea eably re- tur ed ·to th r ho~es ad deolared t eir loyalty to, and their , willingness to abide by, the cons ti t 11ti t he U ited states, it would appear t hat o nat t utio all, thy were entitled to resume at once their revious obligations and privileges as equal co~onwea l th members of t he Union. Just at this t me the privilege of freedo from external interfer noe in the anag - o ffair a 1 that o re re e - tion in Co gres a t eel otoral c 1 ege, as most e toter rl r adju nt t t e e oo d t o. To tl i oonst tuti o esire off e om fro ex ernal interfereno r as more ne rl o s ant h ch, t h th nera oli latel r of the war th n othe a l ced at th st me, t li u ta e de d. B t f he Fe r lg ver n ad r oo e do this he ry wo d have meant that the blood- trug le o ly most a utary es t . at coompli edit 0 be oa r os, an th tits of de ea, b cause un- recogn zed in the upreme law ft eland." a r ab it , actual disruption would have been pr evented , but no guaran t ees would have been obtained that at a more favorable time the attempt at separation would not be repeated. Further more and equal ly i m portant, suoh a oourse woul have eft • both the loy l w ite minorit ea and the hel 1 aoks h ol ly at mero of h e populat o of thos e t e a , w h though ' co qu red, ere t o nvi noe ether of t u oon ti t ut ·ona l ity l or f 0 oy of the ot ttempted ." r i en t 1 ln's heor, t o whioh Joh son ace ded , eg rdin e oon i utional m o of pr ooeedur i eoonstr, o- 0 t 0 a in ot i ble: t h ch r o er f e 1 0 rec uded the bi it o t indiv dual co n- er V lat n e d r 1 ov e h i hdr OU Of e ent ur t er t e o n t·t,t t 1 t e t C t Z n it i h p i h e t ' nd ence the ec d n t non . H so in o r a g nd r e- i h ti ta e re 1 i t t ha i on m a nt n th o t e Un on. e tr o oe b " t t e ere en e d , but not ear e. z n t ugh s chi f t of o h e an r • 0 0 . t t a cu 0 mo h t et bl 2 nn1 r t ' u b io • f r t1 a 0 to th Un on" a r. col a m • H · do • ind e n e d et e 1 oug em . 87. • tatu of the helpless freed e, or that prob w scar- tainl i lie in r const ruoti n. Joh s o ow v r , soon g ve a e roof of hi i bility to aseum h lea er hi. Heh waver adopted Lincol' pol cy, ad t e fe 11 of cert n o t h t me as la ed. He re- ta ne Li oln ' c bi et, ins ted the d t o of the 1 , dment eb, u f r a ar of s ut ern cons o s re • t he reb r 1 t 0 t th u e d v cated rotectio for he fr e - a t m ton • as t tuted, u f or several rea on, o ch a t co tr r d e r o e e O" t V 1 0 i r : " o - o ci ia or n n o r • e r d nt o er tor c e e ru • Co ~r e oh ower. Th r d ots f f i 0 i e e l. 0 Di a d e e Pre i et u i ~ Co 0 i 1 er pur e d t the e • od e n t e • 1 r d te, not f of t e e b 1 a 1 obe ." o gr e co o io r u nee Chi e f oft 1 t r e d no h e t ern, gri s en •~ oontro. t h r t e 1 i t t, 1 oe b t 0 i • n 1 rs en, die ~--------- - · - ---- - ---- - - ---- - ----- : 48 OU b, • • 16 i members. Th or "F rfeite i pol c h " t r 1 e # "Con rs i a" eld tha t e 't t l ly tate , a o tinue i n t nio bellio h · but b t t e · · r r bellio fore toe co 1- ·on 1 rights t ch t s the w u ll nt o r e co ti b f er 1 oon ogres the r ght t ton. Ther o e a. t j d e a t for ted mi ht b t urne . " he v i i t y ft is t or r om a o t t n i Texa. a b C court sa i s u:p el b t Su e e ourt t e oa e te , t f ol ni n tot e car at : " o on h e o es o v 1 1 1 f t t nt o r ct ce. bee old i g ct e e exas cot o e b a o gh t o - vernme t hos- t let t e n t t ea, aff on it 0 t h b 0 e a in u on r e e e Sena o s r e e tat es le t e b her C t Z tle a in Co r es ' t ui is t te 1 r g t im o e th W 1 u r n e 0 ew u g t i Co C • 7 coul e ertai e C • r f e e o ea. e su e de he 0 S u e t • ir ebe 0 X t 0 - r at o t i n " . 8 l'I T id in ete in·n t po io, n un er w at oon- tions th f or eite gt o d e u r ed , r. te the le e r f the r dical orit in o uc di t o Congre n Dec. l 65 a r esolutio r ov d ng f or 1 vestigation and r eport on the condition int e ooa led "Confederate tate of Amerio" , by a jo t oommi t of fit en members. endi g actio upon tis rep rt n em r hould be dm tte t o on- 1 grass f r o he l te s rreo o r state . Thi action postpon d definite me ure fr econstruct on, d ave time fo e deve o ant o et nt in fa or f nc eas- i ng the rig ts nd r v 1 es of thee a te o as . se et as o r t zed i n en ent. n t But i t e tie to 1· c· t cur to or eat ea 1 s . t ego er n rshi d Con ede t a e e t i C a e 1 cti n ature .0 a ourc t e tlt r 0 i 0 t t o et t e rt s a l e. oho ce by the o · umeric lly gre er , and tra n mos • • as on at e e the tural di evit w th t C nf dera ers t o l.l o e e m o t th r e e s t e • le e ult, for oa se er f a r rn h t • • us s 19 purpo e oll m to b th rth. Thee were the so alled Bl ck Code" which se med tor legate t e egro to tion ve desir et n(than) ta fro whioh he had so 1 tely bee freed. Th ir o t to Sout~ern 1 islators to res ect the orm r 1 ea' new at tus , but these laws ae med to embod "a deli eat u os to e p t invo V de if ver • ' d f f e 0 a d "Vagr o no vil and ori t fr tat t w ich 1 e t or r i wn ce . He a co e is tr t t u.b · eote • He of a b aws a licable ri o t e e ed :from b ng r t cted a sage ro 1 ce to c w s den ed. a. re t o i Ci g inst hi • et ce i 1 erty 1 d r ct o a r l e d t- t • bit 3 ute a a f e ft 0 t e e " " 0 i de equ erve i n d o ery to refe to him 1 the t t e c e tr: e t hite: ' ma mple fr t h other eb or r r t he · t ' t r r n t ' d b r 0 ' t d i l1t b ght ec fo e e e f • t n m n b C i II • 3 " • ' , C w of 1 l for e rid of six mo hs." I i man r r ru nded to la- ver r six m t t t e. n ct i o pos ible of re- etitio u icon t e o t Yet b ying u 068 t t i C m d ev r o u e ou b on· ad t er ' as t OU be red d i g h h ve i oro. ma -e ff ct hi 1 gi at o fr f ~ sp rt of ef nee t r t ort J., or 00 t 0 e or dim- in on ci tra g f ar , t o ~ s or of rder out of the socia ad C ull cc ta e f 2 noip io i n v lve ." " et ,he con r T a r ur a 1 0 of t _ b 1 t b t C .v f OU J. r e t _ co - r 0 e er e a t r am ut t 0 of v e . Ci C r o 0 rtu • 20 H m r en o b o t r t es t ve e 0 u • r t • oc. • n t . g . ' 0 e t V ri . , . . • , rg et t .e 21 i u qu n t e OU red, b tit u - natural f them to ave ote oth uld h v be a tha t e i • T a preo at 11 the r son bao of this seemin ly r emandatory seri s of l aw, it 0 r t rem that t . SU., ft off edo h derno 1 zig f ect 0 an of e fre ne .• ar.1 ere over e o ntr enj yin their meant idleness" ing in o t e e peoia ly b th re t oted ta a. "To man, freedom Th r fus d to wor, usu 11 coll Fr all o e t out there wa ani g orant ne roes the b li th t t e nn1 nt ould d vi e t e e 0 S tr1 owne en "for a on or r m s , tb p ab e q t 2 anal.' te - The ide e ed q ite 00 U r th da ral that t V r bbl o 0 a ould he ioe i Lou_ ian oth r t te er the Yea g oe p ere r por- ti na the "dre umero li as." e ed f e 0 wa e aot re t e oiroum tanc e u er whio t le 1 1 tion le t • l n f nfl nee f f ve a r e "blao ter a d tner f laws wer no a reo te t n far d v. ' • • ri 2, .. er. a • • 3 Na ion 30, p.432 Rhodes, v.v P• 6 • t s o ere f 1 l o e e er ' , hie n t 0 or of l: h ed butte e e at ral." • 4 To Thaddeu teve who. since t he beginning of the session starting in Dec. 1865 , had been th recognized leader of a passively submissive Hou e, ad umner ho d th Senate, tbeee "Blaok Cod a' er a .e oom s e. The pir- it ad prose oft e 1 e tl1 ee ' , 186, soug ta r u bill, o e t r 1 te c 11t · uanc 1 at 1 ort t t e , tat rat ia e a. n. It f 1 ar r oteot o for t e fr n Te Presi en ho ev r , vetoe t h mas r Feb 1, 1 Con res f a u coe Te Civ o er t t res i 1 t O t I t and thus t h r e e i B 11 n rt r or tr c i n r o r e t be o , r r d Butt ough h s v t en t r ve pril 9t , l 3. u d s r e r ) o or. v to ut pas ed 0 n 0 t h o f o hav 0 0 1 o le r , bu h e de f 1 ro • H l e t " e to e iev t t h er 0 0 bl d e ntu 1 oo e , d 0 e t r t e n ot con- • • • 0 e 0 ti te o 0 r i 1 • • • 22 9 . • V . 7 i ' • • • r t report, igned b a 1th ep ioa committee- 8 re ent done wh oh a well fitte d to lla r e ling an f T • t ooour red • t i 0 h r C no • JU r e io a e Hose OU ho en before gres u i V e . He· o t 0 V o sl t rt scretio as n a t t u f or w f o 0 t 0 e te t e olus·o o f h # Ex-Con ... r t ' a t o e hope f r e r ly e t o- ..., ti • h r t h e act t t u e t a u r 0 t u e of t e ~ eo l e r 1 0 war an 't t t w a e e. nt 1 r rat on of h u th t e 0 e rei t t a r - r V le Co r u e- ·a e 0 1 ed 1 of i t 1 C t ed , w t e· m r " r 1 f t he or e t e a re • , 0 f. 1 6. h t n 0 t e ro a i o e 1 e n t • t d tha --- - r • • • r. t . r. 2: 6 r. r. • 2 : 6 slave had been a portio ed in the electoral ooll ge and in c·ongress only three fifths as muoh representation, s e ul henceforth be entitled to even though the ba lo ere not 1 e him. With i o twas ot a vain dream to sad represe po e at r seres of acts made byte r 1 be r gated. t io fro the an ar uh e ny nt C gr as i 0 t Te u · vorable impression ade b t e r iden his "swing r 1 e oiro e" ' nci t t e, UC t d rle rio , ere e o goo vant ge b t ra ical · t atter ve 11 g employ d a an emot ona appeal, t e y 1 i tin f ot V t t oge hr oal c id . io o the ssues n the lig 1t of r or • An in ec 1866 Co grass convened "t 3 to push it ri " two thir h nt nd r a m jori t , oa bl ef i g e V t o r returned, d e e V umner aw i t e triu h oonst ction along lines of th ir o tio tende co t e o nserv t i ves , x re ist s , or t r i . l cl r t ei in et · of i ns s on e e t · at n er • e 6 • ' e ro of a e ' n he out , r o or t i • • er • • ' h e . 7 en at to ing. 0 T e e e i t e 0 h el olde t r 0 1 rear- e f - f - on 25 f r r co st ctio d 0 8 i eld . e r - 1 ic b r o f C r VO e e ad 0 fla t leg V 1 b 1 exa tio d t rti e r b g e 0 trage i con g n t t e negro a lo 1 whit e a rebel iou at • c·a1 e ar t r t kn l dg t th d e t h • h r f ee r J8C e u a e o l i - u t - 0 animous ballot t it , t er i e 0 • r d u al a f e 4th e t h t e a.me t t b t 0 n B or r a , i o d e rl t. a he ova r 0 te co d e C r le t e t e i atu uo. ogre i de i ne e of e i en 0 e 1 gr~ f 0 r io • d ze t C to t h· 0 " e a ar t 0 • t r V ' t 0 0 t r he the 6 t C ht of m t t co t t r h the 0 t er ature co oernin he reedma e of co lee vil r - u t egr o 0 ag on t 0 d - ' r ort rne , OU C t 0 • • • • • • ' 8 • e O . support ft ~ es i e J. t, al e co tri u t proporti t e d io f Con r J polic butt oo struct one f t e • " e o structi of ~a. 2, l 7 r u e Souter states, av Te ee l r a re m tte , nt five milit st ·o s. e ere o b lao co a of ge ra oft u. s. r Y, a e • .:.uperv1.se e roes f reo aniz tio1 . All h n er t r t e g l ' t- izens 21 e rs of age a over n t d squ fied r son , felo y or eleotio s hel i n vi a. e 1 t h i to ae eot de e a e t new o tit io s • olas do ed th t n me t ere to e ro ed. a iou st te, on sa ro p let v t a o nd dates, w r te conv ntio 0 0 r fra 1 e ermane tly t tat ba lot b t ·s act ; t r u mu.st the rat f t sa· co t t t on t a 0 of ogres t f icat i to it i ls es r . e 0 the 14th Ame e t egi lat re ores ed by thee new const t utio a we l by as c. en nm er , i. e. th C S r 2 ext nded. s f rt s f f e mtli r n e bil e 6 is at r s of t er tates was e be lift ed , a r e r e tion t mo a pr s tion e er intr d c d n t e Con r ess of t Un_ted tat a b sible co 1 t e, n it u n V r h en to era ed 1 d.e v. • 5. t • i son • 7. 26 except at oh m of part i xcit ment ad e er ted suspicio • It~ bruta it T a lease ed some hat by mod- ifioatio a , but its co t io a i s e er re ve fro aver question e ba 1 as re wa effio et. But thoug xtra g t, t e To cub even more the Pres ant , to pr ent th is i fro office by th Fres · et ec e of d ffe enc of v eoo t r o i o , t e Ten r e of ff oe ct • I . r q ir t e e a ' c no rrenoe, efo e n e , o th t enat ' ~ on ent, o 1 e erm entl r . o e • al o r v e nde s co - ition of r e a , or re t·o of off oe b ca i e e ers a p inti ea ' h i 0 t t e • ov r i g the e , plu t e 1. t e .. t e s e t y 1 g 1 lli e I 1 0 t .L of l e r de t 0 ie, d bl" de a. an r o i n 0 rg r peroe - et of t g he v ctor t i or o 1, r n h gr of r e r ge ' t b • se h t i C 0 L t • 14. 1 th o e f co le e re c n C t al ed b 1 • o l m of V e t to e 2'1 THE 15t A · -- 'I A. D T U DOIG O F ECU STR" C1IO. Chapter 4. rhe 14t Amend .ent did ot extend to t h e ne ro the priv- ilege oft e franc} ise save y im lication, and alt 1ou 0 t 1e on -ressi o 1 econstr ction ct of 18 7 er1 nded t r1at t r e ne gro e give1 t t rivile _e i n t h e ·outh , these state constitu tions are always sub ·ect to c a nge it · r are or less ease , o t h a bul ar ed only t h ese do cu .ents , t e q ~tio n o suf- fr a e as yet unsolved. In t 1 election o · 18 8 " i _. 1t of t r1e ifteen former ave st te went . epu lican, but it was evident on analysis tat t e Repu lican, n1a j r · t j e s i n tee ver i ue c iefly· to the cisfranch isem nt of ~ -Confederrt ' r e fore cf h is c fel t ·;/ t h e Re 1. C E: le . ,! a }l r - st:lt hen t 1e co ntrol of ff air reverted to t 1e a ds of t h e · i te : .... ve n i n 1i s le ti on in Geor i ., clo 1 e .b e V,1 u c viole . e.~ j o i t · e e , c:.nd t 1 Al thou , epu lie ns rere .ot ·nit Lo isan , nves i - re . rdin g t e disfr 1 c i rr:ent of t 1e Sou 1 ern ,--i te c .us. of p rticipa- t i o i n t 11 . r b e 11 i o . , a 11 e r e i n f . v or o rr1 i t i 1 i n en - fr n cl1 i e .,e t l . i I i .. of e g o r o q 0 n g f t re of t . h l e t ~ , € i o of 29 The Doctriraire w .so h nd vith his ide ls of equali- z tio. T e wo 1~ endow wit suffra ·11 of so r..ir d nd n/ "'.t ur y r . T is i nvolv d t e vom n .. e 1, and i t wa s ro n .c:ly· c, .. eu d t 1 t i n 111 , t Sou T l / OID ul e u r· nt ed ri g i t C ·rell a s t e i . norant fr ed 1 n. (,f practi ca.l importa nce it • ted t t a.t unles ed tion Vt" 01 0 C and ~ roperty ualification° r I · .de i l lee;a 1, t ·· e e woul fur- nis gro nds for 1 ter disfra i C isement. As a afe uard · .inst t i s , t .e Senate went o far · , to d p t _ for rn - ic 1 pro i ited · ~ c r i n~ i r c t i o 1 , n tate on ccount of • 1 race, color, n~.t i vi ty, r pert ·, educo .. tio n or r ,li -i ous ere d." But ft rd . .. of i cu ~ion, 11 race, color, nd revi ous conditio n of ser i t d " v 1ere chose t ~t.l e is ·u e qu -lif i cc:.t ion s . t .111 l' n o c: n • To u .er ta. nd . f l . .it i · o t con tit • • i nto t 1nqu1r .e r u e r11en J ·, 0 1.l 1 ., r,.d , nd t .1€ t • 1 ed • . nirit 1 ·1 ,... 0 c,...., r e ad no · i -- 1 t 0 J ... . . t 1 n , l C - - -- - - -- 1 ., C r o .,. . Ser. 0 . I r t ' d , so fr, .1r ' to t 1e ta.t 1 • irit nd of t - • i mport~n p r 0 1 on , it ill ro i ta , _ e ' o · nt , : loye to . ustif b e · . fr a 1:ed .ft ie te . : i t a t i n t 1ro d bat • too ften s 1 n or gr RS re . t .. r n --:.nd vi r ul C.. r e l) ' S C . " • "-) . - hic.t. 0 r. 1 e .in G o . det r :i n i n .· ence l n s u f r- rec C l i --· - ·- - - . I, 41 · . , 4 t on re ~ re · r d C e to £ - lt • 10' Te ser·ous qu st i i n t 1 . ir of Co re s ould ave een,--Ie t e ·ro o r ady to u rne t · i e n e r - p ons i ility of United States citi z e n s ip, c.,nd on tat sis to ente r i nto co .pe it ion wi ag .i nst ~ -gr s. io . nd if o , v;, i t ill t e _ nd ~efe nd h i mself ;_end 1 nt ' cu re h i .1 fr n1 iost · 1 e le g j s lat · on i f s ch · e atterrpt d , i.e. i nt a in for i rn u n i air ' is ne r co ndition. . ) t -~·, 0 V I C ld h-ve ad t o re ceive n affirm ti ve nsl er i n order to jus t if it do tion. If ei t r one, or ot h w re at so n s ra· 1 , t : 1 e ~ t Cr i t i i r: t ~a t C 1 ~ r , V e off r d , r u l V ee t · --.t tee p die c of t · e A 1 endm t qu tion . . o en o ser1ou~ -· ut t , cl ate fol . owe t e a r .. e r t, - -Did not t 1e Feder 1 . overnr en t e 1.a ci ate t · e n gro. if so' V'. n o rvard of t at · r. d t .1.e . f 1 la i r n. nt of prot ct i o _ :' gover e , r1 t:; 1 ~ , l d b , n r otec ·e ' a llo t . r . fit- .i.. O C S i V 0 · 1 d 110U t}" is le 4,lst - only n es..., va ssun Vi l r j ' v -r 1 e fen . l e argument , d van e for n 1 endrren t . 1 1 I.., e ~ut t ere wer other wa- to p rotec t 1i . ~urges s 11 St a 1 i 1 t e r r i t Ori r .1 C i Vi 1 .. 0 Ver nn 11 t i. n r e 1 '1.te r 11 i o u Q r e .:· i on , c , d r:. i r ta i ..t e tilt e civil re- lut io O of t ~e tw r el, es ttle d .nd fixed • 1 • o , Co °' en 1 c 'Stit t io o · 1e U i ted Gtates ef ore t ·1 re- .is ion of t t t , Vlt.1.i C 1 d renoun c 11 stat e• f o r :c: f 1 o c 1 · · o v rn 'J · r , i J t o t e J n i o n , R to giv Co11g r 1 1 of • c d of . al ~oc. 0 cie ~c vol . 1 : 9 . n the nat·ona l JU iciary t e ower to d f' ne nd defend t}e funda ental princi ples of civil liberty . .ei t rier of t ese et ods would have de 1 ande m rti a l law or u1 iversal 1 suffra .e. It was also argued tat the ballot would benefi t t e colored r ace y increa in · fort · en re spect nd co sider - tier.. ; but it "failed to a.c ieve an- t h i ng except to i ncrea e t . L e politic 1 wei · 1t of t ·1ose ag'"inst lorn , and i n s ite of ~ ~ om i e nfra ~ c iee ent it .~oul .. edc'"'t te n -roi s e cur d. u It ·e rt o ,-. id too, t at r ctica l citizen- s h i p , ut t l1e resu.1 t r{ a t r at 1e oe ca :e s c· 10 ale i n t e supeP- ficia.l rt ... of lect io .. fr d, a l rnost 1 h olly du, not to is c~rpet - b~g i structor. t J ' ' 1 l1addeu uteven c r gued t } s ' If ... ave ot t .e loyal 1 .c 1 quite s ood r r ler , a d L.r k 1 t r e 1 r.c it e ': " 'l e t ect ceded st· t es n ov i n t h e i nori t~t" u t u ited V\ith t e ne roes CEpable of formi g a ,~ a ·ority . e A :e nd 1 nt vvill i nsure t l1e ascend nc o t e tJnion party~· on t · e c o t i · .. ea ".. cen e cy o v , ich :p-- rt of e Union. fl Closi n he said , "I a rr. for eve re el st t e . If it • just , i t h o la-: if it e neces r r it B 1 0 1 ~ e cdO te • ' , ,... 0 t r ,. i · o r· · , t "C ,· V i t . II v .., v --- - - . . r . l B ·e -. s. 1 ,, 4. ' 9~ • 14 · - ' • . r .e • ,, on r s ional ,l o\l p , ,. ' 8 7 . "depe d n ro 1· n ot i f . t a f et:y s ffr e i n e d nied · ' • a p n s .1. - 32 ut when t11e s olu i nc om e t nee oft e lar r ajo iiy of ne roe~ i realized 1e foundation on }ic t e A end e neces ~rily rest , coll ps • "To expect a IT." n ,vl~ose r· nd - fat 1er was a ke fetis - wor s i p i · · s v e t o 1 ve t s .. e road _ r· sr of aff .... irs, t e same rn enta l ca cit a" t 1e O eir of all the age t: t e Anglo- oaxon , v, ose ncest or for i ny gene r ations diculou s , .ve ee civili zed and educated, i ut n1ost unfa·ir to t e ne ·ro. 111 ot onl) ri- nother rrite says , ''To SE)' t · .t en just e .1~ er -;-e f ron slaver ar ual i f . ed for te e erci~ of ol i i c 1 o r , i s to ake t 1e stron ·e pro-sla v r a r ,umen · I ever e rd. It i s t o ay t '. i 1 e st c o rn 1 · n, .l t t o t ·· · - i st i tu t i o n of , SJ.c V Lincol i n i s debrte s wit Dougl id , " I am no nor ever 1 ve been i r f var of ri ngir a out i n .ra t e so- ci .l and n ol i tic,..l equal i ty o.;: t ' e J.i t nd 1 ck r# ce s J e .. n I wi ll say· i d i ., ion, a I elieve t 1ere is p ysicr 1 differe ce et wee n t '_ e '11 i · e r•nd lack r a e v, ic.r1 will ever for bid t 1e tor ce l ivi pol i ti ca l equality . 11 3 1 in e ar .1 u t Lat t o :I, t -ier on t er 1S of s ocial d orary evil· were to expec- ted fro u t · e sudde e franc -i serr.ent of t e colored r a.ce , ut t t "t ere is onl.., one ure f or t J. e evil • d freedo r1 rod a.nd t qu1r ce ' t C r . l r e o . " - ----- - 1 Arena 0 : . 8 o. mer. Rev. 1 • J 7 • '2 Ccri er . : 1 • e compare t e ide' t ia. t no people should ·· e fre till they are fit to use t 1ei1 freedom, wit th sc eme of e fool who resolved not to g o i to t 1e ater till 1e ad le rned to . 1 sw1 n . Such areunient is .r1ardly worthy of refutation, but rnany others would likewise defend t 1 e Amend ent int is way . ~rom t11is argum .ent , it would seem t at t 1e gentleman is undern·inin his own tteory. He argue tat the dungeon confin d risoner wren sudaenly relea ed cannot ear tie cure is to accuston · i rr o t J.e li ght of day , ut says r s of t · e sun. nd ye he defend r - ese anal o ies t h e s dden i r discri i n te es- t av al of t 1e i pri vile e and duty of suffr·- ·e upon every illiterate, i norant , penniless, o ieless, end credulous male negro t,venty-one ye rs of a. e ,..nd upwar i r. t ·1e United ·tate . e any le deservin o ·· t r e title if in te d of refusi to o i :·.to the ,vater till e a learned to wi 1, e ould cast i mself over oard w ·en no one watc ed, and de- pend u o t e exigenciec. oft e occasion to develo a a ility t It is o vi u ... t J.at t 1e ·udiciou cour e lie etv" en t e two e .. t ren :e . "Tre a lo t is as d n erou pl yt l ine s un , and nt ·.1 t e ne ro a.cq ire t ' e a ~ i s o t 1ou t and ct ion w i c 1 .a es it eff c iv e ar, e i 1 e i m ot nt to us it to n ·ood feet . n rare li~e 1 ent ca onl, com ed- C ti O , 1 o. er. e . l' 8 :1 t qui 34 until 1e is properly d veloped a citizen i ballot will r epresent his i mmediate personal needs, and ave no relation 1 t o stat e s 1 n sh i p . t: If it 'as t h e i ent of Congress to develop by t is Arnendn:ent a co .. petent citizen , it could h ve done so ·b pro vidin t at w en any negro attained a certain rnental effici- ency , h e should e entitled to vote . his would h ve offered an incentive , as well as av rted a disaster . tency vvas assu .ed and t ·1e out paid t e ill. ;ut l-1i s compe- r l1at t .e ne ro r ace w s 1 own by evidenc reduced unprepared for t ·le allot is t ·1e oint Cor mni · tee ~ eport. It asserted that ni e tenth of th~ negroe o re living in~ state of brutish ignorance , and ave very li ··tle comprer1ension of the issues of t ie war, beyond t e ~ere fact that t 1e were set at li erty. ] our fift s of t e negroes of t 1e sou t l1 have just • of tr1e fran cr1 i se , a.nd p rivileges of no c orr1 re en 10 a free citizen. n2 Yet II t 0 • t l1e ballot any r ean i ng ,, at- -1 ve ever , t 1e .Bn ~ o cast it ust - ave a keen and intelli gent i nterest i pu 1·c a.fairs; e must b rave enoug to force t l'.is expression of i will g i nst tl e o stc .. cles ,v ich e is sure to encounter in h i ~ ef forts." Prio! and su sequent to t e war, t 1e defi nite plan of e .. dowing t 1e n - 0 ra ce wit t e b llot v ,as n ot seriousl:y .. . -· -- ·- .. 1 Ar ,.. nc . '- : ~ G eport rt IV 149. Arenc • • 35 entertain d y any considerable ortion of tle A merican eo- ple . resident Johnson had evi dently reflected upon t e ques- tion , for in is messa ge of ec. 5, 1865, 1e dvise t r1 .. t t e decision r g rdi ng t e extension oft e suffra ; e to t l e ne ro e allowed to rernain ,vi t ~ t e State , ex ... r ssing t e idea t at should t 1e freed m en 10 ., "patience a d c..nl:y virtue ~ t ey ,i r t, ' .. ft e r c W ile o ta.i n a part·cipatio1 i t .,· 1e elec t ive franc 1i se." Alexander tep r1e ns. t e . ice- resident of e Confederacy in is te timon r said,"Indiviciually Is ould not e opposed to a proper systeru of r ~str·ct d or li mited suf f rage for t e ne 7 roe . •= ut t -- e sc 1erne of un i versal. i n. edia te e nfra c i sement oft e r a ce 1as i nitiated by r die ls, ~nd th e succeeded i n reversi ng t 1e attitude of Congre s .' 1ic 1 in t 1e ~:'ade- avis ·· ill ad restricted t ~ e ri · · t of s uffrage t o · i t e r1-e • "T e op~o itio r to u i versal n e _ ro suffrage as so reat t 1rou 1out t .orth • t · e itation of t 1e questio n equently ur1n · SU emb odied • t 1 e 15t l J~m end ,.ent, t at xcludin g enforced l ~ 1e • a cquiesce C of 8 0 ern t t s it iJ s .. 1 1e n S ' n1i t t to e ople, f at ed . t Iowa ...inne ot f;2 p 1 n e v r , r e · ce n C • • s t t of r n.i nd . t l ,. . t t C .-. cb. 1S wr s r1 · l r r r r z ~n - . • ru r: i n r port t o Pre • Jo on. 1e for 1 r r r ongl o os e t o colored suffra ·e, t e on l y n r i w1ic 1, i my o i nio n , ·out r n peop l e c n 1 !1 0 vol • 4? • o .. . u i ft e t t . u . - ? . 36 e induced to rant ~o tr fr · d tan so _ e -sure of self-pro- tectin ower int 1e for o suffrage is to tiori precedent to "readn1 ission. •! 1 And ru 1 a ke it a condi dd d t t II t 0 co fer suffrage forci ly at tis time ould result tot eir ( negro ' serious detri ent. 112 I There is n o dou- t but that vit 1 is charged status t e d t e recipient of, a y ¥i ron • S and injuries, tow ic 1 h e ad previously been i une. nd . s done by t 1e ,_isdirected zeal of t 10 .. e ho rucr1 injury sougr1t for i i s ne status . ri es e e t us i ,. s t s r r on g e t e ne gro be e .. se the, led i . i n o t l is new field, er 11 w ic e un erstoo w-- ..:> t 1 e color 1: e, and were ·e as confr n ted by as~a ~l ants a a i nst w om e ad n o adequate defe se . T _ ey vron ged t e w ites, ec iuse t · e udden enfranc 1ise ie t of enor·rnous ss of voters utterl i n co pet nt to legi late t- isfactorily de oraliz d olitics, and us 1ered in ~ syste of govern ._ en , r e equ 1 of - ic for corruption nd violenc h s seldo een recorded i n is t or. ; o str nger proof c n e s ou t for t -e un r par dness o t 1e ne r o for t e i telli ~ e nt .se o t e b llot t r a n to revie N -e ear su cc J di t e co str c ion · ct o 1 ', 7 till e t e r n 1 i n t i on o e r ad i cr.l gover nm nt in t 1e 'out er t ts, e 1 a t of ~ · i c e n ed i 1 - '/ ? . ·- - 1 t - ' 1st 4 n 1 oc. . on . 1 es p • • • 2 ·en t e • oc. . ~ 4 9 t - on _ .. 1st ess. 4 ' • 7 olitic~1 adventurers f r o. re art ook u t · eir ode in tl e soutl1, and essayed to lead t e negro in tr e jud i cious exerci se of his allot. They took advanta e of the negroes' unreserved adher n ee tote epu, lican party , ad t e protec t·o oft e federal ay onet to ·nstitute a ugrotesque parody" of govern .J.ent. on gr eR d . d e t e e r o voter , ut it could not m .ake irr1 a,n i telligent one, and he be carr1 e t 1e to ol 1 of t - e demagogue , t 1e ca r pet - bag er" ·and sc lawagtt 'lr1e ne- groes un toget er su servient to ris ill. e infor i;ed t 1e ne ro, w o s a r ace i e .c edingly credulou , t 1at b e ust by all eans vote t _ e epu lica n t icket, or e ould ag in r e- turn to slavery : ut i c e e did vot i t ... e Repu i ca ns e mi ght expect t r e gift of l and, and .lules . 11 In so .. e cases t e ne groe ctually r ou ti t ,it 1 t e ~ t 11e bridle to t a.ke t e i r n ul e R o e \Y i t t h e .. n 2 curtail d c a e of partic - ipation in t ·1e rebellion, "nd t .he dventurers ·i t "'1out rr uch dif ficulty g ot t e i g office s , and t e negroee were placed i s all one . ..:· n ne -ro · ~tice of t p e ,c cold nei~her ~ . t 3 re u n or wr1 e . ''he ne gro cl s owned o property c pabl e of sup - porti ng t } e government; t e ca r pet - ines ras of- fie 1.oldin , an 1 nee t ruinously 1eavy t axes er lEia u on t e w ites, woe just i nd i n tion w . silenced r - - - De ocra c VO . 1 . 9 . Pol. ic. • ren ,. 1:481. y federal troops. The irre p onsi 1 ne gro legislators wasted t h e property oft estate wit wa nto n and undisguised abandon. uAble statesme a ided "' y ca r p e - ager c:.llies stole rigrt and left. Articl s ere stole n b r t e le islator and p id for y tie state. '}1e it en1 of O sup lie s O cornpri e s list of al :-bari c taste 1ost ever r art i cle w 1ic civilized man uses or fancies." The fol o i ig ciart sum arizes riefly f r ~ f i ancial t a dp oi t tie c· ar cter of t e rei g of t ·e ca r et- gg r. ~tate l a . ., ra. La. ,, ir. De bts and Li a i i t ie s o · ~au l e n ,tate . Close of '5,939, 54.8?; no inal 10,099,074 . 4 31,938,144. 9. After econs . 38,3 1 , 9 ?. 3?; 50,137 , 00 . 0 0 50,540, 06. 1 4 ,480,54 .21 Increase :· 3 , 4 4 , 1 2 . 5 0 0,1 7,5 0.00 40, 41 ,lv' .2? 13 , 5 42 , 9?.6 leven outher n t ates . , 1 ·a7, 139, 9 33. 33 , ,.380, 160 , 5? o . 13 ··ut fo.r ors t an t e 11ere i currence of a l a r ge finan- ci~l de t v , tat epression o ide ls, t at el V' t ion of t e bas e an~ i nde cent , at iatred of t h e !epu lica n party y t he sout :t ::.erner, ,nd t e rec i proca l b · t terness et een t e e ·ro and t e sout r e ner, a l l of 1ic .1. er res lt o t is period; and OU e r c nnot e e su r e ccordin to ec ani c 1 t ndard , et far ou t we i g e a.ny econoir ic loss res ltant frorri cL t ~ e . a l , i is t r ation . :e ncefort 1 ev r que i on w s a r ace " i ue nd t e u so i d o t u wa s o i d not f or e .ocr c r , iut a i n t e ne gro. - -------· 1 1. a t . Ser. vo 1. > : 1 1 · re n . 1:481 5 : r:z g~ 0 ecor, l , on ·. t es. p 39 r,he "reign of terror" determined for many ye rs to come the fate oft e Republic n p rty int e out. 1 aya Lamar, "Let any intelligent iort ern a.n review tl e hist ory of t e state governnent · of t e Soutl1 for i11e last ten ears unde r Repu lican rule,--their ro ~ s nd s ameless dishonesty, t · eir exorbitant tax tion, t eir reckless expenditure, t eir oppres sio of all nat ive i nterests , t e social agonies throug w ich they have forced 1~ tat as good and pure to ass as t h roug1 a fier~r furn'ce; t e c a rac t r of tie cen,--many of t1em, they a.ve 1 ced in o er; and t e say if sue a state of t · ir gs i n a ~rorthern or ,restern state d not en a sure an na ural precursor of a epu lican efeat, so solute and cor plete tat t v r nae of -- e party oul nar fJ e of sea n d reproac . r en ave eco e in tnat state a y s ould no t t1a res 1 av occurred int e ~outh ? 1 uc 1 a cond i t io n could not co n i ~ue after the ] ederal t roop v ier e vi t 1 d ra 1v r , d ence on t eir re ov 1, tle car t- i t r 0ooty. In 1 Geor ia , e la st st te to e gr anted rep re e _ta i o , 1 as eclared e nti t ed to . '" .1n enJo h . ivile ge. ' r1i 0 ma r .. ~ - a ne era for t ·out - he period of er su mi ·ion it ou t voice o · e il of o tile Co ·r d • er -: .. o 1e governn1 en ts ere, .n.. of t 1e till co trolled y radic ls. dical ·over en ce ed i ir ~ii' i n 1870, i.e. at tat dat t e c r e t - ste . i ' la i n 18?4, an in 0 ·111 1 ?? • \ eV . 1 8: 8. - .t . • er1 114 (mp) 40 when C' ou hern w ite supre cy o tai ed t hrou ·hout t e entire region. 1 mhe ~a-called period o · ,reconstruction continues to the "reentrance" of Ge orgia into the Union in 18? . Dur·n this period Congress ~ad attempted to secure by A endments to t -e ederal Constitution, y ]ederrl ~tatutes, and state consti tutions n effective protection oft e civil and poli ·ical • figrts oft e negro. Gradually the emplasis had een placed ore and r ore upon is receiving t e elective franc 1ise. Seconda. to t '·1is do .inant rr1otive a t e entrenc11r1ent of epuulic n party int e out as necessary t o national wel- fnre and prosperi ·y . Throu t he nrestricted opera ion of these policies, reconstructi n attai ed completion in 1 70, e and at tha ti me t ie negro enjoyed suffrage in all he r out ern States; and t r e ... \epu 1lican party see 1ed to be enjo in , ealtr1y vi orous ·rowt in every state , and in several it was in tre ascendenc. sit m rKs t 1e c ose o r e Feconstruction era, tne year 1 · ,?O also vi tnes es t e • • e 1nn 1 of - ew period, a nd t e i n- roces hie as e n pro ~ ressin r ever ince . ception of Tat proces as been gradually undoi n the work of t 1e ,econ- tructio period. Little y li tl , in di f rent Vv' s, or in · t rou ,n ny diffe r rt age r cies , nd wit · di 'fere t J.et od of proceedure , o era ti successively or sim u aneous- ly, t -· i co nteractin force ~, a nu11 · 'ied r,it o • l C 0 t e re t S 0 econstr c io n le isl ion. 1 er . . at. ·er. : 114 ( p ) • 41 'his later period w ich Dunning calls the "Undoin of Reconstruction", logica l ly fall i to three divisions , eac ~ arked by cha racteristic rrethods of attack. :he first divis - ion em r aces t e years fro 1 1 7 -18??. It is craracterized y tr1e co plet e over thr ow o:f' t 1e negro a.nd carpet - bag regin1e. The Sout 1ern states ein _ reco -·nized y· Con ress etV11een t e years 1868- 1 70 , and 1ence entitled to rep r e entation , con n oted t e recall of military force; the negro was deserted by is officious co panion , and as h e imsel possessed little experience or ca p ci or olvi n 0 i ~r ediat role of ad - mi n i st ration , e as an undesirable office holder . r O rerr ov hi fro r is ig est te a s the i :1 diate pro lem b fore ecre orders or t .nds .ad exis f or s orr. t i le i t · e Sou t 1 , ut t -_eir 1 e . ership as co nfined largely to e lower strata , and t ~eir purpose lar el o force t rou , vi - olence , reater re pect fort 1e w ite r ace. Bu t h enfr n- c 1isern nt of t e ne gro, a nd t ·· e ubsequent rei g n of t e n or thern a et, led eriou a nd respected citi en~ to turn for salvati on; - "for t e preserv tio of civilizr•tion and society , to t 1 e r.et- od of s cret .s soci a tions." Th Kl 1r lUJ i.: 1 n for d t ~~ashville , .nd t 1e -ni...., 1 t o t Je . ,., i ·. Ca elia. at .l e r Crl .a 1er or ni z ed or i r1e ex r s u r ose of re- . t oci 1 cl ol itic o- 1 erv1 r _ · e seen n c ., of h e vhiie r ce. . t . • effect d i er 0 lZ 10n r e spri n 1 8 7 u C n- o • ft 1 rn C 1ve r e r 1:.ov 0 ten t ion 1 ~il- i .r I i l e 0 i i io n r • . 42 at tl1e zenith of their i nfluence and power, four states, ilorth Carolina, Teneasee, Georgia and irginia overt irew the Republican party. The plan was simple. Again teer dulity nd supersti tions of the negro ere used to the white man's gain. By murders, by w ippin rs, ut ore y rumors and treats, y signs and omens, t h e negro vote was suppressed. lar n at this new phoenomena, so successful i n its work of i nt i midat ion, led to Congressional enact et of tie orce Act i 1870, w icb enumerc .t ed .1.any n J.inute off nse , sue s violence, intimida- tion, and fraud as misde 4e or. Tis w s followed t e =1u Klux 1<,..lan J\.ct, whic ·1 covered t ' e eth od o s c 1 · odies, and aut ~ori zed ie } resident to suppress wit milit ry force 1 their operation. 1 et ird c desi ned to prevent t e conti uance of t r1 e e et · ads v1as · e 1ederal :ilecti on Law passed in 18?1 & 18?G, w ich ena led ] ederal surveill nee of elections for Con gressmen, and suppression of improper practices . .but aln ost i :ri 1ediat 1 · t e c onsti tut i onali · o cert i provisions oft e ~ct er que ioried, and de 'initions and declar tions of un consti tut ion li r ' .t1e '-'upre .1.e Cou -re tly restricted t field oft eir o er tion, u f ili at i n · "u nd o i n p r o c e s s . 11 In t e lau ter Iou e t 1e court deci e tat t Aren 1:4 1. ses eci e pril 14, 18 7 7- , e e ti 1 e · ec o t et ree e 43 Amend .. nts was to li it in certai n parti 1 rs t e ow.er of t e st t s , not t o u . _ e · e o er of t ner 1 overn- ,.ent . he Unit d c-tates i aut- ori zed o protec c rtai n par- t · cular ri _ nts secur specific provi ion a~ our ~ed r d t ·ose alone. r he "privilege and i runit ies" constit tio of tr e 14tr endment does not ref er to tr e ro d unda raental ri t incidental to free overnment , ~ut only o t l ose ri t provid d for i t < ederal ir tru .ent. 1 hese road fund - i.eY1t a l ri _hts still are gua r ded t e indi idu 1st te. ,, e ef f ect o t ... i deci io .l 'I .s to rea 1 les e sco e oft e 14th A end ent. h e p osed Two year l ater e court roe ed d to r .ave t e fo nd - tion fro .. t e ...:~ nforce n t .ct o 1? , D y declarin two sec- ti or· s of . n c pnsti utional. It t at i wa e e ec- tion t ~ e ederal ·urisdiction li n i ted rnerel t . I wa 0 1n- t rf . ro t cti o of t . t to vote r ne e l ca e er e r1 8 de i ~ b a state, d 0 only t :r e t ree con it · o 0 r a ce, color, or previouR conditio n 0 ervitude. 'his was t u tr v~riance to - e t e or w ich ad - een o ex r cioe to vote. 1 nd practice of President G r ant , ener--·.l :protectio of t e rie t Of similar da a e to t ·1e decisi on . t of nit l n e cas di ctu1 1 0 t e cour w t nat • .. l t to 1 le for la f 1 r1 s d t 1 . d ·ta • . 0 1 Cl 1 n c no • n 1 a ee ~ . ope of d tate t · e rig~ t - ur poses, . r S I l p , Uni t h e r adi C .l w the r vs · uik , auk. r he to ear r m ' · nd t no .J. • ts . er ri g 1 to t t citize t t 14 ' 14 e • Cl- i ' case of heir violation co 1 court. s u os eque t to t he ity of e ecr t order 44 e tried in a nited States f or a perio s o e }1at le sen d , to secret int i idht ion was very successfully prosecut d . 1 ck ent ert lro . . ~is • • • . 18? e aovern s 0 n l 1 1 69 1 p l 1n ' and t e sa _ e res lt occurred }.1. follovvin 0 ear in ouisia na, oouth Carolina, • lorida . nd t } 1us t fi st te. . a n en s ln er o.. ct · n,;, . rt . st • It C " l .. C c; 1 n . Nas .._, cterize i ntimi ation , • ly C ar y n coerc1 on,--~ · ean W 10 • 1 ., diff.' C l.A.l · of • l p: . , l very u ress10 ' ecau e 0 e ..... at of . 1 t f act -1 at ·r U:i e pers n 1 V . s we s , ., t gents of • t i rci at i o susce 11ti • le of e 1 are V r a. s con- a l r n - . .t l se c , n a t ...,, .. en s 0 er r 1 ?-1890. r , e . J~ - 18? 7 . • • - . ~ 1 e ye r no · a C . 1or 1 1 C! ne r o ·oo S€' . .. 1 . ts ¥i i t h } • · e epu~ · li ca art rl w 1 I an -- . erf u. l f a ctor • ("1 0 poli . qr • l., 1 - 0 n 0 er C • 1S- ro· o "'" i O~ 'la t ly lar e influe ce ~ t } negro i di mi t is .. 1ecl l ... ..4. 1 ~ ow ver sinc e 189 0 , · d a t t e o cond t e,I,; , ... i i n uence corr s - () e qu i t close1~ , to his re' 1 ec o· 1n i c and oci 1 inf luenc . ' 1e el c i o f' 18 7 4 r tirne s vet r i t } t 1 ouse. 1 1 i s pro :.I n earl • t } toward Sout 1 . 1 'l'r1enc l p ·1 C 0 r a 0 C or r durin - e ear s f ron1 1 8 ' - 1 y r . . . . A, . . . . -~ 1 Ser. • 1 . • • 45 arty e jo re "' of Con . r ss . con r 1 oft e Presidency an t · e two .. ouse 6 n cessity followe-. _ :'u t t e Sup re result . Cour - ~ laisse '-faire policy as o urin - t i is perio follovved its previo s example, b t e annull.nent o acts passed o acco - plish reco n s t r uc ion . he Klu 1 lu 1 n Act was declared hencefort h inoper t ive, on t - r o· nd s t t at t u t e aut or- itJ of Co gre s exten.,s tote gu r ante e a inst violation b state oft e e ual ri - 1 ts of · n~ivi uals , yeti , as no aut 1ori · to viola· • . di i _uals. T court nreven 8 C i on uy l e also i t ivil Ri ill, 1 . it de s 0 e s e cause e vore to arant not merely • . • ts a lso soci a l • ts. g e ClVl r1 rl T u was , e Nout f r ed ro_ : e e1n r a s ent . s e . ced l t of la d t ites ex er1e as res ese s , a e w • . f rei n • . -■tru l e for were ·1 ve a ,I. C eer l n e1r suppre· cy. I n ,. . • • • d dout Ca roli out b J'_l SlSSl O 1 a a , er '1€ e roes r ,L t • i oui s i t ·'1 e 11 ' n a r e 0 race s wer early u 1, , e "'" ro of • rol d l e ·r,,., ,C r1 n con a r en er U Ci mar '1; . '.~ i cul ol t i on .L. ., . ion le 1 0 1 n 1 n re Oi s -:; op .J.. • l., ~ 1.,1ons . t vio - t under • sting condi • t l fir as 0 l e ,.. 1 o· s ste ... s i n r ees · a nt of w i te u r em cy coul not e c- co .... l i - e i n a er ect 1, la u l 1na n er. And 1 ne e e i . i t t t lei 1 ion o erio a rov·sion ose 1 .1 ood s it t at e T I v s .i r 1 . it ( t te • d 46 undoubted i t ... nt t circui 1 vent t e .rov· io soft e 1 t ede n . These inclu eds ady r ctices of v riou kinds. Ingenio s ap lications of t }1e gerrym a .. nder, illus rated in .'"ississi : i y t e • 1 s:r1oe strin stri r ", w ic inclu e ~ n are three hundred miles l ong V twent J ilea wide, i n wric re- sided t 1e most de nse e r o o ula t ion oft e tate, were em- ployed. he desi nedly intri.cate ethods of voti n · suc:1 as t h e necessity of c oice etween ei gr: t or J.ore ·· allot oxes , and i ca se t h e allot was not p l ce~ i i ri t l ox i as not cou. t , les see vote. woul su 1.. e n l e c.h 1ge .. t ren .. ote pl ce t ent or t ~ irty n·iles . 1s an · or ' , o ot ~ s d ., e too 11, c allen es • issue , nd 1nan elays i nt en io 11 • exp er1 ced til t e elect i w s declar d clos ed. Hin one c se one faction a s- ' sure d itsel f o t e ne /r o vot e r t ·1 pay ent O t~ e t X for opp o i t io av rtise t · at t 1 e lar nu ber o 1 ck. T tax receipts would ·b e good at . W h i , _ ," previdentlally a Cl cu a eare fl 1 • . ut i f w i cl1 took a dvrnt of :p overty , • eans e e 1gn o- rane e or creduli ., .. ~/ of t e ne ro 11 ere seen to e i n s uf f ici ent, deli ber te frau ,-- allot- ox st u · in, cou t i n • o .. , er .. sing , e. c 1 • g · ng , rep e t i n . , or dis onest ___ a i )ulatio n o count ere r esort e ' es r et 1 • o i f . } uf i cie t • ' pre Wl • rt . t o cco _pl i s~ , . t 1 e e nd, t l ei Vl 0 ' er e 1n l ur OS ' l a r el e c u 0 e u · r e a r e ne s of t e 1 ro to co e • ..j t l' e • .I,. tio d)n t i . li k 1 1 u a Ll errr1 • ·-. 1 1 . , o· t l 8 : 4 1 ., . . .., 47 Under the pressure oft ese s ady as w 11 as disl onest pra c ices t . e l a ck voe r'dually disappeared. 1 o t e 41st Co n ress lt 9-71, t e Southern State sent ~l Repu lican and 1 De ocratic Senators, ad 44 Repu lican and 4 De ocratic Repres ntatives ; but to the 51st Congress 1 89-91 , tlev sent ') ,J De ocratic Senat ors , and only 3 Republican Representat ives. The second peri o co .1 es to a close wi · 11 :poli i cal equa l i ty recog~ ized in law ut not i n f a ct, and t h e extinction oft e Republic n par ty for 11 r a ctical purpose int e Sou t }1 . 1 1 lanti . ..1.- 0· t ' ly - • 44 ··· . . . THE UNDOING OF RECO STRUC IO Chapter 5 . 18 o. The last phase of t hat process w ich as been directed against t h e Reconstruction Acts of Conbress is dist· nct fr o the two preceding ones. Durig t he former · eriod t e w ·ts sought to gain gover ental control by violence, · ti1 idation and fraud, ana by t ose mens cc edad i n decreasing t e actually exercised political power of tbe n ~ro to am re a adow; and concomita tly , t e Re , olican rt i t out_ atrophied till it was unable to i nfluence or deter tee met ods, asid e fr o L bein o iou 1 desirable as per~ane ta encie of control. Te • in . u erved merely as temporary m asure~, a t h in·tia s teps to an ul- tim ate permanent anagement of t _e govern et b t e i tes. T , t hird phase v'Vi t n s ses t 11e establi ent o a er anent w ite control t hru ingenious constitutions. dificati on oft e stat By t h e election of 1 88 a CongreQsional deadloc o t irteen years duration was broken, nd t e ... u l i can party again experienced t ~e t hrill of realized po er . Te lon period of inactivity regarding t e enforcem nt of cert ·n Reconstructi n Ac s , and especiall v t e f arcial operatic o t e Federal Election aws, ad · lad e tien of o beyond t h~ poi t of longe ilent end ranee. e Court d eld i 1 4 t t Con re 0 t e o er 48 49 to regu ate Federal el ctio , an 00 l revent i timida- tion connected t ere,vi t _ • b 11 a no· desi ne e} to malce effective this stat t a . It s ccee ad i it a ag t hro fl 1 t he House , but ·as d isap roved by t e enate. rvi t h t his r versal, ca1 e t h stunnin real zation t l1at t }1e pirit of~ e time WO ld not condone sue proceed re. Event e sentiment of the lort opposed to it; and t air h ost·11ty -as em phatically shown in t e retur of a Democratic majority in t he House at t he next electionll890), and even more emphatically in 1892 ~ en t~e Pre ident an bot h Hous es were Dem ocratic. Their return to power accomplished removal i n 189 4 of all exis ting statutes regard ing the Fe c ontrol of elections , and ' us t he last vestige t hr ough which t he blacks h ad r eceived t e direct s upport of the national government disappeared . This condition practically uaranteed t e So rn states t e a cessation of Federal interfer nee and gave t 1 mAliberty of workin~ out f or t hemsel ves t he suffrage is ue. Te trend of the times might have been guessed in 1 90 wile Congreb ~ras discussing t /"' 8 election bill.I or , ississ ippi was at t e sa e tim J setting t e precedent for t he new movement . In order to obtain t e viewpoint, of t he SouL rn con stit utional convention in t he i r work of m odification , and thus t o catch t he entime t ,hic~ inauired t eir labor . a 1 8 :437; Yarbo Ex art 110 u. 1. .Atl an. • r ou ' • 2 tlan. \ 8:4 7 et seq. • *Louisiana Convent i Feb 8- l ') 1898 Democ a 1 , epu • 1. op 1 1. ~lir i ni onv nt n 1 2 90 -J ne , l De • , la. ,0 y 1. 1 0 e • 4 Rep 1 1 4 . • Convent on 1 0 • eor 1 • study of the actual events w ic tran~pired is essenti 1, and quite satisf ctory. Broadly spealin t e primary purpose of these conventions was to secure t he disfranchis ement of t he negro, by means more permanent, and which at t he s tie, did not possess so many undesirable features as did t hos e itherto practiced. I t was felt that disfranchisement by intimidation and sur repti ·o , election metlods m ust ive place to constitutional ·~ ·tations and re Qtrictions, w hich would accomplish owever the same result. President Knox on a. s u.rcing t e chair of t e lab rca Convention said tat t he problem of t he convention as " t within the li~ .it of t he Federal constitution to establis \Yhite s11pren:acy in this state." "If we v.o ld ve" he says, "white supremacy, we must establish it by l aw, not by force or fraud". "T e justification for ,v atever manip- ulation of t he ballot tat as occurred int, is s t te as 1 been t he menace of negro domination." But tnan y refused to accept this staten:ent, saying that white suprem acy had not been endangered by t, e negro since t he seventies. The same idea existed in the Vir i nia con vention w here one mernber said, " ere \Vill never co e a time wen t he Anglo-Sax n ,i 1 s bmit to do ination by the black man. No matter ~ at it cost, tis one fact stands out supremal true,- t hat t he Anglo- a on race is noVi and will forever aster 2 ereve r ·t exists 1 ol. Sci. · . 1 : 80. Ricl1mond iapatc pril , 1 0 . 60 51 n Al del e at e frankly present s t e pur ose of t he convent ·on t us, 0 i/e have t old t e people of Al bam a for years t ha t we wanted to disfr an c i se t . e ne ro. T e w 1i t e pe ople w 1 10 love t _ san ct ity oft e llot , of t eir , or es , a of t r eir state ant to exercise t 1at rea t weapon i de- -f" f t ~ . .. en se o _ 1 n s h t re ri h t and sa r e . ~ e want t e w1ite _ an who once vot ed to vote aga in. Up on t · at t eory we pledge ourselves t o the ite peo le of Alba at at we would not dis r anc ise a sin~le -1te man. But it i s our r os e , it i or i 1tent·on, and he r e i s our r e i ered vo ,-- to dis f~a nc1 ise every ne gro i n h e s ·ate , an not a s i n ,le · i te ,1 .. n. ~t t s ame ti me a dele te n ed ' e therly et fort h som ew a at lengt} h i s own sent i . t ' and undou tedly i t I et t r ppr oval of at ~ er 2 uT 1e pe ople of l ab m ex rcisin • ' evolut io n ry ri g t ' a ve dec r eed t 1at t . l ht } J en n t • fa r . cl a l t of vot· ng 1n so s may 1 e ne r r ' C ge , s all not e en f·orced • l n t ' e state 0 1 T Q • C n any r 1 de ny t ~ e f a ct t hat 1 . t a dop t ion of t 1 t _ OS 1nce e e endment t , e i mmun i t y - • it t to has very w lC sou secu r e een annulle Al ma. avi r r y t l e un ni :nou v oic , of 11 Jeo le of t ' e c,tate of o t h t v · o1enc een don by r evoluti onary e t h ods,-- 1 as · a en ,, en t - o s e rr et · o n re orv to , ot· 1er ev"' ·1ave een created . Fr ud necessary, i t has de a ct e t e con cie c 0 I o om r y dve r tis r , i . Jul 9 If 52 our people. It thre atens it·~ e generacy our descend nts , nd we feel t . at e cannot perpet ate our 4ecree of annull- t e 1T tiona l 1 .1 en by these eth ods. ~re are i n a ccord i overn nt exce t upon one single p r op o~ition . le ar not in • a c e rd wit h that p r o. ositio: and we can never e if it shal l · be .. la i ntai n ed tat it is our duty unde r t e 15t end ent to a ccord ful and un r estricted ri gnts of suff r ge to t h e egro r ce- - t -.,. at ·because , e i s n e ro , 1 e I u t vat e , w et l- er I e is qu~lified or no~. J e c n never assent to t t;· p r oposition. "ow w at are we h r e for? It i n , conve tion , t t we are nere to ut upo n a per .; s of t is ent sis t e elem · ts w• r i .... !1 i ' ol our civi i zatio_ t get er; ~n we a r e 1 re for a still n i g} r u r.ose , - -na el· o rest ore test a t e of l a a m~ to its sol tely or 1 r lation t o t h e ational a ve n· nt , · y providin a p l a n of suff r age b w ich e ( ne r ) , a t .. .. ears o ' i e t a i m w i c h wil c - cit · te i f r sel - gov r ru1en · , st a n _ at l ast u on t e same foo t i s t e w .t i te . n so far t e ri t to vote is concer ed, - t i so far s . e s 1 0 ,Ns t l at e is in- c a citat d , e a nt i ixed i n or 1 w, i or soc1 1 in ti - t ut ion , t · , t e s 1all e d isq a i ed f rom vo i H Cl • ,. rut ts c, . • t of .:Soui s i . . his 1r rnan l n conv e - 1 on 1n cl osi n . ~ ec 1 s .. id, " i e ave no t dra ted t e exa ct consti tio ;1 t a t we 0 ld lik to h ve dr f t d. Ot 1er v1ise we shoul .. v i . ., in it ' i . I k t .: e 1 nt i nt of t • ·cr1 0 0 r l st t e, . 1 ite ood suff r t r e clusion u l rs a ' an e fro n t e uff r 0 every m n it· . trace 0 Afric n ., l ood . i i / e 1 not nt 1 V • co 0 o· cco 53 oft e 15th Amen net int e constit tion of the United States. . L ut we ve swe~t t 1e field of permissable expedients in or- der to keep t e ne ro from exercising t ·1e suffrage. "\le :r ave left t ose met- ads w icn have prevailed for twenty years. N e have re ~red a perfectly clean structure, and e intend to h ve a clean electorate. 01 I h vet us quoted, ossi blJ t too great a lengt from utt erances of t 1 e delegates in or er to conf·rn w t I e lieve is a undantly s 1 own y t r e le gislation ~hie w s enac ted, na el t , at t ~ ese constit tions ere revamped with t e primary purpose of wi h oldin fro t e negro hes ffr ge. rhis f a ct ill b discri minations. more viden t after a std o t ese le ' l Tr1e situation w·1ich confronted t e constitution 1 con- ventions wa . i s ,- - t ~ e 1 t Amen immunity w i c: wa s not in r1 r Yl on, sou t to secure an i t ' t . e sent i ent o tr e white · nd t } e see i n 1 ins r mount 1 ' rrier · i c .r e end e n t created rnust be overridden or evad ed i ~ t e sou hern s nti .. en t a s to triumu . T ti 1 y t ... pre1n' cy ere u st -- .n s a e over t ~ e ntire so t , ut t _ e rep osed n1 e- t 0 of it att in n nt ere m 2 o e o t e s took t · e for o re olu io n ca l . i n 0 '1 r p e 1 o · t 1 t en - r. e t i 1 n 1 i t s vis b on " 'l, 1 t n o n e r , r . oc C • 4 ,· : _,, . I-.; • i 1, 1 1 1 . 1 e ' - 0 t u o.l r " • r 1901 1 • , " 11 3 1 190 1 , 1 1 . 54 erson of Afric n descent, should allowed black nan, or to vote in any in said state. ,ederal, st te, county or 1i nicip 1 election" erio~s o jections to sue n open c allen e were ow- ev r umerous, for t e say r.e end 1 attainable wi t 1 1out its undisguised vowal. The to rac s ere sufficie t y di sim- i a r to ena~ le discri1 ination on anJ lines, and ence per itted evasion of t .1e en ent withe t its violation. Thes provisions incor orated into t - various souther constit - ti n rese le one nother, t ere i plying t es tisf c tion experienc e i 11 t - ei o eration. 55 SOUT 1-;,R SUFFRAGE Q,UALI I CA1 I O _, ,. o. (Residence; Taxe . ) Chapter 6 . Too often t h e idea prevails a on · t h ose but slightly acquainted wi t 1 1 t . e suffrage quali f i C" ti ans in the So\1thern States, that t, ey differ funda~ ent ally fro t : ose found else where in the Union. To t r1e extent t at in t h e Sout - e rists a more ri gid, and extended syste of qu'lificat i ons , t ~ at sec tion is unlike the }orth, or vest, ut i cert a i n parti c - lars a arke~ unifor i ty o, tins. In all t e states of t ',1e Union , an elector .1ust ' e twenty-one years of age or over, and unl e ss a one t · e ne roes, a. [Zreat e r irre gularity in 1 e re cordi 1e; of date s of ···ir t · oc curs, t i1ereby caus i n g difficulty in p r ovi1g one's age, t ·· is qualification ouerates wit1 i partia l i ty. or can t e demand tlat a vot r ea Un i ted St tes citizen, or if an alien, one w o 1a s formally declared , is int ntion o eco ii · g on e , lend itself readily to r ac discri ni nat i on. The ederal government and not testate deterrr i n e s t e cond i t ions of United t a tes cit' z eneh i p , t h ougt a state may conf r tn ballo up on t i ose not Unit.Jed States citi zen s . And inasmuc1 a s ·i e great maJor ity of t he st · tes i r r espect ·ve of sect i on , li mit t 1 e uff r ge to males, t h i s quali ication c- nn ot b e car~ d witx i 1volvi n · artiality. 1 .. 11 t :r1 e states r e ui r e of t eir voter s '" a residence of lo n .. er or s1 or ~ ,., r d r· tion. 11 '1 1 .r1e re i e:r ce i :n 1 t te 1 uni tei St tes onstit tin, ec. 8 . r. 4. varies from three mont s to two year~, in the county or its corresponding divi ion from t hirty days to one ear." It is noticeable, owever, that Alabama, Louisiana and Virginia, as well as t hree other out ern States require a tVto year' s residence in t h e state. aryland is t e onl state outside the Soutb w hich demands so long a residence. Louisiana req11ires a six mont bs residence in t e prec i nct, while else v:here t hirty days is t e usual provision, and even in er constitution of 1879 tat was her 10 uirereent. Alabama likewise when she altered er con titution, changed her r - idence qualificati ons, fro rr s·x months intestate, t hree months in t he county, and t irty days in t he precinct, to 1 two yeats, one year, and t hree mont s respectively . This longer residence qua11r·cation provided for byte South is probably no accidental. Th a requirement ma be com e a source of exclusion oft e ne gro , and operate to his detriment in case h e is more m i gratory t han t e w ites. 66 Tis requirement would tend t o elim nate t he nomad and floater , and was probably advocated becaus e t occupations oft e negro are relatively less permane t, and is habits more shiftless t han t h ose oft e v. tes. 1 stephenson, p 298 . ; La. Const. 1 898, Art. 1 7, La . Const. 1879, rt. 185. ; l a. Const. 1875, Ala. Const. 1902, Art. 8, sec. 17. "- ol. Sci.~. 18 :480 et seq. sec. 1. rt 8 . There is also gro nd for arguing tat accordj_ng to the pro visions of six oft e Sout ern States, the payment of taxes as a perequisite to voting may become am ans of diminishing the negro vote. Toget er wit er residence qua ification, Alabama insists upon t e payment on or before Feb. l,st, next preceding the election at w ich one off rs to vote, of all poll taxes due frorr individuals forte year 1901, and each subs equent year. Louisi na requires in addition to other qualification, the payment "on or efore Dec. 31st, of each year for two years preceding t h e year in which e offers to vote, a poll ta..x of one dollar per ann ' • Vir- ginia goes a step farther, and makes it necessary to pay six months prior to t he election one's poll taxes for three years next preceding the election, except vete r ans oft e Civil W ar, of w om t he payment is not required; and Georgia pro1ides tat all taxe c have been r quired o t he voter since t he adoption of the conat·tution, 1877 , be paid six 1 mont hs before t h e el ction. Te payment of truces as an antecedent to voting is not peculiar to t he Southern States, but i s found in Delaware , r n Pennsylvania also . It is u ea only a ~ an ad dit·onal, not as an alternative requirement. Te necessi y for paying 1 Ala. Const . 1902, Art. sec. 178 . La . Const. 1 89 ' Art. 197, sec. 198. Va. Const. 1902, Art. 2, sec. 21 & 22. Ga. Const. 87?, Art. ' sec . 1. 57 one's taxe si mont s prior to the election, and for two or tb.ree years in ad vance ould disqualify more negroes t an wh i tes in case the former were less inclined to be punctual in the payment of taxes, and les careful in preservin their tax-receipts , which condition would be expeqted to follow as a natural consequence of his former dependent status. Virginia and Alabama each adopted a temporary plan as well as a permanent one to regulate _ registration and voting . These plan swnmarize their suffrage qualifications, several of which may be considered as especially liable to involve raoe discriminatinns, and in such for are worthy of note, before we cons der the various provisi ons 1 detail . The Alabama temporary plan gave t h e ri ht to register before Dec. 20, 1902, to t hose indiv·auals ho (1) honorably served in the 1 nd or naval force n i oft e f,.. eta e i t h e war of 1812, or subsequent war, or i t he forces of t he Confed- erate States, or (2) who were awful descendent, of t .e above cla , or (3) who "were persons of good c aracter, and who unde r stood t e duti sand obligations of citizenshi under a r ept1blioan form of governmen • " the period in h ich er temporar plan ·rginia extende d ould continue till Jan. 1,104, an for the character clau es b t·tut d one I whic ad i tted to r g stration°· n er on of one dollar pr ce i t e tim a YI ic o had aid ta es offer ,, 1 o vote •: Al . Const. l 0 rt. 8 ec. 180, clue 3 58 59 She also dded an educrtional test ic allowed t ose to register who could re d and e plain or understan and e.- 1 lain any section oft e tate constitution. he pers ons re ~isterin ~ according tot ea. e provision acquired t 1e priv ilege to vote for life unless after aras convicted of certain cri1 · es. The Alabana permanent l an a ~its t o re gistr tion fter Jan. 1, 1903, only t i ose persons w 10, unless ysically dis- bled , can read or write an rticle oft~ e nite St tea cons t itution in t · e n glis' l anguage , and 1ave been re larly en ,) ged in so e lawful occu:p t ion , dur i n g t ~ ne t felve onths pr cee in ~ re 0 istration, or ' 2) t h ose w o own f orty acres of land, or real or personal property assessed f or taxat ion at a valuation of at le st !• '300., on w r1ich t r e taxes forte pre- vi ous y ears a ve · een i d . irg i n i 's per na ent p l an re quires t ·' e p icant aft r J n . 1, 1904, to ave p i d his poll taxes of one doll r and a lf a year, i f due, for t h e tree pre- ce 0 d i n ear, and t o be able t o fill out i 11 t e det a ils 1i pplica tion -1 nk , it} out c ssist nee or rne mmorandui. . closer analJ sis o t - ese provisions will revea l t ~ eff ect of t eir operation . 1 , ~ c 181 , cl use " . p ro o le 60 0~1NERSHI OF P OPERTY: EDUCATIO AL TE T: RANDFAT ~R CLAUSE . Chapter 7. The ownership of property may b consid red in one way as a qualifi cation w hich is eculiar to t he Sout ein states . I n Rhod e Island , the own rship of a tipulated amount of prop erty i s de anded before one i entitled to vote on certain questions; but as f ound in the Sout the property test is an alternative r ~uirement wit} the educational test , w ic means tat t e satisf ctory fu ·fillment of it er t h e property or educational t est is sufficient t admit t e applicant to r egister and vote , one being required only i case it 0 alter native cannot be satisfied. Al ab ama in her permane t plan (' • ena ea one to r egister w o is t e owner in his own rig , or is t of 1 nd t ituated int e band oft e owner of fort acre s t ate upon y · · ich he resides; or t owner of real or personal property as a e~ s ed for tax tion at $300., pon w ic t e 2 t axes fo r te precedin ~ year have been pai d. In Louisiana t e provi sion read "es al at tbe tim e offers tor is- t er, be a bone fide owner 0 roperty assessed to im in t • state , at a valuation of 1S not less tan 300. on t asses rz:ent rolls o : t h nt year ic e of er o r • c rr s ter , and on t e rol 0 the precedi ear. ' 1 Alab . a Con~t. 1902, Ar 8 • C • ·1ouisi n Cont . 1 9 1 7, • C •• 61 1 In Georgia t e requirement i the owners ip o at least forty acres of land i t .estate, or f property in t he state assessed for taxation at 500 . Vir inia as well as ot er Southern tates whic have altered t e· r constitutions ince 1890 has made no provision for a permanent ropert~ test. The operation oft is qualification results int e dis- fr anchieement of more negroes tan hites t o t extent tat t h e f ormer i s less thrifty, les saving , and more delinqu nt int e paymen o taxes tan i t e latter . t n c e t e various aven es o t acquisition o propert lie n al ke to bot raoeo , tis qualification alone would extend o botb t e same opportuni t for registration. The next qualification. w ic require t e applicant to possess a certai amount of ed cation, is i n no sense a peculiar demand o t out 1er tates. nA earl as 1855 Connect·cut r qu·r do voters abilit to read t e tate Constitution." everal ot ,er ort ern States deJand some simi l ar educational qualification, and nearl a 1 tates ave adapted a ,lanket ballot 3 w h .h rovides a uniforre ballot O n 1vvhic a pear all cand·date or all po ition • nd t h ' voter , sisted requir ed to st and d posit • om na 1 ballot, t i ta t in .: a cert • degr e of 1 terac I n s n ces J..n • t Sot t t t h · te t , . ill be re ember ed r n s , l , 1 eorgia Cons • 7 ticl ' ec 1 • 2 te son, p 30 • • 62 not be satisf din add t·on tote propert~ t st. Int i 0 respect t e Sout ern ta~e~, are more l enient tan ar; t he others, w ic insist u on certa n amount of ed cation wit - out regard to t e amo1.mt of property· possessed • 1 In Alabama and Georgia, t h e voters must be able to read and write any article oft e oon tit t ion of the u. s. in English, unless unable to do so solely because o p ysical disability. In Alabama's con titution o 187~ noting cor- 2 re ponded tot i · provision. ir · ia requires at t time of registration t hat one withe t as istance fill out t e application blan , a w 11 as answer all questions a feet- ing his qualifications an elector submitted to h im b t e officers, and at t e election, t he voter mu t u.nassi ed re pare and depos·t his ballot. Anyone registering prior to Jan 1904, however, ma be aide int prepar tion o ball t b such officers o t he electio as e i m el may designate . o i ian a cl res at 1 t ap lica t m s d monstrat i ability to read an ,,rite w en e a lie for re istrati n b a n j writte applicati t e n li l n a e an c ri usl 'or · o ue. r T mu t b on ;vi t o t istanc fr ~ an e o or m mor um ~ ateve r a i d·s 1 . "t 1 all b ri t .or m a 1 0 na t. 1 9 rticl 1 ' ec • t r .or i r .ot er gestio s call i dictati • ' 63 ~auca ional c li ·cationslen t emselves easil to race distinction. Ti oe not n ces ar l y re lt from t he qual- fioations t lve, b t f10 th i ad i istration. e degree o airn s s vm dep nds ver · largel u on t ere is- tration o ·icers. or exa ple, Alabam rov e t at n e · tration s all be conducted in eac count b a, oara of t hree reputable and suitable persons, to be appo tea t e ov- ernor, a ditor ad comm o r o a ricult re ana in ustrie, m jority oft ese act·n a 0 a boar 1 o apoit .ent.' or ~ r ·t . l. testate der t contra o t e w ites, tee a poin- ed b • tion , o 1 btedl ar . re .·1 r e e r ns. Tot ese m > reat latit de s iven in regar to t e C ar - acter of examination t e ... all admi i t r to applic nts apply·ng fr re i tration. It is pos ible fort to asu an illiterate w ite r on Vvi t a icial • er super e a .. 1na- ion, an to confr nt an gr wt aver if jcult on. y "m . y er1 1it alting reaa· n · b- on, , and requir luent readin y t ot ,r, or 1 t ille . ul e scr to i on ap r s ic or t e s· atur 0 o e a t require o t e ot er le ible dwr·tin ." e prac ic eff C O " article ,·11 be ore cl arl realize w n t e 1 tera ::, ... · t 0 at·on, ute onst. 1 0, rt :D4. ' ge 04 . t t e ov.m. ' C • • Percenta e o Illiter te .ales of voti 1 e--1900 State Virginia Alabama Georgia Louisiana mite 12. 14.2 1 .1 20. Percentage Virginia Georgia Ala·bama Louisiana Native 11.? 10.8 13. ~ 18.4 egro. • 59.5 .4 61.3 of il i t erate m 1•s of votin g age. Vlhi te • 41.6 40. 4 48.3 The "Grandfather Clausesu are in a re'"'l sense a qualifi cation peculiar to t h e Sout ern tates, althou · provisions 4 so e\v t i nilar re foun i n other states. .. ai . e for exa ple, in 1893 added an educational requirement ot its constitution , b~t specifically st ted that tis requirement should not apply to anyone w o ' d t e ri ght to vote in Jan. 1893 , or at t t ti e wa.s si t e r of ge. l' ass c usetts _nade a si 1il r provision i 1 18~ 7, ands vera l of t h e st ates outsi e t h e ~out , }ave at different ti mes and for a rious re sons enacted arti- ,, cles o t l,Jis enera l c aracter. - riefly stated, t pri ci ple of t h e "Grandf· t er Clause'* w i 1 t }is study i valves , is t · at o e w o disq alifie ' Y 1is inability to atisfy either t 1 e propert or educational tests, .y nevert ~eles enj o t e privileg of suffr ge f or life if e ·s a war vetera , or was a vot r in 1 ?, or the ensu, 1 ' p e ' 94 - 9 ,.. 5 lawful descendant of sue veteran voter , nd . or 1n sue C se r eoisters • to specif'e d te. pre v1ou a • Gear under er ·r andf a t11er clause, p e rmits to re ister 1 and vote, "all rsons w o r1ave t1onora ly s rv d • t land 1 e or n val force of the • United States ln the Revolutionar war, or int e war of 1 1 , or i t war i t r1 .,_e i co, or in n ar itl t e Indians, or o o orably served in t ie l a or n v 1 forces of t ~ e onfederate .,tates, or of t e state o:f eorgia in t ~ e war between t 1e st tes." To ta e ad va t e of t 1 i clause, one 1 s re ister ef re 1 an 1, 191 . 1 h e claus o Louisiana differ so ew t. " J o male 4 erson w o W' o Jan 1, 1 ~7 or at an ate prior t l'1eret o, ent· l e to vot e under t he constit tion or statute of st te t.r e ite States 'J , • be t · e resided , an 0 ere11 nd no son or r son of n UC p r on 0 lea t a1 1 of at t ~ date . t do· . of t · . stit i years • e e 0 e 10 1S co n 0 1 n, person of f orei n irt w· ' o was n t raliz d rior to Jan 1, 1 g all d nied t .. to ister a d , s e e r1 re vot . t i s state , b of ' . failure to the l n reaso 1S asses educati on 1 roperty qualifications . ., t . ti- or 1 pose 1S con tution· provid d .. 11 ide . t .c . t a · e iv .l.- e ve r 1 or I x t • t d te r t ic -11 ply for e rs prece l fl r e w e s a . re 1 tration , nd all istere i ccordance • s ve re Wl t er. s 11 1 eor i ') ~o ii n of • f'"' rti cle . to 1 , 1 r or e ti 1 • t i re 1 r u r on t. 1 77, r icl I ., C 1. on 1 8 r icle 1 ? ec 8, nd · o er . fter . t ec l n l • . " 5 a o enti1 : u~on t i s section o ele te i n . e Louis- iana. convention said, '' at is section five. 1 It is a decla r' tion upon t e part of this co nventi on, ~ at no w l ite man in ti s state,--that's t ~ e substance, but not t .1e l a n gu ge ,-- ta t n o ~, i te rnan in t l is state who as it erto exercised t h e ri gt t of suffra e, s 11 be d eprived of it, wet e r e can re'd or ~rite, or whether e possesses t e property qua li i- hat is t e • ! an1n of it , n o :r i n r ore, nd n o ~· i · le s s. I t d ecla r es tat e ery i t · ian et w en .. ow and t e f r s d y of "epte~ T1 ·· ·.er next , al t au ~ · e rn .. y not "' e a · le to recd or write, and althou ' ·- 1e d oe s not ~assess t e .roperty qualification, ~nay · otwit. standi n , if e re isters h i i self urs ant tot· is or inance of constitution, et ereafter enti le to .L. , , o lJ e. " '1 1 a t i s t temporary clause. ·owever, ill- advise , i f y ou c 1oose unconstituti on 1, it i _ t e, it expires on t h e fir s t day of Septem er n e t ; and t r ereafte r no an ill e entitled t o vote ~ o h~ s not re is t ered as pro vi ded y t l e 1 er Jo r n 1 oci 1 ~ . c1 ... nc , 4' : 4. "ta tes 66 ,.. . 1 t l e t· .. en 1 and e t . !b . xt , nl t - t . a l li · cati l • t . p t i n I vv I l ' XC • , auoe , - l s e ·t - i . • t 0 C'l t ill t , rct · t · t sa an n 0 . e s t t r ni •• 1a t n r r e a. 1 re;e w t "' o- 1 t · on ~,1 • t t vot e 1 h ave 0 t r ··cren bu 1 0 O"{Il tio - • t · on fiv p r .1.1S • I Vir . • coul • +er . to 04 , 111a one e 1 r or a ' } a • +- • 11: • t h t er i n ·ar 1 r e • • r Conf aer t t ·a a on an er t n r - ert .. 6,,i t ruce a UC!l ollar a ~r t ul r ta t . . . const · t t i 1 b . r ll r 1 ni . n . 1n _ n o 1.- t u• ion otated t con it i ) 0 • 0 e n~ n e 11 e t er . t 0 , 1 0 t ~ attai • Je rman .ntl re r1 r ec n 0 .. t ,.. ) ~ t h 1( ct·ve _h . t b a 1 0 ~ r C \ e . 10 e t l w a ... b l • nited e V 0 r in n e 0 C rt . t 1 in , ar ar et, ee t } r vi t } t . e I t t • s 1 t tes· ' r t e ab V 00 - racte r , it" e a under • • 1 V 1 0 1 Al n t . 1 2 , • in ·ar s at .. ' i t . dian~ , • or n r ce of l co 1 ' ..,l · s a ,., e b l ic b i .i s t an t n 0 LL l at e C t i e · t h ~ , .f exi co , • ~ 0 1 v ·t • ar 11 , or e 0 O .. · t e onf u . r r 1 w 1 se e 1 t 1 r s o ut · ov • t , an 1 . 1 o. -n obl i • .... \J e . t l., r i n de t .. bet e t 0 are 0 a • 0 0 • 1 t s fat er rovi ion r all ter or r i t _1 ir oper tion. cla es wn rat a in ar privileged t re ister ermanently befor a rov1s·on rta · t ' afte t his .t e , t la es be o e i noper t·ve , and t pr. anent qualification oft e onstitu ion m e sati - fied. Te per·oas of uration oft " -r dfthr lause ' 67 v ~ y. - In Louisiana, it remaine i fo e lUa 1 , 1 9 t ~apt 1 , 1 • ; 1 l abam , fro m 1 901-1 -o· ; · n ir ini , fro r 1 02-1 0; and i Georg · , xt., d ro l <JO - 91. T ~ olesome r ct ca ·11ty of t he a r r n er it • una ailable , and t feat r alon wou d prob bl av been suffi c i ent t o .. r ant it , adoption. t i u all t e case · nder i ~ il,r circums e , t .. e exist ace t n conservat ive faction, • • t uravi t .. f • o , re~ zing e e 8 - uation , and tl . t t seri. o-a an er or or C l n: . t t da f j udgmen . it to , 1 ve a.cc on ' n n e oar hol ster t • nsitive . \Tit t anct·o · up i r -u consc ce a ~ t script t h i f e t llr lac . • t · n . e r e . or a in in ere s entim nt in fa vor of t ~ e Hy r cla s ~. ' I p r o· 0 t . er·te • t i l · t r t e t h e in ca ac V o· ' ., u t d rds of t L1e 0 t ., .... a.ul, " I ad ~ a t • uit ich elt 0 rand- L1 o t .L • d 81 e n 0 t . t • 1 • t e e ' . c, UC 1.1 dir t . un C a 0 1 C 1 net· 0 t e t .~ .. cl a OU i ncontr e - ti 1 • on , 7: 4 . al 'gran fat lau e d adv nta out a r all bes d t 0 t n ro. • tr to operate because oft reat ispar·t , ic exit bet een e number of w ites and neg Co paratively speak· , vr o a regi ter under it few egr e · n t e rovi ·ons. t :1 r eit er old soldiers or had t i t t ot · n 18 7. e reason ~or t electi no t a 186 7, as t e date on io t osses ion oft e suffrage rig t wou d entitl i on t ; planation. er a11ent regist el ction oft • s oo o v·o ears 1893 and 1 8 n, to enter to ne x- rep ctivel , a t . ear i w, i c on nav- in 0 t ... ri t t o vot e , r t n i ilege re rdle · ft _ e nev r 1 uir . ent, wa o do bt u e to t ~1 f c t a t t e realiz e , t at in -. r o n le isl 0 • 1 s b- legi 1 tor so., tel- · ces ar t o r o '- 1 n ra t·c i : . t 0 be s pre -: foll to x e c vote a asure w hic b its ter ro. ose a ... alificat · on , 1ic, 1v o d xcl :let e . e er, t c ni all ot discrimin tory, f or anyo e reg r 1 ol i r or t e son o · on , re i ea i , t e ' an ote. c use ar an ol C ARACTu .. AID D • a t c aract a und r t a n important a r ol in t . s ra e • often believe is t .. e 1S • ca .. • 0...-~CUD 8 • cl use do 0 ui nt beca t • te se eir 9 0 1 0 u t . a orar c" aracter • t ally real ze I t h e Ala am an irgi nia 1S n ~ s • cons ti t tttion , these clauses ap· ar n t 1 ana ence remai an t pl n bee · i sissi of t he regul tions ord in ·--r i n o eon t t i or • • ali. , t ese rov1s ns re ve in t> u fr ge . t cl aus s s e t tern orar p l ns , at, n t e er - n o t uth rn r anent e t11 e m · 1 in t 1 • r -ri states. cl 11 1 enable c nnot • t .,r e one r g under t e l o r t nc t J ucatio lJ or r o. rt c l e.,; h "able to u r t ncl n iv rea on bl e ion" n t 1 1tion ''w e read t i byte f · cer . " • ulo e as an .. c enabl t e rson i Alab ma to reg· s t er n canno satis · ve r nor cestr ro - visions, and in ~e a n he nnot s ti f t e vete n, ancestr , educat· o a , or ro: rt~ t est , t ese o stat .,s 00 t eir cl e in t , ords. T admit to r egi s- tration, "all r ons ~ , o a e o 0 c aract r , nd , o .. n er- stand t he d ties and ob igat·on o ci izens ip lican orm o ova n nt. r 0 1 v1r in· Alab ama eor ia co.,t. 1 o~ ~ , on t . 1 0 , nst. 1 77, . . - 2 , rt t rt 2 , ilar clause ec. c . c . 1 . o. der r ar . n e • I · 70 code of Louisiana. Te cons ·tution o Conn cticut req res all electors to be of good or ca act r, ad Ver ont • n- sists that it vo rs be of quiet and eaceab be avior; b these ar e additionalJnot alternative requirements. Criticism is so etime made of t 1ese revision~ int e Sout without appreciatin~ t eir tem .orary c aract r, or realiz- ing that in only Georgia and ~ is ·isaippi is t e clau e er1 - anent. But • either case it • open to qu sti n, that in 1 no as framed t he may eas 1 be mpl o d t o isc • n te ainst 1 t e negr o. 'The registrar who so desir 1 easil dis- s t ma ualify members 0 one rac b kin t em to explain ore difficult passages oft e constitution, or of requirin~ of t em a more scholarl interp etatio ch pas a s tan ' he d erna nd'"" of m ber o~ t _e ot r race w ome ire to ave qua if as el ctors.' In fact a cla s c .. velar discr t·onar powers tot e r gistration of icials, t s av · n t e ay for partia adm nistration, if found neoes ry, wa . n essentia eature oft e altered suffrage alifications. disfranc ise a sin le: ite man , m de i 'e ro i e to ot rative t h e incor or- ation ·n t e constitut·on of ome 1 clau e. a ce h e pl1raseo o 0 t ese rovi ionc . o eneral an in efin te as to sow from t e var wording , tat t e cot f e t se o di ere ion , wit o t o ever actuall ~artiality. 1 te n on, p 30 • lat t e 1 in 71 Te object de red wa frankl stated on t floor oft Virgini conve tion. 0 e aid, "I expect t}is cla e to be eff.cient becau e ·twill act int or u on t e n°gro race. The~ believe t hat t ey ill ave a ostile ex . inatio put upon t em b thew ite man , and t ey believe tat tat will be a preventive tot ir exercis·ng t es ffrage; and t ey ill not a ly for re i tra ion. ,l Another said, nr do not expec an u.nderst na·n - clause to be ad i ist red -ith an ite man tote uffrage o t he black m n . I expect t he exa1 nation it whio t e black · n will be confronted to be in )ired ... by t he s ame spiri that nspires every man int is convention. Te eople o Virg~n a do o stand im artially between the su .frag oft e ite manu and t e suffrage oft e black man . If they did, thi convention wou d no be ~aembled u on t i flo or . e do not come here rom ted by an i m artial pur ose in reference to negro suffrage. We come ere to sweep t e field of expe ients forte pur ose of riddin ourselve o ' it forev r." Throug out t e Union it is customary to xcl de certain per~ons from suffrage, becau et are consi ered az being it to a ' it intelligentl n t e control of society, or as av· n~ forfeit d t t privilege by so e criminal of nse. 1 Am ric 11 ·, ourn 1 oci 1 cienc • 42:37. on i tc 1 , 1 02. 72 Al ost all the states debar idiots and inane: and it is also very common to exclude pau1ers and i ate of ublic c ari table institution". It is a commo practice to refuse to ve the ballot to unpardoned convicts, e pec·ally to e w o ave been convicted of the crime of treason or felony, and t oug released from confine nt, are not restored tot eir civil rights. At t} is point the comparison oft e ~out ern tates wit t ose of the Nort 1 and West ends and the contrast begins. Some states in the out extend great - t h e list of crimes whic incapac·tate one forte exercise of t h • ranc 1se. Of the states specially noted, Lou siana i t e least radical in this regard. Those not entitle to re ister under er - oode include "t ose convicted of any crime punis able by i - prisonment in a pent ntiar, t ose w o are inmates o c ari table ins ti tut ions, e ce-pt oldiers' o es ;. t ose act ally confined in any public pri on, 11 inte dieted arsons, and 1 all per ons notorio sly inane w t er ·nterdiote or not." T ese exclusions seem to be reasonable, an not s b jeot to any appreciable exten, t o ca of r c irginic excl d and t ose convict idiot, in ne per on iscri ination. nd _a pers; of treao on , or of n elon, brib ~ t tit larceny, o ta·nin mone or ten e , rnbezzl n, o er, or foug or sided in a a in t 1 ouisiana Co . 1 98 ec 02. r, irgini ons. 190 , Art I ec o rty under false pr - rjur, an t ose 1 o 3. V 73 In a general r;ay , Geor. ia' s provision in t is regard resemble t ose of Virgi ia. e forbids t e xercise o t, francnise tot convicted of treason, embezzl ! ent o uolic unds , malfeasance in office, briber or larce y , or an crime in volving moral tur.itude punis able b t e law oft estate Nit pententiary imprisom ent , unles pardon d; and idiots and insane persons. ut labam a stand alone or t numerous of en es whic may revent enfranc, i sement. The followin person are dis qu lif.ed bot for registe ing and vot·ng, "all i ·otc nd n ane; t ose vho s all be conic ea o tr ason, rder, arson, mbezzlement, malfeasance in of ice, larceny, receiv sto pro. rty, obt ini g ~oney n er fal e preten es , erju ' su ornation of .. erju_ ry , robber·\ , as s lt 1 t ·nte t to rob, urglary, or ry, briber , aso aul t and batter on t e \ ·fe, y , livi g i ad lte , soda , incest, rape, cegenat on rim pu · s able by im ri o en t in ;ntentiary, r in- m crim or crime- invol ·ng moral t rpitu e; al 0 an ... r on w o he co victe as vagr nt , 0 tr ' or 0.- ill -itim t election ract·ce~. In e t const · t1 • n 0 1 7 , Al onl r t e rag to 0 convict o ✓-' tr 0 ' e b zzl me 0 u l i n s , malf a anc . , larc r · b t ime . abl b n~- 0 ce, n t 0 r C n s tent nt· ' - ary con 0 Ct n J.. s an er on • ' b a t. 1 0 , ' 1 • e 74 n is deta·1 ea list of crim e icl 1 di alify one from voting contrasts s arpl w·t t e orre ondin r ov ·sions of elew re and ot er t tes ic e cl de only t hos convicted of felony . than w ite , , exclut> · on art · disfranc 1ise or., ne roes if it i tru tat more n roe t n ite are guilt oft e crimos en er te • 1 Ci ntific t die ~ oft e cri i olo rool would s eem to s OZ\ that exactl t s con- dit · on e • t T fac • di t, at "t tio of 1 • s co ere e r cri. ·nali in t b • fro ~ to a 0 e n ro s • • OU five ti e g 1er t"\ an ·non t h e ite . "1 an also t a t t e ' n 1 0 fe s n C i ncl e blac ai extortion , ., rglary, t forger t larcen ' robb t , con t · t te 9 . 4 · 1 of tl1e rim ., of t n., crro, an 4 t1 0 t 0 e o_ t e - ites· \V il • u . er ""' e s onal • t icide, 0 ence , nc n as 0 ~ · • r, ' rim l .,: ra ' • l L. J. ' n ro .t.!1 ' . ~ ) J _,,..., I .; J ( -· . t it s . I n t lit: t of' e ct _., , it • 1 vious t"' a-"- i o er tio t e clue , an esp cia11 ~ ~ -- L, L f 1 v:ou ~ b ,.. i. • --------- ---------- -------- ----- ---- 1 ? • e ) ' t ti • • r:' .. 4 r, . - . One o t nection , concern lis ~ing t ical ·.nflu e .A- \, s t ,,, ·IC - L . l. 1 ., t r act · c e-r.fi • 18 C b i • .or 1 ne r o ne 75 • r • ue tiono ari ti g t l o-r t • 1 isla • • 1. 10 1 ! cc a · r t ended • Is t ol i ·li g i le ac 0 e 0 t were ·s n unber · re so gr .,at? i v t·t out · estion · i t e af ·irm t ve. "r 1 • oi t f • .A- • • at t roved vie l. \J o r1 1 1e s m UC O l f i.: 1 . '' ., . • rnade a r d · n • ou i l.o e r ., 0 1 - • e 0 f .r no t e ' a c of C l x - d , t b 1 t to cla · t e ..., , and • ve on.l v ; in ..... • 11 t • li t an b- t • f ir i in _., 1 0 ' e i n ' rEl -: t and n ~ a • cl 9 0 t enfr , C r r s in --~ n ·n s rr. . 0 , t e ' it C: a~ .,. 1as een ..., ee e t rr: · vev r , ~ • - not a al t n • r ~ -C 1 d a exc e r o l. C e 1 .. ) 0 - a • e to 1 r I t . :c l t • • 1 1 s OU 1 C ·' V e - 0 ' , "' . • 0 • 9 ? • t r ot 1 e 1 • I. • "t ~ i I I es 1 , 0 it ' 1 , ~ , . Oeo -ro e~ 6 , 3 ~ . t e c· 1. s - n e gran 'I cl ause , 1 • " ed ti ona ., • t 57 l ; C t e 0 ·r 1f r '-- r -r 10 , 7 ' t. l " e du ' 7 ' - ' " ' r n 1 t 0 ' • • - 76 r, of · e violent fraudulent met ads, . ic e success n w emp loyed - t. e . . to eli r i te t fr o were \Vl1 s e ne ro co - trol • sr oVi n t ,1e orts of tl: e !-.ational Re lie ~xec- 1S re u n utive Co imittee. 1 e arding conditions of t ie report cont a ins d ta co cer 1i ters, wit ·· a colored ajority of 8 r . ' 1 . ,. o t e s p o 11 e t1 in April .1 t: ov. ,llu. 5, 84, ' 1 n Geor i a , on table , 7 re i stered vo- or 2 , 4 less votes. Grant received onl c unties of Cam e· , 7 vote nd ·3ullock received · , 000 . r , ree ol 1 ia a nd Randolp a ve ur ar t o vote eac . 10 illustr te t e present effect of these disfranc isi laws, t l e followin ; statistical tables are given: 1900 1900 1908 Population .ales 21 years or over Illiter· e Literate e istered vat rs Lownde County Ala White ?29,612 1?8, 95 14 , 2 19 2> ' , 76 15 ' ,.13 a .. ~ ales of 1900 Total - i te : e roe .. 'I otal 1900 11 8 455 Illiterate 81 4667 Literate 105? 17 8 rotal re istered 190 ' 109 ? 9 1otal re istered 190 .. 114 rom t e latt r table e m a concl de t_ t ~ ·e gro 50, 0 4 14?,a4B ? ' 90 ,2 2 1 ,74 oting age Total 7 9 '7. 474 "' 845 1136 1194 ne rly ninety nine (99) p r cent o e : er es i n Lown e Con , Al a 1 er of a o .r r ve en d i sfranc· · sed, nd over nine s ve ( 97) per ce o t h ose 110 can re d nd ~ri t . ese c re con i ered a t ic o t · 1e ener ~ ov ent oft e isfra c · ise . n. 1 tl , i V r t u b i c t . n ,/ l , 1 1 . • t .. ?6 a 'he effect of t ~ 1is condition was to rend r t r w ites so absolutely supreme, th t many now are rath r indi -ferent a out voti ng. They o not want to take t e trouble 1en t e result is known before t e e l ection occurs. he election returns of ~ouisiana in 1900 reve - 1 tis fact. 1 The tot 1 vote as 67 ,47 . ft ese, the Repu lica s received 14,504, and t 1e emocrats 52,925. Tis vote represented about one l a l f t e registr tio and a oout o e fourtl of t · 1 e total 'lale s of voti e . coir..parison of t 1 e vote c st in the ·Tational election y t 1 e out :r ern tates, wit n t t c·., st y ort_ ern nd i'estern States, of correspo din r a k reveals . 2 rked dis ar1t~. 1 Out oo. tl oo 71 : 1 1'' r ? : 1 ---- · - tat Ala. .. inn. a. Ia .. La. 1 an. , • C. . J. Va. ·tate. , opul. 1 90 . 1 ~· . i te 1, 28 , 697; 1,001,15; 1,751,394; Negro 27, '" 7; 2,216,331; ] ·1 94· 1, 0~4, l~· t . t t v ..., 2 231 5 -- · t ' ' l, '· 81,62h; 729,612· 1,470,495; 1, 93,810; l,26 r. ,603; 1, ··s3,669; 1,85 ,1 4; 1,1 2,855· 65 , 80 ; 624,469; ; 6 ,722 · Tot . vote, ver vote. ank i 1101lul ti n 1 1 9 11 10 2,.,. 22 7 epreson ative 9 9 11 11 7 7 10 10 10 or Pres. 1904. i Ala. 08,855 ong. · Qt. 12,09 · 2,541; Pati of ote t po - . 1-17 · !i n . 292,870 -6 Ga. Ia. n. V • 131,1 l; 4 5 70 n • t t 53,90; 4 90 · ' 07, ~95; 432,647; 130,54; 11, . 26; 44,155; 7,701 ~ 4, 70· t 9. 4 r t 2 5; 13~0v4; 1-17 1-4,f 1-25 1-4-;-·-- -9 1-4 1-4 eg·n ing wit t e ar 1 9 t b e decrease int vot o t 0 t ,-1 C 0 o . alon j . t eir vote 0 0 ositi e re·ent n St t . az g . e deer a e · n ~irgin- a bee n t laba ,. 1 60°~ , in Lo i s i na an T i result ca no be laid to ne .Q"ro a S J.. r nch · ~ement i ~ -- certain y trle t at t e w hite, r ave so lesse ed nd t rea on° a.r not d.ff 1 t di co l' ' n candidat exist except to a negli ·i le extent. olitica . wa resort .. d to i t m ·1 C 1 ~e t-~econ tr ct·on erio, bec om g more more ir es 1 c nee o e - lican t o lee c e • e ne roev ar # ?8 me ers of t r is arty , nd ey o n ot vat ec' use t 1e o ly result ould · e to i n cur t , e ill- , ill o t 1e w ites , nd so- lidify t 1e ~L . ore t n ever. nd · o u certai ty as to :1th n o opp o i io t o enco ter, e outco J.te , t e w ite e ocrat s naturally lessen t l eir a ctivity ; t hey decide i or difference at t. e :pri1 ries , and vot e at t ae. era l elections i y c· s e it wa s not too rnuc, 1 t r ou le. ,.his decrea se i n t ~ e riu. ber of vote s , c st in t 1e .~ ner 1 electi n s i e o t ~ , does not ena l e us to o.sc r i v,1 p r o ortio oft dult o ul tion cl i s e . c e ver a l c .. ses oper ting si ~ _ 1 tan o s l y an succ ss sively t o lessen t e exercise o ~ e ballot, co nfuse l f- fort to deter, i n e t e f ect of n o C US • f ct of t }1e le )is l io , r} ic } s e n co i dered , i ef e t- . t i e of t l 1 ~ - t , , endr t st · on l . 1ng urp o e C' 1 n gener 1 terrn • St t 0 t , i s ne r al C, r ac er re erous ut n l ·· a f ev' will I q oosevel sa s ' In t 1ose "' o cast a epu lican elec or 1 -- t to office , lar 1 · • O"' l n r 0 t 1€ epu l ie n art r ' · h e color gr rA, u 11 1 Out loo l o t all ?1 :1"· P o . ci . u r . In e nt . p ol i . l S l C' II r Q: ~ 7 . o iJ ed. t : er '"1 t .t s 0 t r a t ne v r ' I at n V r lected colore t cti o n iciJ. · te • by r 1n nan ' s a \. a t r 0 f ct, ri _ J ts . " 79 T a "negro vote no,vhere as a nit eKce t 1 the o t , and t he solidity of i vote io lar ely d tote for of t at external pres.:ur e w ich t u creat s t e very":peril" it h as attem pted to defeat . If ten gro voe wer not div n tog ~ther in a_ mas ; , t ere could be no decis ve power in t he minor ity whic~ t ey re re en t . And even .. ere t ey represent a major· ty,- ~ ere d t ey r u~ . ? Or ere ,ave t ey r 1 d or t,1ese twent~y year ? T e out wit all it millions of n, roe as today not a ne ,'ro con r Js man, not a negro govor or or senator. A eVi obscure justices oft e peace , a few a ors i n small village of negr eople, and if e it t e federal ap ointees , - we ave ,ritten t e total of all negr offi cials of or out ern State . Ever ~oss "lity o · ne ro domination va is to a mor adowy, an mor distant poi t wit ever 1 ear. ' And, . A. Dunnir1 sayo, ',it 1 tl1e enactment oft e econ sti t utional amendment s · by variou stateo , t b.e political equal- ity oft .e negro i beco · as extinct i n law as it as long be n in fact, and the undoing o Recon truction is nearing compl eti on . " 2 T e const t tionalit of t 8 e law of muc conject r Supreme court ev r cons i derin t ei A t ~. e resent out 2 ' bu n con "Atla tic onthl n till o e 0 inion • itl d to • 1 en 1 tit ti nali t under :pag 266, - ~ - :437 et s • a been e s • Jee i s d liv r d t e o ;n • • 0 . 1n on. b 14t • 0 ·ti ne cessar to ~ f c too often ov rlooke , ic is, th t t e ri g t to vot is ot ~n , , solute ri t in1erent i 1 e ci.J..ize n ut is rat er, privile e conferred u J. or t e ~ ci i zen - soverei . n p ower of 1 i st ate . In is "Consti- tutionc. l aw 0 ... ·r. omero s ys, 1rt r1 e st tes h ve su re 1 e con- tr 1 av t r ispri vil e· ' n t { i .. p· i t ,. way , 0 r W at i S t a .... ti ng , refu i n to co r f r it d oes not i m ~ir r i --1 t. 11 1 T}is stctement d oe not ref r tote .rivilege of oti n f or o ·ressn en nd :?resident i a.l elector s , or t at privile . ~e is C ·u r , t .:,ederal constit tio· , ot ~ e tat es. "'1 1 ere ca n o ucl t l1 i _ 1 · s c ~ vested ri a} t i n t e elec iv fra cYi e s aa i nst a state or J. ople fro1n · ic" i .a s ex rati d eriv d· ' fo r , under our form of civil polity, 11 oli . 1 . i nt er t • O J l t lC 0 er 1 1 ~ ' .n ey ve . ... at al l i i n lie n 1 r i v • es n l 1 . or~_ 0 ... ,..., overn ; en t • c U C11 . , ... edie r t . " .J 1 1 rn nner . s . ,. ey m a e e 1;1 ex L, , 1e se ualific tions of t e C'' out '1er 1 tate s d o 10 - ear i proper i n 1eir t r n J di n cs t x e . • tere uld not v i 1 , t 1 • ult. T .,. l n l 1e upr . ,l e V ln r violation ,vi t .1 ·} i er 1e r c 11 r · d r • l "' ts oll on t - f' C } t . r di sf r · n c. t1 i rr: or of cl s of citiz s t } J . 0 - e r • 1 t . La 1" C" Po i er on C . • • ' te v s e e ( , . ct t ,::.,, l un l ~ .... () ' . ..._; . nt te 1 7 1ngvo s 0 o. • • . 81 It ·s argued tat t e nconcealed intent and purpose o the various conventions wa to di fran s t e negro, but not the wl1i te. ut it m ust be r e ember d tat t e i ntent w1ic inspires t e framers of a law, can av no ei tin det r min ing t e validit o t e law, except o t e extent tat t e intent is i mpli a by t an impartial test of it p raseolog, or m ay b discov red by • o era ion. T he l ; itsel is t e subject of judicial scrutin , b t ot t e motives WL ic promp ted its creation. It i said tat t he u randfat r clau es" c n r priv ilege, in fact, reate a privileged class t e power to do .,J . l.C is • eni o testate.....,, der tee ualit clause oft e } 1 J 1 end, ent. none sense these clauses ar neit er a denial or abri ;ent o t e ri t to vot, for ·notead, t e exten t he rig t by giving t e ballot tot ose vrho cannot uali y under t .e property or educational t ·t s . ut int e sense tat a refusal to confer is e ui val nt to a denia.l, t, e randfat _ r clauses" do lin4it t e suffr ge. ( a t e matter stands, it i nei tb. r clear t at t e: / o not run counter to t nor tat t e do. consti t tion.., T c aract r an unde r t an in clause are ost s 11s ce - tibl of abu ' beca 0 t • reat atitude i1ten tot regist1'ati on of icial • I onestl a in • ter ,. t re c uld ' easily xist as ma t nd do or i on 's 1 to Sllffra e under ti • 8 0 0 rov on , av v e , co s 1 t e t te· ' an t t C a co o l 0 C C t e c o r • d d. t· o a mi 0 r ve r ' 0 0 tration d • 1 r a 0 .., r n e 8 . ect of • • 1 or rr . t of f ct • 1nq r . a r ere 1S 1 } . • of • ad ni n i s t r . n C[ lS n o C ~ us e 1 1 on . 1 t } 0 , s evero.l tt C ~ · u.v . e r d u on t e consti - o 'il :it io n li t of .J . e V ri us cl-- us e tit suffra e la of t ' 0 ' out r n t ate s st a nd dici ally uni nunbed in e l i :;> t of t 1 . tl J .en . t: 1 ,,~ ese c se s ave ee n d .... c i V ry a r e l u on · or o · n s o u r eme o·urt r o e e u r e a d tecl ic 1 ~u i - . s sho n a n 1 appar ~n t esir to , of r edr ssi ~ s u e r on s , t ose ri in ~ n er t f r e laws, o· t e p o l i i c c:.l dep· rt r nt of 1e c·ov- u nr:1en t . ,:) 0 far 1 . . ndicati on of its as ongress give n " t ti t de o Ub t "t h a • i rr 1.a t e h ""' t n att i on e l n e r ' for . . . 1 ettl . 1t . rn r eal h " n d t h e -t- 0 U~ Cl . r s on , .... t i tude of ot , nd t .h e r t . t , e pat} et i c & on .re l one . • i Cil • final r - i t of !1 · i of ublic 0 1 n1o n , Vi 1S t 1 e r n. n t t i 5 il l J: r of p .. n e . 0 1 nd Lu t asap oenor non oft s oci 1 consc· ou.sne s , a r le of co ct , n o rr_atter r1ow utr orit tivel t F t 1 na t i on , if n o s u. or · l e f orce of u · f lie o: inio , i s already in process of repea l." I i p o -a 1 e t r1 · . t t r i 1 c i 1 t i on c · .. o t .,u co nd mn viola . of s a 1 0 of t e · it ::, . A 11 ~ of • a r :,..> ... t epr1e so 1 , i S V tt ti sl , rris , .1.i t ory of the · und· n n la erto . terf r ...,., '• L m •r co :rn i z " . nc..._. J Co r , u Ala ara 1 4, , it c. tate d r , • ' it.ho t ra. i c ,.._ l e i Ji t . ~ · 1 on 0 0 e • . 1 io 1 1S · 1 r r - 0 erci e it absol~te ' 8 . ? . • , a _ ) - - • ~ '"'I 3 r s c i s n1 n t , i t c o it ~ . f , . t o_ 1 s e n r a . c r 1 s e n1 e J. • T e " h or c1,;.t" to pol i ti c .1 qualit J ~c r esul ed i n is s r. e c~ n.or e p f . . 9 ro .1 S ; . r e ona- .. r 0 f 11 olit·c 1 privile ~e , w ich i n olves l a or, ed cation , ~t i r.c , an t layi n y . ~ o f · roo s i t i r:u st • 1 :. s t no, I l • 'l, • • p i d v vh i c · • ei d ere 1S 1ope 1 e p otre 1 .. Jj - by .. a. i r: f ort i rr1t . i lli 1e n .aro· .L r a. · _ C re .I' · ., 1 S ' /:' 7 ~ .~ 1 "It • .t t ent , s0 1et h ir l...; pro ·e re over - + - . of ulatio t l e Uni d ··tat is on 1r 1.e negro po 0 i l li t er .. t e. u D n in c;: t inks "t r e i ~ t o o muc1 ot t i al i ntelli- ge c i n 1 do u h , ~ nd t o o r r:.u c 1 o v of f C4, i r n 1 J n n r t O fu ee t r1 ,l o c lor ed G n of ed c tin ro er t -, VJ o 1 v atte te t eir va lue o t b.e co n, ni • v .. t i ntelligence , virtu , .n 0 C of C£rr C er ,il l event- uall.r rul e , i ~ . rtc:.i n i n e s oft • I " S l • lS vY1 1e r ; a.nd ev r 1 r e i t i r 0 i ,.. t i ff hi ~r ,.. .J . - . . l., r b 1 er 1 Ji 1 11 t o e "' i n s i ngl a.y , f r" r E re ,l ues t ior }1 i r. c o f n t s t e · o i s n o r1 0 1J to i 0 of t e . t r1 C ' .1 ni VOl t } t • fi e 1 0 - ...... -- I n e ? ~ tla • i • ?. . "" n Tro fo 0 C' rob rr , -- .... ok _J - u , G . C'.• t t , J n t • • l l C - r • , ·;- 1 . ) ;_ fe il · i 11 0 e s t bu ~ .r l v ..,r t 1 o an or 1 ,l u 84 • ateve t 1eor ies ntert • r~ i t a·s- • rve mn 1 re francl1is e . nt of a • erable rou of citiz in state C n 1. n ... of t h e uout 1 , " t J 1 .., r ·e r ar it as an u ti i ed evil , ao a n es ary evil , or as at·ar 1 conse u ce of a . b l !: n t o t l1e • , est Ori. of 01·tica l expediency , 1 U"' ave 1. ... confid ence , t at fr ed fro r. t 18 j eal O" l~ fear of .lo ort ·1ern interfer nee , an cast 1 1pon er own r~S _ )onsibil i t y , t i l l yet follo , er ov inn te sen e of j ust·ce an oner . 85 , BIBLIOGPJu? IT American Nation Series.- E. A. Hart (24 vol. } "Reconstr11otion Poli tioal and Economic~' r . A. Dunning vol 22 . Harper Bros. Publishi· ng Co. 1907 • Y. Reconstruction and the Constitution,- 1866-1< 76. J . ~~ . Burgess . Chas. Scribner's Sons 1902 N. Y. History of the United States, - 1850-18 77. James Ford Rhode s . The M acmillan Co. 1909 • Y. (7 vol . ) Division and Reunion 1829 - 1689,- d o drow T ·i lson . Longman, Green and Co. 1909 N. Y. The American Constitutional Systerr ,- 1 / . W . W illoughby. American State Series. Century Pub. Co. 1904 :r. Y . Documentary Listory of Reoonstr ~ction (2vol) ,- 1 \alter L. Fleming . Arthur H. Clark Co. 1906 . Cleveland, Ohio . Twenty Years in Congr ess (2 vol) , - Jam es G. Blaine. The Henr:l Bill Publis: . ing Co. l t 84-18 6. 'Jorv.rich Conn. Race Distinctions in luz:erican La,v ,- G. F . Ste1)l1enson. D • . A .ppleton ana Co. 1 910 · . • Y. Constitutional History of t he United States {2vol) narper 2ub. Co. 1898 1 T. Y. rancis ! ev,rton T orp e . \,~ en and M easures of Half a Cent·ury , - ... u n-h :re ullocL .. . Chas. Scribner's Sons 1888 • Y. Recollections of Forty Years,- John S erman . .Verner Co. 1895 Chicago , • • Problems of the Present South,- E.G. iurphy. The 1acmillan Co. 1904 N. Y., London. Democracy and Liberty, - · s . . l • Lecky. Lon 0 m n G reen ~ Co. l 9 ~ociol ogy and ·odern ~ocial A.rnerican ~ook Co. 1904 • • roblems, - C. A. Ellwood. J. Y . , ondon. Tl1e Cambrid g e · 1 od.ern History . ( 14) vol) 190.J. 86 The - 1 '1ac· ~illan Pub . Co. ·., . Y. Edited by 'lard, Protl1ers eat es. The American Commonweal t (2 vol),- James · ryce. The 1, acmillan Co. 1. Y. , London . History of the United States,- Henry; . Elson . · he ,, acmillc n Co. 1904 .., . Y. , London. T e · outl1ern States of t e American Union, 1 9 • . • -'- . u ohnson Pub. Co •• ic .J. . . ond, a . J. L . l 1 : . Curry. The After1nath of Slavery, - '. 1 ~ • inclair. Small, jaynard Co. 1905 os ton. The American Encyclopedia. Constitution of the United States. Constitution of Alabnma 18 7h and 1902 . Constitution o~ eor ~ia 1877 Constitution of Louisiana 187 and 1898. Constitution of Vir~inia 1902 State Supreme Court Decisions. ' Governmental Publioat ~ons. Congressional Gl be. Congressional Record. Senate Executive Documents. House Executive Documents. House Reports. United States Statutes (at laree) Supreme Court Decisions. Reports of I rn.n:i . ration Commission. 1911. Census of United States 1910 Newspapers. Rich~ond Disnatch . ... Richmond Times. J.\iontgomery Advertiser. TJagaz inas • .American Journal of Social Science. Atlantic M onthly. North American Review Political Science ruarterly. Annals of American Academy of Political Science. /"\utlook Arena rration Scribners Forum Independent. t la · . la 1· cati on q r , no l an • r or t i . 1 87 •

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Asset Metadata

Creator Blount, George W. (author)

Core Title Legislation in the South that has tended to defeat the purpose of the Fifteenth Amendment

School College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

Degree Program History

Degree Conferral Date 1914-06

Publication Date 04/25/1914

Defense Date 04/25/1914

Publisher Los Angeles, California (original), University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

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