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The evolution of the sovereign as seen in governmental structure
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The evolution of the sovereign as seen in governmental structure
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The Evolution oft e Sovereign as seen in Governmental tructure. A Thesis • Presented to the Department of istory University of Southern California. by Oliver arren Best. - ~y 9, 1912. I \ \ Contents Page Introduction. General outline of the study.-- Basis of government •. . ..... l Chapter I,, Analysis of Sooiaty in !elation to Government. Nature of sooiet .--Divisions and clas ses i n society.-- Influence o· i ~ f erent cl Gsses on over n ent .- -Ar y n fa ily . --Publi c o i nion . -- .. .L ·act ,r i n ent ..... Chapt e r I . The T , eory oft e tate . Nat ure of t e tat e.-- ecess r y elements .-- .. ristovle ' s nal si s .-- Blunts c, li's i it i o o ~. - - 1 i o · 11 b ' vie of necess r y e e ens ...... . ........ . ...... . .... . C tr II . Fo of overn ent . T o c l s i f ic tions . -- ~ ; e ,.erci o · s ave ..... i t . c. t 1.1re O n x c1 t i ve .- - .. . ....... ..... . .. . . .. ... .. . 12 C e v. r - of novere i nt • De i 1 i tion o·: ov e g • --- 0 i i on . - - ust i n .. n 1 i o ov T . - - ece y . s i OV r l ' cl • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• eri s 10 t J of ov er n ent be st ie .-- r n e Ul si .-- r ter V. on t e r ek d o • i • l Sparta city-state.-- r y form o.t' org i tion . Third perio :, stu ied.--Effect o · -jersian l'\'ars.--- ~t enian ~m ire.-- Gr eek limited t conoe t of cit - state .--~arl Roman cit - tate.- --C ara ter 0 een in t 1 eir _pe o · crovernment .--- om .n rel · i n.- tru ~ .. le be een atrici nan :--lebei n .-- ~ p nsion citi:tJ ns i - - 1· . .. t 0 citi ens .-- enate ssu es owe o s verei nty.-- e y ~o an over t .-- Deve en o -- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • c. pter VI. Gro t of Civic Consciousness . Rome un er t~ e ron re y .-- :rowt, o .ri ti n y .- - V izatio ton . ...... r 6 0 C C re -- e 1.0 e . . - • e ton e rl. or 0 overn en • nfl 1e e 0 . din ibe ent 0 _:· la rly m -:.Dy lilV -- eve - • • • .J for 0 • 1.-- kin . - -C rl 1 8 v y e 0 I fluence o l. on sic ord rs.-- en!la·ssance .-- ,efo r s.tion .-- ·evi · t J o i" e d • r 1S .- - . e h i 1 es .- - er s es.- - G' ver e ver ent .-- Sovere i n in ··ngland .- - erio of ~evol tion .--Fr nee, a tio . . o rer i 0 verei l SOC . r . o __ v r ~e r c e . - - .) o v e r 1 • or of ver i e any ...... 3 a ter VII. erica a t e piri o e ion . l • i s c·e - .-- o r o ', e . - - u b 1 i c ,e 0 i . 0 • . e . i t s .-- ·\: 1 a s n i d · v · e age 1 2 • l The volution oft e overeign as seen in overnmental truoture. The study of this s bject wit its rel tion to the Sovereign and Governmental Struvture ill include a o ose an lysis of the vari ous t es of social ife f ound a on · t 1 e several peoples who ave been stron factors in the progrea~ of civil- izatio11 . Emphasis will be placed u~on he more im ort&n forms of government throug w io t ey have ade tis advance ent. Effort will be made to sow hate c oft ese f orms of overn ment and t e c once tion of what to u is known as t e Sovereign 111 is but t outward fo of . f eriod of e ex ression ong ev o ution . History s ows t e radual evo ution an final mer ·ence o t _e individual man , in an irnself, and it t at , a gro ing consciousness of cert in inalienable rights, • 1C en ey have become a part of one's t inking ak im ossib e • r evious submission t state rules of cti as found 1- o .. e of t e more despotic forms of govern ant. Then, n tur lly as ife itself, the new forms of overnment do not functio t et inking oft e people , and t e tru ~le is renewed, ile c onstant e fort is exercised a inst possib e usur ation b a strong ers onalit or a controllin class, oft e ri t s nd liberties so 1 tel evo ved . There has a.l ays been resent • a bition to reac 1 i n man an a er degree of perfection . lD is relation to is fello w an . ,e ill consider race C r cteristics, t e inf u ce of t e evo l ution of reli OU t 0 g , t e v nee ent of soienc ' t discover 0 ne anis nd eo les, t e environmen.t of t e p rticular r st a·e t t t . eriod, t inf ue oe 0 ce s ec1 e 2 eograp y, t e opportunities for communication with other raoes and the lessons which mi ht be learned from th se ~eople through oontaot with t eir form of life. Keeping in ind that "governments have lways rested, and special cases apart must rest, if not on the affection, then on the reverence or awe; if not on the active ap oval, then on t e 1 silent oquiescence oft e numerical majority". we will endeavor to show through a study of the nature of society, the state, the sovereign and t e different forms of overnment found in th institutions of the Greeks, the Romans, the Germans, the reno • t e _n lish and the Americans that the evolution of the soverei n may be seen int e governmental structure. 1, Bryce, 1 e American Commonwealt , · II, 255 3 Chapter I . An Analysis of oc i ety in elat i on to Government . £n is a social being . Hu.man activities fall into t cl sses , i ndividual and social . So ciall , men work to et er under forms of law and government , subordinating t e individual t t ese forms . "Society i not to be conc e i ved as a rule oft e stron overt e weak, nor as a tyrann. of the 1 ajority overt e minority , but as a subordination of all , ruler nd ruled alike , to the ighest 1 good . " This is not t .t6 condition in v·hic e ig~t ex ec t to find the early Aryan fami ies dur·ng t e ti~e known as t e tri re al age . But out o this :eriod trough t es untin .. off of t l e various o ers and privileges eld at first b t e ' ter otestas 11 or king, into separate o fices , was developed , in succes ive steps , t .e perfected political structur e oft e 'city- state ' . either c uld we to find a concept of t 18 . ea of the ' • est ·ood 0 e 1 1g of all ' in th f orm of social life smo g t ese eo le of early times ith the -o. enicians . ut if i later had an beginnin rnon t ese eople of early • 1mes , i as for this ong time hid en int eir m stic form of' n t re orship , in t r e C m lete atisfaction t eir blind c nfidence found in their f rm of fa ily ors ip and int e deification nd reverence o t eir ancestors . The ties of t r e f ·ily e e then a 1- .._uf f icien . eir IL ode of iving _ nd t e fe necessities o ' . 1 e f a astor eop e, could a 1 b · met int ate rly or nization of t fa ily. It w onl ·hen new land, nd ne o _ ort nitie i t t eir cor es~onding de ands for so e ad ed revision of co- o er tion , Bone , rinci e o ~tics, 2 ·4 4 I as in war, or in com .on defence tat a justments eo me nece sary and a larger form of union ossible. ut of this came t e u tin · off of long-used customs and the differentiation oft e o ers earlier exercised byte ead of t he fa ily. In general the divisions of sooiet are a oken of as classes under the names of the "aristocra.cy lf and the "com ons", and in most cases at ird cl ss ich may be regarded as t e slaves in the uropean countries, nd tle shiftless in our 01n country. But such a division seems only artificial, based as it is u on the outwards ow o ealth an t e de ree of rosperit of a people at a p rtioul r time , and does not take into c onsideration the real basic principle o society whic is found evident int e sever 1 types of mind . attiri, in is "Deve..1.op ent of 'ng ish Thoughtn, speaks of four t ypes of mind whic }e maintains re to be found in ever.,r form o organize societ • O ut of tr1e ing ing of these severa ale ents is evolve t e c o on guidin form of government under ic i t is ossible fort at peo le as an or nized society t work in hr on r a nit, and out of w ic and t rou the deve o ment o· tis unit comest elater unit of the tate. he name hat he gives t he four types are urely arbitrary butte c arac t eristics of eac r e ecu iar t o t ~at special type of mind . The first class, known s t1e "C inger " , are pe ple attached to one pl oe an ti pl ace often isolated and a from other active cent ers o o ulation. ' he re eo le tron y rt strong tendencies t o i m i t ate an t o hold to wha. t e o cu to s, forrts o wors an t e f t eir anc st ors. r 'he even cce t e ere c on it - t e . v in ily tradition tions of tribut 0 n tax tion n con ue d, if on y r nted i m u it a d f r e dam 5 from the compulsory acce tance of ne forms ot er t n t e to which t ey a~e rown accustomed. T eir measure of recreation or leasure is forte ost a_t li ited, and an dreaning of new possibilities tr uh a arger exercise of freedom ad se f assertion, is made second to a "clinging"to what the already have rat er than t e robable losing of hat they ope toobtain. this makes t em ·re t ., rshipers of power an oft .e ~ualities they might long for, when s een in ot} ·er personalities, , ic toget er wit a natural feelin of distrust in their on strengt. make them read follo ers of reat leaders suet as the aes -rs, t e a oleons, t he Crom ells, or other re t men. T ere is another type of mind whic is se en in society, hich sometimes is s oken of as t e "Sensualists", but who are known better to us as t e 1 -- ioneer ". hey break away from then row bounds of local traditions an t e restricted limits of r gions set apart, an t e cus torr.s whioh rave so long bun their ancestors. They are those who when t er have tasted some o the real delight and self plea ure of a conquering mbition and may have enjoyed a larger power of independence, leave t e old for the new, and in the fertile valleys of ne lands with ne o ortunities,beoorre t emselves conquerors an d tri ute takers instead of tribute givers. · ;hey are those w o t ke gre t iaks and are found am n the discoverers. any, however, last bu for sort time and are a ain f ound submi nive to a stronger il tha.n t eirs an desirous only of bein left tote ~njoyment of their OW?l limited surround- in s. r• he ew o t i type dv nee n become e ders of new move nts. -ater s e e r e nown as discoverers, and any t~da m be f ound on t e or nizers o reat c rr. erci 1 industries, 6 am ng t es cces )ful capitalists, and men ambitious for power. he third class noted, has been given t e a.me of "Stalwarts n. T ey are os ib ya differentiation of the seoond class, wit tis ad ed trait tl t t eir c onduct is limited by t eir ri id interpret tion o t ie octrines and the creeds w ich t e a , ave espoused. They are utilitarians, and in orals, t ey inter ret the Bible literally and are guided b y t e any 1 • au a 1 t nots". In politics, t e st for egualit a convert other~ to their belief if possible, bu en e var to carr t eir pri ci last r ough at all azards. In our o ~ n istory , as" uritansn, tley were se n as a s rong factor in t e earl formatio of " 1 8'w merica" . Te other t e of mind ma be foun i t ~ o ass of people in every society, cosmopolitan in co positio~, who are ever the .. advocates of compromise and olioy. *hey are skeptical int ought and agnostic in belief. !hey dislike ideals, or~eds, and utop·an plans and are always seeking out somet in ne, even ir t ey abandon it for s omet ing else no t o feri g uch bet r a v tage. In our re ent time re m a y see their inf luence if e b t ako a study o t "' large fol owin - any ne olitical arty may ac ire. They c ome largely fro t e with small incomes. eople oft e e ever larie class an fr m on t ose ty~es of ind on be found in ear y histor dare ever present to be reckoned wit in stud in t e dif· erent le ents ~ ic are interwoven into t ~ et xture of n fo of sooiet , nd ioh control t e form nd iraotio of an ove nt o · pro e • " ere a.re re t funda ent nd intere ts w ioh pr cad overn ent d ioh s oiet ma efend b t does not found . " • r1no of ' 2 ~ ese e r ecognize as those rig ts r lating to roperty, t he family, contract re ations and the security oft e individual. 7 It as in defense o oo o~ idea forte rotection gainst a ienation of t hese inherent rights t h~ t there first arose, as a controlling force in all society, t hat hioh i n r dually stronger oompelling terms, we ave come to cal the 'unit controlling power' or "public opinion". o it is tat when in any society opinion becomes conscious of self, when it begins to rea ize its foroe and to question the ri ts of its r ulers, ten is that rociety progressin and will soon find mens o s aping resistance ad of c om elling reform. It is trough t se conflicts and so-called revolutions ic1 rk at is genera l y calle t e intermediate stage, t hat we can see t e eo le or .· nized and working as a social unit. They are a akenin tot a sense ta t ey re truly t e u U reme ower of t he State. From t ~ ese first awakenings, continuein · on up t roug t e tiistory of the centuries t ote resent a e, there as be en a ong ate forward an out ard. In t l e c apters tat are to f 1 o, e ill study t e r e _ workings of this ne found uni t of ower as it forces changes in governments w io make more ossible t 1 e emergence of t he full man a• a citizen of a State and as an e ement and factor for power in organized society. 8 Chapter II . The Theory of the State . I n an analysis of the nature of the tate , we must determine i ts essential elements . Human nature· is tle same every where . The person~lit of the individual is influenced by what has gone before and what is present in life around im, which go to make up the measur e of his experiences . Heredity has definite deternini g influences w ich must be added to the sum total of trose directing sti1uli which, s cert ·in as the laws of life , make reasonably sure a articular line of aotion. The ome environment and t e everyday life of any society of people determine in large mes re the gre ter s ar of their activities . If life i filled it war and conflict, t ere is every reason to believe tnat the particular form of organization o state !ong that t e o eople ill p c:1rtake ar e .., of t nat fo roe· If life e re 0 8 been filled it rea~o - a e s fety, a d 0 ortunit for tr de and exc ange , as ad f air c ance, t e sever 1 e.Lements ich ill 0 to make u .l. a s ate for t h t typ e of eo~ le ~ il be n t re utilit • rian. he org nization of t st te ust be et • t t • 1 e so lD 1 f rt her t e interests of t e ... eo le and a t e a e time provide defence a a.in t o t s i e inf uence in c~ se o •; neces s · ty. f eople for on · riod of d elt etl er . dividu ve a ye rs 0 as 1 f ilies t .. e . 1 ter eriod, ived. to et or a ·a C c. Se in er . t nde f mil t tribe ,-i · t 1 e s nov.,rn e exp t 1 • t orr ed ~ ec t .d to t · e . r u ors -ip a 0 C us re r to 00 re's . eat tion nee 0 s co e 0 na eno as J n 0 . t·on 0 t r. e . ct·ons . vid 1 -- r ov or l s a r ..I u it, be t x· e t 0 • d t · b . ed 1 e 1 9 form o· overn ent fort eir ore cm lex rel tions i n takin • on t e sim le form natur ·u:actions of t · e enlar ed mily an of an ex anded syste f wors ip, w ic tr u yt or anci e rel t·onship, ade os ible t ee rl , t es of ·recian and 1 oman government. In "T e a.tu1·e of t e tate ·, , i lou hby describes t e later oonce t oft e tate byte reeks as nan institution istin in it elf ad of itself and as determined byte very nature o man himself. ~ ~ e 0tate equaled al in all an t ,· citizens 1 s · gn · fica t o - as s bj ects of t e State. · 1 .hnd ile in the siatic on re ies of early days the ru ers c i ed a ivine right to contr ted tot is contra oft eir custo o ecr~es o n tur 1 irs oft~ e tate, n ~ t it but i tle q estio, fro t eople suo it ver-- a t ure ors, ip and t , e subffi·s ion t o the unknown eno ena, it r ined for the omans to intr uce an ater to develo~ c e ·rer isti ction be en di vine nd c · vil ut} ori ty. "B t e .o ans, la a considere as ere ted b - t e ut te, a int e ... oman eople. administrators ratrer t n its final authority s t , be soug t omans ere ractical layers an 2 iloso ers ." So t rou h ex ansion oft eir po er by conquest d 1 te r t r oug o s of nece ar admin·stration, e C see t e beginnings of a 1 r er idea of overn.ent. kno l edge 0 e essential el ents o · t e t te can be seen a s it a eared t t e reek ind in ristotle's nalysis. • ebr te 1 S ~ree i oso her names fiv t ings as e ential: ( . food roducin cl called a SB, usb n n; ( 2 ) a C 0 C, . . t it • city can ot ex·st · Dl C r C ice e r , OU 1C 1, . 2 , t •, t e, 33 IO (3 , ,a class of tr ders, t , o e eng ged in b 1ying and sellin, whether in o erce or r et il trade; (4) serf 1 bourers;( · ) arriors. He furt er ~~eaks of the one cl ss,-t e rich, c n not obey an , o c n only rule de otically, and o t e ot er extreme, t e oor , o now not o o co~an an o must be ruled like slaves : - thus c mpel - in as assent ial, a middle class w.. are t ·' .1e 1 best fr governing . Later in luntsohli sconce tion o t e essential ele ents for a · tate , we get a different analysis fro t , e vie point of a er an scholar:- l)a number o men;( ) a fixed territory;(3 unity, t e co esion o · t e nation; (4 )a distinction bet een ruler nd subjects; (; ) it should } ave t e nat re of an or nism ;not as the nat re 0 plant 0 nimal life, bu it t .e 0 aracteristics of natura. or Ens . ikens t ~ t te to the body , it • e e as 1S c om ... osed of many members and yet com ete only wit out t e 1 s inactivity o of its rts . 'llo im t . ide a or n one e ig es of the . tate is be eld en t he ten enc of uman nature tro · o itical society i s c nsidered, a - t e , ig est conceivable and ossible development oft is ten ency is reg rded as t e 2 political end o · mankind . " / en we c om re t ~ J.ese e rly views of t e essentials of t ate wit t e view held b ~-i l oug by , e can e so et ing oft e cane worked ou by re re~ent tive t es of inds ike t ose o t e re k, t 1 i l OU by ive s erman, an t e merioan. e essential elements o l , ristotle' s , olitics, 1 · 3 2 , lu C i, , e eory o e t te, 1 st t e: ( 1) II community of peo le socially united;(2 a political ac inery, ermed a g vernrnent nd a.dministr ted by cor s of of icials termed a. magistracy ; (3) a body of rules or maxims , written or unwritten, determining t e sc ope oft is ublio authority and 1 t e manner of its exercise." And so it my be found in other riters, the tate is the step hi her t ich all forms of organized society strive. The problem h s been and is yet, how to adjust these several relation ships and duties int e l i ht of our resen conce t of our re ation to our fellow an . 1, r i loue.~ hby , he a.ture of the tate, 3 Chapter II. orms of overnment. Govern ents are classified as t form>in relation tote exercise of the sovereign power,-by t e one, t e few, or the many . gain, governments are clas ified as tote natu- e of power s vested int e 'chief executive'. 12 In res.act to forn t e re classified int et, e eneral divisions,i.e.monarohy , t e le of one; oligarchy, t e rule of the few~ democracy, t e rule of t ie n~ any. side fr --m t ese re ~ u1ar form o.. overnm , · ev student of istory h ve de ention of a described t e sever 1 modifications. :onarchy often develops into tyra ny or des otism, enerals i for -ife, a king, or a dictat r. Olig rchy is as often s oken o as t Le rule of the rich, as t -e rule oft few, for i t is usually the case that the fe it in 'h am t e po er o ruler i lod ed in an oli ~rohy are t e rich. t .is known s overn ent t · rou tmixe consti t u t ions 1 is a form of de ocr c develoned b t e Dorians of Greece, t e ~ ·omans, an - t e nglish. ut oft e principles evolved fro the r o t , of de ocrac ve comet e intermedi te sta ea o federal ,overn ents , federations and leagues. ~ . . hile t ese 1 st hardly rank as true t es o govern nt t l e sow a step i adv noe for 1 ter ado tion i · m re co lete form,- e ful f rm o democr cy uc a t o tate -ation. Gareis, in i s lt 11 e eines ~t ts ec t' s uote b , i lou by, s cl sifie overn nt b y t i 1i ations ut around t o ie · execu ive:- ( )t o e i ic e c 1 ief exec t ive is a nonr ,s onsi ble s i le er so , o.r \~onaro - m be eit er it ou constitu iona _i it tions · ut r u ~ his po er, s absolute or autocratic in 'ussia, ~ur ey or ersia. Or h e may be restricted b constitutional i itations, as in er any . (2 13 those in ich t e c ief executive i s a res onsible sin le arson as int e nited ~tates, or in France. (. es onsibilit • ere 1s u ed of course not in t e sense of arli entary r es ~sibility but of amenabi ity to w for 1 ct s done in rivate ca icit y • or 1n excess dele ated aut ori ty. ) ( ) t .lose in ic t ere is a res onsible lural execu ive, as for ex mple,t e reno Directory, ~oman Consuls, ad t wiss ederal Cou cil. ( t os e in ich t ere is non-r sponsible plural executive, as t ~ 1 oman Co ~legi te or t e Joint-re ency o J a an before 1 67 . All t ese cl s ificat·ons are b sed u: on t ve r a ·e c nee tion e ave of t hey lso re b s ed u on te , of a nation, an o a e ~ire . form o citiz ns i , . d in al , t ere ust o nec e s ~ity be £ supreme .ower . o ·. r i st o t 1 e , a " st e i s t 1 e union of self-suf .:icin ilies nd vi lac •·es avin ') for an end a erf eot and 2 l ife , b~~ e rre n a 1 n .... n citi zen va s one l o s are i n gaverjn and bein onor ble life ." overned . artic lar de initions fore c o t he v rious fo r s overnment ve been mentioned i t ese tree ana l ys es ill be t ken up as t e develo· in t 1 os e . rts nd eri ods of istory, which see t sand out as i - lustrations o t ese a rked cane int e in s o t e eo le , i t eir e ·fort t adjust t eir ne eds to t e ne p r b es hic h rise r om t e n nt ore car f ' ure of ' ot e , cs, 127 rkin : to et er a s a to ex ine i t te , cial unit. d e elo ent 14 of tne basio principl invoived in all governmenta,-the Sovereign ower. he questions w hio have been t he ouroe of long stru las and even revolutions among t he eople of every age,are concerning t his usovereign · ower " ,- ~ · ere i s it , or at is itt or o i s i . C apter IV. l e 1 eory o Sovereignty. 11 are agreed t ~a i n ever T state t ere ust be a supreme ower. It as been expre sed in various ~ eriods of istory differently, butt, e orki J - rinci le is a Sovereignty has always been tat term mus bet es me. io denoted t e 15. ighest o er of t l e state, a 't· at erson or ber o SODS, w o asses es or assess this ower ave been an res vereign'. But it as bee k on b t e eople i t ose v riousl or ·anized governments under other names, and desi nated as r siding in offioe or ... arson, - aking t 1 e out a ·· d form a se blanoe of power for t e real ossession of t a.t oo verei n ill. _on t ese - a.ssumpt ions, mistakes ave been ma.de nd o ·.,re s ~ ive s ve been attem ted to be enforced upo un illin s bjeots,-t, e result of whioh has bred iscontent a d often r evolution. ~hese inst noes of mis laoed c nception oft e exercise of overei nty buts o tl at t e r eal and final so rce o · t is soverei n powe r rests a. 4 int e l ast analysis al ays as rested it t e people, who having the ewer to dele ates oul a do a.Ye the power to call it b ck, and t o c, ange the form oft e grant wen th resent form undeT which t ey may be iving does not fit t eir nece ity. flut t e .. long debate as not been o uci~ · over t e fact t at t , ere is b necessity in all ·overnments as verei n 1 0 er an tat tat ower is located int e il oft e eo le, b tit s al ays been u .... on t e questions,-w o ' re" t e people", ad wh is to determine who re "t e eople 1 , a wl en eo ,,len to e ercis i i etermined, o in erent rig t 't s ith the omens that we first noted definite oha.nge 16 by the people in their oonoept ion o · l aw, n s e 1~0 find 1th t l em the first definite ex re sion oft e terr ~overeign in relation tote supreme ower of the state. The Roman t eory was that tis power was while subjaot by n ture of its source to the privilege of being granted t9 a person or persons with the right of exercising this power; but the principle lacking was in the conception of t e privile e of reoa ling tat grant when once c onferred. ~his weaknes v made · ossible t ~ e ong stru le later betveen the tam oral power oft e State and t he s iritual power o the ~huroh, t he 6 uroh as ruming to ave received t he rig t to exercise some oft e o ers ad rivile es o sovereignty. But even t his struggle was not one waged byte eople but by the rulers of eaoh of these centers of power int e tate. ~he struggle extended t roug the period of the Crusades and oontinued into the g -·o th o f t e kingly power, whioh developed out of the rise of t e communes and t ~ eir enfranohisment. An effort byte i dl class in m i tining t ese c nditioDs oulminated in t e ultimate fall o t "'1 e owerful barons of lie feudal age . It rem i ed forte forces of evolution,as s ee in the revival of classical lear ing, nd in the development of art and industry t he • an 1ncre se of knowledge an commerce ith all part of t e \Yorld w ic t oo k laoe it t e eriod of t e . - d t ef rmation, t-a B VI ake t . to eniassance e e c onsci noe ar "er field- of ~iberties and rig ts, be ore we see t he fruition of ·on stru le • t any t eories ·ov ernn:ent t a in e • .. cla $ ed ·t the old idea of ub 16 ion . The reat akeni -4- too . er·o revolut·o · orm l. a 0 ' t e t ru e r id • . bu • t cente for s t f C n es 1 ~ r C l 10a e e acti • r e revo u i nar ·rit awe t over a ...;Jura e, 17 r esulted i a new c once ption of sovereignty , an a n ew rel t ion of t he t ou ht of tae individual to t he rights of his fellow m an . Thi s supreme ower , t h e Sov ereign ower of t e eople , is s ymbolized b y some a.st e _ ower of nPublio Opi nion" . ~ blic opinion i defined a tat ov, er ic is t e sense and s entient of t e commu i t y and necessarily i r resistible 7 giving sense t o t e le t er nd life t o t he la of t eland. Bl ,okstone , in i s o mentarie on t he aws of England , i n s peaki ng o sovereignty , sa st at "sovereignt and l e g i s l a t ure a me c nvertible terms; one l can n t subsist witbout the other . " determine w ho are e nt b nt h ,Jpeo le " , O ur study Vi ill t hen be t o enter i nt o nt as facto r int e m kin of n ub.1.ic o i ion " : ~ v""aine, i .1i s n ist r y of Inst i tu ions" i n givi g one oonc e tion of t es t te an it s re l tion to a overe i g o er , uotes f r orr t e gr eat tu ent o ov rn rr. nta t uc ur , Jo n Au t i , w-o sa.ys;- "t a i n oci et dete r n i te um D su e1ior , not i n e abit o obe i c t o a i ke u e i r, re c i ve ab· ual bedi nee f ront e b l k of ~ i ven soci et , t t deterruin te su erio r i s overe i n int t oci ety, and t e ciet i ncl din t 1 e u e:ri or, i s a socie :l an ·nae e dent . e er i nate su eri or t ~ ot he m ember o t e ci.et 1 r e subject; or o , at determ · n t u erior 1 ., otner embers f societ are de ende t . e o · tion o t 1 _ es e ot 1er em ber ds t de • # te r i or s t te u_j . w e er 1 S U _ 0 C l OD or te of d e de ce . e t 8 r la i on i c ubsist s t een ior t t J r ed at · o 0 . n ' e r ve r e r- t s 0 e , 00 e Co • . I 18 1 an ubject, or the relation of overeig ty an uubjeotion . ' In usi • test soverei nt . alysis . 1 0 1 a 0 an - ent , keep • ind; (1 )t at t . • deter- govern e 1 US 1n e sovereign l S .inate 1 uman arson, r corporate or collegiate b dy, ctin s • . ngle 2 ) t at the bulk of so ciet be t 1 e s kerson; us su erior , cal e d - Overei ·n; ( ) t e soverei n must receive an . bi tual obedience from t e bulk of oo ciety; ( 4) t hat overeignty , by its c ar cteristic nature , e ,ns i n: unity fr m control o ever ... er urn n uuerior . If our only ,: r ose v,er t o c.. cate abst ctl t verei ~ o er a deter i e its reason for exi ence , t ·i test of J..r . stin' oul be as ~efinite s n✓ t eory or test c ou l d be i caref~l exa rination o vern ent s as t1 at an on tirre exist . But it r uld only ex in tr-e relation oft econ itions t t obt i ed t a e ople . ose .Li t or · ot v sufficient rticular forr_J f ov rticul r eri dint e eve o rr nt of i titutions e er std in, a ~ oul e ine t "'1e force Vi ic brou · t out t n 1n _ent t :a form f . nt n .,._ s V r 1 ,./ satisfied t l e for it . ·ned • e eo ' o. ras es1 . . ind t t .1.e rl f crms t tete , of e 1ng 1 en e 0 e n t to avin f ol) wed . rt of t ie f ov; er r.u e ' a me e s i t ~ i ne conce tion 0 t l p 0 le, ruler n~ ruled like , let • etail, . ds . t 1 ~ e . of us exa 1De ore or e r1 n 1 -or y so t , 0 le 0 ve f r e 0 r 1 dete te f ctor i · our r ese te of ove n t . i ' :a.i e ' r o · n i u ·ion , e e Growtt of Governnent Cater V. on the reek omans . There are tree eriods int e istory of the reek, an ~ t 1ree int e early histor~ o t .. omans to ich e wi 1 ive 19 s ecial study. ~hose o· reece; (1)+1 1 .e r ule o · t e 'patria otest sn; (2) i n t e larger unit , t e city-st at e; (3) in the riod of -~ ires fter t ersian ,a.rs. 'J.' ose o ome ; ( 1 ) in · .ome as a city-state· (2) int , e c ange br oug t bout t roug t e "eau 1- .. ization o t .,.e ord ~rs u; ( ) i n t ~ ... e d justment of constitutional question s at t clos e of t e .. u ic V . ·a.rs and f o owin t e destruction o C a r t hage. Tu understand tee r l rule d aut · orit - centered ir t e ead of t re f ily, · e rust study t e f rm derived fro and t e customs es t blishe i t e wars ip ecu_ iar t o t "'1 i e r r an race. elat·ons i as based on t r e rig t of rtici tion in t e r eligious ors i of t . - f rr. i l a itt ance t o te sacred rites a i t o t ei r e d as o ed · t e fire oft e es.rt . , eld acred . . . De cent • a-·r:i. ge wa c S a r e l J. ous . al . T a foll o . a.le . in relation to 0 er to e 1.D e l e e r le. i e elde t ' t · C e t , f , j e d t e il succeea.e to t ' e ri ts a dutie of t e off ice . e bee C iil fact, riest, . in el t · o e o·P if u e, n • e deat • i aut 0 it n t auestioned . , .. 0 en , ive n ' ... da ter ' er 0 cou t ad i J t e e ti j te tren t. 0 t ., f il . . t ot • - t 18 ter • on l'rl. e 1. er 1 u evere 1 at i . . b" . . a r ns J 1 J 1 e 0 er • V S10 0 dopti in ia_S t d • D a e ca ·ere 0 e e e I ... • ily. i n f . l 0 e e J. p 2 a cor orate b dy. earth as t e center r nd ic r everence forte ancestors as perfor ied d int e f me t e fire t ~ e spirit oft e dead was t OU ht t manifest its presence. Social divisions of people into citizens, sl ves, a tr n ·ers djusted t c o form to t . its ts f rel ation- were e l an c once . understo d t o exist t l1rough t • rly wors l i oft s lp as 1 8 e e Greeks. To t he "p t r potest c: S 1 , s king, jud e and riest • 1n one, as dele ·ated t "' e su re e o er a d aut 1ori ty. During lon periods o _ successio t t e e dsl1i r1 in fa i l ors i t _ ere Vlere oubtles ti es en t 1 e, e o tle f ·ily, a in as ot t e , o · st engt t o in ire con idence i n tie of defence or t o s cce s ·f 1l c rry t o t le end ex nding offensive c am aign. Cro aed conditions oft e ori ina a t- 1 ent of ·round, t e isc ove of e nds, and ew eo le with t es 1 t nt et r e ources of C OEJJ .. erce and e 1 t , new conce ts o 1 a ri ts ; o -A..ortuni i es os i ble or inti n ed i ~ ese ne ex erienc e s ;- t , es e a o her influe ce s ~ ay ~ ve ee t e underlyin cause of t 1 e evo ution o neVi ex ande forms o g vern ent. ~he dete r i nin i sti ut ion i Greek i sto r y i t ' e city- t e. ~hro . C e b a period o .. untin · o· t : e oft e d t ies e rly f mil , rig t e er e c n s e t ·r e ergence o · t - o ·. ·ic e o r c ie f int e e n o t npole oh". t ~ en fo lowe i n co ect·on it t e ex~ n e f i 1 e c n, e , a.· ter t is, t · er t · on of n , o · •ices it s e notions erformed b T individual er ons r a nu ber o indivi u C i ' S cor orat sdn le er on . n t e C - st te , · u o · OD b e co - g ere cl e ere ffier ·ed ·tote e 21 l · r er uni t o f t e city stat e . i.l.' 1 e .,, rec e iv e c .:. t i z ens~ "' i - un e r t }- c once t o ·· 1 r e r r e t · on i... t L r ug ... o rs i p b ich all eld ~oo~ .o reverence Th i s m .de ossible 1 ter t co ron arent , tle m t hi oal ellen . ex andin t eorie of democracy s o typic 1 of Athenian istory . an of tle revolutions amon t_e t henians too ~ on t , n ture of a justin t e structure and p r ivilege -s of government to meet t e sever 1 e J nds of people se arated in interests b y t , e division int loc lities . ~hese classes are s oken of b .e ames f t :e eople of t~ e . 11 s -ore · 1 , e u 1 ins rr a t 'hillsu . ere s t rictl s _ e kin , no le 'is ative s verei n at t 1 ens ; no on e bod o e • n date - ad i ~ .e i at 1 t e f r e e laVI it elf . r" :.1. e ~ccle ia as t 1 · e s overei n d ini tr ti ve p o er in t}e state b tit snot true legis ative asse bl•. lhe idea. of fu 1 v rei nt ft ~e eo e did no t p;i i nate until late • t r1eni istory , )rob ·bl ever eld 1n n n as 1 . uite t or u y . " rhe e rl ~, con titution ca led for k'n • t b d of 1f rol ODS fl. ., . . ost o-f a en ·no n a a on · J. 0 ere Vl e t e executive functions; t e 11 areo a us' life- c unc 11 co osed ft t rids fT ; - 11 t " ,, e s senbly , e u 0 tr bo d 0 t i en·an tribes en. But Tl f: blunt . stocr o · arta ot )Oli ed iJ e r 1 8 de t of t t t y of . r ek a .i ed b - t 00 en as e ea e f Gr eks . J t bee t · ins itutions • 0 1 C u e 0 r e un er 1C ived , b .t bee . . e l t t iti n d e u e e ov,e 1 1 e a breedin d o • st t t . nit d 0 lD c e ,- n C t ie e 1 2 len ci t . or 1 or 0 n nee . " ' e r , _ r b i ree i tor, 1 7 , 7 . 22 ~ e early evelo ent of famil institutions into t e city- stat e took on disti ctl i ferent for in parta fro t Athens. 1 hio i · erence ay ave been due rtl t t.e f ct tl1at they ere rnore a ·ricul tural t n trades eople; or it a ave been ue t ten ces it of stron mi itar activities in or er to ~aintain t .e leadersbi the ad assumed b ri ht of conquest over a ressive,re tle s eo le of ~aconia. " e p rt ~ n were conservative, ractic 1, uni in tive; t eir s eec 1 and t eir ar er bot a ike without orna ent; t eir education 1 was al st oll n st ic . '' lhe t te s t ~ eir ife. or izatio 0 t eir overn ent lled for t kings ,- • oke t "' .. e C 1ca , s 0 r of t • brc t bers , but . el t ~ ju tment b tween t lD ore 1 a 0 powerful n b es, s eads 0 C ntendin ~ fa ilies ,for t "' ri ht le to rule . . erousia 1 t le islative b d d cosed 8 '' as e a as C -' 0 t t irty elders . t e t ird bronc- 0 se bl ' Ref rm C me t r u h e t of . t the . ust dee~ a1n un • It ca erousia . t e s a, l ler city st In Sp rta, t er ne b ody o f·ve ~en, . of t lODS e mo bout t ~ t l.: e tes . 1 un ex re le t .J " t e ri t t c 1 e s e bl n . . -nt of a J e ov r Jor es . ne k i . i it cco J J.. e 0 ✓ar, ent t . t . e t e 1 e JUDl ... C n r t r 0 "I e or . duced to r _ en e C 0 ct · o t 4 t , ei overn ent s t e e ands f t .e eo le ,erfu or ni ati n, . t · t ... r nies i 1 e e any /\ o i t he er tion of orslf,- to reside over it t~ to act t l • ve e or t er t o ) C r . 11 e b., deat 4 o · ct·on s e i:ng c o itio i . ce t • 23 hi9 riestl f "'nction, a t is as ver e ~i lon custo • 0 Jarta cit - st te as t t is erio ve · ent li ·tle i ! er- ent fr m t t 0 a ristocr C r t ) of 18 .vil ar ed inf ntry . In th next • ind t in subject to t er10 e e- or eco • . influence of bri be· s a t e e t e . r Bdu 0 min b clt 1 0 er . ~h• t ird eriod covers t e time o t he great akenin · of t e r eek mind a a lar er feel1n o u ity . "In government m cny states assed fr 0 ri tocr O J t tr .nn , an fro t rann to demo cracy, or t o m der ,te, 1 e 1- r gulat od oligaro · :,r. Great intellectua rogress too nlac e : 4 t 1 e G r eeks llie de a beginmi ng of s oieno e , eo ra· y an hilosophy; lyric oetry ouris ed in all pa r tn of Greec e- a kind o ~ poetry nic sows tat t · e Gr eeks were a ctively t inkin · on a ubjects su · ested b~ t eir surroundings and ex erienoes . Thinki n ed to religious ad moral progress ; the G r e eks beg n to exercise self- restraint and moder~tio in l i fe . ~ eir s rm at ies idene gen ce· t e ~·scov red t hat t · e ere a 1 of o it t eir intelli blood, one on re igion , an - be n to ca·- t emselves ~y t _e o 1Iuon n me of ~ellenes • ~ e be came a ,are , too , oft e difference between t emselves an f reigne r s , om t 1 ·• e ca led l ' barb 1rians ', and o t beir on su- eriorit y tot em . ' The ersia ." ars devel pe a on · t r e reeks t e nearest fr of n t ra nity . individual i nde endent action o l eade r s in b tle ~trength, en t e o ever o rt o t e t · n cit - al e c omi · t t 1 _ e a c.~c. .. ist nee of t e lar er number, bec £use o· s · me s ecia rt .inin to t eir 0 1 n c to . * i ch r cteristio t o i a 0 p triotism oft r ' es 0 . 1 ure o · ord i ' n e - 24 pe r rr. nent e tended union beton tat o t eir c ncept of t e oit y-st te, in w ich t e city st t e testate. T~Q f orm of government t e ~r eeks tr· ed a ter t e ~ersian ·ars ad ended in victory fort e continued defense more a s ured. r eeks a e 1 ade r s 1i . lD l an t o aka e c onduct of t e .. r a r a cen ere int e t wo stronger cities, tens , r ea.t b.onors were ue to both t .tese c · ties f or t · eir · re o streng h b ta bitter r i v r y a ~ al ays e~i t ed between t em. The .ttenians s eein t eir o portunity an zealous for more pov.·er m ade al - iances wit some of t l: e island city sta. tes on t e basis of pro t ection in return for ent of s ips o ,.. money. r T"'1 us t .. e · elia.-_ Confe eracy "l ad i t c be in in l ic1 1 ter evelo e int ~ t .. e · t 1 eni n i m ire. opes t ~ a b y contro ~11 Cl t,.J r a rial e t .:- l eadersl-.1. i on t ~ e t h e f ol icy o · t 1ens s11e c ould st i enjo le r s ~r e a c on 1 nd a : sea . ... Te for oft e overn enta s ct r e fo o e~ b~ e • J. e r a a y n ex nde fo 0 e ten a cit l i a ce state . T ere ,.er t c ass e s of a 7 ie s , in ep e de t _ d de en ent . r e tis er i nos ed u on t l os ... ~ G o ad no com e in volun rily . Tribute ~e r e ro ot · e -, e se er · bute di tr·ct , 1 0 C . e j . . l l ce o c e r i snut e e . a c co r 1 1 o t r b t re j d e b T, ti t e _ t enia s co ce t a·ety t -ena , ticip te in t"' e j ust·ce. o t ook n t en ea ; • t e ile Clo . r e r e 0 e ~ r ate cit· st t ed . ov · e t 0 i i .... ' e 1...e This erio t enian _mire a known st .e .. . l tr e of r cian develo nt, b tit s e ine t o fa es c use 0 e c aracteristic ove of its com anent _ ies, or t eir own · reedom . ~ e condition o restle s es on t }e c sses cu led it the influenc fa lbitiou oli ticians en ·en ered fear a j ealou ~ for t .. e xten o t t eni n o er. "Te city as e limi t o po_itical u ion a J on t e reeks. If citie could , ve b en combined int o 1 rger u its, b 7 treaty or conquest , reece i gnt ve bee e nation-state ike modern ngland or ut t reeks, . t · me of t • o· .., ory , ot be ond .;_ r nee. e n e1r ever c·t -state , n ., ally ed t :1. t - .. a ver r .!l so. 0 e - e ord nt . Cit ~ H d nstate • of Ci tie b ich s e rr1 e • union .. . t its . nt to reek one 0 er ..: 110 u s vere • s re u ne feelin O ne cit • t old otners . subjection, • istoric • m1g l ln times, but i - never i t t e d t . e i r p e O ... 1 e t O an tJT , i D O n citizens i . or did t - e subjec cities d ea J o at ing . • at .. e 1 nted, a w ul never ce se to strive for as t o recover t eir se arate inde endence . o one t u t of 1 u ion . reek, is cit y s is country." It is one oft ose str n e co-inci dences in i tor, at durin 1 t · is eriod o t r.1e evelopmen of governmental institutions i n reece; t roug t e , eriods o e~ :ia sion e din u tote arc onship o r co- t 1 e ti e he n ·.ri ten la ere ven t o t e ·r eks; t r ug rc L.on ~.) ip o olon n t e r a id v nee ent . de ft r is s ee in c1 an es n ov rnment; - t d ring ti e ,eriod t ere as oin on on ot 1er eo le st s · .i a r t t } me tie t e ee e ex lsi n b t tr n aisistr ti ae in reece, e n•nd ecor e e X 0 0 rq in, des otic kins of o e. 6 ome had alread eveloped int cit - state , sim · 1 r i many res ects t ~ ot er s c e rl overn ents . • • he pt obabla reason ; for t h i s sear te develo ment of Rome , comes fro t ore favor ble advantages and lines of trade d co unic tion offered t t e ·reeks to 'N&. -r. l t e ast . Italy ' e s er coast bein r and uninvitin for colonisation , broug t l i -t~e if an e rl com unic tic bet een t e t o ~reat br c es oft- e ~r a raoe . t e early period o develo ment of t e Roman city- state vas 1 o in uenced its f ro o r s l i . oint o· · diver- g nee a d t e 0 ortun i t or ter r t er e -oa sio- 0 t " ' idea of sov er e i nt s be e i t • ent structure } eir overn reoted, fro t ir t . di ·fere t . nterpret ti on of t for e in e of i t ·· e • to t • deities • In tead of or n r c.v r c e c:1 l eir s cred es tac 1-ed to n l e definite e rt as in t C e oft e re eks, t e s bo i zed t ei ·ads n ere t t s ymb r e e , tat c ould be l o e a r r, 0 or 1 i · et u . T i s n d e o i bl s ys t et o c on ~a ion , a - n e - a s·on o ' o· t i z ns i ct t e ·r i to r · ic, tot· e re k i d a i ~ OuSible . 'Te o ans e r e te r a - r , but er er lo jut , obedient, r e erent , i ded . 1 e e r e di scipl· ne u eo i, d l ove or er . e or of t le r eeks a t 1 a t o t , 0 s are tron ~ er t l e t er i s a . t e r e e s v e u . lo so- art; t e L i t . cal i .a c• t . t - t i ODs e a stem . n ll ct i n , o ns cl i eve o i e t ' s es e ; o e , , 1 t ot t e t·o , ··.es t , 2 , ~ · d ,.. i ~ e - ' rk e t . ve 0 t '' ur . r . t t 1 • ' ' 27 T rl v for ' t olitic • tio o n t e e ... e r a lZ e omans s i ke t , I eks • t1 at t ere· kin cil , I r 1 as t co a n e bl of t ib e kin e ~o n c i t - s t ate eld re ified a e anent 1 Ce t t ., e e d of t r e f a ily . judge it out 1 . al s ide e a a e l. C se u a ily . el t ~ l ife d t • ishment e e - o e a in - u • e mint of adv (.)nt t ' reek • i • • OVi er to 1 nee ov 1 e lD 1 0 to et ti: ' enate or s embly, or ake ro ... o ls t t I' em . er e c uld in . bu ent . be . b 1 t 0 e 1 uccesso r C n m S't ·1ve e bly bef t • u l • o· t s e re e e 1 s r ece ive p o er e office . It • i t 1 . 1 in ., . t 1 l ea S r 1 e ee e ~ ... eco nit ion o t · o e:r: o · ov erei nt o t e rig, t to rul coming fro t e peo le, and a r eg r ai t c 1stom and ub io o i nion . ~ he eo l e ~ ad bee r 0 t in i n t }e e t o be ta en i nt 0 e co sto e t suc 1 1 0 r a t o e il, or t ' e stat > butt ey e acted -. ooun e.J.. '1 .L tte r o · im or ance. .... ... not er or iza.tion o .f• ·m or c e i tee rl - o a c · t y as t 'omitia C uriata. , o a embl of t 1 -- e bod of 1.oman citizens oft e atrician cl "s . e e curie ·et a t e kin c o .an d . The c o sidered ne 1 olioies; a :rove d o · ej ected t 1 e an .. , eld· tl e veto o er i 1 Q n in omill Q to o · . C a - e ice . he ·enate .s 0 ose t e 0 • f of l e t ree un re ol t . f ir r ested • r ovi i on t t ns . ne 0 e1r 0 ' r s e t r e tun fo . days . 0 i n ., t e l V e e -c 1 C se e e , d ' b e 0 e sue e or b na ed to . t 1 e V C C .; • 1'he irst : 1 i r-re s ,, s t e o_ •i cer C ed, a e 0 0 en ot . ' t . t or t . e ea 1 l rn n e nex rve e ccess ve 2 five day until king c osen. _ c in er-r is had t e riv- er anent kin . e number of t enate members rem ined at t ree undre but t -eir ea ne s c me as n administrative body t ~ roug t e kin assu i n t o n mete 0 1 iefs '(" . -t C. ')'V'-v\ to fil any v cane w ic ~int~ o fice of enator. Startin ~er, aps. similar t o nany ot er li tle vi lages along t e banks of e iber, se s e h ers ardy - e sants became a. stron 1 or~e.nized unit o society . ~here ere ivision a ong t em, classes,a · all t ct ar cteri stic ele ents of govern ent s maintained a on ot- ere rly overnments . Butt .ey we ,e estined to row i ext~nsion o ~ o er a erf ction of or nization until t ey s 1 ould c rr t eir influence t ot e f rt est p rt o · known terri tor ... . ~he next period of development w ioh tands out ro inentl in t he evolution of soverei nt y is in erwoven int e i stor which kes ossible t is sa ing ; - ·Rome , t 1 · cit y o t 1 e even ills j , an in t e a one oul in u ce s ive steps f t is evol -10 Conscri .... t ,s , ve re se t 1 e "e ate ,- " ! .J.. : tres ' 1 , - __-at e s et - t e -oonscri. tes" . !his ·- l ast ex )ression rkS t e c offiplet · on o · t ... e evolut ion of e stru ·le bet ee atrioia.n a t e · lebii n w ic deve oped ·nt o ne bod ... of o an iti ze s . he 1 ) trici n t ir t forme w t i 1 OVi D as t · e .oman 1 eo le. ere were t 1 .. e -ree tribes, t e .. es, t e i tie , ,n t - .. ( ucre . e i e t ' . · ... e d ro ert d e b i i n ' <--. t r o ere r s ve c ss w· .1ic i s al · • ni e C et be r c e · st bove s ave· t .- i tr d. b ut ere re pr e et t kn C U i ,, ' ·mi y ,( f s r etic . 29 The - lebeians , forrted c as , l ie w s held to be entirel outside t e patrician or nizatio . T ey ere 1 nown as nclients oft e k i ng n , and t y re subject to r i s uirect·o a un er is protect·on . 'o eti es t r e ale o ulatio o a oonguered tribe was removed t ome , and bee e subj ect t t e direction of vhe king . • t erefor e we s ee tat t 1e~ were "' O 1 itl out t e possibility of oome for of ore nization . To t 1 i nu ber of 4 lebeians ere a ded refu ees , adventur or s, and str n era seeking trade , a eve c ients from t atrician cl ss , until t .e formed a i portant f ctor t be c onsidered i n ex in form of ove r nment . lfhile t 1 · eir rig ts ere in e.fin i t e d i s ec re, t e 1 ere at es fre fr o a J aste r It is t e stru le o tis lebei n c ass t o a al ve t 1 e king. in a finite ivile ·as in t e olitic 1 or niz ion o t , e a ricians t t arks t - riod reates . to trengt t 0 1 or c e on~ e .. s u ure • D e first ce it . . lo uld te ) s ! 8 C C ss e 0 C V r ld office f la . t o a Cit y - ~:) t te . •he plebeians a a e in we1e ot c ·ti zens .. olitics , or r e i 0 arri e int ri t of tr de a t .. 1 . T ey io n of t e cit patrician fa i t 1 , a tur ad 0 rt i • T e ere ies , were rotection o t a f orbi de ef t o ro e ·t . s' or t e e The first ste i t ~ e qu iz · on oft e orders, c e t rou t e necess · t y o arger f1ghtin f orce int t' . b ad f ct·- . t "\ . e e r 1 see s ur o e ·v s ' 1 r r ized t e rmy u 0 t b se s ve b ~ e c e SUS . 1 bei art t . art ul ns ec a 0 e r • e l n r i ..., . r 0 0 n over t • t · e e 1 C n ri t ~ e • e 3 t olitic tructure of t 1 city-state. ob . tion to e e • fig t ent lon wit t e rig t vote, so t division ·"t 1 0 can r- • t e kni ts ei teen votes t-l1e t "10S8 of t first ies g ve an e cl ss, • e1g ty v oteslo bot t ese first t 0 divisions a ajority out of t votes oft e entire eight divisions with a full one - nundred- inet. tree votes, cord in t o te met, od of voting it eao r kin order fro tl e ighest down. Questions o e c e and r t ~ e ct· on o· t eir of.fie er in t - e r y ere r ·erred t o te a r y . In time o e c tis body of enc et be nown s t l e '' Co i tia enturi ta 1 , r ad s u ed t 1 e 1 . for ~ eld b , t bly. form of ce o · 1 ort C e). T e ,.sse e voting 'i tl - el political equality but t is d . . • t n 10 t e or n i zation of t J.G rm -· s bu t e enteri ed e b- ,_ icl ot • t o be de • er g & 1n ere Years assed a d t arked f o l • t e nex C n e c ~ a OWln ex .Julsion of t -e kin d • 1 see in t ' r e io Q I_l t ~ J e t 0 con s 'ki ' f o r one e r ' • e ectiv; t e e erci e C 1 0 s t e b y bu t e c eek o e i t e f ct t t eac t o nsul in forbi t e act of t ne ot er c ~ n 1, t e ere e onsible to t nturies t t -e of t . T eir S 1 art te n of e C C ose 811 e r· o ,,. ice de t c o s 1 or de endent u 0 t e C 0 t ,, en t for n y e s r e CL V need . T e lere 00 follo e t of • ioers 0 q tor, 0 j u d e, n t e u e s, t irst u e ir t i 0 ti C ' b t e:r re r t e co t 0 of ' .L. vision for t· . rob u 8D a . e e r e 0 r e er s e . . • • . i io 0 t 0 as t V1S10 0 n 0 C t - . ' . ct Si C ( • 0 C or e e e l e • e rin t . ese Sl. n • t L l e p rson 0 . t t t dictator l.S e ~ ·he C n es brou ex ulsio f t e kin contra led by t lebeians . ( . rug t ' re e 01- e ict tor. ~ e r . a no n e l.S SU t b ut by ..1..0D s and t e es bli rici s , im osed e o· t Vt· e r . tru ent f s ·ate a v e e . ti e e f" a olig re ' arcis ~ ips u· on t · y te of v ting, t ey a o vice in 31 an o t e legislative b dies , a bee use t e la w s u ri ten nd. • t of t 1 e tricians , t ·t • ustic e 1n r 0 er e ere OU ,. in t} courts . In land an ro e .!. t a d t t e r·g t of r de, s C stric . . ati bout ,·at bei l.!t 1 n ,e r e .lr e ere ed e r· pidly red ced t o . sl similar . t t ~ e in very , 1 a.n ... s clien t t ne tricians · t ric1 bei . ent ·e mong e ns t lSC D dis :.. i s actio . sed b t .e sti . D s 1 ere ca se ere denied t 1 e rig t to old of •ice • - i t 1 t f • ie or 1n er- 1 ar f e l ft e ealthy a ricians . v O t l y to~ u t e stru le bee et e e ders o e oorer - ebei ns . e firs gin c e about as re 1 t o. ": o n s t t :first seces io o t e .... leb "' . eoo i tion o · t i stru le ere t · o o · t e o fice c osen fo e - • ' J.'h e y ve re so iven to lebeian "tribunes" , .r t of t e cons 1 r veto in c es ert inin · t as decl red inviol ble a ebs; t nis ent · n erf rin YID. th t eir acts . ~ - e ot give t o te ~lebeian sse~bl . er on t s eted out t a of nicer one in w s inAreco ition en o rs re d t ceir de nds for a ritten ad positive l , s gr nted . t W'"S rovide or i t e ere tion a. bo rd of 'deoi v· rs' , y, o rin t l fr • 1n 0 u o ntrol of t e govern ent i · _ ce o s ere severe , butt ey er n tin t 1 s ere iven s 1 c nsul s . 0 1 butte custo 2 written int osi t ive 1 w. ~he gain owever sin t ) . ·c t at t e law oo ld n be kno ,n to all, atrician a l eveian 1.ike, for it was a writt en d c ument. Again t ~ e a rician attempted t o deny t e rig t s of t he plebeians; t ~ is time i n refusin t o restore the tribunes· I second seces 0 io occure , a i c om romise, t e tribune s were restored, t ~ e old Valeri an ri J t of a e as extended tote plebs, and t e old assembly oft- tribes w s reor 1ized ad made t e ruing assembly of t he Roman eo le, atrician nd leb alike. ~ · .. ne reorg nized Comiti a ributa as made to include in members~ ip a 1 lando ners, patrician n plebeian· Each tribe voted now as a unit. The plebei n state a s n ow equal tot, e patrician state. •he next advancement was for recognition of social rights. This was on b a la recognizing t ~ e rig t of inter-IL·arriage . Two n.ore stru · .lea ar a t 1 e com lete equalization o t ese two classes f llowed;- t 1 firs - was i t e creation oft e of fice v:,f "o , s - ar t ribune s l! under t e t · tle of "mi i t r J trib nes v vit J consular ower "- t -e s bst .. ce of t e offic e Vii t out t 1 e f orm. The uecon ' wn as t Le Licini n ./.. 0 atio s, provided t r at nt i ffice 0 cons 1 0 l d be r stored, t t C t le st one C ns 1 e C .J. ,ar s .l ould be a lebeian , xt , t r citi zen oul hold t five h1Jndred . JUb • s mo r e n JU r 0 1 C t . debt s rr. i .t e ost ., o ed foi· r e e rs , + ·at~ interest d., . sl oul ., be eduote .. e re 1 . I O l 0 d ni of t debt . . t t o t enat eould be ,.a d fro e 0 en 0 1, est , c1e . r ' , ' d eld of :•ice , so t e ortunit o e for man t1 088 Vi 0 plebeians body. well a atrici8l'.ls to be embers oft at legislative Theim ort nee oft is l on revolution and t le ex nsion of o itioal rights in t b e devel pent oft e Roman city-st te, wa tlat it became ossible to furt er extend e ri ts of citi en- ship and m ke one t ose t 0 e t C ses. hi 0 1 ow t e r t step • advance t Roman le had ed . . t o t lD e e reac oompe.ri 0 idea Democracy t e Greeks. T • it a d 0 among 1v one e • Ci le 1 -io ~ ,de it .l._letio OS ibl gave t ' 8 tre t r1 co neoessary to exten t r ul e of t he Roma city-state t rou out all t ~ e inde~ ende~~ vTites of Italy. 0 1th t e close o · · thi · long pllitica.l strug e, traditi al part - bitt ernes ceased ad ne concept o · t e sovereign power oft estate was reac ed . Te Senate s no · t come int t e ore aotive exercise ~ of ti o er and i • l inte e in , t ote t _ e c · n ition wl_ic make this circ t a ce :pos sible d to f llow out t ere lts t b sen ter at t e c ose of .o e' re t ars in r exp n ion t erritor cont rol. e - o er e oft e assemblies ~ d bee grcdua 1 ovvi - . since t fun ti n o t 1 Reub ic. T e eo le a ,lected t eir o _ lers, no cnl - t e i .ls as ell; t e eo e e e s en1 1 t e - _ on 1 C eek • t . t C re e istrates but a - t · ub rdi te of ic- sinc e t e Sen te e r ci . t t e I~ 11 o · Cit i en one C eg tive e t e e id of .. . - e · C r ls o 1 f i - le b ex istr te e tor. e r i t o cl oo i uld C set c ; . ~I 1C . s t eor f ·eed e r r. r i t · o . b so oc i 34 se·rted their • t to d . t . • • r1 so, 0 en e er 1 e ov re~gn f t st te ic in t ., • t . ds • -:,ower e e r ..l 1 e1r -a. The sembly or igin l t d been trul r re ent ctive f t Roman eople; t citizens lived . Rome r t cit e e 1 or so ne e t at t oould go t o t own an te • ortant t·on- - e V on 1 que but it t h e ra i d e tension of t e Roman territ r.1 , rticul rl fter t e n mbers of t e tribes d reac e c mpleti n , 0 dis- ion i t hi t ri be os s ible before t et in . cus e was e m 1n ome , a d of t e cit·izens ived sue re t di tance fro ! e City t a t t 1 ~ 0 e t Rome , . t t t neve c a so 1 · en a e Comitia. radus.11 ce e to be r r e en tive of t e Roma u ulus . The 0 ief r e~ on fo t r e t ri unr:. of t .. ·. e eo le esn f 1 o ·ed b ~ clu ive · risto o1 avy b f • stu e ay Ull in 0 e 0 an C ar oter . HThe ordinar - of t • om n 1 S e - t i ctic . . 1 ecul tor a r n; ie w t a - 0 l 1 C 0 t , eor · t t t . • ide 1 f . . nor e C eris 1 e V e . t iefl te . • rig 0 e e r C . e C e re ia ro e l • ' t . oltde securi t ... . .... rfect l ce e er · e - - ing to be ove1ned so -, on as · e ove ne e l ; e ious t '"1 d . rtnent ~t te b . t e e l ev r o· sin e ..., • ' e te l l t s r t G 0 e of 't 0 u l ' r vi d d • -I 1 ur ed • t · e ri t ; - de · red . T- e ot 1 e r t d .. • ... t . . i ··or r1 . n a iere po ·tic a i ., e 1, r to . r ert. ,. t • . t ·v . . t 1 u . 1 I eo r e lC er - 1 lC 1 ·1 • a· ce . ·t te • ... er · t n, , n a ~ n l -, ~OS • e . . unr ) t l b e e r 1 ' e. . . t · . t te t , 0 ~ -eft t 1 l le e t a e • • • t t l . . . "' e i V 1 l ·e 0 r a t 1 e 35 t 18 ltimate • nty , d rm nt for , e sov ere1 OS , r on s t ey ere e id _ uietl t,; ·overned b ·~ t ose 0 t · e et b v e t em elve s . In t i eor , t 1 e De ocra.oy , e fin Vilt - ' 1 ruled b t te , t • semblie s ,- f r t 0 t en a so v erei D e ~ - 1 rt . t 1 1 e i str ~ tes i ts n t " p a ~ . 1ve · a1 er V ' A • Int ie t "' ird _erio f oman c c J n ti tuti nal dev e op nt e see t e evolutio of t _ s ov eieig . o ver 1n gov ent 1 t ic 1.:.. ot o uch c~an e i t 1 r e 1 f r me ~ o r o 1 eir ove ment i t s lf serti n r1 to ·re iv n o t e u e .1.e s v 1·ei .n ~ owe on t ·rt of t e Sen te n t e ul r ea e r wit t i s r u.ns t ho · i e t - c o ·tnesso f t e ol ct O n fs,i r s . oget1er 1 t r u e t · e r t c nscio nes o ~ eir . ri t t s a t ' e egisl tin ece s r e li e co it _ ns . ~t il ot C tu C u r ua. n e i eps i t. ex en ion oma te:~crit r_,r; t e t a d r . 1 . 1 0 . t r • ' t ~- e tep i t e oes o ~ t .ile ld t e t ·rd o n citizen sip d t -e ixtur e o · • 1 n exp . i ~ ces of t -e t r u t e C V r :e ne c · ti:tJe V e f tr de a es n c es it -.· o 1 n n -r avine· al te t e ·r t .. c ·.L.u ic tio re , e ... er st of c lo ie it e o, its 1ecu i r e l i o o e irect · - i t be e u erst di :..el t _e r . t s id it f rw r t i r ou o e ( c e o be o n e - sove 1 ei t t e e e; n b ic 0 - t t ri e i ; but e d t 0 ' , or, Co U 0 0 C 0 ~r O ..... o e, 36 t u ~, 1 ere t ., e s oi 1 co di tions .n o r cter an eust om io ere to ke t e next eriod of Rone as an I. ire , o s .. i b e • Ful citizensi i t o Roman ·meant "t · ri l 't,- ( 1 ) ac ir .... ert· t · e rotecti t Roman lav v , • o · e ' c· r ' n er lD a ions(c . m). ( 2 ) t . t of inter- r ·ia . 0 se -:i .ere e rig e lD n y ' oman r ubject co I U 1 , it t>' ( C or u.biu • n t en e · ub l ic ri ts ; ' ( ) t ~ , e ri "ht t o te . tr, e sembly of Tribes ; ( ) . i it .. V 1 e 1 J. t n ffice; ( t e a.p ,eal t ., r ... e s embly i f C nde ed t 1 de ·t or 0 b d i l unis1 ent n . 1 he jority of t ,-.. citi zen i no - . ome , m e oman no v e a but tered t ~ rou out t . T • de -er S C e man provinces . 1 ! ft neces ry a recla ific ~tion o ~ citizens b sed n t eir r e- tion to one t roug ... . .. er rovinoial s stem . The t · r ,e clas e o ere t 1ose w 0 - ived t o , e itself; t os e w bo TT. el embers f lon t 1 :..o s e .. be r s of t ~ .oman . C • a 10 ¥. 1 ere e !J U D ' . r ·nked ortding t o t number of ri · c o 0 1es ,r e ac e f - c·ti e w ic1 t e en·o red . f e ribes 0 " c o es t ex t ens· n of tle ri t f citi en s i a C • ts oaan • T 1a . e of e r e s ed ti t e · u bered t irt r _ ive . r ~ese t }J i:rt y- ~·iv tribe s . -.rere t e ulero 0 It " one t r s TJ se ...., e of t - ·-'1e ri -~ 0 er. • ..L 1-be .. t • •ficers, decide eaoe, m de t .r e t i e or e1r 0 U ..1 0D VI r IJ ... is t :~ e . r rr1 .i fi xe .. t 0 ("• o i e l "' 8 on C0 1 ' 1..1 • t r ub j ect lC i ti eu us r l or ., r ,. . In .or t o t de . act ,It e re 1 ) .J..y c on eder c y ; but i t Vi s c o e el , C ·, i t a t ·· o C J ct in ine radi tin fr ome . e lies - d C ect·o it C, t e · exc t t :r u t e ... c ·t .. s.: C tie tn famous d t r t 0 • ven i t 0 1 ... e r . i o tren t • t • H .r 1 e e ' -' 7 esponsib" lit r o mini · rat· on ha s ifted . "As t e .,is- tr te c ntr · led t -4 e s ·e b ies . o ., __ ).)en t contr ed t ·~e m gis 1 r te . o c nsul uld t ink o brin ·in la before t ·e eople ith ut t e S J rova o . t e Sen te ( o irect y d t enate com t bet e legislativ bod . 1 t ea of t "' .J. ... se !bl ) . No o ficer w uld r w mone fro t e treasury ithout its con ent . It dee ared wars; rece : ved as s dor ad ade a iances. t l co e t o be t Le f remost o itic 1 o or ooration of 11 tie . " It under c c n itions of le tness on t e o,er o a ~erio o J ness 1d in bi it o tr.e real - t it s e ed e s f o t 1e n /er .... ne le ders soverei ns, t irectin t vere o er o e i int e ands of bri liant n a re siv · ita le er . er no ~n t be u con t itutional, ere as ·ed e tin i t r e co tit t· interfer;i· · s a e il c emde 1 ter. Te le f ed ti t .:.eir le de :r b . dly ly to vote ~ eo 0 ·e l. .i. VIS unde . to afer fr . . . t -- ei te 4 l. C ,e ere s 1su r er t ~ ~ 1 . co c;,, f . le der bored . . t 00 11 •j ee1 .1UC 1 V 1 oondit·on d c r. eclQ. t ti O l b ,,_ 1 rule . e usu erson 0 e 1 bel on . t t le. t· t ci .,ios t r oug ·1 1g e 1 ., e ·, rorr. e e e t -1e u l . bot oo d b e 8 · Ill t ~ - r t _ e C 1 ,4. L. t e e e t ) C .l for t -~ e () de i 0 tr D r en. ' J. e . t r g 0 exerdise t - e o ·er o· vere g t "1 drift d g·- u i nt l'i pe ,. ' - o· t .,1 . t , t C · e 0 t - VO , 1: r e , l. e w r ·om: 0 ove r ent, s ub - ic, unct· D of r - i ... r e v . t • ' e one , " r·nce 1 s 11 , s . r 11 0 J.C 0 b 0 0 e 0 . botl t .1.8 i: s e t 1 i t e ter 0 1, .J.. ·tica . J. ·01 , ' t . s 3 n wer i ~ome • • ile t t m .jorit oe' · er s bject , err le ften er el fi le bitter ars , b t er orae d ig er oivilizatio waste res lt . Before t ~ deat _ of ustu , t 1 ~ arc ~ r , or .. . r -ners 1 between t e enate and t_e Em ere r ad bee e rnore a 1 re equal , a aste d o 1 er f"cti la . e fe.b e r e i oft .. e enate inn rr.in iberiu, u cce or t · stus, b oinILi ting t "'.e lon a u s o ed time ~imit, rked t. defi ite e dir ction of ol ... e ublic .ome -ad t en i dt a f r ,on re • T e eriod of 0 1 n e in beco in · i ct c v red on er time , succe s , rebellio · t t .e I' e io f · 1ure ' contentment, t ~ese , c rdin t he 4f\ erso e l of the ruler oft ' tie; butte 1 rinci le in c e 0 overnrn nt intaine - t f e p ~o l e · vea u er t v e ent o t eir C ice, ex eos e r unex re ~sed,of t ~ e j ori t . e t rn · n oint t rd e i it a_y re 1 r c e e o it i n c, s u e d t i l po er o Censor( e g e i s e 0en tori v eto , br u t bor t : e ... ·tr ct· o . 1n e e e ce . t ... e c 1 n e a com lete s o ut r tocrac ta )..e d C b e . ta.i e ct t ~ e -Lri C 0 r ' b t c.. Ct . C . lC. J rt e r li i b t e t m eror b fr . 1 t l e t e founder t 1 ir t C r f - r · a e 1 inc :i te . ' abso ute , J s t er ) i e t e ~1 · 0 o u i o er e for d i y J • ! • te o C C e - 1, r, iti 0 o e, 39 C 1 ter VI . Gro t of Civic Co• n c·ousne s . The next eriod • erio ch n l "' ·overnaent 1S es . e of .orne r ~ i d rifted into ~ a str centr ized des tis • Around t m eror move 11 t e custm d f r s of 0 splend r usual t SU reme po rest . en e er 1n one erson . or time, t "'_ new ren t o· t } i rm overn n rded 0 for i ·n oes a a st i : late S ~ iet ~ res i fe. But t e C st of t V rious co rts , d of t i 1 bo d of of . . e en e 1Cl re s ed UT O t ! .S Se S ri t s "'-~in • t . b1trden t e C ·y el 0 e ~ t te o 1 1 r C e t .inds f en . tri .... v S ied; . e er rise diS ' re t ~ .. e t f evv enerotion . · rlted t • it 0 · e ' ne e l - ome' of ist t t -. . . of t , str O ' r re nee ag Il l v '-·· 10D n b ri h o tined to take ne but . r n races ere e u ' l dif ·erent for , t 1 e , r t of ~o e's lar er issi - i t e ro ress of civiliz tion . But uri · t ... e e ·e fir t centurie s o· t e ire ., Cristi nit ;y it t · ,. rl , & - ·o i i nto t e re test sin le po er t l · t ever re u n t l e so ls 0 _· ~en . 0 , a tender ~a t er r t J s d - nde . t ' t ne . of oldin ei vor . 1 ..:. or enJ ves , s ..L. rice hands fro i f ictin fi . blis ul ife after men . 0 ence 1n e t ... r seed t 1- e 1~ l oo s f t re . '.l. e obli tion of el f 1 . . ub t· t t ., f t ut 0 i ut re Vl . 1 . cer ODl. 1istia it 0 e ' ove e tJ ~ 1 e s t · -; . . i t ~ esse C 0 r e ]. ]. 0 vl s e r- n, n t: p Ce ' t .. t b tr . b . io of t st . s r , 0 l s , b a ur i it • 1 , ' 4 t i erio o t orl .. 's istor -istiani co e e ve ·t r in t '.le eve lop ent o t -e insti t .t ions .en ve1 t b ild . :l .e o rld see .ed re red a W it"n foi-· t .uiS stren t an elting force. reek la. e had become t _. r co nized lan ua e of ~ rnin ar d c lt re in 0 1 , ~ona instit tions, L .. o a r i ~ tion la , ee e te de t t e f rte t 1 nd eopl e . r r ne rly ur cent r ie s f r · . birt. o r·.,·-ri t, t 1 i V St e I ire "'_-, d r ote i r !) e · t , 1 er e e ~ ,vor be co itions o o e - ris i it , d c ~vi ize · orl . blo d ,-i e V t fter t his r<fJ ~ lin --~ o er o old 1.0 f orms · st 1 S o on · e 0 , , . . 1n e e o r o 1.is •. ' e ore ' e on t : ~l v, wet ·no ife c Ve e C n n ~ to his d oe o ~ e · t .. c r e ~r d e men 0 es ous ✓ , s - o , ris i nit o .4: ~ ten ion re ; t n re r t , b1 t i e e c n i e u 071 o n t e 0 r o erly r ., e·v :i ,, t: LJ s ut · on , om e 10 o r e , e rt o v e t · e . J 1 c a l. D. n .... U it O t l 0 z tion o t · e , OV r vvi t I 1 } e o t t e ·ae of i l e u r r , lJ s ro t ~ i s e c .. urc t . , ec rr e C t 1'.1 f cto ve e · ht · ov r ti ffai on n e .. 1 e of . l I i • 0 eo o t e . e e V ening oft· e ·inds men to e c nee t · t eir ri · t opportun i ties t , loner i c ontent . 1 ec e i po i 1 t e ..; r pre e form of o it i cal ub 1 i s 'ion • e fe i r t t be· r o· equality err. nded n e · adjustment . of our st dy . ~, i s i t e fie d f c n e i t , o x t e iod :J.. e overn nt 0 t ese e· r ribes , t ,. e . cont as C 18 1 Vii t lRo civilizatio bore . i it t o ot _er rl ""7 a t ~ UC 1 - e ' u t r ib 1 over ments ,- t ~ e eo le 1·ve V es , C ribe £ .. ere as eco i e 118 0 u l r er 1 n a s.:. n le I . ief I e I t cter t ief , r er , i e 1 f .. r C e C r 1-; C find • citu . cri . t J i e a ne e 0 KlD 1n ° e r - • ' for i- ader ,, . Jri to t .l . kin s ' t ~ t . 1 s - n r e - 1 1 ... ' V mo t a su 1 e a s o l t e r , , 1 i it e .., o · e r ; t · ~ e i 1 c o J an s ve less e force o exa , le . ... If -~ e -re c:: rin v ... nt r s , n onsnicuu i ctio , e 0 cure l ob die c A f r o I. 0 ! Lirati o t . • d . ~ ins lr ·1 eculi . t it 1 t io t i ese e .. ·trl tons ' O 1 r l D yr n e T ~ ct ' f ound • t · b nd i ons 1 0 ed t . t i ef . 1n e 0 ,. n e T C T . . . "i 7 '"t e . -Lo b .., 1 d fou b J is e en 1v e 1 1 1 e 1. ·1s , - ' Si . b .. 1he • t l e foo · · are of e l e • C l e - 11 e e ons , ,- a ..... ' C t ~ p l 1der . u 0 t J i el• t·o i - n - pi · t lt to t . ' 0 11 · e el nt ", ic und later ; fe - . r s eir ' ' re a 1 ' t . i ve a e1r e on . ~· e t - t i t · ... e e .. i or ., t t 1 t . ·t of 11 o· r n 1 ... r Q _ e . ... t .. t t Teut e ren 0 es ne orce r. ' n ' b . le t o · ive . e e r e s e 1 l e r C .. e 1 n 1· • . t. 1 . . _ , on 1 0 un D r • cr1 c . e t ~ ~ C 0 - 1 . t ·c s l. ,. e ' • .., . ' 42 re ulsed . But wit t e victory to .est rn uro e under t e ne closer ity o ., u r _ose irec develo ient o ne ins it t ions, b c.1s e U.l.)On t e f ., n <1: eu 1 rJ nci - les o f t ~ e old · .. oman forms . cen u r y a ter t · ot er r e in t he dev loprrent o · ne - governments was strengt· ened throu t e com letion b - ustinian of t e codific · l ion o t ·, oft e ~oman laws . in body t p The old rule o ..ome , ad i ven ; lace i n fact, t ~ e J.. eutonic kings, b t i c t e in s o t l e r 1 E ss of t · old oi izens i i w s t remain a fiction , 1 ~ntil gain r stored in t e 1 er ·ected or a - zationof harle agna . re a , i £ 1 i 1 istor o t i eriod s ys t , at ,r ile t r' e ~e11to ia 1 in s r led i t ' e .,est, t :e ,r ere considered s verei ns only in e eye ~ o tte ~eople i ~ 1 nd : On t e 6ontinent t l J ere si,mply t e c i efs of t ar own -Jeoples , t for u-o t t s ,Fro ks, eu • he old body of .L .o an citizens as o ing o~ a 'new e" to be co et eir f overs· L . Law under t e influence o · tee ne eoples, t ou r · ten , • ·us ion beca a -·. - .,..._ t ' µ.1 ~ ,r . k - felt t t was 1 Il con Se, .... Il ' _ .. t l ey s 1 be judged ' c1 b y i s 0 • So e see t ro t of t ~ 1 11 rdeal ' , t ~ e ;, ju ici 1 Cumb c t ·, t nd "compu ~ t · on t . fr ·ort t individu 1 to r is . . C min a e 0 rov e innocence 1n society . ssin a lC s us p t r ou e st e bet ~ en r- stition . ct: t ., e of ofte nsi te . 1 d r C 1 .r al pp e to t : e . ht . t ·. cc s 0 l'l ao ' sed nd t · e cc ser , rr. e s e 0 t "' s s t o t r t t "' eir st t ents , believed t e 0 wore falsel . 1 OU b e u nis J. e b ivine v en ance . ' J. , ir ti t ~ r u t , . • e ... e vor 1 .. c 1 Je e 1C i ent ete d OU 0 en r i ·e e k f . t - . " b rt 'J. - be OC1 V r ✓e e • u e fo e en e lso u Jo ~ - t 1 e . ccordi cr1 ·e. ~ t C e' t ree t • k co r r s 0 ·1ven T c C uld fr e cu of u erin erf; it to k seven, if e T ere ccuse 0 i . lin free C n; l eleven , if noble . " . too valuable at . ti ,~arr1ors I re 1 e of 1· ·l e . . nment, b t <:;..lrov,t o_· · SO e e r J r1s se one .... ent 7 er . ld • ti faction . e -t 0 nt or ' l. s cr1 ' V r C ordin t e Dv1 t re t "' e 0 . ence . eraon r, le lo lt t 1T ief' , ut o tis a e o o oft n r e eople ' s r ero, e see zin _ s bee • lD bs ute r u r · o· . r e err or1es. e o ob i it •r u . 1 s , 1 s "c o n i ns , 'J o vin been rded r e l C d o r e o v o , be e me so 11 ·r st e d it" 0 ... c i l ... o rt o e o· r n er t :e t· le 0 nt r u • ol a s e o ie l o~ ., 1 C l ., eir for 'e ri ., t r: st+; . 0 C 1 into ro e n c·vi i z . 1 ' } of f de s c t r st t ble e ld en t e s irit o t y eir in , s f er · e io . tri t·s t o r ds t uring t t 1 e or ' eve o Jent iz on o .: e . over l .. urc 0 . ici , l • T e t - . I oti t· f s a n , . • .L. e - ve e C nee one ide ' t ut te; e erso ~ C ntr st t t ' s an institution . . stit ti ons f . en l ~1 .l d bee t e incr se stre t · d en ere eve n o te o~itic _l orld a ctor, i n . e r s 1 tre t r ter restor tion of t e old o .an ower er t l e~ e' r r ., sti e ea e s · o r e r r- e l e r ., d e. ut o t -. i s . ev1v ose e .1. e r e , t .d ' 44 and t bin t i on t ele ents .1 , in t l ~~ . t - oman C" c o 0 e o · r1 • . j tribes t ne ton • les; 1an1z e a ... l re p e s 1 C ' b r aking int t smaller . r. t up e u l e s es , el form t he eu ts for lar 0 er u ·ts , r ule b ~ ra s it 1 st • rsonal SW e l D t · o~ er 0 sov reignty ; a l er, t e C ntr 1 b .,. - e eopl e o:r' overn . ents eve oped · ·ro t e r re "' i St tes i nt ur ov:n moa.ern n tions of ur pe . T evo l ut i o 1 of t l e . . t en t e sovere1 n as see· 1n e . V r n structure t t • . d t r ition il lt rou 1 S er 0 n C e s a res of t e develo ~ mant of t e str n central · zatio t e C urch ;- (I)tl e ro t of ·, e , t ·c or ers , a t · - e s .: ri t of lit f re d by t J.e i r stic ri . es ; ( 2 e u '- ion en s on Cl t l e wt i . - rt .. co une s it, t irit 0 ·r l nee s • e inde endenc e d self ab.lity t • . • t • ., us ac u1re 1n s a. 1n air 0 n l aw to fit t . 1 needs; ( ) r o t 0 ... ·eud t ates, eir oc e ith its of b Iti n t • o · er; ( ) 7 0 r e U J s r o ce < 1 e _.e C cru s ades , as t "' e · b r o n t · .. . ol ·s e i' r ·- t lo ile t ! t i eir m . . t 0 s e er s e 1 r , 11 • 1 n OD r , ~re ,_ e de r ··t t l e s ; ( ; ) t .:.e e c e s i t br ou l t b t o • t ur e t art C e 11n s 0 en , C C a e t . . _._ r o du c t S be t . t c·vil i i ons of · arn • ng , - 1 e . 18 st , . . i ' . inve ti ti n; ( ,1 l ·e e e 1 ea i n · . 1 most . port nt, . sult s t ., e r at·on r u on t J. 1 n e r ~e e . . 1 natur . • t . k in · . s 1r1 u 0 n , "' e 1n a rm 0 1 l T ~ . ct or s t .L 1 . ese e e v e n T 1 C ver- 0 l b • t· on . . f n s , e 1nve 1 C e C ' e 1 S n C , t .e t • :>ar t i 1 s ~ tl s ea. 0 n - .l e1r a· e ' fo c onsti •·ions; t l . . t s o · e 0 lC L J. 8 8 • , , 4 ema.nds for de 'ini te nbi - ls of ~ig ts ' a d 1 0 art er of 1 · bert ies n , and wit ese gu r antees fro t ~ e ing tat e would so r ule s to oonti ue t exe cise t "' e ri neiple of de er c ' a t r i ., t tio . t ~ e mb r ative bodies • du ly 0 represen 1 e w lC ere t kin t lac e t fo rmer t overnrnent t o . t e e es 0 ' 1 eo le d on rown ace sto ed . It ill not be sible to tre t . a i l t . ta 0 1 e e separ movements as t e~ f,/ er st r on n·· t ion l i ie nat ~ons o t od ; bu s t ·l i L, ed i nt defi ite f r . st l. D s ver ., ic} - h ve co t b r nked st e le din t er to ·et er t he r e u l ts s t e s1 o efi ite f rms ~ adv nee ent u on t ~ form overn ent 1 struetur re d r ev lve i n t _ e e eral eriod of ce - st . irst of t hese ste s i s yste of feuda • . ., · o · l ove t .e br i ' Q" i t 1 e .r: ire, 1 S 1 lC 1 u·-: e fou ed b --:r C rle ~ It b t t 1 • . ct eiet ' e . e u r l. 1 0 to ., kind ent t ' b • edt io s a -e so .Je 0 v ern on Sl 0 ro • life ert O ut t ~ unse ~ . ed - 'ti t .. _ e . d a r • 0 C ns n er1 ~ 1 1 b ;r of . rob g i essio 0 r on r orc e a rms, 1 er · a - ' , t , ere of t . - as e e e e r overn e lC 0 j .K OS e . st i for o · a e e ce a1 n r e • r a V ee n r e 1 of t e s ~ iri 0 0 lt y and er 0 e enc iC ' t ..... e ople cust o ed t - . t t • f • f, kin r o n 1.ve ir rmer C 1 . been t in s uke s or c ount t e r 1 a ve e ' • ferent f 1 s 0 ,, bilit ere r e 0 n i ed b "' r nk , } oome . t ert not • b u t a ·· e of C 1 n ro - e no l. C e s ' ' feu is s ba e orL, 0 te re, J a. e • e 1 C erv C V r- 0 • e eop C e 0 e n C r C s ce , e ' Ii, V or C.• ' 1 46 people t 0 f r r ect· o· i . d ro ert ' eo _l e ere con ven for t e ti bein ste . • C' - led t e , u er s lC or a. ret rn s are 0 e - roducts of t J s il n erson 1 tin "'ervice , . cert • time, o · t to . over- lord. r1n in e r e1r e s ste as complete, in rad al steps 1 o • r 1ng 0 rou ord v a se • t st m n. e C st e ec e t e of t er • ependent oldin ich t k st t ce er in s w e full f r •• l se a.rate overnment. e fig tin . force s V - 0 d • ne s s em a · ·o r 0 rts; - l lit ic 1 ivis . ' C ne ons, f or 1 f e "' d 1 C ct b e.. ed .. nd ten n r u on re - t . • l o d 1 rel ions • ev -. p in in s e Je 1 0 eq a res on .bili ty or 1. ' J.. • s ter t "l_ . e - en ... 1S 0 ... e l de n s f nt ee s -a bet . d b· ect, . r g a r C c., r ers ee 1 0 s • • t 1ei al es nons ib · i rec o 1 10 • " ~ ,· i t t -- e • t bet t ' • t on n 1nue e een e ... 1.re e --- urc 0 ,. 1.0me t e e r e r e r esente b kin ope, im ort nt lt o· t feu - . i t f r e l s 0 e co ne ' or cit units - -- ' ic e 1 e e 0 ' e e t · b r u1 b t s - s ems a f r t } - ne C us t u l 1 ede r ti 1 . d st tes . u ns, er D lODS he . fostere d t t - e ent - - l.D ,, V C e 0 eve 0 t • t "' ... e - t 1 t . t b -fer t o . ese co .. un s ' l I 0 e e 1 I _J 1S ort . .... ver- t t ro t •., e of t ) - er C re • e . i - . t ... e deve ent C re S1 e e rise ese ce ers 0 of cit • t · t 1 1 e . 1 e S ' ie .. e V l e, n t e . . t • t oth 0 n t. C 10 0 s vere 1 • ... e e b . in er - e co ec u 8 0 S 0 .... ' . • . citi • t i l ov r n l.C 1 0 e e • il i . ~ 0 ,, r 0 r C l D 1 7 ider r e m r er ocal in :, e endenc e . nT e er s des under ined ·euda • ~ oial ism a enc ur e forces . 1he intro uction . vi t "' t ic . one ~ 1 away e 00 as1s ; t e crus, de • we t ay a ultitude t1 e eud rds t ems lv s t t · - eared for ciety ~ f so urope w s r ~ e y C e ne 1 s , ste 0 overnment . I f l new cl ss a en ered ociety as • ort nt ctor . • t of ov ernmen t ev1olved l n a 1n e new orm to take t 1 p ce t forms . J:his s k t e nto ~ nsme TJ , or "t ird estate '· . ~ e ol classe ad c onsisted of t l e noble s t .. e c er • 'n de r t e e co 1J i t i on s , t - ~ e in ·s eede ne to C t ei ove e t d t e n en 0 ul . i t )elle itio f e ee citie fr urn 1 ·, co r eco · ' t - n re s . ~'ngla d , rl ·· fo • . n s e lV e e eu ' 18 . ' t i . ., t \ e ts • urt, t 'j s ·ire r t ne · lODS sue s r C a - ' e ,, ,, ,, d red t,, c ourt; t q ns .i • t - e n re 0 0 ' "bore lT t ro -e orman C e t ' · e t e 0 fe • :'I ev o~ ed . · ~er fr · t s l J t ... - ~ e r f or . t r ... ere . s 1 no t . t , e ord t .. e t 0 SVI ore l ce over- over- I .,.is ext • ord, but t d al ' 0 ed i r ect • 1 er e ~ a Ci' e 1 nc t o t - eir 1 in ent • • t "\ d t V r s cen r 1ze l of ne n . 1 ost . nt . r -, e p V nee I 1.ne r o n n e te . 0 ,, n . .J • t f ~ . s 1 e e en lJ r cou 1 l e t rr c . t fo r 11 t . b l r 0 . n a e e r le 0 l r • ft t · . e o .... 0 ed . iti f ei . .. t e 1l r 0 r1 f r a '" .;.ese e s e l e e . t 1~ e st fo .) r { ' er I .! ..., e ' e ·tan t - . rst t rt ib C)rties . t ste . re C r 0 e ~ r 1 ' adv . t • t lity , is . t nee l 18 ene C nee e u 1 t1 t b le . t tru 1 ., for t is rat bil f G r ns, 0 1 e • ts , ised for t eir de ent t · .. e ri l ts r1 r e e t - s -lve e an ed ·r t e kin a d t c e w c, r . de f r t and mention g ven t "' e "t 0 nsmen ., d "villeins' . s lt of • tru . · t been develo ed a res u es l.Ve es, ere s . land t r esent ste of 1 ted 0 .. · . nt 1n n e ( ., r .., Q er ove e ,"") ' not .: vi e verei nt y , b tu ited , sis o c i e i at is k n s overnrrient u er n ixed c o stit tion" , ith t 1 e soverei 'D no er e tin int e k i of _ land lti ou , 1ot severe· .) rli ent . i · t · e sen e J VI ic i e often se t 1e rl:, i . l. , ct free fro J.e ·al es LI ·nts . in ..e can do no e al ron. e c n -ot bes ed r o ec ted for an "" act , ic "' ,-n-, e a - COID).t , b t - is C . nd are n s , e 1 1s se '-., es o l e i s t ive o er ' . -t ., at rest s i t r: t e eo e s re esent ed in · et o ouses of arli nent , ords , Commons . "T e ... ~ ennaissance , -e .e for· at i on t renc ?.evol, tion t ~ e ost . ortant . t tonic . sions . are l. even s s n e e e nv t - e le r evolu • • istory , t - . levolu ion mon s c a ions l.D e n ,. 19 of 1 onl we t ·a tern or r ~ n er erer c i t "' t i* e old lines of deve :1t . . olitics; it s conserv ive 0 18 r volution • t i e ti t ol ... ... ::.. ike . ,r s or1n n n n roove . l to reat de ·ree, of t 1 e . •, • utio • t · t at rue , a .. er1can ev ' r nt . . t .. e ritis • d d e nation , but ve lV e 1r • did it el t ri h t r e ct e of eric 1 n e C r n 1 , 0 ' s a s · v e rn e t , 2 - ,, 49 society or olitics; lik tne rnglish evolution,i a rote t • l S buses . ut t e ·renc , · evolut · on ver-tur ed a. d w e t y s ciet r n ·nstitutio st at ad been ro in u for cent ries. It out loose fro t st a d st rted ranc 1 "" . of rowth. ' u on ne .11nes France s tion ad a begiIµn ver . il r to t ·· e ot er Sl . • early states 0 t e er1 d of natio- -f ) 1ng; b t it s on evel )6 a for1 o -: monar .. d fro t "' a t gone on t l'OU • I - e var1 s ' OS ibl e :, e rees of despo~tis • e i de 0 't e t te, it is I"' ad not bee ·ar ·ro t } ru e f c o uct o· . sev e r l 0 its . e • t but t ~ e ect o· t inf 0 t . it i :-. a- e e uence e C urc 1 r e r .. tion; of t . ferent orde r 1 0 - ast · c . t ion t '1 e e 1 a ., ' . O! the ind t t l i k t .e ce -- t a ~enin · 0 e · s es n re son; co ong en , a is con iou rel tio t ones of equ lity ruler o 1 :lers, God;-th se nd a in misery o t e people d t l e s vere 1 e s re es ot i s under ., ic r t :er , ere eld, br ug t bout t ~at vful eriod of r nvolutions an · c ounter revolutions t rou h ic rec people as ed in erecting e e tleir - resent for of a stro ~ centra i ~ed overn ent , ba e u on t e princi le o democr - c a s as bee developed b t e renc. The Frenc, eople .s:: ssed t 1 .. roug in r e i d c '"" nge n counter revolutions . fe 1 ~ t known fonn~ o · tri 1n a eur s OS e t evelo t • to d i n overnme ' an e evera ne eor1es; e a ne ~ · r evolu onar riod , until -- e , ve bee e airl is.tie . t "' e ent . ent . s 1 -r r orm o· or Dl. e vern T ent is . ent e r ub . e r e en · ove n par l -. r e lC. e .... le islat . t t ' .L te nt . t re 0 DSl. 0 us s . e en 0 ins re .. red bar .. ol . o· • f ter nine ird n e in ice r 0 ye r -on ' • d o·. t . (" tor O1.D u e e e C 1r ... e r. e "-' SD re t, 50 e ec -ed by the epart ents of r nee, in electoral colle es, and the number Vories ·i tr t e opula tion. The deput · e , ember in the lo er : ouae, rec osen b n cod su fr e for ter of four years. hen t e enate 11 t 1e lf use gree that i t is e r- able to J end t · e c nstitution, r e i t i neces r t c ose a re ident, t ,_ t 0 uses 1 ee t toget er a.t Vere i es , a from ossible di rbances in ris/t e c ital. en t e De uties eet to et l er s one body,togeth~? as o~e eoay, for n e body, for alee ion or E me dents tot e onst· tu i 1 , t · en t ea d d uties o ~sse 1 bl , ca · ed t e tional ssembl. rrajori y v te i ecess r y i 1 q estions. e ec tive c o sits o t 1 e a o a ssembl , t "' e e eo tie .l. .t. r ~si ept, e eote f or seve y e rs b of t e Jinistr~ in · ter ' , but i ints. f ct .e i C i t e b J e o o ~ ouse . e i i al of t e ·Ji1 i t r e f r t e n v rt hro v o t e overn nt , bu t e ece it r r o be o e t ent i t e e utie . Genn . s a te . l v o rk ,it 1 t e e le 0 re 1ic i t ' 1 i r co ni e C ) l ·O ing t ederB t 1 de u· te . · t "' e t t - fi ve t t .._jm pire; fur r in do s ; i te r d c ie , r - uc ie , or rinci i t i s , a 1 d t"' r e e re . l C r C • r, e ero i ct r sid nt of edera i J..1. 8 _ e c ed; .1.e · t e ve er of 0 ' ut e c . t ro l ve r i n ; ~ e r I V ' t t 0 t t ; - .li • C e ut t e es C • ov t 1 C r i vet e e C • · 1 r n e mr t tf osed of fi f ty- • "' ele te ointed ' t un C n 1X t . t . fa1ent st tes i fi ortion . It overei ns 0 e l e ro cti fers f r om tl e • enate • t at . tiv mer1oan lD l s _o ers r exec .,_ er t - le is tive, • not t isl . r n 1 oes ·o ro e 1ve f rm • It ten t t e :imi! i trcti n 0 affairs nd re res sure f ·· r t 1 m"k. body, ti- e . stag . ~ · nation 1 'e e eic e le i ure, t -· e . sta consists ' embers l.C ' 0 one · ouse . e elected b fra . le "' istricts, ike are an 00 e' 111 n ur 0 con res :e , for t e rm f f ~ve y rs . T ere re t ·ree ~ un- dr n inet r- seve de e te , of w ic 1 r us WO J. r ed a. t 1 · rt - i:x. • a as t J8 en in , ent to .J c nstitution · ~ m de i , exce t tat u r e e t·ve vote i t e u er r e su 0 ficien t o ct s ere i s .1 m :peri ,e ber 1ic o e on i is rie . 0 es tism . e erma V r tie t eror , t r e i .i 1 en i a f / e vet . C i e • er1ca t e C apter VII . i it of e Na.tio 11 m. 52 Revolutions in soc i ety or overn et re usually f ound n ex ruination o e ore 1 re real . Can ·es , no tter o r dic ~l or su den , co r o 1~ . av1 n 1 OO Jnecte a a ! f i it e i st o ry . " rin : u of c use is s ., ce tai t r ,t. kin , w r . . n 1 n i t ··- r ~ is t l 0 true in vern ent i t e Unit e e s · .iri of t e eo le of t e colonies could no soverei nt ork i r ~on it e c nee t ft e rig t of s el ~ b t1 c o ro . l orce in ov rn ent o not 1 er cou r a t t e. ... - e r nite St te enced b e t u t t . f t e r1 e a y e . ~ e ne ~ s ~irit f e u ity ere re ri te int t e Deel r t ion n ndence;- i t • d 0 P 1 l e ple s .i ·1or i e tate , ent; "t , a 11. e a r e C e t e e;; .,al; t a t e r e e e d b .. ~- e i :r r e or it cert . 1 h t ina 1 ien bl ri ts 1 • ~1: a t1 i s i e • 1 t · e f rm f ur e • ..:. s better adju e ist in ent oft e · er , s s ct r , t conrolex rel ke m re -- o on no i ed i le to .J... eric n ciet i b "' t ~ t u :r 1 1 v e r J ture of an ' s el : sh a bition fr i , no a l s ·oin n i it w at i o _no~ n e fo 0 . t ~e ub ioa in form de e t ed er, i s right nd ju ive . · v n nt in t ,.i.e U ited ..it tes , ile d b ed t 0 diff ,rent in ri c e e t . sen ' ~1 n ic e ve · e evo ve i ever 1 ove b t t t ce tion C c eeks 1, i , 0 a • ' rovided for betwe en t - t ree e rt e ts . - e . Cl l ve ' . e 1 tiv, and ·udicial , -to etl er it t ere ervatio o t e sovereign power t t e eo ie in tn constitution, ic ete ines t .1. l i mi ts oft e ercise of t i .L o 'ler b · t 1ose • ho t ey e e • te, is hat rks t e i est av ncenent int e evolution o sovereign o er s s n i The ·reat stru · ·le ic ov rnmental structure . ' S f U .. Jt OU t i t civil defin i tely ~etermined t ' e t r ue rre cnin f soverei ty as it r should be known i our orm o fe era_ govern ent . u verei nty resid e s in as ciet T onl s a bo "f '! litic ; int 1~ e cor or te rs lt i n front ~ or iza ion n in o one , not i t l i ndividuals consistin sue unit , nor in an .. n e such , nor even i 1 1 terr exce ta or · ni ed int 1 oli t ic and acti l)g as such . " ; ile t le s overei .o er t oru ·- t ,_ constitution is ~ d i de egated t t n se r te e rt1 e t s · t t ' eir eci 1 duties, we V C e t o s e (' r e erve vere i nt c1~ f t e eo e .J the f ' pu b ic • • • T . . . . 0 e r · 1n1on . 1S 0 er 0 _, u lC 0 l 10n a s a reater C IL ellin force eve 0 t 1 e rmvi e e of fr . it . cti o be t ct ., v ote SU ge , since TI e r l e ore e f t ,~ enfr nc i ed c ·tizen is r e c o r ed . s e s i L .._ b e inlhi of t l i study, it is " sense nd set· ent of t t e co _ .. r. ity , ece s ril irre istib e , s i it s r i vin · ense It i t l i o inion , t 1 . l in ur cone to e et r o e o t r n reco ize i .o r ls , ~" h ·fe o t e 1 e o- e t i o br· n .b out t e . . l l V r n t c o t , b • 1 e e tJ r ere' r r v u i n d co i t o e. ~ .L a s t .. L 4 no sanctitJ , c rrie olub , unles it i o aut ority , bove tat o t e fist or t .e rom ti s be ief t ti t its i ir tio. One or anot er round ex edieno ma be .disoovere , e1e - u on conservatism a t e it sad n contend f or t le neces ·t f movin slowly . But b its ow confes io tis c nser atis is of a new k i nd . Divine ri ~tis not o t ie o o ol of k ·n d ari stocrats . 1 en l ave divine rig t , t ri 1 t to b or become indivi dual . T . e old nserv tism denie tis ri 1 t . c onservat~sm frankly c nee es t 1 e rig ti tear, but urges c tin • t . tion T er d t in \ i s ociet . t_ e • in e a lC • e one 1 i g to indi vidt.ali t t ~ t ails t 1 • t a t te • a e e con S10 ' has cl • if its le ·ts • an l U J O reverence s or eve ' 1n .. • t as to • ist i ng rights . The modern fre Stat e . ts rig insure e e 1 i n order tat t area o · . est rivile be broa e J. e a a 1 humanity , in order tat a 1 men a live nobly . n This • t he irit of tod ind of t ~ e m f 18 '· e hurr1an i ty • radua 1 kenin t o f ler • of self, l a co sc1ousne d it t t as c o e t e e ... a n f or r c o nition ft es e in lie n b right in er t it1 t life of . n in an or 'Died r eco ition in al t e o er de otic forrrs of ent. It i b i . . "ble ur .e n ·ov ern 1r .. 6 1 force 1 i ich t 1 t o f2,; t i t • of 0 or gea J~ e . ire t e rient . It i t is 0 er ic i s forcing eform n i f 1 t ·e burdens f ctions citizen . t - e v y ex ~r e ver " more lib e r ov r ent 0 r n y , C ' d .:.Jn ·nd . ' e esi o oci • n c1 ce , t , ' In i.merica , ,. e a ,; rea i s e ~ ands i t opular a eal for t e inci:ples of t e ·yini tiative a d t l e referendu n to be wri ·ten i t o te c onstitutions of the stat e n nation. It is tis s -ririt of "eve:t m nu an no and wnn ta is uidin t e fig t f r t ,, r 0co nition o · .e )rinci ples of a."new e mes irit is t kings pe a~on nationalism" . n ions o t _ o l int e a vancing ste of nterna ion 1 an t · rec nitio of t .. · e claims of pe cefu r it ~ tion f a 1 esti ns in di s· ute r ion t 1.i e civili:ued n tions f today. e .:t oble ft is a e t ~en, i bet extension t ~e right o t e individu ~ l tot e fu lest ossible o ~ort nity for en·o ent oft e big es ossible good in life. Thesis Bibliography. Bowne, Borden ., The rinciples of thioa, American Book Co., e ork., 18 92 Bryce, James, The merican ommonwealth, 3d ed. 2 vols. The acmillan Co., e ork, 19 6 Bury, ., A History of Greece 1 Te acmillan Co., imited, London, 1909 Boutmy, ., The nglish Constitution, I Translated by Isabe aden , Te acmi lan Co., London,1 1 Botsford, G . .. -. , -ist ory of Gre ece, The acmi an Co., ondon, 1 O Blackstone, ir iil is.m, ommentaries on t ~di t ed b Bluntsc" li, . Coale , C a 1 an Co., C icago , 1 . . ' xfor at t e Coulan es, ustel Translate d b e, . ' • e Theory oft r endon re s , 1 2 s a 1 - ' L t l ro ' ee Gr eece, e .o f G 11 ed . e a r Co. , . ra s1 e b y '. - C ner' ODS, • • I • t r ' a cr1 ld, rans b 17 e ... ___, . • o v or , s . Cro e l 0 . ' Fyfe, • • , J. i s t o r y o oe, or Seri e r a sl ted b r e e , • leton Co . , • r enri e , -. stitu i story, e '"ac i • • n Co . , :T .., • erm n e . 0 D , T ( . 1 J 6 • . ~ . 1 1 e.rris, (l ologic • J • • of -.Jducation, pleton . Co . , 1 0 • • • Hearn , r ryan old, • • Longmans , reen Co. , Londo n, • Jowett, en • 1n, olitics, . 1 91 ( r 1 tion Oxford , lare on ress , 1905 LO'wvell, . L wre ce , ays overnment, • 188 9 I,owell , • Lawrence, Governments a oug ton, i fflin Co., • • 1889 yers , _ :. . .. ' ncient .:.. v ed. • Ginn ~ o., oston, 19 6 ... aha · ·fy , J . ~ . , in ·reeK istory, 1 he , ·acmilla o., ondon, 18 2 a ine, • 1r enry u U ner, cient L _ __ , 4t ~ ed . _enry Holt .. Co., • • 1 in erican ation ~eri es , ·•di e by lb ert us ne ongm :ns , ur ee r Co . , • . 191 . , enesis o n ~ocial 1 onscience, Te ·C acmi 1 n o . , ondo n ,- . Y. 1 ~2 att en , ion ~., Te Development f ~nglis T e : cmi ..J._lan Co . , Jondon, 1 a.nkey, r e s, Sp rtan b an uprei C rl es crib er's ons, • • 0 6 u r h, vel . story 0 C C . ' ~ Co. , - 1 6 e , ac n • • houg t, cies, tes , Taylor, . ~., A. Constitut i n Methuen - Co., Lond on, 1 10 i stor ~ of ome 1 2nd ed . est. illis ~ason, The Ancient 7 orld. Allyn & Bacon, Boston , 1 05 ~le st, illis ,. .1.ason. odern i stor~, urope from Charlem a ne t o t l e Present Time, l y n & aeon, oston ,. 1 07 ill.c 1 ughby , . . " . • , The ature of t e St te, The acnil an o., . Y. 1 7 akeman, enry • , As i t d b t T , r u r _-: a al, t o te stud of me bers of t e 1iv rs i t · o O xf rd, Longmans, re en Co . , • • Essays, In roductory e id e t
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Asset Metadata
Creator
Best, Oliver Warren
(author)
Core Title
The evolution of the sovereign as seen in governmental structure
School
College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
Degree Program
History
Degree Conferral Date
1912-06
Publication Date
05/09/1912
Defense Date
05/09/1912
Publisher
Los Angeles, California
(original),
University of Southern California
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University of Southern California. Libraries
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OAI-PMH Harvest
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theses
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English
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Digitized from microfilm by the USC Digital Library in 2023
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UC113174162
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H '12-1 (call number),etd-BestOliver-1912.pdf (filename)
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Best, Oliver Warren
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texts
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