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A history of the political development of the Latin-American republics, showing the influence of the constitutional system of the United States
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A history of the political development of the Latin-American republics, showing the influence of the constitutional system of the United States
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Content
s or of he olit c 1 ev lopment
of the t - erican u 1 cs,
o in t he I l u n
of t1 U t
of the Const tut n 1 ystem
t es.
T s
r
e n o
Uni. v r·
t
•
C
21
nc C"
C
C
ory
1
-
-
•
h
•
16 .
\ I
CO TE TS
J
\\to4h
r. Introduction.
r.
Page
1. general viev,· of the Lat·n-runerjca of today---- 1
2. our centuries of h storical bac round.
•
4.
Then t~on that played the leading role .
The 'panish colonial system.
5. n luence ft e Church.
•
e oft e Te tieth Century.
0 y.
I
•
C lo ove
t 1 sy te •••--------- 7
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s c eved--------14
0
m o hr c
r •
t t e d
, f)
leo C 0 r.
' te.
•
u C un
•
•
1 n 0 n
n ence.
(h) Uprising almost s ontaneous.
( 1 ) er .od of anarchy · nd caballeri rule.
( j) The great leaders in the ev lution.
4. Development of Constitutional govez·nment in
n v·dual nations and sections.--------------------------23
( ) rgentine epu lic--------------------------26
{ ) epublic of Ch le---------------------------35
(c) U ited tates o
(d) e 1 c of eXJco--------------------------53
(e) e u 1 c of
----------------- ---------- 3
( ) e
1 co ru u y------------------------- 8
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III
III. onclusion----------------------------------------109
1. A
summary of facts.
2. summ· ry of lea n influences.
(a) u te tates Co
stl t,1tion.
(b) 'on oe octrine.
(c) Pan
American Union .
3.
eview of a conference 1th Dr. Uriburu.
1
A History of the Political Development of the Latin-American
ep blics, Showing the Influence of the Con tit tional
Syste of the Unit tates.
The thoughtful citizen of today is awakening to the
fact that upon our Continent and the southern half of the
•
Hemisphere are twenty republics. Twenty organized, auto -
nomous governments are bein operated for the elfare of
the people of their respective territories under a c nsti -
tu on 1 orm of overnment. · e find, however, that the
people oft e several states d ffer reatly s o eir
ab lity and po1er to a sert t eir ri ts of self over ent .
Ill ter cy s rk d fe tur 0 e met zo , s ,
ulattoes and ne roes. r or o t co ss on
one uc tion pres ted tot e on ress on e l ous
n Lat n e ica, ch et n , e ru ry 15, l 1 ,
e take t e fol own : "Il tera.cy in Lt n- can
countrie reache s hi has 80 pr canto e po ult on
in some nstances nd in no c se le s
n me countries, uch s cu or t s
arrive at any cc r
trie s as razi es
t e orthern section.
11
est te .
tes rec
such
s s
po
I every state e a nd that a certa
40 cent .
ble o
v ce cou.n-
C t n
ro po
olitica l people, the pa sh entlemen, the er ol of
inu i rant descent an t e est zos oft e second an t d
generation are an educated, cultured class of citizens and
these men are found leaders in all political, economic,
educational, in ustrial and social advancement.
It is the purpose of the writer to review briefly
the history of the four centuries in the past which have
planted upon this vast territory a on then t ves of
preh storic ori in these large and small roups we call
Latin- · e i ca epublics. 0 0 n eneral y that
the pan sh power as manifest in 11 t colonies of pin
u11der he s e system of over n , 0 n t n th the
in of
•
influ need urch; t
·11 p n as e
e n m e no n to t e C 1 of
I
s exec ted
throu h t e r enc s i all colo .. ie 1 , f
tl e u t 0 qu 0 , t o, n-
c s o t e v c r o lty.
0 r p C C C f C
-
s V t e o o io tote l i ty a
C ur 0 e n t
to V 0
1 er 0 C e y.
e 11 ote 0 e 0 n 0
h 1 n lu nc r n u n t e story o vel
-
•
n t e
L
n - e C C U res es C l e
r ti e
•
st n et ee t ese repu 1 cs he s ter
re u 1 cs of the s e e e, te t es o
C
•
0 t n of
e P
r
•
1 ed u C rch t OU
-
out ese ce
..,
res of n 1 r o
~ . 11
e o serve ,
2
3
its elements of strength and weakness in brining about
a higher civilization , jud ed of course as man may inte ~pret
sp ritual forces from the actual results accomplished .
N hen we look across the waters t the ' nton dev sta tion and destruction of life, home and all that civilized,
Chr sti nized men hol
1
dear, we are led to a most gloomy
conclu ion re ardin th po ress o t e race to ard the
i al, the perfect man . Jud in, n from 't n st at
0 e r' e c hr ly see the an of a true c v lization.
The re 1 po ress o t er ce y e faun exp sse
t l 1 en t e e pu 1 c of _
C re n
·n er st
ot r t e or n z t n
0 n nte t rot r oo , t C
ns s · t n to t r
0 11 Vt 1 d u V 1 S 0 e
•
L er e
s 11
1
f
0 t
h t 1
u
t e
0 e
t
0
y e
ce e
t e
u u 0 p
1
Un
)
0
t e o
t orl '
,
les o t
0
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h
mous ,
C '
s
n
e n
ste
t
p
0
cc m-
ol
,
0
0
t e ro e c 0 e oun 0 OU
C on t u on e exte ed o "1
V 1 0
•
' l
s sad, t at,
p a e 1 ns. s
u ' 1 ' 0
roups of en,--n tons he oper t n
under divine inspiration toward liberty, fraternity and
justice for the in ividual units of the group ?
The beginnin of the history of Latin-America marks
4
Spa n at the hei r1t of ~ 1er lory in exploration and conquest.
She was the mistress o t he sea and feared no opponent.
ortu al followin t lea of enry, the Navigator had
explored t e west co t of fr ca. Varco d G ma ad
oun e the C pe of Good ope, crossed t n
•
an cean
' d 1 i cl to th r ch st ia tra e. The ope
s e ero ty h o ton ou t e unex lored orl
bet een t et o re tr v l tion "e ration 1·ne ,"
0
ortu
ter
po
0
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•
colony was founded in the new continent. ot until 14 8
did Colwt us in hi third voyage reach the coast of the
sou h continent at the mouth oft e rinoco. The next
fifteen years saw various exped·tions fi tted out in pain
fore loration i t he Indies as tle country was first
named. In 1513 1 search of treasure, Balboa took charge
o an expe tion to the Isthmus of a en , here after
reat cruelty to then tives he was led by their sins
tor1ard tl1 e est where he SC vered t e C c Ocean,
t
'o
h to 11 a fe ar later .
.hile
a ellan was execut n is l a.ns to fin the open
water on t e ut ern e t e ity 0 e C
nt·
ent,
5
r 0 0 cola Cu 0 ch nt
·or
co r t e
"
0 s C 1 Z t 0 0 h e t te ,
n o 1 0 s z 0 e 1 e
hua
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( 0) • 1 19 0 0 d ok
•
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ol
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co non to d co
st nto 0 th r
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c a
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to sh
l 0 n rou p
r , . .
ca 11
submission . Their fabulous wealth was divided a ~ Ong the
leaders and tl1e crown of pain .
From Peru ex ~lorations were made into sections now
kno~ n as ,CU' o.o ~ ( 1 ~ ) , oli i ( 15~8) , Chile ( 1 40) .
he ive1 la.ta sect on was not long unkno\m , for in 1 36
olo es ,,ere pl nted n P ra.
Ch le hat s no rent·
y , in 1543 another from
ad n 1 80 no her as
6
pl nted lon the
1
ive ·1 ta y n exped tio rom ain .
h
8
so h o
s
C z
.. u
C n
0
t
tio
C a
t
s 1 nt
•
0
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t
s
.
e o th s teent century e ork o t e
q sta o ee u t t ly C 1
lla n st 0 t north, t e
o t r oft e n
e ol 1 of t ewe tern coast oft is
t ere ee e l rr .. os unt le
C e r 0
•
r o - · 0 1 ,
e C., 0 ve , t
o·t
,
er e
•
0 t 0 ic u C
u · c
ce t r e 0 us ,
lem 0 e 1 0 e
e o l t e , or
'
0 1 ,
o•
,
1 t 0 t e C r 0 ce e
of t
co 1
" -
t C
•
1nva n o opo ·tan o l f e
0 0 01 u
'
as t
C • - n t
1 n
• •
14
-
to
-
-
r
•
'
•
G r ·
gres
'
ra c·sco, L t : ise nd
--------
1
-
1
"
•
u2
The power of the Spanish Goverrunent over her great
colonial empire was the authorized power of the Church.
From the time Isabella proffered her jewels to meet the
great missionary projects of Colwnbus, to a greater or less
degree has the church been the dominating factor in all
the affairs of the Americas, civil, spiritual, economic
or social. Again do we quote from Shepherd. "The Church,
in fac~, was the greatest instrwnent of authority which
the crown possessed in the colonies. Jus as it had
perpetuated in Europe the traditions of ome, so in the
New orld it perpetuated those of Spain."
1
In the control of her exploration and the colon zat1on
of her acquired territory, Spain devel ped a stron res s-
tive and repressive system of over ent.
era of exped tions and of colonies were
adelantado, a term used in Span fo the
He e ly lea -
ve t e title
1 t r nd
political governor of a front er province."
2
st me went on it became necess r to s perse e the
power of the adelant do by a "c lle te o er" no a
the audiencia. In Span the u e c s s e or
tribunal of one or more prov nces compo ed of o ores,
judges ram liar with the law an4 ho rep ese t
t
in admin staring just ce. 1 n er ca he
wielded power in governmental affairs in all ep rt
1 Shepherd, • R., Latin Americ, 50.
2
Moses, Bernard, The Establ shment of Spa
America, 68.
in
e C
ts.
in
7
8
One important function emphasized was that the Indians
were given spiritual and temporal instruction .
cia, also controlled all military affairs.
The audien-
Statistics show that emigration to tr1e new colonies
was slight. The system of Spanish colonization did not
encourage home building as the colonial enterprise of
England was doing. There wa a prevailing absence of
Spa ish women, married or unmarried and as a natural con
sequence there were fe pure Spanish f ilies in the coloni es.
Of the early colon al settlers Keller s s, "e can
hardly call t h em "immigrants" for it was not the purpose
I
of the ne comer to remain longer than he could make his
fortune and then return home. They were nearly all men;
there ere verl f worne o respectable .character •.•• "
MTwo c ass s of colon sts are men oned, the dventur
ers recru ted espec all fro th no lity nd army, men
whom t e end oft e oor sh
mentor resources, an tl c er
had left w thout employ-
ho er o covert the
an. eller ves q ot t 0 ,
" t
as t nte t on
of the Catho C overe gns to V t e posts d off ce
to cab llero
' h
dalgos an gente p nc pal and to dis tin-
quist1ed a d pru ent per on 0 goo am
Y,
th t th con-
quest and P ' Cif cat on o those lan s n th:, colon za ion
of t e e 0 might be intrusted o the flo er of the
no lit h virtue of Cast le."
1
The government
l
eller , lbert G. Colonization~ 210.
of Spain found it diffic11lt to conform to this rule, be cause of the few emigrants who were soldiers f~om campaigns
in Italy and Flanders; plain, common folk and even the
criminal classes were found among the number, wh ch resulted
in a degenerate element ~hat developed into factions and
9
led to acts of violence later.
laid down for the colonist.
Severe were he re t ctions
Emigration from pain to tr1e
captaincy ge er l of Caraca was estimated a~ averaging
one undred annu ly. Keller tell us tat the whole
number of emigrant from Span to er c d d not exceed
from one thousand to fiftee hundred.
The f r oyal aud enc a was established at an
Dom no. on oth r 1 a n au enc as ere t e follo ng:
e co, u 1 r , u tern 1 , an a, n e e Bo ata,
an r nc co del uito, Li , La Plata, C rac
'
uenos
.
ire
'
anti god Ch e.
he pres dent a d judges of ales au encia were
hel r pons ble tot gener 1 author y oft e greater
audiencia. The r f judges that made up the me ber-
sh p of an aud enc a var ed from fur to a 1 rger number,
as t e duties became more e te s ve nd comple
•
The
aud enc a of Lima n 15 ex nde n scope 0 over
all o outh
1
r ca.
There as no appeal from the d c sion of t ea dienc a
except inc vil su ts of more than te thousand pesos de oro
1
Moses, Bernard, The stablishment of Spa 1sh ule in
lmerica . 83.
10
when there was an appeal to the king. The audiencia was
tl1e highest judicial author! ty in America. For its special
district it was in America what the Council of the Indies
was for all of Spanish America .
the president of the audiencia .
The viceroy WES o t me
He made appointn nts and
the power of encomiendas belonged to hi m • . The right of
appeal could be taken from the v ceroy to the audiencia
and the v ceroy or audiencia each had the right of appeal
to the king. It wa the duty of the lesser aud encia
to keep the v ceroy nformed as to the state of affairs
in s vice oyalty.
Of the lo er local of c r, the ov rnor oft e pro -
v nee a the ead oft e prov nces.
city t e over ent s org n zed under
In each ca tal
corregidor,
the p rt do , sud v 1 ns oft e prov nee, ere ov ed
y lcal e a ores ho
o t e v ceroy and t e tr b
m tr tes un er the nspect on
ls exerc ed pol ce, m litary
and u ci unct on . 0th offic 0 th C ies er
/
he l l e t e eg or fe 0 ho ere ap o n
or 1 e 1 o h r r l c d nn l y t e C ze
0 t e to n. he to V
a cal es an reg dor s nan
one h th re er n er,
me ent on t e au
form of ov rnment 1 control.
tl e lea t num er of emb r
yuntam ento was a villa, the
c uda
•
nc could no per c the
It as uns ti f~ctory.
v·ceroy th k ngly authority was sent out to represent
d
,
11
the king in all his courtly bearing and power in the pro-
vinces of iJllerica . Antonio de endoza was the fi.rst vice-
roy sent to .A.mer ca ·in this capac:tty . His commis ion
was dated at Barcelona, April 17, 1535.
1
Hie salary was
fixed at six thousand ducats, three thousand as viceroy
and three thousand as president of the aud enc a and two
thousand ducats were allowed for the expense of his body
guard . In 1614 the salary of tle viceroy in exico was
r ed to twenty thousand ducats and in Peru to th rty
thousand ducat • The v c roy as appointe for a term
of thr e years and subject to reappo ntment . endoza
remained in e
he as a va c
The c
o fo f ve terms or f fteen years, hen
to ceroyalty of eru .
t e ne vice o rn de the occa on
of the greatest de on tr t n o love and lo~ lty to the
other Coun ry. a e 0
.
com n to repr en n pe on
t e po r an grea e 0 the in h n1self?
I er ,.endoza
I
B rei n 542 th the "Ne
L "fo t e colon p e by Sp t en orce-
men as l upo
t
shoul ~ er
0 the V cero-y to ex ute
n her er c rov C
•
The feu al ys e , the stro e or th day
of rnediev 1 over t und ts form of act v t e n
the e e sy tern of r artim ento or en-
com n s. In C 1 rnbus
1
time land acqu red a apport oned
1
'oses, ernar, Thee tablishrnent of Spani
86.
in Amer1ca
1
out to certain Spaniards who under a cacique were allowed
a certain number of nat:1.ves to cultivate it under his
authority.
12
Later by Governor Orando of San Domingo it was decided
that an encomienda was a grant of a certain nwnber of In
dians and this grant was not always accompanied by a grant
of land. The Church insisted in the early enc~mienda
grant that one clause in the agreement should require that
the Indj_ans should be taught "the things of our holy Catha-
l c faith,"l al o tla instr c
e ven t em.
r in the indu tr es shoul
So rec les ly e · these gran s d spen ed among t ose
1 court fav r that he ~ t s grea l abuse • e-
C B 0 a s r 8 un er t es s t e
n ve popul ti on a fas y n o he ev 1 tle enc
r nt
•
Co la nt ro l ec on e an
t o tote Gover In th connect o e
f n Las C sa, a r r, V t ro
of
0
eric r o~ os o t y n u co
I n ns, {l 9 • La C a o ro
t on
th
n unc rta n opi o nett e y t • o e co
•
Hvn el an es a e of In an er 0 av s a on t ·m
e ave tl1en the r fre om n ans r t o hi conv ct one
upo t e njust ce oft e yste • Per aps o Las C a
C
l
ose, ern r, shmen of pani h Rule in Americ , 93.
13
more than any other man 1s due the credit of the awakening
i n Spain which resulted in the "New Law" (1542) . The
passage of these laws marks the first phase in growth and
organization of the Spanish Dominion in America,--just fifty
years after Columbus' first voyage.
1
The vassals of the
crown of Castile effectively staked out limits of an Empire
twice the size of Europe . The "New Law" declared Ind an
were free men, to be treated like king's subjects in Castile .
I
ore clearly stated: That after the deat of the conqueras
the repartimentos of Ind ans g ve tot em in encomienda
were not to pass to their h rs but ere to be placed under
t eking; Th tall officers of the cro n were to renounce
t eir repart ment at o ce; That personal service of the
nat ves was to be entirely abolished n the onl r ght
to be retained b the encom enderos a t er ght to a
moderate tr bute.
2
Te enforcem ent oft e "e La" for at me seemed
1m oss le. endoz in exico and Gonz 1 P z rro n
Peru (as Vicer t n bet en e enr ed CC ue
or lord of m 0 t e overnment n p n representee:l
b the Coun l of t
nd· s. C C h d favore
C m end·
•
le e ep e the abu e o t stem,
,
t e s 11 op t ev ce m t e reformed .
stro remo strance aga nst the enforcement of thee ct
s se to Sp n t e l w snot even part yen orced
l
irkp tri ck,
•
• , Camb. od. H st., Vol. I, 24 •
2
·oses, ernard, Establishment of the Sp. ule in America,88.
-
14
nt l after it was m o ified in 1551.
I 1560 t he feelin of antagonism that had been de
ve l onin for years between the Viceroy and the udiencia
rec ed ts cl max · n open atte ;pt o t he l nc·a
C
0
!
o d p ive t, e icero of s p ow r.
In 1 4
u s e t
u
•
0
eco
0
e
•
0
t e
s t
1 t
•
on t deat o V ceroy Vel scot e ud en-
l u ce to
h OU ht
vet e office of ceroy s-
int rce son o Vi it - or V 1 e r r m
c , t h cau e of t1e iceroy was susta·ned
t t
0 t e s .
•
e
I n
s p o er o
e t et one o
NO
ew
l Z cero ver e t m of
n
•
t
s
•
on ol .
0 p
h
0 oi.
t t
rn C
1
•
.. _ ... me
0 t 0
0 0 ,
e
I
s s 0 C e C
or of
· ic
lle, 1 ter
0
,
0
V
e •
y n
o 1
e
n st ·
ol
st r or o
se
te
t of
0 e
or
r n,
15
all had to receive their oods from an inlan ton , usually
otosi, at exorbitant prices, five or six hundred per cent
above t e cost production.
h end of the ei hteenth century and the be i ning
o th n neteenth saw o n a more 1 beral trade . ol _ cy.
Un er h -rles III
1
s r · n (17 9-1788) there were dopted
measu es of overrun nt much more 1 eral intra e h
reacted powerf lly upon r·culture
C t IS
t . u
1 X er von
-01 t
s the pri c n 1 1 e s .
one r t enl h
lre y there e e o r
1no t C st
res 1 o
'
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s
0
•
o ... es ,
0 S
t e il nt
-
16
cities •••• Grey and unrelieved is this peri od , the P3riod
known as "the Colony , " for the unstable societies of Amer ica refle ct the life of Spain .
111
One characteristic feature of society in the pan sh
colonies at the close of thee hteenth century was its
1 ck o homo enet y . 2 The ·uropeans, the
In
ans an the
fr cans represented three d stinct types or r ces, besides
e var ous
tiz , o n
ul tto
t e e C
C ,
r
h
la.n
e
•
C C
ess
s ,
,
classes of
f
n
0
V
the u
European
0
0
un o
cola
e
· xed
•
ove •
s .
r
0
0 rn n
e e 0
0 V
chil e
•
n pe ,
•
e ece V
C he
0
1
•
co , 0 , n
•
'
•
.. . ng 0
loo
•
There ere the mes -
u o e nd , e
r can; t e s 0 , o n of
S C n 1 0 soc a
n co e or
0 y
0 0 m
C a e
ca. 1 C 0 0
-
0
•
C 0 e n n
, s t 0
e e 11
' .
l e
•
•
e 0 s n ,
C 0
'
C .,
on
•
h e
,
ca,
l 0
tion C 1
--
•
0
17
'
good in local provinces or states only. broad they were
not recognized at all.
The mission of the Church for the conversion of the
natives of . e ca was entrusted to the Paulistas in raz 1
nd to the Jesu ts 1 ara uay nd other Spanish col nies.
The loy lty of these orders toter f th, the r p ence
ad ersev r nee w the r converts, the neophy es and their
zeal or 1 n up the r sons in te oral d
r-
1 ys a e ut ful st y of in ustry n evotion.
s t be ~on ered ti i localities t eir ze 1 uld
ro bey n eir r ts of t ho ty under e church?
e
e Je
t e wer o
e e 1
e e
e
p
e , cove
o or
e e
C
h
0
-
n
h 1
ts ·e e ccuse o te rn t n
e o nment et een 7
0
or
C
t
1 r o ts t 1
p 1
C
l co t
0 0
S 0
e ol
s,
l c , l o
t r r
o l
0
t O 0
0 8
0 0
0 e c le
•
0 S C
C '
0 e r
•
o e e 1 e
res
-
e 1 n t t
l in ime le
V
6 p
17 9 t ey
ica.
er
t
0
he
n -
•
Je
ts
to revol
o e
e
18
and revolution . nd , when it began it would sweep the
continent with the orce of its determin tion . G rcia
l ron r ·tes,
1
,,
pressed b th oc cy nd n1onopoly,
by
~ .
· · l ;ged · st tl ,._ l a fun t art the ,
Sp i h n .t'ortu e e colon e aspir towar in e d ce.
..
f t per o S ephe ays,
ff
e overr nt in h s-
tory hav ee o m cl s n r 0 , fe ve s layed
SUCil 0 le 0 lo , on ve
r e e a r e 0 om e e of v ol .on
e e 1 n o ed o e of n
•
•
1 0
1 r
-e
0
1
•
0 C .1 e O·
le
r n n -1 ·
ti
•
p i n c o
0 r e
-
•
e l C t e t e 0 1
r C e
•
1 t te e • n tr
h cer prov ce e
C
I
•
t a s . r V e ro ce ,
1 G
C
'
r
i
,
2
,
• •
19
she did not find them submissive as before . ot havi g
the .ilitary power or the prestige o ormer days to enforce
her u hority she was compelle to ield to the situation
as it existed . It was in eed, " i ht e ween Spaniards
of the New
1
.lo:r· ld an
con ervative overnment of the Old
orld whi ·h or ade libert of thought nd action at home
no less than t . d in hep ov nee beyond t e se s."
1
There w
pa n nd n e
of the outh
little sympathy etween the colonie and
ence wa inev a le . he te per nt
to re
evol
coo e •
n'
e
unt
ra
n
•
o·
0
e c ns
loy 1 o t e
u pe
polo
l
ee o
n C
u2
0
f 0
n
,
I
0
t
•
ove
U 0
1
•
b
e u
e
oe , w •
•
e
n
son h
ry .
ed h m n ly
e er co
e 0 'I 0
0
d c e •
0 0
•
e 1 0
0
ol C
0 0
0
t S C n .
1 . ppe
C
e rom
e e
e
.. 0
0
co 0
oon
C
•
0
o t e
r •
one
n
ve •
e
e o -
e c e •
r C
0 e C 1
•
20
but the envoy from Napoleon is forced to return to Spain
hile pa sive su mi sion 1s iven to the local royal gar rison and to the autho 1ty of bpain laced over them.
resort to arms ni ht have been avoided for a longer t me
ha it not been ra ted y t e severity of the Span! h
officials .
n an projects for
n Cr ca. It salon
0
C e
e i
a •
o e
co
een year, ut, f nally
of e r
l
t e
u
t
e ce t
or
l o
o·
s
e
, 'c a o , e
ce o ve
1
d ( 17 -
I
a C ,
r e
OU h
var
0 t
1
e
•
e
ndepende ce ere matu d irs
and st b rn re 1 tance lat ng
pan sh power in the ol kin -
Vo un er ro n lan
e C •
o sep r e r
t
•
t 1 t
0
t
0
n
o e
~
1 n
r
i
V e C
oon
lutio
y e
e ·o s ,-- ene
1 o ed
r c sco e
n d . r a
e o d; h d e 1
h
ve
-
t t
o r
n '
o l e 1 op
e 1
.. i s
h fo
e -
e ce o t e rt s ol i e ca.
21
al ... a soldier in the Revolutionary armies of France .
nother ,re cognized pre-eminent y above all other leaders
was Simon Bolivar (1783-18 0) who , al o , was born in
Caracas, had spent years of resi dence in France and England
studying the oper tion of consti tutiona.l ove1·nment under
European civ111zation. In 1809 he visited the United
tate
und r
here hem ht see the war 1 so a ove nm t
feder 1 constitution. Bolivar, ucre nd randa
fo med the trio of leadershi in the no h, elgr n,
n e com e n he - ive · 1
V e
and ue
le Ch lean
'
n a i co non accom-
6
ro t C
0
c co . r n
0
e
t t
o e
0
C e
•
l
est r
•
0
,
•
'
e C
n
er t e e C 1
t e 1 C et
r -
1 r,t o r t e a e
f I t
o e 1 e
0 l t e · t of
-
, h o
e 0
, u e e l .'
t t e t r e or e
0
1
2 s
p
•
C
ce ,
t
1
0 ,
• • •
. dero
r o
ov r
C S
0 t
nt
ol
u
r
t e oun e
e
e
1 mo
e
cce
0
OU h
o e tab r
ul a
•
e o
ch e
t
ore n
•
er c n nee
-
C
ce
rogr ss
understood that onl~ a stron government "could save the
, . _ new nations f om dem go y, an· rchy and arfare between
military chiefs and ulti tely p ovinci lam itions .
The wanted au ono y withou 1 c nse, mon rchy thout
22
des otisrn, an pol ical sold ty without pan h uzer inty."
ort n te it w ul h ve een for JUner ca coul she h v
had monarchy at t V t alf cent ry and
or of anarchy that ha pr va led ind ffer
s n e ht t· e.
n ion
t r r t leader ende ce or e sou hern
d e tern p vinces
0 OU
e
•
r Ca d r 1 s
n nee, ' h
• • • • • •
0 11 l
1 ! ,
•
0
0 0 •
0 0 r
0 er
•
lo
C
•
,
u
n , r r
s o e d
o t e r
oe
0
0
0
a.t
0 en e l
n
h , t e
• • • •
0
C 0
an
C S
s t e
de
n
"
0 •
a
0
0
n . (1 78-1 O) .
, C _ 1
o n er o
1
0
ly o
0 t
1
,
cu
OU
che ,
u •
v e
o eon
r,
n ; r t r
23
The battle of Cara obo, one of the most decisive of
the war, marked .the end of Spani h occupation in the north.
In the sou h , San Marti an O'Higgins' vast rmy had
crossed the Andes and swept the 'pani h forces from the
fields of Ch le. he capture of Val iria by the Chilean
fleet under dmiral Cochrane m rke d the fall of the re t est Spani h stronghold on the western coas and victory
over p in
1
s omin tion in the erica assured .
a of t e years ol l o n the n pendence o the
Spani colon es? They m rk ah lf ce tu
1
y ore of
t e rise an fall o con utional ,ove en
s ood t et me , bu l ter tory e
pr v c 1 n c on ·tion a roe ss o
not un er ot te -
e olution
o th race to etter t O 0 y
r
u
e om. t
ay not el
1 08 o 18
as r ~ le long and tter,
c o 11 t ort e?
s e t 11 t e e
o er c n r do • h u 1 st e
of t u op , v r tt tu e oft e
t r t s o e lille o t e de -
ce o e p n coo es , t. cces of inde n ence
n
u
e ta e , an t e de o 1c ar r r r 1
o · t e col on·e 1 see ed tr n
choo to ontr ute to r e the ower of e - s ert. on
24
of the Span sh colonies in merica.
The population of the different republics was small
compared with their extent in terr tory and the congested
popul tions in Europe . here was a re t desire to en-
courage immigration from uropean countries ; to build up
new industries wh ch would in time attract capital from
the u1d orld. However, developmen of home industries
There re several reasons ven h s one on slowly.
or th s con tion . ne th t ee s unque i ned is t t
of o rah c C t c n lu ce i ny loc 11 es.
h lon o an r o ernmen t h t e sted 1 most
o t e repu
ca tal o vet
ot be
ne e r
conduc v
s .
o enco a
Yet, more tan
e n
th s s e ,
ap '
n nh r pr ce
n
n e
t
t tes.
1 n 0 1
o t ire
e f o e co r
o s e occ on.
0 t i t nt
e r re en e
t er pu 1 c
t
0
t
1
e C ly toe o the
e t h s y s e
0 on c
S 0 t l st
1 -
0 a co es
a. •
e o e u or co e t n
u n elop
s t m , e s a t 0
r ly e po res o e c
nte vene nee t e n
•
ha n e o · to h o a
0
i
r
r cos 1 ut
l r u- l c
t e
ence o th re
1 nee
1
25
fron1 the French evolutio and its heroes of war and its
write 'S , -olt aire and Housseau~h d much to do in forming
ideals of the leaders in ('outh All erica . That iranda and
Bolivar adm:1.red the political const tution of Great Br ta.in
and e e inspired by it . And , as the ide ls of tr1e leade1 s
at the be nn ng were foi·med lar ely rom the eal o the
Old -·oI 1 o
r i ions,
workin overnment or he
lan out tra on 0
volution tow r a prac .ical
e icas ust e foun int e
th all er c overnme t
er e
t e·
n tr it 0
shoul ..
e des re to h ve
t e
•
Dr . Ur u·u o
·u
r a1 one 0 un et ona 1
u ·1 ,
., r
1 e n on 0 out
r mo r t 0 e t
,,
•
l 0 ,
n on, d 0 n 1
1 ive
1
a r 0 n
•
r
• ·1
1
•
, , ,
s C
•
con 0
• e ..
co, ol · l
•
, , , ,
C 0 , Ve , n a .
·o
•
C
.
0 a
Y,
0 C
•
, ,
, , C ,
•
n
'
ce e f ne ion C u
~
o· u 0 eople
-
V 0 pol p C t ch C e1
ts the ole ody .
2
co z n er~ a
s n
1
~ e
J
,
• • •
,
C , · me ,
~outh
•
fil!Q.
lI21:~~~1QD&il , 4
rllll~ .
§
26
Applying this test to the sections of atin e ica.n
Repu 1 cs he names Argentin, hile , Uruguay , exico (1900),
Peru and razil as six republics that may be deemed nati ;ns
n the E uropean sense of the word . In other re u lies as
Colombia , Venezuel , cuador there seems to be 1 s a dis tinctive qhar cter o eac 'ltho they have as ilar hi tory,
ther seems t e ut s11 htly 1 t·n
The re u l _cs o C ntr 1 a s o
1c n
le
UC tl
av or .
ffer ce .
s e condit on
he ex p 1
es 11
o Cost
rs d cu or n etail yet r efly
s
1
G
e foll n or er , t r con ze 1
C
en
0
e
G
e u 1 c, ,
l ,
l r
0
,
I t
, .
•
,
0
.
'
'
• •
re· ca
,
lv ow 1
1
0
r r
u .
,
,
C
t
r
•
0
4
,
1
•
,
u
u
0
•
'1
, 'r
r
u
0
1
d
,
0 ,
1 '
0 1
ce
'
en cen
, l 2
•
nc _
0
e , e x co,
C l C
0
•
C ,
C e
l
o er 0 0
vol 0
0
u
0
0
u t er h d
La
n :
-
r
•
Cost
0 e
•
1 rm
e
C •
,
ol C
e1~ o
•
C
'
t m t e
•
t e-
de 1 e 0
"
•
libe1al trade policy and vessels from urope ere allowed
access to the iver Plata.
On l.u s 21, 1808 the junta at I u m .s ires s ore
27
n act of fealty to ·erdinand VI, bu m ny r entina lead
er. o jected to the sub sive p rit and insisted that a
Juntas l r tot at of ~ev lle be est blished.
1
n ·t
a the r ra unt , y 25, 1 10 ch fr ed rgentina
fro pa n. onst tu on , owever, were n e er rnent
h t e wrou tot t e.
' h er e o eled
ter t e la er or , ter th t oft e on an e u 1·c r
e rench ee l ra on, the v ious se 1 es er uncert in.
C 0 1 o e C
0
ce
C n
, 1 ,
ue
1 , 1 7
t O p
o-
C
S 0
0 0 t
t le,
1
0
•
C C 11 - C
s r e 0
no 1
1 1 , e
o s o 1 tat
0
co tio
e
•
0
er jecte
t
n t
•
1
s
al
dst o
ng o
l'O a de V 0 o r.
0 t, n 181, r
11
ec r 1 1 1 9, 1 1 •
1 n o s on,
•
1 1 a. V
e e c s . ear
ot 1
0 d .
t e
ove ·rune t.
0 s .
n · rte
11 fP. er l
ons:
C
-
t n
1 ,
t a a o
d,
r 1
e e constant
ocr c
s
28
born . In 1821 the Dictatorial party trium hed through
Bernardino i vadavia as se cretary from 1821 - 24 and resident ,
1826 - 2? . i vadav a was a reat state sman and reformer .
nn ngton says vadav a. , "He pre ided over· a pr rn ture
re li tion oft e dem ocr ntic ideal , and sym olized the uni -
t rian princi les in all their orce . e d vined the ele -
me11t o rent na's re tne s; mm r tion , na g il ty of
t river , the stab lit o t e a s, de ternal trade . "
1
•
re Cal ero uotes 1 er s s y ,
I 0
( ' · va-
V a) ve t 1 n of pro r s ve n ov m t
ov t on
•
t s n en e olitical tructur a
•
,
0 p l l 0 e ocracy .
"
V no lon to ter
e cen le er ove r e11 1 0 t a o rn
i et e t n t C 1 0 0 n
r V e re e 1 7 . e r z e
-
r e
n r r e e co n
•
u
u
OS t e
•
to n 0 e 0 OS 0 1
0 0 0 s t e e st t t e e-
c . C le
II
t "
,
tt 0
e 0 e 1 0 e
t t
"
0
"
r
•
0 1
II
t e e C C e
•
in ocess V 0 n g t .. r nt C
n,
1
nn on , •
c·
co ,
29
G rcia a dero says , "ivadavi was the thesis , a cundo ,
the antithes s an Ros a , the synthes s . "
:os s theorJr was to unite tl1e provi ces : "The elements
•
of d scord amon the peoples must be iven time to destroy
the selves , an eac ove1nment must foster the spirit of
peace and tranq ility , u or"the eneral ove
1
nment in a feder -
ve re u lie oes not unite the feder te peo es;
•
repre -
sent t 18 en un te
'
e isto 1 s
ys'
'
r m c 0
•
s ont 0 8 er t s t o s r 0 e 0 t e lean
t pe; as n t e orm 0 t e ed t te , t e p ov
•
nces
0 t
p e s on o t r to 0 , C lu e
'
"
e
•
.n s r o t e
•
s
u ce. e defended he
con ·
ent U 0 ean
0
•
1 0 1 0 1
n
•
OU t
C 0 e e p
C
•
n 1 u C 0 d 0 V
r
•
y
u
s s cce
-
,
•
o r 0 no
•
e 0 e u 1. C t
:':)
•
{l
pr e n 0 0
•
•
t ot e
)
-
,
t s em l
•
no r n
1
1
0 a e, h 0 te 1 Co ut 0 t
t t
•
om 0 0 m
•
.. re·
a
•
America, regress, 142 .
30
Argentina is a rederal epublic and has f urteen pro-
v· ces in all tr1at have autonomy in oveI- ent . There are
- n obe n c nes or ational Territories. ueno 'ires
is t e national c ·ital and seat of the national overnment .
en a ati al Terr tory exceeds a population of 50,000 i
as the rj git to declare tself a province. La ampa 1s
s id to be pp a c
onsti ut
.
tis re r o ulatio •
f nine epu 11c is s·m 1 to
t te · ft r w ·ch t as o ele •
o ts o c pr on · 11 e o nterest. The pr s ent
nd vie -pres ent o rent na mu be oft e om C tholic
h, n o r in ; t t e of e 1 cted
elec or 1 colle e cos y o 1 o t e r o n es,
r m o s
n ve ower o pu -
1 C of e • 0 om C er u ,
c o -
e
•
r
•
e ow r of
n s e C 1 •
l 0 t 0 C 1
0 0
•
e s e up 1 , 0
C e t t e
•
1 C t 1, e
•
0 n ye
m.
r
-
C
• •
el one-t rd t ody e C se ev ry e
'
e
l
on,
•
tu· ,
gent
31
years. In the senate the vice-president presides. Should
he becom e the president upon av c nc~ occurr· n in that office,
t e senate elects their own president who becomes eJtOfficio
vice -president oft e Hepu ljc. (1910 ). he Cham of
deputies has one h ndred twenty em ers elected by the pro v nces and ederal capital, on deput for every 3,000 n-
habitants . The ter o off ce f or e uty ou1 years
d e may be re-elected n efi tely. e ust be t lea t
t e ty-fiv ---e r f e. s to m ust e o r en e
t n is u ly ex- o · o o p ov ce .
s 1
o th .
0
e
t 0
0
1
r
s
is · 00 , o t t t of eput is 1000
u
or
. .
"L
0 0 te
u hav
re 1 en o
e r .
1, to
s u
i
e
ct 1
or t
e
o e o o t 0 1
0 0 .
s
0 T p Q
•
c n e 0
ec 0
0
re
C e
; p o n e
o.
0
n
s
0
0
ce
u
th
•
0
•
t
h c
r C
C
e e
•
o te
0
0
1 -
e
or
0
32
A province in rgentina is s milar to a federal state
n the United tates. There is a overnor, a vice-governor
and t11e legislative Chambers. 1he governor is elected for
four years not to be re-elected •. I n the Chamber of eput es
ne r presentative is allowed for every 10,000 peo le; in the
senate one senator for every 20,000 inhabitants. he senate
must not
ter
el
e
. t
I
•
cted
nt
er l
•
...
t ,
s
t
t
C
tr
0
C
exceed fifty members eac elected f or four year
'
h de u ies us not e ceed one undred and are
or three years.
rihe
po ers o t e rov ncia.l ov-
re or t e ovinc t t 1 ch s n ce sary or t e
ove runent.
t e u cal e
,
.
'.I
s n c our , courts o p e 1, r o rts
t Dl OV s C e m 1
e
•
er t V er
b
V --
ce
'
•
t
p
•
s 0 t O t 0 t
· st ·
e e t : 0
e
1 ·
t 0 on r t
st· e s e
n r 0 ep b c.
t e 0 s
p ce 0 n
ot e llo e t of C te n
- -an
•
,
33
The laws of rgent. na provide for a trial by jury, ut
1s is seldorn practiced.
_t t e i au u ·tion
Justice moves slowly in .rgentina .
· presi ent recently it wa ur ed
in i m ess et the Ch ers t at rev sion o the courts
be m de as t e present opul ti on dem·nds
11 o fe ers.
ore speedy trial
e 1 t e 1
0
ent ne epu 1 ~. c is t at f three
hori o t 1 str pes, 1 e, h i te, lue •
• •
s n s s
.. 0
t 0 S t ut o 0 . r en
•
t re e t v·ce - p es e o r
fess n, s sa C U C
pol t cs . C r
cc
0 '
e s i 1
e •
s C to ot t SC 00
1
,
•
1 1 e o e t t
C l
•
C
C Os .
1 tro n C Cl te C n C
0
' 0
0
e
•
If
n e
t
rest
C
t
po -
en s th le st
U 0 e
t C
•
ol c
h s es t
0
C S C 0
•
C
C '
ce c ot C 0
n •ov ce
t
•
n
e t p i cs s l · · 1 1 t C
e er 1,
•
0 t son o s
, 2 •
34
but they are truly patriotic, "Patriotism n 1. rgentina s
a mania." en of rgentina talk u iness and are wide awake
to any nternational question that will have a bear n on
the pro ress of 'rgent . a.
~e quote from G rci.a Ca l er n , ". ter ~ -os s, is
l .tical
wo , t econ ederatlon survives ins te o tea b tions
.rJue a . res. ;.. lo c · l velop ne t con irms t et es
t tun te the provi es , ro p·n 0 11 the
tion 1 orces bout t e capt 1 c ty.
iz
In e ty-s x e rs ,
ro the r h of 1 20 tote lor o the C ntenary, t e
r en e has seen tr n o n f race, o po cy , f
re 1 ' 0 cu t re ' 0
1
i n t
u 1 e
•
0
ch 11
'ou h
,
•
,,
sto y; re e s o re t
on o s s t "' 1 t llec -
C •
.,1
1
35
Republic of Chile.
he first interest ng character connected with the
beginn·ne o Chilean h·story s lma ro who h v n quarrelled
with Piza ro in Peru learnin of rich ol mines to the
south started on new conque t for fortune. a y o i s
en wer lost n the per lous journey over b rren waste
severe cl te e was co oelle to endure .
•
' l
t e f e 1 t
0 le
ur t
. t •
r · lm
e
o's
le · ~ s
sot
•
r ...
co
t r tl
0 t •
r
es co
1 s .
u
•
f
e t t m 0 C
•
e C
' · 1 1 , eo
•
...
he t l st reste on the present
on som ga l ut the an ere
e
t
0
C
0 t
t t
t
t
fare.
e country
s f z ro , t
. un
1 t tot e o es 0
t
•
ve r ze ,
e an tot
1 0 e
•
l.
0 nv ro t e
_ · me
e e
o t se n . e C
e
•
n
·o
1 0 t
,1
'
1 t 1 e t 1 r-
•
0 C 1 c·n.
--
e, 2
36
hile's e rly h story becau.se of her isol tion, in P' rt
erh ps was a bloody one . he utch tried to make alliance
\'Ii th the canians in order t o et a foothold in Chile .
The nglish sent an ·mportant fleet against Chile, but for tunately or the struggl ng colon est e fleet was wrecked
in pass·n throu h the Straits of agellan . Despite all
hinderances to her p gress, Chile w s develoo n power .
The panish vice oys, gove nors n of ci ls seemed
a mercenary 1 t, a ople 0 .1. 1 ttle t re r C 1
pot ce s · v as e to av c t eir on nterest.
he bet er clas o he ct es,
s er t e
t e o 0 p ni
tre t
oppre sin.
t
le
e
0
•
n C
oo to
n e e t step o
' e tern er , l 10, h
0
te
t
n o ...
0
8
Ject on o C l
•
'
e c te cl s bee e
ete m
n J y
OS
0 0
10, the too c
e p is
!lte sev n m 0
C
ral
oon
.er
ene 1
ch
um e
n e
acco ,
f
a mo s s 0 o e no
0
r 1 o
s el o
o h e
t .
i 0 cle · e
OS 0
'
, s to
e ay.
0 e os t t e ost ·
e
e
w s
o e
to ph re
t
•
t e C
co u st
0 1 C 1
0 it 1
ce, o
e ee o e of the reatest c
h 1 1 fe , rm n e d
l l t 1 0
C
•
l t t e
-
-
,
37
orld at that t·me, the iceroy of eru. s Governor of Chile
he gave liberty to the slaves. His son ernardo O'Hi g ins
was the leadin Ch.le n eneral who joined San
rtin i
leadin the p triots of Chile to ~nde en ence from pain.
he istorian s ys of l'
1
ira.nda
1
t at e mi ht be called
th at er of the evolution n the whole cont·nent of ·outh
; er c for h s nf lu nee is sen ·never n t n of t e
so thl n. h le n C e er o l od e
C e t e nt·ro, ociety oun e upon the ri ciples
ree so
•
st te on at he terms the
e t 0 th t n 1 12 1 s ires, t .J 1 e s
m
1
r
u
0
0
n o ran
t , d th t t
n
p
e t
t
s
m
C .
1
, e e
0
e
s cue
t t
· ector, ut 1 2
e le 0 si n n
s , o e
•
e
t e f OU S rt n as
1 ce ass on elt n 1 •
0 p S t t t s ve s r
o ton 0 em, cl
cr o s e n e ch
•
e t ey ere on d y t e
•
l t
V r 1 s
e
t o (1 7 ) · t
ce o
0 0 1 e
ce . e n
rt
C U o " o l·
t i 0
•v,te 1· e .
e es .
1 ,--
n
lt"
e
s es ,
le
t n
tu le
m e
co , -
38
In the intense stru gle that Cijile waged against the
forces of ~pain , we do not f or et one, dmiral ochrane in
comm nd o the Ch lean fl et who loo ed to the taking of the
Spanish strongholds along the shore and, his ·reat v·ctory
nth t aki o the ·. pr n ble ort of Val r a by ni t.
General -·re r succ eded O
I
H. ·ns as d rector, but his
three ye r o o fice ere marked with d sse sons and or
four years fter
reva led.
rom 1
I 18 1 t
c lled o t
s r s
1 0
r 1
tion a st te o er n on an rchy
·1e w s n e s x
rectors .
to as c f m str te a conventio .1
OS O r s t e o t ion .
e ul o t s eli er ti st e resent cons tution
0 , ,
•
tr en yea re r
1 1 C s s ccesso • er
s 0 t , 0 C e to' le
n , t e • 1 , , o t a m
e 1 ent 0 1 1 s 1 o e OS 0 n e z,
•
n z z--
o (187
1 1.
1
o occ _re e s 0
s , s n 1 o e r r y n
0 •
re re t
•
a
•
e n
e-
e t to 0 1 e 1
•
c· ca en
39
says
1
that Periz and ontt ruled ten years an it was the long
utocracies and cons ervative constitutions that explain the
st n ,t of C ile i t e anarch of outh ' erica. He
calls orte. t e or an zing enius of h le and ontt re-
resented an e oc of soci 1 fense . ' i?h&t B lm c da as
the denoc tic re ·ormer in an ol ·rc1ic country , a 1 beral
res··dent n t me o cons rv t·ve tr ditions, t lma eda
le th re tr ort les; th
pre
e test Chilean
nc e c te r elution, t s r d t e
pol t cal 1 e o · peop •
. t t e o t c 1 rev 1 o 1871, le s t e
SC e 1 r v lut o , e o c ste , et een 0
eu 1 ove r 1 st t t e CO s ,
er 1
e oc
cle
0 i
1
o er
1
C
•
ust
s .
•
n ' r
•
t
, · lt
r e on t t ut on
1 .
C
r h
t e
1
s t
e t p t e , r C
t
•
s e u en es o
cl ss--a
•
-
e so e,
1 C C on
C
e t o a
, 1 11
ce, 0 pet en ed . t ovi es for overn-
t ee race s ,
•
e s ti e, e ec t e d u c a •
ci· a 0 , •
40
The legis l ative power r est s in a 1ational Congre ss composed
of a Senate and Chamber of de uties . Senators are elected
by a direct cumulat ve vote f or a term of six yea.rs . There
is one sen to or every three de,uties and one third .s
re ewed every tw years . senato must be not le s s than
th rty- six ears o e h·ve a r·xed inc ome . Deputies
elected n the s me ay as sent sand t e· te s
t ree years .
n
e ty is o every 0 , 000 ·nh b -
t t o fract·o oft t wn er ove 1500 . e puties ust
not e less ta t 1 ty- rs o e t , 00, .1 U t
0 S ss
ev y
1
t e
s
s
l
. 00 .
di
1
1
.. 1
e
,
xed 0
•
h fr C is O C ile S
•
eres n .
0 en - one ye 0 e or
n o t enty- ve rs, no 0 c lly
-
C 1 ,
n 1
s n cto •
ov 1
i u le
p rty . t s
e · te c r ct c 1
•
s r s tree -
t 0 lect at •
2000 11
D S t 0 1 l $
n 0
•
e
n C C
s i o r - 1 c e .
0 0 f . C O ·
•
e o
f
•
0
t
o·
u
g 0 e
•
e
0
01 0
o e
fer
or
,
,
-
41
hi te1 m expir·es without the consent of congress. His
1 ry ·s#-15 00 per annu.
In hile the resident's uthor'ity is limited; more
lie th to constitutional mon rchy. He has his assistants
in ouncil of ~t te, leven nembers, five o whom hes points
•
an s 1e chose byte sen te. He m y proro rue Con ress
0 day t the dv1ce o h Co ncil of tate
c 11 t to _ e r ext1 sess on . is
.
o n sess on, 0 y 0 r n e r o t o C a e s
s t t e n a rv ing or a
Inc 0 e or C he re e t , tl1
e- · ent n
0 t
U V •
t
t -
ov· c
e
n 0
•
·o C 0 t -
•
- 0
74 n
· t - ·1ve )
, e t
,. y -
•
a p n e
0 V · 0 e C n
•
C C
l
•
•
1 1 t
· l e
t s n
1 on.
42
In Chi l ean cities the police officers, non- commissioned
offjcers and men re organi zed on a military b sis and are
in charge of the national capital and the capitals of the
prov·nces .
the ar1 y .
The pre ·d nt of Chile 1 ex-officio clie of
1 r.ili ta y serv ce for all mal s orn in Chile
is e, r mpulso1 y . h ion 1 u r ism de up of men t 1ee11
t e · ge of twenty and ·orty- f v years .
he ju cial adm n ti tion com 1 ses a supe1ior court
o justice , court o appe al , courts of first nstance , courts
of ust ce o e ce , court tl e alcal e an er
pol ce fficer .
u re au.rt th S V 1
·u
e , r s n
t e C t 1 , t i o,--
I
Court 0 1
e s t e u 1
C •
0 0 ce
t C a.r m s .
1 0 ( 1 )
c. V cce 'e I
•
n oul
ce t C s 0 0
•
r 1 2 0 1
C n
•
e 1
f r
e n co
•
t C
• -
u o l u
t · 1
1 7
•
, 0
l 1 u 1 1 l
•
e
•
ent
•
r
C
•
r rn 1 7 0 r co t t on
e • 11
-
r 0 c h n e n vor
0 tO e er 1 at o tu on
1
•
1
0 I •
•
43
The United States of Braz .1.
1
he early story of razil rrust be red from another
sett·n in this reat historic drama .
ro
nti
lan
r t i
cont
te
In t 1e expeditions wi1ich followed that of Vas o da Gama
ortu al, one in 1 01 un er C br 1 dr f e SJuth,est
i reached the coast of the south cot ent ta oint
t "' 1e outh of t az • r t is ne,vly d scove1 ed
d
ic e cl· e o P tu , 1, r l sets 1 for s
11~ es re ven, _ i • o ti 1 of the est
t,
n
r z 1, few o tu
er o rench settler. c
t e or t
e e conv cts
e. In 1
e ta
r ent.
ettlement
t 1 .
t
e
0
e
C
u
r
o r
ro
t
e
C 1st
V
•
o er
r
0
o e o
n
0
P n.
C
i e
V
0 V ,
' 1
e e 1
' 0
•
e l
e
1
er
1 e
•
1 •
0
1 0 or u 1 c e un er t ·· · co
1 1 41 . u ch
o t e tr e f o t
nt
t
ue 1
r no
e
n
•
·e co
er h
st
t e
1 f
d
•
, not 0
· c n
r e
er o ·
1 an
eant· e ere ma -
t e · st I e
44
•
nd had begun to give considerable attention to Brazil ex-
plorations. Spain's supr _ acy over all the Span sh and
Portuguese colonies herever ound made her old to sse1t
; er claims here vantagegr)un was to e ound.
i
•
n raz 1. o sooner d tl1e ortu ese
This she
e unto make
ood their clai st the interests oft e two n tons cl s ed
n raz 1 by r ht o t demarcation line. he ul s as
tan op
•
s Jesuit of raguay .
In 1723 the ortu ese re stab
•
0 1 V - .
l t , t tin thr e e r t
e
•
I 1777 ~ u
he
p o
t the outh
t a
s reco ze
s e o 1 o p n nd all e to ort al, 0 1 11 est
oft e 'p s os es on 0 0
•
I r a s cce V y ut r c o y,
V
0
z 1 C
z 1
s cti o
0 C
•
n
rt 0
C
0
C
0
0
•
,
r V r 1
I
tu le
oleon
0
n n
t
1
CY,
1 C.
0
e
0
t
•
,
t e
z·1 .
n
C
f
t
e
olu e e e 1
r ce,
•
toy.
t r r ion, o e
" ch s 0
C 0
i
u
r z l" 1
•
,
0 0 t
r C •
ul
ce u C t n roe
C l 0 c · v t es of a -
t ily, c rr t e
45
onarchial o n -tes ere orced to leave Lisbon and they fled
to their colonies across th sea. rhey reached io de Jan-
.
ei10 in 1808 and re given a lad elcome byte colonists.
razil was r cogn·zed at once as an jnd pendent in om .
he re ent, John VI, o~o e ra anza imm lately established
hi court and b ga issui ecrees tote people.
e w s ui ed b the spir to conservat on .
s monarch
r ns or tion
econo~ ca firs ives free o
t e etro ol tan mono oly.
ev lop 11 l
la d erat r. e funded t e
1
ste
0 t
. i
C
ur e
toc r
t
s t
t
ler
C e ,
tere
I
1 •
V
1 h r
e •
n t
c ltur
u l o
e
.e
e
p 1 0 t
•
1
0 0 r
c lo es.
. UC
0 1 ssue
•
e .. C
e r
•
e t
C
er 1
a v·n
..
0
0
C
e
on
ft e ports d a o l shes
le
r
0
t
s to
,
n o
colo
ra 1, s 1
rt,
e
ot
r t o
t.:
0
S O •
C ,
s e t
e 0
h
t t
o t e
to .
t once t
ca r e
•
c e rl se
•
, u 18 o,
0 n
.o.J o
'
prov
t rs-
1 sts' t e,
u r ss t
r c tote 1
t · -- es e
•
r o to 0 •
or er nsi ted
I · l lo\ e t or ese
42.
46
troops to leave for Lis on and t . Len proclaimed tr.Le indepen-
ence of ·Brazil.
byte people an
·t f irst be was acclaimed perp tual rotector
1 ter ctober 12, 1822, raz 1 was procla med
a Co sti utional Empir and on e ro er pero •
•
ne
' .0
here w s nothin or ortusal to o ut su t to the
ta le a con ze t e in e en ence of r zil which she
1 5. The tt tu e of n lan n r :011s t o join the
111 nee n her sp
o tu ue e
e n ence
tly
•
co ion o the
tren t ned t
an
cue of
h U 't t over et a e e o t e
0 ; ct
u
1 e I
ne.,
,
·o t
11 cs
r
o -r
eric n to c o nd
r ou c r t·o of the
oh
•
.. 0
ss O •
, t C e
e s
r
0 t t t
ot
re o e o ce o c
e on
eir
I
1 0
~ Ct
•
-, re a
t r
.. e
1 r
n
0
0 u 1.
a
a
0
•
e
nc
p ovinc
0
l
s,
n
•
p
e e l C •
e o t l
n .
•
te
; ( J e d
e
ze
·t
1 t e
ct o n
r on ou lyin
1.
f
r zil
e
y
e
47
Upon the death of King ohn VI in Portugal Don edro I,
e n heir to the t 11r one of P o:r·tu al left razil, leav n the
'
country under the re ency of razilian statesmen durin the
m·nority o · is son on ~edro I · o sonly six years of
e t th t me . h youn country had a strenuous unrest-
f 1 t me i t t str les o if erent factions th t
p a . u in v r ou sect on o ts rod expanse. on 1:chy,
1 r a sm , an re 11 ent r t e c te t or de on t tion
g nt rs. ' ~ J 1 om
11 oni e m· t rs s e t t
te e r
0
res ve
e
t 1
e o
t
e •
oc
1
sl v ,
1
e decl r
. e .
le 0 on
s er ose o t e
r r .
t
f cou s
•
1 ve
•
•
C r or 0
H .., 1 t t e r e c
e
t 0
er t t
1 -- , 1 8 .
of
. Dona I
t
r s
p V 1 Of
me o er to
oun 0 nly
I I, 'G u
on e o II
o 1 , e
1 s
0 0 t
V n
ccee
t
1
p
r -
o -
n
r
tr Dona Isabel
..
t
e
r n
to
t C
ol
e
-
-
,
48
The country di not seem at 11 repared for this rad
cal tr ns or · ion i t e industri 1 system and as a natural
result ther ~ re t scontent an rebe lion tote de -
cree mon t e sla e o ·,ners an us ness en rally . ' l ve
o ners s wt eir ro oerty t· ken ro them without com en ton
0
l
C
•
r l .t n t rt o
~ eir
otect on .
In em dst o th sap oach n er is o t e overn-
t, .
C e
t 0
0 .,
sco et
e of s
C
•
1 t
1
f
C
1
t
•
n
•
C
' t
ee e t
z ' ( •
r co
C o e cons
e ·et n
ne a
oul 0
s r
t e 1 t
odoro
t
e
every
r nk
le to a
y . T e
ze
ection
un er t e
onsec , o • 15, 1 ,
a t l o t e
C s 1 e ,
'
ve
r - c oe
e
t e
ec
e
0
t u t
,
h s .
C
t
o r fo
S C
n
C
•
1
0 OS
st Co
-
e
0
e s
t T"" re
t o t e e t t 0
m r 1
o l
t n e
r ov
•
r z
1
u
1 h
t
s e
8 1 re -
a f er 1 ove r n-
st t
•
49
For some difficulty that came up an d
be adjusted
Fonseca dissolved arliament , hich as an unconstitutional
act for which hews condemned forced to re n. Con-
trary to the strict nterpret tin of the constitut on, the
Vice - resi ent, J arshal eixoto, came resi ent. h act
led to oppos t n nd f n 1 r volt1t n an lon loo y
C ' pai n . r . rud te or s ucc e e oto.
•
r · s t e first c v i l elected pres en t n r zil.
His t sk e ore
•
m s ot eas one, u e t te pted 0
on ze p t es an C r.
..
0 f e
•
r . or e s ve to r · z 1
•
1 tr tion. s i n nc
r. a s s ccee e
•
1 e ve , e urt
•
ent.
.
es n C me
•
0 enn 0 co h
p o ress o l C 0 re ce
• •
e
•
l r C , t
•
co 0
er s cc e
•
0 C ,
C
-
t.
a e
'
e
i J. 0
· t
11 t 1
-
C u e
•
t s e 1 com-
r e t s p t 0 co C 1
oo · n
0
v·e
t ae st t es C 1 s C
•
e
e e st· ce 0 m n 0 t ese n e
r eric i se 0
(
50
means of c ommun cation , the c ntral ov ernment can exercise
overt em eneral supervision , only as in the home and for -
e gn olicy of t1e country . he eneral government has a
supervision ove the s t tes compared with that of 'n ,lan
over rel · n .
porte
er ve
he nav; .il n 1 t·ry f rces o t e country are sup-
y t
r
e eral overnment , ts principal revenu~
utie · ·:,posed pon ore gn · mports , ues o
t t ve sels , st ps , ost l d tele raphic an oth r
C s .
0 u
8 e t
ct o t
C V t
t
-
•
e , o
C
e
st t
t -
V C -
n
t s
'
t · t . e
•
•
z . n
r
1
s o e sl t ve
'
n te h r of d puties . C
1 C t 1 s ee n· tors co en y
e o on l e i n
e e
•
se 1 u t e t st
c·t zen 1 0 S X
u e ' e
C e
o ev V
C
'
V C 0
0 s
co
UC m
t O t ·
ecte
u r
us
s e t
0 r
nt t
0
e
te t t
•
e
•
C
. "
n .
0
e
r
st e
t
the co t tu
e pr 1 e
d
n
d
ote o th eopl
ot 1 for the s cceed·ng
s
51
term . Neither presi ent or vice-president are permitted
to leave raz. ·.1 n territory thout t e permlssion of Con ress .
.eith r senators or
10 ecut on e ce t
houses .
eputies are su ject to arrest or criminal
· t t e sa ct on o th irrespective
en the p e was r pl ced y th epu lie 11 roy l
t tle
el
were 1 · shed . cu e se o t et tles
o t em t n c ousl.
t tles per tte
•
n e rees
•
0
~ ract ce the o ess o .
e 1
o e
e
e
•
0 C . D _t
l o
te o · t e
e 0 s
s t r
0 .
s
s 1 1
t
,
C •
ce
C
m·
t
s
C 0
r
0 1
s
•
C 0
•
terms, r. n D •
0 r u tes i n ,
o t e t t n ver e ect n t
'
n
C '
•
0
•
C e cen e
· te
•
lf-
e -
co tu _ o 1
e e
nt • e C
te
s
•
OU
V
•
e
e e
co
e
te
t
-
•
r z t t 0 o ct n,
0 C V ,
•
1
tee ts t see to
e o s s ce . s 0 t
1
e e ·t, r n ,
C , J
52
social questions of the day; education· 1 po lems, better
labor laws abolishing child labor and aidin z the orking classes.
1
'he greatest constitutional uestio today is to find a pro -
per adju tm nt of the relat·ons between the state an national
overnments. ihen ·nclined to er t ·cise the progress made
by razil n ove nmental irs e m ust con ider th t she
" s een
epu 1 c s·nc~ 1 1 only nd free from sl very
nee 1888. 1th other pu 1 cs n t
r sh re o · nsurrect ns .• Jud ent
s uthland s e has
oul be susp n ed
,
co e ve o s ch nts .
53
The Repu lie o exico.
he colonial period o exico extended over exactly three
hundre years. ·ro t e deat f uate oz on, the last of
the ztec e1 perors, 1 21 to the th a aloft e 1st Sp n sh
viceroy, on Juan 0
1
onaju, 1821.
1
n 1540 ·exico was united
1th other iuneric n terr tor es un rte name of rew Spain
oven fter 1535 y v ce oys appointed by th moth r
•
1 exi o as ed ·rst on all the panish count
c lo .
e r o opul to , m· e
•
rices d n tonal
0 ts . s s·
e P
•
s r 0
on te ico ' s et 11 fro re · o " r rom
0
• V
0 0
•
om
e t 1 e , e 0 s
co t
•
e t 0 0 ' t or
t ves s 0 C cou e •
1 s t e n ves nt · e o n
0 , u C e ese
C p l ,
•
I
.
e C
t,
· n
-
,,.
ve 1
•
t e 0
p ted
y t - ·o C t C
0 0 t t e re to e e
t
•
.
on C ro n 0
•
,
C 1 t n C , 17.
0 1 ·clo e
•
,
•
•
..
54
only, was nLtive c.rn, Don Ju· n de cuna (1722- 34 ). Don
Ju· n v.
•
acheco, 17 9 - 4 seemed to take an nterest n
the neral elfare o his sub Jects . ·e established a re -
ul pol ce ·ystem , 11 hted and drained towns n m de oth r
mun cipal j provements .
0 · 11 the Lat n erican epu lies the only on ting
•
n C on t e 1 n a e . os nort oft e e u tor except -
s
C
I
0
esc nt .
er e t ,
c ·
t
5 p r e , i
1 p
oc
C t
ot
u
mor p op rly nown as o In o 1 une ican
e
e popu
·t t s
1
e ·c
c o
t 0
s
ce t,
entine ·s 1
pe c n,
e r e ca
pe ce t.
0 t t op 1 ti C
•
d
l r . e C
p ) C
st wt c v·1 -
m o vela .y 0 r t e p
-
C •
1 r cen otal o ul C
. t .
e 1 s t nt
t oy e
.
e C e
r t t re 1 n o e 0 e
•
t C 0 1 t s g d
·o
.,
f C s
•
.L
• •
lT
'
S 0 1 1
,o ,oo 1
.
•
od
'
0 1 n .e -ico
Y,
1 10 , 0 ,o 0 e pu a
•
t e s
in o ,
,' 0
,
t
•
1 cour eous :r e , 1 r
.
0 u 11 t~, C m e r r ry e e ed
t or
t t of m uch
Enock, c. o,
1c-a-
.
55
the political disturbance and bloodshed • .
ex.i ce or the epublic of L exico s a union of states,
distr·.cts and terrj tori es ore; ni zed on the same pl n
that
'
o the Unjte tate of ·uner·ca . ts orr·cial name is
'
.,The Un ted f :ex c
here re twenty- even st tes ,
t territo es n , 1 e t e istr c of Col n the
•
t9
Un e
'
· te t e ti on 1 seat nt · t
~ .
co
, ov
e ..
Y •
r 16 , 1 , t olore r e rs 1 of
•
uel l .o rev ·1 1 n e net t e u hor y
e
•
cce 0 0 cure
u ·r t r
•
1
j
e h e ,
n nee ie 0 1
0 C 0 , 0 , 1
•
0 ·o ul
.
Cj
1 1 ,
•
e 0
0 0
'
.
0
i ].
s . n
, 1 ·o
C •
0 e C
•
Cl n
r f
n ·
C
•
, 0 0 C
0 l e
•
2 C
•
'
l 0 t l m
u ·o 0 e
•
0 . 0 a
•
b .l m m e
-
C t t , I, 7 .
56
over _exico, but because of hi ty1 nn:tcal ·buse of power
is reign was of short dur tion . Th f o owin ecember
rev lutionar mov ment led by Gen ral - on ntonio Lopez
de Santa n orocl imed a re u lie overrun nt and Itu i de
w arced to leave the country . eturnin n July 18'4 ,
e was rre ted, tr e n ex c te o tre on
•
V ay
fteI re -entere
.. ex co .
In 18 4 e co o te a fe eral
c n t·tuti on h w t
o h io e
p n o er.
t ence t 1 n
n , 18 7
t , re
fl
0
t
co
0
co c o u 0
co
C
0
m n
C t
,
r
c.,
o . 1
,
,
llo n ye r
;; T es
r
, , e u e
'
C
0 ov
•
C n t t 0
C ov
on o C
•
,
u
•
e t te
.p t l m
0
•
C
0
•
, 7
0
'
•
ed y
e p
t C
r
•
ov
•
ort
n r
SU C
C
•
l
e C
o le
, l
0
C
n
t
a
co
0
0
e
e
6 . 1
on
57
only to be driven from the country wi tr1in the next year .
n 18 3 he aga · got contr 1 o tr e overnment ut he a_ s
espotic and self - wi lled . s ar i tr· ry r,11e le to ano her
revolt wh ch resilted n anta na a an on .n the pres . ency
and an other const t utio 1 convent , ~e ru y 18, 1 6 .
r he outcome of the de i erat1 on of thi ody was the consti -
tu on of Fe ru ry 5, 1 7 h c h s ee cont nu lly n 01ce
s .:. n e h t th reauent
t e S Olt
t t
t e t O 0
1 o cc
o r ce
r C ,
'
C ,
r C 1 e-- 1 1
I10 0 C
n
I
n
t un ·1 t e re en
pi e .
1 t t u t
u 1
i co.
r e
e
•
C 8 t 1 e
s oo l , , et
•
n
' C
C
m -
•
o,
e
ty
0 1 CO 1~ C
C
0
1 -
\,.0
1 o
0 t
•
C C
1
•
t
ev
n
0 7
0
0 q
a r
•
C m
•
C
l O t 0
1
' 2
•
•
11 C C
le
)
l e 1
t c est tes
J
I
•
58
amounti n at the t meti ov r one-ti1ir of all the land, were
nationalized • he ~ gular ler y suppressed their onaster es
and 11 ot er uperf uous structures a p_op ~1 ted by the state.
on the Indian of .tv1e ico tr1ere 1 still a stron
influence for the old spir t orb nd t s s id under the
continuous practice
o the old ztec he t e sm.
There seems to ea con 1 ct o op n on on writers
,n re
t t
e p ocee •
r 1 7 t 1 1
s le
t
1 1 ·o
t ex · o.
C
ti
1
t
e
ro · f -e
.
s s
o t t r
•
1 owe ,
real con tins e co. e shal see
m
ca e
1 e un e tle s"L ~ .:,e of
n t le cond j n e
or t e o ers
0 o or
· p 1 t t
s er 1
C 0
m
e
op
0 0
0 OS
0
•
0
po
t
L e co J 1 6 j p r C
C r ur ose
0 u
I 0
e
1
fl
,
' . t
C
t co OU
0 C
•
s
ti tl r
•
ter er-
, ea ec ly
•
e
•
s
V
or overe
ex co
1
s
1
pe on ya ei u estive
u of t .., cr·o X , t tu le
t e tene erve o oft e te
59
St tes, the overthrow o his · mpire , the · th r al o th
Frencl1 rmy, the e ecution of t e :mperor, the re- st bl sh-
ng o the repu lie under Pu·rez . 'rom t i t me on the
h stor of 'e - co one of r, r v olution counte
rev lution . of on r o took 1
t r
In 1 76 t e stron
st te . ·· .' rt on gol f om r 80 to 1 84)
i z r 1
tu o so
e o forte t - si
them ht succee
s ,
i elf e c
y n t e o sti lecti n .
t r
0
, l 10 ,
0 U
11 le e
· t e p es t
1 0 e c n
cu s .
, ) s t t e e c eo 1 m e ly
C
C
de
f'
..
s'
'C
l s c
1
s p
0
s
0
y 0
r 0 •
e
•
7
- c · c
C 0 t
p 1
•
C
o o e
p
t
0
0
- e
e ar
e
•
0
0
C
ner 1 cc t .
0
"
,
t
c .t. V
C
,
e , C
e
-
e C
t
ople
1
t l r t
•
C '
t 0
s e
co h
0
t e
0 0 1 7
n
0
t
0 0
C d
1
co -
to n
60
Crich iel n es or irio Diaz and on ed10 !I as two
who ere unquestionably the gre test rulers which Latin
America has ev ,1• produced; no others are 1 me· urable d s-
t nee oft e •
1
Of iaz Lara say , "'~ 11 onz les as
ires dent w s plunder·ng t e tre sury and olding igh
cc nal then tin palace, or 1 o iaz a ecret ry
o e omen o epartment, t e dep rt 1 ent of lands, mines
an ·n ustries as
0
1
publicity C in
n
e c n,
s •
0 u
p
0
•
•
0
•
C
C
•
•
r 1 c nee
e 1 n
•
ere
I
z
t I
0
-
ec
•
t
C s
0 -
t
t 0
e
'
, or
ietl u 1 n up n mmense political
y t e lavish ist i ution o land
0
n
m
r
0 t
0 t
r .
r
•
o t e umero s co ton,
o · e
l su or nd
e und t iu o tat
s t e o
• "
C
e
' O C
t
on o
0 us 'o
V 1 (1 O)
ot) •
1 0 1 e
•
r C O t
.
C
C
1
t
1
p
1 n
oc cy
0
C r
•
0 i 0 s
quoted )Ove .
1
fault in not h vi
e el. eves th tour lre dent wa uch at
in iexico a str n er man than r . enry
. -ne ~ n lso to help adero n h s great or of d ust ent
He c ., ticise s t -sent dm istration for
61
and r form .
llowin bassad r ilso to rem n so long ; th t by consul-
t
cul
0
t
1 .
el
•
J
0
1
such en s i m ntour t e re t f nancier, t e resident
o t e real con i n o .
e t
u
C 1
n
'
t 1 s t mor r ce st u le in e ico is
ic t e cler c 1 n lu nee ente son o the
to
s
nt •
e 1 t
e
,
or e
,
•
,
t
s
e s
u
0 S 0
n r t
d t
•
0
t C
•
at or 1 o z c e nt
e luti d e cl
, 1 t e 1
0 t
t n az r d
I
e 1 0 ,
C
C - t
.e
•
l
0 s t e
-
y
•
,
o n s f
f r
e 0 r V
0 0 C 1
: t
0
C
i n e ·co .
e
2
e
I 0
t e
o ' C
· s
el , dwar I . ,
r
Itli •
•
•
•
0 t i
e .. e
n me t
t e
n p o 1 .
1 s
of national probl ms at the time these pro lems are being
solved .
or 1 io iaz , rir ryce says , "Had tr1e . resident
62
hen old e arrjved b en able to ind some one ke him self to whom he could h ve handed overt e reins , p pbrity
nd or er oul doubtless h ve cont nued . he sort or
gove nment e v t _ e c untry s pro ly t bests i ed
t . ul
J
, 43
epublic of eru.
It w fron Peru as a center that radiated all the
Sa ish expeditions formed to reduce outh -unerica . It w s
here tat the p n oun the most stu orn esist nee .
re t n p tl c v 1 zed race had occupied t e ountain
astnes brin n all surround nations to reco nize t e
superiorit 0 t e nc
-, pire .
e t e conquerin n tion
el in u enjo ent 0 her wealth nd splendor, worshipin
th i re t de ty s ol ze y the Sun , t eir 0
•
0 t e h c n es 0 u
tol to l ( 1 1-1 41) , t d r
• • •
. b le
e n r , 0 e , l
t C
p·- on
•
,
,
t
~ .
1 , m C 0 j· C , t u a,
C e c uel ,
, e s
,
()
1~
z
'
t st
t s occ 5
-
) . 1 m
e 0 s
•
1 0 C
•
•
t 0 l 0 C
0
· m
•
C ro c·
-
C 0 , 0 C e r e t t ory .
s p
C t· .
e r
t t t e vice o · 1 0
64
1
was created . In 1777 U per eru now olivia and all Peru-
vian territory towards the east be c ame a p art of the Vice -
royalty of uenos res .
t
D
-
0
1
Durin these years a terrible struggle was ta in pl ce
thi the te r tor o eru .
lerce nd lon ·nst t e sup
1 4 2 ne rl o un ye rs
0 t er c , U vers t
n so eth n oft r
0
•
'p e
n c n col
ee o n pe e ce e
11 n 0 t
•
1. ,
C
0 S
•
e
•
e to ,
C s
e t e
•
e t
h S C C
The P "' uvian native conte ded
or pover of p sh solders .
o et e ·rst col e
a esta 1 she
v nee et, n
•
ma, sow-
de
o co uest
C e • T e
t r o t y ) 1
S00 0
0 ot
up r ru
r n jo y
'
s
s s 1
, e s o
t
t t po er
· v t o r s
f
I S
S 0
•
s 'an '- rt 0 0
i
u
t o e
·s·v b
0 y
' 2 , •
0 e
o, c mb 24
put n end to their power .
J· n ary 1826 the 'p nish
.
in the 1 n of the Incas .
65
fter the surrender of Callao,
a no loner w ved over any spot
1
or orty years fte t e n ependence of er the repub-
l _c" s a pry to 1 ten 1 sturb nces ich checked econom In 1860 un er t e ·c developments
re ncy o
1
d m te i 1 prosperity."
neral C st lla re orm of the Law o the
Constitution was ef ected un its st t test e overn-
r
C
C
0
s ee c· rr e o • 1
n or s i t lo
ra u r
•
en 1 i prove
1 7 0
•
0 V
st re b n er al up-
•
tn.
,
r •
1 1 t e s een
•
h
c· usly
r t o
t ~ uted q e t o c de u ... co t
1
•
C t po nc r ce
r u . ' C re o 1 r t
1 y
e r e t
.
e t e nces
C overn
•
e
'- V
n 0 e
0
C •
e o e · 1 C
, to tel
e
C •
e
t e
V . 1
•
t ct e 0 ,
: e c n c t n o n er e n · petus as
1
e ,
• •
0
oc , C .
'
0
66
felt in all affairs . In 1908 Dr . Jose Paro was m·de presi -
dent to be succeede y Don 1ugusto e 1 rola in 1912 .
1
Si ce 1823 eru h shad the ollo
•
n constitut ion:
(1) re 18, 1 28 ; ( ) June 10 , 1 24;
( ) ove er 10, 1 9;
( ) cto er l , 1 4;
( ) 0 r 10 , 1 60 .
he e u l _ C
0 er
•
l ivi e pol t·c l . to t enty-
two
•
V n .... 0 e rt ent
•
~ac p· t me h its own
loc 1 overrun nt ts sep t
C p · · t
1. e re
SU -
• •
to 10
•
or
•
V m 0 n re, so, V e
~
0 i str cts . e rt e con 0 le y pre ects
w 0 a s se t t s r of t
•
t
r -
r . e
V r co tr e t
SU -
cts
• •
cts s
n s .
e pres
•
, te 0 ter OU
1 t le.
•
t ea
s '
VO e 0 0 s s
.
0 ce - s ec t t
•
' V ec e 0 n
s C
·o
•
s V t n r e e 0 s s,
•
C s e
-
t
•
C C r o 0 e 0 0
n 0 o nc 0 C s s . u e
s t 0 es 8 C 1 , 0 0 0 , 00
-
t
•
o ses e electe 0 term f s e rs •
er y • ,
Th .members of both houses must be of Peruvian birth , a
senator t irty-five ears o
twenty-five .
a eat least and deouties
....
r he juclicial depart1nent o the overnment of eru
consists o a supre e court hi e sits at Li nd n ne
superio ju es o courts w ich hol ju isdict on ithin
c t n p escribe stricts .
T e oc overnme t 0 "'J eru
•
well
•
str ed, u
•
1. s 1 ep t ental oar
•
he
67
eing
r
-
0 e u
•
, C J.
e ol l o n n he co ·tut_ on:
I , e
--. e
0
•
·on
0 e 0 a 0 1.c
.
ost C
•
e s te C t oes ot er t the u
,
-
C e C e
1 "
•
I
•
68
Uruguay : once called the uffer re ion between Sp 1in and
Portugal is the s1nallest of the s th er can states .
11
It has neither mount in ran es nor deserts , nor antiquit es ,
nor has it abori nal In i
n
1
ut any n , says r . ryce .
hew ul not d scribe Uru ay n ne ative terms alto ether ,
for
. t
a a red c cter o ts on. The . istory of
u u in C 1 1 t e s clo ly co ected 1th t at of
r entin 0 w ich it fo
p rt at r t th r
t t 1
1 ·
e
•. ve
cl me e ory .
I 172 t e ortu u e e 1 she port t t e e tr ce
0 t V r, 0 1
•
I' e 1 er t 0 t
t t
.
t t er .
s s
o e s l e
y 2
t 1 s s co st o
ut c· cl t t 1 ers 0 'u o e n
0 V
1 .
le
e t t
•
t e C
-
a , s rnu e , , C
s 1 co 1
•
0 lt 0 e o (1 7o)
0 0
V 1
•
C 0 t t e n
e t 00 U 0 .u s t
e t 1 t e 0 sto 0
e . V e t co sts c l e emsel
•
n 0 e
nd I r p 4 •
1 •
69
of Spain t ere has been almost incessant fight i ng,-- f rst
against t he ·p nish troops , then a nst the Portu uese rulers
in razil,-- s ✓veral t mes a ainst r entina and Pa amiay
nd 1 ost constantly · on themselves.
1
ive a r be were two le · din general , friends 0
o the le t · t iots of Uru o t e r
en -
ence from ·p in
1
s o · n ~t n o r . u m
•
n ers n ~n s
c e up et een them. y u re le d ecame e e es .
r e
ot t· in t s o one to e co
d -
ere e e 0 t 0 r ea r .
~ Ct: 0
e an
um ers were
•
ere n s t cos
) 1 0 ( ) . 1 0 te
se r - i 1 ncer cried e e ons o t e s
-
, t r t l
s ce
Clo s . r
0
ton a t _c
1
•
c r c ·
0
C
1
1
l r , ;,
,
n r C
cot u
of t
C '
s
1 -- e e
n
o pos n
C
•
e n .. ver e
ed e e ons . e ere the
s ere t e s t e cen rs o
.. .. o e vi e • re e
C S re t e cu c y .
.
V 0 l
•
]
0
t
- ve e
0 nal
n o re n
ce s t nc sto
•
-
1 '
57.
70
The lancos have not een in powe1 since 1864, but as recent
as 1910 there was a serous pris n of th p ty who were
ta n e ceptions to the ork o pol tical le er of the
ppos n p rty.
dee r t · · on
led ed p rt
•
er n
re d om, 1 1 •
r .. en n, bu
r r les an sece e
t
1
t
l
1
~ r •
C
,
•
t
•
~
ov 1
0 1
nt o r n.
g S l
0
z
t
70
t C
r
r
en ence with r enti a
1
s
I n 1 4 le s an .now-
t n w n hs r ople
ca e atate th a con
-
1 fte nuc t
0 V Il
-
s ·a11 ne
0 0 n
C ult oth
u
ua .
0 d t
C
,
0
•
l s 1 d ,
s
•
e C
a
•
1
•
•
n f 0 en
0 0 1 0
•
Th
1 1a e 1 of 0
-
•
I
C r t
u 1 ce s . e C s n or-
_ ,. 0
p ·ove ot J. r an z
1
r, o r
71
witha few odific tions is still 1 force .
here is the usual division of a ederal constitution
o three dep•rtnents , le 1 l ctt ve, execut·ve a jud .cial .
e se ate nd Ch
ter of four years .
er of d ut · es elect the res·dent or a
e
•
not el i 1 or re - election
unt 1 fter n nterve i te
peo 1
•
ect vote o t
•
l
of s x e to er ne d h r
el cte popular vot
C 0 1
e r e
ove · o ·
C e
•
t e l
met t OS e
0 ev n st
lU C
- •
0
0 n t 0 o l
e
•
S 0
n
H
,
•
0
o-
•
l
0 0 0 V
r t C
'en t ors c r el cte
t e e rte ts r a term
very toy r •
De -
V r 0 01
•
e e
-
. t
e re -
nt o
o r -
•
0 n .
er
r t l ce .
0 e C
-
e
"
•
•
0 r l
e e r 0
t e
•
-
e
•
n c e e
i of t e
-
72
en· te assWTies t11e duties of t he office . rt . 78 o the
Ex cut ve epart ent in the constitution rads , "In e c
pr
fix t
e tial election the Gener 1 ssem ly shall previously
r io which the pres ent shall receive for
i s r ice s a d t i s re ~ un r t · · c nnot e incre sed or
ecre sed du in h term of off ce .
tt l
he const· t 0 0 Uru
a"
J
eel re the oman Cathol c
st to e e r ion of the st te .
C 1 r r co
•
ed
•
Ur guay ands e is
t e onl J'T Latin epu li e t e f r d V C
•
lso
u
•
t o ly L t 1 C ts om o her
V es .
73
The lJorthern epu lies.
e shall o, · discuss r· efly that section of South
America include in he northern part of tle c nt nent no~n
t the declaration o in
en nee a Colombi or ew Granada
and including w at is now the repu ljcs of .Venzuela, United
St tes of Colombia and 'cu or.
The is .o
an s y
of
t s sect on
t .
i d
endently
t
•
lar
1 ficult
es of co
~ation an
the re-
0
m
un
sult n b e ce
f ny
r l u
y
un 1 y
t t cont n
fr
g r
,
t C , S
own
s olu in
1
1 h
1
t n
n
r·ct ! 0
s
t nt
•
or t ·re
lo
n e
r
1 u
ce
t e ,
11
1 ,
e
n o
no lo
r
n -
ce y
nt r
l e 1
t e
V
0 e
-
r
1
•
t
e t e
C
,
-
C
' 0
po
•
nal
S l
u
C
V
n
•
ec
0
0 a
e
1 e
r
•
0
V
C
,
s
n
C
V
0
,
) .
0
t
lf
, r·
1 1
t co s 0
e 0
t
o .
e
t e
s e
C
V
·t
J on
c o
y
e
o Ve
cc
•
ut, 1
atten
on
ee
ven
t s
1
eo
C Op
,
•
2 0
•
?4
section f or others __ nown to be richer in m eral weal th
and other resources.
.. ain as known a the
his coast l ine calle the Spanish
o c o Vene uela nd was reatly
hr ied riti h, utc and rench pir tes and uccan ers .
en t e viceroyalty o e r s c e e in
171 , enez la became subjec to the v·ceroy t o ot •
n ene el t ere seems t o recor o pre - so c
n _ exico n eru. e c lo l isto y m e
s
ve e un ·n 1 27; Ch· 1 V o a av lo
om t
wl
n rs f 1. s , e t er e o er
0 t l
ist to
e cy 1
t
r 1 e •
e ll
C
0 VO
V
1
•
C
•
_ e
p C
e e
ov r
lon
r· o 0
e
l
t
1
t· o
r
C U
0 n .
nd
r
1 , 1 10 .
e
'
-
e
C 0 e
t t e
'
•
0
'
so
nc e
' s
C clo of 1-un r c n ove
e
ut
C 0
C 0
0
r
0
es e
se
e
•
e r n
0
0 •
e e e
n
C
0
0
p C
e
n
r a
-
0 s
cen-
cl r
e
e er
r
t
un
'
C r 0
e e
t d e
t 1
•
0 •
•
•
75
ecau e of its open coast line t e war for indepen ence
l sted longer and was more bitterly contested in the this
northern terr· ory than in other p rts of the contine t.
·or ten ye rs th 'p is forces fo u ht eter i dly to
,
t
e
the provi ces into su jection, ut fin lly t e battle
r o o, 1 · 1 ec e t t t e power o 'pai in t is
f th
t
0 1
ep n
s roken. oweve, s e 1 not rec -
ce of Venezu 1 unt 1 1 4. 0 ovem er
1 r l t e ot les o Venezuel sse ec ar
te r e co e er tin . 0 ev 1
t w s peace q iet n e c o r , u r m
1 6 - , t r 0 C r t 0
s
er
· r ,
0 t
C
o e
t t
z e ,
l,
V 1
0
•
•
In
C
e
1 0
r V e
u e t
s oun r
t
1 V i
e
e e t
o 1
ea
t C
•
•
s
n es r&n e en
1 V
Jo
•
I
t
l
•
]
c re r
C
ez
e r
r o
1 ts, t 1e
r
e t e
lr
0
e
0 0
•
t e t e , e
'
s r -
.. on e e; · led
· e r o e e -
tr s too hold
-
,
ai to e u ceded so
ft r by zm n 1 c .
• •
288.
76
In 1873 , p st the a _ e of e hty years ez. ied . lanco
was well equipped or is post o honor bye ucation and travel .
fl
Hi rt was c lle the Yellcws" nd that of his str ng
opponents led
ione s , t e •• lue • u
In 1870 lanco mad himself Dictato1· o Vene zuela .
fte
uccessful adn1 n· str ti f or seven year , e resined
nt to 'u.rope leav Gener 1 lcant ar a
•
1s suc cessor,
ut f rom the bans oft e e e o n Vene z 1ela 1 nco
C
e
ve
s t
fl
r t s
"
•
C
n
,
r
t o oven unt 1 1 9 . e e Pr s 18
•
Vee el
t e
nm
S 0
t
e
C t
0 0
C
e o t 0
n re t r a n a r se d .
t e t e uesti o o
0 r i o r e l e
0 t ec
t
u
t , 17 76
0 C r V
s t ,
•
1 a er
s C t t ti o
, , ,
er c s
•
t e
tr -
s
ton o t e
0
C t n
, 1 0 •
1
low :
4 .
0 1 a ve o of a
- t membe ,
n e of 1 ,o
t ,
1 1.
0 e y
•
en or
,ooo
r
t nt
lecte
77
by the le gislatures oft e several states, tree for each
st te. Congress selects the members of a e er 1 Councjl,
one sen tor, on
) t
r-on1 e c 1 f t 1 e oli tic 1 d·v sons
of tle re ubllc, ne de puty fro t e e e:tal istrjct .
Th
ad second v~ce-pres .dent, 11 of 0 ·th the
t e
der· 1
.r t
ounc 1 r elec e
to re- lecti n.
or te
h p es l et
o to ye ~r and not eli ible
s, · l ~ o, e .ht me ers
•
o,e .
C 1
C U
C 1 e
1
0 e
t
1
0
Cb
0
nt, i
•
•
s
1 ,
r
1 u v r t e , one t
· c e r 1
C 1 70
t t
e •
r
• j t ·. ,
·i C ,
l 1
1e o
•
J
I
1
l ·
C , o · V · ,
j_
•
1
. t
, t t
of ~epu -, 1 · c l . i
r 11
• •
c k co
n . u1
en a no
r Cs, t 0 r
fl 1 ·
•
1,
e C i 0 d
7 t
. u l
1
t 1 c , ut
f
e -
l i e , " t
1 0
t·11 r 0 0
0
C -
, Sou
•
p
78
Colombi , named f or Colurnbus 1 . a part of t he Spanish
·-in including "Little Venice'', Venezt1ela at first . A
per1 anent foot old was g ·ned by the 'pani · rds int is ter-
ritory in 1 25 by pl nting settle ent t ta _ art a .
T1i w s ollowed by another t C rtagena 1533 . Later others
came under command of ues d, a resi ent of Granada, henc e
then e appli d to e r n
•
I 1718 e r nad as
m d
17 0
nto v ce-roy lty for a few ear only. ain, in
ot er v cero S p O t
•
n l? 7 t e exp 1 on
f t e ts fro he
t
In 1
e U 1 C 0
1· U so
•
s 1
r n
t
co
r
1 C
'"' e e l c
e
•
p
ove
0
0
er n.· n nt r
o v r r c
r
e C
Conf
0
C
t
nt
s
t V
•
•
r t
r
olo
u
s
n
0 e C
0
• C
ev
ze
,
lj
h
1
1
clop i o ~ une ·ic n ove
s
or
1
•
0
VO
l te in C ed con-
v · nt a e to t i c 1 n sts .
lo
l · ter t
1
t
opte
ent
1
r .
0
r t
er
t t
t e
cte
t
1 •
r
1 t e
s jo n d by
s
e 1 n e ,
of Colo
C
r r ub c
ve r nch
v e .
ct
e
0 our y rs ,
0 0 ' 0 i
'
t •
nt . V 1 .
'
14.
79
The executive brancr1 resj es ir1 t e p esident elected
by Congress for ter of four ~e rs. here ·s o vice-
pres~_ dent, but a cabinet of six n tnisters s i t t e president.
The judiciary compr ses a suprieme court of seven jud es ich
s·.ts at o .ot , the capital.
by the presi ent for · te
Thea judges are ap o nted
of five years. C!l d rtn1ent
as its superio courts ·t o nted for four years .
e e pu lie s ivied p 1 ic lly ·nto fif een e rt-
ent , to te1ritories, nd our commiss r·es h ch turr1
e
vided into p ·ov ces i 1 1 ist ·ct • he
e
of · -1 1 t e ivision re po nte b t e president.
0 t l c s om n C tholic. r
.-re t
,
1 tic · 1 put e of t e p 1 c of olombi
T e t o
re t _ e
usu 1 0 rv t v
st le l1 0 r:ce t e
t e l t C
e C 1 UC
1
•
r 1 ,
1
'
i r
.
• J .. U · .~ ' 0 o l l
r
e U e t
•
e
0 an or t 1 n
•
er 1
t e t
t
r volt o · 1
0 1 V
'
e • e
•
e
s e t
· cti ons t t
ut
t · c k
1 t
s s cce e
•
I
e ,ee Co
d t o te se o ~ 1 n o t
C n t t
s cued
n
r 1
sin
n
st us
t C n 1. e o le 1 vin
Col
r o n n )
e r· · t or on h ch the canal
1
r , . . ca. 592.
80
was to be built became restless at tl1e long delay of the
Colon1bian overnment in djustin
0
a satisfactory agreement
ith t e United St · tes rose in rebellion ' gainst Colombi n
aut ority nd decl red t emselves-- s c t lzens of anama
, Isthmus,-- free and ndependent . It proved to be an l most
bloo less rev lution fo Colom ia new it was useless to
tr to en orce t eir control or t 1 e enterprise of the canal
t oo many tions in symp tr1y with tl1e project n
U i ed ' t te f l et s conve ·ently ne r to rotect the
ne e u 1 c. lo i s st 11 hold n clams a a nst
o r ove1·nmen or t e lo so er province of nama .
81
Ecu dor .
In 'cua or the proportion of the whiter ces to the colored
is unusually small.
effect i c11eckir1g t 1e
public h s suffered .
1
This fact, however, has not had any
ny revoluti ons fro which the e-
1 Ju n Jo e -, ores is called t 1 e c f ero of Gen
·cu · dor . e foun ed t e epu 1 c 1
7
0 · n or fteen
i
e rs ruled in hr ton
o r until 1 60
n pe ce. ict tor f llowed him
•
re en
(ore o s eel red p e
is
a · kind · i. str· tio i e ed po er t t
ept o·n revolution . In 875 •,.or no s ted .
ent.
C
pu lie,
or centr 1·ze 0 s to e e ted re -
t po er · r co t ut n . he
nt is t C a , t t ve
d repu 11c
•
C 0 C or ' c t ti s en
C ev s.
1
•
·c 0 4, 1 22 t t e ttle
cf C C
•
ve ·cl r ,
"
ol ·
0 0 s r ve co nue
0 r 1 0 li o o l
•
ff
ut
u 1 t r Co
f 11 d
, e a le .
co t on 0
•
0
•
0 C
•
n or .
1
0 el,
• •
. 2 7
tuti s, ol . I I, 77 .
------------
3
Enock, C. Re~inald, ·~ C
----
or .
82
It provides for a centralized overnment; in the legisl · tive
branch a senate composed of thirty-two members, two from each
provi ce, e lected or four years term,-- th r
1
present t·ves,
orty-two · num er, one fo' each 0,000 nhabit nts elected
fOl t ye · r, oth sen tors nd repre · t · tives c 1osen by
d·rect vote. e pre :i. e t
ter of four ye s
lecte ~ y i ect vote of the
peo 1 or
sec n c ecutive ter.
s cres ( l ' 00) •
C t e s
t V m er
r
•
e
.
C
•
l l or
s C
s
C lo l
•
c nnot be electe or a
er ceives
I c· se
C t
s
s 1 ry of 1 ,0
1 t s uc-
n te.
r 1 Council of urteen
V ··e
, '
•
co r l ect C n e s
co r s. e re C or
t t V or r 11
t. · t 1 0
or
Bolivia.
Koebel says of · olivia that of the countries of the
north , Bolivi is, ·t sc -rcely n ed bes id, b~ far th
1 · 2
ost important . G rcia Calder i as to s o her,
83
"011.vi s r n rmed n full rown as in the classic yth,
fro the brain of olivar. he Liberator gave to er a name,
a Const tution, n ,rJresident. In 1825 he ere · ted y
decree n utononous e u lie i th colonial terr1tory of
h res n bee e t rrotector .
t e hero of cuc o succ ede 1826. u i
ucre,
t e r
t
1
endence th no 1 oliv r res· ned rom or In
o er .11 d ; as t e a roclus o th e can
1
•
ec
u 1
ce
"
t r t l
1
'
te to
t
18'
e 1
n o
0
ss n o
ol i ,
•
f e u .
0
r
18 8
•
1
r · 1 i y.
I
nd 11
r "t
e q t
0
1, . .
•
r
a
r J.. . ,
n ,
ucr, , po e
f
t s e 1 V t e
0 t l oj ct m e
-
1 co s • 1 l u -
t or n ly e
t-
0 1 •
C mn
•
e 0 n
1 s res o d
1
lo t o tlet t t s a
the
ve f led to eli vet e
tions, eric , 2 O
regress .
84
situ tion. Boliv a ~ an inland r public which f ct is a
gre · t d triment t o her prosperity.
" On · u gust 6, 1825 tr1e provinces comprised in the ter-
ritor~ hich the 'paniards called _ lt eru or pper eru,
belongin ntil 1776 to the vicero~ ' lty of Peru n
t re fter be t een the s e viceroy lty · nd that of uenos
· , ire declare t eir inde en ence fro 'pain and ecided to
form a sep rte republic under t e nam of olivi in honor
of ion olivar t e "
t
d
of
r
f
1
C
s
•
t
In 18 6 oliv r nt f o Lim · to
t· uti n 1 c nve tio o oliv
a C tl ut on 0 1 co
e ne 1epu 1 c.
1t ep
el
. t
1 e
co t
c .
0 t
t e t . s e V t
8 t
1
C
,
C l t.
e 1. 0 e
•
s
· t
0
rte n Co t ton. V 1. I , 41 .
d
C
C
,
ere
as n sessi n >a
t ver
t t s
1
•
e
' b
h
0 0
r e f t
t
..
0 1
lect ,
l ,
ze
0
r 1 z t
g
ft
s
-
0
85
e must be · ble to red nd write and , ust have some use ful occupation or industrial busi ess ; dornesti c servants were
not cons ered cit ·zens .
The xec1t ve po e w s tors
n
pres . ent elect d
.Lh
•
v ce - pres
ent was to
ssist the president in
th
capaci
y s presi e t
of t
cab·net .
This constitution
was
supercede
by oth
r in 1831
ch provided
or 1
isl' tive
ody of two C
ambers .
t
r C
titut o
e
.
opte s f 1 s:
1 36,
184 ,
1 1,
1, 1 8 ,
1 71,
1 78
1 80 .
st
tut ion
d te
1 0
s t : e 0
rce .
co
t
ov
•
e
s e
1 cte
for six
s
e rs;
C
•
0
p e e
cte
0
,,,
•
l.
C
ctl t
0 e .
t
t e
C
0 0
t
t -
C
o;
0 ...
C
•
•
C
p
co
V
•
0
1
c le
0
e
t;
o ,
S l
s
•
1
C O e 1
ove ·run n . ol. I ,
1.
•
0 . ,
1 .
1
86
Paraguay .
Geo hically, "Paragua st·nds almost lone
•
he r ra n
forests and till steamships beg n to ply on tl1e P rana could
be r 'C ed fro t co st onl~ by ate ious upst earn voy ge
or even n r jour y .
Hl
T s f ct 0 ll t as h d f"1UCh t do w t t e e rly
. s p
. ch erent fro t t
.
of any oth r
.
t ·1 L
ti
•
u 1 C n s •
s ttl e at out e C n
u n e om io of s 0 t t e
1. t e
•
s t t C t
•
t e
· ot
ect s
0 s
,
V t. e
001· -
C 1 em nt s .
s 0 e
·ts
•
r t 1
•
r
)
•
1 t
t ·
1 e 0
n t 0
•
u r t e r i ty p unt of
•
C e te t oc C C t e
7 7 '
Jes ts re e el e
m 1
•
,
te r co 0
C
. J ts ov V m b C
• •
t
•
1
.
t , s y
s 1 s J e
· t 0 t
•
e
t J
·ts•
s
e u e.
c' o l
t
• •
t · s e n n
.
re
erly · e s t
· t
t r
1
C '
87
declaration of independence , May , 1810 in connection with
the patriots of
They c "I ose
enos " rs.
led r
first s a abs lute ruler.
r .
•
• ·ranc ~ o fro 1n the
e was r ·rst pres din over
the ·u1ta, then co ress, l· ter one of the cons1ls. In this
way he overned until 1840 · s "pe pt 1 di et tor u til is
de th.
11
u l een t t of a cruel despot .
in sters , ·thout coun elors , it out conf d nts, h d
secret r
i s es."
1
lo est n o e-
cored 1
It s t D 1 C 0
•
r nG a to eo r u iso-
1 ted fro t ot p v nces
fro t
nc, o
l
•
ev t pr ss
t 0
s
y r s .
JJ •
a ct
0
0
0. t
s t • n
a. C
I l ·
1
u
1
•
,
o· 1
o 1 · 1
I
t ' t
et · o r o
C O e , rl s
0 m o
t
t
r c n 1 ·
s .
s C '
e t o n o o
o z bee e rul
•
rom 'u p; es ec lly
s
t un n
r e
z 1 ,
0 •
e t e e
0
'
ct · -
S 0
t ce
1 ber te
t e o . ent .
p
D
r s . t e d
r nd Lo z
ec m
,
' 4 •
-
n o
e n
88
had been mild and just, butte son ished to expand the
interests of · agu y , 'to de 11s the Chinese . -11 ich
ad been 11 lt ro nd · 9r" by the Jesu1ts nd rancia.
e w ul op n up cummun·c · tin ·th ·urope. e irst secured
the freedom of n vi · tion of the two rivers by ecree.
· 1s0 ra·1ro · d as bui t , ut, h s troubles soon egan.
1864 r z de nde the left of e I ua- r ver
t e en e pu 1·c t ri ht b · n possesse y
u u y.
r · t o ers
it t s f
orn 1, 0 0 ,
exec
•
t ' e t
I · l 7
•
l 71 .
res lt
Ur u
sat rri le co lict oft e two
a ro 1,
cs to
r t · ·
C
s . s _ t
•
·nst t e o r uc t -
o, 0 0 t
O , 0 n
o 1 t
500, 000
p z
t
n
S C
V s.
t .... r
1 V y
ven es
tured nd
t te
l s
89
Central erican eou lies.
~
ilmost a hun red ye rs be ore t e f>lymouth athers
landed on the lone, ble k shores of 1ew n land, in 15' 5
all Centr 1
radi - t n fro
ica was su ·ect to n organized government
c pit 1th t soon became a seat of le rn-
i~g , Gu temala ity. L ter, 1542, this territory was de -
creed y pin to et e in dom of u temala.
ishop Las c, sas so famous 1 history s ef er of
sl · ves as ked t t t e explo ed c untry est of t e
Y C t n out o t pre e t V C C s 1 ,.e co,
'' s oul
C 11
•
c o .
,
C t .
C
•
l. 11
t
If
1
m
e m de 1 s se • '
t e
V ' S 0
•
ve vie c
c· t n,
s
•
1
'
co.
' '
r que t w s r te n he
z, "tr
p
C
lty V
z, · l
f
s t
•
c · .
'
C •
t orte
C
t 1
t
,
n 1 ..
t
t
ov·nces, C
s,
s te
n
i t
-
-
c -
r
e C
st C 1
1 ·. c o C 1 · · c a t o
•
0 ct e
cl t f t e .. -
c r e •
s · 11
•
os t
•
C fro t 0
tot e z v r e tler the
, r c , Q,,entral 1.
90
t he orth .tllle ican sense," says Palmer .
1
"e was the
aristocrat with In an t is service who ound it e · sier
in many cases to submit tha to nt onize his lord and
aster ."
· 1varado
1
s rein snot so cruel for tho se o ould
obey. is word was law.
· ny of then· tive n ns l ere skilled i · re it ctu 1
b 1 ty .
1
e e e put to
o o , is p · 1 ce
Ct e-
1 cte t t c · p t 1 C , 1 • e
s te 0
ti
· c , tr ut SU on to s 11" n
1 f
•
e
n -
o el fro C tr 1
of e
C el
18 1,-- t
t
t
t t r
0 e t ,
fo l .
t ' t
e t
e,
r v ol
cte ; t
0 1, t t
r ere
soc te •
0
of
co.
t
n t i u o
a t o
1
1 C t
n e
1
•
l , C
ch h
. s t
co
C e
t e ro
e
0 t
n e ce r o
lv p
t
er o e
rred
1
d
d · s
t e r
c l re
e
c se t e
0 t
P e
, H
C
r e om 1 te
1
V · t ons beca e st t s o
Cent 1 · c n ed rt on .
1
1 e , e erick, Cent 1 -uneric its roble s, 62 .
,
91
On March 21, 1847 the co,,pact of states was broken and
't e i depen e ce of u te1n la as proclai1ned . ul
nother constitution 1 convent·o eld at Gu· te. al
City ctober ' 3 , 1876 dopted the Pro-c onstitution of u t
rnala . i t tl 1s t ·.me Don Jose r· o a r·os w s made chief
executive and ven supreme po er. I 1880 a new constitu-
s · opted w ich as n ed ove er 5, 1 87 c me the
co stitu on snow in orce.
1 fe of t le n n n o e n e re st ro n t
•
e
t
s cc
•
uatem 1 t n
'
t
fro 1 c 1 ove
f et eou cs
· s
C te •
0 an
cce ed
t
1 5 •
e o s d
t
S cc SO •
I t
•
t C e t e
-co n C t
C n r 1 0 •
t rte
l e r s
•
1 5 .
C
e
•
1 07 · n
1
C
0 t i t t . ,"' S
t
er· 1
......
t .
o ~
1 V
0 t
e r
1. ,
ose o p
e ce, o
c le
,
s
r t e rs e et
o d
s
•
1 6
r ev
0
C
e
, 0
C r
C 0
0 ,
exc · te m ent .
t
•
1 m.
d
e t
nte
s . s
ss · 1 , r
0 s re t e
f · e 1 oc C
1 · rr·11 s
e
92
became resi ent of Gu· temala d y force of arms nolds
the office to the present t e. (1 15) str d C re a
continues tl1e war against the Ch11rc w ich is pre ese sor
e n.
l
•
l r r who k o s per on lly th truth of what he
tells learned from visit to u . t al rec ntly, '' ominally,
Gu · t
of 1
1 h s
·s free ,
0 .1. o res s
mot 1 eral constitution, a li r 1 code
eec 1 · n fr e press, n in le c r
ich ets once Ca rera o nts to
t s t
e .
s
'
ut t e c st tution
t n
. t
t
i
.. uo e ro
•
co ."
•
t
1
s t
V 0
1
lm
'
.
·rt nt s,
cture rt son
•
co e la
s
0 t
t r s
'
i C i t s or
0 0 t occ 0 .
•
V
•
t s
I
s , " C · -
t 1 t 1 z 0 or
s 1 , 0 e,
C e 1 d i
· c
•
t e
'
t a'
u
c lt tot 1 0 s •
s
t ct
e .
ect· o n con · e ce o
st e t C
•
e t · vele1 i 1t ' 1 t
t 1
,ov
t of
C e C pt 0
•
t lle t
ts rro lems
1
93.
•
er fe
'
r-
le
,,
93
republic in th group t s a popul tin of 1,200,000,
(1915) second among th C ntral
u · · te ala . 'h ..)
has 1 · ys been able to defend herself from
r1 r turbulent i hbors . In her formative pe iod it is
cl ed her people ha kinder panish ca tain general .
ot h vin the 1 n to explo t sh ·s spared t h e r pac ty
of 1 re l ' n o ners . ct tor snot oun his p ~o-
r encour n ·n ualv or . lt10 elect ons in
1
lv do~
s most C tr 1 ic
pin o
of ce
muc · e 1
s e ef ect.
ch ·11 no
t
repu lies ·s - f rce, pu lie
h re is orm o rot t n in
t 0 ft o t e ccum 1 ti on of
er .
t
t • e ( 1. 1 )
1
l
0 res de t of lv· or .
l
.
s e C
0
•
v · o st 0 t to
: e
th C 0
o l , t · r r C
•
C
ot to e ol yin tote
e C s u t
e p ro
ce
r
•
1 1 -
ett·n co trol
•
the
st
t . 0 1 .
0 .,
•
·" C ,
1
t ,
ve u
e 0 1 0
1 1 0
•
t s
) C 1
C 0 t
lv or; t
r
C
p
n tr · lly
PY
f · C
•
C t · t O t
· lv o
I
re · 1 o t tot 1 fferent ' ere ro
c , C r blems, 108
----------------
,
er i c
94
the other republics fort ey re both comp · ratively prosper-
ous, nterprising an dee dedly stable. · s to Gu -temala,
it is in initely rich so far s G o h sh d to o
th its
equipment, ut i ·nitely des o·led by vicious overnmental
system, whose paramount char cteristics · re graft and op-
pression. e sees ope or u temal, ut d cl res that
ic ·- r - gua and on ur s re " o n nd ou economically, po-
1 tic lly and morally, th - t 1 orm tion of these cou.n-
tr
•
le ds do a s dl bl n
· 11
y s r rds t e future, s n
t t the cou t es r
ic it ich some one
pr s dents o on
two l rs out o
ol C 0 11 V C t
·rt e r
J...Q l
r ·
1
e
S O t
t
e
t . s .
11 ~
e
•
0 C 0
e l e
0
ecte
t t 1
r
C
t
•
V
o e
0
t · tes t u _ . ..oot , ec
tr r C '
e t t e
s t
ur s V
-
f ce p
t
co
0
1
p
'
rve t
o_ t
roblem o C ntral
u s r ple .
.,
V e e vice of
te
•
1 o e,
ce. 1st
V 11 t 0 s . 1 07
•
C 0 ou-
t·
0 0
C
•
a e t t
1
0 0 1 r
-
,
•
0 1
'
1 ce
i ct ton. t ' S
0 0 t e u te
· t co e · nee
'
''
n o n ntern tonal
95
Court was establis at Cat _r o 1 ter oved (1910) to an
Jos , c p·t· 1 of Cost Rica . t this time the Central
AIDeri can republics th u their represent t·ves pled ed their
nor to submit hereafter all t er dif rec. t this
court or a jut ent . iplo at l- i 1 r1c ha its effect
1 thee forlorn re u jcs .
ten y t to be seen .
t . s co rt t t (- . C
ti 1 1 ing ·n l 07 .
1· cted t t
t s 0
•
1
•
•
s n n h p s
l mo tin ur nta 1 d
C r
To at lint t · y e ex-
It as for tr tin plac of
V 100,000 to erec be u-
n e rt u
· v
V .1
•
s
0 o or on
1 tj
•
C t s
e troy
U t 0
to ea
of
t 0
a.c
on t m n
co r e1 ent
1 1
a
, 1 8 ,
1
'19 ' 1 0 . 0
1 0 s:
1 t e cu-
1
2
e
.,u
u
•
t
C d
I
0
co r C
0
, 0 t
lv r
0 cc
C t
•
es et lee e
C
r
an Co
0
1 8 '
•
J
e
t
•
r - t
l o
Co st tuti n, al .I, 9
Cos on 1. I, 359.
V r u·
• •
s
l -
C t e
e de ro
I t
l g t
•
•
n 18
0
C -
0 ,
con ' 1 0
96
1894, 1004.
Tr1e execut1.ve power ir Honduras is ve ted in a pres -
dent elected fo1· four years aided by a council of State
composed o two ·.n:i. ster·s appolnted by· the president, one
s ~ nator elected by both houses of Con ress an the Judge of
tl:ie Supreme Court • he le slativ ower is ent1usted to
cr1amber o eputies of fourt~en me ers and a senate com-
posed of seven e 1 ers.
The prese t canst·. ution of S lva or
1
is that of l 6,
e f r
er of e ~uti s, o
•
h c
fo every 1, 0 nha it nts electe
o ul r n com ul ory vote f 1 term o only one ye r.
re e t n ce-pr nt re ected y po 1 vote
for · te1 of or y r • C n o four
-
el .
0
•
r m 0
el ct tl s tel e rs, d l o er
C r
•
C
r
t '
r
•
1 .
0 • e te h s
C
•
r t ~ Centr 1 n
Co rt u
•
s ev
( 1 1 ) ,
ri 0 oc 1
-
co ce e c r 1 t f
1
t r u cs r
r -
s r 0 r 1 une re
1 t t r e I' 1 o e r
t· ns of · terest t tie ve ent , pol j t·c 1, econom·
1
elope 0 o t c l ' c e ce, o . 465
97
or social. In this way a unity of effort and advancement
may be brought about without the former polit1.cal union.
anama:
· e quote fro the " American Cons ti tut ion" as follows:
1
On the 4tl1 of l ovembe1, 1903 t 1e mun cipal council of the
di strict of anama w ich was at t at ti. m e p rt and parcel
of the Repu lie of Colo bia, ctin, sit said, s faith-
f 1 nterpre er of these t i ents of tlose wl1om t ey repre-
set , decl re n s le orrn t t t e peo 1 un e t e r
. r.
U . C er d t ·r politic 1 bonds h ch h d
c -nnected t 1em it C lorrt n re in un o th other
ted t e tons o t ·
se r tio , t
t 0
o se r
ep rte to
p li o
, re e
0
,
n , t
t ve
e e
nt o t e I t
t
Co
o ed o
C U e
C
•
•
1
t r 1
t
u r , 1 O •
u 1·c o Colom i
n
•
1 s y ,
2
t t ost
C l d C
epen
t ov-
r 0 , e d
oft e t er
•
C s
I
e V C e
110 s ny s S 0
ette t n s com tivel - better t n ts r oun
l .
C ns , uti n. Vol. 1.
•
' C
98
nei hors.
Costa ·1ca is one of the smallest repu lies xten n
over three egrees of latitude an four degrees longitude,
f n na on tl1e soutl1 to icaragua lake and ou _ ary on
tl1 e north nd from t 1e ·
1
tl -::ntic t o t e acific Oc an· an
rea of 3,000 square m les and a port on th est on and
no her on t e est unt en
•
u nh ited,
ric so 1, r
let e center an
n var d v e ti
e soutl1err p rt is lmost
orthern p'rt bound in
•
It i s d t11at
o t ic · i t e o t pe ceful, t1 mot enl ht ned n
t e ost o rf 1 oft s re 1 cs. r
s
Con
sue 1
1
t
e
to
1
1
t
er t , 0
d C t
t e t o .e
I C t 0
a
V f e -
r f
ocl ·
e t 0
0
t r st ts i t e Ce ral e .ca
e
,
0
-1
r p o 1
c·
p 0
. t .e C
tr 1
C
1
C
c ntury he f r e ors .
el to
1
r
r cte
t
•
n
e o ·
t
•
r an
-
e.
C
fe ·oo pr i e t ,
t e
C ·st
o more
•
n l' Il
u er.
·u t ce.
l tr· 1 l C •
, u ry 1, 1 4?
Co ta ic
overrun nts.
as lo al
t. Vol. , 8 •
C 0 U 0
•
V 1 . ,
•
99
she withdrew she declared that should the states agree to
unite again in the future in a new conpact, it woul concur
to the organization.
n nterestin feature of this study of ove1·nrnents is
to obs rve the features o s i l · rity to our Constitution
of the United tate • xpeci lly is ti set orth in the
r s1 of t ie re les oft e ifferent constitutions,-
t . at of Costa ic s ollo ~s: " · e t e re rese tatives of the
0 1 0 ost e l ed in c onve tion
•
or to est · 1:1 h j tice, rovide or t e common efen e,
on ote tr
1· ert ,
t 1 ve ·
S C
, e
fr
. 1 ~
1 71
C
elec
•
r , r e e
1
clo
C
t
ener 1 el re, n
l or t ce
. .
0 cc l
t
U • 0
7
'
C t
. ov
r
•
1
e
e u l
t
c er i n e
S 0 e
ecur t e l e s n
10 c. V
n
U • 0 ,
ce
•
t
I 1 J C 11
' e C
V er
'
0 .
y t t f
ce er 7,
C t
•
C
•
,oo
p o e o · ter·
lv ev r t
n a co t e of
C 0 n r 1 r s
1
•
•
0 l C ove nts. ol . I , 4
•
of
C -
7
ti o
e
•
]
•
ve
ts
r
100
The president of Costa )ica is elected by n elector 1
lle ~ e or our years . hen the president is incapacitat -
ed for office, the Cam ra chooses des1gnado or that pur-
pose . · ca 1net of eight mi isters ·rec os y t e pr -
side t with t 1e consent of the C er . Te ju ici 1 system
· eludes t11e nation 1 suprem court an five justi.ces chosen
by tle C er n tre usual lo er courts.
101
The Island Repu lies.
C uba :
Upon first discoverin the largest of the
1
est Indies
gr up of Isl nds October 28, 1492, Columbus c lled it Jun
after ri ce Ju n , son of ··er n n and Isa ella. Later
Vel .uez substi ute t t of • r inn in , the it was named
S nti go · fter a tron s into ~pi
still later .ve
•
LJUr~r - 11 these cane , ten tives still eld
t t e n e t e
1
r nee , " ll
J
"
.n •
t
. .
V 0
new or t e es ttl r
•
I O t
v c le t
et e .r
"I 1 o
e er es 'u st e e ut ul sl nd
'
tl r c , ly, · noc nt, 1 t,
t ot toe n er
0 0 1 1 s
ru·t,c n n
C r es
ff
•
ese
V r
'
0
r '
. s t
C
. ... , t
co et
o n
p
17
tl:1
e o
nc o ·
,
, \' ..
' V 1
V
e :
t ,
z
Cult
0 ce
UC
C t
or
r C
C pt
1
1
t e
r
y the 'r o
0
t t
V t o t
e l
e
t
e s
,
•
l
1 C •
0
0 t e C -
•
or
C n 0
t · m
0
l '" n , C
•
t e ~n 1
•
'r he
T
ue 1
o e ~u , 1 1, u r e
•
4
of cu . 7 , 8 .
n
102
Lindsay
1
clai s tl:1at Cu
1
's ression was not so
muc:t1 c ause d by t he Spani h l avv s concernin her colo ie , for
..
she h d an adm r · b l e code, calle e
.,
d a , f _ or-
~ l ted urin therein of hiljp I I, ut Spain ' s ·overn
ors n officers, so far f r om t e seat of overnment, a used
tl1ese 1 ws or 1 eir own sel "ish grandize ent . ol o ing
jl nd
1
rat
l j e of
17 o.
t 11 e
I u
'
f u
ove r ors-- o e
u . t
1
C t 0 · s e
t pain, 1763, u a had a
c·a1 note was Lo
s s ,
U 1 C
ti
p ov t •
e e -
r t e sp p 1:, i Cu
•
r e . ie ts es-
t 11 e
t ct·
C O 1 OU o t t e I 0
•
s -
0
t
t
t .
1
0
C
· et
•
ve
C r t
OU
0
t
a
0 '
C
'
0 ce o
ce tu u
t
1
U t
t, . t
1 to
er c •
s
1
. 0
cou e
, 0
. 0
,
p ope . clo e
y 1 o J. e
t l t t C
nt . 0
0
.
•
)
0 ac e ,
C
•
e
s 0 r
t ol s
, e C p -
0 0 ec -
en
· o e of
y,
•
disloyal t:l to the gover·nment .
103
The terr~i ble powers of the
~ oyal Order became later the "scou:r e of tl e 1 nd. ul
eneral T con (1 34-1 38) l l hted the spark of tyr nny
n Cu a , which 1 ter re into n inext· guish · le l am .
y thi uba and ~p · i had long s·nce been r·ftin ap rt
with no eel n in o
1
ny common i nte1~e t.
I C u ere f ,r nc , settler, but the po ul tion
w s m e up 1 rely of · n h, o C st lj nor d lu n
n.
· 1 t
•
t
1
r
S C U t
ly
0 t
l
t
•
t
C
e
C 0
s
t
r e
C 0
t
t
' O
t e est n· t·ve eo le o t e Islan.
0
'
b c e ·
e-
olo 0 a il 1 er·c , r ta -
t 0 r con t o 11 oth r
n-
t r , r
un e t n C 1-
c r ct t · pr e 0 . t e tent
1f
•
C 0
t ce t
•
t
st t
-1
e pol c o
0 1 0
•
on .
n.
e t·
t
o • I , 10 •
ol . I , 109 .
u
r C t OU h-
n
.. 0
0 t .
u ._
o t e
te t s
104
talked to a gre t extent, ut 10 this was to be accomplished
was the question. In 1848, un er olk s Pres ent,
1
uch-
· n · n, Secretary of ·t · te, o ered Sp i n ·100 ,000, 000 fo r
Cuba, but t ie off r as i i g antl jected. It is c1a· e d
there wer a out two hun re 1 uneri cans w·t Lopez i
•
s n ccessful conquest o ub. I 1852, ngl · nd and
ranee, upon t 1 suggestion of ·p n , pro osed tote un·ted
t ates th t t e three ove
I
nents
ot to
r jecte
ti te
t.erfere
y t
the ff ir
•
p
ter ·nto n ree ent
u ; tie ro os 1 as
no er · tte t ton o-
t sell u to t 1e U · t-
e t t s -- t C n e1 t ·s
1
no n st e "stend
n
C
0
m
1
esto," 1 4 . m 1 8-1 7
•
r 1 t clos t t e
d t
or 1
•
t 1
·ec
tr o
lo
1 8 ,
0
1 ove
L
n .r
n e
11
' t te
C 0 C
t .
t
.,
e 0
0
cc ie
ov
t
nt.
v 0 fl
I Ct
1 p n
I
V
O)
o er n nt
1
ol . ,
ct·
"
,
1
u
r
4 .
r '
, t e
veto
f 1
ore
t ,
1
ff
-
1 -
e a •
o e
2
Cyclopedia of American Government. Vol. III, ~69.
-
105
J nu·-ry 1, 18 9 . Thi ~ milit ry occup ation 1 sted until
iay 20 , 1902, •hen the United ut tes ithdrew from Cuba and
left t e overnment nd the control oft e slan t
- ·
peopl
tl
n ·er the terms st oul t
...
. nth comp · ct knoin as
1 tt .m n
Con i tion .
s m~ e
In th s document of
p ~rt of the Cuban
reement there ·s a
cl us t o c oth e · ic n epublics object seriously .
I t refers t t e nited St tes step ot ctor of u
•
n
t
t
n
•
't e
. t ra
In t vet
s t~ e r
e ere t
C ~ uest or revol t , t e
t of· terve t · n. r. Uri u u ,
t l: · pe , s ys t t t · o
ho o ject t th p c oleo ·ntervent on cl m t s
tr c t o o
i t.
e
•
I t 1 0 ,
0 0 I
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-
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u s
106
of ongress . Te president , a Cuban citizen , or h s se ved
in the C uban ~ars for t l~ · st t y ars n 01t ye · rs of
ge , is elected for a four year t erm .
ected or t 1ree consecutive terms .
He c nnot be re - el -
T e pres dent m· not
leave t1e Islan it out t he con ent f Con ress .
The judi cial po er is vested ·n supxeme court of
justice an 11 oth r tr bun ls est bl she by law .
·ti
n th 1nin can pu l ies .
•
rest tt ched t the isl n n s 0 t s re 11.cs
is n the f ct t t t s t rst u on ~
..
ch
C s n
C
.
1
z t·o
esta
1·s
ed on t estern sphere .
"
1 u , C r , 1
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ty-
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•
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1
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• •
107
lin e was r co '--,n:i. zed by the two governments. Under the
treaty of ysvick, 16 9 , tie }rencn ere ven title to the
estern p rt of t e isl· . · i et ~e · rs l · ter treaty
at sle , July 2 , 1795 etween 'ranee an pin m· de the
VJhole isl ' n 'rench . In 1 9 S · · n n re · t i ta n to-
et r c ptured the sl nd n restored to Sp in the city of
San omin o. On ecember 1, 1 21 t · e nh b·t · nts decl red
t. er i d n ce fro. ~Pin · n est blis ed provision 1
ave n nt .
0
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17 0
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lie .
te rn ,
tr ore c oft e
clop c n ove run ts . ol . I , 16.
108
twelve provinces is chosen for six ye · rs term , renewed by
thirds every two ye · rs . The preside tis elected by an
n rect vote for six ye· rs , (July 1 , 1908 ) th a cabinet
of seven mini ters . r n"' 1e jud ciary is i the hands of a
supreme court · n lo
1
er courts .
- om· n C· thol c.
. .
a i u 1 C
h · · s co
t
- t t e ·ominlcan pu lie.
y t e i sse ly 0 ev n ye · r an
six ster
•
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st te r
•
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0 om
t" 0
C •
1
he st ! te reli ion is
t'tutio ve y s·milar to
I
e pre ent
•
elected s
he · s a cab et of
i. t C 1
d v·
ns .
r
e
109 .
In tlis reviev of the history of the Latin epublics
which we h · ve m· de , we r·n there h ve been influencing
factors enterin into the life of e ch succeed!· g centur,
)en,r tion o decade th th s ·ven color to its p es.
·· e h -ve studied re· 1 con it o s an lu nces it .n nd
it out , 11 nor loc · 1, n
.
n lstori ' ns , om e h ve
c onsulted ree in ener 1 st t e oints e shall u e
i our su.mm· ry: (a) 1-t t er · ces wh ch peopled · me1ica
ere r o r · ces, oth n · n
P '· i s
n t s r-
1 . e l · · ns t t c t r so t to r 0
OV C i
•
It st e str nest hr t orce
0 ~ t e . ( )
· s e two ve
t t 1 C
ce t e e
t s s 'L
1 se
s ·o
s .
ec o
•
z
•
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·v t t cle rl
t · ev
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st t cl s es soc et , t
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•
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t C t r
• "
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ce C 0 7 C r. e
ce c e 0 e C
C •
( ) r V t C n u t e rly r v lu-
t n y n , C e 1 , ter 0
1 d
'
110
prev ·1ed, Const uti nal overnment was the popular idea
of government . bn land's system of parliame ntary cont r ol
w st OU ht to be ideal by m ny •
e uote from Cal r n: ., ut the re 1 master oft e
e¥ eneratio in Chile an int e other eJ ocr cies was
Lam rtine
11
oses,' w1ote
'From 1848 to 1 8 e was - dem· od, a co
t e le
G re
· 1 e ,
C
so the outh
r tes: ro
t
oet ·ne o t
Of t l forei n ·n lu nee over
can revolut o
'r nee .
V 1 t O •
0 i n nee,
ss · r·es oft e
Int· e Enc -
e n t e elleetu 1 o in oft e outh
e -
n t e re c c olon 1
e _ t e 1 1 t l e u 1
~ e; t
~ t e tee set 1
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•
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••••
e
0
· n V r
e • • • • • • •
or e j
t e
t
t tes s · et of
0 e s
111
the United tates as a hero ' rort y o t e dmir· tion of
our o n · ge ai1 of t nerations to come , an exal ple of
1 l er· -t· n n true p · - t ·iotism.' e t r· sl · ted t e
re -
ill Address which as is favo ite re in. olivar
ed t o be the ash ngton o outh America. One oft e
orerunners of B r ztlt n i epen nee, Jose Jo zuin de ia,
h knovn J fferso i r is · nd in orm d him th t 't e
r z li ns c nsidered the orth un.e ican Re lution st e
expression of th ir desires, nd t e counted o e ss s-
t·nc 0 t e nite 't te
'
•
rst th
•
0 .t. C n
co st u
t -
ye t
•
s u u nee, e 0 t d
t e 1 C
t.,
e 11 , co t olitic · 1 o z t 0
0 te t s e e y r
" •
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t t el
.
f r t co 1
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hetero e eous elements with
of t hem."
112
r id law and forms a race
O f t e nited ·t tes Consti tution we fin its lan uage,
ore r det ·1 co i e to some extent in every repu lie
int e form thot ost practical or loc 1 and indivi ual
pu poses s ' ork d out · y the best rain of the repu lie.
e un ve s · 1 pi cipl so equ lity, ju tice nd f r te ty
s e sse in v · r·ous co t tutions
e nstr t , ut e 1 st re
attern,
V
•
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s een rd to
the r ce ust con m o e p feet e 1-
const ion
1
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· 113
their here it ry ri hts and liberties .••• rt is obviously
a mistake to· ttempt to raft on a people bred in the Span ish civil law. P· rticularly is thi s ist e seen in the
practicabil ty oft e Constitut on of Colombia s 'pplied
tot eir pre ent st ge of development . "
As to the :onr e octrine, it h · s 11 m n er of
nitions nd interpret t o s y lorn t· t s or nter
al 1 ye s . C le s ~ s l s s, "It s o al
r:cat o o t p rt of he c 1 c, s
e i t on oti -
ne
"ly t c ec to ny colonizin ntentions
0
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of
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proc e toe l
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et · t 0 .o oe octr ne. - om t e
-
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0 t
" act·
'
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r e et o t e un v 1 t rood
u n t o·to o
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-----------
on
s
114
"The Pan · -uneri can Union is a vol11ntary organization
o the twenty- one American epubli.cs , includin the Un ted
St tes , maintained by their annual contri utions , controlled
by a Governin o· rd com posed o the diplomatic repr sent' -
t ves in · ashington of the oth r twenty over nments and
the < ·ecretar of Jt te of the United tates who is Chairman
evoted to the development nd conservation
of p,e ce, fri dsr ip n co rce et een t em 11 .
111
It ·s no , occupy n
to s, he e u i ul
' ,
1
s, n to
•
0
u
ve
t
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e
1
se
J ,
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ro t e
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ot f o
, ,
ver 0
t
e ce
.t, o n,
04 •
s qu· rt rs o the or of irec-
in e ected y r .
e t t v m n t e
erpret t t ~ o oe
s t t t t 0
, 1 , 0 ,
, , t
e C 0
C n
.
e
"
•
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•
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• • •
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-
1
settlement, while there are rew causes of dispute so tri
fling that they cannot be made the occasion of war, if
either party really desires war. The matters in dispute
between nations are nothing; the spirit which deals with
them is everything."
115
115a
Review of a Conference Held by the Writer with Dr. Uriburu,
the Head or the Department of Latin American
Republics in the University of
Southern California.
To the foregoing discussion we shall add questions
asked Dr. Julio Ziegner-Uriburu in a coo.ference given the
writer, and Dr. Uriburu's answers as taken at the time.
1
1. How would you group the Latin-American Republics
with regard to their relative development?
Ans. Argentine hepublic first , Chile, Brazil, eru,
Colombia , Venezuela, Central Amer ca.
2. To what extent is there a class of common people
in the leading epubl cs?
s. In most of the epu l cs th re are comp rative-
ly few English-speaking peoples. By far the l rger pro-
portion of the po ul tion are I nd ans . hese const tute
the comm n people an
t ~ ey
re, nm y n t ce norant,
illiterate, an not very elligen
•
Co t e 1 e
and olivia h ve a reater n e 0 ucate peo 1
•
of a popula ion o tel e 1 on e co ar ,
least, te m 11 on full -bloo e d a
•
3 . Please state som t
•
n r a to al f n n
1
Dr. Uriburu is t _ e leg 1 epr sen t ve of the South
American Republics.
e
Ou
a
nee
116
n t Lt· n-Amer can ·
0
pu ljcs, (1) tl1 ir n p n ence,
(2) the f r n an development of their· constitution?
ns . ( )
I 1 06 n 1807 hile ' pain s at ar, the
Brit! took 0 ssion o tl1 city o uenos · ires . Since
t en t e h · ve t :r. ied to influ nee the Lat n- JUT1e1 can countri es
to de
. t
J--:urop r t er t n 0 t e ca. The rit -
er e t 0 ev r. 0 ject of t ese
--epu -- 1
cs
s 0 erv e ocr cy, tl OU ! r· z 1 s an ~'mp i e
....
u to 1
( )
•
C C e 0 1 t e s t 0 e o -
C C
p e 0 e nt n orce, mo ele on
1 0 p Cl 1
t ·
s s t t t · t s ov-
•
0 t , z , 1 ,
z
,
, 0 0 1
•
r 1
e fr e C
•
C
•
C C 0 1 ,
~ 0 .
ly
• • •
•
J. J C 0
0 0 t u 1 0
r V
•
.. m
. 0 .
C
c -
e
•
l -.
•
..
• •
-
•
t
• d. r
l n
t t 0 e t l 0 0
•
or
•
0 t r e 0 ,
·1
• •
0
•
e e 0
'
n 0 m
•
•
0 l e
117
exactly the same as tat in t1e Un te t te . here are
polj_ ical classes in tl1e · epu lies s tr1ere are here , but
t e politic 1 le der elong to tre est class of people .
Only m no culture n educati n ar pro inent in polit -
ical circles . ost ·1ca has n excellent form of overnment .
5 . T r li i on 0 t e L tin- werican e u l cs s e -
cl re
t eir co stitutions to be t e om n C tl1olic pos -
t
lj c .
·hat concession re m e to IT ie;r· ts nd sion-
r
.
1 · v1
n·
n the e re u ljcs.
v
•
e l 1
t c,
e C
: e -
0 u · t . 1
•
e e ts 0
t e 1 C 1 t 1 C
•
e
e
•
t
1 e C u C e
0 e t 0 0 0
-
eccl C 1 n
•
b e 0 e
t , b
(
e t)
•
t s e
ec _
-
C
•
e 0 e
t C 1
•
co 0
•
t C s l e
•
- r
·-
•
c · n
(
0 er· , e 0
•
0 , t e ov e
• •
ec
u · ;
.
•
0 m 1 p
•
C e
•
1- t , C e C
o·
jo
C ro t e
e t
•
r 1 OU e ch n e u 1·c
SC ool
•
118
6. Is tr1e1·e any reco ni zed barrier today between the
United tates an the Lat ~n- 1@er~can e pu lies, poljtically ,
economically, socially?
ns. r on·ous rel tions ex t etween the Lat n-
.nJne_ic n n
•
e c n epu lies • I y iffer ces o opin-
o exist they rem rely disagreements as to the r ht
a f olvin p ·o lems.
e o ject oft e · n-Am 1 c n n , o merly t e
-
ca ure u is o foste et een
t e t o r t c u s , to · s e
n co
.r .
tut
ic
t
r
C
e
1 .
L
t
t
C
rce.
s t t ve
t
0 .
•
C 1
0
V C
1
r
-
C
0
•
0
C 11
c on oft
I
•
' C
C
r ,
•
C
e
in·
ce
o r
ct
S 0
C
l r
r
i
C
ce "
,
t e ty-one u 1 cs se
t on .
, 1
r t st ossi le por ce
e · t e
-
r-
, , t e u
0 s ere s
,
t -
n C
e. 1
, ce, e
n E
1 e es
i '
e
Il i ly
t V e
c ·c lly
119
unknown in tl1e United States until recently. The only
dr ack tote epu lies and America havin . n enormous
inc e se of trade is that they m y not be ble to compete
wi t:t1 the manufacturers · u ope, t 10 t ' 1 re is to be con-
si ere t l1e f ct t 1 t for m ny ye r to come t countries
no t ar 11 h veto re u ld hat t ey re no destroyi g
n h ve estroy
•
mot import nt iel ~ n the epu -
l ies o s t e
0 te - as,
nvestment field .
0 e I) 1 t , t C • ,
hen t econ truction
shoul e oc ed th
as s oon s os e .
s y
u
ff
. 1 '
. 1 n
•
•
,
r
no
t
t ,
0
r s
e , . s
t l t t 1 e· 1 · ecru
ju
e 't
V ✓ • t
•
•
•
C
C ti
s s
ul
o t r
1
r
01 t
t
ce
C t
1
•
le t 1
C
op
•
s oval
t
p
lv
t
. li rn '
t l ' e n
0
C •
le . , ut
•
e
ery
-
J t e
n- ... C o l
r t y e c · t c count es,
o t _ r so rce
co try
120
should be for t1e benefit of the people as
for a few ind1vi ual s .
vvhole and not
8 . Jhe ein has the Unite ~ tates overnment violated
the spirit of the ori in 1 .o oe Doctrine , diplomatically
or oth ,rwise?
Ans .
because
:here has ee 1 no violation of t e onroe octrine
th on o to inor e cepti ons this octr·ne has
not been en arced s ice t came· t ex tence . he onroe
oct ·i ne s een t e c use o 11 kinds o i terpret a t on .
The f ct i , · not r tl~ un rt
y um r of
peopl . 'o
t
0
0
C
t
1
e
tr t
tre t ,. , t e
C r
1 c .
ec
'
•
C C
•
'
1 0
?
•
•
• 1. e
•
0
1 C
.
,
•
v i r u
diss tis cti
i u
1te t t
r
C 1
•
1
r
•
t
-
e
1
0 ot r
0 , l o
1 u e
•
t
Il
V
,
ul
C
'O
C, 1
s
, ,
er· cy .
een rife t ou
t
t to
OV l
c oncer -
ter
terfere
of
-
ec t o tes
e lt , o e r
e 1 - - ve
•
0 1 s
t
' ted '
co t
-
•
, r Zl , e , u -
re C , 0
• •
1 0 C n u
C •
,
121
10. here .may I find inform tion or d ta conce1)ning
t1e personel of the Eresidents oft e ~epublics tod y?
ns. rite to headquarters of the Pan me ican Union,
~ 'ashi gton, D. c. John Barrett , General irector.
I most of t1 Lat n- une1ican ePU lies the Presi ent
c nnot be re-elected.
122
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Source 1 a teri al .
Akers, Charles E., A istorY- of South merica, 18 4-1904 .
E .• P. Dutton&Co., New York. 1912.
American Academy of Politic 1 and Soci 1 Science.
International elations of ,he · ed Stats, 1 14.
d~ s, Cha les Francs, Doc rine and the
Mo1nmsin' s L •
he 1 vers de r s s, Ca. r · d J , ~ a. s.
1. 14.
Barrett, J ol1n,
e C n i n ress, on, 1 1 •
ryce, J es,
•
•
C : 11 Co., 0
'
d .
•
C tlrri e .o , 1 . I .
n '
• •
Int
•
a C
• • -- •
C ,
0
o ,
•
C O n e 0 8
•
ol,
•
t
,
' .
•
. . r L
,
•
C
. 1 '
or -
'.t
•
a
e
l{
8 .
C c l e n • d ed y
1 n
d , 3 0
•
•
t Co , d ondo
Cyclopedia of Political Science.
, aynard, ] err.: 11
Dcmville, Fife, Charles
co., Ne Yorl, 1 0.
T
'
•
The Un ted Sta
J ame
ott & o., Nvw York.
Daws n, Thom~s c.,
- e
123
s of
razil.
ons, e
or and Lo d o
1 0 .
•
•
D 1 to11, Leonar ,
1 12.
Dod
.,,,,,
lter
, I
. ,
r
Ede
a.
C
·r s Sc
, c.
, c.
e
or
- cl
To e
C
•
•
a
e
C
•
•
'
• •
oder
Q_ C
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124
Hirst, · • A. , Ar :entina .
-
Scribner & Sons, New York, 1910.
oebel, William enry, Uruguaz.
T. F . Unwin, L don, 1 11 .
L ra, L. utierrezde ,
•
.1.exica r St gle
for Fre .. dom. Dou leda. a e Co., ew o k: 1914.
L dsay,
T
rr s, a , The Isthrr.u and Canal.
John C.
7
ins >on Co.,
.. art· , Pere
r
• •
,
11s, eor e ., Sou~h
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s .
07 .
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s
1.
•
Shepherd, w . R., Latin America.
H. Holt & Co., New York, 1 14 .
secondary Autho ities.
ncrof t , u ert 011 , His ory of
a.ncroft Con a.ny, e Yo 1.-r, 1914.
enn tt, rank ,
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e Co., 1
125
1 14 .
Co., 1 04.
•
•
•
126
Lummis, Ch&rles, Awakening of a Nation.
Harper Co., New York, 1898.
artinez nd Lenandows r•, The r gentin , in wcnti e t
Centurz .
Tr nslat d by ern d t il l , . . . ervin ,
London, 1911.
Oliveira , Lima ! • d , Th voluti or razil.
-------------
Leland tan ord Jr., U ·v rs ty u ~.1.:c a. t ns, 1 14 .
Paxs n , Frederic L. e Ind
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1 13.
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127
Zayas, Enriques, Rafa ;lde, Th.a Care of exico and the Polici
of President
1
ilson.
A nd C oni, ... ~ ew York, 1914.
ADD 'NDUM
COrSTITUTIONS OF THE ERIC N REPUBLICS.
CHANGES SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE ' ORK
11
AME ICAN CONSTITlJTI NS" IN 1906.
(Revised to January 1, 1916).
,
Since the publication 1 1906 of the work entitled
"Amer can Constitutions", man of the Ame can re ublics have
adopted amendments to their constitutions and in some cases
entirely new ones. So ar can be ascertained, the fol ow-
ing 1s the tatus of the e const1tu io s:
In ei t countries, namel:y, r nt , Br l, Ch le ,
Cu u tern 1 H 1
1'
ara
Y,
n
'
1 ador, no ame e ts
, ,
have been m de.
of e r u l C
-
ol v a, Colom Co C
, ,
'
Me co, n
'
e u, t n e t e , nd Uru y h V
am e 1r con u 0
•
ve C n r ,
- t e
0 C u l c, C 0 ,
Hon-
dur
'
, V u 0 1
co n
•
Th 0 C n on t 0 V e o
•
•
. -
47
•
ga
-
IA: - Co
,
sti-
l"). C
t e fol ,
, 77 , 9 ,
'
, 102,
, 14, 120-
'
1 l ?,
, , 1 , 17 , -1 1 8,
191 9 198-200, 206 , 20,
•
, ,
,
1 o 1 nal ov S 0
•
I
r o
Of c
'
0 , C 0 r , 1 1 ) .
Amendments: Arts . 56 - 61 repealed and
rts. 54, 55, 62, 72, 96, 97 and 107 mod-
ified. ("La Gaceta", San Jose, June 7,
1913). Amendment to l rt. 73, June 6,
1910. ( In "Colee on de Le yes", an Jose,
Costa hicb, 1910).
DOMINICAN RE UBLIC;-New con titut on adopted
enacted pril 1, 1908.
ebruary 22, 1908,
(In pamphlet orm.)
ECUADOR:-
HO
: -
:-
UA:-
: -
: -
New const tution of D ecember 23, 906.
( "Regist1 o Ofici 1," ui to, ecember 24,
1906.)
Constitution o 1894 re-enc ed 'eptem er
1 , 1907. ("Mens je el res ente",
1909 p . 10).
en me s:
J ne O , l 8 ( s . n
y 22, 1900 ( r . 91 an
y , 190 l ( r . 27 )
ay 14, 1901 ( r. )
Oc • 1, 1901 ( r • 7
4, l O ( · )
)
04 ( 7 , 7, 7 , 80 ,
( .
7
•
7 7 ,
• ,,
)
0
de
-
)
•
0
• 7
eco
·rt. 4
r . 50
1 08 . (I
0
C
pt
amen
l cc on
C , l ,
(
0 •
07 .
URUGU Y:-
VEN ~UELA:-
Art. 5 amended. ( "Diario 0f1c1al •t,
Montevideo, Nov. 10, 1910) Arts.
152-159 ame11ded. ( "Diario ficial"
September 2, 1912.)
New constitution dopted ugu.st 5, 1909
( "Gaceta ficial", ugu.st 5, 1909. r ew
p1ovisional constitution (.,Est tuto Con
stitucional rovisor ode los Estados
Unidos de Venezuel ") adopted pr l 19,
1914. ( "Gaceta Ofici l", Caraca , pr11
20, 1914) proved, "Gacet uric l",
Caracas, June 19, 1914.
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Best, Lucy Frances Smith
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Core Title
A history of the political development of the Latin-American republics, showing the influence of the constitutional system of the United States
School
College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
Degree Program
History
Degree Conferral Date
1916-06
Publisher
Los Angeles, California
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University of Southern California
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