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The Ku Klux movement in the Southern states
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The Ku Klux movement in the Southern states
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T H KU H ST TE A H D 0 HST S TH C IA C - , Intro uction Chapter CONTENT I . Co ton Fraud and Cotton Tax "To ling" o co ton 'Theft by treasury agent Page 1 2 2 4 Att· e of th outher er to the co ton fr ud 4 I. on r The tax on co ton ttitu e f out rr t o a 0 t ion Jo 0 t C r t ri t·c Johnso 's oli 0 R co 0 0 0 t T ir t ' T r ' s e con vents revo • r e o t of Cr r 0 r out • r gar e o to. tax tr i o • t - gre e r C 0 • ) . 1 y t r s b e 0 r at et of ort • So t ern c gr e e d ohn~o 'e • 0 e e.r l y 0 Reconstr on Enlarge n of the ower of t e Fre e ' Bure 4 7 7 14 1 l 20 2 21 Report of the Joint Committee Radicalism growing in the North 'Dhe Congrese or December 1866 Congressional Plan or Reco struction III. The Freedmen's Bureau The Freedmen 's Bureau continued Benefits of the F~eedmen'e Bureau Objection of the Southerner to the Fre dine ' s 23 23 25 26 28 29 30 ur a 34 Conclu ions r garding tl Freedme ' Bur IV. The Union Leag • Early ·story or the Unio Union Lea ue i t es thern etate arpet- bagger cala ag Th · iation rrec r t a i i ti U 0 o cy o xt n on Atti 0 0 r eco truotio o t e o r a 1 i g t h ot r Results of registr i n ea a r nt olling t r of th VO g n t conventi nor no conv n e ni V t q e t· on • 10n r Lea 38 40 40 42 42 4 44 4 47 4 54 66 57 61 2 'mle work of the convention The constitutions Attitude or the Southern whites to tle conventions Voting upon the constitutions C ngression 1 action Firteenth Amendment Final restoration of the Southern tates VI. Carpet-bag and Negro rule Carpet-bag rule Carpet-bag rule in Louisiana Corruption in South Carlina Corruptio in Alabama Mi rule in Ar o clusion • 1n r a.rd to car VII. Race Confliot Friction bet en the roe ape Theo • • n1on x- 0 re erat dition of ffa VIII. The u Kl x Kl n Cau e ~ for founding Oblige. ion res Obtaining me ber The Initi tion • ]. t-be. rul on t o th r co - t e ttitu e or t e ou h to ar th Ku ux Klan 1 62 66 66 67 70 72 72 74 74 74 78 80 84 89 l 91 9 9 96 98 9 99 1 1 3 sion Cause• for the reorganization or the Ku Klux Klan 102 Reorganization of the Ku Klux Klan 103 'llhe officers 104 The oath 106 Objects of the order 106 Drees 107 Other protective organizations 108 Extent of the protective organizations 110 Member~ of importance 110 Comparison or the Ku Klux with other protective organiz tions Method of t.e ctive organiz tions Later methods Carpet-baggers dri n ut of office Control of mor ls Degeneration of the Ku Kl x tate ac ion ainst Ku Klux Congr sional action agai t Ku Klux at t K Klux rnovemen accom li hed Rea o T u ces or the Ku Kl x v m as it justifiable 111 111 116 119 122 122 123 124 128 l W 1 0 130 131 4 1 INT ODUCTION Tr.e K K \X Klan ha robably arous d m r intere t tan any other ~e t organization in the United State • • ot only do o d So t e st·11 think of it with ride ut 0 r n d bout i in r ' w ile writ rs from all art~ of the try w e.v t e Ku Klux Klan nto theirs ore • T i • a t ow what t or p r C r niza • 0 0 art or th rv V of t e ut r tat , 1 0 - 11 • bri f hi tory of Ku r , e. a s 0 1V Klux • ha C 0 li h y or 00 r v· 1. CHAP'l' RI Cotton Fr aud and Cott n Taxes. ~vents took place immedia ly after the battle of Appomattox, h·ch w r ooked pon with dis isfaction by the outhern p ople and were causes for the ris of the Ku Klux Klan. At that time there wera five millio ba e of eotto i the south, wor th Treasury Departm nt 500, , 00. Almost imme t ly e th • en 1. th ith i a nt, informers ands ies ·n r h of cott n own r gov r en, an al o ~ v 0 t 0 a tie w o wer t onr er 0 0 0 • f C r 0 p t a i o -fur ho ·11ion al a • 1 the s • nd Co f d r ot and the ent eized riva ., 0 , a • oriminat al • abl h l av 0 0 - d ra y. 'toll" t 0 ra f"'.ti • If a u b ant • r p 8 0 o _ a .. o C no 0 or n of 1 e t ho dee • C o f d e. tto t , r 1 ~ • t e1 by whi t • rr V roof of riv t • • fa , r l a a way 8. l. ory. of cotton had a ly no redt , an r o n.L 2 to r en er it er a par , or ometi ee thew ol of t r ot - t on. T e rra practi ed not onl by Trea. r a e , but by many others who claimed to hold that position, but were in truth fakers. It was provided that the cotton seized should be shipped to either Simeon Draper, United States cotton agent in New York, or William P. Mellem at Cincinnati. They offered this cotton for sale, but t hey were themselves so corrupt 1 that a scheme wa.s fornulated whereby the cotton was ottered for sale by samples which were greatly inferior to the cotton t hey repre sented, so that it would sell for ten or fifteen oents a pound, when it should sell for from sixty cents to one dollar a pound. The purchasers were in almost every case, friends or Draper and l{ellem who, it was pla~ed, should buy the cotton. Bales of cotton, wei ghing five or six hundre pounds were al ays r e ced by •plucking" from one to two undred pounds before t hey were put on the market. These "pluc in "were c ~ le waste cotton and were athered and sold as trash to men who ere connected with the scheme. It is s id t . t t t e ti e Drapers r tis position he w as bankrupted , but in a few e r s he bee . e a millionaire. Draper states e received 95,840 bal s or ott on. This amount o cotton only net t he overnment 15, 00 , , w n it could have been sold in New York ro 50,0 o,o J it been sold honestly. In June 1866, t he ecretary or the Treasury - sued a circular letter of instruction whi h forba~Treas ry agent to seize any cotton after June, 1865, but thi did not put an end to t he trou le. 1 1 Senate Report, 42nd Cong. 2nd essi on, Pt 1, No. 41, 442 . 3 4 The t ft by Tr ry a e ' a othe who a s sumed to hold t osition, did much to arouse th eople . It wa the lose oft eir only ~session t e could be turned i to ready money. I s as um d a a gen a. r ule t ha all cotton be ng d to the • ov , ti h re 0 r co 1ld rov rt. er ore, i 'lo 1 y' t t h un·t d S at claim to it, and overn nt, ad r h could officer 0 l dom o t o • anxiou air c on of the a s or the o obt i t ood. r or, 0 nor e co 1 t o o f gar t h o 1 a . 1 OU r , a r o OU , lo rn t r en t e t r om co 1 i on of t J n en r it 0 • 1 0 0 a • l 0 t i 0 t 0 n 0 . 1 1 y 0 0 • , 0 , 0 • 0 0 - 0 0 r 1 ot y b r • 0 n 0 t n ' h 0 0 0 0 r • • • 8 2, 0 0 0 0 r 0 n 0 • X on o e - 1 5 cent a pound, but it was gradually incr a d o three nt a pound, o all cott n corning from the Co fede at St tes . In 1~67, this t wa reduced somewhat, and the f ollowing year disconti u d al- toget_er, probably beca e of the great objection made 0 • by th carpet-bagger, scalawag, an egr • Th out sf ered m re severely from th• tax than from any im osed by th Conf drat and a ov r n t , v n in th da.r st day of h war. D u - in th years 1866 and 1867, i bor e s · ally eav f C • n ar, o l , d lin in th ri e of t , a , t o, th on 0 t al r L r iee. A r rofit f co r • n , n _ • l. l f • 0 a td t hi t w ti al • • rtua l 0 t y 0 • • • 1 e e and furt t • • 0 I l. • , 0 n • 0 , a 0 r t 0 i 0 • 0 t ~ 0 0 J t r t i 0 0 T 1 t o r 0 p nd r e , hat they were e t a fair al, an u on h r e . de - a o on - ·r h s d 0 at - 0 - 0 0 • C - 0 • that Congress would not protect their rights. When the tax was finally done away rlth because or carpet-bag and negro objections, the Southerners did not become more reconciled, for they felt trat the requests and desires of the outherners should be shown equal consideration at least with thoae or other people~ 1 , 1 Senate Report , 42nd on . econ ession, a. 41 , 445. 6 CHAPTER II Congressional Reconstruction. Reoonstruotion or the Union naturally follovred upon the de- feat or the Confederate A rmy. It was a difficult task to satis- fy both the North and the Sout, and to do so a very wise ~n was needed. There i no doubt but that Lincoln could ve done the work very suooessf'ully, for he understood the people, had the qual ities or character to lead them, or here leading was i possible, to compromise and thus ork in harmony. Lincoln moreover under- stood the South and the negro. The fr e men had reat fa.it1 in him, while the Southern ites ere beg· • n · o realize t the was their friend. econs r cti n under • nco oul v re- sulte ,then, in the vario s problems ei O settled 1 th very 1 t- tle trouble. It w s o t unfortunate t lo o one o unit to do it, as i fl lt ndr Jo on. re to e 0 in orth ar 1 • n rais ·n v ry poor c rcumst n e an a on ading ·nrl e oes. d 0 V n op ort t a choo at al ' t a t e o ten s app ent·ce to r, later_. t ilorin beca s prore 2 rin an n. appr - -f. • • ohnson 1 e t eal of st • • J. es p, °'ever, y n ' e peoi y en o. in the spee hes o twenty, Johnson beg n hi itt and ox. In Tenn s ee 1 at t e age or u li carer, elected al erman by 1 Rho as, Risto ----------- of the Unit • 2 Ibid. V 517. 7 the workingmen in opposition to the aristocracy or his town . His next office was that of myor , then member of the state legislature 1 and was finally elected to the House of epresentatives , holing ~ laa seat for ten ye rs. There he was the source of much interest 8 and comment because or his crude and unpolished manners . 1 Returning to his own state, he was soon elected overnor or e e e , and later Unite tates senator . hen his state seceded from the Union, hn ·n the ena.-very vi orously for the orthern cause ) t, b me very po 1 t the .orth, but very unpop- ular a • , i oment of great excite- me ' ominated im ice- e n of the Unit tates, a a good man t run Lin ol. u ort tely, they not stop to con- sid r hi qu lities for re t n sary too c py t t pos io. by t he de t of in oln, ohns he di not act slowly, 0 e ne, but b n at o c t 0 rn a r • , co l e e cl n e seen • hi ro o of et or se t shoul ecome neces- beca hie!' other, a c tive, ost men tu e 29. rd t t rant o th,2 - te i ya ar o h rs rati n o 1 r of roperty ex et s o laves to all ho ha p rticip te in t he rebel ion, ith t e e tio o certain specir·o lly find clas e on con ·ti 0 • 5 2 Ib. ,. V. , 52 • that they should take an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and the Union, and to abide by all laws and procla- nations with reference to the eJTllncipation of slaves. This was followed up by other proclamations establishing provisional gover- nors for various states. 1 This policy was a very sound one jus- tifiable durin the vacation or Congress and could not be criti- cized. However, ohn on made a mistake in not call ing C ongre at the earliest possi le date in the £all, since he did not have the confidence or either the people or the ort, or or Congres , 2 and since there could be no hope of satisfaction unless Con~res had somet ·ng to yin the tter. ome of • ts ra ical member re t t the sass min too ~-h power, and that C on ea, th the advlce and consent of he es nt ul acid what was to be one ·th the ou r Stats; a£ o them even ent so far r o stay h hand until C ongre et. 0 0 rea. y ro d i o n 's o o reoons ct n alto h h snot s ra t roe a. t·on. e ef the s te to e tio o negro su trage, and co r·ned e voe to e tea. 01· y as a roved by th najor· yo t p p e, and y oh t ep - Th ,out al o li n co entions ich met t t d £al • 1 ho of the Unite I v., 526. 2 Ib i . , V. , 52 . Ibi. . , 52 9. 9 10 accepted it with good grace. The states or South Carolina, North Carolina, A labama, Georgia, and Mississippi assembled in conven tions and abolished slavery and t ir seoession ordinances, and held elections for state offioers and members or Congress. 1 When these various legislatures met, the President de. anded that they ratify a proposed thirteenth amendment. This proposed amendment declared, "Neit er slavery nor invol ntary serv·t de ,except as a punishment for cr·me whereof the p rty s all have been duly con ·cted, eha 1 exist ithin the United tats or any place sub·eot to heir urisdiction. Con re shall have power to en£orce this a ticle by appropriate le islation.• The st tes of out 1 aro i- no., ort e.ro ina., lab , and or i son rat·r1 d it , i h, th the vari us northern st tes and the t tes recona ructed by Linco n Vir 1 ia, Te ee, rkan nd oui ·a ) e t e ces ary t ee-fo th, an the o t e C on t·tut on o t e Uni e ton h t t • nd ent became par Thu er in a j ted i t e o th The t ·rty- ·nth Co en on r e n ce r irs be r, 8 6. e s a are e blic e h u e a so ve 0 t na ly, Steven3 nn y ni ' L d itt e n r of n • Co f ect p aker of the o e. In his a dress o e o e, e e y for hi on 1 Rhode, ory or the Unit 2 B , Twent rs or Co ect·on, but Colfax knew h 2 ol ti 1 eel rations, 5 3 I , 1 • 11 stating that their duty was very clear, namely to guarantee to every state a republican form of government, "to establish the rebellious states anew on such a basis of enduring ·ustice as will guarantee all safeguards to the people, and protect all men in their inalien- able rights." He so completely expressed the feelings or the Re- publicans in the ouse, that many times during the speech he wa interrupted by applause. 1 Thadeus tevens, mentioned above, s the real leader of the ouse, owever He was a very extreme radical, 2 and a deep sym- pathizer with the negroes. In his early life, althou ha very busy lawyer, it i sai hath often placed is t·me nd talent at t e ser of git· v slav s ·n ord r op vent t heir rec - ture. Steve as a bor lea e and es ecial as e ha th ysica mora cou a e an powerful nd · 1 nc·a debater. f e s o 1 "' o he a ery u of he • 0 t e 1 11. i or ins rca • "o od s i m or in fewer or , o v to lan age as rper • C oe o t · t i on 0 t et rr·ble lash e cen ed. • s eory or eco ti s the con red ory. e a t ere s no hin in the Co t· u io uch n e . r ency, and consequently ed. no ttempt to r·nd l Bl • ea s I ., 112 ine, 2 • tiCOno 51 - 1 , • 3 ho es, of t he tates. V., 542 I . , 3 , Constitutional grounds on which to base his theory. He wanted the South considered as conquered territory and Congress unchecked by law in its treatment of this territory. 1 Charles Sumner, the radical leader or the Senate, advocated another theory i n regard to the Southern States, called the sui- cide theory. It was, that the treason involved in the act of secess·o had destroyed the state government a nd the state was then territory under the control of Congre~s. It was the power of Cone:ress, no t he esident, to organize some sort of overn- m ent for this terr·tory 2 t the openin of ongress, however, he was very 1·beral, offerin a resolution that if t e state c n e io s bol · hed sl very and their le ·s1atures r tified the T irt enth e . ent, t h • re re enta.tives ul be dmitted ]. o Con s . 3 t, U 0 t s sa e ay, no hr resol i n . fered in t e 0 S by teve hi was de ti ed to be e n 0 J 12 sse both OU n to t i e the an SU es e b umner. h·s rea ution 0 fif't en e ho hall • 1nq h 0 C y 0 n Congre 2 Ii ., 339. bid., 376 , ro rs, re i nf e s, ·ded or t e a o·nt nt of a • • ·tt 0 0 nine e Hou e nd s • fr r om e 0 he con it·ons o the tate , h. h fo ed t ta.ta o" • and he e r a, r 0 e ent·t t d • h r , 0 e r es n • h 1 ave to eport at any t·me y b"ll or 3 0 otherwise . " And until after this report had been rm.de and acted upon, no member was to be received in Congress from any of these 1 recently rebellious states . r. iblack of I ndiana objected to this last provision in part, an decl red th t persons elected to the present Con ress from thee tates should be allowed the privilege or the f l oor oft e ouse until a decis on had been reached in re ard to the matter. This is a privile e usually granted to contestants for seats, but so ompletely did • Ste- vens sway the ouse, tat he resolution of . • Niblack was not even considered . 2 e Joint Conunittee was e up almost tire- ly or Republicans, t h re bein one mocr t fro t he enate and t 0 from t he ouse. teens s a o·nted c ir n of he ouse 0 t tee a res en of t e te, anEl es end n was th Joi ~ • C i Co • l. 0 S 0 ed ry C r - l } . • ' 0 1 01 0 e r C n t'o J n so to t OU r r 0 0 t • r on r o d . i t s 0 J.O r e r • I t er XC 1 J y .-eor e a .. ' wa a r t ntro. 0 8 C a d un r g C 8 0 h cter :.. tic of 0 0 • g 1 n 1 la I, 1 2. , 2 I i l . ' • 127 • 1 ' Ib. • 1 • 13 a very great problem was before the Government, and urged the importance and necessity for close co-operation between the ex- ecutive and legislative departments in solving it. Hi theory, which we have considered somewhat, was that the states had not been out of the ·union, 1 and that as soon as the T ·rtee h me1dme t was adopted by a state, he would be in favor of receiving their repre ent tives in Congr s, a ought· question or recei i g re resent tives w s one that each house was entitle to work out for itself. He suffrn. e o s i favor o 1 avin 2 .tes. e q es ion o n gro o ~on's poi r r construe ion as quit a po sible one, and o dou t w ul have solved a d it be c e ted . h 0 0 e e tio o • a e r e o cer 1 ar n J role quite su cs y, ore hi he ce ed. lan, a e r e rad· al. t er d . al, t, ohnson o no dou t i 0 yi 1 ~, n 1 n o 1 t e a • m c r e..in fnc or e 0 ich e use t o er a i e to ally the 1 • · t t he r - C • to a i e a b e nt OU y the r si o in es J d tor , ort 1 R o e , oft e United . , 54 . 2 Ibid., V. 547 Ibid., . , 48 . 14 upon t hem. He went to North Carolina, Alaba~ and 1ississippi, and spent t hree months in this work of investigation. He sought i ntervi ews with people or all different classes of society. The soldi ers or the North, he declar ed, were looked upon as intruders and wer e often insulted. People , who during the war were in eym- pathy with the Union oause 1 commonly called "Unio "were not 15 received in the leading social circles nor ere they in common ith the leadin political circles , and it was very doubtful whether they coul live thero at all after the troops had bee wit} rawn. 1 Everywher he e n who had i ed i the rebe lion were bein put in public office of i ortanoe and trust. T i wa e e e of ouis· ,here the Unio ent wa rat rt n in a y of the oth r ou h rt s . 2 He S 0 t t ha th r s no dang r anoth r ns rr ct·on ins e over r the Unit t te, an e ov r nts a on e . Hi o 0 o mor c r , of o bitt r war ro a ly as n r 0 rn r an t OU of epr ess ' o. 2 a. 2 Ibid., 1 , 3 bid . , 3. 4 Ibid . , 25 he eo 1 re o rec s d h i r r re en t·ves an s r u t or t t ons to con J 1 0 2, 45. r . 1 6 , an r d 0 ne ro C nee a r. ected r . 1 J. s for l nd r ece.u r by cate . . t o d • . ' roh, 1 ny or h he ortt , du t e C . r i r e on, e a 0 ion, in n e C i , a he ne ro . ht be t, he a he en t e r o, t 9 Con • , s • 16 ~ produced a changed attitude toward ~hem among tl e whites. The negroe~ from the talk they heard and did not underst nd 1 got great notions or emancipation. 1 They supposed that it meant that tle government woul supply them with wealth and that theirs was to be henceforth a lire or idleness. They/ here fore I abandoned their work and wandered around the country, o ten collecting in towns and causing disturbances, g neral restlessnes and demoralization. Furthermore, the negro assumed "airs,' nd wa impudent to the wdtes 1 a thing no outhern gentl e n ould toler te . no her element of discord w rr· tion betv.een t he poor ites and the lacks. These o w ite sa int e fr e ne roar i g bor c a s and 1 o a enc to ir so ial o i ion n hence hat d them ver c • 17 ch ere t e con ich exit d . They re ery r vor- a to soc a b nces d , as t b ect d , ne. e on- ters betwee nd b c too lac, be· a res or rob by ~J,o r d t e e s d . south r t te, de i g wit ten ro ro 1 • Th p e byte i ffere s ere ore l s a i e, var t e t e to here t b cks were ot t local con t .e eq al n g oat r re st u er o ne ro • r t l e lite or the a; . • he They wer i ven t he c,v, r to s an bes ed, nd tot tify in 1 2 ooley, rleconstru tion in Geor ·ia, 16. bi, 17 . 18 the courts where colored people were concerned. In a.11 other criminal and civil cases, the evidence of a ne gro would not be heard unless by the consent or the parties concerned. The criminal laws were not the same for blacks and w ites. North Carolina iw.de a distinction only in the case of rape, 1 but in so estates, for exa le, Georgia and ou h Carolina, there were very great distinc- t ins in the criminal las. ccordin to e law of Geor ia, if a negro burned an occupied bu.ldin , burglarized in the night, or stole a orse, e mi ht be unished by death . outh C rolina de- clared it~felony for a ne ro to co t nur r, bur lary, 1 rceny or teal a le or cotton paced in bales ready for narket. 2 The narria e of blac s et e n ites and ed . t he 0 S rv n or 0 off • 0 t t· I 0 fine on rt of t co . m.l no ct dee . I a1 ta . C r n I d f"ned t r • 10 0 teen, o e r n 1 2 c h r on, I i . , I, 35. 1 al· zed . all he st tes, but . a e l. rria es lac e declare • Th ot lo V 1 • e t . t • ht t vote or re y n ri roe orbi to le . a any 0 nd i t of s . 1· n nd i r so d . 0 nt o t e n gro fro try to not er as estrict d~ so t. ne ·ro J so oft est t d r nt re 0 r i t y 0 e o n ft • 0 t lo nt, b ed va- a e l. 0 ec r ·rty ol d • • d t 0 or n r J 1 ri on ourt • fre r 0 - C ot rovide for er ren ·ced r - to some competent and suitable per on until they became of age. Mississippi passed a law declaring that after a certain date all negroes must have a lawful home or em. loyment and a written evi dence of it. 1 19 These laws ~uld be searched in vain to find inhuman harshness toward the negro s, yet they were reputed to be very severe. To the northern people the scheme for t he tre tment or the ne ro em bo id in thee different laws was a cause of indignation, a s they ere hopin · for po ·tical nd oci 1 equality between t e races. Tl e ·outh rn la ers ha sou t a plan to meet inmediate needs, but not a an to lent t e blac r C • Sue a scheme of philan- thro . ti t se • sible and yin so uns e 0 V ry m o r son e to he so ern r • he orth dr t le con sion t t t fre d e woul be forever h d down • tion 1_ 0 ta en, n t t e n gr n e e to --otect m a e franc • 2 . • by t 0 t ·t 1 • 1 CO C son, C e ' ry t t • not t dition t I e y 1 0 e 0 • h h rt to t e d • it e e n ve 1 e e ro, • 0 0 t t e n e ·ro s f ra ha e b gr a d • 1 race beco 1 2 e • . rn r ot • h . ·t , no 1 1 t eir so ·a1 qu 1, but c as ·n t e south ol y, t soci eq lity bet t e 0 si 1 or n o to e er ar a civil ri ht er co c rn , r lad nd o h p en go 20 and would give him the suffrage when he pr oved himself fit to have · t 1 1 • Northern sentiment was further affected by the treatment or Northerners who wished to settle in the South to engage in agri- culture or trade . The high class outherners would neither ad- mit them into their social circles or have anythin to do with them, and especially were they ignored by the outhern women. 2 The pr esence in aslungton of a considerable numbe of men from the outh, who hen Con r ser in in the Confe erat a journed int e prece a ·ng nd ere no t .e ro, ere ital d mad- seat i the nat and o , ro ced a f eli g of ng r nd t t b tr din e minds o or er r. T er a o so t e mocr ts of the ort h i Con r j . n at n r an r s ntativ r o e o hr n • t to sec r e t a a c C O t e t 0 ore d it ir, Con e men rom e st ts 0 s r t e 3 ·over en • n 2 • ly , t i d 1n co t e ort . . b u g ve 1 rty of t .e o osit·on • 1 . Th 0 l. • • db r ce v ode, istor i . , . , 564. vor fac t e OU h, i t r • e 1. n s own e ocr t i Con r Congre s tot k a d n ,too , t t e r final roof 1 at it s, v, 5 2. Bl. , enty Year in C ongress. II, 13. · ho es, · story of t e United tates, V. , 564. e s cau e t B d I a 00 r r the s e U ·on" • 1n 0 J e 9. n a 1·b r 1. 4 21 All these influences contributed in varying degrees to cause Congress not to adopt Johnson's policy, but to construct one of its own. The first real attempt to assert its right to a voice in Heconstruction came January 11, 1866 in the form or a bill to enlarge the powers of tle Freedmen's B ur au w ich had been established by the act of :March 3, 1865 and had been approved by Lincoln. This bill was re orted from the Judicia Committee by Trumbu 1, its chairman. He wa a man who had been in the public eye for some ti e, 1 first in his t te her h had a seat in the le islat re, and later as one of t e judg s of t e upreme Court. sort time later, he was chosen nited t tes en tor and was one oft e lead- tors . t e t •s a est t- s n in o.r, a on 0 e n 2 . oft Ju ici l ·tt e, he introduced ers. O\V s a r n e Co a i 1 hich po osed to erlen bot o ers and the terr·toria . • or t d 's rea and set per 510 e re e no upon - ~ 3 thelt rotec • of t freed • bi 1 passed both n. 11 OU , b t V to d by h 0 .. t id 0 h t t e neoess ry vote to be t e veto. t b . • of tr.e a se over 1 n trouble bet ee ohnson n Con res, to ov 0 the re 0 t i ·11 fol- ow d al ost i iat l y b ot r o own a h i · 1 i ht • It ovid o h tr co r f r t he a rotec ion ·scr·min i g i ation by h st t J t oth r bi 1 hodes, Risto 2 Ibid., V. , 5 5. 3 n in, econstruction, Pol· ical an omic , 59 . l would have provided for by military power. 22 It declared that ne- groes born in the United tates were c·tizens of the United States and were to have the same ri ghts "to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties and ive evidence, to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold and convey real and personal property, and to h ve full and equal benefits of all the laws and proceedings for the security of person and property" as t e whites. D iscrimination against the negroes was declared a misdemeanor, punishable by fine or irnpris- 2 onment. Tlis bill was like ise vetoed by Johnson, but it was pa ed over his ve o and became a la pril 9. The break with Jo - son w final. 3 hile Tr ull an er or in on their bills, the Joi t Co ·tt e und r t he le er hi of tevens nd den wer • test· • ref t it"on in s ari . 0 renc con e o th, nd r lt oft e re ort , pre ted t t e ouse a pla tr ction. 4 Thy clar fter her . g nany 0 recon a tes . • aft hav·n t ly invest· ated . • oni a r orou con 1 1 n , hey o n t e 0 t o st· 1 e rebellio s, tha t y re o pr - • t e free nd hite . • t an tat sing men non never OS , t hey ·r d r re t tion in Con r ' 0 0 t back the 0 r and . luence t ey d lost y t ere e 1 lion . To reedy co d . ion ' 1 . econstruction, • 6 in , .ccono c, • 2 1 • econstru tion I, 1 a. rru.n e;, 3 I • I., 197 • • 4 • econstruction, olitice. and Economic, 65. nnin , 23 they roposed, first, a fourteenth am endment, declaring the negro a citizen of the United States; second, a bill providin 0 that when t his amendment had been ratified by a state, it mi ht have repre sentation in Congress; and third, a bill declaring that i gh officials of the Confederacy could not hold any office in the Federal The proposed fourteenth am endment and the provision regardin 1 overnment. its ratification a p ssed, ut not t e sug estion re ardin Confeder- ate officials. The date or t e p ssing oft is a endment by C on ress a June 1, 1866. Thi ch h vi ng b en ace mpl ished, Con res ad·ourned July 28 i t he Pres· ent L ecti n er o b 1 for r 0 next on re n e·r re lt o d def·n· ely sho ve o i • • PO t co • a 0 of e · r e t im o t nc e e n . . n e n 2 r y . a r r en ne o 0 T 1 0 0 7 S 0 , aro e t h 0 oo in i s s a 0 0 re 0 h r o r s n 0 • r o w O r l e s . l. orter • , e e o on ton t es r ov a t te pt on h r of om a.dvoc t ( ho t C o s 0 up o ) o br · 2 ho es , H i of t he Unite es, v., 611. - -------~------- ---- I t y ne - e 24 about a convention for the purpose of remodeling the constitution of the state and admitting negroes to the suffrage. In t is way they hoped to ecure some power for themselves . A procession ot negroes marchin to this convention a.roused t e wrath of some or the whites and trouble st rted. Shots were ·red, but the ne roes succeeded ·n reachin ~ the s1elter of the convention ha 1 . They were then fired upon t rou h the indo. s by the police and later t e orr·cers entered the b il in an gain r·red pon them. The o r1· twas settle ina ly, n t e e r troops declared r- t·a.1 1 • hi. riot cause rmic ex ,iten nt in the ~ort; ·ts de- re not nor , ut two ti ~ e c e r,--r rly 1 he i. vr ne ro s, a e o , OS 0 ere s, ha. · in t ·tes inste of st • p th 0 • r t e ts, it n r 1 t r .. t c nc t l re p pl e ot sa , in the n s or t e o rn rs. ·n in .ort o t . art e·n r, s t • 1. ra.c 1 t r or e e J • s s e el ectio a xt OU• s t ve two-l • rity n cons · ct · s , t e n w d a s n 0 s p orters . 2 Con -re h ' ' on . r e e p o • It m t th 0 u to rat· tl rte ntl n b ore l 2 o e , oft e Unite tates, v., 612. n, eoonstructio, o re a - t rn s1 o of r C r Johnson' t • po 1. y . st te !l t ey C d be r- e readmitted to the Union. Now Johnson, because of the importance and power or his office, was still very influenLial in the South, despite the fact tnat he was so discredited at the North. H e !5 knew the wishes of the country, so well expressed in their elections to Congress, and had an opportunity still , of renderin a great ser- vice to the nation. B ut Johnson's we kness is here very ev·dent, his narrow-rnlndedness and bu l he edness. He kn :v1 t at the four- teenth amen .ent ha to be ratified, n d advised the ou hern st tes to rat·ry it, t . o bt th t they o ld h v e ere 1s no one so, and reconstruction u h ve ta. n p ce 1. t OU rther trou- ble. 1 He, hmrev r, adv • ed t Sou st te to re·e t · t and rn t • Texas t the le d • October, 18 6, y l. so, n n n e er ~ te f ollo • 0 t 0 t ervat·ve st·11 left • C co i Con ress t C n e to radical 2 • T et i D ecember, 66. T . ent new on res y re e now con . t t l 1·e e he eo • e ves, as y 0 e C 0 , sed a loft • cti ·ect· o of h ex re V e r • e r our nt a en ent case t l e radi 1 t o a vo a e n ntire c of 0 y, ·t s not on b re a y o e st · 0 ate . d t to gre t extent to t views s I e no OU 0 r . . l as n t e • ous Con ea rs, 0 re s n n re re • tee te t ost • . • s no 0 e 0 e a 0 0 O SJ. n t e nat • . t b tt V" I umner ing J._ e or re:,01 - - l t<hodes, tates, VI. I 2. 2 Ibi . , • 7. 26 and humanitarian ide lism." He would shed tears at the very thought of denying certain rights to the ne ro, many o which the negro knew nothing about or desired. But he or ed har d and earnestly to pr vent the restoration to t he outhern w 1·tes of ri hts very essential to them. 1 The less i .port nt leaders of this C on r ss ~ere • s. Bo t vrel s., a merc·less type of man, Benjamin F . utl r, nd Henry il::;on. 2 Con ress, ·n time evolved an entirely ew an or reconstruction. The state governm nts ·n the 0 h were to b estroye an reor n- . throu h ne ro su fra e. 1 hi was a 0 1·s e rou h ec n- ize urin t year 1867 overt e eto of the res nt. he r·r t e o st ct·on Act, arc 2., re that 1 st te over pro ec i for 1 e or ro r- ty XS nt or a qu orth C r ou: Curo · eor I , , 0 a , s a n , n i. or er t ab i ea , t ese ta s 0 e n o y r s r 0 r 0 the r - nt, s n r o e C 0 i . d ty to 0 t ·re an rt , s r 1 or 0 r • 3 On .f r seco 1 ace . ., C , • . . tr t·on oter e n r a in 1 1 r 0 a s 0 0 b reat n hero ite en er isfran his d, s ·t 1 • 87 • n , nonuc, 2 I • 88. 1 • 3 le • istor econstruct· · on • 401 . n • 27 provided that no man could register unless he had taken the ohth, "that I have not been disfranchised for p rt·c·pation in an)" re- bellion or civil war a ainst the United t ates." These men could neither vote for elections or upon t he ratific tion or the state constitution. The act f'urth r provided tat the registration and election officers must take the iron• elad oath. Th r was one other important provision in this act,--that a majority of the registered voters st vote in order or nyt ·n voted upon to carry. Two ot er econ truction cts ere passed soon afterwards to settle etails oft ese acts. 1 uh waste l an of ecnnstr ction of the outh rn sta es, a o t ·ne by on ress. 1 e j ·n I D ocu entar ction , I • , 4 8. 28 CHAPTER III . The Freedmen's ureau. Con ress had de somewhat or an attempt to right southern conditions at an earlier period by establishin the Freedmen's Bureau on . . rch 3, 1865. It declared, "t at there is hereby es- tablished in the ar Dep rtment, to continue in the present war o rebellion, an for one ye rt ereafter, a bureau of re es, freed.men, and ab ndoned 1 n , tow· hereinafter provi ed, hes pr ·sion n doned l ands, n t econ rol of all 1b ·ects na ement o all aban at ·n to refuge and re n rom rebe st ts--, er sch ules n re 1 tions as y be pres cr ·bed byte ead of tle burea an a prov d by t e nt." e re u w s n r t e nae ent an ontrol or • ointe y t t i t nt o t a co 1 0 a r s e cos e . t of t he . ent , ena e . e n l. n, n er re re . tho ven ·t to set ap , or se o l o re e freed tr 1 ·t . . ct· ary states an en, s C C 0 n n ]. s shall been b n • h he un·te t a a ve on or 11. 0 " a e q i red e by co ati r e, or i " 0 • e r o 0 1 e . ]. e t re h n ro t acr 0 t n • • fo a t r of e 0 a e t ree ear ' a an an ent not . s·x p its val t a y . • e e 1n r cen 0 8 • e r1.n l.S oc- up cy a ten nt e r iv'l g o~ rch s • Unite , Vo • 3, 607 . 29 On July 16, 1866, by Con ressional ct, the Freedmen's Bureau was continued in force for two more years. It made r rther pro- visior in regard to the freedmen. "The supervision and care or said Bureau shall extend to all loyal refugees and freedmen, so far as the same shall be necessary to enable them as speedily as prac ticable to become self-supporting citiz ns of the United States." Various assistants were provided or, who were to e milit ry en and loyal people. Need 1 medical aid was to ·be provided. The connnission was given t he power to seize hold , use, lease, or sell, all ro erty hel . ich had be on ed to t he SOC led Confederacy. Either the oper or t e proceed . fr t le ld y rive s 0 e used for the e u ation o r t e freedmen. The Burea s ere also ur e to co-o er te ·t r e b e c etie, to r s te C . t eir r to • the ucation or t rs a 0 in po e in e e ne ro. In a s tes ·n ·ch ne ro testi ny w s e cl ed from th o rts, ontrov r . s b teen t e 1 cs and e to te by t 1 e e e e reau. Tis ree men •a Bur au s i rst est s e ' d e to er or r t • • n t • or 3, oved ason • s 0 r sp n 0 • . i h nt rs nd . e s s y , n.1 o p e ei an- .L. t·o • "' , C op o 1 n • e tempte by t • . r · by he C on- saves ram.is 0 re 0 I or r e erate • t·n t • 0 1C 0 a s o em 0 pose es or r to r vent c ed ·nto t e camps of' t e 1 0 h rn l U ited 30 armies. t first the abandoned lands were seized by the govern- ment an leased to private persons, who employed the freedmen to work upon them. It was realized that a more adequate system would be necessary to meet con itions and therefore t e Fr edmen•s Bureau was establishe • 1 The ortherners would not trust the care of the ne roes to their old masters, s they felt they would not receive just treatment. nent institution. "It is not intended ," s~ys Trumbull, "as a perna. It is only esi ned to aid t ese e pleas, i g- orant, an u rotected eo e, t our ·1 io e free y the acts o~ ar ad cons i tional .en ent , for an t al e care of e ves.' 2 Byte secon Con resin 1 ct, r 1ich o tinued the Bureau for toy rs and xt its po rs, are reso r ces and a o t e - lace i its nds. . V I X C 1 nd j u o r. the rea as r·r top edm 1 u de t to h r t o ·t a ite e r 1 C st r re b n V in 0 e , e p st rv • 0 0 as cor d e is- , it wa ry ene ·c ·a1. • r 0 rr·en - e • re t • t·ons • re ss e r o , and . a s 0 ney, r in n ov·sions e rece·ved fro t e ort . l. he years 186 nd 67 1 n r , , 249 . 2 od s, t he to be used in supplying the needs of the people. There were various reasons for the lack of supplies in the South. There had been a gre t loss in the male popul tion due to the war, and the great number disabled al so accounted for falling off in pro- 31 duction. lo the st tus of the laboring popul tion h d been com- letely ch nged, and the negroes wee now enjoyin their freedom by absta·ning from war • To add to it al , this was a very bad se s n, c usin oor cro s . 1 I very dif ·c lt tog t t e negroes to rk. · Provis n was or the sport n e 1 ent o ny of the y the ur u . s o t e r s, most o w om ere very honest men, arne e ne o t t, with eir r· hts h o ea ded re o s uch a n as ol el itt e, on o t e s 0 r a·rs in ort . l. • e r ro o be h est, a s o e r in o con acts 0 a or. e s n o acre r s t t, · any gro r - se a t 0 nt, e o e ec o e t y t e au . 2 r us, 0 or o e o e • 0 f V r, 0 C S h r e n ,or • 1 rge amo of 0 c ed r z n ( o 0 of b n o nt a 0 t 0 s . So 0 a ~ o · ed y e o r o e o it a 1t·va e byte over nt, n 0 , orth Car ina. 2 House of er ent tive, cu iv curnents, 9 Con ., 1 t si n., o. 70, 2 . 2 32 the f r eedmen 1 or charge. wages ; other farms wer let out or rent ed free In order that t he ne roes should get a fair deal in contracts with Southerners, all of such agreem ents were to be in specte by the nearest B ureau. Provision had been ma.de for the givin of edical attention tot ose nee in it . in hospitals an two is ensar s were estab i she • • • • • n-i -c 1·er., twelve m edical in s 1.ss1.p 1. s r e off''cers and seventy- • nts, loyed . . l. e 5 S e o e 1.me 1 t e ork. . . e C 1 tt nt·on was 1· .. e l.S e ve i n the o r st tea. Carr . ot • . . t ct, • ty- • t ools w ng o er 0 0 l. e s s re este.b . . she • is • . os t he f 1 s 1, e er e ng 0 e 2 B . . ned b sc· ool s, • s r ss u 0 e se o e e o ce s 0 rt r d o er e s a 0 . 0 • r 0 e or 0 0 e ' • r 0 s s 0 e r 0 • rt es • 8 , r 6 C 0 C r s 0 • I 00 s s 20 , 7 C r • . te • red h ers l. r 0 n o m C 0 ey r t 0 V e B 0 C 0 ce, 0 t · on, • rr on ed ; at o ec 0 J 0 g e e e en ver , r n r, • 2 • 33 they thought the st te laws did not afford them justice by ad mittin their testim ony in cases in which they were interested, they nn.ist a y to the nearest Bur au ent for advice. I n all states where ne ro testi ony was not permitted in the courts, the case was always to be tried be or t e Freedmen's Bur au. 1 The real ork of the Freedmen ' u ea can bes mmed up i n t he words of the ci rc lar letter sent around by the war de art ent on Ju ... y 24, 1 65 . It was dee red to e to promote ro uctive indus - try, ettle t ose 1 tely in slavery in 01nes o th ir own, rant e to them abso te fr edom n of vi rtuous intelli ence a pe ce n d t·ve ec ring ro h r n' re 2 rty. o i i p r r t t od , 5 ee · t st bl . i l . • n o. 1 0 t h , • ent . e 0 n 0 s e U1C co d 0 a t h 0 • C V 0 t to . t • h ' nc e r s r cts, . 0 " or 0 e r 0 C OJ 0 0 J OS 0 0 e r t 0 /\ 0 0 rol J n vot • n s r r, • 2 5 . 2 Io e o {, se t i e , ently est b ·sing . ·t 1 J ro- really . seen . 0 0 u fra e to ee t t ore on r f 0 r t e o r·c re o en . . . r r h r e me 0 r 0 ' l ed e 0 Y\ sioners nd ts ., t 0 . ., st e O , O • 70, 1. ---------- - on y 34 g nt of th Freedme 'e Bure u became a tive in th Union Lague. 1 e in th ... , tabli hing of L g n vari us places and ·11 d many o th offices. Th 1 T 0 ut. e iv . radi l pol·t cl ur u t n r d clar cam larg ly a. i to be he mot in ou , s.nd t s no agency o 1en di e on r ct·on h i hex ited the·r oppo ition more 2 e Bur I ha • 081 1 V o itica e • nc e 0 rva v a y s r 0 ryin t et o ro • C 0 0 0 r • n o 0 10 0 r 0 t r ' 0 0 .j . l. of o i co mi or ~. n i t 0 • o r I i 0 0 0 0 , • n I h r or 0 n o n • 0 0 0 0 d r • e 0 ' 2 J ' • or 2 0 2 on , J o. l • ' to 35 ' of course were not due to action on the part of the a ents J however , as imny of them were , th Southerners di not hesit te to hold them de a re ular pr ctice responsible and declared that the a.· nts of levying contri1 tions fro employers by ans of thre ts of taking away tleir laborers as well as causing them to strike. 1 It was furth r mo1e dif icult~ ny ti es . t o et t he ne roes to sin c n- 1 tracts , due to a ·sinterpretation of the ordin oft e law estnb- li~ling the urea . It g ve r · e tote· e t t e lan or t e n t ie freedmen , t t e et' forty ores o nd anc le." i re ort s r d n t ief beca e quite rev t . t i teri r o t e o th rn t te, t t the ov rnm nt i ten e to ffect t divisio. e r a J C S 0 J r e o co r ct. i re ort ~stl b s o ier bot 0 e nd r i n b ec 1 or - 0 re to n • 0 e nt l so e 0 J 0 0 t ry 0 ov r- h 2 T e C re or • u r e r r - ... . 1 t e . 0 s or • 0 J C C c ntr t o . tot t C ~ 0 0 a 1 c or y • re t t the·r r· g t fre 0~ 1 ould . d • 0 om con r c no Tl i 1 t rt . lo 1 · . h r ts sec C in 1 s e g re tty. t . to t rrow- n r ure (.-. ~ , 'lton, 06. o. t Co . ' d ' y 36 11artand , r.,lorida. , w l10 wrote , "I found th t t e a ents of Jac .. cson County and other counties ave a proved contracts in w ich , but three ounds of bacon re ro ided . They ha e no rinted form of contr act •••• It sla.11 be my en eavor to have a uniformi'ty of con- t r acts . ·ha.l I an ul contracts in which the sti ul .ted four pounds or bacon re not provided?" 1 The ureau offic i als were ilty of overbear inu nd of i . p oper con uct in a mimb r of i n.tances i t se· zul!e o I il . , or ol·n, e c~ty ibr ry room i ro rty. e ci y In 1 • wa seiz nd occ ied for nearly a r in spit of n er us pro n c·ty ot w re e ; 0 • i f a l fort 0 • 0 0 sec r or C r t e lett r ec a · t h e 0 o l d iz • r re e i 1 · hi • 0 iti s. 1 g r 0 rt of 2 r. d. .{ r r . o r r OS J O C o .. e ood t t I ur tote c r .c r rt :ust·c ere ro 1 • n C r v n e . l.C j 1 t t· v 5 J 28" . 2 r ort 294. 0 I ' 0 r ~ 1t " t · v s, n, O • 70 , 14. o s s nd ro rt d o ge e , • J s- t 0 ler r r - cco - • . 1 m or on . , t 1 . , t 37 perpetrnted injustice . The testimony o. f' a negro reg rdless of his character and often his 1 nowl~dge wa u su lly acc e ted as more relia le than th t of hite ersons of t he highest ch racter and the f\;.llest no 1 ledge of t e case; nd yet ignora ce a. d pre ·udice ere more res onsi le for th conduct t ic· ls t l n ad inte tions. ut · n many ca.s s t e o ·r r of t he ure u wa use by its officials for t he purpose of humilie.tin w i te ci j z ns n t re iv" t e n ro po u r ·rest t·o oft e uro u•s ow r. Th s t h u nc o ureau courts u o t e ne ro was b d. eithe its • tle 'I ites w t . uld s C U 0 0 1 s ave be n. It de to ma. t c nte t for a our 1 • The ure u h d e horit to C set e rr t 0 any rso on t t te 0 u by ny n ro. of t h • e. oth r t · .. e t t • t foo - e u , e a 1 1 . b • it 2 T om , n n • r re - t C 0 tl , o er ro ,h d ·a 1 r lo . t 0 0 0 - I' . • C 1 0 , re 0 C - s J r - uir·n t ef e t r or so tty a t o nS1rer r ·e o tt . 1 n e t C r 1 ro. 1·c e . i l u e. 0 C a . ct· b t it 4 ve 0 • l . t 311. l. a, 2 Eel istor of the l J rte co erbert, y the outh?, 237. 4 rner, i. 363. a. 38 The better class of Southern whites never objected to the edu cation oft e negro by the Bureau, since they were not t axed for it; however , from the very first tle poor whites complained. It is true that many school houses were later burned byte w ites, but it was not because they were not in favor of negro education, but because the school houses were used for Union League meetin sand were t e centre of political activity. The Southern whites did object however, tote instructors and their olicies. it a due preciation of tle coura e, devotion and ofte the self- sacrifice of te chers from tle orth, s a lass t.ey 1 eked o erat on, tack, kno led e of ere con iti n nd needs oft e ne ro, an inf r too ny C T ey es, a ost ri le s • os ses ion, co on s n e. ere e tirely too ree in their crit·ci oft e S h, ad too fr nk • th ir ex re s·on of disli e for S t r o le • · creet C a cont·nu ly nd T e also interfe-.ed it a or, e p ci 1 b 1 rva ts 0 t ere C nt 1 tad trou 1 . T p 1 ers 0 t r reat r 0 e it SC a s fi s 0 re tr ob"ec ·on to v lo d ·ndiscre t n s. • .ey tly so outh. e v r nc n ho e , t ch- . 1 t at hich • ute he basis of • n n n I con 0 ec- tion o t he .en• s Bure ·ts • t • st ree ex1. ce in e a . . • ·nsti ut·on , • it t 0 he q s1-c Vl. no in l ony over st tes; • olitic 1 endenc . . ctly opposed · he con- 0 n e ir 0 1 amilton , ction in orth Carol· a, 7 39 servative beliefs; exhibitin a disposition to prevent the operation of cert in laws; and rudely interfering at times in economic rela• tions between the whites and blacks. 1 The faulte or the ureau were due in a great part to the character of its officials, because when they were what they should be, the ure u as an influence for ood. Most or th hi her officials proved to be more honest than the minor on • ny O t OS lthough thou t to be honest and responsible men , proved to be anyt ing but trustwort y er inc n roi. 2 In ener 1, the officers w re disti ished for i nor nee an n ficie cy. Th Fr 's urea , s s een s i, ca to one of l moth te or s of ec ns ruction. D vi, ruction in Florida., 4 7. t H ort, 0 . 4 ' • , 2 d Con. i on, _ 2 • 2 3 on, rleco structi , 21. 40 CHAPTER IV. The Union League. Probably the most hated organization in the South was the Union League, w ich, by its control oft e negro vote, practically controlled t he gover nt in the Sou hern states for a number or ye rs. It was probably, more than any other sin · e factor the cause for the or anization of the South into Kl ns. e int ry 0 I or er o un rt t s e r or te b t e B f 0 • nion Lea e, • • is soc e y. he 1 6 • t a tie econ ro • r .1.se o r be necess y o exa • ne on Lea em ve et began e look oft e 'ort _ no e Cone e t ce s • l.. 8 i B; t o os· io o e " r e d tr ti , t • r e o he c et or r s _e • n ; t e s on - sy p t ; t e aw e o t h of OV r re te • of nio hr hot t e ort by e 1 o dee re tat" oyal b • o g n ze, co 0 i 8 I de eff o ·ve. ?hi move nt b an 0 n so ted in or o Unit t ats ·tary Co • .. n o n a S 0 1 er t he Unio a e of elp i as or anized. 41 P iladelphia ' s exaiple was followed by New York, oston , Brooklyn, Chicago, Baltimore and various other cities until these leagues, connected by loose bonds of confederation, · ere found in every part or the North . They all pled ed "un om romisin and uncon- dltional l~lty" to the U ion, the ivin up of a~ ideas of state rig ts, and t e plete subordination of politi al i es to the Union . Their aims , ho~ever, ~ere o ·a1 a lru h ·nterest was ta e _n he ne roan ey succeed in enl "sting e ro troops. well as to use T mies oft e ort. for ite 1ers res t o t o teach ten ro, as ence t t n ro s toe ist in the ar- ea _ie o ies t d lare r n is It w s ne of t nt anc for o suf r ge. Its a ents ere a e a or' y • n he 0 e e r s e rti y o t e nion 0 a e o se tle . eon e t re e s hl t . ec rin V m 1 t v r 0 e 0 0 e1 Yor. • i C xt re. no Con re J 0 Y• no er 0 • f l. e o s • 0 C rt. n. e 7, 00 · catio I ut t e el hia f r r ss tl ·s n mber ·th 4, 5 0, 000 h • n oft e e u 1·ca ·on o s· ted of" out rn atr ities," a b en rue, t t n e or et t os extre C e 0 - s·ble n to o preset tle a est t 18 n oft e ort ern re der 42 was turned to radicalism to prevent what he thought were uncompar able cruelties to the black men. s Reconstruction progressed, the Leagues of the North grew away from the strictly political league and became more and nore social clubs. The ,eagues o_ the North an or the South had 1·ttle in common then except radio 1 sm 1 for in political beliefs 1 they were still one. Th Freedmen's reau had atte pte o al·enate t he egro from t e w ites. These men as Freed en's Burea a ents le rne no h bou t 1 e reed en o · no t t r er ste s o 1 e t e if oi u to be con ro , , cause y n ture h was unst ble nd untrust orthy. I w s neces a y a pea to he·r pr e and e ot· s t e·r lo or ste ·o • It l e io ea e oun s t t hi 0 r on he ork starte y the Free 's Bu e • 0 S 0 e ur a C r o t e e • It o hr • n ou h ere e -b r J soala s • T so-ca le carpet-b -ers, 0 0 ha bee nio ol- d . . t attr eta t h h by 1 ott n and r I n i r 0 r 1 d, • t C 8 0 r. o in roes e u rn ho S 0 r n ven e a en r • • • - b very • l. e r l.0 0 C pe ger 0 e rn st te Bu sib . . • OU s eco o • 1 8 or a 1 1 I 2 It was possible fo a ca et-b er t b ree n's ureau ent. 43 easy livelihood developed und rte econs r ct·on cts 1 adventur ers w o hnd ne·tr r olitical or social standing at t1e rorth, ocked to the South for tle purpose of ma.king wh t money they coulu out of politics . a li1ni te a unt of wor carpet-ha, h n e hey wi t hese men ro to be used to lead e en tr g.3 . ere ·te and rt 1 r er r ga • 0 0 h bu OV' C • ca . r 1 C C r . 0 J.. e r or , . . 1 r S C 1 OU a c o h . . s 1 y h 0 h b • b , s 0 00 b SC - r. 1 H 0 . , 0 , It vra u osed t t these men ha such goods t tit could be catried in a re iven ten m car t - ba er s . lon ort ca. l tto ne roes w o in uence t l eir southern bretlren. 1 co 0 0 , e li • • n t OU h t • vil ... o 1er in 0 e • i C B m n e n er C , t f r a h • • 0 0 e , r • , 0 ry 00 r , t t • y C m ·oo e r .. 0 b tl r C r, , r f vor b ca - r • t h . . t}_ d 1 a • h not • J e b . d C 0 -- s e • 6 ro , k d g, " r , • 27. o. • 44 These tvo factions of scala~ags nd carpet-ba gers, like oil and water could not mix and it s tle one wea ness of the r dical party in the South. The difficulty was t lat t l ey developed two te dencies or line of policy. The native white reconstru tionists, iving ostl int e wlite countries, w nte a reconstr ction in which I they (the nati e unio ists) woul be the controllin lement. They r inf vor of e ro suffr · , bee us it a r l t hat that lo e cul e ne ro d i woul not dir tly in erfere with h ir 1 n~. he seal ,rag r co tructio r rv d for V , ch 0 n ro o o t e. ·n b rs, 0 0 ror . 0 . u .. re co t a 0 • 0 0 r r , OU 0 s re· d "c e 0 1 0 e , ro d r r 0 . U 1 0 t d 0 u t 0 t 1 F J - vor e C r C i t V .- C r ' d. ord r, · or t e d •e s s id , e h fr . or h y di ot exec to r en • ut t car t- e roe i t re n' u 0 re t d- r 1 t ey r o er t SC lack i r r t- g " r 0 0 or r cos • ely, re. 0 t " C O • C 1 i n I to • s ot sod i t e ort, ro. ree • 510 • • n 46 Th members then join d hand and the negro took the obligat .on never voluntarily to bear again t h Unit Stat ; t support, rotect n defend the Con i ut on and gov r ant of t e Unit d t4 es against all nm ; to o everyt ·n o alee tu and re i bl Unio and po ter of the gov rrll!l t, and no other, to al l o r·c so r r or t fro t ,. 1 t to 0 . l. , in wa J 0 , coun y, ta n if too fie faithful y c of t Lea u. Th o ci or to th I r d union., I p T . h i Go . , b J () t d o 0 0 I 0 0 0 • r a en' m , I • ' 0 1 ' h n V , 0 . J f or n , r on 'Q " . , • , h C 0 . 1 . d, t e d n r 1 0 0v nm n ; out h o J te and i h 0 r d m a J oner 0 h o • • • r l. 0 h b . a 0 0 0 d f , ibl he fr do • nd 0 ' 0 0 0 0 - 45 ~ grea ly attr ed to the Un'on Lea e b au of th y t riou ~ s r cy of its meetings, the weird init·at·on cerem ony t at e h i feel fearr 1, end by the irn 0 ; t:r ritu and on s . T e 0 • tia.te to d t h t the e .bl f he order 1 n r , t , f I d ce, th C on it t on of t l Un t t , th . r g of th TJnio ' a wor J gav - ick • H hat X I J 0 0 n • t 0 0 r rv ib t a d t • r n • t • t • h 1 1 l. s r m e. 0 Co 0 a e , (rt C , oy rn n on • a 0 0 0 0 0 . ol 0.L 0 0 r • t n r • h d • h . 0 1 J l - • 0 0 0 0 l 0 2 0 • 0 f 0 0 0 0 n 0 0 C I 1 0 • t h " b • 9 • 2 1 i , , . 8 ir 0 0 , t . p 0 o e a. o au r y 0 47 f after the ceremony, for the negroes weaknesses were understood and appealed to at all times uring the initi tion. There were some other orders, s imil r to the • nio Lea e . h a e were of · or i portance and in most cases merely local. Te t · n oln roth rhood, one of th more import nt or these was run ed by hom s ~. Os orn, the Commission r of the ureau for lori a , stat·one at T 1 ah ssee. He had meetin of some in- ial colored en n told e tat i was the desire of the overnm nt th t e sh orm secr et 1 a e to re et t r re rn o sl ver . is a s ·c·ent to br'n out sev r- n re to r·rst et·n . t n , i W S t OU t est b cnrr at t sa • • . • s or C or 0 • r . ]. 0 r 0 s • 0 r re er ·t r nty . s or nizat· 0 • lo . ile Le 1 , 01 l ut seve ty-fi e w r i ed e s u e o • 0 ' e y s i 0 oo man -rr: lf h i y or re not t e en in t of ere e do i ht e ch t • e :. r n re r y 0 e e t e • sacre 0 - 1 a of C r et- ct d other • y a C que. - I t· ever, t two o g nizat ~o nited nd t e . coln . , 0 w re 1 48 Brotherhoo under h rol oft u • L ' gue. I orun con n s ization by Osbon 1 ol • an orga w er a 0 0 i orar y , r a y n d • inancial y. a ne ro oain Anot e • • h or Ame • org iza 0 0 roes ca. It 0 • h n r 1 h a r1. war 0 0 f d • rthro r cy 0 o a on 0 ov . In ir oat to oth r ' s id • 1 • ey or 0 o .e l. istres Tha • t • h • org 1. s a r r, • l • . gr a wa mo 1 n l. 0 - . i o a , • I not a d u • C r 0 n 0 inn • 0 0 , J n r· l y • , y or • r 0 0 0 I . , , m 0 d • • r 0 , r i C . e 0 0 0 OUI , 0 0 8 i 0 n ' , e 2 n . 20 . lo . • 49 It was in the year 1866 th ta syste. tic tte pt was made to widely extend the Union League, for in that year it became evi dent that Congress would control reconstruction in the interests 1 of the Republican party, and that negro suffra e was inevitable. A beginnin in the extension of the Union League in the outh was to cnnvert these i fortml gat erings, directed by the Freed en's Bureau, teachers, councils of tle nion ea e. s t ey were somewhat organize a re dy t e chan e was not if icult. 11 t e nt bout al"ens from tle orth, c r et-b er and nt organizin Lea. s. h re ts, alizin t hat t e ure u coul not surviv muc lon r, re t ere 1 ir cto or e or e oft r . 0 ]. , t ey tion a e elves organize t e counc i ls. ost out yi ~ ·s rict the fold oft e o h, here re re s oner or 1 t or t ery o t set, 0 e Lea • it ro y t car - t ey 0 or iz t·o o ·her t ere ere y To ost ist t a o t e ent w r sen ro . n- a • n er c 0. 0 t i nm er n ro s, a e z • a b C r 0 r ly e in o t he • n u i , h n V e an o ro o I 0 0 ca r · ht an for o 0 s , ti ft · n rov d k , r 11 e e dr d o , 27. 50 _ .t, where there were few negroes, t he whites held out better . 1 ot only did these scalawags fall out because they ·d not a rove ft e principles endorsed by the carpet-ba ers , but because hese Norther ners had co lete control oft ne ro and it was evide t t that they were · n g t o ep 1 the soils forte selves, rt er than to share t e , ith t he scalaw gs. It did not ta.e the car- et-bag er s long lso o see, tat t h fe er hites · the Leagues, e more com lete y woul t e ne ro e contr 1 ed by the re nd . r t • hou . t e U • r C e a1 5. o, ec 1 0 0 0 ea e const·t t·on d t at ·t • a le " protect, stren t .en, cares l.S J 0 . • a d fend a oy me ithout re " r sec , cone i on or par y, ite not . ted t rn mb i h . nutes of • e ere r • i r et· t t refuse ad . • ly t ·s s ow ny r Sl. , . • of ]. or • n s t·n OU t h n o 0 t e 0 " b • old . . tre on?" remony. o yo 1 e a s l. l.S . d t 0 OU n r u l. , s re u re ude t e 0 Le • 's ' n e • tion, by nort its . • or l.Z e rn 1 1 2 C The C 0 r e 0 0 0 gro 0 , n ~ O cc ss 1 tis w 0 ·11 b s e arty. n , in ma • • 2 r r , 41 . \. 51 the fact rmist not be overlooked that the L eague greatly irritated the outherners for other reasons, not politic 1. In e ch populus precinct there was at least one council of the eague. In each town or city there were two councils, one for the whites and another with w ite off~cers, for the blacks . The councils met nearly al- way at nig t and in negro churches or schoo houses. ere t he ne roes hear spec es w·t t e most infla atory advice . They were tol an fin lly ma. e to bel ieve t hat t eir int re ts ad ose 0 he o t h r w1ites o ot et , s ion, s ife • re u ·c w re e cite, · or r to ro e red ga.inst OU r r . e g e we 0 he ou h rn 0 . g J. co SC t ivided, n i e n roe re 1 l y y C nd 1 nty an t an w s o il so . o d "n r i s h O l y s 1 0 0 r h n g o rie S 0 ,. e 0 rille . r n C 0 re lo ro 0 I . . • 1 r ir r y . h 1S • 0 e . a 1 S 0 e r e l. I r • f h d a i t J O 0 s 0 n on 0 or se, or r 0 r te t r • b C e • e on to . it par de • d co ve ry l. r e. un red l 1 ng, . il / a ction • 561. 52 negroes would march up and down the roads and streets, ad amuse t hemselves by threatening the whites, s oving them off of the side lk an , doin other tings r ich reatly irrit ted and often frigh- tened them. it w s mostly But on the whole there was very little actual viol nee, rea ts. or tis attitude of h ne ro, the outhern whites blamed the Union e, s·nce ri t fter t oo ed t o their old master w r t e roes r 1 g or i nc and d · was not nil out 1 7, h he • 10 s be- n ob or anized ev ryw r tat tis c n e in t h r o ut . Tle u r e r o t e x. re s o 1 2 0 t r 0 t, . c o g 0 h orts ive s e ery it re e . c ns r t·ve b n o e , ine e re e • C • 0 01"' • 1 . 1 , , 1 . 1 0 0 y 0 h • r e o 1 0 K • i n ony • n r o ort C a o- h r V e r o rop rty h 0 0 er o b . 10 0 1 r , sch 2 • n on- 0 - • . gh J 53 and that the lands of the whites were to be, or ought to be, divided among the blac s. Under such influences the negroes who had not made tro ble began to sow sins of restlessness; some of them b nded to ether to plunder t e whites, an serious cri 1es bee me frequ nt, espec·ally th t of rape, nd m n were fr id to leave t eir famil. s i order to tt d to their b s· ss. Th lites fe red a _ene a ·11 urrectio .. o beca se or t l e teac ing oft e L es. e a o : a t r . . o u r 1 ec 0 and 1 - l o t w ·te, nd not ue to any ef rt on he p r 0 t }e e e prevent a . . upr s n. h rel · i s nzy 0 t ne roe 1 o al rrne : e it • est e also tat t e C roop s t·one ·n t e ou n e econstr ct· e i y of o e 01 1 • hi e • est- · .. o , t he I on. 2 . J. J O . 22 • CHAPTER V. Reconstruction of the Souther State. Chapter I . dealt Ni th reconstructio· n as it was planned by Congress. It is now time to consider how this Congressi al scheme was worked out in th6 . Sout!lern State Since th d feat or the Canted rat r rcea the Southerner had known very gr at discouragement, lightened at tirnes by encouragement, but due to fall again into a state or hopeless ess Although crushe a the end of the war due to defeat, the South ha ho s be oauso of Grant's genero ity at App matt x. ~ater, the era discouragad and then encouraged by Johnson's treatme t. he·r tai . in him cause hem t reject the Fourteent Amenw t 0 ha ·1y an with ut eno gh consider~tio. Now wit the Re- • net fr m Jo ction Acts hope fell again They c d 0 t n o a.1 a e 1 a m 0 the Supra ourt. as a last resort. Mis iss· i as e r- ~is in to fil a bi 1 as i t u r e 0 o jo dr Jo o r exec tin th eco ct upr e Court denied the request declarin it l out of th. The South wa ~ com let ly dishearte and awa·ted t e enr rein and oarryi out or the Reconst o ct wit· d ca t hea t . The fir-t ste in reconstruction wa reg· t ri r the voters. Every negr "t·~enty-one years or age and pwar was to be enfranchised. Who wast be disfranc i ed wa -not 1 Rhodes: Hi ~ o y of 54 55 definitely stated, but Congress insist,ed upon the di rranohisem ent or all who had been disloyal. IDlis was accomplished by declaring the taking of the ironclad oath a requirement for registration. This oath d clared, "I do sole y suear tnat I have never voluntarily bore arms again t the United Stats since I have been a citizen thereof; that I hav voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel, or en u agement to per o s enga ed in armed ostility the eto; that I ha e nev 0 ght or accepted to exer i e the funot·on of any office hat v r under an authority or ret nd d au ori yin os ·1·ty t1e Unit d States; ha I hav no yie d d a vol t y ort t y re n gover h·n th d t ' . 0 will su rt an def nd t fre t al en The gene 1 and ah a prett The law g v t e tie as xt d d t· 0 o T how , 9. po d t 1. The age on e t h rit ow 0 • • • or n n c on om st· of th 1 tit 1 io t ; o th r i tra i on, • 0 e o rst o de e te om l et t bo ' • m r r o reg • 10 • 1 r or a Un fficers, Fre m n' Bur a d c r ldiers, an ~ egr e. • 1n e o ne r who had born a sag s th Unit ta s or na giv n ai y in any way to the Confeder , and native w ·ta a a r 1 1 • . • thing, or course, could not take the oath, -lt was nece sary in some districts to import registrars in order to have, in all cases, men who would qualify. The registration was quit successful in bringing out those qualified to register. The whites registered, not because or a ready acquiescence on their part to the Reconstr ct on Acts, but it as the cal ulatio that by regi tering and not voting on t que tion or ho din a convention, or o th qu stion or constitut·onal ratiticati n, they might be abl ropos tion I since th act of Me.rel 23, as o defeat thes have seen, pro- v ded that a m ajority or the registered voter mus vote i orde f or either propo ition hits ho co 1 wee urg c rry. There or, al the 1 regi r. The r or th re t a ion a r low ; . n e r g r d th 0 1 ,8 0 h h 1 ,5 t n ere egroe; i kan a, t gist io r o les on - a f 0 e ne • s· an n r ere istr tion rec h n b ro 28, of ho r r e er ol ,50 or ta ' on r olo j i n ber of 139,6 in ort Caro t 5 168 er d h i i of hom al r 0 t 0 0 h h r i r i o a o ty ere co r , th registr to r ached th num r 79,6 , or who 72 9 2 wee col redj in o t Car, 1 8 4 • , Bur • • Cons P 14 • 08 56 the registration reached the number or 127,432 of whom 80,550 were colored; in Texas the registra:tion reached the number ot 109, 130 or whom 49,497 were colored; and in Virginia the registration reached the number of 225,933 of whom 105,832 were colored. 'illus, of the ten states to be reconstructed, five had a majority of negro voters, whil in th other fi~ l t whites had a very small majo ity. Over 700,000 negr e, mot of whom only three years before had be n save, were no given the £ranch • A larg ·o ity r th old 1 a r wer disfranchisod com lete y, whil neg oes, "oor a.s1", "carp t-bag ers an a fe self-denying res ectable r rm h ne l cto a . it tr It i • o no ht it po th "poo al o d to re 2 ifi h fr Ther 1 , t 8 i , no u it W 0 e h r h en a Co 8 a o sit tional pow to do thi th·ng o th t eo th t t 0 1itie not "s 0 Un • Ho v de the co d"t n, re rdly b As r e e e t o a th on co 0 n t r o l • r l. O , h l h 0 or on n ·o, 9.nd i e or cho e of ga e t the o v tion . on ode : VI. • 8 Burges: Rec ion , 1 7. · ----~------------ co 0 J n , 57 'Dhe c mmanders did their best to get out the vote. They met every device for keeping the negroe away from the polle and kept the polls open for days- in the case of Georgia, for five days- in order that every one might have a chance to 1 vote. But t he Union League was the most inf entia.i f actor in getting all the negr es out to vote. Their et1 d are very interesting. At first negr meeting ere hel in the larger town un er th guidance of a fe w ite officer of th Fr e ' B r • ddre s e e g·ven eclaring i favor of milit ry recon tru tion, h r·gh e.n ca ability or ne ore for olitic eq al y, an r in that only "loyal" men be f vored for off • T po o th ri h of all negro t o d o c, it n jur· and ride in th 2 s. run car , ea t h Finally s C n on o n roes 0 sta • eleg t to h • con n i con rol or th Un • Th a dee t rev n t con emn e t n g • rt on th 0 rt of th g ·th h t· e or o ing arr v , th 0 Uni n en o th lantat on o l i t r rt ·er O t • i - d ff ce to o C ith order for th to ot. They re t l t if they di no vo y O 1 h .. Co 1 2 F min· ar an Reco 58 be reenslaved, and their wives be made to work on the roads "and quit wearing hoop skirts." Montgomery County, Alabama, offers a good example of what was done in many places. Radial a ~ente were sent throughout the country summoning the blacks to come and vote, saying that Swayne had ordered it and that they would be punished if they did not obey. The negroes came into the cities b the thousands in regular organized bodies, Wlder arms, and led by the League politicians. They camp d abo t the c·t a ing fort t to vote. They di not ow, o tor the , , y t ey ere vot g or ho they were voting for,- the were s ply obeying the 1 orders o their eh efs. Clayton Alabama ·ves anoth r int r st·n exa.mpl or how the negroe e organized an o roll d. He 1 o t e negr i o h 0 C h ay befo th voti g. ar y t e ·ng, t leader ro d t negro 1. to and c d t e t th ol ing la e. Th n o er al ar ed i u o , an day abo 3 000 o d. r o fitt en to eight. Many of a • t • 1 reg boo s, bu no ot9 • ti tor • n g lS • lin d d e ng u u h and "Forw r the olling place and 1 . i • • g and ir n r l on t 00 told about n g lid th pro arch • van th a each negro de osited • iv Th e a ed t e r r not on th • ot on la ti • e lin fil d at • b ot. At l.S • 59 noon the line was reorganized inoluding mo st of those who had voted in the morning; they were all given tickets and voted gain. Late in the afternoon they had the pleasure of vot- 1 ing a third time. In some places the negroea ere tol that if they did not vote they would be fined Fifty Dollar. In most places, a careful inspection was made to see that the negroes all got Radical allots, and in case the Cons rvat ve had aleo given tickets to the negroes, to see that thee wer no cat. The avera e negro i a d to ave voted once for is r and "once for Ji who could not oo e. 11 The reg etration li wa not referred to excep en a hite m an offer d to vote. any imonies i n th Ku lux repo t sho that th negroes re ltr a ed an a ordered, and t t o su o th egr b 0 b th a and i , 0 3 t D e ocr~ ic ti et . be in e e ree lav them On tro t eg o _vot n o t an Bi h m idat o w ra t, e l ac d b o a ref'us d to vo ev r rac iced r ical, ed o v b ac wer t old tha t ey mu 0 r r e 0 Fl ri • o n 0 n- d o th ne oe in th ch ch is d th ir babie 4 an t old h n C bli an. 1 • 5 Ibid . P 51 .- Committee Report, in the Insurr , 42 Cong . , 2d Se • , • 4 Davi : Civ tar an Rec n • Florid . 524. 1n • 2 60 There were still other means of oontrolling the negro vote. The Union League formed a sort of a eague or organization for negro women who bound themselves not to marry or otherwise associate with men who were n t members or the League It i said that this was very influential as the women were even 1 more then the men, stron "loyalists" The result was that in all the communitie to re- constructed as 'Stats", a majority o the requ·red voter voted on the q u sti n o a co1 tio o no convention an a large m ajority of those voti g v ed i every case forte holding of the co venti n. The r suit of th voti1g is a f 1 s: in la of e 165,813 r it voter, 96 866 voted on the ue tion of convention or no co v ntion, and 0 283 voted for oldin the conv n ·on; in a, o th registered vo ers 66 831 voted on th qua tio o conventio or no conven ion, an 27,576 voted for olding the convent·on; in Flori a of th 28 003 regi t red voters 14 503 vot don t que tion o con ntion or no onv n, and 14, 00 vo d for o d 0 n th coven • n; 1.n o 0 191 501 re v t rs, l 6,4 voted on the q est on or co vet 0 n onvant o and l 2 28 fo holding t· on· • o e con n • • ana, o h 129 654 regi tore OU VO er 79,089 o e on th estion of conv ntion o no conven 10 and 7 08 0 d for holding the io i • • i t e l 4,6 conve • l. 0 I registered voters, 76 016 voted on the q est on o con ntion H ilton: Rec - . 3 61 or no convention and 69,789 voted for holding the conve tio j in North Carolina, of the 179,653 registered voter, 125,967 voted on the question or convention or o convention and 93,006 voted for holding the conventio; in South Carolina of the 127,4~2 regis er d votes, 71,046 voted on he qua - tion o convention or o convention, and 68,768 voted fo t e hol ing of he • i Texa of t 10 , 30 oon en l.Onj regist r voter, 56,12 vote on th q e ticn of 0 V t or no convention d 44,689 vot in favor or • ]. • Virgi ia or he 22 ,983 regi d voter, 19,229 VO in r on t e que tion or conve tion r 0 co V ti n and 07, 4 vot • r r 11· or h l VO C V • g • ]. g 0 ar o th re i du o a r a 0 0 ad r e d r r or to Congre • Act for o l e 1 0 a r r 0 e C 0 VO • Theref u 0 r t VO r. a or h co t , an g t exe c , r ·cal r 0 e a ho Du • t r 1 8 r or 0 co 0 r 0 r r a. xt e • he • 1 e C e · r 0 y er 0 hi 1 k r t 0 ur 0 • on • J l o ali t , 11 rebe 1 ' t l Confed 0 Jur t emselv b ta ir ~g oat J Conf de at de e , and 2 Southern negr e • r - Burge • Reconstruction and the Cons P. 4 • 2 Ibid. P. 150. 62 J 63 An examination of some or the conventions in detail will give an idea or just what was taki g place all through tle South at thi time. In Alabama the Freedmen ' s Bureau furnished eighteen or more or the member. There wer also eighteen blacks who had been taught to sign their names; the few who could read and write were sent probably because carpet-baggers feared they could not be control ed ea ily. No rate e was made by the Northern men of residence in the counties they represented; in fact many of them had not even visited e e place . There er thirty- eeve of these car et-baggers. The naive wh te 1 'ere r r the most art entir ly unknown • ck of Jew Yor made res· dent of th • He rec i e ol a onven 10 • e ar d and t ot • h do also f ort C nt er .r r ei ar J an r a 0 e p cen 8. T h r r C r t-bag ers, t y f ound t a a a r rd· nc ag r t • 1 0 t i 1 _ ough t C 0 0 • • n i r veld. Tom • a. tu o e l e n I adde t o . tax .. al e d d. facti • th tion, 0 n n co C s an and d f er oi t u for dis u , • ch o ve aw 0 ing e r. e C - t d t rohi i • or rage ce 0 a er ct por d, u h C r - t 0 d d • vot r o co C l g on r 0 0 d • • i . e e vi g 1 • road boat a d a hoe 0 re..1 an il • t o . a l , b t er in r , or ot r C • but t • h 1 e C n ion P. 5 m i ority and he i a l ed fo finally po d Fo l gr at de t .d by d. fra e 1 endm n n • • S l. ould . . . heeded. Te u ti st a of suffra e. bo e wlit ual · 1.'y and 2 lorn tl l: ich ro- ho h vol 1e . tl 0 C1Vl. Z r rf r . " n or ·n 0 • n • it b r • 1 n a d 0 0 h - e • • • to t th • 0 l g n ' 0 0 i t d ar e - j . 0 , e e h C on 1 C g VO r~ i l u n C 0 1 s a o ~ o r r 0 o me r . a 20 o. o d r - b . d 0 C 0 0 r - 0 C - . .. 1 e r 0 0 r . 0 0 0 9 52 . • 64 n , 1 Printing and stationery increased this by about f5000.00." In the matter of expense North Carolina,compared with the other States, escaped quite easily, her expenses being a great deal less than many of them. The framers of a new Constitution did not hurry to begin their work. Committees were appointed to report the various articles and these committees were all con trolled by oarpet-baggere, who therefore had a chance to put their theories into definite form. Individually and collec tively, the carpet-baggers controlled the convention absolutely. The result was a Constitution tar different from the one fonner ly possessed by the State. The conservatives and many scalawags refused to sign it and it was finally ado ted and signed y 2 carpet-baggers and negroea almost entirely • . The co venti n called in South Caro ina wa li ewis m ade up or Nort ern adventur r, Southern r negade and gnor t negroes, many of whom were afterwards prominent ember~ of tee legislature or held other state of i es. T o vention to be specific, was made u oft irty-four 3 ite an ixty- three blacks. The ons i ution which c e from all oft being drawn up by th same clae or o l t at ta foun framed the Cont tution in A ab a, Nort Car olina , and uth Carol:na, were very favorable to the carpet-bag er Hamilton: , . 2 2 Ibid. P. 270. 3 Herbert: Whl the Solid South? P. 85. ■ I 65 and ne~roes. They all provided for complete equality in civil rights, and in some cases for advantages or a social charact r such as equal privileges in public conveyances. They also not only established negr s1ffrage as was requir.ed by the Recon struction Acts but they in most cas s di franchised ose whites whom the proposed Fourt enth .Amendme t would di qua.1 · y from oldin i'fi • I n th y w nt till farthe. In Arkansas, and in Alabama• as we have seen, they di qua ified a all who ha vi lated he rul Loi a 11 V r r e treason against the Uni d t t in r a . ov ten. C t a o o t r old a h b t 0 n th f r • n r ill ex u an o e h • l. 0 a · 1 • • ven a 0 co or alifi d. It. t n t t a t t 0 0 a a o the o ul t b 0 J nor had ~ cat r ty t and p tot o 1d s con h o on he 0 d hey r 0 0 r • e r S C t C r 0 • ss r ion b t~ier nth t 0 ~dtco d not do a r deal. In o a - n a ly y e n " r a e - , 66 dissatisfaction and then open r v lt. They objected to the constitutions as they were being framed, especially e ro- visions providing tor such things as chools tor both bla ks and whites, t velin in the sam cars, and t e 1 e. The scalawags were,in truth, eady to evol wh n they f ound that th carpet-bag element had control of the negr vot The conservativ hites a firs o aid rd th e tions a a joke, but late th vio nt and ext, me m easures passed excited e ala of mot o h o · ents and they de i ed to op o th b t onstitu · ns. To o h , t y deed ra n fr m ot· , d t. h b talc av ta o t 0 VO 0 r 0 it 1 e ' 1th w on rv t v or • 1 ro a t r o o r ,, t ov 0 it r g co j i o h • co - r, - 0 no rt 11 t . 0 1 r C a i s r r 1 1 • a n t h try b t forty ac 2 2 • • Ibid. P. 534. on o C C o h • e o r z r - on ' a as • 67 The registration was effected in the same manner as for the vote on the question of holding the conventions and the election of the delegates; and the el ctions wer held as before under the control and dire t of the ilita y com- manders. The vot ng o e off fir t in Alabama. General . Pope issued order that votes of a per on regi tared in one reoi ct might be rece ·ved anotle , and that "Stat ' offic r and m nber of th n w 1 gila ure shoul be cho a th soon t e h VO It wa s r th , en r to u t n g who anderin o r th co ry th r ight to his vot, but 1 by thi orde, h door o n to u orru tio. e th V in aces in a C y and e so co 0 8 o th co : eo vot oft T a i V t n o l r t to an vot f o r on d y i on . rec t • n • a o co o • 0 • r 0 0 0 VO i e 0 0 • 0 ev 0 0 0 0 n 0 1 d n r r C ni • - 0 h i f' C 0 C r - • 0 C l r or co av on- it ion ct on by t ctr • con itution mitted for r fication Th n ra evi e • 1 2 F n : _____________ , 68 • did not understand this, but the President who had a most able lawyer as his attorney, did, and he therefore recalled Pope and put Meade in command in his place. About this rune tim, a bill was pas ed by Congre s authorizing th election of "Stat" offioers and legislators a the same t· e that the vote wa taken upon th ratificat· on or th new constitu ·ons and by the sar e . ctors. Con r had no er to o hi . The r gistered voters, s pecially t e whit voes, r - £rained from vo ·ng in ufficie numb r to reduc th numbe r vot s to tho s n 1 th on -ha. f the reg·stratio. The pro osed con tio a a re re· ct t e r on of th ec nstr tio C i a VO 0 or tnan half o the reg t red vo r a a a ajo ty o h r s v te for rat·rica ·on B • a a ass d a bil pr v d n n p v 1 o a a.jo it r oq vot n r o 0 vot r 0 i o db r - fie nt fie i d ' t co ti ut Th • a assed r l r a pro . bu ev r e lab t 0 0 sit ro r r c d. h ro 1 ctio r 8. t ~ Con r co r in r ·acting Johnso s l amon ot i fo ul ing ti fo of o a i of co i O i y r da 1 o n r c io o v r nm n y • of - h an 9 were in control, not by the r su ·eriority of intellig nee or shrewd management or even by brute force, but by aid coning 1 rom without- from Congres. Shortly a.ft r Alabam, Arkan as, Nort Carol·na, South Carol a, Georgia, Florida, and Louis ana voted on the ques- tion of ratification of th const·tutione A th at of March llt1 was i fu 1 force th Con t·t tions e r accepted in all oases. In iss· i ppi t r a t ear st - ~a gn a ain at·ri ation w i h r lted n the roposed co stitution b · ng reje d by between ve and igh t housand ajority. an roes be inni o los faith i n t r - 2 b rs an heir • ro 1 e , had vot d with h r o d a t r . Th r no S V co iti 0 ad accep d con t tu ion fr e f or e by h C r t-ba er s a a a , egro - , or a o ina, out a n , eo la , l o OU an d a Co r no pro- d d to t ac • a oon i C ry a t t t, to tat· on • • door 0 r pr in l • • f t J 22, 1868 , • a r en n a a l r Y r r o F • I ro a ' e o r r ta on 0 ta 0 Uni n ol oi n a co di i • t t the , • C on ti uti r rk s hall av r 0 r C ge a to deprive any c·tizen or class of c·t 8 th • ni 1 • , • 2 lb d . P. 1 5. 70 States of the right to vote ho are entitled to vote by the constitution herein recognized, ex ept as a punishment for such cr~nes as are now felonie s at common law, whereof they shall have been duly convicted un er law equally applicable to all the inhabitants of the said State, provided tha any alteration of the said co stitution may be mad with regard 1 to t e and place and residenc o voter • " Three day later Conrress r vid d for th admi io or ... S ator and er s ntativ s fro h si e o s Ar fur he " or , a h legi lat re or a ta.t o th Co the Thirty- it Cc n res an own a. l an h r d to a 0 Co t owe. Pirt not v co Co o e t SU n s ' r i o i o on 0 re n s tor r h h e o re to oh. b. • stitution wil th a cau e of rac , color or on r a 3 d bo bills ov h Ma onald: Sal ct tat t Ibi • P. 20 . o the s. . 2 0 . 2 Burg Rec _________________ , 0 0 • truo e a 1 hav • ( o o r 'a i 0 at co - en d 0 71 six states then ratified the proposed Fourt enth Amendm nt and the work of reconstruction in seven states was then completed. Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas still remained under martial law. Congress now bus· d itself with another amendment The Republican, who were in control i Con r s, had come to the vie that the emancipation of the fr admen neces itate civil equality with thew ites; that t y ou only main ain their fr odom through the exerci e of the franc ise. The further beli ved that it w cowardl for th a of th ort force negro su frage on th So .. i thou a ing it ro the elve. An nen ent wa er ro fo d d th ouses of Congr s a 2 , 868, it r ajor t o h 1 0 1 t fo r on .. 0 e af c le th ift e to on in a th it t t r ig 0 iz n or to voes a no o abr d e Uni d tat n t t 0 a C o r I or o r V 0 2 • en o o r a J for or e o r e n r o n o in on r a. ·r in a, i , d ha no y a.dot c ns it tio • or ad refu 0 negroe to their state legislatur, although elected to fills at ]7 ac onald: elect tau s of the i d St s P. 22 ,, 0 72 there. When this news reached ashington the senators and rep resentatives from that state were not admitted to either hou e or Congress. Grant was very anxious that these four states be again admitted to Congress. ith congressional consent, he issued a proclamation on M~y 14, 1869, commanding that the "state" constitution fra..11.ed for Virginia by the convention which assembled Deoe ber 3, 1867, to be submitted to he voter on July 6 1 1869 for rat i a io or raj c in . The rovisions disqualifyin~ anyone from voting and holding ffice ho had i any y aide t e rebellio a ain th Uni d t tee were to be voted upon eparate y. Virginia ten voted u on and acce ted he constituti nan • n Jan ry 1, by a o e or o re h r r o er federal e a t i e e mann t o r r tion o orgia, ar n i of i i p a coted by bo h hou e. 0 • A port d lared tored r e i 0 h r t ra- S O - 87 an a t e a or Geo avin c m lie e reco true ·o ac d Four n and Ff e r 0 itut o o th U s o d fai a 1 gi at re d cl red that t e StaJ or Ge tion in the C ongre o the U i d acdonald: • 224 2 Ii . 246 0 n in i s ,, 0 r 1r· din , i ereby r enta- 73 CH A TE R VI. Carpet-bag and Negr Rule The Southern States, having been readmitted into the union and their senators and representative having been received into Congress- reconstruction was supposedly complete, and all the tro ble settled. In r ality, ho ev r, co dition were still very bad. The government under th e et-baggers goo of wa o .ore fr goo o C e conserv i it • , ct, • • nJur It • a._ s p ya gov t i ~t y th carp -ba ger them el s t C, nt t C lo re car bu h i 1 Lo - g ov r for r f 0 C . l. g e e rr r by Loui 0 Ark tl 5 0 0 on a l os • n , C 0 • ol on of eg 1 t be b co o o af r T fo er 0 ich a f men u h o r io • Al u th gr ~ - d o rai i d . d , r a • r i. g o r • 0 ff l t f 1 d OU ju ol - r Gov ! . C. o I H 3 .. 1 ar r: 74 rv d • in the ort r army, n t o Tex bu w s th the a ro riation o ov H . polit"c C V in . t l f ng 0 OL or r y Ei t Thou n Doll rs, h n On 0 . 1 s 0 , 0 0 an 0 e . 1 • 0 0 0 . l. 0 t t • • 0 la h . • Thou nd Do 0 or r • 0 0 t 0 cl . • l. • l • r 0 • 0 0 0 0 75 had b en dismis e by Grant. indi c ed for emb zzl m t and nt cotton, and 1 to Lo • • i...; ana . nd 1 ov or, old- r • Th # overnor 1 ar , a th e made ore 1 r \,; f r r . I 8 ? b iv ndr T nd d f • r y 0 8 0 . y 0 i n o·-1 r- l . 0 0 l. r .. V • C 0 a r r O r co r o o 0 0 0 • l C • 0 d C r 0 • ' 0 0 • Casey, Collector or Customs, got through the Legislature a bill, incorporating a warehouse company, in which he wae interested, and appropriating tl,400,000 of the State bonds aa its capital stock. He was also interested in the New Orleans Shed Company, whioh proposed to monopolize the levee front, and had charge or the $10,000 which was raised to corrupt the legiBlature in order to get it to pass the measure. Postmaster Lowell worked for the Ship Island Canal bill, which appropriated all the swamp lands in the vicinity or New Orleans for a company i which he ras inter ested. United States Marshal, Pakard, offered the governor $60,000 to get a bill signed which was of great inter t to him. Corruption and bribery reigned supreme, but Louisi na suffered worst ot all from the railway swindles. The stete bad in previ us year, subscribed to aid the co struction of various railroads, and held their bon~ in retur for tlem. It had 660 1 000 or the bonds of the New Orl ans, Opelo sa, e,.nd Great lestern Railroad; 35,360 shar s or the Ne Orleans, Jackson. and Great North rn Railroad, for wbic it had pai 884,000; 298,000 i the Vicksburg, Shrevepor nd Pacific Railroad; and the stocks or bonds in the New Orlean and Nashville, and the Baton Rouge, Grosse Tete and Opelo a Railroads. Under the Warmouth government the 884,000 interest or the state in the Jackson Railroad was sold for $141 1 000 or 4.00 per share; and under the same act, the 76 interest or New Orleans in the same road, $2, 0 ,000, was sold for $320, 000. The state ' s interest i he Opelousa Railroad wa ~ exchanged fox warrant at 65 cent on the dollar. The money obtained was set a i e for the ~ant of warrant or to ait in var ous projects in which armotb and hi friend were interested. The state i 1865 hel in ru f ds, tat bond, and i the mw1· ipali ies and school district a ou 12,244,468, By the end or a ot ' • regim, a the fund had di appear d. Thi sum, added to the variou o er oil- nt ons h·c too p ce, brought OU of z n r st ala up t nea yen Rundr an !wn r lfi 0 - m r t.an half t e 1 of s t ! Dur" four ye or h. gove r e e e or t ov rr . t Si Ii eo 1 s r t • i w. d "I 0 u er nc , a Boll r. 0 ha e be r r d y a 1 ec a.ry ove tale n t 0 • i t1 ati h de t 0 t n, 8 M ) • l. h 0 0 0 - At t d of t our 0 0 72, t debt r y f f Bo I a c-et.., a all disappear d an t wa. o bin 0 or t. In h counties of Lou corr t on e ua ly a great bu i • l. 0 i l V n the amount of money tole r ad away . . t . Und r iarmot • sm u ins a ar yz d al f Herbert: Why the Solid South? P. 4 7. 77 .. ,:1 y hou .,o J V 1 , of T. mpl N t 0 0 0 r 0 2. - 8 on r , t of 0 0 . • 0 s 0 0 0 n r w w r C ... and tor w re tax on 1 r t • out.1 C r h , A.r - g r 0 - or .. r 0 o · 1 • ho . . J l t ♦ 1 0 1 r , 0 0 1 ' e 0 . C , 1 b 2 .. 78 1 s bo d \,;l • I Orle ns nission on th amount ap·Jra.ised and so d or the · · r a In • .. r 1 bo • t 0 t d 81 pe r es off y r n r • r o 0 l to t 0 1 e • 0 • 0 t _r·v 0 J o r 0 n h n I . • 1 0 J , 0 • 0 h 1 • , n n , 0 - 0 0 ll - , . l o • 1 S 1 • 2 sorts of clothing. All sorts or jewelry were also listed, such as gold watches and chains, diamond pins, silver spoons, and gold lockets. There were rurtbennore horses and mules and carriages, buggies, and harness. The bill for such things as these amounted to 8350,000 in one seesion; $125,000 of that amount was caused by the bar-room. This refr shment room or bar room of the South Carolina Legisl~ture was loca d next to the office or the clerk of the senate. It was kept open and was acceseible all the time. It wa visited daily, not only by State officials, but by their friends, who fared most royally, eating and drinking and smoking. Orte w hen the senate was called, many of these me would be in the r fresb ment room drinking. The very best wines and liquor w r . ept and it is estimated that several gallon re conswned aily. The expense w .s increased when order began to be iven for liquor and cigar which w r to be sen to th otel, r si dences and boarding houses of senator and th ir fr"end. Another extr ely large bill wa the one for printing. It averaged over 1 ,00 a year wher 10, woul av been more t an enough to ay all legitimate expenses of t 1 kind. another ause of debt a~ th s le of fr - chises or all kinds and the pled in of the credi oft state i the form of bonds to aid all sort of enterprises pretended to be set on foot or promot d y combi tin of at legislators or officials or their friends. In 1868, e eta • 79 debt was Five Million Dollars with almo~t enough as ets to pay it. In 1872, the assets had disappeared and the debt was more than Eighteen Millions and nothing worth mentioning to show for l it, and all this when the etate taxe had been greatly raised~ The Inve~tigation Committee of Congre s declared in its report that the State government of South Caroli a se med to have been r n for the purpose of lundering t e people and enriching the officials. They con ider d tha th" stat had fallen into a wors s 2 of car t-ba er than an oft e oth r states. Alabama did not uffer a gr a 05 a th stats we have just considered. How v , ·twas not overlook db t car et-bagger. Aft r taxe acco o ld be 0 t r d ruin caused ar t h lab C re. ter on ar at no a to · d, and beca se an r e be t added tot ·vi b t opu at on ho a.id n X • y r C ar e r o ii co 1 ot r or tio and • xpen 1 r der c r et- r g o befo b ar o r 1 0 - o o p r , ec r or d d. 0 A t coun tax ·ra. 0 r n o t never more. The • l. y i y d t r ·n · gn· i u aft rt w r th own a d cit X r tl er a d un y tax C h Commit eport, Afra·r~ in Insurr c ionary Congress, 2d Se ., o. 22, Pt. I, P. 384. , • 4 a - I - 80 many laws were passed authorizing counties to levy additional taxes and issue bonds. By tis process the county taxes were about quadrupled. This increase in taxe in Alabama was not an exception to the gener 1 rule. All the tate w r so l effected. The grea ere e ditur or t Recon tr ction ov rr nt • le. a C e number o o fic1alG er con lined a t the tat f s i som tat , d Dol on r r r r eived 0 0 y i • J ine t • i n a igh r l art by the grater arias aid. The emo- rat deal or th ay t er con • rue 1 (Te owever ) . • r 0 u er ov not a 0 or L Y o Doll e a r d 0 U ad in pent 0 ama n HW1 rd and F·r -t o Do l r or n i n o d b e o n 0 I . 1 i co i ti a d co 0 a • r r rt r s ·xt - · o l r . C t b h, t 0 ' 1 C 0 i emiz d d 0 b r !l • a ion . u 0 l r f ds r do ar; • oo ng 0 • V r y 0 l no c r y u non e 0 1· b , a • 81 us d it for other purposes. A committee appointed to investi gate the matter were unable to trace a little over eventy-five Thousand Dollars of the money. The accounts were very careless ly kept. The audi- or, treasurer, and governor, never see ad to 1 know w· t .. 1 • n a. mill. o or two dollars what the nub lie debt was. This mi rule res1lted in the shrinkage of values, and r - cuperation was imposs·ble unt·1 the rul of th al.ien a ov r - tr wn. Thou ans or 1 do s wer u a l o ay th tax a ses ed and sold their farms to the s e. T i roperty 1 r r te..x 0 0 . o t a i r 0 wh • 0 n oe, o r kep y ui in o r ht T e rs g e h r a a i 0 h C co o h of 1, r and bui 1 1 • 1 Ibid.P. 57. r de m o y b a 0 t C • T r of o t of th sta e A.t , ng 1 n 0 any l 0 • mgr t he , an C - ag r chil- 0 re 0 0 ffo h Rec ,stru 0 ? - re. i no i • n ab a • 1. o r nn 8 gr t t V r 0 n o .. p One o t nor e any r . l , r ap . t a t a 0 1 rat y · 0 n 82 the country. Many or the southern whites were in sympathy with improvement and were not at first alarmed at thi scheme. The capitalists were to put enough money in to build th first twe ty mils of the road, and thus secure the state against os s. The trut1 of the matter is that ther were only ' pret . nded capit list and had little money. Sona, owever, had enough to br·be the 1 gi lature. Bribery at first wa clair ed to have been so cheap that some "sold t air vot s for • th t 1 he.v ro in ti roe WO gra e n lav tt V • il tte l . la , ry. r,o w r g ro t e oa s r e un, co d a t a 0 for • t Onl om l ..., l 8 n a an one • 0 roa • a r s i ngt , po d ed 0 ost , 2 ,o o, h n o e h1 dr 0 o . 1 .... inn, i 7 • I a of a. co .. e br k i 1 • 0 n # • . th t. T or ' z d 1n y 0 a. 0 • • • 0 l cri .. an 0 C 0 • op • on i n .. from fi it a not r o bu 0 tr u or ty. 0 1 • 0 r z t fa • ob i gov m 0 ~ v·d nt 11 ho g 0 of tran - i on use e ha b . d w • 0 om 0 n a • • oss"bl for th t nt t d bt m ay e re on an th s·t a io 0 the financ 0 th ountry becam very e • ? . 52. 83 '{ appalling to the people. The Repub icans spent nineteen tim es a much money per year in the government of Arkansa~ a was spent un er Democ rue. The Republicans felt it their du y to ut all carpet baggers on the ~ay r 11, and new office w r oreat d and salaries increa ad, caus ng part of th ens The on si gle thing causing th greate ex en e to th ov r t • wa th issui g or bon s of the stat to variou ra roa s .. The am reach 5, ,000. • . R. Co. wa u d 1,200,00 by t e rm o t nea y th aw. 0 a L. • , . • & • O. ro id bond o th oun o r 750,0 and 1 e oun o 32 ,000 . T • co any bu"lt fro l of r oa, an d th n oo 1 p t • 0 0 U .. t r o t ra 0 n 1 v e o d o is u 0 . o. • • • • r e o rt dra· n I a 0 0 r a r , doe 0 0 0 0 pose to be be r·t allow d • 1 bon d 0 • 0 I t 8 t X fa 11e r f rt ay re t o a. cl ar y co 0 r i t t i t eir t ,a s Thy b fi d no f r in the moun ai X 0 f or t 0 • I Th r o tax sin t ariou o ie and to chool dist ran ed fro two per cent to s x er c n, an t t fro to per cent to three and one-ha f per cent; an upon a SB 84 often more than the property wou d sell for. These enor o county taxes, ta en together ith state taxes, amounted in thou ands of instances to c nfisoa ion. In on county 2,510 l tracts or land were sold for ta es in one year (1868J. The Gover1or of Arkansas d ing this eriod of corr ption was Clayt n. He ad co I nded a br gad of th b t cavalry in the Uno service, and after t r tri d co • erva 1 • He foun it to be unsu ted to his urpo sand th refore plunge into radiealis, and open y dee a.re i p ro e o d o u ate th ~+ a 0 an re o Hi s a olicy o tio a e i • 1 i to pa 8 ov r an an 0 , n 0 0 In t 8 e o s u Ar a!Q o , , 0 ha 3 9 r ry. a t,- I 1 7 t . t 0 d 5, 0 ~ 0 a rea d bt. t 0 0 0 r r a • Ho ov rno o t n i a. 1 i t 0 0 0 0 0 • 1. en r • H b n groes and to any lo wh· s ho • 30 . ? - Fleming: enta17 Ibid. II 8 it 0 a a r. an, co co r im • e n m negroes. ha ~ to o t • 0 no h·n y ad n or C r - • e co ol a o·n t ite. 0 I • • 5 Much of the later trouble in th administration of justice was due to these poor appointments by the governor. He also appointed mayors and commissioners for the various towns of the Stat, often using military force to force the old or icers 1 out of contro.l. From the very outset, there was no branch of the state administration more severely crit c·z by th Sou h n than th judiciary. Th m n ·n off ce were either ignorant or corrupt. everal or the lawyers w re known a 't e ty do lar' lawyers, that is, men w oh never t died la u ad btained a 1·c nse on th roo of 00 hara r an ty do of the otor • a s . V ra. en r 0 u • A 0 t r n a a at ,. e be 0 Inve t i Co • te • I do t hi 0 on r • • t ting • ho • in cod X , s e ia y e o a been enforced. The • • at J ar o . e n r n 2 ir d • i Co r ' 0 1 ar 0 r e or Th a u 0 186 j_ a i th n , 0~ t . rty- . h e u an rn • ont ined • h 1 an fort D • 0 0 t · (t • n gro n n e al ) ·111 r t • So 0 th it 1 o , 0 ot r an T p n- sation aid to the legislators wa e do lar a ay d t en cent ilea e. This 0 t as not a fac ry 0 a 1, but it was not long before oth ean 0 obtaining far great r compensati ons were discovered. 2 Hamiton: Re c n i o t h C ----------------' • 3 • orth Carolina testi ony, Aff irs in Ineurreotionary States, 42d Con., 2d Sess., o. 22, . 2, P. 305 86 y Like the South Carolina legislature, there was in North Carolina legislature a "third house" here refreshments in the form of beers, wines, and the like were served. It wa enjoyed not only by the legislators but also very freely by all their friends . . 'J!he eoesions of the legi lature were long drawn out. The first session lasted fort - even day and cost the Stat Ei ht Thousand Dollars. Danci during the last hours of the singing and obscene stories prevailed 1 ssi n. Th e ublican org iz d tom~~ rai u o th re of the state, and it w snot long be ore i ev ry availa le do lar; the school a s ripped of nd as robbed, its inve tment er old o ay t air r diem, i h w s pr a 1 . a . d fi tely ol c o t eir un ro me year before th wa. T 1 on tin • bee egun t o le ere o 1 d to thats c a poi y ould ncrease the roe erity o t • 1 6 1, . . or ln an sp 0 0 . St • d C of railro • nfort , a on t 0 t 00 pl t t T • in fo er r o or • • 0 th head. H a , th mot 1 th scala • or 1 C c rruo 0 • cceeded ribery • i ulati la 1 i e y 1 rs, g • Hi rig d anded, o ,._; e.1 a obtain d o all t e ap ro riations ass y the tat legis lton: Reco • 3 9 ro co • or - ro la or en e ur • , • d nt 87 wns estLmat ed that this gang of corrupt politicians paid to the legislat ors and other men in public positions 133,74 .29; but in every ca~e, probably, they gotwhat they wanted. Influenc d by the ring, the Legi atu e in 1868 indorsed bonds of the il ington, Charlotte and Rut erford Rai oad to h amom1t of One il ion Dollars. Then the orth ·· est North Carolina Ra:lroad was loaned 50 ,000 for ry sectio t built 1een Gr nsboro and Sa amo or 1, 2 ,o an exchange o St e bod to th an u 1 n ber of bonds of the 1 Chattan Ra road m a T t SC 00 d as r bb its invest nt were s::> d to ~ ay h ir er diem e e se. Four Hundred an Tho an Do a t e e en, an the •i in o belo ed to h of the t t, 158, 0 o pay rofessed to b By 187 axe , t on a · o 1 fund or old th e n es o overnme fr . of d ca · e peopl . m o a on - r he amo 0 oc a i o n i of h oo r r r Ye t s en 0 e t 0 ro r 0 • i tax that th r a ly e ( i n no op- erty to tax) an t ta a de 0 amo 0 2 42, o, • It 0 ld po to acco of ·ti • 0 all the ta e • n th t der -b ca. V • 0 - ev r, that ld e e tat rat d al of t·t on and P. rbert: ? P. 80 . 88 conditions in the states iven are representative of what occurred in the other. In all the states the carpet-baggers were in control and realizing that this c ntrol would be ut t mpo ary, did all int matt r what th re ul corruption a dea tin ir power • 0 g 1 to the sta migh Ju a poi tor financ ally, no be. Al ma ner of o abou om e of the oth r stats e men ·on d. The p b i c d Fl rida was· er ase by 4 , 00 ~O O and h fo • • x e iv 1 to a gr text nt, th aue In is gr at railr d trea ury. tl r x 0 u r 0 a 8 0 r ic 0 t t 0 · dl or an ol go r t 0 .,, 0 0 • o r u • t 00 0 i 11 2 1 , ,o n 0 r , o an - o rr . ca h o g r a e 0 T • • ncr t de l f i r On a. ar r: R 1 r r 0 ·1road o ds er ro o fie· 0 t r 0 .g 0 Tr C r 0 0 • C1 · t r 0 - 0 ay r 89 Milliot Dollars. The state of Mi~souri was left with a debt or $43,414,013 and a county and munic·pal onded indebtedness or 1 more than tl5,000~000. I In Tennessee, the amount expended under the carpet-bag more tlan doubled tha expended 1n the same length of ti n e preceding or subs quent. Beside ti, 2 a bonded debt wa creat din aid of railway and turnpik 1 2 _, __________________________ _ Herbert: 1/lhy the olid ? P. 289 lb d. P. 214. 90 CHAPTER VI I • Race Conflic Probably one of the os important r asons for the Ku Kluxis in the Southern State has ot yet been considered. It wa the race conf. i t. The Conserv tie was a white man uniformly. The a i a l wa either a negro or a wh·t clo~ i entified w·th the negroes. The ex·stenc of th adical at de nded absolut 1 u on the ne ro vo • ow ·tes kne thi and a ed he r eca ee of i ~ nd d - t rm·ned b keepin cal :wag an carp t - th egro fr vo in I toge outherner r o osed t the ne r as a ot r • r 0 th C U or alf i i , h lf ra i na r ce j dice agai ta negro a umin poi ica r • c on B t e C ly t e co not n ur be· ru d t ne r. " en i anl or rid i .or 1 i 1 tor ca l o ma - a e oun 0 t r a n r o ·ur n r r· g cro ded a a t o r t h ol orf i r 0 oli . . • av e egr X unted v. • arr ted fie· w ar a.r~ d Recon p fr sal r r r o d o ay , dr t • a gr en 91 , i g t t t i 2 92 • val of racial equality, political and social, ad tried ear clin • surnpti ith la 1r a y car - when canization of 0 e • a1 • V ite n ' • 0 t • • • • 0 , J . . • , m y l. - 0 a n b a ,, I ,10 e 0 0 C 0 0 ; outw d 0 1 . and l. id thi n no ffer h . 1 V 0 • e r 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 , r 0 rl r e • 00 ~ • 0 0 8. • otels , t aters, concern a d • ibl i of h d the eyes or poo I ignora and - renzy o race pa 0 nc ow f tl po 'T' - 0 0 r 1 . n1 0 r • 1 o r o 1 L 0 • 0 • J 0 r OU 0 - • • • l • ,h . 1 ~ 0 .. fl r- l . I • • .. ~ , J .i ,l l • - : ... ... ..... r I I ., . l • ·· i-' ... • • ! .. ' . • • ) J. • r'\ . . . (' \ ... 0 .., -· ... . , . \ l i"'1 :, J .,1 .. r l ... J., .l. • '~ • ' I 1 v , - r .r. • 0 l~ .. • ,, .. • 1 " r. r, ., 'I' ck, t'n ( L 1.. ,fl ! . .ne , , • . ~ tt ,. "" r 'I~ ., :.1 , , 4 .... .L. ; ·:; i J J __ .. " - n r- , ,. • ,. r rr ,. , S00 . ., ~ f ... J ., I l • .L ... • .. • . ' .. • ' l • • I 1. 1 G eor 1 Test· m ony , 2d Cong . , 2d Sea , l" • . • l. . ... . , . , .l. , t - J I l .. , , . ., " . ) ... 1 .. t , -·- ti~ . A. • , , IJ .l I .. . - . "\ • - P. 377 Af'£nira in the lnsurrectionary Stat e , .-,-.. NIP!o~.-... 2"""2"',-""Pt ... -. ~s ... ,--34~•2 ..... ------.. ----- 42d no disturbance in the South ..• I know that it w s generally felt that there was shown toward the officers and 1nen who surrendered at Appan&ttox Court-house a degree of courtesy and even deference which was surprising and gratifying and which produced at that time a very fine effect. I want to eay,moreover, that the alienation of our people from the Government- an alienation which, resulting fran the war, continued to some extent inmedio.tely arter the war- has be n increased since that ti: ... e by the cour which our peopl beli ve ha.a been wrongfully purau d to rds them. t er right or wrong, it is the impreaaion or the Southern mind it i the conviction or my own mind, in which I am ertectly sincer and honest, that e ha·re not been met i th ro er spirit. ,e, in Georgia, do not believ th t en allowed proper credit for our honesty of purpose . - lieve t at if o r eo le had been trusted, t o ht o ht to have been trusted, - if w l d been tr ated i th spirit . ich, as we thought, s manife ton th F - r 1 side at Appomattox Court- ouse pirit w ic . li t t t er h d been a conflict oft eorie, a on diff- rence or opinion as to our rights under the G n ral Gov r n et- differenc upon• ich the South adopted on con truction o.nd the North another, both partie avin vindicated t eir sincerity upon the field in a contest hich, now that it had been fought out , was to be forgott n if thie had been the spirit in whic e had been treated, the 94 alienation would have been cured. There is no question about that. But to say to our people, 'You are unworthy to vote; you cannot bold office; we are unwilling to trust you; you ar not honest men; your former slaves are better fitted to ad minister the laws than you are'- this sort of dealing with us h s emphatically alienated our people. The burning of Atlanta and all the devastation through Georgia never created the • an 1.- moeity that has been created by this sort of tr atment of our people. Not that we wanted offices: t tie not the point at all, tough our ople f 1 t _ .e.t i i a outr e t sa t at th be t men in our midst. shall not hold office. T feelir is t at y have denied tat w are worthy of trust; that we are en of onor; t t w wi 1 abide b o lighted faith ; e r as nse of wr n a onore le men. e do not feel tat we have done anyt ing in the d r t ink tat when et ·ed to go out, we did it boldly, fairly, an quar ly ..•. d fought t conte 0 t; ha been d r at d, b t b t it . ... o r e t a r ued t o 1ar i r ' - . nt d, and the feeli g of a ienati on o r eo l . t • increa ed than a y ot r o a l way e • uch the for . i ubl. • • i t p 1110n So t ern tats a..TT1ong t e ex-r.onfeders.t Is it any n er th n, tha tiey be a t feel t l at t ey u t take t ·n s i to t eir own hands and meet co d'tion bee t C • - 1. tl y wonde that t fo ed. 95 CHAPTER VIII. The Ku Klux Klan The popula idea in regard to the roundi g of the Ku Klux Klan, is that it origi a.tad for pur pos 0 a ice. T i - cumetance w · h brought the Klan into oto iety w r uh as to warr nt ti co 11 ion. Th Co re i on 1 Inv sti ation Comr i t~ oft t opi ion. . , t, K Kl x .lan i The i rt. · ta of il I ' 1 0 • l t a o T r ren fro iv r n • l. r va·1 • 0 t County, i t a t a t i i 8 , fo 0 I 0 tori yo l rio l • 0 K 1 i d o t e r u ar Kl t or i. of t Ku u tled t t 0 0 C a s r 2 0 e r or t y d ap·ta. s e o an · d . Aga· , t r nt a oci "get tog t h • la , at of T is a 8 al l • :x , re e X l r e r t r m o i i o bu · n o n r int t lac f ex db r re -----------------~ ------------ , .. 49. ap- r s e. - r - • 96 i 97 the war. One evening in May, 1866, a few of the youn en of Pulaski's best fa.mi ie, who lacked occup tion or any particular kind or amusement, met in the aw ffice or Jud Thoma . Jone , one or the most r mi.nent member of the Pulaski ar The young men were Jones • Crow, Ric ar . R d, C alvin Jo s , John C. Lester, Frank 0. McCord , and Jol K n d. T - oided form som sort of a c or ciety for the· o amusenent. Comm • appo ed to C nam nd to prepare a e of U , 9 for t e gov r t 0 1 a r a 0 t • 1 io or • a th deav • 1 b n ng a 0 t th d o • • • r; V, 0 C r J 0 n a 1.0 • 0 0 C s . r or 8 • d d h 1 0 • or 0 - tan • r n p n r V d o e ec s , 0 H • b " • 0 r y r 0 V 1 Th b. • n 0 • V 1 0 0 z il t d • b n • u n 1 - - 1 Flem , Bro • 0 :1 0 • . l Leste & . 1 n. Ku Kl • • derive that am e ent through secrecy and mystery. The off ers were given as peculiarly sounding names a possibl, therefore the Pres· dent wa. ca led a Grand Cyclo ; t e Vic - Pre · nt was called Grand Magi; t e Mar ha 1 wa called a Gran onk ;· the Treas rer w s calle a Gran guards of the 11 Den were Th on b g i n x xchequer; h oute and inn r 1 lle th tv.o Lict rs. rm emb s to in in bsol er y ith efer nc to or ran any ng per- • • V l. 1 g it. Thy r llO t 1 on hey rn b r o 1 C i • T . n ord e a.ni z • t a or ion r a y • l.OU a possibl and t us pla u on th C 0 ·ty f th p ho 0 ition to . . • i ry i o n l. I av 0 e y t • 1 • ot n m a .. h r K X 0 a b 0 r 0 r h and 0 • a t 1 r 0 ons u , t • • • z 0 y er J an a 1 r • • n p u or pr C ' C ed t OU 0 hi • 0 t m r 0 2 ti fo do a y r • Th 0 J on ad loos and fa11 · L ·1 0 •• • 7 2 • B • i Tenn a e u K x. 98 to the ground were belted in at the waist. Toe organiza ion was one of amu ement. Th • un erune 1n exc·ting t cur·osity of the ublic and mor e ecially, i . initiating new members. The rit al used in th i itiation w s patterned after and very L ilar to many Greek letter fraternities, espe ally Al ha Sigma Sigma Frater ity, ev yet o romine tin the So t1e Univ'3r it Th initia- t·on wa at fir t conducted in the law office, where th first p of the Kla a b m • Bu t oom a small an • t center o t • lac s ita 1 tot ir ur- o e wa. therefore ro d. On t 8 bro of a ride t e n i e of t 0 J e t 0 1 r a d Orn r e. h .,. t 0 ai u i g, 0 - ti of 00 e r, 1 6 a eye , • - t t e t • • 0 0 , r n C • 0 r r , t - • 0 u to • r n t r s, w t C -tor b tre • 0 l. fl 0 C V1 • J ·t d n e o b • 0 , 1 a V ry ay 0 a "d Kl r t ro ty • C t • el • ct r tati o e l. J on a near OU e, ot y fro i on h 0 1 i • to The • t n • r n or s ear nn. ura c·ted he C r 0 ity of a Y• As ha been said, the Klan did not solicit member i • i ,. 99 A members ay, 'I oi1 to joi the Ku Klux. 0 I the person addressed seemed anxiou to o ik i and as co - sidered to be I 1:,hink I can e 1.rable, th mem er wo d probu y " ay, 11, u in' t , d ou d rang ti and C o · ating. Thu , member - re ott n ithou 1r C o ci- tation. T1ey oul met n very oft n. A he u Klux did.a a pro c d t s 1 11 ctor, t y t t r halte de ir ~i nal for 1 in r on. ion t l d e .. t i bei d n . 8 C i t • nov1. . l. e r 1 om Ku C , 1 l tr 0 i rt, i n . 1. ro pot o1 ti do Gr 0 clo 0 t ltd in ' J , C t eol r I d . 1 C a • ue tin , • V , t and C ge o • npr e i n , of i t • r r· C .L i ti ic i • • l. l d 0 l i o al a • 0 o ... t I y , C .1.ig seco d er c , alr i l I 1 1 C t t r rown . • 1 s. Th t i r 1 ro ' e o o nk y ear . G l , 1 ar e dg a , l d de . or 1:.1. l g d I 0 s r ce 0 - C • • . t, r 0 t- • - C 100 placed before the mirror and direct d to repeat th cou let: 'o wad some power the giftie gie us 1 To see oursel 1 s a ithers see u. ' " Jut at this time the bandage wa~ removed fro the y soft e initiate and he beheld his own odd looking appearance. The formality or the initiation was th loosened an veryone n- gaged in uproa and laughter The ew m mbe found hi se r arb and a d o surrounded ya grou of men 11 in ideou that e could not r co nize on of the. It s t en tha the Kla n had a r a d al o fun ak n ort of th r member . The r a on for com 1 te secrecy is ow evident, or a single "tal o to i fun 1 vin or T K Kltx la o it amon eo V r 0 o d • no ohool" old. ave po· ed a 2 iz i on . t r·rs l i d 3 i. I r r a d t nt · o i d i o o. 0 C - 0 0 t om xten 0 r 0 h K 0 r 0 t a e de o b n i i o 0 t 0 i tot o d r, 2 Ibi • • 64 • • • X 0 b ot r n 0 d e e 1 t H r w 1 rio ·ty • i n 0 0 b th ld 0 0 h C • n a 0 p i • g V n a i h • 101 102 "dens a variou laces in the country this spread of the Klan excited the attention of the country people, and also reawakened the intere t of the people in lask · • During the fall of 1866, the Ku Klux Klan spread very rapidly. They were even carried to other state by m en who, vi itirig in a locality. w re initiated, an n ~iven p rmissio to es- ta lish "de t n the·r own o e t own. Th connecting link between th e "d ns" wa. very fr · 1e, b t 1 ski " e " w egarded as the o re of o er ad a ori t y d ts fo h e cos wa the r a r 1 r f d r H, ow .,v e i ed of • ea 1 S C i i .. g · n t s 0 r • ence ove th ot r ' n '. I C , • • 0 z 0 0 C 0 p rv r 0 or tion us n • of u u K 0 186, r . ( I u t C l 7, 0 C t R r 0 o t . tr for l 0 0 n 0 an 0 n i r on t r • 0 on J 0 0 0 b C 0 h u r et o an sot no . a o C co di . • th l lan vi i l L e Fle i i it elf 0 : s e r i on 0 t n 0. a s • l ) 0 n 0 o a or - C i people who united with it. Th members who wren win the Klan expected great developments from it. Each had i own speculations a to the r a work which the Klan had to do, but all were sure that ther _ . was something which they had not been told. The impr s ion made on the ublic did much to transfer it into a band of Re u tors. eop e pa ing h d erted pot here the meetings were eld could no elp wonder·~ what it eant. Occasio a ly on 0 u h n .. er as, 0 1 to and a;;;:k. H o 1 r eive irit from the ot er orld I '. ,, I skilled at C . ll . - ch state nt, es ecially • l iven to an gro, wa extr mely r ifying . Gr lly t 108 blac s nn often 0 h V o at t e e 0 0 1 th t V ,, e e r • n t e mo 0 rr • V C u m o f V c rta · 0 1 o. s • c a to e . fl C I t r ru ro 1 i 0 • , sort t e t roa op • • 0 C ro 0 t r z ds • t l C 1 0 oti r - a. t - 0 d - decided to com letely r o g nize the Klan on a lan correspo d in to its size ad new urpo es. It wa d ci ed to bind the isola d "de ' toe i order tat a unity of urpo and con ert of acti n might e maintained. With thi en • l • view, the Grand Cyclo of tle Pulas i De ~ent o a r q e st o al the den of whic ad no l~dge o a oi t delegate om , • e 1 of l 67 It a t i a t e Ku Ku Klan, a it i co o ly kno , cam i ~ o ex· e c. To xa t, t e etiTJ • 1 t 0 be • • r l Z8. 0 r o 1 r ~ on o Co 0 pr i C 0 } 0 i o " e • ' 0 f h ir ut· e r • 0 0 G D ra o o . r l. .e Gr 0 : , • ' e i 'Th h h h e 0 V 8. 0 0 h co v t · r .. a 1 . rr o 0 • , 0 I O i r·c io • , ov red • 0 r : r ' d tt r . 0 0 a o... a o r y i h o s r - - . 1 0 0 - · to • ro 1 c g c. • 104 105 A Grand Mon, A Grand entinel. Grand er be, A Grand Exchequer, A Grand Turk, The Geni i, Hydra, Furies, Gobli , and Night Haw er ~taff offi era. The gra a io and a·str·bu io or authori y 1 wa perfect." The Na~lvi le onvention al made a deolaratio of the princ·ples of the order They declar d: " ere ogni , our r e o t e Unit to. ov r - rr.e .. . the supre a.o of th Constit t n; he cons i uti nal J 1 thereo ; and the on of h stat ... t h reo o itica att tude w11·c m r 0 8 de ired o mai .ta· r.. E,,e wh joi ed t 0 t e Co 0 0 n e ree 0 • • e, - - - r V C d t r 0 J d 0 e 0 . de C C . ce the . r V l. z cha Do o e d 0 r • nd by t t V • d 10 I U 0 l.O i ory o t Inv t h • 0 0 t ro g J J 0 C f t Ku 1 J ro 0 an r o lig tio • C r ev al an o t e ecre 0 or e;a. • z 1 n. r ... on: T he Kl Kl 00 e 0 0 0 • e d 0 r 0 - d o could -- - --- nt d. for friend { 0 p rr 0 one l n . 0 r w • 0 e.n in 0 d " ~o r r 8 ( I 0 0 • 0 \ 0 (r 1 a . 0 l. m 1 tr t , 0 o b f • • , on • • ' C' on Ku Kl se ~t m .., a 0 a ' r , • C 0 l J 10 u til h a b l r co. . d some Then tr er on ' s ant cen n an di d t·on • • ate d~ con ere l. l. m d 0 • • . t.i • • 0 n OX C spir1. . • a • f' r 1 n ir • V 0 K la . • d • • • J 0 , .r 0 l ..... • , 0 • , C 0 0 0 , 0 0 11 0 n on on 1 • n co o h., h t ,, 0 ' 0 . • . 1 , • As the Klan grew there s less similarity in the costume i diff rent places. A Klan might .ave a certain style or dress, or it might leave the matter a great deal to th individual taste of its members. ·here the a.· s to frighten then groe ~ very often the Ku Klux as enshrouded in ite. Some other had very ideoua outift. One Klan is described as we r g hooas itl three horns standing out on t f'ront des o th hood. Thee es or th ir . asks w re linsd rid had eyebrow of th ame. Long t ongues tuck out X i C I d of rd flann 1 and 0 fix d that thy could , 0 d. In t 18 mouths oft e~e maek ere ver-y frig tr l lookin lo t Te Ku Klux Klan extende fro V to, i ~is i pi thro t . te seot·on- t Pi dmont e ded to the Bl c Belt, ountain r io ut i i a no fo 1 ir i i n. Int 1 Belt, K Kluxi s c ried o t 0 r o t . on th s th ord r or the Kni t of C lli. It w pro ly th large t and o t import t of all t d fen iv organ z tion it t exc tion of the u lux lan. · illiam Garrott Bro declar st at it a 2 0 l l rg tan t e Ku Klux Klan itself. It round di e Orle 1 te n 1867, ore rl i 1868, and spr d r idly r t s to t e a.st and t, fr Texn to e C rolin . .. con titution a opted in Jun 18 8, rovi d for a c 1 or ization t te, co ties, and sm 11 r co uniti • Supr m Co cil w s loc ted i n r 1 supervision w s maint ind Orl a, r lit 1 th Council r l 3 Brown: Lo r Sout 20 . Ibid. P. 210. 107 l Their constitution declared that, "where as rad·oal legislation is subversive of the principles of the government of the United tates as originally adopted by our fath rs, and whereas our safety and roperty depend on the reservation of those grand principles and believing that they can be peacefully ma.int ined," t he order is founded. 1 The order too a very clear and decided stand upon the chief question of the day. They a reed never o rry anyone but persons of the white race and declared eir bel·er in the super- iority of that r ce. They a ree never to stay awa ro an electi n when t ere ere w ite an ne ro c t s B t i d them • . T ·r objects were eclared to be to prevent t e ne ro fro > ttin contro en ver o r an o e e ers ns a bove a strive for he sup cy of e i e r 0 r 0 11· 0 J t Y nd n n 1 , 0 v· lat ri h s, n ore o t o no r me C or e se . ' tor r 0 anizatio • o onnec o it on t·o re n h ord r t Th r r t locn ·ty. e e any n stat r o n oth The 'eventy i" • n r o s. s or- 0 1 n o n t.:n s ort n 0 J SO ' m i e o on s a , co or 0 tin a a n or n - z io ose 1 n r·nc s cor son e h to 0 1 F , Documentary 2 b. . , I. 350. • of the Knights of the Vlhite Oim llia. s an auxiliary to their association, they maintained a newspaper in New Orleans hich was devoted to the "advancement, advocacy and disseminati n" of their principles. 1 Louisiana was also the home of the ~fhite e gue . " 109 Its object wa "to establish a white man ' s overnm nt in the state." The "Youn en's D emocratic lub" exi sted in lorida and Virginia, but it is not cer ain tat it was to be foun in any of the other states . 2 Ot organizati ns were t he rhite Bro " er er 00 , n 0 l 0 afe y, t he" le Faes" an the "Co stituti n 1 un·o e.r a . II Th re re al o hun reds 0 fensive Organize.tins" 0 t t to obey . 1 . h ca l h W 0 no exce 81 1 r r 0- ot T h . ho . d th ·r only • , l. a pur ose t rotect a rt 3 T . ·ty of rson ro • e on res- . nal co i t som ho 0 t s e noti n a a l e r or - f' e ~ • z r ... .. n , V 0 r n e 0 e- • th C ve , u 1 OU ·t er e e 0 1 arn al a e e r n a s , teri 1 s e n red e "t ho oubt h t r ot 0 t e l Wh ot • a e n. r nor s w r r. , 5 2 i . II. B7 • bi . 0 ' ower istor, 2 1. • The exact number of members of these "protective organizations" will never be knmm . orest, the head of the u Klux Klan, made t e statement to the inve ti ting committee of Congress, that there were 40 , 000 m mbers or t e K ux Klan ·n Te ne see and 550,000 in al oft e outhern st tes. • L. 1~ ng, author of Civil ar an econstruction in laba1 , and cumentary H i tory of econstructi n, eclares this number was gr atly exag erated, if it was ap lied ·ust to members of the K Klux 1 n itself, but is as correct an est'nnte scan e otten, i ·tin 11 1 s. or ers with u Klux i des n ,et o Some well nown me ers or t e Ku Klu n ere eral Jo m • 1 ski, Tenness , Ca tain Jon ' • .or I f'ter- r r ' ry o 0 T n s e • y n 0 h or a. 00 , , e 0 0 e e o or an of h 1 n n b • n r 1 orr d r r ' • • • r 0 • r 1 J r on , Co - , ' , • • • il e r on and • Gen ral r n o or 1 • I • • • • I • • r e of ba • 0 Jo e 0~ , • • r r ' n on or er, s 8 C u 0 e 0 t e l n. a 0 ec 0 .. , . rt • ad or r \ I z I r C e 0 I an spre 0 h h 0 • 2 I ·r n 0 di e ra- . e me1 0 • lC 0 s e s ny e s er 0 ga 1Z 0 s . • 1 n , es er ' · 1s0 J 2 es r son , 110 J 111 Local conditions might have made it necessary at times to join in local uprisings against radicals, but they took no active part as they realized that it would have a bad effect upon politics and would furnish too rrnich ca pai gn material for the rad·cals and would· probably result in h rsh lei 1 ion against the outh. 1 Ne rly all emocratic lea ers were co neeted in irectly with so e organization, however. ome woul a dress . e tins and • ve en our ge ent to them un erta ings or t e Klan. ers , but wold t e no acti e part i any The u Klux Kan e a more strenuo s ex·s e ce than the la Belt order. So ial on i i ons e e not s ba int e 1 c t re io ot er plac • tran ea i y s em, t s fer in h ·stri ts ta ny 1 ce e e. r o 1 y h st b h ed , ere es ere T er t he v r d - ed n ev r 0 OS . . r r u on o e y , t re lso, ever d . ere • re n r " • to h la ce to o er h hi ons 0 i t e ·st r i ts arth r o i r · t to 0 0 0 0 of t l e oor · tre t r o a n e. ese eo 0 r north, i en o h s e o r o ro, thy r s co or bor. e t e ne o nee t he egro i e la e t t he gre t r e d ns h c f o a oor ites tat ·te of t ia district who were most frequently assaulted by the negro, the wife of the poor farmer who lived in an isolated comnu1nity and w ose husband was usually bsent attending to the fields or otherwise absent on duty. l Many women and even t heir children were killed. The u Klux · 1an, as it had been reorganized, procee ed along the same lines it f ormerly had used, exce t t hat som o ·ts old ethos were sli htly mo ified n raw new features were a ed. Tl e ·n f eat res, na ly , secrecy a grot sque es, r e rt ined n ste s er t t e • n sa e ere us 0 o t e s · 1 0 , to t 0 0 e u n ys . ece ve n r y , 867, 0 y 0 ready 0 eared at d·rrer nt • o n s t c ed. ev · c s y ·ch re e t • t he i of uly 4, e i ew 1 1 e f un tr sli per , 0 h i s t 0 e ree r o n i , i e n , o etl r I . 0 OS 8 1 0 0 h o a n 0 o s t o r. 85. r e r t b i e , nd V s 1 nni 0 0 h r ts . 1 st t er t r o C r e • he • 1 d 112 " • 113 membe r s o the Klan assembled at four desi~nated o ·nts near the for m ain roads leadin into t own. Th o ntrr Klans joined them, 1·ng the peo le at home that they were going · nto Pulask to • h fou a po i nte d places t ey 1 by onn s t i r o e an dis uis , an he th o k n up, 1 b m ar 0 ni ~ e ad ed C 0 r on li . 1 C j i e are • o d 0 t t that mot o h mb r oft 0 0 r • 0 iv I 1 f i , - , 1 . r co r 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 0 u r o 0 • 0 e f • 0 0 0 0 0 n 0 0 . . 0 n o n V 0 o d 0 0 . l 0 s . l. mo 0 • h 0 1 d on , 0 al given ' Tl dif er nt ua.r i p rf'ect d e 1 be n ' 0 0 r 0 0 r - r . 0 t z a i O ' cool d • d cc r J ho u and • the de. Others 1r ar 'T' • tru h , 1 four .. er w 1. • C U r r le ent wa eff C • than more 1.ve r ly re K Kl • T r ,, r n 1y n !O u t . 0 t 1 • f or r • C • f r . o e ar r Ku K X r 1 r , tooK • • X 00 • -r 0 0 e • 0 n 0 0 d 0 • .,o 0 . , th elrl a t ere hu dr • The po • l co ne l. 1 r n lffi r • • for t e s K Klux 0 . • ! .l. a l. 0 . f or r 0 , 0 , C - . l , r r 0 C r .o 114 th re r r thre ¥ r ten tl ou ... e.nd. le v rer . t . ro lo.; r o cor J a.n a 0 , , • d ceiv d y a of rr· r w r r r ""' 0 C n . • . , 10U to i g • 1S d , - t 0 o . d hands with the negro, which caused the ne ro any amount of distress. A very frequent trick was for a Ku Klux to ride up to some negroes' house and ask for a drink of water. The negro, or course would brin h·m a tumbler of water, where- upon the Ku Klux would drink it and then a 1 r e bucket full. s if consumed b ' • ra 1n thirst he would grasp the bucket and press it to is lips. H e el it there until every rop of water was pou ed into n oiled sack concealed beneath his robe. T e t e empty buck t would be returne to e nezed nd fri tened e ro "th some such re rk as: "Th t•s ood. I is }e firs • ri of water I h ve had ince I as illed t he b ttle of S iloh." T e Klux, es ec"al l t e t e organizatio foun upon the ne ro. re ts ort i er . m r o 115 The Ku Klux also made a practice or eonv rsing in my1- terious and untelligible language. 'lthe negroes called th s "mummieking". '!'heir very voices frightened t e negro as we 1 as the stories they told. Some told of a horrible mon ter who lived in the Yazoo SwampA, and went a out the land with flesh bag in the shape of a heart calling for fri d n1g er et, 1 his favorite delicacy. In a great many cases uch trick soi t c a.t d th egro t a he wa good an o r rth r actio n ces~ary. It a ot unt· th spring of 186 t e y rio m thods 8. eco e ch an o story t y r no long r effec • 1ve a. r r ae h n r wa C e T'e c • - r a e cala ag w re ar r m age, ho V r. They de - stoo the nature oft ecret • i • e org 1za an 1.r o e er 0 m ed a y r e e ur ·1 r e d ce was used against t e • It wa i 68 , t n te d by the Klar..s he p r b a Ku ord and in of ich th r 1 • ar w r p • J • "Y t hos • to blac OU le ' men l a • The t e arr ve for you to ar • • • • • d 0 1 fro to Al ' a Ye • who ~ti k to low w ite ' n1 er • Be gone, Be. one , Be gone! 'I·be orld turn~ ar und- t e t irteenth hour a roachet J on two and t ree, bewar I • J • hite and yello • J and m -- - eJ1 --- be 0 The and • • t al --- • r 1 g 0 116 r e h t r J i f " ork! \Vork! ork! Double, double, to·1 and trouble; Fire burn an cauldron bubbl ." Reve ge! Revenge! Revet ' ., Bad men! whit J black, yell J r pent ! '11he hour is at t B ye r ady! life • J. . y. ' ' ' • • • • • Gho ' Gho t t t I • • • • tea mad 0 di t 1 d , is ort. ti red ·t li tening o eaven, and aw etened it th gal of ene i 11 b t I I ••• • • • • • tr co o . 1 0 1 . i dical r 0 J 0 r f d 0 0 . ly r 0 1. • n 0 0 t .e h. r a· do - IT, y 0 r . b e • 0 ar in e • r t e t 0 eede • r o 0 a 0 i.r n 0 t a·rr r e r or g n r all bo on . J lC th on UC o· a i e • d ' d and en l. co C 117 and I to ay • punishments or warnings decided upon. By publishing the differ n order to R die a double urpose as accompli hed, for not only wer the guilty par ies warned but others who had committed like offenses oft, took heed. Later the milit ry aut oritie in many plac for ade the newspapers to pu lish Ku Klux order and after tat, t e system of postin~ war ·ng~ on the pr mi es of offende s cam the most common r t·ee. • 0 e l v rbal ord r an ar ing ere given. They igh go to a t d e11·n an ctur i in r gar to hi onduc and er c C futur wer exacted. In o c ~es , r o d - C changed en fro tat car - r e e unbear l , 1ra or rd 0 an ue.lly . o . n , h b • • tr ed a a c ta 1 . g n 0 m r t:ed to ar, an tic r oun r O C 0 on r • C no o s • • n o V ot r er · tende an xtr h r 0 0 r i 0 pi i b ood r i 0 1 b e d" n d 0 - 0 0 b - . 1 C 0 • d 0 - 0 0 t r. · . on d o i 0 do t 0 • 118 • told to leave tle state in ten days and on his r fu a to do so, 1 he was given a very severe beating. By such actions on the part of th Ku Klux, many car et- baggers were forced to give up th ir offices. d le t e country. Sometimes whole boards or oommi ion ould b vacated at once af er t e issuing of offio rs could n loner hold rerred to resign r t er tan ate pti o h t • offi ir t n 1 m • Kl e ili en on cti • the in o k l. 0 , da. ev, groe C to V 2 d 0 0 r or l 0 0 0 f fort eo h i of · cial • e r lo n e e V r OU · si i Te 2 : Do 0 d 3 ct d. r SC r 0 1 o r o r 1 e od ny, o . rown· uth 2 -- a. & C co n t 0 t thei po o suff r 2 • h h y h C - 0 od 0 l notice tat t ition. They pre- t co ue c or C d offi es wer cco 1 h d 0 0 0 r • e Sl.0 0 a. r o ·nti 0 and· 1 0 i n r 0 - b C r - a r o b r rg 0 or ·c • r 0 7 " 119 control of the offices. The carpet-bag ere got so they lived in constant dr ad of t e Kla Each off oe holder fear d hat any day he migh sked to resign. It wa now no loner safe fort em to hod meet·ngs wit the negroes or they w re inevitably broken up and th Ra icel le der suffer d. I a mo or all, un ise to stay in th co t r order d be • o V to ea for th t tunonie S 0 th t many euch offendere wer shot at h·le al • about t et 0 in r di in ta 1 • their o hom 1. , • wlich t 1. ey ere T 0 r i n · o r 0 or r r o • z. n mo i 0 C 0 o L 0 0 0 gr 0 C 0 or r Cor • 2d • I dragged of h C 0 K 0 • r 0 0 0 . 21 , Aff o. 22, from 1 0 r 0 0 C 0 0 • in . 8 itt·n t t ther w r ev n om ca 1 their d a d kil d. h r r by r r of oo 0 C 0 C i 0 0 0 a r 0 - onary S 2 120 whom they boarded were disci 1 ne . Women e i er olo ed chools r ceived notice s t hat if they did not cease, they wo 1 b bur ed out, and that as the o to any time. The Radicals lieved it was becaus t. e Ku ux wer 0 po d to 1 tion of th negr. T. orst work th Ku Klux V r .d w i op o sch sand ooca ionally ex elli ~ a teacher o i, fo th·s o bt e d mo tan anything el the mind of o et an we l-1ean ·n 0 0 • 1 t t e o y eo 0 K K X t e educa- p ni hing to confi ort_ · w i es and ignora t peop e and that the better cl s of o - n ? .... ';J' 0 2d 42 r 0 ~ e i r r J • 0 0 • n t s on . , ot i sym • • fl a n t • n 2 ... o f . • .) a n 0 1 0 , o. 22, Pt • T 8 m o d Se • a hy ·t th m • • a so • ha. t i So • a , 0 nc V ., 0 0 1 f 1 a n • 0 0 • s s y d a J Ku 0 , 2 on . . , 9, II, , ¥.. Sta - -- -- o. 22, pt. II., • 121 tot 11 on each ot er or gi ny s ti fa. ory • v en ourt. Furtherm re, in som places it was impos ible for Republ. an to hold court. heri f , rob t · dge, and • • cu wer ca 1 d p n and asked or · n their of i e d thr ats 1 or whipping or m~ybe death. Befor th o o of 1868, the myste ·ou ele nt i the 2 ow or the Klan ~ ea ed t exit,- because it w no loner 1 n w he robe me e a a n or m r C n e und to r 0 t 0 0 h o ntry a w 11 a. t e u a of th ne r e an r lea e • il h. ed · • e ue l. 0 0 - - , • h 1 l 0 , m - i it • 0 . l r C e • 0 ..., l r 0 t • e n 0 0 0 0 • n . r 0 C • i . r of 1 • 1 1 p l. y r y • t 0 , 0 g . I 2 2 n • 3 0 Co eL;ls., " ? - , . , 122 th ubject or universal regr t and co demnation. It wa during this period that most of the cruelties o often spok of in connection wi h the Klan were comm tted, a d although it i claimed by some that "no genuin Ku K ux oul hav been guilty of a deed o an at that woul br · ng the bl sh of shame l any brave or noble man", the _cts do sho that it wa. not alw ys "me a Ku Klux b membe o the Klan t em - lv who commi ted ou a~e or w i h the Klan i 0 t he e o d er, f th 1 d e a • ve r m r i co C i n i h lt o g de of vi 1 r doe by .en w o K cti co 0 0 1 • 0 l , • o n or d or u a n 1 he 0 • Z l.O to r n C r , or o C io 0 b • an e l 1 e • 1 n r e n on r n 0 n n r ei 0 r 0 . 00 0 • , 0 ) . 0 0 • l t 00 ct 1n , • r - i • • D· i D ) 0 r • • • • 0 1 0 , ? - r d · 1 n : P. 123 Ku Klux statutes, and in some states, military force w to be used to suppress the K1an. Thi was in 868. In Tenne see, o February 20, or fol win year, th GovJr nor r c . a. t al 1 in ome of th coun ies and ord ed op to be sent thither. This roclamation w a follo e in l a.r . by one y th uGr nd ' iz rd' of th K K x Klan o hi ub- ·eote stating at in a much a legislativ action had been taken against the Klan, 9.tld --- lished t obje or it d ve. r t n 0 d as the orde r • 1 a d cl r g 1 i t r n r f r- r i mb i Ku 0 C u i 1 n o a X 0 z io • 0 0 e y s K r DO t a , · iz 0 0 n 1 r • 0 0 0 0 1 t • s C • e V 0 C - r te Ho , 1 • za o , 1 6 0 0 z 1 C on b o n o Con r a 0 n h 0 t t ey C ng o on- or n rl 0 y co .. i g t V bi it of a • n ag i t l i ·, 1 A" • 1 () : 124 when, i 1 69-1870, some of the Sot.er State be a to show signs of oing De ocr i . Ju~t at he time, President Gran ~ent a message to Congress accouncing the ratification of the Fifteent Amen ent, and added that it "con the most important event tat ha occurred s·nce the at o came i to life. The changes will be beneficial i pro ortion to the eed tha i iv n to the r n r conr n at on of a hi t OU i n itu Con 0 a 1 i h . th r nal o o .. ro Con nde 0 nt t n K 0 l C no 1870 . r r 0 l or r 0 1 d o • • 0 0 p 0 • • • 1 b r o bo o l 0 V o r 0 0 C die ran r 0 • 0 m 1n r r an y 0 h r t r 0 t r n d fo no ra e 8. or 0 n 0 g 0 • l r y on . 0 1, ooul b r o n V • r o d r n , ar , • 5- 55 y 1 l 0 0 0 0 t i co • 0 125 .-- l on-- u r 0 0 - s 126 penalties were to be inflicted u on anyone who deprived any cit - zen of any of his rights under th law. l The Civil Right Bill · of April, 1866, was also reinacted. Burgess says that there is no do bt bu that Congress over- stepped its co stitu 1 po rs in the pa si g of thi at. It i true that the Fourt enth .Amendmen to the Constitu io of the United St e • in p r, a , • o te s l al 1 m --- 0 - force any law which ala o communit e o cit zens of the Unit d Sae "The Un· d a o shave o t o ·r ct rce t a tio o t tes for viola o Co it ss t gi e, th rovi on. B h ri to di c on i C fo lo hi C C Of bra. • rv • erv a 0 o e or • · ct pr I 0 0 t 2 3 urg • m n : ch rso 0 rre . d h n I l ro i r y F 0 er on l i 1 on fo by i 0 to . r 0 o a 0 1 0 r a e C t e Bil o ay , 187, C i 2 1 0 C • • 0 0 or 0 0 C 0 rv 0 - n to arr t r 0 C 0 0 y - • • 0 n n e a ' - s o d o rr 2 g 7 . on, • anxioue. He had fall n in with some v ry stron Radicals, ho had given him some very unreliable information in regard to 1 condition in the Southern States. Under the r infl · 1 enee h sen amessa.ge to Con res Mar h 23 , 1 71, declarin t h i n m o t h at co dition were ch t hat life and ro erty were in ecure and the carrying of mail and the col • c 1.on o r ven e dangerou · t te re unable t o co r o ·1s, and it a o btful t e au h rity 0 nterfere. H e t erefo a s d for e 1 op y , n o n 0 1 C ngr an ere y pa i t e K u 1 Act o 0 ' i c ve t e C r t 0 i io n 0 a r r a o a n r 0 o , e i c 0 cob i n 0 • r i s 0 d e i o • or z rm n 0 r ct 0 n • Co 0 t 0 r · b 0 u · 0 n p 0 C 1 y • d 1 nd C e 0 r 0 on o d 0 3 · t • 0 1 • 1 ta e • oc 1 • .. . 2 • , Vo • 1 , 27 3 • $t • 127 by the President May 3, 1871, declaring thie Ku Kl x ct t be one of extraordinary i m portance and that he meant to enforce it. It had been passed, he declared, de to the failur on 1 the art of the local communit e to protect al citiz n. In order to learn somet ing mor out conditio sin the Sout a~d also to justify t a a e o the ·Enrorc m n Act, Congre s organized a conunitte, on the ame d y th t th K Kl x Act wa a roved to i ve i8a e ·n t e Sothen t • o i ee t oo committee vi ~ite a1en were th t e · 1 ve i tio rn o re te r om J n he r C r 0 · in fo to C t Ag a d i • on i re a b 1 lo 0 t Ho ne on o Co e r e o a • n o e act of Fer T pa a e or e d o C • r , n, e ce a 0 0 0 0 8 t ct • V 0 ; i , ol nee a n r n 1 - 87 • a 0 t t - 7 p 2 Fl ng: Civil a & l 7 e a 1 b- t mo i u C t 1 i 0 of - r 0 71 2 0 0 0 • - . 128 ee 129 Radicalism once more. The year 1874 is the date when sor e of the r constructed state ~ s cceeded in overthrowing car et- a and negr rule, and the Democrats succeeded in electing a majority oft e me bers in the lower Hous or Congress. Th ar 1876 arks the date of the cornpl .t~ over hrow of that rule and the com 1 te es ah i } . t o th " ol c o 1 e oc a i · • imu 0 w·th the of th the e.riou Ku K l • governmen s, org za r they ad the • erv e r ur e n we T e Kl d a a.t 1 ca 0 0 bO l g oe C , t y B , ' und r hite i n f con ol • on ear o lo r d • ch , e r l t • 130 C .. A TE IJ. . C o n c 1 u • n T e 0 t uctton o OU fo l by Co consi r d y t e o be ad, • gr , a 0 r 01 pres l.V J • • ibl T e did b C t , n J.m 0-.: • 0 J8C eg free, bu bee d a parent • ud 8 o grese 8 . 8. t So orth w i t . t t f the e ]. 0 r 0 • r 1.ri ov l' • accor t . r t a th· contr ight be r ~ B , n l. r ore com- , th 0 r w ·t d r ie T on d • i on n C , . e • ir • r r in t r o 0 , a t g wa b - • d d I r o , a C , 0 0 0 C • T 0 d . • 0 0 l. 0 OH 0 0 0 sit 0 0 of er 0 i 0 0 0 0 an co • , 0 n 0 1 cc f ? • t n gr d 0 cont 0 t Jar t - a crer an C 1 a j 131 the burning or ginne and store ~ ceased, and all property became safe; people could sleep safely at nights; and wome and children could walk abroad w· t hcut danger; t e Radicals; reft of their power, l eft the country, taking the religioue and educa ional agitator with them. o ial o r l wa re i t ed by the whites and more impor ant till, po itical cont ol.----Ho revolt ever succeeded o completely. A third question- w K u Klu. , ju tifiabl • - l. harder to ans er. Butt· he nd uetifi t e m eans, but that never before as an end o lear y wortl· fighti for, made so learly un tain 1 att ine mair: 1 ood. Souter ry an oo me o e J a r T ted. T oft e Ku lwc, ho ever, s i l e i t.,o many ha te o the Souter ind today, an in too or o i of o tber iv li atio to many characteri tic o out er lie. The outl wa5 re, ed uni e too i co or t eir own overnmert and t ey awe e 0 r oda never divi i g on anj publi ue ion • e learned t ae political ri C le an o d ov r t abo freedom or thou t, and bee u of th· , the a eb rr d t he l elve from a full participati n int e life oft country! I BIBLIO APHY Sour Mat ria. ction. i 2 vols. The .H. Clark & Co., Qleve ad, Ohio, 907. Ins 1r1 ct·onary State ; Ku Klux Cons cy, Vol. 1, Report f Ji t Sele t o i tA to Inquire into Condition or Arra· in port Lat Insurr ctionary Stat . 42 Cong., 2d 22, pt. 1. • , Hous Same ( Vo 1. 2) : Test· ony t en by comm·ttee, Nortl C ol i a.me (Vo. ) : T timo y Vol. 1. 0. 4): i ony a Vo. 2. s s V • ) : T • • V • • • V . ) : T ol ) : Vo • ) : T 0 • ol . • • • T t\ 10 Vol. : e t · o a e b , u h C r a, onnni , Sou . 0 i , 0 0 • • J 0 0 • - · t , 1 0 . • C a 0 .. 2. , I 0 • 0 e • • 1 l. 0 • 1 co t e, i i l . 2 Same (Vol. 13): Testimon taken by committee, Mi Florida.. Macdonald, illiarn, Sele Stat ts of the Unit Mcmillan Co, N.Y., 1903. McPher~ , Hon. Edwa d, A Handbook of Poli. Phil and Solomon, ashi ton City, 1 72. T at ·Le.r Un1t,gd Stat • 1. , Litt e , Bro Co., Bo , Br • 0 Se • 0 • 7. 0 . 11, , • , o . 70 , i t u • • • l. r s iv • a t o ity C on r by J 0 , 9 • • d by -r orge , 186. C • , os n , 0 • J o .. 0 , • I , 0 0 0 t • i ' ' 0 u . • Ho • II s d • Th r. V o • , 1 6 . 0 - 0 III B I BLIOGRAPHY Secondary Sourc s Char es or·bn r ' ~ Sons, 1903. i the U ni t d State. in 2 vol .Char e er r ' s ons , 1896. Ave. a Lo , Dix ar . Do da, Co • , • Y • , 90 • e , Twe • 1 , 2 V • T He b . C o 0 , Co . , 8 • Bro I i • 1 . r o Th T . . . ' 2. ur , ob r , • • ' 0 • • • • 00 0 T 0 d , C r , . . , • 0 . J. p • 8 C , I. , 8 • Cy • d C. g n 1 er 1 a 0 • Co , • • Lond 14 . IV Dav il ie.m atson, Civ -------------------- Reco Columbia Univer ity Pre , .Y., 1913- Dunning Wi i r ch ald, R onstruo ion, Poli c. Harper & Bro., .Y. & London, 1907. D in , il · chibal, uc- tion and Rel ted Tooic. Th J n Co, l O • ck r od 1 • 1. on , The T 0 op r 0 4 . L. in • l 0 . I 9 • r r, i o d , • • 90 • • r o , C b , 1 i. t • r i 0 L rt r o . , .Y , C r o l oc, ... , . . , l , 0 . . 912 e b r , H 1 ry A., al i or, 890 ., y the Solid outh? Th Joh Hr , Hil ry ., Aboli ion Cru - c i ner ' s Sons , . Y. , 1912. i g Grace and Fie 1 , John, History of Lo b. Co . 1 Orl , 189. L s r, J . • Jil 0 , .L . I K T a Pu • Co., . y . I . C a . ' . . l Co . • . , • o n • ay , 0 • 10 • • • • 0 , • • J • L • I a r ' • • i , • d , or, 7 • 0 0 , • • t 0 n 90 • V r ss , a I 0 C l , • n ' vO 0 0 0 y ' 9 .. l . s I Thor a, Fr nc1. Ne o, Con ry of th n 3 v 1. Ca la & Co., C ·c go , 901 . Remin· o Co n illi . Cro • nd by ar a t , 2d • , Ha r B o. . , .Y • Lo on, 1910. il , 00 J VO • H r ro • • • • d o o, 1902. o , T 0 1 J n & Co .. , 0 , C J 09 . ' E . ' • • ) - r • •
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Champion, Grace
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Core Title
The Ku Klux movement in the Southern states
School
College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
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History
Degree Conferral Date
1916-05
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Los Angeles, California
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University of Southern California
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Champion, Grace
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