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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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Peoples and movements in the Near East
(USC Thesis Other)
Peoples and movements in the Near East
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PEOPLES AND MOVEl~ rrs IN THE NEAR EAST. ____ , _ - . - --- Thesis f or Master's Degree, submitt ed by Joseph Leon Taylor. May 24, 1909. I P OPLF,S Only • h tle vil d J r1 ., f'. y s l ,. .t • 1: :, A • . " 1.41 1 ') · . . 1 1 n u e-'"' • AfrJ. . ·t • nt }' ro LIL 1 s. 0. . t p • Ha • l H rod nrr, .. i ·,e 0 u i n 1 ,., e e C f • J .,. J • ns" 1 As • tie rigi . th in 0 r u * C • t a J. · --- n \'/ s I n t:1 r t C r: L n ,, i.e . J. ' 4 B · c ~ s ' 1 e p an V p 1. ,. V t ? I • ~ t Ly • n 1a .. r !1 ' • L , ov r by C t A G Ci . oc . .. • ver , es ivi • sple c!or , dl or a' 1 n 88 C • I 8 ... cea 0 · "'o e 0 e · nd 0. an SU}Y .. !l CJ 'D r s 1 A, d, G and d • • . e e-- • J. e 0 ' IJ ~ 1 of p f l • he y li rt Al X d T . e C l . • on t u r . 0 e • • t • t t t J.? C 0 l. l .v 0 , • w { ' e .i, ., p 1'1 ~ . • r n . 0 Sou I n 30 B. C . ,, • t .. Ro_ M r h d or. b f l"' 1em. L t . "} • odu d . . . n. (j .. J op. J .. "'"h p . n • T Ro . d t p K' . gd G 1 . V T • A p l · r ' 0 r n 0 • • Rom . • a. r: h inc 1 s , G na Cn . ex ,as simile.:" a f' • .J. l.i C R ' H A.D. A a n , d r· i C i . ul ure 1 ia • R i L der Mo Cont 1 i1 ple ·n 66 . p I s : • nt l. ·n y ro t 6 er . I n " ! wes r n • T G g • T ce n 1 al· za io o n r:l f r ,r n • A u • nd app ared Of 6 C J d V r d r • d h Ar bs m A , • h 0 t e r r ailed, eli i o· 8 B z n Ar ce .nt;ry rk m n • i n po er , -~ . + 1.· ,,.,. . .,. I.I - • .. :> • 031, ... C ll i n r Ur' a n Asia i ""er. d h t i a C - .... 7 - · T . r ' _ o s •• an tl ood . A ' l o e 0 he S a of s T , 'h "' r . Th ! 11 0 0 • I 12 3 e · to s • .l e h d • a .. a Os .. . " t Ollu- 1 a _ ~ s r ca J i . ,Q r RACES : ( ) • ") J .• h ,.,. ' I ·r .... -, . • n r} ..., t (, r t' Gal a • m acy e • . , ""I • , e r. • '.C r· I \tffiS C e .. r s l e se_ ~ 1:, ., •• • ., • l. vI i _ l t r • ' s i vid d v; and B ie ea ~ - 1 (J . lad wa de r ~ 1 1 a ars, A t olia t } e AE - an ' 0 OD -: nl . E--npir • or r: C ~ ., .. . ( ..... B ll .. 1 ... V B r . .. 0 t: .. • G nd h ~ • e .... , , C } Pe r 0 e ,. ome .., 1--. · {, ... l • • J. .., .r • ,G .... u.l rr ar a~ n , e s a . A e F. t ed, (1) Ir • 1ans 8 1edee ; ( . 1~ r .,, fill l • r l · • 0 l ed r s 0 + l1 :r r lJ • Eu r "' . ., B , s . , l · e, - Gr a ) Arm noid ) ' o.st • • • a r-d T Os • -, i Asia • • J • 1 r a 1 ... r • .. e + A ato • r .. p au l r n ea l. • e r .tr • ul ,, ·ral Jd imila d al n·t ·ves cf t • a r1 n av C as e 18 • bu partl . llain d h . f • artars li re l. ' av ir C 0 s rcir e e e t emselves . ribes (1) kc a r und • tne al J. ene e u a i n ·:ior 'J 1 cen part, are 1alf iombdic 1·ve • v .lla .e • . c1 ,d he . • - l.. in \ 1 er ·o . l. ... 9 Y' , -~~ ~ l • • • .\,1 • (2) tr·, f 1 ·rk mans, \.;1 i r s l n s ~ r, e u u ' ~ w e • gi nally • , la re - 1ti • f OU .t C1 • t l 0 n· .n lJ J. C J. ' ·e J i n no h f t . e .L al • (3) A fa ar i nnumer # us; ~ l u c ~ l 'J G ·i e,r. e ars (4) Ibereks ar • f I • ( 5) Ze a 81 s l. '· ,. fou ... d • + s ou -, C .. sp y ... \l _ ' • r s l Yt 1 r y • T Arm i · t· i s c -4;, i . • . e C & ar .. a 1 _ iI . , - colc..,r h • r 1 , • r1 e r ... .f b b . Armenia 1, • ' "l.r - r.. s r • ne des c f Hai s on f 1 ogo apheth , • n u r:-r - on 0 ir ' t , 0 J. oa e e on.,. I .d - ,r ,. n - B OC :l. ' D · • + od , . ., g r e n cou y l. l a '1 .r. l. .J.. • • .., , . • d r . • a n ev . re 1 ,0 . n J. l, 0 0,. 0 1. , ·r -, ~ 1 .8 ~ 'H .. • ✓ ~ J ' ... e, u dr d .e 0 Ul a . Ar· , 0 ' " ' l lus ~ri cius onarcl , ho ruled two t .OUBE4nu ' . .).. • • • a ( r r .. , rie r om e c a nd Ass • 1ura h LE • K. l'l ;' f Arme • K" nrr ch zar ria s . V"S n e i n . t J 6 0 Kin f C ... n • • r .. a us r, I., captu Ba 538 · • c. e prop 1 • al hi C r ' re ers 0 ev d e A n 1.. s l e ingd I! f A • U n er r i r b th r t , .. 4 - • • asst.med the title of "King ! Ki , lt cot r r ached t e ze nit of· He extended i arm from t e Caspian sea to the Medit rr a, fro Sou _er Caucasia o he Me o o e 1 is, em ra ing Assyria, Med·a, Syria, Cilicia, Phoenicia a d a large part of Asia )ti or. Induced• . owever, . e united with • J.m solicitations or hie rather•in•law, Mithradates or Pontus, in war against the formidable army of Pompey, a nd o ing to the treason of is S OL and ally, he suffered defeat at the h oft Roma_ general. lost a part of hie dominions, ut effec t d a t.rea y w· h he Romans and became their faithful and useful ally until is death. H. grand on adop d a rd. policy, and a ter a terr· le war, .as take • pr o y An hon .. e eade a t Alexandrla, ~ Cleopatra, 30 y s B. C. Th i d •. ro u ,, o C t e inau uratio. of a ra of raecu i o , r ce• 1atred, r lg oue fanaticism and u old miser~ i n emaciated condition. e ieto , ti t,e race, culmina i g i ite present rather From ,he et to 5t ce t ury, t e countrr ecam independent or at times tri utary t t e Roma , Persian, Byzanti e and Mac do in Thtpiree, nd i ha be n invar · abl .. ' an are a of ni t rr p ed struggle for eelf•pres rvati , no jec o conten ·o amo g Rome, Byzan i~, and P i • P ticul rly , i J t . e 7th a nd 8th c uries, he cou try ecam a te ng ato to t1e Mohammedan ad Monge ia,n rorce, w ho proceeded gr ally into the hart • of Europe . In the midst of this consta t warf'ar an" anarch , the nati n 'solated a1d reduced to a prin ipa.lity, r re ted ~o e nort. of Cilici founded the kingdom of Lesser Arm# · a . Th i t t i n a aggravat d y th ve- mert f t h Crueaders o sa ea f Chris ia e i n Jerusal • • l.8 rorces eete.blie Les er Arme i a t i ir base of op ration and e joy d 1~ eral a ietance from the Anne i kins 1 oth phy ic an ma rial. The Pope t • • al A 1ia . . his • 1.n p .e a 0 8 C • t • al . u1 c~ n ... ~11s C n ·1 n ., ' • • • 1 f• • ct i o .. nst l 1i0 J., ... nv · ns . ? t,. rmi a .:, ~ 0 - ~ + t '·h v u +le m i/ .ne 1.., - utter • J o ·· h nly C n r 1 11 i ... ,. - ' fl ~ i 1S rac , • ..-. n om al . com · n ··a • • , L r VI, i nst t he .. 1 n t hi ol, , a t k n r i o r i n 1375, and c· r r He was rel a n 3 1. h n e went t 4, e cour s 0 C harl s V f Fr a C an Ric of \I g • r1. i quest f a al t :1e .. ec o y o! his .-n H as • • h • i t· li b • • h . t - i. d • r I"\ e '11 ~1 "'l OS 0 r 1 , >J " . • r + 0 y r ux 3. 0 \I . I 8 cc a f· • l'l 13 • body, d n cc I . ' • l.S C or it h a r ' is l e d ol SC • 1is 1 y 0 s ,V p n , a n • an ' ri . 0 1 • ... s hi ! 1-tar 'C Ku • • i n pr . n y C n·' ~j. tin • 0 1.10 r I 0 t y i s li th . J 1 ... A. 0 th Cel s· rr u· n d j ..L , ., 1 , v i ous ..,h 1 .. ... i • ob r ied d the a \ 1 ,. ras - t c.J.o "ae ' J. C rc .. 1 . Tl . s Q 1 Ar nian p li ~ i ca. e dance. .., .. > ' i . 1 . a and ~ ·11· 0 • n b - ar f . ,.,'. 0 • • n ' s .l .. n n + nd • the u"'- exte r t as th \,I 11 s o n r # t i • Erz roum its Ku di h .. e n re l. !'1 O\V 8 tac a i ·120 t K ra r .r comp l t ople th f , t ar i ns. In r e ~, , a d o t 1 e ed · d er s . 1 . a pear a, nav an g y o·:vs. 'h i s c .. a c ,., r e ear . - - • • C i nvaded R : n 1329 an • , o n s , ,.h a I b • Ti 0 . ~+ s i A U! enr "' ar , ' C nr· F " l '- '• fl' ..... • r • l • e ► t s .1 2 0 1n 1r cus t, X }' • I . ":, fl f t: ~ K ur 1 ~ murl"o .. a s • ., .,T • I -c G T._ . V y ... Y' 0 y • • 1, .,,. "h 'r n .. I.I J..1. -· 4- :.,I.J. • r • 1 .111 . • p 0 '4.C -l. p ,,, _ , • .1 • • + . ty i ~ s ' r.1. - 1 A ·•· A .. ~ A " . ~· .., "-J. ... # 1 • ( . 0 i ..... r e .. • . y r, . .t. ~ - .. .,. • ,.. .. ..; • ·' J • .. p .. o 3 $\I. J ,,. 1 < • t" 0 to 0 ("\ ,.,j ' • .. I r .ni a [i .. 1. a C J 'f'\ ·ac p , ..b Yl1 . • • • .. ... - ,. "· . u~ • ' he I.• !1v'l • 0 YO V' 1 11 "U 0 " . ... .. . he s, . "- ,,. B L ·1 ~ J.. Yl.i! • , l ' t"I . m a . .,,. .; L .. • f' + p r , l J .:, .. t """ T h n: • !L . ' l : ,I• (j ,. . • \.: 1 " .. , • . ;~ + "'- ' ir • I . an " 0 V1 h I.; • • - l C n u "' • I .1 .J l () . '.'I' n fl ' ,., 6 1 i on. H a Supr B d lli l - - ~ . he • • 1 • • 1 r ?! l. 1or: ( ,:, J 1 t T ·ak 1 . 0 . s ,. n J r, . • • ' , Ar ·" _ • • '/ .. • • 4 • f und u· l ta r,1 l. 0 s 0 1 . ., o ) ' • CE 0 ' _ i to t r • T s B i . CJ' -·Y ~ :1 /1 s es ·1 r l tl orm. 8 l-'). or u i ty cru e r Ar , • 0 1. s . i C t n s .I, p r • l. a ~ •il A I f J 1f' ~ p ~ r Th o,# I l r., f 1 Ar :v s • ·1c m 11 t . K d ' C ., (, CT ., .. CJ . I. .ds .. il C 1 ...: , .. " I,; v J. as mani E ' • ·r d • • • The Or i odox Gr ak Ch re , l e R prevail in C s par Ro n 85 n 106 . A rl .: in the matt - , • .+ s .. •s r. n an " 9 a rrr a t r . is t triem • t:1 Pr ot e en .. an a rai s • Apostl es St. Bar ! clo.me r d St . ad pr d G ·os11el • us in Ar . ia, and becam t i e f' s " m .rtv .. I of s ver C l t . t ! st b • t p s ! B t re OU 0 C!l C s 1 dif" r ent parts of st. G t.l Illum1.e. • Gr ,., .A C n r ' • ~ r r, . - ) w A .,le ~ A rme ria G urch, f' on ' . C hris iani t y - . e SU , 13 8 r 1.n vO .. he pa an K. - J. T. a \ r 1 · l · ,; A.D., u s • National C • t is. C . "A b t 2'7'" ," ., 1 . .. l.1 S r1. ur I, • • u I/ ~ .ilma 1 "C hris ,ia i t Armen a . u wa ,n eli . )n of t he ki na , + 1 a and ~ e p e · .., e A rmenian ish p ,tend d al th S O ' !'l . XC t i on r C _ cil of ced t A.D . 451, w e .. e toria eresy J. .c is the poli • cal ed f I C • a s 0 ur t , ... p triarch erses, in is t E r u , p .di te E " V ""' i .,... ..... r " •j L ~1 , o · ,. th ·•• ( . . ,,/ .. A ~~ r:, T A "O P t r. . t v- J I. • xt 4 d Oecu · 1 • Co • l l s n C C a · u ""r J u 't, Ea • h .., ctr·· nes /I s r n a .j s i s ..,er C r • i "",·r , V .; ' m i , "" 'o c:f 0 ~er Ap st C 1 • - • u ·X.. . " • ot. i • • .. f th 'I' 0 r t . ' . T' i ri t ls t • 1 • . l • C r e .. ar u , mi a 10 r J :i r u C per C r. • B ( • 1 i - - • • imm • n _n i _ .fi • d ) ' r 1 0 ,.r 1 r. .. t t a tic,r , E • d t r co C ar1 L · r 0 V' .e .c 0 ... , , , J J.. 0 C r ...1.l . Six o. C . co . z .d. 'he C ol'c o • he 0 l.8 1 A • d; p triarchs Co s ta '1 ,I · • • o r e 0 C Je l e .. ,.Arc 1 i h f • il ari u ' W~ • a J e C ,fl A t • T Xt • rd ,h ' . 1 l. A . ' 0 oc~, s of e 1 doa 0 , rid · l... ... I_ 0 l. ,,- d t b ri • et • r e C .r , 0 .. e " • p L 18 • . .,, I. e t6 0\ ci 7 i n ... ~ Ar . re . Etn J • C X ca .. rn .n of li 0 r ' 0 s 0 r - t. s p • \, r _n C n- ar r rn _ l. ,. • -..,j. .. · a. r ~ p 5 ,, ,1 t lO -.; . • i • ifi ial "Et 1, • . ... 0 l1 po s 'l a a 11 V A C . r l nd ld A " .. o j ... ·- , s G 1. I A ,4 . '1'i "I r , e 'j 18 • • Li • J. " • 9 ~mi • 1 . lig, c -4-ed this 0 1a ~~ 1 . 0 . ' a . r ' .. • 30° . I t • • Arm • t J. c·ty Jric J. .. 8 { J 861 .. ni a. , P .e "'r - h-' t ' ~ 1 ~ f. . • I t • arg .L ' ·1 anc co pr1 f ld. YI i"('; d al thi . !or.; f i c· . • h • l . .. ' ) ' surrou. :.<. lV , l. . · 1 l ocp str ' k • . 'rii,, Era r 0 . rs s .l. 0 a ol • stron . old . I t h C a t G J. 8 .. • C 1 . ~ 1 \I c · ·r ' V ry pr fus y ador ed i , lp ral designs. H r· d • BC r ' I!' n -r , oz r or • • • c rr · re .. is e, r e ... ro.ueeu ' pr n .,J. • , il.y pap r, h 0 r: ti 1 6 Jli .. d. Am Elr e ,. - 1 - • 11 i b C n JU C d • > 1 man crip•e, h mot rm e 10 ce ur , a nd :ir Bi 1 1 , o • • 1C 0 t K i n II, ' • compl · • , , J ecclesi • l1l. Chur 1 par d fr hen Gre, or r .. d r i r . r :-,I ie nu houg • A r ka 1 a. r i~·ful i n ""he h 0 o~ AI r e ira+ Armen an v r l. n f , C t . Ti 431a rch i . tl e f urt or call d he I arie1. .• 0 + .. 0 ,J A, . er · . a to e C . ion • l. ! · u key . I r·ci l • ~ 1 s rea ·1, . a.r Cl s 0 ns one of • it farr .n h"n 1 e r .. 1 ) n e n · n1 .. t 11 . r co. r . n .. ng • • _ cipall t t C n r g p ra e . - ' al ough . t • sh t. a cure n 8\; S J C - ·c ·r govs ' 0 An • ds of d"! • k· o l e i 0 1 ~ U S J.O .. ge, - l • America~ • Am • r. l.C a w. 11 c ~ ric mo to 1 . . , . • • d V l. -.s [; . r r ,.. n C .. .r:1l.S ., n .... . - - .. i t vn t a :· nd . ' 1 p . ee, .s 01~ r s, 1',8 Tl h ult. l'"' ' ' r ty p op e . • urkey • t a"' t nti of 4 , ,,, Arn B F r e receive v. • an g i ri l esa ·s . Vl r Jer 1e n • •• • • l . • C l. rA E S. 1 r , 1 e .. J ' im . . . t l • a nd · ·r1 10 ~ g ce a m e n n ~) ) , • • i o J . d .. t la d. A . . .., :l.C' t oc, a xp l.Or. .d s ., -lt , \ i th over h C .h - ' • el ) C 111 0 J ac • • l • • r ' A • , ., .. is confined to Sy r , ,. \ ,.. ., A:. u ' l 0'"~ .. ·, , ... • , n · . air, '"'l.n C n ... ( . ,, ., E. ' .d I 0 . t ·- r, . u•• . ) I: .. t r p , ·'• n 0 h school. Four-f i fths o! the Amer·ca • • ac ivi m1.se1onar amo g a d ough Arre ia s . Th u tir ·gy missi • his upl"f ·i erk, • ar1e _ as p 0 ·n1v Arm e 1ian commu .i • a d ha s awake od all heir late 1es the • • pol itical, eco o . i a d s oci 1 1ncreas1n s, hara • of Moh n ins•i • ake hem .ln e e l. s, i nte s i t y i th the ndva11 c r i _ t el le al ev l op } l v The charact r Jf t Turk depend • • 0 ... l.S orig r 1-i r r 1 C s qualit i e of • ina i d sentimen ima a great phys ical endur a ce, has learned +o dispe ee rith • 'fl' t V r k r, . . • .. ~ ; 0 n r ~ ... ~ . J . • l.,. ii i ! V t d d m di . Turkey i s V l. on ., a vot · n of real nthusiasm • 1 e am ition . Unfort na el rot d ·1:der h • ..... V S . e r ra 1.,1.ng and hi her ed • ca 1 • . d l ocalit T e • .. , al , oug he poss sses . .. e comfor t s o! l ife , ad is fata i t · will provide ror ia i H liev Alla 1 wil ls a v r ·e ad eds, here f o , he nev r wor • H i frur.il , not am iti ue for weal , desir · _ only e oug1 t or his r ' owr !e I ca l e · d le , but w en i ac~ual need e borr a h · ·h a e or 0 . o i self . So r r - 1 - • • . b ' H t :1 •11 b~ l.i. C # ,. ... . r C r ) " , '! 0 ... ~ ' I t· H a~ ·,· 0 • .. llV it , t ·- s . . . - . Jl H ... • • C l , ,., • d I "l , ur , • .., r~ V n r • M 1 ' (., lY I Po1 i · -·. · c ' .. El s ;Q n Yi' tL . , (;,i. R () .. B • t c c:1~ r Qi l (. . ,, ~ • . , , , , ' d t. .. .a.,. C f • n , , .. i:t,. C, - ~. n ch s ! 4 ~ , ' :. I .... 'v • ~ ' ,. t} . rs .1 !J ) a B ns u· "' r -.1. v ti' l. • • H' s 0 .... )' . e p . 6 n n: s 0 s . , ,. . j • . -~ i - • j h • ., a :d rt"_ ~' . • ir .. e ~ C •r#1t ·h s, . - t· .. ivi ., J. , • h .. en n 0 J U n~: s l r n • gent t 0 '. cal . -t, r r- • .ia p a l 8 ,.I, d ad I i n . "" tf.ic • . or s, V l. f ... t v "' Fr • r 1 '" .. r • ... . . -ht Am ' s l • ra s 0 a r . • t Hi a a C r - l A r ,,. C r1 i n ,. , 1 r • ill b ~ utal t :,-. A r .. ? 0 -: , u, r r 1 a e re { ., E L t r o E . cu s. ' • 15 • • • l n r 's • A r - . a i 1 · .g 0 1 l ld 1 orui al ,._ ; :, • s cf A r s : ( ) The Be o s a 0 r ' l . . 0 g C rai · n ad is ve1 e ne Ar h · r. he r s ( ) Till rs .1.lv n 1 ! cl . the • eing i and k "'} e l d B do . .e , ~ .. e r own a ,.. r,1 . • ·• (3) ca le · Fe lahi Ci ., Ara, . H 0 a 't ho e y ' s m . t 'f.' t ho t . . J. • e . r· . ·o r v . a ~- . • I ·r • n er n ,. ' nc J.. ... a r .. e .. ~a , "'0 ~ V , n ·n .... B do • u n 0 SB d • , f he t ! ar g eo 1 ,·'"'aC e r y " lie . tr · h · n ·ut i.ng r l. 0 C n. u n .J. B . 4 .. C • I n l 0\ n 6 (' 1 a • y .., . .. • t r • ~ ' . ,. e OU 0 s1 s a ,.... 0 c~ 0 • ' ot·r 6 on t t .J. ?1 I g H' s s :r .. , H • r i ,ords s o ~ e tJ J e,n 6 r 6 t f r a . f 1 f p • F ' t ·nd ►r h p alizin d d ~ . • • He . li. .d t gr a v·s a l.C i:.1 .. l J. a. s an a , s k h1 ' l V so ,·s, .nd my hs and haa an e s. e A r ' . lang a e fl 8 urall,. His . or J. C r s ca · uns. l T e str er who is a 1 . • n mi g sa1casm -n or r o e n 0 i n fr · e .ds 1ip amo .g et1. Hi se 1 sit ivu e s 1 pat bu a l' him and 1 lastin rr • a. He 1 queati e a to V 8 as or • 0 sci n g Th B 0 • I is 8 .i • "" - i n h t • V a 1 u s a • 0 s .1.0 .,.. 1 r . Bl • H • jk . • ol B com1 .. t"" ~ • s 1 n G l.. r 1 • degrad· l'fe con · 1 ar 8 J - n 0 e r ac+ or. re im n a co ., i fr 0 • Be r.· s i lls ad • • d d a n a s 1r.• e . r ,,0 ;i • r 1" ivalr d t • st i • e pre C C s • 1 1l.S 1ua ea are " .. .. revealed rail • 01·t 1 t • ot - UJ. ' e n arg m1 a ? J f har a ·w ·1 t ir lord ' t s·d ' .o V ' i ever r t 1 . 0 + ""h • H OU dl e . d ·1 0 r . t ar r • H • F ri • • B 1 y 0 r rm l1 l. , 1 1 n 1 i t ,. . n r ' 1 • a r • sh 1 " l . r - ! . r l s or 0 a a - e '1 r ., • . 1-St • • ·be. 00 n l'j G • es "" . ) J J.. h n ro s vir s ar C e ! • • t h . . • 11- - ' > r ... 0 r v Lt in ' ns ·d .. I. • t • n rn , r. r i n ., 0 e 1 p io 8 .an oaths . r r the val 0 n r 1 , ti • spici.o d • • t ,,_ 1 - 8 0 • 1B 11 .. t • 1 1 • ambtts h nd • • H 0 ,....0 , l. ' OL. a OJ. l .. 0 r • .. .., ., , he is j ec "" • V ' .... e.r SU 1 .. e , • L I., t r I 0 s . I is ro C r .. o· h , h. r, f . l r a • p L 'i CAL GO J)I · IO rs. · c r .... C • 5 II s 1 • Gr t . J. n n I n l. ; t ' ' . • S 1 n a Palor h . ... nn · n d of • C la .. , C _ e S • li i r irs - 0 B O t r 1 l i • 1 0 0 ar d r. : ( ) h·run tl • 11 ! r po - b tl K r • F . po r 0 ,,_: S ta · ( 3) t h - ti J. l 0 J see 1 s (4) • , ) H p 0 or or ' a Hi name i • COJ. i g a nc a n i of hep hi • a.r e~ i al . ii . h ' ne S • .1 l.8 e G • l · ·1 a a r • a r a. a ca i n of • • 1 :ho c n..,rols. e S r 1 ixh•· 1 •I . n . H i 0 U C O i' E tp al • ll e 11 t .e s • 1 1. .., e t ' OS ' 1 g , n r li i s . "e eco n nds S l · n 0 1 c+ d, r o b y . ( ) r. re ics y i s C l o .1. ·er1 i r t s •I h ,.., . -~ 8 d po i ials o o iti or C r + C al and n d • a oi nt Su • , n ur • ,ov ich ~ et a 11. K r C r t • r; V v Co a 8 s p • I - - , • I Asia Mi o i larg e. r . d p id ot th ot .. ers. T f .a a C nople a nd that of Ce ral Ara i w ich · pe nde t of Tu ki h r e. vilaye ar • 1 11 d u~essar fas ad t ese are divided i n· o sanjaks w ich i tur ar divi d · to ka a d h Ea h ·1aye t • • t l.8 ov or e- o ~ > r 8 y a '- lieu alled M u a1· -. cto pol • r tUl 'l v , '""' n ' r ) J ca a ire tor o! agric ti r d comm re ' a di.r r en , ci i f i dir of 1 · c arc': · C • f of t .e bu1 o r l an r , C or , a • • dir c-t or 'reli . r g1s 'o#ry } n C u , a i on • Val · . ya o c l o Val., mad u he Hatt i or c diree or or co nag· tra of pro ince, a Mur ~i o religious head, a and !in nc , a a V .. 1 . Re r of h Or h o G r , • C av add' t i onal m rs e WO M o 0 r o • !oh dan , a. i n h governme t. All ma ers f gul ... i ad dis u ref rr · .g t governr.i 1 1t, fi1 .ance, u li work • ul t r the • or or agr pr v:2.nc ar thie co .in i.l • In a j ak, d • • council i ilar he a , a_ 1 1 0 v · la · J. , cc, , r i ! A t h " 1 1 • s th se r r • a Ja · . m ~ ear r, the head of h kaza • th ka • o f' hi a 18 a a ' a ie the u d gove J.. a 11d is a sor of ·ustice or t h peac ' • • r , r..g d I i io t r s mukh ar ele ~ d ·h i ha i t ants of ow - • ehi Tis s ui 1 t • w well l n tha _._ h people ar res-trai from k Ct i t . r 0 ry becau 0 ~ r • c., 19 - • • • • 1 .~ . 1 • ( ) a C ( ) "' • . .; • . • _t . s. • ( . ( ) t. • vl ... ' e .l e l.l t J. n ~H, •"'f .. n,- "t~ 1 } f :r . ,/ ,_ " ·h l I L ( ) '. 0 ... .. n . i f C i .. .... . .. .. .; .. l ' C,4. .4,. • (j" .,.y h vl • f . nt . ,,. . fl ~ 1'11 - , .. al. I n 0 ... l • . i " T •F, e I ' cc ~ V' • ' .. ' P · - B e .... J' LL .. . ; .. . s: • ., - f' l ;,.l i') 3 u. C n .t e . , V • • • r :r a l', . l . ,j ~ e · • T~'l ""' n I . .n • \J I !l-1 (.., I • . ' . , .: 1 h . . . ... ... .{ a n .r l' J~e! 1 ) ' ~ .. .. ,, ~i· .. "':> , . e n ·.7 n C SC1 1 e t1 I. . ' • + ,. .. .. ... . . 0 u J '4 J · .,., o- ... • I . ' t 1 ~,. , J .., } u . 0;.i • 0 ,, . fj :r " 0 ~c 1 • j I I a ... l ~-; .......... ., l: ..~ C!.. ., . .. • "4'' S0 1 • •• t ,; v · • .... f' f ' . I,.. wl ll ~ -' j '\ • . r· , . . ,, . ;(. :. C ·;:, .1 . , ':1 J :,;1 .tl ·:--, r ~" r ; .l l ... .... _,. 14 '># • ~- L- . .r;i " •• a i/ CJ/ 1"(; , .. . . J .,, \, ri :!" • t • A n f f, ! i c • re 0 · e,. ~ '"0 y t n r, ., • , .. p . .. I . . J ..•J .. .., .J • • .. t J1 C :15 J • It. • n , 0 - • pl , th • 1 di co • 0 a .. f • i _nass . A r 1 s t L b· l 1. it 'l l .u t . C t l. p .;f . , 1 • n j e .. "' J L h .. .., 0 . . 1 -(. • I -. f . L,. T • Ea s 0 on • .' . n r t is h' e , e 1, • 0 .:. ' h n o n 0 $ .oo C l. . J. 0 , • l.X X r • 10 re s s. C l o.,. 0 C n u UC co C • a st l.B t d i- o - - l • H V X e.c , n r D'.) V - • 8 ' • A h y , a . ... V • . J. • u lie 0 I I s m r i c t I o f' is • . h~· , C n ~ .... 8 . . , ! • .. t a l1 , • • • ... r· • • • J. 0 e ... J. r J. ~ C . . • 19 .&.!l ~1 1 ·h }1 s ,,. 81 1 • on1 .... r X .r . V t - · 4. 0 11 ct re t set of r , .. o . "- i n le • I .... c~ ~n :-~ r fl .. ; t ... # ,J • • ., ' • - ax 1 :.:r, I o . 'l"t, • (.,.i ,U'- .. , -4 , h, f 1 ., • • ,, n ... , p 6 0 .. ' , at • • • it ,, • ys t r l "' 8 n1s • wou ·r All to 1 :10 V r, i a. -- . ., r ... I • or rH !) r. . • • 1 e pro ,I e , P-9 .o t l e • J,. , (..) . .lS a or a .1.1 , r r i t i mQ. r ... ra u '· co f., I r 1 ) . ig l {I -· cf icia.1 . nd s o e p • s r .r t i -.o l ...,. +~·· -,\A.A -:1 • J . YI l e n ""' ax 4 J.J. .... , .., 1 . • ( a ai • kisn t • . +· . . r I a " r . r. r s 1 ._re call 0 a 01.• . ., 0 t n f o 1 i n' •s .. ax i ! s. -4 ~ "( r \J al t· . r ha re . ! " l .,. A • r -t • • ,4. ],_ on s I r it. 0 t h +n • . r e 0 .,; . fl r m,. I t s. .. ·t"" R l · r 0 1 ~ + n I J. + • r ~ • 0 0 up ,:., ... - . .tl , ., . .... i '. j, • a k y r • r ..4. 1 (' • f .....and , ,, • I.I . J. .,, a - J, a a - r, ce () .. , . • ~ "' I n r )r 1 • • AD~II A I , ~ - n 18 19 '1 C V pr h s n - - ,, - 2 - h J 0 og i r. 0 1~ "B l1 ... s i • F anc Th a 4 "' • ...._ • T • v , l m ># r . • G . . . ·l r· , L . ct . (: n • 0 i r.i t:)tl i ·h r, l"' i, a •i tl. r 1-'• s - · • v The • 1. ~ d • . la 0 • Cl V cou "" 0 n ac 1 V e ' 1 e ff I" i d , 0 , r "'· a or . S mall C 4 t., '.I • ed or • • h r l. 0 l, !1 1" .. i s ea • o ir .. • ~ o · z t C • I: f .J l , C l " • C r . ' ,: C O _ 50 . 00, ' - G l . d . . .. - . ' A Gh. Sh I . r . 0 ~ l. C '!l e n • f! . 1 ... [ • i . ¼t ! !. • H e ·• () . J" J 6 "' ; £l!') o l 1 :_ f:•. t: • 1 ·: • . r . C r. f' nv .. . l: • Arm • C v,rr, r . ) r /F ,,.. :n r- a • • t 0 ,:: G ~' t 4 p i , .. ' ) l • I ri Le ' ! u • iction • s ~r C C r t o ~ .l .) ., lJ . tr. • t '"A C? ir , Pl n t·! J e ' er. [ar rt n D ' G C 1 · p • , J , .. J ... -. t· t, • ' I r· , • ' "' t • T ; r :$ t' ,- H .. + ... -~ C o . I 1 • 1., 1 Cf ! J. ., · n · i n o J .l , • r: ..., • ... ~, • 1 I - . • • l J. I t ,.~ .. • l I ' • CJt m J.. ,:: .... - tt! f;, v '>/·.J . a ' S L, • ·.,nc j u ,.,,, a J. .t ' f • 1 E ro I r ~ . ~ Ci u . J . ~ 0 • 1 J': r - ner • • , ' ' ) '' . . ~' ., JU g · .. . t e . ·1 ""~ • [ G • I l. ',; 1 1 t . ... . i/ .a a E - , , 81'1 t1 C • • ~ t· u ., , ,... r . ..., l at presen 0 .. . . . • 1• • L B 4 .. t iI' r. .• I.' • ., . C \ r rJ .l. I . C '-' i.1 ' I (, ., ~ -, " .. ~ 1, • .L v ~ thr ughout • e e p1re • • 1 · ., i .. r. 00,000, 000 , .L , Yl ,. d n C J f1. • l ... - •'- . . 0 ), J r, r + . ... f; • J C l j • I t . • THE ARMENIAN QUESTION.•• The eograp ca poai· · n oft e Arm n n and _ 1ie early conversion t Christianity ar 1atinn at large has bee benefited t s m i1 chi r • s or - n • C. ili• by ti e Armenia, t o h jus · at the pass separating the civilized world rom Central As · , nd has stoc)d tor a whil9 as a et.nnbllng block in the pat of the Mo anun a _ d Mongolian. His voluntary mis!ort n • conversion to Christian ty ~ h • • rendered him an impossible el mant f or as rp~·on by , o ssimila io to the Mohammedan, Persian, Turk, or any t · er intruder, f oreign i . ivil z n, race and morals. ge has spontaneo sl resp ad to and has yielded patiently to the inevi a 1 d • i u r H : a bee, a asourceful producer i n of peace he ha su 1plied ~is or ti ar· h Tur ; n • 1 d i :1 . Thero t ·v peri d of t 1 ho,weve , y he u scrupul us -, of Eur o e i!lg him a a of "excuse• for the exploitation of t he eclini. rr mo hy of.Lr adop io _ f ihiP eddles om p0licy E o J g • p i or m· y Chris ia . race rr m . e yra ·cal ok c f e Turk · n t . l -ch ce ~ t embittered gravel t e Mo of 1 9 . - 1895. I orde. t o pr se ~ cler l y of e "Arma ia Q u s+io -." h polit· al his+ o bri fl te reviewe · . of the European nati ona were identified wi hour hi or an edating or contempora eous with the round: n r A s Byza ium, Parthia, Maced i, Rom , Perci, e e vo I C n f or a.,r a an or ized pow r, a, Jud&., Me o a ea ure of th i ) sympathy still brea~hed over hecatom ea d r of ma ci i ati a a d - 25 • • • t a i na or a tiquity. She has "4 .. i th tood, • gla ded and isolated, ad Sl a h 0 t V a 8 ic • 81 V 1 r. r y • arb • • - •· ur n 0 ns, om ... ..-., om r a '3 n e t i o o- a n r s d , d g· d d t r i 011 • \,h t • t1 r ri d d 0 conv 1 . 0 r d li • r rt;. has l v nt of e 0 n l.0 s. ' J. ace r om C s a • ni th l d • u e · n n ,&. y ex ' n n · , • -t ad r liza • no~ comp~ a l. ce C 0 ., • r r • a t d, y l 1 s u co n u C .. t.t.t C, n, • •icn • r in A • i or m • • • 1 m 0 J. 1 n • s a J. l. • r · • • r ~ 0 cc l. a '1l. y ' r C l. , r .. Q Y. ll 0 n th· r . i • ch . t • u )'l A C J • co a 1 a i ' a - n l l e C t i n u u be. fi ... 0 il8 act i p r es. ol ca 8 a or v· ~o V of 15th • C n·u ·y a e 0 1 a C 0 r : r l. odu t .. nJ 0 ny n n 8 'h n C r --~ . n .. ee" .. ... t . . e ei t A n n ·e '.j €n J n • • fJ 0 {{. 1 u r r t a t . I r a ., . 0 OC1 ec l C V n s . b - -1; • r ' u I t t A y an C ' • , p . . l,r.;L . .y j h C '"h n l J l, h n "' 8 h n f • 26 - • • ·he f reli ·i o h • t • d E a C 8 6 i w • se 1 8 e a s .., 1·n , ,. C l • nd . hi d r 1 a ' X1.1 ns r 0 r a a 1 r • 1 / I,.. J l a• A r~r I !11 . l a. • n t ~g; - .... l.i - Ci -c l. ., 0 ' .· • . , ., l.J. 4 - A . • ds · ! f . d n 1 ti . ac l.. ' r ' l. r n C tr - . .,h .. t 1 'n i t i n d ffi( J. r.d $ 'C .: -t " • ·f t i . 0 . t r6tl • A • C ~l. n ·-;, t u .. s n ·' A s d • hia , on G r C , s v!na I C .. .... .4- t : 1 ol ' A s · -- CH t) t. C d .l.. rl • • he I- " 1 id . C ,.. l. ,. ,I ' t,JJ ' ,_ w \ ,. or As:. • l ; A r 'lj .. ., - . 0 0 n, civil 0. lva 1 y 0 . 1 m r n h "'1 ,Ii • • ~ ;.;J ... a. ). . • • • 0 "'- , our s y , Iii , ; ~ a J!!) n ' n ~ 1. 6 cen-4. J. ' 1110 cr m .I I., 1 ·d A OS G • J d • . t . f A • . a 1 ' . • l. ,. .c 1,,lJ A • C . i a . :a r Asi t, I on , l uu r; • . t • ~ • -f A • 1 L r .,. g5 S8 • .. a e 1 ' ... r z . n Per on r:r 0 u ~ • C . t· ne i or . co r a 1 n s f' ·O C h • t a s . ... 0 F l p • 0 0 C . u l l • k t1da . Arm . ' d • T o r r)ll i.16 j . 0 t A fr 'V 1 ' Ge Va t · .,n .. n C A r d p • Zo s. 1 0 .& r ' - 27 • S· tr s C r 8 h WV • th t 0 r () n· ,,.#h. o , ·.) do lOt t){lf C ~n eac .... s , t • Th A V rt ~o hi G d • . 1 b 0. 1 re 'l t 0 .. • wl ~ C I c' cl alli Ar . • . eal lif was a y ne nit l r r a A I • • i, . • d 1 8 . t ..\ I. SSl. "' n t C • p ,·. of a:) :l ~. J C ' t .... V r i • h M ~ u 0 r y ,h y Su n s . , . ei t "t • !1 !l J. n a . 1 Fi!lr C of -the • C t . .1e 1 · V u V s r by A n1 ... no t C U S · e .i. • n , ., • al l • or "h ! ore h J ortar l. a ' r O e n a , J.llNO .. • • • t (., .!.• ,·J.I) 1 0 15 1 , ·t . ~ a .. ... C ' A r embi ~ (, d . t~1. u ll . :l '" .. l .'.l , .. a p V r f r .. In • 111 u • crv.~ 1 , Q ... -c . ! • ccr o:r ~ . f . i., s . y 1ncurs1 - n 8 0 • ' J es, . • J • • th !am r b, ia G ,., n r is•Kl a • • s . 1 ucc . ,.. r• u l. 1 • t .. , A • t • • + • 1, t or t ' C : 1 11 a 1 s I# \., .1, 0 q J ur ope . 0 ·, 1 ces • 0 e "'fJl n , to d C or ) g, , h~ • 9d nd 0 g" i S"' t r ,o nt. o•da ' 1.va t of t re r 'ar , ac•o '-' he pros o f conqu s \, ; s d t ,:_r qua . t i s 0 n r m v e • co t 0 m ~ • al r as ourc 8 o .. cou try, hn • ' e •• !l1 of t p p f ir n. Unt·l t . d l up 0 .A.. .n r the I., • J ki 1g · C nd r So, r C r r 0 h d :fin ~e - • • cause e failure of t e M on clia i vad r h r worl, we e t' a r ui. g C .. i f W e gag i the ta ! conquer· g dista t land , ,h pro · )Cial or , uld in1p ove e por uni ya d proclaim imselr master of hi poa sins, w i h w uld r- ce i ta he e oft e deposed c 1ief t • • s cap1 control ofter el i ous i orv . . plains ·1 t1ie ira ility of extr •terri ori policy by a gover f o e hom r e ie n A d uatel · stable ad proepero s. re ults of e Ru o•Japa ee conflic h log c ! thi pr r T T i a r , rywhere . s 0 8, rer 0 on r ro t .- V ., r· d he d , B a , ,he quee of h Eas , wa i fat • Au t • H ' Eat r Sa e, ~nd he newly•rieing RussiE u r and r i e arm o r he o comi ng er h menac1n orr The appeara ce or the Ottom Turks on he arena • 1 he 13t cenvury , a nd orp in or th Seljuki . Empire, and he rem a 1 t f the Mamel ke ' s posses Asi Mi or, blacke d mor th political a m o phere f that r gi _ or t o l • T e v r • crea 1 UC calan ti e, fr 0 A.. h of ri rr ri , r d r Arm • 1 • 1 e u e .a e and ev ar r ce 1 • 1 .d m t s• g r- ·. e. c surre nd red eir lat i . 1375, to the Mohammed s. Thus a ati n, one ring 2 ,000,000, rul gov r a ext neiv ~ er Jory, G ea Ar . , L As'a Mi or , Mes op compara v • l. . 4 z ti and pr os er './Y, re s d h r ar ' xh ) . t d a.nd r d1 ee h ord of con i ual polit·cal arthquakes and soci d 0 u h val • Ti• curs y trv ple.i t r o s o! h o or ·i al nd l i f misf ortun al \' ed t • • 29 t r • • T t und ' O t om • ca - can y • 1 • xt J .r r V .\: pi A • --h A E t ivr! I . , 0 • l. '"•1a o! l .1 t r C A1 ' st of C 1 3 1 5 y 0 Otla 1 ' A an . . h· • • '\, l ~J. . ; . 0 J (J V I • .! • k s • 'lize .. d b t nw a • 1 · C m • 0 9 of n;,, , ,. '-, r""' l cal s • :>n! ag r ~ "' - IJ to th ire t i ol~ "' d, r • . !! ~e ..... n b• Bu" h Ar • 0 l ' ). . , r p weakn • • t 1· ned • s n J. C p oe .. a l. ' d to Arm . a .,O 0 1 s • C ,, th C~ r .... ct· r a d n n ., t 'ur a . r d f'. rt 0 ... ' • ., • , 1 n s • s n p r 0 ' ! e:r f' vh 1 n to C nt ol al l e s , a d h . "' o! h ,Jr K • • l" t e occ 0 "8 ... cur . .. s , • J + • . th h~ t' h ns r "' n 0 .D1 a J. . l.S I 8 0 ar , op r .,(. d .. aw poiso ng t, a·1ak 0 "" • fl Ai . -.,h - ~ ' c,ol de e ni~ _ a r a a w 8 • r ' . at • i ara i .. , le A ' remembered .,imes • 8 u di e ni an t h t. t . hris t ia f f' tr in • v.th h . t. i nc s C - p r i n t o. io~ 40 sp ·-t .,h . •1t t l t . h ~ l'1 cove ' n t :1 V • bl . h h s tr r h . e a l . n•-r l. ~ 1 , ., ' had 1 s ho Arm . Pa • J sal n, nia r · r e .a n r t . i n • H to l f • ex s ce . 0 .. C l. u r, 0 t , • . o • • II r 0 s n 0 r C , ., - 3o C C i , opl ' . 8 s!err , B s! op of B . t e th i tal 0 l: 0 t e , h 11 'l/ e t, d V at ' . f al w1 · ' r .. 0 s, a nK, an ,; e r V .c ized . ~h • h Ar .... A ve , 0:7 J. 1 Cl ' 0 n n ~ • 0 a F,u p an a () .,a al o · r d 0 ' H. t .. Su ·ta l S , n m a , p • I! t h 0 0 Q. 1 ✓ " 8 • • J. 0 V i n a t l alae· -.,h .... l 8 "m ~ r • s e n a 0 !rm 0 Gr Y' Vi + • r • • 1.e. CalS ~ 0"1 , 8 n l.:3 ,. "' an r • a ri 0 i 0 h 0 on h n 8' C • \ 4 h s n, ror • - 11 • Arm . t e 0 1 1. n1 n 0., 0 "- . C ' i. l1 eq •• ;6 t · t ., .. t " . i r th u 0 r r Ar n :v , • V op· l C n 18 r n.., n .rr () , r th p t .:' n C: _, • J. • o' + • b • • 0 1 .. 1.,8 l.O A C ... n e ocie l. I 6~ ca 1 w ury t the st of urk s n 't: BC t s il • n .,i .. ual .. lian • h d, ~h 0 om 0 J1 0 1 . V 1.ons ..,as n E i din ga • + 'u -l h Ct. 1 , 0 'I pow·er s ns "' • • • A f ot .. f 1 an 8 n y s e • i 1 6 . I -'· ~ · r r r · 1 • 8 1 arm A e , "'· (; d a t · • C 8 n a 0 n .ta n C T n ta t . d n enaci. rr , a r n h ' - 31 - t sl, · 1t n~ d • .1.1 a • 1 1is aft 8 r .i..he . • I 7 "n a ce 1 t 0 t p t G~eat s , l , t ti Ci ar ' S O! 1e C A_ • • l · .. d C . i n 0 SB m V s lJI ·1 ' • dad " \,,r d . t t ai • (J 2 , 'y J J n u n • s or , norr " t Qu . ~ " h." • I i.. .. Th n ~ r11ai S t I ,. 1!!1 i:.1.S 0 , 0 ~ ·. • • I.I • f 1 8 C he· a II, h s ...... 8 V ... . , d c- X u e ' xl · s t ur ' .J :. • f- ac ri -l , C -t .. as 0# 1 .J • .,, - .. d - a 'o,# ... 11· a a Gre A p 1 • o , ld 4 ' 1 • • r s 1 r . ... ns ·n .. . M a.nt . -1- • .,, :n a LU ac i e 13 C s - IJ • • A • 1~ , . e C • . l. n 1 a a - • e r u O" n .... ' >,J • . I., 0 i . i C • d ~ J.li. 1:, \/{ ~ n J.tn d. .. , ... A t: ~ · t · c· • C .,S er f; , l. "" • • + l e 1 T Gr ul s • nd · ua C llll .. ,., l. "' a • e a , ' r i/ .. 1 , Ro • n · -11 t~ C h 0 0 h p u" c} " t (j 8 C z i n ' ..,;..h 0 I <lox 1 "' C, xcus • r r k ·1 h .)1 ..... Yi~ "la 11$ y , r !Tap . 1 ~ a . C a n J) w r l. • n I d, i A . 1 0 • u ' n 1 .., Em i. . • f i ·i un t 6 n , .. n • ,e n u • ' 1 ) G l'. s . l a • 32 • Arm i a E r· · ru a d As ,. succu· d s • • 1 ll.' , f · l.8 1 tiins '-t Tur ♦ · l t e , r • of 0 s "! u G m ·11 r lead · · g + ual \; r -t, r .is a Kur 18 c_ 1.ers. T e s lg ex , , i te · .r E an d1. 1: l • Y, h V k j a n "tat .e r 8 f ""18 0 81 K ds . A t : i .J. • . . d 1.,JJn 0 ' 1'1 s C - n 0 Y, 0 i Gl10l • ra yvi e V y ' ,_ ~ • I L1 't ..&. ,.-a · g on a : "!lOr ha l.8 l# " ' h he t • i t • f • 1 .. 8 pin 0 lar ha C • • • ] n 0 C 1 l n ~ ,. .., A G s . p n rv • 1 0 • J . f • s ' d d . .. 1 .. ·xi ,,c n in ~ • .. ' 8 ~ C • • ard . . , e r 1.10 l. n. a a us 1 ! ou n-h f • i,J! a e C ' 0 urre C .g d 'na F 1 • • p s :ri witc' 1 '"'26 , i . r1C • r , an" p l. - l' a 0 • .. G R • A • 't i 0 c· ia " . n . n i., ' l.i y ) h s h 1. mis A . r S 't.,r a y \I n a • 0 ~1 ,. I1 ' rr'ol t _.. • . ,;,,,' i ea a. c l. p- r .. ·r n w1C .. 0 • • - • l f "'e" ~ut . n l. r y SC t .. 1 • D • • Ar • r u J. '4 . l. • r u l. • l kin • . . ~ 1 0. I . -'-n t l e n , " ... + R~ • .! J. "' u u u· s i.,~ ! s ·~ M .il na1 .z.lU n . , e , " 8 D s "A y U.t n • • .. " • r C , l. n l ► , 1 . '- . d f • i 1 ·1 c:L 0 n - 33 • m ' a - t e name J. M • • e itter • . A r " l. r ·' • C tt r p n l,1 ' t C fear and t i -t 1 he Armen . ci-18 Russ • ... po ., ~ · :1.: army r e "' ncl·s Y • T mm d. :: 0 s 0 e r t. A rm Yi - as efera 1 .I.. e ~h retalia ory measur s of . T rk as t sad Messr .• D,ri · ,. ", . • • n .J. 1 J • "De pl ., r n . , \i , 0 : .e . ., !: ~n .. ·r. . _. I -J d I • . JUS ( t . J. r " th · • \: h ·h r 0 Bl. r m C. . n )' • ♦ 0 e.i"' ... .. ' ,., cl • • fur t d of f . ... C n r g .ei r 0 s a y iJ re 8 ,; J cov s"'-e E ltd ltt 0 ... -4 • e , w \.. · ·'· 1 · s, a id • t . A ca -r. a .e p n r s !I . s s 19 • • • M accomp : .l.8 ~._ y· • l c·1 g ti C n y C t ; 1 ,on , . J. u • I e r t . I • \ 1. \.,. ! C . . l l r l a • h sid 0 ... .. t ,. d cha e a ." 1' I i , ; • t t ~ c-i . .J , n a C on n . q \I ~ d i -t, • a 0 1 h r 0 i1 1r _g n u ... ' • J ' ' ch • mire, • h . rt . J, n 18 011 0 n t w , l. ' • Al d ardy, lex . In • e s • 0~ • f,.l 1 .... v 1 1 m• XC p a )" ~ , . J. d' di J. fa . Ult . r J, • r i n s n n ' • h • s C · ir1opl l l. ' C \. n V a a ns. }j • V .. ks of pondi iI • h • f ' m e g s • . • 1 • - 34 - Thei1 ntr r • .. 1ar 1 ' i n_er · ) • orld cul . . f C 18 o a 0 iva 1 1 " grai . a d raisi ng f herds d f C nd t heir br • a nd , r er ~ conduc+ • s ackno 1 d 0 b all • I t , . t e bli ir~ C 1 no ;.,n ng a a infiu ll C8 or Mohammedan oppr ssion a a ed to • way.• l. er 'l'he Mos a red i "ti d a d • by he • of EJI!i IU 1nce ns p GreAce . 1 1d l: ro n oun - 1 d' ano her Rue • trick • ,. - 1 se in oper • i n Co "" • ~ opl A Ru • .g hard, l. 8 V w . I 'I .. r 6 a , • ) time, er claim of prot ec""ora. e over t e Chri tian 0 e 9 e.n ,as embroiled w t France a to p p r a of i r ue ce cf e Gre k and Latin C r .1ee at Jerueal B i . i f oil •'e diplo -'. l a or 1.,!_ C of Nicholas, and supported he Sultan • his ref t ) ubn • R 1 , 0 8 encroachments. This co flic cf i nter e • it d t h fam us but pr destruct iv Crimean ar f 1 T e r p ·itio b e Rue i solo· r of ... the outra of 828, , ·1e s t • • • • estion he es 1Ci n 1 1 1 no ,., • • ad pers i ,,e Arm surf r ed + • oppress1 cu 1 .. u ee iu ... .. .., ar ~ on t r averted . At the cessa i 0 t he disn trous Cr ea ar, .e s ow rs • 1 Congre s sembled conclud ~ d a cu oar, treaty, w her the Sulta. o ce more promised to introrltce ta needed ref ,rn t he e p · e a id e lis and maintain equality and jus i e amo g h ·a eubjec • T .. civ' i zed po . r cons·de a t io o! e kid purpose of the Turk cove anted not t o .nt r re i t e internal affairs of the Sul-ta ith his subjects and admitted him to th C oncert of Europe. C omm n a made upo he na~ure ad i fluence of th·• most flagrantl y unjust document upon the life of thoee whom it a i t nd d to benefit, Europe was nu uri g the seed o! ieery, de . t .4, 1 U .o t fi e and plunder, - 3 - . ) A b " c t. d l i . • d t r • • eo D T l. C 1 n v l.S .. 1 l.8 t i:" Cl ... 'b . 1 .ti 0 ti r r • + • ,1 t . 8 • (3_ l S ;. r n '1 • ;,; e - i 4 . t t . d 0 l, ,.. " l. l l 1 ~ . ~o T . i or • r f 0 a , .. a e. n r J. 8 0 i t s I ♦ et C s ng 7 a , 0 h t1 \I cf 85 ad e•t r. k n 1 .- d 1 n . , t , Fr a.~ c k • ' B a • .t . ,1 t di ~ .,j., t 1 n n 0 r er LJ • .. i,, , • • l.t r.o ' 1 l 0 r l n ; • u 0 " h' r l ' t! p ' • .,}; ue ·r · J ~ n s .. . -1.l J, • h r · - r r • " 11 C t y. I a a C d ruct n • F • h h to tr p • . .t n .. 0 rs r 1 , r .l ..,, L r. ,.. a d 0 or h m • ' T . . D er ill 0 ?l ~ a an x rci o. r n pr .... e. A r b If E ate Armen . E e fl ' ... a. J a k • d t ir t t . . ~ J y compa1 e ca, c; l. . 1Cl. .. a 0 c ·u th rr C . ot iv pon 0 r a C ' nt· c a .d en t o! der • he appea pas 1 C" p . l. a • C 0'18 t i 0 ook g 0 c • t · .d ,, t ~ i ·i o · .n , re ces, • p g '"'8 p r i a . s ' 't p t r ' cl ... co . 0 t t a V • • ot t"ic oh d II, p r o a l. 18 • n 0 u 0 • l al 1 vi ar. no a f H COL ' ,0 r e , • • h jc • m 0 0 n • a n 3 - Ar duca • • n ~ t e . . 0 0 n l.ne n r • h" ss rn l y dr ·r " t i c . C s " he sai • 1· •· ria 0 B 0 are · icl t o C s l. C 111 • s demo s rat 8 , ,ara ,r • "I• Eve y l n· . d 1' rm to rs o [1.g a s ope t h . l tt as , .. ha d, d ~ . rf a l. • e o, ~ er l. s rm v very po 0 belo r..~i 0 ~ , Mor ov r , each perso. holds t s t • n, and • f' a h T r W r.: C • efir. • • na l. C m er en. po . s l. 8 • cal • 1 • D y . ·1 0 p I t a 0 •8 p e 0 l' - 8 Go t' t1 . h nal • . of r e l' r. i 1 , e a ire • ,.8 A r . of k ians u • • • "II. T. Go n s a i nc p du., w. ich t f d . sti s e ;.gth • a n .. a e .e 0 J ' e 8 C ns - s C h' • f ou le • • n&.t· ·v C) " s e l. e n ~ ' .4 i or, f • . t} • C n n no 8 l. r JU n lag • • "1 I. s . .. s s . e, ., ' ... x to .t . t r. d -' th e C • 1 8 acc o C . t3 l.S ans X , e u n , . h cl - ce .. u y (J p .J..f.l s, I a 0 s + ·o r ct G I/ \,JI "11/. . e al G ·o t 1, • • t n c· l.0 .. , a u t s 0 tr · Hol y Arr~ C re , ·o y t chi . ti . . str • g X , C ' 1 i • di ib • g n l.?: 1 p s . h l. n • n J - 37 - ' nat' c 1 t • • h . do t ' X 1 .r · 1 a r tr - tho w½ devot t s lve p r t i o • of • • ,o ca 1 ige . . j ' , dieput ri ne etw n ubjec s, and t 0 and adva ce ro. ) t "It will e or En ir ! or t e 1 aint r n e Na i al G ov r r he r eligi ou a the na io a d he peop e, ana to fai thfull .. " re rve na tion to the empire. rove n .,l 0 r e u djus t bl f or t r eaper y 1v 0 h r civil r ~h , bo h f e ob dience of he "Te Patri r y of these re t · ons." This tentative "Anne ia. . a. i onal Con u • ratified y t ., Sul tar: i n 18 6 • Prior he crea i on of t .i or ocumen , as sin , the Arme ie..ns mai tain t irreligious edu ati al a n l o y . ry is itutio sj ey, als , c o tri ut d o t e ma· ten nee not only of the Tur is o r + .., u of -~ T o 1 , or r o o _ th 0 ... g t . Th S lta p Ey rd _ r a . i co • u..., 0 • He • 1 r di G v u i n of W M ldavia, C r t i h i n no ready to n s i f y t e g n ci i O 1 T e j c of h con i n was, pr o a 1, ' ·o s t r g . e 0 · .. i c1. f h p • r1. e • i r 1 :op t o se re r s r r mu f gri 0 . + . a r . .., o r t 8 p 0 • Tr low w hich t e r uttered a r . C r ar, t' t G Ser • Le h . i t of f ore • i io • _ 0 y 0 1 a no • a c J. ies . ' J a I • • t e Arm l . r d fr o am 11 0 u n s Rv. • Ar i . • nto urki A r i • a om i av ora dv rs 81 J n develop n ' t to tr era ·, 4 r e • an g t 0 t 0 A n, n ... , vh s ., 1 .1he 1 !') . t ·. • h T . ,h of ~li r r • n ·o l. ('f' tl r l i., , 4 ) " ,, 1 d I d: Fir '· t Arm 11 ns r ., ' ; C • and ai la nJ V· s r 8 0 . C • r s & d h 0 ... . '1 to~ r s 1.a n O '• ; V ur l • ' JJ , • .(. (1 (J i .. . t . r n r C 3 .& • .. a r .u i 1 ;;;, v. r +· 11 a , ,. M ost ap lin a "I r.. 0 e 1,/ ~ m ) n • t . . he r r i r ano . . por 0 ... J _ 0 8 0 . 8 p r K urd Ci ~ 1'18 l " o· 0 r r 1 C n p , nu a Y • ,.,. • tt • r " t 0 er ,/ . .l .o ·g Y, S .. t ; t r "" ., p C ,, V : · ts, . : 0 . ll ru pr t n ()! of .1 s A t h an r n , li i C n., e V asi a C " , , .. Go 1 h ~noe ·a1 on .... · v " • · h 0 • t c" r a -N " n 0 - · n ul • A A t . 0 • . A C o . ?"i O ;.Ja 1 • • 0 n , n n • . . fi • 0 r 8 t. e J r . a " ' ,..t ep 8 t t·1 r ~ VIII f '"' 0 • ./il C '· • d 0 • pp 1 .. t ~ - co on or b r ' 0 deta l i n · t'1 enormit· .'l h • • • f · p ov . n -,, pr ' .. on. C l. J n, ,., t'j ' , .,, , C · , 0 t C " t a " 6 .,. . -· .. n I , I., h b ' !~ 0 • 1 1 o ... ,r- V 1 ! 0 C b . t ... • . • • 39 .. A. Ou . ra~ • n, 0 i bla C V r B. A col • 0 1 8 n · v• , C ,,l. .. . , X • c. Sp a.die . ~ il J s 0 h en s , C \fith tu 1 , 1 • r- ials ' .. sec i · y n n t h s c1 ·:un J d a 8 lu e m i C Ill n T Lon • + Ar l " • l en ~ .. . ' I ., ,J ' t • ur .. al • • "I ,d - adva C d il r J ... li'" r - v • urk , n . d d id nd 1- · ~ n r ~ C 6 . r • I e s n .. " • I I 0 . d Y! V l. ~ lC p a l n ~ ~ I E • d I C ,. r s O J C r n abo i cJ ct . but on I h , X h a OU .. t m rule r r . C; .r. . .. (· r L · ... • " '/ C r a Kl . J . I '.j , _. T C d • . 1o1h ic~ ,, yo C n nu .... r r ,. .... , • • a_ ... r , I ·11 . 8 r A L i De ;- -..:. \ (J I m a .. ·s - 0 ' - - G r1 T - ~ . aro' a.r!d th s, t\ •· d C ... t J , r A r l'! of e So t "t . p , 0 1 ·1d , Gra. . D l D n l"' t Jj t , s ' t n th · 8, ' • , '• C r r: o. A t • • r , m t. +h 1 • i ' )t ' 1 '"' ! • • 11 As • R· .. L . V l. . \ J cc P. l ... 1 · 'betwe cu t (j ~ i ·~ . ) ' t, } 0 1 d rtakt.; d ;- · 1 A . l , 1 0 s 0 -'- 0 t:: . ""· ?' ! · O n .:, e ~VIC CJ l t·- -·ie ; .e Su lint p r t eng ge ( C rr r f ec+ t fur.A. de vh • . ed e er .unpr overn }1 "1j r 0 s • C · n r n to g e a r.1a t Ku _, Cjr a ia .1.Se tt Ace rdi Q ~h . 1 r du • a t 10 .. of • . J. .. g e . . . e l. r.i. arm 1 0 .. 1,..: • . T t .#a t,) Sa -s C I .. g r:d 0 be 0 . • . • J u .. .. C e • . ' 8 0 • al R l. s ) a u 0~ an 0 r s B l . J ,.. !l f B • S1X ... t . ' J. l oc l • eme 1ts eaui J • r .,.,. r .1d • • rt "' e , u t i C • ci. V a ur b n r::'·ed . e SU ) s ' 'h • B- 1 ., m . b , • C e of ,l 18 • i n p V C ~ · • Circ '" a ain e ~- h • P · n "r .(J .. . " y o j r . or ~, s u o-. e ul • • 41 • " u • r t l G"" r 0 h ~a .. cluaed e no bl t ' "The s l ime Per t · orat i o ai d r Cl s n ,.. r, s , d K ur ... . I w- 1' C "' t .h 0 5 'h' , • • id rri t , e. r n r er n , 1,.. • • ·1 C _ F 1 • t B .rl ' G p . n t;j ., u r r I 0 a d r SJ. r :: i8 J l 78 . E gla " 1 e , , ) I 0 j oi - · ~1is s ' ::; "·re 01. . r .. Ruse· n in be I O· t r, ' " whe I \i s l t p nu. " • ctuc 8 0 i n r r b ,. r e~d upon e· e po - s, en nd f r t. .... " C ,I - C · .• t.i .. t: P0r .... .. ' • r o ... C ' .l • E 1 r h . J (J n r t, · '1 S • ·~ .. (A . . e); • • 1 a )1 t . ' ( r 0 ?' e s r ' n or ., t. Sul ta . the Isle d of C ypru X r ng e 81 . s 0 oc .tpi a r . .,. g " t: nd • 1 i l t . r- l C n 0 0 i o .s s n d lfa of ~ ue -:.s 0.- s l OS r. Y'! r · . 1 • e -..r. d to i t • ' i s h ' C ..'l l.J.. ~ 0 0.1.. r· , r A t1 r d e n y • K . ' 0,000 of ... r. t\ , s •l. t,i e s ,J. l1 . • a • n1nd - o"' . . '1 (J 'l p e I C a I • u r n 0 re d-c1 I .e 1 d 0 y, g rr 11~- "h · nt h C d · 10 " nl n • " .. 0 •n . (: " an C C v 0 . , s ' se"-t i t e C a: ·r r o ll il n b ,4 0 e a s ol tr e s f .r r • .. ' y ... r . A h gh . 0 e -, e l. co t • . ., nk 1 , h .p , u • . ~ r n ◄ •• n C a . . l'll.tl i nfl I. • pe t r n 0 r l X nti • ' a r . l.8 - 42 - necessa y tr ee · oi oc cnrri d e .ds of mur r on the m orrow of a peace rea Yi nor sou d .y s udy e large volumes of consular repor e prese t ed to ~he signator y Po~ Is of ·he r ea '· of B rli , showing he hor · ) 1 aur er · n I e,r t he chai of d plomati Armenia pe i t i ons which me with the usual the Turk. a i et courte us a nswer s of Engla d, realizing once more he impos i ili y of en!orci the treat covenant s of he Turk, hrough diplo a · can els, order d a squadr n 9 for a na: a a pr s of h B i ar • r ste .. e pr 1 i ery meas r e t .e stip l" e re arms. game. The ommis i _ n v r am 8 lC • Ki s k v;a. r , b · g t h ro P, 1 nae o er r . 1 ' t ou 1 an 0 • i O e Po r , J. h • J J.. • r '" I T, Sult r of le lgt v doeum t . i.nc rp r t · n h 0 0 0 • Ear G . t .. u •propo ed ref rms t t T cos r 0 epi 0 s. T. ere p • o Yl or J u ' 0 am A adore o Hr Maj ur r C e of Be 1 • . C t l-i ... + 0 .. Ar • " d Po d ing · t or r r fo ," t Bri i C; - • T s t co i ·d succe ded i n the p s er t e Yild r r r · gn of d o B r id Po rs a d er or fl d t rr i o y • ' th r ! or. . ~ ct r • n • c rcu ar • ft 01 ' v ture or }. on "Cc) r r t of -t Po ,., .., 11 Su li Po ~· Ge :1 • ., 1S .,,,., " 0 V , n " F - r . • .,,. r ther: (i t ' . , ~ us l. • • A .. tr . l e • I T u ~u s d h 11 X d i C . '" ~ 1 v : . n ., . ' j_ !e .. 1 t ... ~1 u , (! 0 • ipl vi ... a d t , :, "Ar . 0 1r r t ·· se :I . a c c ,. o n ur . "' • 1 , ... en r v!l 0 ur k ' • 1. a • 1 u on · 0 ,000 rk· h h cat h A n • .1 0 Ar n E . 0 . .. n 0 r ~ e p " · .., t . • l. di • ri i ) 0 - 44 • C Q ·t · Jn d B. m . I t V n . I t . 0 0 t OU d ki s . A . r a- ... ... 'r ... • • ,1,. , ,, " t' Su I ' A r I • • t ;. . r " 1 e 1 \I .. ,onom 3 • e 0 ,L ian g , 0 C ·tC , B • , • ~, t.: r C l .C • us r 1 n 4..,1" ► s 80 1 , r F r u·-r ' b • ' l. " . h e .., ' ' "G Ass . " f 0 • T ~ d. ~ E ~ 4 1 s li bur y SB _ e ~ • t., er r ' ov r r-. ,,# e • e e D rca d • • ( f e or l.Z ion of np C on . n" ... counJ. e n I .,. e v. ., F n ... , . 1 E ~ .l E u C f . &.r f . , .I "'- Ruseiei 1 B 8 ... li\#:, t t r e "'he .,, ' l,J • + s 0 r 300,000 n, ., , r J"'"e c ""- ... • • 1 p a l an H J. e i . . , an J a. e 0 e 1 b · u 0 r~ .._ s . .,. to • • u no s r ... av om l .. er .. ' l er • to · • can one.:: ~ 8 .f' Ar . .i n l .g .J r . . a 0 "'h n r ,')u .a r .... ' , , ., to ir1 • . ,he • ' SC s c1 ' 1 ►" ,.., ; .& . ' s • ·i • • . r.a VJ r • ~ . r C r. , ! 1 co C , l lCh 01· • c ·o.1 1 a, 0 11 ,. r rn , e ., IJ e r ·· ,v f i ' f , . , ' . n~o e e me 0. " · • C n1 z C' .,S r ,Q a L • . pl · i .; • se l · nal . p o· ... 1 n 0 e car , ue 0 ' • r "· f..! i n th • r ! I a 1 0 ~ Ju .. - V rua a;·· ..:.r. h • . ~f • . l l (; 0 . u . .,_ ,. r t, ,. ~ ' t 0 Berlin t r t ' I o ... • ., Ar . . 0 ,000 G r '1 e ' s r· a 46 30,000 t, ,4 J ·-• a ·7 0,000 I.
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Creator
Taylor, Joseph Leon
(author)
Core Title
Peoples and movements in the Near East
School
College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
Degree
Master of Arts
Degree Program
History
Degree Conferral Date
1909-06
Publication Date
05/24/1909
Defense Date
05/24/1909
Publisher
Los Angeles, California
(original),
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
OAI-PMH Harvest
Format
theses
(aat)
Language
English
Contributor
Digitized from microfilm by the USC Digital Library in 2023
(provenance)
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC113174271
Unique identifier
UC113174271
Identifier
H '09-2 (call number),etd-TaylorJoseph-1909.pdf (filename)
Legacy Identifier
etd-TaylorJoseph-1909
Document Type
Thesis
Format
theses (aat)
Rights
Taylor, Joseph Leon
Internet Media Type
application/pdf
Type
texts
Source
20230616-usctheses-microfilm-box8
(batch),
University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
Access Conditions
The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright. The original signature page accompanying the original submission of the work to the USC Libraries is retained by the USC Libraries and a copy of it may be obtained by authorized requesters contacting the repository e-mail address given.
Repository Name
University of Southern California Digital Library
Repository Location
USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA
Repository Email
cisadmin@lib.usc.edu