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The role of the third party in American politics
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The role of the third party in American politics
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Content
The
Role of the Third Party
•
1n
American Politics.
A Thesis
Presented to tte
Department of History
University of Southern California
Write
for·
L aster' a De re
y
noct Ar en Io wick
u u , 1 1 .
I
I
_L
t,
II
PREFACE
Something bas been written, in the way of history, of all the
third parties of any consequence which have made the·.r appearance
in the realm of American Politics.
It is not my purpose in this thee i s to write a hie ,ory of any
one of the · various third parties, nor of the third party movement;
but from tbe various sources available to ascortain the part played
by each of the more important third parties in the political arena
of ita day. And furthermore to note the 1rifluences on American
Politics that are conmon to the Third arty r ovement in general.
To this end I have diligently consulted the vari us written
sources of information from the leading standard works on the sub
ject, down to the leas weighty magazine articles o other days, arrl
currert literature.
The term "third party", as used in this thesis, is understood
to mean any party other than the two leading part o ro a stand~
point of vo . · ~ rPngth, which, in e nd nt of both of the two
leading carties, has placed national candidates in the field.
I bave sought to e both fair and ace rate in the matter set
· forth herein; but er ve the indu gence of the reader who, perchance,
has had access to some sources which have overlooked, or hose
process of reasoning may lead to concl siona other tha thoee aet
forth herein.
~no ch Arden Holtwick,
Los Angeles, Cal.
Augua 9, 19 3.
Cl1apter
I .
I .
CONTEl, TS
I n t rod u ct i on . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Ant in1 asonic Par iL A~ ricar Politics ....... .
Page
1
6
I . Thir rart ie s i . A er can Polit·cs, 1 40-1 0 ..... 11
I • The Probibitio Party and reform .. . . . . ............ 24
•
T I .
Third part~·e and finance, 1876-1896.............. 31
Later t r·. i rd TI a rt i. e B • . . . . • • • • • • . • . . • . . . . . . • . . • . . . • .
•
38
I I • Su 1n1 arJr . • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 43
Bibliography... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 49
III
•
CilAPT R I
Introduction.
1
"Ours i s a government by party". Ours ia jus a truly a bi-
1
party system of government. That it is destined so to remain, how~
ever , may wel l be questioned. In not a s1ngle general election since
1892 has there been fever than six different political parties, either
m akin g independent nominations for president and vice-pr sident, or
else pub l i cly , as a party, endorsing candidates already nominated, or
to be nominated , by some oth party; and in 1900 there wer almost
2
t wice that number . Neithe ere these various third parties always
negl i gible quantities , nor lacking in influence as any student of
Amer i can Politics during the last two decades must know.
In consider i ng the third party in American Politics we cannot
go back of the adoption of the Const itution forte very valid
reason t hat there we r e no third parties before that time . Indeed
it is interesting to note that durin g the century preceding the
Stamp Act there was ut one so-called party , and that was a party
3
of r emonstran ce against English oppression. However, with the
coming of t hose t r oublous times immediately preceding the American
Revolution tr r b an a party alignmen, not from a politica
standpoint , but as indicating be
sjde
pon "'hich each colon i t
would stand
•
tl e jnevitabl struggle with the iothe r country 1n
which was soon to con1e.
In Great Britain, at
tr. .
•
he oppos ·. g part i 1me ,
4
kno n the
"
h.
s tt
tt
ories". In the
•
a of tl e were as an 111
1 Woodburn , Poli~Jcal Parties an Part roblema iu the U.S. 1.
a Star1 wood , A H _ ia~9r~ of th~ e· residency, . ols. I an·d II.
3 Hewes , The istor .. "'. olit-ical art ·ea in Arrerica, Chaut. IV, 24- 5
4 For ~e origin of t a artiea and the namea attac ed o each
s e Woodburn , Pol·tical _artiesr ~n P 1ty Proble~s i he •- ~' -7
colonists the term Tory stood for everything that pertained to
the king and oppression . The term Whig, to them , signified the
opposite. Therefore those in America who favored the king and his
policy towards the colonists became known as Toriea· .; while those
who remonst rated against the oppression of the mother country and
sought relief therefrom naturally were call d higs. ~owe may
speak of those to parties, if parties they deserve to be called,
as they existed for bou a score of years imme iately preceding
those turbulent days attendant upon the formation and adoption of
the Constitution . And indeed Alexander Johnston s~ys~- "At the
close of the Revolutio there as but one party in the United
States, the American hige '" •........ "The Loyalists or Tories
having been banished, killed , or converted."
But with th Revolu ion accomplished , the failure of the
Articles of Confederation established, an the Constitutional
Convention on hand , the attention of the peo ~ l
struggle o an entirely differen character.
as called to a
If t er ere hose int e Conv~ntion o believe
•
a strong
centralized government tt.ey represented a conati uen cy of similar
views. If there ere leaders ho feared a drift towari monarchy,
and were jealous for the ri ·hts of the i~ ·vi al st sand ere
loathe o la e much po r int je hands of the central governmen,
there ere t.o ands oft e rank and file ho ere read to sport
them in ",eir efforts to secure the gre test o er possible for
each sovereign atate.
Wit ttee conflicting views it was perfectly natur 1 for the peo le
to aepar te i o t o o oai:r ., arti s, '.n hey did . o e
aur rt li e r not very closely r n at fire . Bu s the
y iou a ate took the matter of the Rot on of be Con~
stit u on part an spi i ircrea ed. he n 1 populari y
2
of Washington enabled all to unite upon him for president for two
terms, but the mere fact that he was twice unanimously elected
president must not be taken to indicate that there was no opposi-
+ i '
v. on to the party which he represented.
EarlJ i tte struggle connected with the formation and
adoption of the Constit ion those favoring adoption were termed
Federalists, those opposing Anti-Federalists. For practically the
entire firat term of Washington the two parties contir.ued without
change as to policy or name, but as early as 1791 them ss of
those who ha been known as Anti-Federalists began to be referred
1 2
to as Republicans; and by 1796 the party was really organized.
Wi h the change of name carre a change of alignment. Johnston
3
in his Ac.erican Political History .quotes Gordy as follows:--
" ~any eminent men, anon them Jefferson, 1'/!adiaon, Edmund Randolph,
Rutledge, an Dicki eon were Federalists in 1787 and Republicans
in 1791. They ere Federalists when to be a Federalist meant to
believe in the adoption of the Conetitu~ion; The were Republicans
hen to e Federal· mean to believe in Hamilton's ·~anci l
p0licy and in an interpretation of the onstit tion which tended,
they thought, to the un ue centraljzation of the overnment ."
.
The newl1r organized Republican 'Party scored ts first
presidential victory in the elntion of Jefferson in 1800 followed
by the election of each succeeding candid te up to and including
John uincy A ams in 1824. With the de eat of the Federalists
that party began to ane, un il at t J .e t irue of th.e second elect ion
of onroe in l 20 here was hardly enough opposition to prevent
his unanimous election. "The ' Iartford Convention' and the op
posi ion oft e ederalists to the un·ted tates Bank an t~e pro
tectjve tar·rf of 1816, pract·cally destroyed that party."
-
1 Jobneto , Ari ~ erican Political Hietor , I, 208; quote fron Gordy.
2 Hewes, The Hiator .. of olitical g, t:,es r .. A· · r1 ·~., ha • XI, 26
3 Vol. I, page 208, qu fro ordy' Political Parties in the
Un~ d tates, I, 92- 3
a, The . o o Po it c r B i er ca,
I '
•
All that remained of the old Feder ist Party ke t ell in the
back round dur ng the "era of good feeling", ut uring the
administration of J . Q. Adams t e J began again to nollect und r
the new name of ational Repub icans , hich na _e the bore unti
the new ru _j ~ Party absorbed both name a party.
Fr om the time o the adoption o. the Constitution by the
Convent i o. , up ~ jthin the a in·~tration of J.Q . Ad'ma, cover-
•
per i od of arproxi ately four decades , the bi-party system
had prevailed sav , , perhaps , for the second adminiatrat1on of
lonroe when there was hardly enough of the Federalist arty left
to for m even a second party.
To e sure tber e ere dissensions i n tte ar tiea at ti ea ,
an fro m 1no4 to 1808 t ere arose in~ ranks oft e Repu lican
Party a very threateni g o position led by John Randolph ard pop-
1
u rly known as "Quids". Thia el . ent has een r eferr ed to as
1
the "Fir t third party in our national hi tory" , which seems
alto ether too dignifjed a term with which to refer to this op
pos1 ion element , inaa uch a it was ithin the ranks of the
4
Republican Party itself ; and alt ou h opposed to t he n·nistraticn s
•
_o r president, nevertheless orting a member of can 1 a e as, sup
that party for president. Ho
•
it shoul be grante a n1e ever ,
tha hi in reality , a th · r
party, ro ably the m oat it
acco
• 1 i to
•
t .e 0 es 0 the e eralista in 1808 ; e a increase
ve t ea ministr ion forces a go o scare . For e fin that
- - -
... - - - . --
..
1
00 rn, ?olit·cal , t Y.. -Pro _ lerna, 13 6
. Madison, th ct iniatration candidate, secured 122 electoral votes
l
~
as agai st 53 for hie combined opponents.
Another diaturbi element 'J 'hich arose during these first
four decades, but ·hich cou d hardly be spoken of as a third party,
a
was kno'fn as t e Blue-light Federalists. They were those who were
opposed ·to the ar of 1812, aking it hard for the administration,
with all the other handicaps, to carry on the war; and it is even
charged that some members of this war opposition went as far aa
3
to render aid to the British.
It has een noted herein that by 1824 but li tle remained
of the old Federalist party; and what little still survived was
thoroughly disorganized and discontented, f rniah g a ri e fiel
for ne~ party organ·zationa and ali nm n ; n in he following
chapter is noted he o tcome.
l
Se
2
able, page 95, tan od, A,_ _ _ J.istory of the
The _ A_n\e_ ric!l,p_ a , III, The Bl e- i ht ·e eralists.
3
Ibid.
~ £Y, I
5
CflA 'l'ER I I
The A ~1- :~ artJ
in
American Politics
The Anti-masonic Party had its inception in a t1rrie of political
chaos , - the "p riod of personal politics" . The Federalist Party
as a national organization was no more; ~ltho ~h t~ere v~~e eo e
feeble effo ta at local organ1zation. Andrew JR keen, J.Q. Adams,
. • R. Crawford , and Henrjr Clay- the +-our candidates voted for ir:.
t he electoral college in 1824 wer e all member of the Republican
Party . But tr-ere wa mu h difference of opinion among party lead
ers as to such issues a the bank, tariff, internal impro ements
etc., . hich fjnally led to a ne ali gnment . rin ___ the latter part
of the A---s adYJ1ini trat ion; the forces led by Jackson and Crawford
b or 1 ing kno-vvn as emocrats, an those led y Clay an Adan1e taking
the nan1 e of National Republicans.
It was in the midst of these unsettled political conditions,
in 1826, tlat the fan:oua organ abduction too place. One illiam
organ , a Free Mason, of Batavia, e York, having .ecorne dissatis
fied with his secre~ or~er, deterriined to reveal its secrets to the
public; and ha accordingly reared a bcok o that end . Thia having
econe kno n, he was kidna ped and was supposed to have been drowned
in the ~iagara River by m ember of the aeon c Or er.
7
Thie caused no little ir in western New York, and to make
matters orse, the Masone were accused of thwarting all attempts
at investigation, which was too much for the wrought up condi~
tion of polit·cs not to crystallize into something definite in
opposition to Free asonry. The matter as agitated by pu~pit
and press tc such. an extent that an Anti-masonic party was formed,
1
which, in New York, in 1888, polled 33,000 votes. From here the
movement spread to other states and grew into influential nation
al proportions.
In the organization of the Anti~masonic Party we have a poli
tjcal innovation. It as not only the first third party of really
national organizat·on, and coming from the ranks of no one party;
2
but it is also bringing into American Politics a moral question.
Ia it morally right to tolerate an institution, or support for office
members of an inst·tu ion, the oaths of which were believed by
many to be as ahockingl impious as those of Fre Masonry is the
question which undoubtedly occtpied the minds of the rank and
file of those ho first eca~e identified with the Anti~masonic
Party. Thus we have the frat real third party organized upon a
3
moral issue, which has been an important, if not the leading issue,
of every succeeding third party which has either accomplished its
en or endures to-day.
But alas! however patriotic or pious the foun r of the
Anti-masonic Party may have been in their purposes there were
political tricksters ready to use the ne born party for less
holy pur o es. The so-called ational Republican arty a itself
a babe, an in ew York the party as weak. Anti-ma onic votes
ha
increaei in ew o
137
"The Anti-masonic Party increased this vote (33,000 .in 1888) in
New York in 1829 to 70
1
000 and in 1 30 to 128,000, displacing in
that state the National Republican Party. William H. Seward,
Millard Fillmore, and Thurlow Weed, aftervards d·stinquished
Whig leaders first entered poliiice ae young men in Ne . York in
the rRnke of the Anti-masons."
The new party had grown into political prominence eo rapidly that
by the time of the general el~ction in 1832 it was next to the
nemocratic Party in votine strength. The political strength of
the Anti-masonic Party caused an influx into ita ranks of those
who cared more about defeating Jackson in the coming election
than maintaining a moral issue. To such an extent had the party
been dilu ed that they nomi ated for their presidential candidate
William irt of aryland, who "was not only a aeon, but even
defended the order in a speech before the 0mnvention that nomin
ated him. n2
Thurlow eed, the m oat conspicuous o the leaders of the Anti
masonic Party in ~e York, was repeatedly found playing between
the Anti-masonic and the National Republican Parties of the
state, with special concern fo
3
cal ,interests.
he advancement of his on politi-
Ou side of . ew York, while the ent ·re nation was more or less
honey~combed with Ant·-maaonry, at least two other states deserve
special ment ion, namely:- Vern1ont and Pennsylvania.
In Vermont t e party scored its greatest success in the
repeated election of governor during the years of its greatest
power, 1832-1836; and in he general election of 1832, when the
Anti-masons carried the state and her seven electoral votes were
given to irt and Ellmaker. Te Anti,naaonic ,arty in Vermont
also furnishe a large representation in the state legislatures
for several ear and sent men to Oon rees.
1 oodburn, Political Partie~_and Party Problems in the u.s., 137
2 Encyclopaedia Brit~nnica, II,127
3 cCarthy, e Anti-m sonic arty, American IIis
~aaoci~tjon Re ort l ~0~, Vol. I
8
9
4
This was largely due to fusion with the National Republicans hen
it wae nec~sary to do so.
In Pennsylvania the course of the Anti-masonic Party as the
most consistent, and also the most enduring. It continued to
wield an influence in the state politics here w hen al~ost every
where else it haa been absorbed by the new Whig Party. As early
as 1830 tne report of the election from Democratic sources credita
the Anti~masoni ~ PBrty with "6
1
members to ~ongress; 4 Senatore
and 27 members of the house."
In 1835 the party elected its candidate for governor, and secured
control of the state legislature.
This brief account of the accomplishments of the party in
the three states where it was strongest must suffice to give a
general idea of the strength of the party throughout the nation.
In conclusion we call attention to the part played by this third
party in American Politics.
The Anti-masonic Party brought to the attention of the
American people a moral question of no little import; a question
which is still being discussed, especially through t he columns
of our religious press. Not on y was attention called to the
evils of oath-bound secret societies, but the press saw to it
that the readi ng public was properly educated and informed.
McMaater says:- "The whole ew England belt from B~ston to Buf
falo fairly teemed with Anti-masonic newspapers."
Then coming into prominence ae it did, at a t i e of political
disorganization, t he Anti-masonic Party served as a common ground
on which t o get to ether he various factions op oaed to Jackson
and his k ngl y__ rule~ at least tem orarilyJ to await absor tion
1 McCarthy, The Anti-masonic Party, American_llietorical
Aseociati.QP Re orts, J90, Vol. I
2 Histo~ of th~ Peo 1~ of the U nited tates, V, 120
1
into the larger Whig Party soon to come into prominence. As
10
an element in the Whig Party the Anti-masons are said to have been
sufficiently strong to secure the nomination of W.R. Harrison for
a
president instead of Henry Clay, who was a M ason.
Finally, it was the Anti-masonic Party that instituted the
3
National Convention ~ovement for the nomination of candidate~,
thus bringing into vogue the method of nominating president and
vice-president which has continued to the present time.
1
.
McCarthy, The Anti-masonic Party, American IIistorical
2
!s.~c]a~ion Rel?or,la, I, 384.
Woodburn, Political Part~ee and Part Problems in the U.S. 138
3
Ibid, 138.
CHAPTER III
Third Parties
in
American Politics 1840-1860
Growing opposition to the autocratic administration of
President Jackson led to a crystallization of the forces opposed
to him early in the beginning of his second term. He had made
enemies of the friends of the United States Bank by his high
handed destruction of that irstitution. He had brought down
11
upon hie head the anathemas of the South Carolina Nullifiers by
the use of the iron hand in their case. Others had taken offense
at his too liberal use of veto and removal powers. Then there
were those who constituted the remnants of the opposition of
other days, who would naturally be expected to be found on the
side of the opposition. T ese all began to come together about
1834 under the new party name of Whigs.
F.VJ. Hewes s11m arizes the forces constituting the new Whig
Party briefly by saying t hat they were "M ade up of National Re~
publicans, South Carolina ul llifiers, Southern States-rights men,
and Anti~masons, organ
1
zed on the single common feature of op
position to Jackson."
Authorit·es are generally agreed that the main weakness of the
Whig Party which from 1834 to 1854 formed the principal party of
opposition to the Democrats, was its lack of fixe d principles and
a defj_nite program. However, between the Whigs and Democrats, for
a score of years was the battle waged in the arena of American
politics; with different third parties ap earing on the scene
to play their roles itb varyi r-g success.
1 The History of
Te r·rst third party to make its appearance as such, in
the two decades from 1840 to 1860 was the Liberty Party, which
1a
was the culmination of a decade of Abolition agitation. Abolition
societies had been organized and the matter of gradual abolition
of slavery agitated as far back aa the days of Franklin and
1
Hamilton. But the prohibition of the slave trade in 180E and
the matters pertaining to the financial el are of the country,
such as the National Bank and tariff, together with the rather
impracticable plan of slave colonization, had so occupied the
minds of tle A erican people during the first three decades of
the 19th cent ry that but li utle attentio n was given to the
matter of the abolition of slavery.
Ho ever, early in the fourth decade,and even d ring the
latter part of the third, the pulications of enjamin Lundy and
William Lloyd Garrison had begun to arouse interest again in
t e matter of aboli ion. aradually these m en, together ith
other leaders such as Ja ea G. Birney, Dr. Bailey, the Lovejo a,
and ot ers, gathered abo t th em a considerable fol owing • .
One of the first definite movements was the organization of
the Anti-slavery societies, the first of which was formed January
2
6th, 1832; and of which Oliver Johnson, a charter m ember, writes
as follo a:- "On the evening when the organization finall y took
place onlJ twelv
0
were ready to sign the constitution ••••••••••
I doubt i f any of our number cou d have contribut~d 100 to the
society's treasury ·tnout bankru tin himself."
Frow these humble eginning great r thing developed.
This organ zation as known as t e ew ngland Anti-slavery
1
Jo neon, The ,reat Agit t ion,
2
3
Ibid, 176
I id
ipoli I , 74.
13
Society. A year later the American Anti-slavery Society was
formed. Th~s from 1830 to 1840 the entire country as honey~
combed with anti-slavery sentiment. Strong lea era championed the
freedom of the slave. Such men aa Thomas 1 orris, Salmon P . Chase,
and Joshua R. fJiddings, of the then 'orth-v:eat,. ere making them
oelvea felt in opposition to slavery.
Up to 1840 t et ovement was non-partisan, and the method of
workin was to question any candidate who might appear for office
on the Whig or Democratic ticket, an support the candidate who
would declare himself opposed to slavery. This policy was pur
sued strenuously, but ,with as little satisfaction aa is obtained
to-day by those forces opposed to the licensailiquor traffic who
persist in working from a non-partisan standpoint . Then, as now,
.here there as one man who ou d promise an ful ill there were
probably two men who would promise and fail. Then there were
tiinea when neit er candidate would pledge himsel , and as a
res lt the Abolition·st must e·t er vot for an undesirable
candidate or remain away from the polls.
The need of a third party bec· me more and more apparent.
The number oft ose favori1~ a third party orQanization was
constantlJ on Jhe incre ae in spi oft e oppos : tion of such
publications as t e Plilanthropist, Liberator, nd mancip tor,
leading anti~alavery pape~s. Even in l 40, he !ear in w ~ich
the ird arty was formed vhese ap rs ere f un
1
protests.
egistering
otw·thstandin all this a third party was inevi able and
~ en A, oli ionists looke toward Van uren an he Democra sand
on the eclaring against all slav r y agitation; then towar
1 ~ -
.. mith, The
- ---
Harrison and the Whigs and ound hem dodging the issue, t e
die was cast, and the new Li.berty Party .formed at a convention
held "at Warsaw Genisee Co., New York, at the beginning of
December, 1839"1
14
Jamee G. Birney as nominated for president and received upwards
of 7,000 votes. Only a small percent of the voting membership
of the Anti-slavery Societies voted for the new party candidates.
The rest were carried away with the enthusiasm of the Whig cam~
paign. However, the party had really been formed , and would
serve as a nucleus around which to assemble anti-olavery votes
dur·n g the next camnaign.
The annexation of Texas became the one of contention in
the canpaign of 1844. The higa, flushed with success in sev
eral recent state elections and looking forward to a victorious
2
campaign, had nominate Clay , himself a slave hol er, and lack-
ing ateadfastneae in is declaration against the nnexation of
Texas. T- ese things were sufficient to turn anti-slavery voters
from him. Polk, the Democratic candidate wa out an out in
favor of the annexation of exaa, hich all knew meant more slave
territory; and of cour e Liberty men would not vote for him. As
a re ult the ranks of the new Li erty party ere reatly increased .
At their convention, held at Buffalo, • Y., in August 1843,
•
1rney
of ew York was aga·n nominated for president, · n
hos. _ orris
of Ohio as nominate for vice-preai ent. At the ensuing general
election he new arty polled upw rs of 62, 00 vot a, eing an
incre~se of al est n:ne fold over the revious general e ection.
It a ·n this elect·on tat the roe of the t _ir r rtv
be~ame ~o_snir.uo
l od
2 Smi tl1, T
•
- -
i e d; J. .. 0 w at eve 1 thir
71.
party can do in th matter of wielding a balance of power, even
though it should aecur no electoral votes.
15
"It was not tre closest election ever known in the country, but
it was extremely close. There were but four states in which the
plurality of Polk reached 10,000; one state only gave Clay so
large a plurality as that. Three states gave less than a thous~
and plurality each. Al~hough Mr. Polk had 65 majority of the
electoral votes, a change of 7918 votes, carefully distributed
in the states pf New York, Pennsylvania, Georgia and Indiana, would
have given Clay a majority of 103 electoral votea. These were yot
the only peculiar features of the election. The Abolitionists
defeated Clay. The Whigs were wroth against the new political
faction before the election ••••• Had the Abolitionists voted
for Clay he would have had a popular majority of 24,119; he would
have received the electoral votes of New York, 36, an M ichigan,5;
and he would have h~en elected bv 146 electoral votes against
129 for Mr. Polk.a
From the above it can be seen tha the part played by the
thir1 party was of ot li tle consequence. The fact that it de
feated Clay was alone su ficient to show the important role it
was playing. It woul do no good to a eculate at this time on
what the outcome of affairs mi ght have been ha Clay been elected;
however, we may reasonably suppose tha t .e annexation of Texas
would have been delayed for some time, an this in ·teelf, mi ht
have prevented the war ith ~ exico.
Gradually the campaign of agitation an education carried
on by the Liberty Party, togethe r i h natural developments,
was rin
0
ing the to grea parties fac to face with slavery as
t e mos i or t n t po 1 · :i c l
•
lSSU i nd the attention of both
parties was dra n to the ne third party as a "fly in the ointment"
of political qu et de.
The Liberty Party reach d the acme of its car er in he
3
state l ections o 84R, en i r. . t vote of 74,017.
I a no reache a point · h ch ha ~rove fa 1 to more han
one well . eanin hir rt • ha · o i a e come
1 t· anwood 'a- . er ~- -or· t·he . Lj - e-rty · men. . .. -. --- --
2 tan oo A istor __ , r, 223-22.
3 The Li t arty,
_____ c~ VI, 544.
16
suff 1c1ently powerful to make i t worth while for the two main
part i es to bid f or its support. It had gat ered into its ranks a
sufficient nr:J,ber of those who ere only half he , rted i n their
"r.
th~d party allegiance, and were look ing for offme r a t her than t he
triumph of a worthy cause. As a result t he party i n 1848, as
lost in a fusion deal with the old time Abolitionists, the
Anti-slavery W higs
1
and the "Barnburners " a olit·cal . ction
of e Democratic 'rty in ew ork ho . ere op osed to the
exte nsion of s l avery in accor ance ·t t e ilmo
1
1846 .
rovi eo o
hi la t ae e oat um ro ler en he usion, and that
•
L.
ert
r rt,
i eal. 1 0 e
I
Ho .. ever , he
r · rs
art of -t i r at n rt .... 0 rr.
g 1
r~
ha e n cco , .
t e 0 on
•r
' ~ a
~ ·
i
rty r sents
· t
r ole .
h Jstion 0 ery was no e ore the peo le as th
t
•
0 1m or ant
•
asue w t t
•
o ma1n art ·ea , a well as the
._,
t
•
rd at
ne ·
a r
Y ,
l eas irectly. e e ocrat a er a
spl·
and t e sa1V ir 0 -r ortuni 0 succes full" n
t he r o, Zachary Ta lor, as :date
•
1848 . 0 u ar ar a can 1n
In ov 1. er
?
•
erty arty, hi e to
h·s t 1 _ l a il J u
ly
intained
•
organization, assembled in Yor nom i ated m 1 s e ! l
Joh
•
... . ] J
of e .am sh · re fo es
•
en , an K· ng of Ohio
for
•
sident . But later d
•
a or of vice-pr .1ese 1n
~r r t in
an ure r n arle ·r
•
wbo l: Cl b n no
(A.te.,
by r· 1 ·tion
• • •
1 "Barn
"
00 conven
0 " '
.,r
Cl }
u n r
)
t he convention
.,
• •
.
1 Brita
•
I , 7 • re
c~,
0 d,
er, I , 226
l 17
ae its motto "Free Soil, Free Rreech, Free Labor, and Free Jen-"
hence the name Free Soil Party.
r. Van Buren'a record had not been such as would occasion
much enthusiasm for him on the part of the more radical Aboli
tionists; however, he doubtless appeared more pr mising to them
than either Taylor or Casa, and was generall ~ supported. In the
,.,
ensui g election Van Buren and Adarna pol e 291 , 263 vot"'a, more
than one third of which were cast in New York. The ew York vote ,
cast very largely by anti-olavery Democrats, as euffic e _t o
give the electoral vot~ ~ that ctate to Taylor he ffaA e cted.
Thus the role of the third ,arty in holdi . the balance of power
is agai n exemplified. Anl not on y as the po er of the Free
Soil Party felt i n -tie above regard, ut it "succeeded in sending
to the t hirty-first Congress to senators and fourteen re presenta
tives, who by t eir abi ·ty exercised an inrluence out of ropor
tion o their fJu ·~ i. er."
he Free Soilere, as a arty, ·ved throu h but one more
ca p~·gn, hat of 1852. But in thi cam aign they had a splend·d
op ort1.1nity to sta d f r he ~-:: princ· _ _ es.
he Compro iae of
l r-o had furnishe the 1 eans for a popular delusion in both old
parties tote effect that t he slavery question was settled for
good . o ever , t 1ere were those who were acute enough to know
better. The spl·t in the Democratic Party had been hale, an
· t went ·nto Lhe campaign of 1852 a n ed party , coring a
s ecping vjctory int e ele ction of Pierce over cott. Te re-
u .. on 0 t he "Barn urners"
wi .... ,
the Democr ta took fr 1n the
Fr Go
•
Part vhar !. "rd of part.t e ~ 0 -'- , a as
a
""'
u t t he Fr
•
er t - e 156,
7.
L · ' t,
vh e r .... ~
v . C
()
- j
le ulian,
•
·" "'-.r ~ s
'=' V
ry 0 e
v • 8
or an ra 1-
cal i -al v ry e· , n · n . on atform i h eclar d " at
s l very is a sin ag inst God an r crirre ag ·net man ; ic no
h or r j crht • '5
-
, I , 26 .
--=--=- -:----=;-.~~::--:----:'."'~-----:--~~
57; 5 Ii, 2 4
•
1 '
18
Notwit atandin the decrease in votes, tre Free Soil arty,
1
o tte Free D mo at·c arty aa sore are won to call it, came
out of the campaig v,ith a joyf l feeli~g. It was a great ea.t--
1 ofactior. to know tat t e e in th party, as reorganized,
fewer though they were, were "true blue". P ~r onal i:,iques an.ong
ere
orie of tte strong men of the party_nended. At least two nen from
the orth-~est were returned to Congress~ Giddings and Wade from
2
Ohio- the for er fr the eig h i rue. The party 1 a e had ade
a good fight against trelliendo sods, an
let tte recor sta d.
h y were cont nt to
efore ent ring i t o a iscussi no~ the fina grand climax
of this Thir arty _ ·ove 1 n fron 184 to 1 0 i · ma
)
e well
to summ riz tte ~tepa taken th s far.
ir ~ ·t wa
tbe anv i-sla er
ducat·o ir oug h he a e C) of
n 1inate i . e org i atio of
e aboli i on press.
arty •
:t ese cul-
i gt y a a
of ac i e part or re t he at en or o~ e ol part·ee to
the hir a rt y . ' cve rr1 e u oh a extent t ~t a ortio1 of
bott of Le ol partjes i h rew, a joi ed with the L·berty
Party ir. a ne coalition kno · n a the ~r
R i 'P ~ rt y • T h i a
part1 en hrough e iftin pro eas; tr e or, easjly sati
-
fied
•
back to .,heir ol parties unde r the elueio t at tl e
going
slave
•
ettJ.e b h C
•
of 50; an trie
10
.'a
.. -r on1 1 e
r u n nt, e of stro co victio B an
f :_ xed purposes, reorg
n-
• •
1 Zl iLto th Fr e D e ocracy to serv as a body ro l i ch
o cr~etallize the no
redo jinant ant ·-a1aver sentiment. ach
8 d B te i . 8 one 0 the 0 r.
.. -- - - - ... - .
1
m ·th, he ·art· orth-11, t h.XVI
2
n
h, he
Fre il art
.. . ..
-
in the ort
, 259.
... . -- .
Now co ea the culmination of the whole noven tit the or~
ganization and politic~l redominance of the Republican Part .•
Juat as was the caee at the time of the organi atio of the Whig
Party, so noN th re ae Aolitical chaos an ieorg nizatio.
"The electio of l 58 gave a death blow to the Wh'g Party . "
l
19
Already tte Demo rats were divided on the slavery question. Some
of those who had been r ckoned a Whigs were ant i-alavery, and
s ome were pro--alaverJr. " he re Boilers had alv;ays froni ten to
twenty re reeentativea in Congress, amon whom were Sumner, Chase ,
and Wilnot . n/3
The part· wa strong in :ta organizatio , jf somewha v teak numer
ically; an its leaders ~ere men of rincel 6allibr.
In the rridst of ttis politjcal turmoil at least two important
develop ents haetered the new coali ion; nam ly, the rise of the
Knownothing Party; and the passage of the Kansas ebr ska Bill.
The Knownothing Party
as an outgrowth of the
A
can
ovement, ~hich began ~s early as b. fo rt deca e of the nine
teenth century, an shoe i eel in opposition to be elegibility
of aliens for off"ce; as ell as oppositi r, o olitical Ro a sm.
Th o e e .. gaged i tb is ). oventent were first kno n as the American
R p bl "can Party , an 1 te
ative A erican ' rtJ
'X
nat·onal career be an pra t : cal
V
,_, in 184 5 • "
J
Thi party met
1
itl succ s in m nicipal electic a · . ew ork
an Boston in the ear y for : ea; Af
ra t : cally ceased to exi
a
a
fore
oft at
ecade.
o ever,
•
' l
eca et r ace rre re e e a
o a
i-Cathol C
riots
•
ain
h ~
i
• C a
ro
.-a
r
o_ .,. 0 ,1
...
- .. ..... -
- - - -
1
A His
.,:"
the
"Pr.eaidency,
I, 258
,
-
~ , . ,,. , ___ --
2
The
...
of olit ~cal
Part i
r
•
t. I 81.
ewes,
J l S
or
ea
C
,
-
3
tbin g
art
Encyclopaed_· a
•
ca,
e
no n
'
~- r1 a
,
•
-
20
This time they organized by for ing numero s secre societ i es, the
members of which took an oath of secrecy; and ~ hen asked as to
their organizatio t eJ ere ins rue ei to tate tat th ey knew
no bing about it ; hence t e term "Knownothi~gs" , by which name the
party was popularly known. Theirs was a riotous career indeed.
Comi g · to pro · .i_Je ce as tbey did , just aft r the election of
1 52, t he defeated bigs flocked i n o their ranks wher e th r -
ma te. !; . r~ riJv ,·
. -
t r o+-
.r::-
, I I
t t J'"' e er at s . T ~
.., r
J
t , a s r u ..
shroom, ~n s e urin g . Hor ce ~reeleJ
' d of t ne "'J party,
"It
. d see
a . id 0 per n .4 e a
an nti-c ere. t i--r\
t
o-r
ar
I
be.
"
'J
T ~ e
art .t
, as
l a
•
g 1n 0 h te er hi n
f·x .. d
r'nc·plea; a h o a
+
r
t ·e
e ection of l L 4 i coul
o-
t of V
~
•
ed r '" 1 ta
•
a s as 117 en - .av carr se es, n< av1n r.-: y
ber
•
be i n g 1 oat
•
ty
•
on resa, r mer s
s _n
e pa r o l
1
t t o d robabl y
+
•
mis ake of he art a
•
I,.,
e OS ar n
.
s til at e .y t
"
l
"
s
0 a .i e s av r
•
j
•
• t n
ff r waa . · u e re ~ k .., to m u ic1 p C rrup-
t .
10n, i legal voti g, and lax natural iz
•
la 10n
s .
I
oget . r it .
t . e f
t , .at
•
hr o
r
ich of
,
C J .J e ve a • I .....
t r
era ,
· a1
j
.
a rty.
er
0 ,r
s
,
0 e l pll
J
...,
.J
T J
V j
1,
• •
r
ss by
n.,
ra ◄
,
'f
ro ,. u ce J 0 ~ ....
-
•
a
'
se
•
n .: ay , 18S
'
. ,
e t
ha t )
+
oali io
•
r o e f 1e abo
. t j
.,J • ne
•
i
•
r r i
•
0 u e,
't
.. 1 e rve or es an .
l
'
• •
1
•
L • O' I 0 n rty , ca,
r,
21
allo d the to terA ine by a aj ri y vote of h ·r inha itant
s to . e ... er ., ey oul co e o t e union a fr or lav
states. s was o nuc fer he - nti-olavery advocates of ·
ei~her of he old Larties to en ure
•
subs antial protest .
Accordingly the nort ern .igs and Anti-Jebraska e o r '" ts o -
as aased over b ir oppoaiti n, t e
ere rea or a n v art n ent, · i
as ac o lj ed for
the ca . ai n of l 5 .
' he Repu, lien arty originate t e A m s meet-
i ng a t Ri~on, misconsin, early in 1 54, fol o so ya as
at t co .ve _ tion t Jackson , Ai chi gan; an state onventions i n
Ju 1 y t .re r _ or , ~ ; con s i , h i o , n I d i · - , .. a, t.he new
a:rt y · to ._ e 1 ~
6
i ·ta r e _ a , , 1 t ~ to
t ext e a 1 -f t ~ s
r:1r'" uall r oth
io a l C'o1- en i on
f ect
•
or n za ns ; n t ~ e ·rat
d a s u r , ry 22, 85 a the
.. e 1·can state chairmen ~ sever l
tates. At t, ~i
J ne 17 , 1 56
on ention i a ro e t o 11 a
l hi • At Con enti on a
exes
•
no . slavery i .tone territory,
John
•
r e ~ to C a l jf r a, n Wil . L •
o .. et
tf r,
clari g
as adopted .
•
"
•
J rseJ ere nomi a ed for presi n an r p c 1 ve y.
At
,, G a
·n
an ron
f n
00
t - i
•
ar u
ro
ne
L" e~ an
\
'
l
a t tform
Orf h
a
quarters tr.oae o
•
•
Ania -
"
T O ' no g 1 ,J rany
1 an
r il
aver , _ a )eer .1. or
tote ten ·o of
e or ern
1
a,
· i g • e;f co r · ,
lav-
1 d
0
re oil men ere her, or he ha a r ight
, 6 •
22
to be considered the nucle¢us aroun
movement as no crystallizing.
A ra a
octrine of "sq at Jr
party ; and then
ny o~
· t 1 · t 1 -e at t empt o
mocra a , is uate ith ouglas ad his
" , ca t ~air lots ith t e new
nain body of Kno.nothir.gs, iaa~r,o nt
~ arty to dodge tbe issue f ,slavery, cue
ir ; to sa nott itg of th t mal 1 ac ior: of t:t-e nownoth ng Party
Jbo a already ol
• •
~ 1 conven o ar
v J. ) fore t . e Tatiorrcbl- Convention 0 .1 the Repub1 · · can Party waa
hel .
It ~ as a not cro .
.
...
CO OS e ,art ; b t trey
er
ra1t f
a 1 .,aru
c ived 11
of co .. i ct· o •
•
a 1 sm; a
..
h nit wa ent:t
it f lor..g .... r r
• •
ops 10n t J 0
le tora vo
•
, · ·t for
a
l er e ne t · r
... ar y , b t s 1.1an
•
n i st
ra
•
C rt e -
74 or
n
cbar.:an t e )
'
il re , he no
1
can i ate , 1 arr re 0
, . n
.. Cl .i O!jl., , leavir · the
stage of actio
h ro o
s c:1 :r:art
t· r· party, onl J to pas
2
in t .l e t ~ pa i gn. It
off of the
•
1s unn cea-
oarJ o c rry t~e i ion of he e
•
1 . .,, n r r: o e
vr at t er o · ~ 1 e en ar .J i t or y
ha e art e t riw:p e" i. 60 ,
•
] 0
le ro e of
Republ: can arty .
.. e came ca arty o o n
• •
•
r 11 or J.e .. 1 '""n on ... y hi art r· l: istor1 of
·O i ic A rican olit"c
ce J. ., an c • I
1
fl a e r o a
01 e
e ,or nviab r vi ege o
or., of t e e c_, , 27 •
f>arty·, - ncvcl9p~e •,. _!J.tapn·c~, XY , 87 .
•
23
8 pa.rty to
;e r
co ed as t e fire
,.
0 l y party base U 0
'
reat 1
•
at een tl1e triurnnr_ of that i ue a or 1 B e as ever
-
i tr1e nite tates. An
•
1r ..
_1s
n1 t r ·. t oul e ol y
un--
f'a·r to
a cor R p l"can
p
rt,, all
"'
tbe hono for consummat ·au1
of this great r ov ne t; for tt has already been Ahown ttat tr e
credit for agitation and education ies largely with thee r
Abo itioniats; that o f o er i tl is ,ovem e t
rested wit 1 t e Li rt an Free oil art1.ee , as t ird parties;
an tt at r goodly portio~ o t.e m e be bip of the R publ·can
arty in i a ir..cv , .:..or , filtere in th r ou
0
b t e g l'arty.
Eac t hird party, · · s turn , preae t ~ is role an playe i ·s
part with var i 1 rees o~ sucneARj nd he fact tat
p ·. ca.n Party p · lot affa·rs oi thi cou try trough a
great war, nel accom:pl·shed the herculean f eat o . re on ruction,
·a of 1 ss ·up rtance , so far as t i i
•
1 C ioL · concer d,
t e fact ~ .. a in j 8 a ty C
•
1 a e re
or~ 1
is ue bro g to a clima t ro ir party action.
24
T Protibit1 n Pa ty
and
R form
The rohibition Part ia th oat consistent, s 11 as he
et reached most end rig f part iea, · hicr ... ave no a
the ascendancy in A erican Politics. caaua ly con~ared with
son e of the t ird parties already discussed, it seems art al 1 and
l ·· ck i l
•
i r_ f li.;. e
. t
is ot small it loo '
C
.
as a 0 a v
u r a e obaerv r; .or re
. t
econ ; s to e asse over
li ht l y. o r.e of t e grea e t 0
""e
0
,
are en force
it i. irve
., j_ ga. t · on
ba heir
•
1 n n
.,.
urn
power 1 reve
•
-
_,
, 'hi 1 e
it
•
true t at be Prohibit·on arty has carri d a 1 never
state nor elect d a o Con se, jt has nev rt eless
•
- 1
lon and unwaver ir:g career,
•
1€ ed tre ~ e n ous i f ue c
•
1
Al11 r · can o 1 · · ca •
The Pr bibition Part, like
ario An
•
lavery
•
before
it'
its
•
i ssue 1 - ar es a a
rn
. ..
r at n-oral r e or
•
So s r nuo sly h s ,arty labored fo r
the de ti li traf
•
pron- i ~en rll n
, or
- C'
0
ba s plan een a e, at it
•
criticised a a
party of i
-
•
cb
•
far
fron, the
one ea 18 ro r e a
a i:e
f l)o
•
1r:g.
le
he
•
ee 0 or 0 OS 0
-,ori
t r . ca ,
_ ,
0
•
•
0
'
1r J. 0 C
n+
•
:1 t fore the i..
Yi
I
J
ar,
1
a8 larg oral r t er than
01·
•
.ca
•
OW e r.,
•
•
.e earl
f. ft
es t ere h
_ ,e
co
•
l ol
tica
)
e
i ., ere at
'
aroused by the discussion of the so~called ai e Law; and aa
early as 1855 there was a goodly num er of the states un er
prohibitor1r law. Gradually, however, the prohibitory la
revoked, the war came on, and attention drawn to t:t1e gr
for r1 ational than for t i-liq .or
la?re. The c1ose of the w r found the country groaning under the
weight of a heavy war debt. Then followed that move, unspeakably
regretable to all who rave since labore r r he . ~ iti ~ f
tge a-rink eviJ, namely, the l ayin of a ax, 1 the ational
Government, upon the liquor t raff c. The longer the ~overnment
prof i ted by this ternal revenue
linquish it; and the more firmly
Harder it became to re
e saloon forces became in-
trenched in politics.
~rucually the temA ranc ; and r hihi on fo~ces lost hope
of getting eit~er the Republican or emocratic rt es 'bring
them relief from the saloon evil , 'B from ine o time , in their
political gatherirgs, the powerful influence oft e saloon element
was seen to bring pressure t~ bear for the pe r e ua ion o the
liquor traffic.
"The two great political part·es dared no risk d feat by antagon
izing those interests; or i.f temperance sent·mentwrested anti-
liquor legislation from them, they lost no ime in
1
placati g the
liquor dealers by neglecting to enforce the law."
Furthermore
1
eventual repeal of eta e prohibitory la a in al--
moat everj case inevitable. No fewer than 23 cases of repeal of
prohibitory law, by one or the other of the ol part·es, ia re
corded it th P chibition ear ook for 1912.
Thi condition aroused the anti-liquor ~orcea to c io.
Several emperance societies passe r sol
sat; · s ac r
olitical ction in e alf of
lli~ were worki g.
rTooil.ey &~Jo neon , Tern
ce
one aski or mor
cause fo wh·ch
26
Accordingly a call wa issued, by a select temperance committee,
for a mass con ent i on to meet at Chicago, Sept. lat, 1869.
"On the day appoin ed 500 delegates et in arwell Rall in Chicag~"
and the National Prohibition arty was formed . The first atonal
Convention of the new third party met at Columbus, Ohio, Feb. aa,
1
1872; and through eleven campaigns fo ~ore than forty year, the
part y has consistently, conscientiously , and bravel· stood for
the abolition of the licensed liquor traffic. The arty has
steadfastly refused to yield to bribes, threats, or fusion with
either of the old parties; and but one eri asp it as been
suffered b·" t he : party. That occurred in he rear 1896, so fatal
to the peace of all parties, vhen a faction o t e par y, avoring
free silver and other planks no esired in the platform of the
maiL party, withdrew, an made inde endent noninatione for pres~
ident and vice-president.
The party nade a constant and encouraging gain in po ular
votes fro 1 its first appearance, in the na ional campLign of 1872,
up to tt,e campaign of 189 , :he. t:te split into "narrow gau era"
and" roa gaugere" caused the party vote to fall off alu1ost one
half.
1 Inasmuch as- it would require more space - - e g ven thereto ,
to speak of each separate National Campaign, there is g ven here
with a table compile fro .l facts and tables in tanwood' a iatory
of the Pres ~dency .
ear
1872
1676
1880
1884
1688
1892
1886
19 0
1904
1908
( a) The vote
no clopae ia
andidates
Black and Russell
Smi r an tewart
ow and Thompson
t John and Daniel
iske and rook
Bid ell an Cranfil
Levering an Jon on
oolleJ nd e calf
Swallo an, Carroll
Chafin and atk ns
or id ell i n in he e
as 270 ,710 . See roh ition
ate
5 , 608
9 , 522
10,305
150 ,369
249 ~()6
255, 841 ( e)
13 , 312
209,157
258 , 950
252,511
nternation
arty , , 436.
27
Since then the party vote h
again stea _ily incr a . d , un 1 i
1904, when 1t reached the high mark for Sallow and Carroll,
namely, 258,950.
Now tr.e question~ has it been worth bile? The reader must
decide. In the first lace the party has championed a reform,
which many believe to be the most neede ref orm eir.ce the aboli
tion of slavery, for well on toward a alf century; an that
· without t~ e assistance of any other partisan organization of any
consequence. That in itself is a record of which any third party
might well be proud, inasmuch as there has een no other third
party in Anerican Politics, not attaining political ascendancy;
that has stood aa an identical party for even half as long; and
certainly no ot ~ er third party in h saffie class, has ver a ood
for a more worthy issue. ~ ut this is onl one o t he m any re-
for ms for which t he arty taa stood, almost all of which have
no1 prevailed wholly or in part.
As authority for what has been accomplished by the P ohibit1on
Party e ·nce its organization, there follows several quotations from
1
the pen of Col. John Sobieski,
,.a
:i
. ·v J
.,/
a e
,-
... or capable o · r1t1n g on 1he s b ec't; inasmu ch
em er of th e c nvention held in Chic go in 1 69,
t Proh ·
1
_ i ion Par · nd .. as
'
oeen an act · ve leader
in the party ever ince. In eakin C! ft e ac mn l.'Sh ent o!'
~ ~
the Prohibition Party t ea thority , ted s ays:- "e have freed
prob · . · t ory 1 g · 1 tuon; hence much that has 1-Jeen accompl i hed
int e way of righteous le islation, i n 1eee forty years, can
just 1. e er · j ed to our party for tl e rohi ition , ty h
en th ip tat as quickened public conecie c ....... . .. .
lA rtyof Ac.vent, Th ~
•
C a r,
y, 9, 19 .
as
Every political reform that has been ac~omplished in t. e last
forty years, in this country, and every reform tat ·s 6n i a way
to accon 1plish ent had it= opul:i.ata
11
succeeded i lectiu g nine members
to the ~ ouae of Representatives, and held such a strong position
in the legial8.tures of anaaa and outh Dakot a as to Re able to
send tom mb r to t he ~enate of the U ited tatee ."
This as on y foretaste of the comir1 g power of the party, h _ _ o_,v _ __ _
---------------- ~
1 Tracy-;- ~ ----------- th· e- Po u iet Part , Forum X , 243 .
2 ~eoples arty platform, 1892.
3 Stan ood, A istor of the reaidenc~, I , 491.
35
for in the general election of 1892, with eaver and Field as
candidates, "It cast ~ are than a million vat a, or early as any
votes as elected Abraham Lincoln; gave 'ta president·a1 candidat
twenty-two electoral votes; carried four states, and placed eight
members in the House; and it las now five members in the Senate."l
It would not be fair however, to count the entire 1,040,886 votes,
2
which ia the exact numher g·.ven by Stan ood, a straight Populist
votes, inasmuch as the same autiority admits that this o is
probably too high, because in'Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, North
Dakota and Wyoming the Democrats nomirated no electors , but
voted for the Populis candidatea.n
At any rate the 1 and success of the ne party were
phenominal. In 1894 the p rty is credited ith more than
2,000,000 votes in congressional campaign. Thie was exhibit-
ing strength ent·rely too great to be ignored by the old parties.
Alrea ~ the silver question was causing contention in tle
ranks of both o parties. As the national campaign of 1896
approached, both old parties prepared for a battle royal on the
subject in tbeirconventione. ree silver sentiment in the
Democratic Party was known to be strong, if indeed it ere not
predominant. Then too, many of tte leaders realized that to ig~
nore a pRrty .. hir!h had alre~ciy ret. n heavily from Democrat ·c ranks
and had just polle a congressional vote of more than a,oC0,000,
was hardly leas than folly. Accordingly the silver advocates
in the ational Democratic Convention prevailed , nominated
William J. Br~an th leader oft e free ailver forces, an as a
result the Populist Party passed ithin that fatal "bourn",
namely, fusion
1 ---- ----
itb the Democrats
rom which the never returned.
Tracy, Rise an Doom of the opuliat Par y, orum, (1893-4) I,240
2
A H 1 n cy, I, 517 •
36
There was a faction of the Populist Party, ho ever, known as
Middle-of-the-read m n, who, while they were willin~ to nominate
Bryan and did so, were not willing to support r. Se all the
Democratic candidate for vice-president, and accordingly no11nated
Thomas E. Watson of Georgia, who rec ived 87 el ctoral votes for
vice-president. The Middle-of~the-road Popu ists, however, polled
1
only 222,583 votes, an it is evid nt that the mass of the Popu-
list Party had been lost in the ranks of the Democracy.
The Fusion Populists continued through one more campaign,
and the Middle~of-the~road Populists lasted through the campaign
of 1908. Neither party nominated candidates in 1912.
As was expected the silver issue caused a split in oth o d
parties. Those in the Republican Party who favored silver a
against th ado 1 r eiy au p rt d ryan. Tr
gold stan ard forces from he rank of the _ emocrats fr ed
a separate third party~ th , ational emocratic Party- nd
nominate al r Buckn r. T 1. y olle up a r s of 1 4
1
0
votes. T. e is cusai on no urns upon the accomp l~ h ents of the
Thir . arty ~ovement as recorded a o e.
The one n w phase i traduced by th ~reenback arty was
new d i v ~aion o society. !eretofore all part y i :sio ad be n
vertical, t hat · s o say h re were r·ch and poor alike in all
parties; and e i v~sion as not a cleav e.
the organ . zation of e .1ree n1 ck a t ere ·a a eci e dr·ft
toward t
Nell--to-do
uropean 1 n it udin l cl avage, 1 the rich and
oppo r s of a art compoa 1 rgely o t e ro-
letariat. "The Gr n , c er
r '
a rue, earnea, on s ,
2
•
C
r "
1 Stanwood,
I, 7.
oo b rn,
•
37
The agitation of the ~opulist arty in behalf of reforms
· hich very
vi ally concern the common
successor o the ~reenback arty; ,~
de i v a logical
ille its r ' nk with
such an overwhelmin um er of voters demanding these reforms,
as to compel the . emocrattc 'Party to at le ast concede in part
the demandc of the Popul:st p~rty.
Fina ly it waa the ffice of the Greenback an Populist
Parties t ave t .e wa, fort .e development of the reader and
more radical Third Party !ovements, wh ·c were ex reseed in the
Soc·alist and Progressive artiea of a later date, an . pan
wh·c 1 tle discuaaio t rns int e succee i ~ g c apter . For
1
"the o~trinal bas i s of Po uli mis ~ocialism". And the
Socialistic tone of the ~regressive arty platform of 1912 ie
eviden+ to even tbe careless rea er .
1
Tr cy, Rise an Doom of th 0 ist -arty, Fo~,X I , 24 -250.
3 8
Later mhird artiea.
This chapter deals ith th Locia1·at an Progrese.ve Parties;
unlike and yet very much alike . Unlike in that the Socialist
Party stands committed to the overt row of the resent syste of
govern nt, an t ~ e establishment o atem o collect · ve oner-
1
ohip of t 1 e ~rinci pal en of pro .uction; wher a t _ e ro r ss-
i ve Party sta de for no innov t ion in government, lut erely
a democracy tat · o e indeed. The to ~art:es rp 1 ke in
that ot are cha pio i in cause of th co~mon
monopo ists an
Th
olit · c· 1 bosses.
ociali arty ·n America is bu
o le a a net
of the gre Socialist p eaval, ~ ·c oc rre in We ern urop
urin . the last half century. T~at its evelop en ~ i A.er·ca a
been c ·e ly
varl ·er , i
C t
1 rge
b e inn
u
- 0 . e t Cent ry and no
o the fact that t c nd · ion of
the laborin
0
man, a .
0
ener 1 in us r·a1 con itiona ·n t ·s
a
country are far superior to rose across tle water.
Vari s oc· la ·c
int
•
18 cou
into pro, ·
ry at t t e sa ri
ence in .uro e; ,..
.en s ·
Ji r e that t movement wa comi g
3
ev n a s ear as 1874 t e ~oc :al
or an ·.ze i t i tat s.
Lee r a z
•
preai en a
2
3 I .
4 t n · oo ,
no i na t ,, c
Platfor ,
or
a, ho V r,
0
! orn io 8 or
•
0
a t
4
a.
I.
c , I , 5 1 .
39
The party continued to make nominations up to and i elusive of
t he campaign of 1908, hen ir voe wa on y 14,02. o nom-
inees for re dent n ·ce-pre ·ctent n 1912.
The ct · s p eara ce of the ocial s La r J rt ro t e
poltt:cal field wa
the organization o~
e large
1
y to j affection · in the party and
1
ocialis arty in 1897. A fferenc
of opinio among members of the~ cia1· Labor arty re-
cpect tote arty's tit de to ar1s r e niona c used a b·t-
ter dissension, n eventu 11 as lit . 0 factions then
made nominations for re ·ctent an v c -pre i ent in 1900.
~ ean ilea ocialist Party 1 E g ne V. De a, ad
been for .e
•
1n t.
Tl . t
- ., arty evelope
•
cons er-
ables rength I efore 1900; in
ing tle reater art of ~ ! .
an attract · n ar~ J r o.
ca a· n of tha ear "a or -
er of th oc;a it La or Party,
ne. converts." ....,
Vvi th Eugen
•
e.,
of h n N arty, n Jo o.rr m n of the
ol ocialist abor
artJ i
•
on a can' a
'"'I
..
rg n1z , v ..
•
•
olle a vote of rly 5 ,
•
e ily 1 C a e
i ~-
. s ren t in eac
c~
e
•
cam ,,ai
•
in 1912
]
~ n
the ot ., wa ards of 80 , o.
"In 191 Ae oc·a1·sJ ~rty ected yor, the
nos i rtant oft ese 0e·n the mayor f ilwauk , in hich
c1ty t e Soc~a1· s el ct d a ma j or· y of he City Council. The
rote i t Congressional e}e ction r 04,75 ), a . ctor
L. urQ"er a electe o · t of s ntativea, . · g
he r ·rst Socia ist to vnt er ongr Jsa. The _ arty a sos cc e
in elect ··ng tVielve r .. rese · tive ar_ . enators t e
r
l
3
isconsin State Le gislat r o e r reaentatjve each i
3
... s ch etts, nns" l ... n · a ota, n . . or D a o a."
T _ gr
•
ha een, r-in ,
rgo n
il qu _t,
ner,
art h,. 11, r a i ; · nd i s
•
1 ant one , As n e uc or
' 2 . •
•
rty
40
has labored un irin d
e 1e ber e of the oc ·a1ist Party
a r e pr ove r l:ra l ly well infor1 ed . "There are abou 200 Soc·alist
p pe r s and magazines . " "The p~rty carr ·ea on an almost incr ct ·
1
e
amoun+ of educatior · 1 ~o rk by eans of traveling ect r rs and
the ci trib tion of mil ions of amphlets an o each er. "
T 1e arty las ~one uch to arouse clas
•
con c1ousnea, an
es o 1 a m orP. a arent t era er regr etable"lo i-
tudinal cleavage " of soci
0
ty egun .
re erre ver ,
th ~re n ack Party an
ca italist . ill
recognize no ounds in on of labor , it is tt Jr
0
'
re are +
test t V cow r 1- 0
. ro
e rt 88
..
op resa1on .
. ~tation anc educat on carried on
tb:) Socfalista ha .~o
rn C 1 v, ar lacing • rogreaA j r ry nks
in th e 111 c r t i .. Part y l _ t form , 11 r ~ t h e , .... , ~ •. t pn _ f 1 q 12 ;
·1n rn c :r- a 1 B ing then w
•
ro reas ve rty Jossi le •
•
s oun .. ts he ro res ve art~ tt: c-:. 1
z -
..
ti ri
I j
. +
· ro ~·
en c
+~ t . +
, . ... '
r a c in r)erican ol ·tics _ as no-'- et e n 1.:.s ~ed; an
arty , can j ~et ~er c njectured
than old. I
•
ev · j nt , owever, mas f oters in
.,
oe co m e
. . 1 to ac
•
n r
Th .., odore oos e ,
1 - : r
la en
n FiJ , ,
uf .J. 1 c ient ly
st.
.., a 'i r of
•
or .r .... s .
a
(
fil
-
.
n
1
,
."red of boss r1l to
be
•
r
lr
}
a
'
n r
•
'
8 C
,
o. l
• 1,
"
'
a 0 ..
•
-
19
•
•
1gn
41
In an edi orial in the 0utlook of Sept . 28, 1 2, is foun the
following:- "T e progressive , .. rty , ar1s t desttuct ion of the
invisi le overnment , hie has taken t~e lace of opula r gover&-
ment aa the irat ta ." In e Outlook o . J 15, 1912,
Mr. Roosevelt , wri+: n an editorial n er t ~e title "A aked
Issue of Right an rong : " a J
on two great principles- first
.. . . . ..... • ,. n econd t ~J _.
not on7 ,o_ it1cal, s f'
. ,..
-·
..... , - o e a
'
ir: t .. v ~ gr
"I have .a .. tr ~ c
the r · ght of • _ e ., . .. op e t
t ~ sot r le as to' ri
•
1. V er si il r t t
,
. ,_
r Y
st
.., ,
a t,
the 1 ... a er
t .. a t' e · rat , j ct o t e e .: ,:· rt, · s to r· np- ba +: o + he
ha ~ ,e ; e e r
J 0
rr
C 8
o 1 ., e . rote t
'
dis onesty.
+,ru
...
..
'Part ,
. ....
• •
0
v __ ca
0 n z
.'
t f s
e r . • In
t _~,..,,
-
r lion 6
, f .
i.1er o
,~ rs 1
. e e
the i h
•
o . ., r 1
e
r , 1 I
... . .
0
o· it t e r
cago o ve
.1art c.n
•
. r
~ e
'
., e
r - .. c
. · .on, as a
, .
l
:
e ~
.. te
n.
OU
n n ,
•
, or 1Z
, o -f" ·1 j • c t l e y
a
0 ·
t ,
e .
0
)
of
e C
a
•
i
_ r o g
r
6
re s · ve
n; s .:.1
oc me1 -
rr rro e ,
ri 0
J
•
n
42
of
•
t .. ~
•
stor an y C s .. of A me
-t C n
0
•
'10 0
]
t e e u C • .1 . e ..
•
i
u: - -
r e
t .. ir )arty
i .. 0 r 1 in
he el oral a l lege , '.a
•
•
C e
•
10n 0 r or 0
a r t il l
•
+
e v ve .J ... or
•
At te ~
• •
r .... .... e ... a uO r e .. e r o r s e a
• -'- .
f · i r
,
U )
·n
.. e
...
b ' .J
'
';J
The common people are aroused at last, and it is to be hoped that
they will be wise enough to demand t heir political ri ghts, as
citizens of a ~reat Republic v,here t he presence of boss rule
will no longer be tolerated •
. The more than four million votes, polled by t he ~ro
greesive Party, has a lso served t o f r i ghten the leaders of t he
Democratic Party. It prof i ted by the bolt i n t he Republ ican
party and incorporated a number of progressive pr in ciples in
its platform, which it i s now evi dent l y put t·n g forth strenuous
efforts to carry out.
CHA TER VII
Summary
1 THE EDUCATIVE VALUE OF THE THIRD PARTY: With all the
enlightenment of which American people can boast, one would
'
expect to find the rank and file at least, fairly well in f ormed
on ·the social, moral and political iesuea of the day. But too
often it is the case that those whom we expect to be well in
formed on social and moral conditions especially, are found to
be woefully lacking in information- Altogether too many are
content to allow political party leaders to do their thinking
43
for them. This accounts for the blind devotion of so many
otherwise well informed voters to the old part·ee whether right
or wro1g. The importan role of educator bas een the part
played by every third party of consequenc in American Politics.
Especially has this been true of such as the Anti-masonic,
Anti-slavery and Pro _ibition parties , t hose baaed primar ly on
great n:1oral j sa ues. In enumerat j g the purposes of the Abol i-
1
tionists Woodburn quotes f i ve, thre e of whi ch have to do di-
rectly with the educat i on of the pu l i e; namely,- "To send forth
agents to lift up the voi ce of remonstrance, of warn·ng, of
entreaty, and of rebuke. To circulate Anti-slavery tracts and
periodjcale. To enlist the pulpjt and the press."
It was work of this kind that set the people thinking, quickened
the publ ·c conscience and finally bro't1gtt on the r evolt against
chattel slavery. It is wor of hie kind to- day , carri don
bi the rohibition narty, an al l i d non- artjaan organizations ,
1 Politica l Partjes -a nro lens
-. , 53 .
Mhich is yearly adding dr~{ territory to th a.lready large area
of our country under some form of prolibitory law.
44
The late Senator Dolliver, a close student of American poli
tics confirms the above view of the third party when he says:-
"A glance at one of the little books wlich contain the platforms
of all of the political parties covering a long period of years
reveals the interesting fact that near .y every step in the progress
of the government, many of them taken lone afterwards by unanj
mous consent , was fjrst suggested by sone obscure political con
vention whjch , for the very reason ttat it did not have to weigh
the chances of success, feJt at li1erty to speak the truth. It
is not certain that tle word will ever have time to acknowledge
its indebtedness to the men and women who have allowe thenselvee
to be nom1nated for office without the bope of eing elected, for
the chance of getting public jnterest irected toward the short
comings of our industr·a1 and politjcal l"fe."l
2 THE TI IRD PARTY AS A l CLEUS: In the light of what pr cedes
in this discussion, it is lainly ev·dent that the third party
serves as a body around which to crystallize sentiment not invited
by the two leading iarties. The Anti-masonic Party was made up
primarily of those opposed to Free '1asonry; ut it soon drew to
itself the remnant of the old Federalist Party the called
N~tional Republicans . These fuse, and were joined by the Anti-
Jacksonian Democrats and South Carolina Nullifiers, until together
they developed into the Whig Party.
Thus did the Anti-slavery sentiment develop. First the
Abolitionists, then the Liberty arty, then the Free Boilers,
and finally a crystallization of all antj-slavery sentiment,
and a fusion of anti-slavery .orces, jn tbe Republican Party;
and the triuffiph of aboljtion pr _ ciplee.
1
ollivar, The For,ar oven- ,ent jn t e Repu 1 :i can Party,
Out ook, XCVI, 162.
45
In the sane way the nreenbackers ere the orerunnera of the
Populists, ith the Union Labor Party as a connecting link; and
from the populist agi tation developed much of the sentiment
finding expression in the rogreseive Party on the one hand, and
the socialist Party on the other.
It hardly requires t he e~e of a seer to discover that our
country is on the verge of a crystallization of anti-liquor
sentiffient; and while , when it corres, the Prohibition Party may
be lost in the crystallization, it wilJ , nevertheless, be dif
ficult to deny that i was the nucleus around which these forces
gathered.
3 T E THIR . ARTY AC A PIO OF ORAL ISSUES: All great
moral questions, brought into Americ~n Polit1cs, were introduced
by third parties. The mere fact that any great moral qu stion
involves the forces of right on the one hand, and wrong on the
other; an the furt her fact that these moral questions are uaualjy
bound up with tbe personal finances of so many voters make it a
matter of extreme delicacy for any party, contending with a rjval
of alrrost equal strength, to deal. As a r esult e have had in
action on the art of both old partjes , for decades , on the
licensed liquor question. oth old part·es evidently believe
that should eithe r one take a efinite stand against tbe saloon,
the liquor forces would immediately go over to the rival party
an cause t he defeat oft e party acting. For i , is generally
cone ed t .at tbe liquor forces are bound by no olitical arty;
but cast their influence her it ill benefi t their business.
T.ia is a sad re leotion on th isdom and olitical sagacity
oft e anti-saloon forces ho blindly vot for hejr old parties
46
re gardleee of hat th.e platf arms say on the liquor quest ion;
especially when it is conceded tl.at the voters opposed to the
licensed liquor traffic in the United states are in the ascendancy.
h· s
"everything, o gain and nothing to lose," and for this reason
the definite declarations in favor of moral reforms are left
to be set forth by th:rd arties; a number of hich have he
roica lly spoken and others still speak.
In a similar manner the hig Party for years tried to
hold o·ut a sop to the anti-slavery . orces with one hand and
to the pro-slaver orcea with the other; and thus lost the
golden o or unit y of e oming the ~arty of l'beration, and
establishin t e record of w _ich the Republi can ~arty ma y
justly be proud.
4 THR THIRD PARTY ~ AY IEL A ALA CE OF ~O R, OR
It is in this role that the Third
party has been decidedly conepic~ous. At le ast two cases have
been def·nitely cited in previous chapters ~here the defeat of
the old party candi ate as caused by a third party.
c1a,, was
J
defeated by the Abol"tionists in 1844; and Blaine by the Pro
hibitionists in 1884. T .e Anti-masonic Part y :i.a said to have
cause d the a'bandon ent of Clay and the omination o
• I •
1
Harr·son in the bi g Convention, held ece rnber 4th, 1839 . The
Free \ oil ~ra he l d t he ala jce of o er in the l o er house of
2
the 31st ongress. Ater the ongressional electio of 1854,
the .os nun1 erou fact ion re resente i the lo er ouae as
- - -
1 Johnston, A .iatory o erican olittcs, 127.
2 Ibid, 153.
47
1
the American Party, which, of course, enabled them to control
legislation in that body.
The a cope of t ·.a thesis would not admi.t of a dis cuss ion
of the~ any cases where the t ird party has held the balance of
power in state politics, a few cases o . hich have already been
cited.
So much for the third party and its work in ielding the
balance of power. It ,as also 1 yed an important part by chas tising the old parties and whipping hem into line on some is
sues; or at least forcing them into a more conciliatory attitude .
2
In t he history o the Anti-masonic Party is r ecorded how,in
New York State , pub i sentient as aroused agajnst Free asonry.
How t e Democrats changed their attitude for "they had recognized
the necessity of conciliating these anti-masonic ele ents before
the approachin g state and national elections, and thei r policy
was altered accordingly."
There have been de~ections of i ore or less seriousness in
the ranks of both old parties during the last alf century, such
as t .e ithdra al of that faction o~ the Repub .ican ~arty known
3
as Liberal Republ:cans in 1872, and the split on the silver
question in both partie s in 1896 ; none of which seem ed to have
changed t e outcome oft e campaign ver J ma erially. ut the
most severe chastisement administered to any arty in powe r in
this country, as gi ven the Republican arty , by the ne .re
gressive Party, in the l ast ca paign, hen rom a majority arty
with a record of unbroken victory through four succeed1.ng cam
pa igna, it as relegated to the place of third party, carrying
only_t~o small states ).n the~lE!_cto_;-al college. Tbjs is a
1 Smith, The Failur o nowriothing Party, American ation
Series, XVIII, C •.
2 McCarthy, Te Anti-masonic arty, A eri ca _n ______ _
Aasoc·ati ~n Re~ort~ ,1902 , Vol .I.
3 Not given sat ird art eca e f he r al oat ·mm e ·ate
fua ion wi "h th
48
conspiououe example of what a third party may do in the way of
chastisement, and establishes to a considerable extent the role
of the Progressive ~arty in American ~olitice, thus far at least,
namely, the rAbuke of dishonesty and boss rule in the old party.
5 TH THIR PARTY CREATlR A HO ]E FOR TH I ID PETDENT,
CONSCIENTIOU~ VOT R: The day of blindly voting for any political
party, merely for party's sake, is passing. Each succeeding
campaign reveals a reater n nber of independent voters. The mar
vel is that so many, disaat1sfied with old party conditions will
still cling to their political idols. But the unprecedented
career of the ~rogreseive Party, and the almost phenominal growth
of tre Socialist Party in the last campaign, show plainly that
the voter is t:ring of blind adher nee to boss rule; and has
decided to think for hi self, and vote as he thinks, at least
on so e questions.
The extent to hich men will be inconsistent has been ex
emplified repeated Jy in old party history, hen platforms have
been altered or ado ted so as to win ; and voters have excused the
stultification of their consciences , in voting for that which
they did not want and could not conscientiously endorse, merely
because of party loyalty. The courageous minority, however , ho
have ref11aed to vitiate their consciences, a imply for ,arty
success, have usually found a suitable h"r party wi~~ w ich to
affiliate; nd 1 hen such h s no , been the case, som e have had the
courage o create such at .1rd party.
The bi-party a stem works admirably as long as one or both
parties rrake t he economic and moral elfare o the eo le the
object to e obt a ·ned; but vhen oth
art·ea . ecome corrupted
and boss-ridden, it
•
t en t a a oly-p rty system, as revaila
8
•
uld erable.
th n each party
•
1n France or ~e r any, e r e or
18
de ende t U 0 on ~ or tore 0 he
0 , era , ' fl no one
rty co rols.
B I B L I O n R A P H Y
American Prohibition Year Book National Prohib1tion rees,
Chicago, 1912.
Bartlett, .E., A plea for the Prohib1tion Party. Arepa, VI,
599-602.
49
Blaine, James a., Political diecussione-legjslative
1
dj~lomatic,
and popular, 1856-1§~6. The Henry Bill ~ ub. Co., Norwich,
Conn. , 1887 •
Butler, Marion, The -eoples arty. Forum, XXVIII, 658-662.
Chapman, John Jay, Is a thir party necessary in municipal
reform work? Munic1~1 Affairs, IV, 329-337.
Dollivar, Jonathan P., The forward movement in the Republican
Party. Outloo~, XCVI, 162.
Dow, Neal, Results of prohibitory legislation. North A~~fipa~
CXXXIV, 315-325.
Enc clo aedia Britannica:-
- -
Anti-maaonjc arty. II, 127.
Free Soil Party. XI, 87-88.
Greenback Party. XII, 537.
Knownothing Party. XV, 877-878.
Liberty arty.
nrowing po ·er o~ the Prohibitionists.
VI, 543-544.
ati<2!!_, XLII, 462-463.
Halstead, "urat, Split int e Democratic arty. Amer ~can History
told by Contem~o1ariee. Edjted by A • • Hart. IV, 151-155.
The acmillan Co., ew ork, 1900.
Raynes, neorge H., Tr-e causes of Knownotbing success in as •
Amr can I is orical Revie, I , 67- 2.
50
Haynes, George H., A chapter fron1 tte local history o Knownothing
ism. New England ta azine, ns XV, 82-96.
Hewes, T.W., History of Political Partjes in American. Chaut.,
XIV, 24-29; 149-152; 279-284; 407--411.
Hillquit, Morris, Socialism ir tb.eor rand ractice. acmillan
Co., New York, 1909.
Howe, Julia Ward , Recollections of the antj-elavery struggle.
Cosmo__P-olitan, VII, 278-286.
Johnson, Oliver, The great agltation. £_,osm.91:ol~an, irrI, 174-184.
Johnston, Alexander, History of American PQli~ics. 2d ed.
enry Holt and Co., ew York, 1886.
Johnston, Alexander, American rolitlcal history~ 1763-1876 _ .
rJ.P. Putnan1'e Sons, Ne~ York and London, 1905.
Julian, G.W., Foundation of a ne party. 1854-1856. Amer·can
History told b oraries. Edited by A.B. Hart.
IV, 100-104. The acmillan Co., ew York, 1900.
:McCarthy, Charles, The Anti-masonic Party. American Historical
___ , _,_
Association report, 1902. Vol. I.
McMaeter, John Bach, A historr of the people ~f t~e United ~tatea
from the Revolution to the Civil a~. 8 vols. D. Appleton
and Co ., Ne York, 1900-1913.
c !aster, John .ach, The riotous career of the Knownothinge.
Forum, XVII, 524-536.
Payne, Dillon
I. J
rogressive rinciplea and the old third
part ~ee. Outlook, XCVI, 519-520.
Peffer, .A., The rniesio1 o the opuliat Party. orth Arrerican,
CLVII, 665-678.
Prohibjtion as
solvent o parties.
atjon, XLI, 504.
51
Reasons for a third ticket. Nation, L XI, 64-65.
Schurz, Carl, Party scisms and fu ure problems.
orth Amerjcan,
-
CXXXIV, 431-455.
Smith, Theodore Clarke, Liberty and Free Soil Part·es in th!!__
Northwest. Longmane, Green and Co., New Y ork and
London, 189?.
Smith, Theodore Clarke, The failure of the no nothing Party.
American Nation Series. 27 vols. XVIII, ch.10. Harper
and Bros., Nev York and London, 1906.
Sobieski, John, A party of achieve ents. The California Voi2e~
Special Fdition, ay 19, 1910 .
Socialism in the T ni ed 8tates. The A~ericana, II.
~pargo and Arner, Joln and George Louis, Elements o~ f. _ ___ __
~ acn1illan Co., "ew York, 1912.
Stanwood, Ed ard, A History of _~he reeidenc, 2 vols.
Houghton, ~iffl i n & Co., Boat on an e York, 1912.
The constituency of the ationals. ation, XXVII, 221-222.
The yclopaedic Revie of Current History, IV, for 1896.
The Greenback Party and its plans. Nation, XVII, 64-65.
The '.hurt and help of a hird t j_cket. atiog, LXXI, 84.
The ationals- t heir origin and ai .s. Atlanti9 M onthl, · LI ,
521-553.
The rohibit ion balance of power. atton, XLII, 4 .2--483.
The third arty protest. ation, L I , 204-2n5.
The thir arty v rsua t e ol arty. Chaut ., LXVIII , 125-128.
Tracy, Frank Basil , Ria and dooni o the opuliat arty.
XVI, 2 -250.
Tyler, L.G., Parties and patronage in the United states.
G.P. Putnam's Sons, Ne ork & London, 1891.
Watkins, Albert, The failure of the two party system. Foru~,
XXXI, 643-653 •
White , H., Party disintegration.
Wiley, C •• , The Peo1les Party.
V. 651-659.
Nation, XXVII, 189.
-
American Journal of Politics.
Woodburn, Jamee Albert, Pol:i.tical J?art:iee ~!!Q_12art3r robleme
in the United States. G.~. Putnam's Sons, Ne York
and London, 1. 03.
Woolley & Johnson, John G. and illjam Fi., Temperance ProEress
in the century. The radley-~arretaon Co., hiladel~hia,
Detrojt, etc., 1903 •
•
52
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Holtwick, Enoch Arden
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Core Title
The role of the third party in American politics
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College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
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Master of Arts
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History
Degree Conferral Date
1913-08
Publication Date
08/09/1913
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08/09/1913
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