University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

Characteristics of carbon, gem, tungsten and tantalum lamps

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Characteristics of carbon, gem, tungsten and tantalum lamps

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Content . CHARACTERISTICS of CARBO , GE , TUNGSTEN AND T TALUM UMPS _ __ .,.. __ ____ ...., A THESIS PRES TED TO T UNIVERSITY OF SOU RN C LIFORNIA FOR THE . DEGREE ~ OF BACHELOR OF SCI NCE ~ . in . ELECTRICAL EN NEERI G ~-- __ ..,. ------ by . LESLIE :NE- MAN cCLELLAN WILLIAM WILSON BEAL - __ _ ........ ~--- MAY 1911 Approved by I CON TS p ·e Pa t I e ods of Testin • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 : art II Disc • of lts 4 ion r • • • • • • • • • • a. t I II . Cha cteristic rves (1) char cter· tic curve ~or 1 lamps tested (2) Ch r cte i tic c rves or C 1 mp ( .) Vertical i trib tion c rves PART • Methods of Testin The :room used had ' the :w&lls and ce i l i n painted .a dull black, the floor was oiled .so a s to giv e n o refecti on • . The 1 ph otometer, photometer track , tables , chai r s , etc., were all black~ Further pro t ecti on f rom r eflected li twas ·ained by hanging blacK cloth screens eve r y ei teen inc es between the two lamps. Holes larg e enou h to ad it the direct ra s from the :lamps to t he screen were .cut in the screens. Two addi- tional screens, ome on eaqh side of • e c rr1a e, were pro- vided. These .trave l ed along with the c&rria e and pre anted all reflected .light f r om re a ching the otometer s creen and also shielded .the e yes of the operator fro t e li to the lamp s under test. A twe l ve volt fi ve watt tun sten lamp was use as a sec- ondary standard. Cur rent for this lamp as su cell storage battery . A carb on rheostat an were placed in series wi t h he lamp for keepin constant. e by a six mi -am eter e curre t As primary standards th r ee 16 candle -power carbon a ps f rom the United Stat es Bure au of Stan ar s were u e . The secondary standar d as teste . a inst e C of a e an an averag e value .t ak en a.s the candle-power of the s co ry . The :three :United States Stan &rd lam· s were rte to t ne est tenth of one c and l e-power. Current for e 1 p s to be : tested was suppli e d by 7 . 6 0 tt • r or riv r- 2 an induction motor. As the current re q ired .by e lamp un- der test wast a .only load on the m&c ine, fairly constant voltage .was secured. A vo t eter, an am ater, an a r eostat were placed .in this c·rcuit. One operator watc ed is volt- mete r and b ea.ns o the rheostat ~pt the vo e, 1m ressed on the la p und r .test, constan.t. A rotatin lamp hol er was use .to spin the .carbon la s and .give . the ea.n candle-· ower in al irections. This . holder was driven by an alternatin current fa.n mo or . The distance :used .between lamps was seven feet. Th·s is the dis anee . enerall used in this class of The scale . was d · vi ed into feet and te ths an n re ts o a foot. It was found that the screen could be set to ithin ah dredth of a foot with i tl di fie lty. A ow can le-power lamp was mounted on the c rria e for rea in the sea e. The met od of setting the screen a • o u c y move 1 a until ~ • rox1 te • J t ant was reac ed and the ti e trac slo l y move it from side to side until t e di f erence of il l ination was clearl d · sti i shed . The screen as then brou t bac~ to the :balance position, • e.y bet een e two ositions. '!he sig t box used was one of e Lu er- ro un contrast ~pe ade by the Franz Sc end Haensch Co., of rl ·n. This i ·ht box is the · sa e type &s is used b the Unite St tes Burea of Stan rds in their hoto etri e . wor •. It r sents to thee a .four clearl defined area, ac il um nated .by one o e li ts un er co . ari son. ( C) ( d) are i 3 ted by one of the . li ·ts under comp ar son. (c) and (d) &re ·illuminated .b y one source :and (b) an (e) from the .other source. en rop- erl y balanced Cc) an . Ce) a · ear equally contra t ad . ith the surroun in semi-e lipses. The :stan ar .laps were al as use ith the mar ed si e .to ard .the screen. The secon ary was use throughout the tests ith t e sa e side to ar ~e :screen and with the plane of its filament par· end· cular to the .a.xis of the .trac ~ The lamps ware .adJu te for ei ht an ali n- ment by runni e screen up to each li · tin turn. 4 PART I I . Discussion o Res lts For the purpose ~of test·ng we ·obtained samples of tung- . sten lamps from the General Electric Co. an the est1nghouse Electric and Manufacturin former: and samples of G California ·Edison Co. o.: an o tantalum lamps from the . and . carbon lamps f om the :Southern Throughout all the ·tests we notice tat the estinghouse wire type tun sten and the :General lectric azda lamps checked very closely in all respects, so in lottin c rves for twn. - sten lamps the value both kinds of 1 p s. lotted are .aver es of . the .avera e of In connectio with t e vertical distribution curves e : plotted but one curve :for caroon ilament amps as this wo 1 illustrate :the .li ht d · s t rib tion of all lamps having the .flat type :of filament. Sheet 1 shows the ·var i ation in watts per mean horizontal c ndle power. Carbon inc ndescent lamps sho a re ar ab e chan e : in watts consum tion per candle · i th a sma 1 c an e in ,. t volta e. Thus at 04 volts, 1e ·watt is used per candle, then the efficiency rapi ly rises wit increase of olta e until at 130 volts the .number .of watts per c ndle :is onl 1.7. t 104 volts, which is the .rated volta e oft ese laps, e · watts re quired per can e : is 3. ich ccordin to Fos er 1 ----~------------ _,_ __ . _ _.,_ __ , _............, _______ .......... ___________ ------ aster, focket !!Q~_, th ed., 40 is one ,of the thr :ra s t ich carbon inc descent l~-s m be :efficientl o e tad, oth r t o ratin s bein 3.1 and 4 . 0 atts per c n le : ower. The curve · of v ri tion h s ver ne r y t e ·follo ing e a- t . 2 ion: wbere :ei, e 2 , = w tts per candle po er lied volt e and for carb n l s m = o. 007 an n ( 1) 2.07 The GE la p, C • l.S r cted t e o carbon am (Qeneral lectric etallized) has consum tion &t 70 vo ts of 11.2 watts . The ·e :"\ . . • • 1 that lC cy 1ncrea es more rap1 n of the carbon, f t 130 VO ts . i ~ e f · c ·enc of 1.4 r sno s an atts per C dle. In 8 uati on ( ) , m &nd n have l es of o. 584 an 1. 77 respectively. t 109 vol ts, its iddle · r ted voltage , the lamp tested shows • • of 2. a.tts an e lC e C er candle, correspondin to its rat·n. It il be seen th tat rated volt e :and equal candle power e GE lamp consumes but 81 % as m~ch po er as e ·carbon lamp. Next referrin to the tant-alu lamp, we can see .that it starts in at a lo er consum tion, nd shows a less r id e- crease in watts per can le. ro 70 to 1 0 o ts t e .ran e in watts per candle : consu ed is fro .o to 1. 1:- watts p r candle . In equation Cl), mi • 69 4 and n . i 1. 72. At • e1r ------------------~-...__. ____ w_••---------•--------- watts per c n le • . I e u tion (ll, mis 0.694 and n . is .72 . t their id le ·rat vol age (109 vo l ts) t ntal m s t sho . an e • • lCl cy of .7 watts per candle. age the ·ef ici ncy . is 1.7 watt per candle; an the manuf cturer's uara t e b • At a.tad volt i ch i b tt r The tun sten 1 mp has a hi r e i ci n cy t an o re edin ~. Startin in at 70 vo ts , i as a consu ption o - • watts er can le, increa.sin to • 6 watts per can le . at e 1 0 vo t . In e a ion (2), mis 0. 764 and n is 1.59. At . its id le .rated vo tage ·of 111, it shows an e ic ency of 1.2, i hiss i t The .above : i be ter _ its re.tin • e ,·c·ency of the tun sten lamp easi ains incr asin po ul rity, event ou hits · rst cost is omew at excessive. e - Refer now o s eet 2: e :curves on ic sow the rela- tion betreen a plied vo ta e and tot 1 w tt cons • 10n . • e .e ation () for ese c rv sis o '»1 <w.1(w2> = <v1/v2)n · here . 1 , w 2 , • total tts co umed v , v, = appli d voltage. l 2 e or (2) The v lues for n are -the . sa e :as in e uation (1) or ach t 0 la • I will be noted that for or inary c rbon lamps t he :var- ~ tion is very nearly proportion 1 to s uare .o! +.he vo t- e. t 70 volts e carbon la ps t ted took about ·- .4 atts t 130 volts, 8 .6 atts. At the r ted vo tage ( 04 volts) 7 e .consu pion of • atts c ec s ver clos ly ·th the r ting o the 1 ps . The GEM or meta ized carbon lamp as r e .o atta e rom 21 t o 3; bet een 70 vo sand 130 vo ts . At the mid le . rate .v ol a e :o 109 the lap consu es 47 watts hie is li t - 1 b t er the.nits r ti • C rves 3 an 4 , on ., i s s eet so • l... dir!tel that the atts consu p tio is a.pp ro i a tel s e :at all v lta es , or bot t tal tun st .. · s . At th lo est vo a. e t e .difference ·is o 1 3 atts, and at 1 0 vo ts et o curve in terse ct, • 1C i t i · c te that at the hi er vo ta e ir temp r tur coef ici nts re ver near alike. The net set of c ves to be co re , na 1 t ose on eet 3, o the ·relation b e t en a. pl· v o t e .a d an orizo t 1 ca le p o er • er 1 e tion or t · s st of • c rve 1 ( 3) power k for treated carbon . is • o, ivi c rve . ( l} . At 70 volts the fila ent was a cherr red, an 0 a e pr ct·c 11 no li t - onl 1 . c dle ower . As the vol a incr ase e c ndle ower al o · crease , but at a ch rater rte, as is vi nt fro th bove e u ti on. A variat · o ro normal 0 • e rY l es, n incre e vo t ~ e , 2 • increa c dle r: ith ecr vol ta' e, a ecr a 0 1 • in a. 8 0 er . k for the G • • 80. At • nitial vol ta am l e same e ied • t st, • t b r i t t p 1 e l m n a 0 r, C Ve indicat·n a e 0 r of 1.9. t • type of la or 1 , . bov vo l t • .3 ~ ris e or a e1ncre a es e C ower , and .a - the . C 1 2 r op uce p o r • • 0 the tan t al m 1 p ( C v e 3 ) has .. v a e .of 4., o. Thi lam re t !" th ·t er of • r n e rece 11 . on s t th • • . t a 0% • s a e llll a VO • or 1 er se aoove nor a t t • .8 for VO e, e can e 0 er C as , n corr s- • t • l e 13. 1 ~- on 1n er • ec e e ln C 0 r s Curve ( ) , . t 1 • • ( ) 0 n s l p , re ese "t, e a ion ith for A - • a.bov mal t a a V u . 0 • • Oo 1S8 n o V O e . the 1 19. d u 1 l ow the r se ca ower , a a e rop rs C The re l t s sown b h • l S r . _ urv e s c e c · i th t ose o im i r te t · only i . ortan t instan ce . in w i C om t ose o n • • r n 1 s or e e crea.se .in vo t- aeon ant' l um 1 ps, . or w c e ·i ves 2 10 as tour r 1 t of 1 • JO • t n 1 ms, Fo tr ;iv s a 20~ in- crease . of c 1 p owe r i th a • I. l C s 0 volt a e . 4 - ------------ 3Am • r1ne, Qom e • , 63. The next set of C a.r cteri s ti curves of la. p s ows re la ion b t e volts r s C O .1. • TJ t ·on ona· to • corr e rves 1S . < Il/I2 >x (vl/ v2) ( 4) • h. ch I . i nd • • ble ent. l a.mp er s ~ l e var e 0 ca.rbo la • o • 3. la r e p, r lS e C r on s 0 • tion of ut o. 8 70 to 1 ts . V rl a ere or 0 VO s VO G M la it lue of of 1. 98, . of , a V .S 0 s an ere e • 18 the • at · on ta - a.I r s ov r a ange. l or talui and tu la • ct· v l y 1. 2 and 1 •. 718 . n s l re e . tiv . • u- rent • 12 n d 4 e s e e n are re . • a e r e • t ntalu 1 p lo rer cu ent 0 on a 7 VO , b t at 130 ts, • te t e VO e va e r e ro l. or 1 p s. t 4 • • vident that eatin · f ts ro s e l .J,, e 0 tu st d t t la1 • 1 s are con 1 r ra s n or . the - fi laip t · st n ca no n en • us a 0 e a e · watta ·e produces le at, . 1 • s . V s r can · owe r, an l e t • • ent 1 • t • • ef- 0 0 J. C lll e·ve wa • e lS ne 1n • . G · A, , te arbon 1 C e C , n cor e e a.n e l r mp• The : irst four et • • • s 0 C rves lV l r C e.r C r- • 1 1 ile t t • 1 l C 0 s e ne r ~ V C r- acte • tic la l 0 e • Co ider • th la ect · v it . nter ng s co e . s - • to note t at f n e ch l a e t e can le . ct r • • tr fo e VO 1ncr ase s e ev r l e e C r - r t d .tot tt con u ed, e • ta. 1 or1 0 0 er. Al 0 .tota C r nt an atts V a.l • t r 1r as . VO ¥' l . 1 • the e an 0 l C n er an w s pe r ca e var as a po er 0 V r nct · on th VO at • ch t • titi o .. e w V r 10 s V r ran es 0 . 9 to • . ' o . The curv eet g rti c 1 • t · on of 0 s 0 e V 10 t , n · l a C rbo 1 l a t · one • s . s ln or • • 40- a.tt ste t l C s on are n an 16 C n e - r C r 0 s. In e t t n s , e ·1 t ►• 1 to . t • of .. l b at a pa 1S s 0 k· n · at ti 0 1 on , , 0 ) . nts a ' t • 1 · ttl t, b r, us e l V n ·8 • • . C rves. a p o r l er ases ra , e a c n a 0 3 C e at ee • The t nt 1 • . li • • ! , 7 l I l l a n s ra.11 1 to . 1 h ow is tri - uti e p -..r l 0 e a n ...... , • ·1 to t at of t zero C rve . s1 e J. • e anta l 1 watta J" • 31 .candl ch- ~ a p 0 e l V . s, re • . at g An i r ter t 1i to b e not·c ln a u· e , re • .., at • at, . 70 . to 1 1 p s ro a a r rees e he • • • • b e· n · r , V la on l e 0 er l ve , e- 1 for t te n • • a 1. a. re on. r la1 p a · v f t fi a: nt, nee at 0 e re • • t or p ► D , 0 V 0 an :-:, art the dl • ., t s . ca }-J er l 0 C 11 . 1 s then a the la a· roaches the . 90 . e ree positi on the . an 1 -er increases ver. r apidly, the ma ri urn can le ower ~ . 1 6 b 1n ~ • • • . l . Thesis Bibliography Foster, Horatio A. , El1.ot:cig1l ~~in1era' f~~ U ,B_g.g~, th ed. D~ Van Nostrand .Co. N.Y • . 1908 • .lba :S:Si1r11dar4 BM~ .J3g~ _.fg~ !legtrical E~inu.~. cGraw~ Hill Book .Co. N.Y • . 1908. Am~ine; T.H., and .Guell, A., ~~~A gt 1:wi&st•D l&IJJ.PI• Bull- etin .Ko. 33, University of Illinois Engineering Exper- . . iment Station. Urbana, Ill. 1909. Amrine, T.H., ~Qlm&tatiye :I~ets ~t ~&.rOPD, M~tallizeg ~ rbon .--.- · · IliD:tAlum l.&IAP I• Bulletin No. 18~ University of I 11- inoi• Engineering E%periment Station • . Urbana, · r11. 1907. Wiokenden, William Elgin, .lllWDiDatioD AJ.l~ ~Qjllgmetry • . McGraw-Ilill Book ._ Co • . N. Y • . 1910. Solomqn, llaurice, E.lA~t1~ I...Mal•• . D. ·van Nostrand Co. N. Y. . 1908 • . Two~y,: L. s.-~ CAAl:.J..P\11:iati~ ~£1~:t.:i.~DJ. ~f L&m12. f1trf.2.rmonat..• . National Electric Lamp Association. Oakland, Cal. 1911. Stine; Wilbur M., fh~.t.gm1t:cigal ka..a~remw;iu. The .MacMillan . Co •. N.Y. 1904. Wray, Edward, hll• . Vol. :I, N- o. 8. 1oo ·N • . LaSalle :St., Chicago, Ill • . April, 1911. 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Asset Metadata

Creator Beal, William Wilson (author), McClellan, Leslie Newman (author)

Core Title Characteristics of carbon, gem, tungsten and tantalum lamps

School College of Liberal Arts

Degree Bachelor of Science

Degree Program Electrical Engineering

Degree Conferral Date 1911-06

Publication Date 05/01/1911

Defense Date 05/01/1911

Publisher Los Angeles, California (original), University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest

Format theses (aat)

Language English

Contributor Digitized from microfilm by the USC Digital Library in 2023 (provenance)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC113174188

Unique identifier UC113174188

Identifier El '11 2 (call number),etd-McClellanBeal-1911.pdf (filename)

Legacy Identifier etd-McClellanBeal-1911

Document Type Thesis

Format theses (aat)

Rights McClellan, Leslie Newman. Beal, William Wilson.

Internet Media Type application/pdf

Type texts

Source 20230616-usctheses-microfilm-box8 (batch), Undergraduate Papers (subcollection), University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

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