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Roles student nurses desire or expect to perform and roles achieved by graduate nurses from the same selected school of nursing

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Roles student nurses desire or expect to perform and roles achieved by graduate nurses from the same selected school of nursing

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Content ROLES STUDENT NURSES DESIRE OR EXPECT TO PERFOR _ AND ROLES ACHIEVED BY GRADUATE 1'TTJRSES FRO THE SA ffi SELECTED SCHOOL O NURSI G by Stanton ryce Towner A Dissert tion Presen ed tote FAC T A SC O OL UNIVERSI on so E A I FO I In arti 1 lfill ent of the • eq ire ents for t e e ee DO TOR O i. PI OSO (Sociolo ) June 1 57 11 ll d, r I h di r c cl i J II o l ( 11 id 1 11 u · l' (_j JJ 11111 I t c> , ll n d II p fJ r o · r d b ' o I I i I s JJ I e n :I e r s . h {Is I. < , ii p r,' - nit d l o ond 1 ·r j>t" I / _, th 1 ocult' r1f th· rrz u11 / :J S ·ho r I, in porti1 I f ul/ill 1!! c11 t r.) · rc- (f 111 r ' 111 11 Is r) r I h :Ire e t) l DO 1 I I 1 I I r I ran I 1 i 1 /((lltt .J .. PT E I . H~ 0 . Efr" if I I_ IOt - 0 T_;J , ~ s r SET"\ • • 1 .. . - ~ • he r oble n1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 t ement i t . e pro len 1 • • • • • • • • • 2 potheses • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 ct • t t . 0 tua 5 r 1 J _po e 0 1 e • • • • • • 1 n .. 1 s l .. • • • • • • • • 5 I p t t • 5 e n rs · n • • • • • • • • • • • C.o t ib l ns to so olo 1 o, l e e • • • 6 0cc 1 • lo 6 "-J\ s Cl • • • • • • • • • • 0cc ' t . 1 sat · • of r 7 n J. • • • • 1 s . . th ,... r .. .1 or t 0 7 n • oci 1 ch e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 oc roles • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 of er_ .l • • • • • • • • • • • ole • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Ro e C • • • • • • • • • • • • • ch eved r 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 tu nt n r e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 .rad e s • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 -~ e e "e urs • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 iz of re h1 er 0 • • • • • 10 I ►i ~ • - , - • • • • • • • • • • 12 r'ho of rs n • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 i ii HAFTER P A E Pe r sonal i t r an V choice o f' nursin · • • • • • 13 Int erests an ch oice o .D • 14 nurs1.n ~ • • • • • • Ste.tus of n1 rses • perceive b hi (_ h - school and col le e st der ts • • • • • • • • • • 15 e ons or C • • OOSJ..n 0' n r l • • • • • • • 17 Pe opl e and even t s in 1 enc · n choice • • • 18 dent -n· r e ttit d e 0 r d an once tion f se ' r le 19 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t den - nur ti C i n • • • • • • • • 19 t e t - n - r e tt t des • • • • • • • • • • 21 e or l t ro y, n- • • • • 2 4 r C d 0 n s 0 • • • • • 25 r co ce ti f ol of n r e • • 25 • t ro 0 hosp 1 26 i • • ol s t n 0 r 1 te ur e • • • • 2 ct·o i n rent ield • 2 0 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 e e - d t rses • • 3 0 f 0 r se • • • • • • 30 e t n e 0 re r u e • r e 0 e 1·t r e • • • 3 I . ERI~ D • • • • • • • 36 e h pothe es • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 p e n c _ ie e rol 0 n r e • in _enera • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 iv CHAPT R PAGE isillusionment 0 n d dissatis action. • • • 37 Att i tudes t owar d parts of nurs es' role • • Student-nurs e sample • • • • • • • • • • • • Obtain·n ~ student s a le • • • • • • • • • Chara teristics of t he stu ent sa pl e ••• Testina t he st dent sample • • • • • • • • e ti ,. bse tees • • • • • • • • • • • • • r d t - n r • • • • • • • • • • • et :1.ods co s r etho te - n res le . . • • • • • • • • s le . . • • e enc o r e er nee • • • • • • • ' exp C • • • • • • • f i n e e • • • • • • • 0 t i 0 res • • • • • • • es ect VI i nc C • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • n C V i e • • • • • r nee 0 C e • • • • • • • • • • • • • xp e n • t e r in C es n c .1. o s • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . it l 0 d 42 43 5 45 47 50 50 51 52 53 f nc t n • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 3 CHAPTER IV. FI Test sections on social status, costs and con1pensations, and role satisfaction of nursin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Social st ts and relati ons wit others • Costs and compensations o Nursin -role satisfaction nurs1.n . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • So rces of q estionnaire ite s • • • • • • • Previ o s researc Ot er sou r es • b • • • ot ers . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Tabul tion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Su ary •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I s 0 ~ 0 .EP 0 T 0 s - ~L- • • • • • • • in • 0 h e e er 1 ze rol 0 r e l s • • er n e 0 ~ e t - r te -nurse conce io s 0 c- 8 lize rol 0 nurse • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • r d te - n r , e rol e s t · ct· d · ..Le re :ice 0 r 0 ro. n res 0 es o · t ent n rse • • • • • • • _Q nt n kin of n r i re e re nd ex e~te b st ent rs s n one . ost b ra te nur es • • • • • • • • • • • • Alna, n t 0 n • s i n st ldents e.:rpect to do an rad tes h ve done • • • • • • • • V PAGE 54 54 54 55 56 57 58 58 59 61 61 62 62 64 64 CHAPTER Kinds of nursin . preferre d by st dents and done by radu tes • • • • • • • • Rank-order carrel tion of student preferences f or and r aduate-nurse • • vi PAGE 66 experience in selected nursin ac t · · vities 69 Co p rison o responses of st de t nd rad te nurses to st t ments about the rol e of nurse • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 71 Respon ses o st dent nd rad te nurse to state entr bout n rs i n · net ons and ct vi ies • • • • • • • • • • • • • 72 es i r e 0 st dent n r e e er ences 0 r te n r • t 1 r s ec 0 nurs n ) f ct n .c ivities • • • • 72 • - act i it • o f' ts r n es r e e o-re ter t 1.an ex er e ces 0 r tes • • 74 • rs ... n - cti it es re 0 t e t les e r e ces 0 r es • • • 76 e 0 en n r ex· er ence LI r t l. • C 0 n r C r n ct 1t · es • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 76 ctivi t of st - ents s n - e ec ons re ter n ex er enc s of r tes • • 77 CHAPTER Nursin -activity expe ctations of st dents les s t han experiences of :raduate s Expec ed an experienced social status • • • and s ocial rel tionships • • • • • • • • Cost s n compensations expecte b y student nur ses qnd expe rienced b grad ate nurse • • • • • • • • • • • • • osts nd COM ens tion e pect s excee din ex eriences • • • • • • • • • • osts n co pe 0 s less t n ex eriences • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Some in i n f r o CO!? r so 0 s ent re po ses • • • • • • • • • • • • • t den t - ' • re d h rse e r 0 t eir e t r s n ct it· e 0 n e rol e • • • • es i r "\r e er e ec on • • • • • esire l e. e ... ec i n s • • • • • • iffe ce i le ot t . e r inte d t 0 .,, e e .. s nior n n or co • ine • • • • • • ar t · ve f vor a lene f u e t - r a t - nu rol 0 C ~ tio • • • • • • el tions 0 doctors d r • • • • • • el 0 s 0 p ie t a nurses • • • • • vii PAGE 80 81 5 87 a, 8 8 1 92 92 94 97 CHAPTER • s Humani tarianis 1n of nurses • • • • • • • • • Satisfaction with nursin ) n _ eviation of raduate and st dent responses on soci l status an costs n compen tions •••• satisfactio wit nursin no dev tion Su o ~r du te nurses rom res on es o st dents •••••••••••• Satis ct o rit_ nu sin -=> n ercei e stats and costs and co e sat o so • • • nursin • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ry • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • he r 1 'Y! ot s • • • • • • • • roups ro - n OU i e t t d e o se • • • • • • • s s t e d • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • onn rs • • • • • • • • • • • • • • in • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o n sin _ • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 .1. • • • • • • • • • • • • • i · v·ties • • • • • • • • • • • • s co d co pe ions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Idealisn Roles t· Lt it tions o ction • • t e s d • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • viii PA TE 100 103 105 105 1 09 11 1 1 2 11 11 11 11 115 115 115 116 117 CHAPTER pp I PPEI I Y Representativeness •••••••••• Questionnaire co :r!1par abili ty •••••• ,oncl sions and su estions or f rt _er • • • • re search • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Lon it dinal st y • • • • • • • • • • • • Other ocial roles • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t ant- ur e O i ion · or 1 1 • • • • • • • • r d te- r e • • 1 1 on o ..,. 1 over _ et e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ix PAGE 117 117 118 118 119 121 125 LIST O F TABLES I. N um ber and Percenta . e istribution of G r aduat e N u r ses b r Date of Last ~orkin e.s a. ,urs e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • II. Arnou11t o Nursin Expe r ience of -rr aduate Nur s e s Since Cr adu tin • • • • • • • • • • III . ~ist r ibu t i on o Jrad ate ~ rs vin · _ o t ost _ ece t e ien e in Experi e .. ca an ine ➔ields of r sin • • • • • • • • • • • IV . Per Ce t 0 St dent ~.ur es Pr ferri n of r u te iurses t ost f .... he r Ex er e ce 1 i e in 0 T r n ' • • • • • Per Ant i stri t 0 o · - e on 0 t e t T rses to te on s n . ct · vit es r , 0 rr d l e . rses to o: par le Ite 0 urs !1 Activit Ex • eriences • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • VI . Per et istri , tion o es on es o tude t 1 rse to te 0 si - cti t ~- e ct t ns n of r te ur ses to te so rs PAGE 46 4 4 73 Experiences • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 xi TABLE PAGE VII. Per Cent Distribution of Responses of Student l.urses to I tems on Expected Statu s of urses an of r ad ate urses to Items on Experienced Sta t us of VIII. I X. • I . urses • Per Cent s t udent • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • istr· bution of e spon ses of urs e s t o I tems on Expe cted ost s and o , ensation ~ and of r d1 e urses to _te~ son x er ence .os ts and ompen a t i ons of Pe r ent Dist r b t o rs n ) • . • . o es onse • • • • • • 0 t den rses o o r ble te so rsin e res e ct i ns • • • • • Per ent o · t de re x ect n elec d te Per el t · s i s _ __. o to rr r se e ela o 0 er enc n el t i s • • • e rse ,. e ti n re en in n1 elscted 1 wit 1 a ents • • • • • • • • XII . Pr ent o S - d e t res xec n ~ 1 r d e urses x erienc ve e tain anit ri rsi sects 0 • • • • • 82 84 9 9 98 101 CHAPTER I THE PROBLE D DEFINITIO S 0 TER] USED This study rew out of the aut or's impression tat professional nurses were consi erabl more iscontented with t' eir occu tion role th n mi ht be expec e. eca se of t he h i p r s e of t_e profession 1 nurse, 1 one ou d expec hat nursin would b ver st s in; yet th sis appar en 1 not so. 2 C su 1 or us ste a c obser- V on lso revels ti pp ren cond to to bet e of ot er occ p ti s . 0 i ev n C ~ Of s is a.c un be lained. To o s le 1 at o s st nd o tao tho e tl1 t cold C or t d ss s c on of n se ot_ rs _ r o es • so e he ha triven evot dl 0 an n d T f rs t th s r or acq e C n o fo _eople o o i n 1 . se ~o s e o d t er presen vel of c ev -· e t . e res the preset rol J C C n . ccor in 0 o Soc 1 S tions,' tions , s nev ta le • s f C 0 , a tus, : 2 o, s of· o e 's 0cc pt ons and orki Cond - 1950. e e th 2Robert P. ulloc_ , __ Do urses Think of Their Professio ? ( olu b s : T e O 10S ate Univers ty esearch ound~tion, 1954) PP 1 3. 2 A second explanation would be that t here is a considerable d fference between nursin -rol behavior--the role which ac ually exists in society--and role expectation --the role as pi ctured in t h e aspirant's mind. Disillu- s onrnent conseq ently could be expected o f ollow actual ex e ience in t he role, accompanied b discontent in this role. I TE PROBLE of roble_ T e e ant st as e tot ~e he second o hese poss bl e la io s out o the realm o s pe cul ion nd s b c 1 to n nv s on. es t e p i di at p rt C C io s r ted to rol d r roe sel c ed for nve pro ass na n rsa ses . numb r o h 0 .. es ich old ser 0 de h V 3 r 0 0 rol d s a s ac 0 n r o n n s s . hese h ot s e 1 C on e ed t e . n ent t his t st 1 r r h desc i e - s n C ce o f er nee b · m li. e fro 11 s en . Th 0 s 0 s er 0 • 1 t 0 0 th 11 0 e s d s old be 8. es 0 i o o be sed dete~ninin he t .. er or not any h po hes e s 0 1 be c epted e.s t e. .... .... ·- Qib -- • .:.- ..,. ---. . - .. ......... . .. . ..... -- ............ - . . ..... Two enera.l and six more particular hypot11eses served to guide t he study. The general hypotheses wee the following : t 1 e 0 0 (1) There are significant differences between the roles student nurses desire and expect to perform and the roles achieve d by raduate nurses tra·ned 1 the s ame selected school of nursin . (2) es on e o t e rad ate nurse le t e e sa i fie t the role o nurse e ate mor ro the e o tl1e s ent nur w t rs o ses o t mos sa s e r a e nur s . r ov r 1 ot e · so e devi 0 1 t e se o i on rel e o d · co t en • 0 s e n 0 • 0 o ese le e e .1wee V st e e t t ore a s n1 e e iled n t e 0 t e a h t • 1 oth a n t ca b s bs de tl1 enera h otheses . ( ) l i ic nt i ff re ce e en the pr o ion o e n nurse as r n 0 C n rsi special 1 e pro ortion of r d te nurse ho h ve h d t eir lon es experience n 4 each s eci lty. (4) T ere is no significant corr lat on between the stu e ~ nur s rank order of preference f or nd h e r d e urs s' r·a k order o ex e ce T h e . t sel C e nurs ct V { 5) e s . t d i ere ce be wen the rs C 0 1 d C . d V e C ud 1 n i s nd C t t e C ve r te (6) T r C d f ces so c.1 rs u e .. e ..., C e 0 S 0 s d r t (7) 0 C e ' co ~ en ' e r e e .. d C a C ' c S~ d C 0 ft 0 C a r • ( ,..~ ) e s ce he 3 s sad 0 0 e d effo "c 01 s " r 1 1 r o e, s C s 0 , e • 5 amount of nursin the students expect to do and the amount of nursing done by t he radtlate nurses . II . PRACTIC L I .tPO.tTA C O F THE STUDY Part of longitudinal s udi . One aspect of the study bein reported whic has c nsider ble practical 1moc .tance lies in the feet t hat it w s set u to serve s t he ir t p rt 1 a lon 1 di a std of st en - rses' attit des t oward n rs _ • e s u~e s woul d be r e te e ea s a t ·radua io s re pon ed o e o e an o s 0 io C 0 r o r o · r 0 ro a k1 , o n 0 - o n s w 1 e a , i SC e re re e n d 0 re e s SU 0 s or r s ction 0 e a q e s t o ir simi r o e n thi d • 1 ic r o s e r e • r 0 , 0 • • ra u e 0 C s for 0 d i i t, a d fi 1 io 0 h e n rea r e er e ur s c ld UC ca e C e r Il C rs of 1 t t des d ex er e ~ d C ss it n ue 0 h s r C , 1 n 0 s o b e r e i o e 0 h t he rofes on. III. CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIOLOGICAL KNOvVLEDGE 6 Occupational sociology. This has been a study within the field of occupational sociolo .Y, and particular ly within the .rea of occup tion 1 sociolo y concerned w1-th morale . Jiost studies of occupational morale have sou ht to relate morale to specific conditions wit in an or anization. The present study has so ht to rel te orale to the discre anc between role ex ect ion and ct a role be _av or. Little resear h s e n doe alon tis line. Th ere oft e literat r ncovere o 1 one st dy4 tat so t to e er ine et er o not morale and satis act on in a roe e ctio so e OU f discre anc betwee t co ce 0 0 . e ro e i a be n as ired to a d t e concepti no rol t e red after C ale e .1.e ce 1 t e ro • he rese s dy as als e ne t an 1 e a e 0 ., is 1 ea, and in ad ition it s e t to e t 0 i in tes 0 t e dea• , t e sa 0 1 1 0 1 e r tes e er i e val o t ea s d C al C. a es i a t t d re a e o mo al • ¾o ert P. lloc_ , loc. cit. Occupational satisfaction of nurses. The most important contribution of the study to occupational sociology, however, was in obtainin a measure of occupa tional satisfaction through two i te1ns in a questionnaire, and then relatin occupational satisfaction to the difference between expectations of student nurses and experiences of raduate nurses. 7 elationships within~ formal organiz • .any of t e sociolo ical invest1 \ t on o oc t ons, and particul rly of in stry, h e be or aniz io 1 and str ctural e co c red wit the o ships a. on embers o forL1al or a iz t ans. So e o t 1 1e e e re 1. on the role of _e urse s lso bee oncer e e re l ions of rse o ' ers e esent c io 1 or a z ton o e os 1 al t f. con ib ton t ield o 1 se ni h s in e s 11 t t s ob e so e t t e or o 0 o n r e o r o tors, r t rses, d • This h s d d 1e-:1n wit a other are of soc O 0 1 t 0 soci 1 ch e. A pr 1 s or a ge o nurses m e e r q ire en S 0 the 0 1 on h s een eld o be a s 1 of h r d increas i ae a or hi sl i le an tee 1 medical care. s Ford and e henson sa. din n a alys s of the nursin shorta e: It would not be far wrong to say that fundamentally the nursing shortage is a normal consequence of rapid industrialization in our society •••• Our complex technology has produced a need for a redivision of our labor supply th~t our social system thus n r has been unable to meet.? As a result of the nurse shorta ge, the role of t he nurse is bein redefined to er i less trained ersonnel to take over some of the activities of the nurses, ac ivi , es that served for many years to o ster the 8 presti e and re tio o 11 rses as devoted huma tarians. ursing may well ha e los so .e of it;s ap ee.l t rou h beco in more tee nical and ess hum 1 aris.n in emphasis, las re r t e e. e present d , the rel ion be e n e s r io of m it r ions a a di co e nursin h V be es d. Ano r o rce 0 n rs 0 a co l e at ri t .. ould d at·s • ith 0 oc a e C 0 o e 0 e lre 1 ed 0 lfill e ol I J. t rol • Cl: 1 u , e ur • ur r- 1 1 i r e 0 C 1 .. 0 se n r 0 ans ,... C IJ s C 0 co l d b i ec resul 0 a cul u al 1 de i • l. 0 of nus ro o lo r d C a ge e tee olo y 0 e ic e . e e d 0 e s r o n 5 homas • or I of satisfaction in their role actually experienced by nurses. Social roles. One further area of sociolo ical theory an research to whic e resent study is related h s to do with t e conce~t of roles. The sociologist has b een interested i _ role as t e uni s i soci 1 organiza- ion. The social psyc olo ·1st has ad an intere the otives leadin p rsons to as s I partic lar role , and th persona.11 car cteristics and t tu eQ on in t hos e wot ke t es e rol s. he re e s d, m de 1 o r uti o 0 9 h e e . ton bo 1 k o 1 d e o r 1 s o h o t r - s t 0 1 o ess ona • r ""er o e oc e o 0 t • I • e re .c d T- e te . " o " er o ec C OS 0 1 , t e of rt·c 1 r ol o e d i t 0 e ec 0 erso • oc e • t c ce io o roe ich erso • es res d ec s o ore o r n e e t all assl • is is r ole act all att d by 10 a person and includes role behavior--individual's act vity in trying to fill a 1·ole--and role pla in g--fulfillin g a role in one's ima ination . Student nurse. A student nur • a wo a enrolled in the course of study i school of nurs _ upo co le- tion of w .ic sh e will re ceive gra u en re . d lorn ad be k o~ s a e nurse A r e rse 1 has co leted t e s u e -nur e ro r .. o tr n 1 om n st e . C ha er sud 0 s C oice o a d co ce at i des sa a school nursin o d 0 ro t e schoo . gistere nur e . Ar re nu ss 1 ce s • OR 0 0 E 0 r - r o t e s 1 ollo e 0 I re e • of e 0 e g 0 ro .. a urs r oe , s en 0 s 0 t he n rses role r to co ce on s 0 h nur e 0 of n rses a d d ill s onme erso 0 u d d r c v d 1 ra 0 d to o r e e • e r C 1 o er h e 0 rd -n re r o e, roe t n 0 f ro st ~et rs to raduate nurse. Chapter III discusses the groups studied and materials sed. Included in this chapter are t h e methods of obtai in the samples, the c_aracteris ic~ of the 11 s mples, t e t estin methods, e.n d the methods of construct- nd us the q e e f n 0 pr sen i Cha er h e es e e r 0 1er, o lo ed b he f C e ri C d so r o 0 s. ces, 0 n t s c d d s oc 0 ol n d 0 rod c 0 e 0 • o na res e loyed. sic ndi s r 1 analysi d h s c a t r r h ' s 0 C • 1.0 so es e e ~ 1 o • 0 0 0 S 0 0 ses d e h e t 1 0 s d o e o lo 0 • res s so ed e h o s e s ec ... e o e o 1 n rse . re e ch o t e ro e • r o t e i e t is c- t e t e o CHAPTER II REV IE~ r OF· THE LITERA~.PURE Empirical findin s, the ''best" researc , on the role of nurses are reviewe in this chapter_ In some cases the "best" rese rch as fal len s or of c rrent stan ards fo r scienti ic ri or in sociolo y. Th sis true oft ose st die reporte wherein he inves i etors ve o ap lied tests o si nificance to t eir d t • ~it o t su e tests, of course, t e de ree of confidence one c n have 1 eir fi di sis severe) i ited. On t he ot er h n, nor er to ive a accurate c r of est o kno,le e 1th res ec o ten re' s role, so e less ri or s de h ve e re ewe. The r v · pr 11 lin e ri ci d.ed in o 1 c r ono o ic 1 n ldin o an r 1 c r er, 0 n r on lit, in ere s, 1 1 e ti co ence, i e o t e e' roe t e 1 - chool em iri c 1 fi oll est ens e co n o st e t-n e ti co ce tions o t h e rol o nur e, ncl withdrawin fro_ sc ools of n r i section is a revie. o fi di son • e ra sec io s, s i e er- a r e of o a.rd a e o s or t r last ten rse ' conce tions o th n rsin role satisfaction wit tat role. at it des to d 13 I. CHOICE OF URSING Personality and choice of nursinE• Personality as a factor differentiatin nurses from non-nurses was investigate d by Elwood in 1927. 1 He used Laird's Introvert-Extrovert Sea.le and .oodworth's Emotional Inventory in comparin a _ roup of nur es with a roup of colle e irls. Hi conclusion wast t nurse were ore st b~e e otionall ir , bu d more e rtrover th col e e tests o Lo Personalit ot sup ort is conclusion wit i ·n,. i ca c e • 2 in 1 5 ave t e 1 •• in esota f.. 1 i hasic nventor to s xt -one n s n s e i -fo r li er -ar s s den s n a s 1 ber - colle e lso 0 0 ndre e - ve wom e r -s hoo - t C ors c er coll e. he de .. 0 • ur s s Q l fe s • l ca 3 ro e ot er C • r 1 rou s . e d ca ion ere t at r 1 t tr s 0 0 d n ho 1 o er ... . 00, " . ol o f I 1 r ir s 1 ele al o 2 or , an ~ u as .... c Ps.chology, 3 n de er inin stated 1 re : e ur Applied P Mchology, 1: a as Lou Te c er r Pero 1 t 31: 37-445 n OL1.8 1 or , " Jour A , 194 7 • o lee 1927. ts 1 Li er 1 Arts, _ e _ innesot 1 of A _ _....... __ _ ess q ve i his dis erta io, t e .et ods of s1 ificance n t .e confide ce levels e e not e articles reviewed. ...:, ,.. the nursin curriculum fro Dirls choosing the other three cur1..,i cul a. Interests and choice of nursing. Interests as factors distin ishin nurses from other wom en were investi ated b Stron in the developmer1t of his vocational int erest tests.4 Stron fond that t he interests o nurses correlate .75 w·t t hos e o wo _ en ysical-education teachers, and ro pad t ese to occ p io s to get er as one 0 oc c tions. e correlation of nurses in eres s wit wome h icians was o 1 -.19. Low 1 ear interes of nurs e s i ic te y cor el - tons of -.74 wit 11 rar an -. 6 w t h wo en a thors. he interests o t rs s o rel ed rt er i hl it ro 's sa l e o 0 e i/ V C: , . .) , te o ers, • 5 7 o i e ore s . 55 ad ele ar -school teac rs, .55. ri 5 0 der re e ence ecor scores on e red t e t -s .. scor .. t ose o o WO - - e 1 . e o e • s 4 ar - . tr ( 0 r -0 r e co e 1e d t n re ~ s x -fo lr e r s 0 e n r n o n ...., a o • • \.e - sure I er sts of esearc_ , 41 : -37, 15 interest t ested bL the ~uder fo~n. Nurses scored hi her than the wo en-in-general sample on social service, science, music, an arti s t ic; a1d lower on persuasive, clerical, computational, and literary. No si . 1 can i f ference was found on the mechani al - interes scale. eaver 6 also used the Iude r reference Record i n a st dy, comparin 0 a group o ei hty t dent nurses wit~ a trol of i f t fre S J. 1a.n • teac . er- r • co rou i r .tnee stu 11 e al-a.r s olle e, ed or e , e , r 1 0 t r ica ol r X io , a r ace . o n t urse n f a tl tn e a r- C 1 C d sci _ i f i , n 1 n f can 0 e r • of co s . 0 r e e b i 0 e b a 0 s lee - 0 u r 0 0 1 ro n a s 7 3 V un 0 0 h -s 0 co l t r - 6A • P r n r s 0 , ent rs s " 0 A ppl :37 -37 , - 0 toe , 195 • 7 ci 1 d e on 1 ., e ' oci 1 Sat o en ' 0cc i tf 0cc ns , :421-42 4, Apri , • - • , 16 women's occupations accordin to social status. he occupations were selected to cover a wide ran e of speci 1 aptitudes and intellect. Re istered nurses wer ranked third in . edian-status r anki , below ph sci n nd artist (fine) , and a ove journ ist , pro essional sic an ( s •. phony), teacl er (hi ""'h schoo ) , an the ot :1.er twenty- t nre e selected occ atio s of wo nen. Teo inions of the hi h-s hoo ir s e r 0 1 t he o e of artic lar i teres s ce · on _ t e1, o ct a 1 c_ oosi ~ to u i a thor do not re or o th repre alo , t 1 sa. 1 t • • s e t · e of nc 1 of 8 r o o fo h dre se ior • n l o n o e n - n orr 1 hi -s c oo e e t r r P • r-1 en scho e an s d r n d e o e , • s J_ r- S 0 p . 9, • lt o se e o h o l • n n e V e t 0 ro . 90 n n- o 1 n' r n in , • a t ee · nurse moved fro ~ e h d pl ce 1.e held e ler- _ r on s n se on cob cl a.n, " nkin s o , a .en Oc Accor in - o Soc·a1 Stats, r ni v ~ t1ons," 0cc P-t .s , 2 : 2 O, ? e s, d or -i r, 1950. 17 place behind physician int e Canadian rankin s for social s tus rrwo add tional rankin s were m ade by students, in t o f t he • es t im t rm r s of the earnin s of the occupations, n e worl n con sev n e a d n . e J..: e ve ran d • J..rs • wom n s en s r co on s r '- c nc .. s IJ • s be d r !l t b 0 • n C e ns 0 1 a 1 0 C e s ,. s lo t h s s n 0 r choo • n s as 9 , tio s. A ran om sample of one hundred s ents r an d nurses thirte nt" n ee 1- e :1er s n r i ans ra o n s 1 · e 0 0 e n oos I 1 'f ro ~· .L • n ph ans bein r n os, 0 "' -' e 0 o . e undra ne . en and i 0 r 1 se 0 , 0 n 11 e s e e C 1 e , ·or 0 s t l 0 t t C s . s 0 .:1. s 0 0 1 ol s 1 n t 0 e o n • her 0 C s 1 e 0 i vol ed r s t e r for ssion . e ee re 0 s e e an I 1 -"'!!!'---,.---~ - --------- c. on erv .J..Ce , • • olle e e 18 then loosely and impressionistically classified. Two categories accounted for 66 per cent of the responses. The main classification was a natural interest in nursin, includin.- responses referrin to enjoyment and satisfaction in the duties an functions an admir tion for doctors an ~urses. These o d most 1 portant cl ss fie tion w st e desire or service. People a events influencin · choice. he Indi n St ur e s oc on e d of people d V nt infl enci h choice of nursin · vocation. 10 The le s co ose 0 even h i 11 0 1 4 sses o 0 nu n n I d a. nds rs 1 e t~ C Si o e r rs • n a s co s er i m C 0 de ec_ 1 e d e • • r n r e 42 er en • ' , , 2 p r 00 te e t 0 nis e s, 6 er ce 11 e e s nd tr e or er e f re en . t ~ lOn t d ecr it ent 1 of ursin e , l ----- ---- - ---- ndr net -oi t tudents t e s te-accred ed cools d s 11 S 0 t mi V 1 ce e 1e dire e 0 C - as • h e ore 0 per 1 d 0 e ons 47 r cen • , c or r e • st de , ch , 7 er ce n • rsonal • 1 en .1er s ·ch t e ere C e e as s nder a , ' di or 1, :2 -244 , Ar 1, 1 49. 19 influences were: visits to hospitals, 44 per cent ; career talks in schools and other groups, 24 per cent; books, 22 per cent; movies, 13 per cent; nursin p phlets and bulletins, 14 per cent; workin as aide in ospital, 9 per cent; radio pro rams, 8 per cent; and newspaper pu licity, 1 pe r ce t. T_e report oft e Indiana stud di not indic te t e ercenta es w ich e ch. ot er. I I . S DE T- A 0 p 0 0 s sat C 1 0 o r dre d eve 1 e o hoo s of 1 11 • Sh 0 d :-1 5. e nt 1 • ve 0 nurs i n re , a i 0 t e s u e • e e cen 6 0 7 1 er n sch ools. aire e ad 11 0 t" r e 0 rs • a a e a o s ffere sic ni icantl f r om • n r , k A STO A ROL -e h seni • t en e 3.0 er n s i n a.re tl a ts 0 t 47 t t A e th de SD e or ere ere . J e C r f ro q es 0 - r schoo s u llHelen ra , "-satisfaction with ursin ,u ourn 1 .£f. Ap lied Psy ology, 2: 335, 1 4 . Universi t y School of Nursin • 12 The primary purpose of t nis study was to con1pare the satisfaction with nursin 20 amon the freshman, junior, and senior classes. ahm used a ursin Satisfaction Blank , w hich was an adaptation of the oppock Job-Satisfaction Scale, 1 3 and in addition an e hty-seven-item questionnaire. he study revealed that h e freshmen were enthusiastic and hi hly otivated at the end of ni e o t 1s i n nurs n school, wi l e t he juniors and se r w r s· n i ican 1 les s s tis f ed an showed consid ra e e v · den ce of e si r rati on. n e r of c .. g-e s we e e in t 1 6 chool of u 1 9 lar el a.l ong 1 s es e b h s de s n h 19 7 s • ahm n ertoo 0 ow- i n 1 4 ef ec t o h s 1 0 e e n es. be r s cl as i e 1 7 st d 0 1 h i o 1 ss 0 e cl S 0 1 4 • _ or - e se s e ts 0 d m ned t S C oo l d • e e s in d n , s e C 0 950 . rr e s s f ac on an een V n 1 9 o b t OU s s n a n i 1 4 lo 12 336- 3 3 • • • ober 0 oc , ( e _or: r ers 935 ). 14 el en a urs i n , f o r nal , of " _ ollov, p St dy o ~ t s f tion with __ ol_o __ g __ y, 34:3 3- ~ 46, 1950. A£pl1ed Psic ,,,. I 21 a number of open-end questions. The 1949 class was s i nificantly less satisfied with nursin in oth junior and senior years th.an in its freshman year, but s ._ owe no s1 ificant change between its junior and senior years. The 1950 class, on t h e other hand, showed no significant chan e in s t sf ct on betv,een fre runan and junior years. It would appear tat the morale of the freshman-nursing stude ts can be mai tained into t e junio year i very fa or le conditi r in effec during t e re a ye r, t not i f _e rs t co e t effec dur n t e j nior er. n i 1 i e r er ce o 1 er ce to t e cl s • if - 0 r ce of t hee re rr e r 1-s n rs e re s e te h 0 t , dmi is r i o , er • e er ce cl s of 1 4 o 1 11 0 a e.., o l d o u i n s i es t he.t 1 C e e , rs h t e d o te m r e rs 0 1 e ce e. es. I ire in es i ce ro rs o n e ot es s t l n , . . . e SC 00 e Oc o t h sec ic l A ic • I i 0 19 2 . re or es ''At t " , rd s n g an 0 en s n e er t e t , t 22 school eventually influences their attitudes,nl6 was tested by comparing classes. Unfortunatel, In mire did not report significance an confidence levels even thou h her data appear to be of a kind readily tested . First-ye&r students enerall enjoyed the majority of their cl sses, like the head nurses, and were am iv lent to su ervi ion. ec nd-year tudents, on the otn r a were " , sensitive, have e sily urt e n , e e ins o inferiori to otr e d nts, ra en rs , an t e e c f." a e ere o 1 "to er e on _e "u stl r i zed," d el "isco a • " h OU e eq 0 i o 0 en . n er ecs • " 1 n 0 C s. V n st t s a e n e r or ed s " , re a OU doc o s of 0 0 ec rit t eir or h ir do 00 i is C d r irected h h ve little res o si- b lit lannin he i eals of se s ion h e t 7 con ict n t s a" ever 0 "· h e -· or of t studen t t e ere PY in • 8 . nursin~, were receiving ood professional education, that they were able to ive ood care to patients, and that otb. the staff an tl1e patients trusted t e: • e ative attitudes toward one or more areas o their nursin experience were expressed by all students. The most pre dominant of these were relatio ships wit head nurses, ratin sheets, an ~ their feelin s of inferiorit • .. llock ave t "'iree tests to one hundre stu ents in the Ohio t te nivers t Sc ool of ursin as part of a st yon w t nurses think o th ir ro ession. 18 One test o tine the st nts' rel ive eva pr e ons os""" open t o n io of t 0 co r t ee e soc l tat· s: nu s:n , school c 1 , an so ial or . seco an t in e ir ed e e lie bo e e 0 occ r 1 n co p er as i o i i n a o d q e 1 • so re obe nc re ired he s en - ur e e nu or 0 e r - 0 e e n e • CO C • 'Q lloc, • 0 e ts t 1 0 e t t o s u r vor occ r 1 i 0 0 0 .. 1 e s i C 11 r d 1 0 on? ( olum : T e o on, 19 4), • 68-76. 0 n res, t s e 0 r in d r c one r • There is the self-sacrifice and devotion to duty as expected of the soldier, but t here is also t e rev.ard in presti e and status t _a accompa is such behavior. The public's concep ion of the nurse, as erceive d b the students, w s consiste tl favorable to the status of nurs , exce t h a "fast u 1 e hou t la • ons v 1 eo le viewed nurses e11. Stude s s be ho t a i s loo ed 0 s u • r o V 0 atio s • u • 0 so or 0 s e ro sc _ oo s of i ,. r 0 d s 0 r 1 0 d g . 0 re - r d of s 0 2 • e 0 0 T s .. e 1 dy __ ork : 0 - C C s • 0 g e 1 r so 0 d roe lo 1 s 0 0 , co d 0 . er n e rs. e lo ro ,_ s e s 00 of ur 19 • e r r e r C rr c 1 • dro 1 0 0 hs , co d r 15. 7 • 7. 5, d 0 SC 00 s se e hun red orty - hree A hree- s of urs:1ng --, rg51). 25 schools reporting every one of the four times reports were solicited had an avera _ e of 33.4 per cent of admissions that did not ~raduate. Reasons iven fo r withdraw 1 that reflect ne ative atti tu es of studen t s toward nursi , accounted for 21.4 per cent o withdr w ls over t 1 e t re - Jear period. 1 atrimony was ost f r e quen t reason ·or wit dr ~ 1 in e second an ir e .rs, 34-~~ and 35 . e ce s , res e i el. i C S w r 0 or 6. 0 cco t s r n t 0 si r 0 or 1 . / e ce t 1 0 . , e ce • 0 e eco d six on s a lure or 27. pe can o wt dr wals r ce • I e irs 11 r i cl s wor 1 r ason s111 0 si t he 0 e re r e 2 • ce 0 dra e . r e r o • C C n r w mos 0 0 S t ce t C 0 11 ere 0 o h . I • e irical s u es of s h s r ors or o - d 1 A re or , ro r e 0 • s o ... role o nurse . # .o t - - t nurs e s o i 1eir nur 1 S 0 1c s 0 S 26 have been concerned with hospital nurses. One approach has been to ask t ese nurses to fill out questionnaires . The result has been a subjective picture of the ctivities of hospital nurses. Ford and Stephenson 20 obtained a subjective portrayal of an important part 0 t he nurse's role by askin ur s thre things : how o te . t e erfo 1 each 0 twenty- our nurs ac .t it s; hO VJ ell t _ e liked each .i t it • W 0 o · e V rio t 0 hos ·t 1 er o , e t 0 ht per o a c of t e C 1 it es. Emph si • c:,. 1 en 0 h 1 st hese q es io s . e e.ctiv ties t e s b C t 0 t rse sold r o te de to e hoe er OS z r o s ost er tic and 0 I .,e C • e · r s ose 0 mos COS e e r e • On e e 0 e er n 0 a V es o e l se e 1 cl e e 1 re or e q e tion- a e . C - s S 0 ca C 0 e • ..&..----'-- _ _ ___ £__ ospi • O ec q t C 0 0 t e C a een 0 n 0 20T o s • ·or n Insti t tional ___ oles, ! Three Alabam _ ospitals ( n Ala a.ma : ni vers labe.ma s of 1 I i o die s . h • Se en o , ips, Ale.b re , 1954), se h o • 11-12. e el 1, s ity; 27 been to make time studies of the activities of nurses dur1n t_e course of a typical work day. Some of these studies have shown th tin spite of a trend toViard defi i the role of nurse as a hi ·hl tech- nical profession, nurses continue to spend considerable ti ie 1 . non- rofessional acti 1 ies. David 21 studied a national sample of two t ousand, tree hundred t e -four e er 1-staff nur es foun t h bou 15 er can of t st f nurses • n1e - e cl ric 1 ac 1 ies, about 3 per cen i ro s ion 1 rs n c vit, ad ano .er 3 er c 1 e a e 1 C 1 a el a.ta 0 ss t r so 1 . s 1 22 a sss, 5J•7 pe e o t e ur i en 0 roe sion 1 0 t C , 2 . 3 e c n 0 0 roes- re, • r cen 0 r 1 . • 5 er e erso OS 0 le t ies 1 de no n , e di, C 0 c re. 1 C r o e 00 1 1 ct ca 21L 1 an J"e er .1 47 : 669- 673 , 22 a 1 • cen o vi rses," 9 7. he e o 0 0 .1 , a 0 n r ,.. . t:. e cen 0 1 e - ental r e ng e n study in New York; 2 3 medications ru1u treatments took another 15.4 per cent; clerical activity acco nte d for 8.9 per cent of t h e nurses' time. In one small hos ital i n Ark sas, 2 4 the ener 1- duty nurses ave 23 . 2 per cent oft eir me to direc nursin c re, 37.0 er cent o ndir c care, and 7. 0 p ce t to records con er nee t env ro t 17. 5 er cen to r en 0 i c rel 0 S e r k- o 0 0 n ho 1 al s r o s r o · r ce 0 1 C m for o tud i Pr e io 1 n re s e 0 e C t 0 to c re o 1 s C t 28 d e d a o Six 2 0 as ac a c re 0 1 • C 0 es • s a f ro r n d r c c e 0 r 0 ce d r e s . 0 nc o s C d of r .. ze • J.. , ul ne, • u nin on • 29 made 2 n Cal fornia, where about 10 per cent of the nurses in forty hosp ta.ls ere "shadowe d " fo r an entire shi f t and their ctivi es imed on a lis t of four hundred thirty- n ne nurs n duties . This std p r oduced findin s a arently deviant fron1 hos n oth r st .tes. Ap roxi- m tel 60 per cent of be a of thes a spen d rect care u ies. we 1 1 1 .1.. or i nurses per cent went o C r n so . e O per cen o tie off' n stand-by . • 0 1 s role ee 0 C • op 0 s 0 es -e 1 s n r r - t a 26 0 27 2 0 D d 0 - C 0 0 r jo d C 0 s 0 a27 0 t n 0 u n a r o 0 s C 1 z 0 • ere mo s f t t or 0 28 0 0 • r a so e 47 :456- s 0 47 : 5 5- d rses ~c no c Sa us o Pri te t 947 . Jour 1 ~ ____ g, was given o · the confiden e with w h i ch these differences could be held to be si nificant. She also found eneral staff nurses more dissat·sfied than public-health nurses, i nd us tri e.l, e.nd off 1 ce nurses. Job satis action 0 gener 1-duty nurses . ~a. er - in est ted e 0 s s ctio of en r 1-d ty re.duate o es io s 10 n C s 0 co selec e T rse hund e re s q e ze e 0 e 2 C te io 0 • . . . . 1 r e - 8 s ate 0 rl s r ndo ro iles oc io • 1 t -on e e e rs r n C s .e fi al sco e 0 un re - d C s 0 0 C i • 0 e 0 - s C 0 s ores o · 1 C C s 1 C • 0 0 C C e s a er , ' T .1.e .. . s no rof s iona re allege~ s ington, 2 d 1 C , • n .,ton . 29 A sampl ton can 0 , or a 1 d q e ion- s s rt -t 0 s 1 e s e e s a e of 0 b e sc le 0 of 0 1 0 e 0 dies of e, 952. - 31 nurse 'rol and i t s r elation to ob sat sfact on as t t cond cted b y lloc i n O hio . 3° Job sat sfact on was me sur ed b use o the Hoppock Job - Sa isfaction Scale, w hic was shown t o be reliable and valic or use wit h t h e nurse popu l t ic . The n s s rs b sed on ive l undred n rs s w ho re red q ionna res o t of re re se t e s m e o n i un rd th rteen Ohio nurs s ho ere se e t on - n ~rs r 1 e na 1 . The s dy r ve le I 12 . 2 r ce to un re n rs s n d o k i , 5.2 er ce c r r o Pl s . 6 lem er ce t a no 0 n e p can - e • o er r s n s sop ans o ~ r s caree co n u r n ._J e n er e _ or rr e 1 re n • no C n io sco e o oc o s n re nurse , pr a e-dut n rses 30 1 C op . , P.i: • e ive un c r e 0 n e o 1 te r 0 er c e nc nd ho s 1-14 r 1 d OS 1 t r e 8 r ce t 0 e • , 0 S u S S 0 b ve 0 • r 8 in t c - h e unu le nd selec t 0 er ire s t e ive hun s t - ,hl e re eneral-duty hos i al nurses Job satisf ction s 1 owed no significan rel tons p to such actors as urban-rural background reli gious aff 1 at on or mar tal sta t s of the res ondent. llock fond a number o ot er ac ors to e c osely rela ed o o sat s ct on . OS m o tat and h s 0 t . p 1 s ni c nt were p rceiv d leadership behavior of riors, ork roup dJ s re erences. u s' o rce 0 - 0 p ess mpor n r s ls o 1 C 0 0 , cone d erso 1 s i r ons s 1 s • 1 a ere n e es ' n rs d rs ng.3 1 C P" s I }1 l, e ' o p s 1 of t el d OS 0 tl 0 t _ . rds : es tone o 1 n s s ') r s s el 1 s r e bo e n cha t e C f red o ur n 2 1 C~'" 0 C. t - V. STUDE T T NURS~ CO 1PAR~ vIT R UATE URSES 33 Bullock's stu of Oho student and raduate nurses was t~e onl one f ound to have as one phase an objective s nil r to t . t of the present study.34 e compared the rs nses of o eh ndred st dent urses an on hundred s n r o two sea es. One me s re e ea i e raw r 0 nurs n, sc ool t tti t es tov1ard ch n an r ... , soc 1 o • e o r o tai e urs s' o a ppr is 1 0 0 s s , 11 0 0 0 i e " d 0 on • s r e d n . t u h e urse C \8 e ho a 1 S 0 1 ra VI. 0 co. r 34rb1 • , . • 6. erce of 11 op nion forte t - o 0 0 1 "' o e o C 0 so 00 e t 1-s r • e s n re o s s o s e f lie er 0 o 1 is i • I o.l n e e I ., 34 interests that are more masculine (Lou h , Stron ),35 and are less literary, clerical, comp t tio al, and persuasive (Tri s, eavar). High- school and colle est dents ranked nursin very hi h in social status, b t nots hi _ in des ra ility of workin _ cond tion or ear ins ( aud er-P terson, uc an). Nursin s t ents tended to become less sat sfie wi t h n rsin s t e d nc r h rai , t ost of t em wo11ld ave c ... se ursi • ·iv a s co opport n to C oose ( a , In ire) . rs st ents were 0 i _ is in ... re 0 0 • t h o 1 io IlUl'Sln , 1 C of n rs , 1 • 1 0 n ' 0 1. s req r n e e ., e otio 0 t ) . .. . 0 1 0 1 r n ro n r 1 . hool or t 1 0 r n 0 r r e son r i n d . si s n d it des to "l r t - rs ( ) e 0 r e e o n be oor e i d ( - oc c) , z ble ro or 0 0 ro ur e 0 0 - 0 s 0 le el of n rs 0 no - u s n ctivities ( avi , a ans s., 9 , ork, .. r s s, 35 ames i n p re t ses ref r t t dies ci ed earlier i ch er. 35 California, and 11chigan state nurses' associations). Job satisfaction was lower amen eneral-staff nurses than i n ot· er fields ( avid, ullocl ), and was related to occlpational role, status, and work conditions, but not to such variables as urban-~ural back roun i , reli ious affili tion, m rital status ( llock),nor o e, ears of nurs n ex ere • e, ors ze o community ( ~¥a er). om ~r1 o so s dent r 1 1 t t_ t st dens rocee i i t osp tal or t n1rs s c ive r in nde o disil usionme t, an is is rel ed to di - ra u te urse wt t e·r roe ( ul c ) . CHAPI'ER I II GROUPS STUDIED AD . ~T~RI_LS tSED The purpose of this st dy w s to empirically test some hypotheses about differences between student- and raduate-nurse cone o s o f e nurses' role. WO hy o 1eses ere ori lated abo t t~ e urs·n role in 0 d 0 f e ra, an e . e .1.0 o r en es e es r 0~ e X a 0 e t cat r . I . r a n 1 0 0 0 . e b s s le rs t mor s· ecif c aspects oft e role. ti j ot e es is i en 0 • s J. re pt or C C 0 n mor s 0 • - e 0 C h o e t ns e re l • e r s - J. • J_ - 0 e C ot e 8 i 0 r p ex ere ce as - • e t • r e ur w e n er 0 a p ocess of disill s·onment 37 regarding the role of nurse. The latter hypothesis calls for testing by longitudinal methods coverin a number of years . The present study of the opinions of student nurses was actualzy set up to permit such a lon 1tudinal stud with eventual retestinc oft ese s b ects after a few years. ~owever, it was felt that cornparin their opinions w th t o e of a cross section oft e woul ve rea on raduates of t _e s~~e nurs school lts o t e lon it dinal std wit o t necesQ tatin t e ela of a number o years. Disill ropo d e eco o et een the e disil i h tis t 0 $ _ e ole o rse. t o e r mo fro . t es de t aver e • t q es ion ·re 1 o nd o b t e o o n rs • r r res o le s s o f e d n d t e s fort s the in er nee h ra e o d f e d o o 1 be h o a o s i s 11 onme t . ·nf rence s , ef ec, a h o s s o hie l e sated o e w s s bst t te s bein o e esta le. ere as no a of 11 substanti tin this in ere ce by mes ri the runo n o d s 11 sionment t e r tes nder on b c se he was n o record of their student- day attitudes and opinions . Attitudes toward parts of nurses' rol e . It was hypothesiz ed that student an braduate nurses would differ in the amount of nursin the students expected to do and the ~,rad 1ates h d done, in t e k nds o nu s n preferred y the stude ts and d on y e rd ts, nd in rankin sel cte n rsin 0 ctivities in te s o f preference b st dent n _ n e 0 ount of e er·ence doi , th , b rad a s . I was also hy t es ze a s de d radu te nu s t ree 1 a 0 co t 1 r s ool o e r ould t 0 e e f er in ct s 1 ns • od o o C C S r re t cco p i ods rs s s e • C O • 0 t t ro 0 • • e ro e o t-. e s 0 t e e o - , t , se. s s u coo e io o a n 1 o t ned ro of n o t h ad int filiate wit e tent h i • nursin or of s rs ty of st dents at 39 Education , with w h om a conference was held describin the proposed study, its purpose and methodology, and the quest i onnaire to be used. At t his conference a tentative schedule for testin students was worked out . The Director of Education discussed the proposed st dy with the other members of the school's staff d rin t he next few da s, wit the r sult that ermission was rante an the testin be n . At a 1 sta es of the inves i ation t he finest of cooperat o as well s a keen 1 e e int st dy was so b t e ac lt and administrat o of the nursin sc ool . s t e t dent- u s 1 0 s en en olled 1 s co_. 1 er n 8. 1 bl n 0 e se e C s 0 1 56- io h 5 - 95 - t s in war co necti n t o e 0 o e un r t en - se en e e C ool 0 n os An eles . st den - 0 c e r ve 1/1 0 e 0 l 0 C tio s. e C s C ool cco d n e 1 0 1 e r n • e he i O nee 0 0 1 co b n - cl s sses SC n C st or "" ed ob sob t seniors. e e j io s , d t e bac e ors ere s well ro r c d t Tt s felt tha this o 1 fac te obtainin s n schoo. 1958-B and 1959-A classes made up t he freshman class. The one hundred twenty-seven student-nurse sampl e was composed of sixty-five freshmen, twenty-ei ht ju?:J.iors, an thirty four seniors. These nursin students were select roup of youn women . The were required before acce tance by the school t o have r d ated fro an accre ited hi sc ool , wit at le s o o c e iistr, to pass a ph sical exa ination, and o o tr u a s c 0 1etr c est n o r ai e at screenin o nurse ' tra ca iaes1nl el to co nlet or succeed n e n e ent es i t 1 or e e e d re t one e io s ... n . Par o e e ts of r o 0 s en rse•s 1 e . res 1 a c s er 1 more e r c e 1 et C cl s • s s e 1 e n r i e V r o . d t le 1 s a . e e irl . L n s of o onl t n e e t t ee- ea e . h o Q s ir C r e r 1 l t o1 e 1 e e d t on over we \,. nd o r r o r 0 p 0 0 r se or e • e V 0 ou se. C ule o ke 1 n 0 t t s ~r u 0 e • ' _u l1e t nts e • es e t a. f . to ar , 41 The m ethod used by the write r , who was in all cases the one administering the test, was to request no talking except pertinent questions, and t· en to pass out tne questionnaire blanks. The inst~Jctions were printed on the front of the for~, and were also read aloud by the investi- ator . he stu ants were nstructed to rai their hands i t he h an q e 1 ns, ut ver few~ est o s rose . All oft e tie necess r was allo • r n or co f ro. tin . t. or ue to a re es or so o · the f rs - ye r st ants to se iors . e t" de s io na r to se e h 0 r boar 0 e Al o res e 1 me n • fe s r no t se 0 0 0 i e OS i 0 a o t ir a o , an es ing a entees. ea in t or se 0 n re in n en e 0 ddre se co t i t er ro t C e en or 0 e n c ec w o it d , .. e 1 ce d oor a 1 ors eti h o e sc ool e ~ or o ent es roo. s e n l o d t. e o re t e s 1 e r r re on. e e 11 ree.c ed r e id nces q es io - o eac 0 11 nve t ...., tor d r ctin t e , st dent to com le e e questionna re i r V t w out - er t n ot 1.er o influe C res onses . - e letter lso directed them to seal t air questionnaires in the envelopes in which they received them, and t l1en to deliver these to the nursin -school office w here the would be picked up by the investi ator • ....., ourteen of he se111ors who were in temporary affiliation at one o t e nearby veterans' hos itals were reac ed b sen ing a ac et of ourtee enve o es, each containin t e let er an question air, n rse 1 care o • e e s e s d r ta rad atA t ir eriod of affiliation. She ave q estio a re he irls, w o co ple t em a re r t s 1 d e v _o e to e , r pol s re aile - e . 0 e n t to • e coo rat o 0 t h n s in C a e 0 e ff s re e n ass re d ... OU l e 0 C e r m t e C f C a e nurs n C 00 • III . R - • cos er 0 r - n s t 1 C r C cs 0 r 8 t - - ' C C 1 , d 1 d rs e e e c -- re C e 1 0 • gr samp e . a s e con i ~ e d f or o t a r r cro - ec o o t r d of' e cool 43 of nursing w her the students were bein studied . Locating and obtaining the opinions of a random sample drawn sys t e 1 .atica. ly f ron1 tr1e complete rolls of the school's graduates would have be en the ideal metho ~. It was found, however, that nei t er the school nor t .e alurnnae associa tion kept u -to-date records of addres e or married n es. The state nurses' asso iatio i not keep se parate rec or s or e r d . s of var ·o s sc ools. c OFY of C 0 0 e r d C 0 n r e , e r d r o . t e r co 1 t o e e e as was bl s e d the t te o 1ali ornia 0 a rlie o 1 1 e a 11 • 0 r t,J , c .. OS e co i n o 0 ee r 0 0 t _ om s 1 • I e o t e. t • t s d e u l is d cl de e .. o e re c n • s , e d t h.e 1 d at ei r cor s e to dr o tl r d :'.I e me as e a t i 1 b 0 re er e 1 ple. Ate i o w s 0 an f al alu tur to il o n es k pt t he sc ool oc io . h i . f i e as s a t o f cers of 44 t e association to contain not onlv dues-paying me1.bers of the association, but also other ·raduates of the scb_ ool. The ori inal plan of the study was to compare the students with the rsduates of the last ten e rs or so, since the most likel period of disillusiorunent, :i.t was t ou ~ ht, wold be i tle first few ~ears of professional nursin. To obtai a lar e e o tl1e al mnae 11 , ho e er, it sam le of raduates f rom 1 cl s o All o t . addre , 1 q es o r • 0 e d • 1 0 1 0 0 1 s e io r • 0 C , r 0 • .. _ r a e 1 h n re d ort -e lo h r V ecess r r to ack to il t e it California se, ere se a re w d a eturn- a C r • e o C r o es ne 0 0 i o a l e:\ 0 - u C t o e to 0 s • e n -e ~ t ollo - 0 10 e e :s er e -L e o o · e , 1 t r r ce • r or o - 0 co 1 q e i o r e ee t o 1 r u 1 0 rse r -se n e e o e er re red n e er er cent a e r r • 0 ce s, 5 t 0 q e s ionn s r t a , w 1 70 per ce t . 45 of t he questionnaires not sent back by the post office with wron addresses were filled in and returne d . These percenta es surpass the a_proxi ately 40 er cent return normally expec ed from mailed questionnaires. ecenc of nursing exnerience. Fort "'-one o the - raduates received their di lo .as 1 30,s, t irt - nine in t e 1 40 1 s, ands xt -seen in t he 1950 ,s. Sixt - two per ce t 0 t he rad a e ere s rs a h e ti 0 t 1 d , • 1 t -s ., X er cen ad wor ed si ce 1950, an 91 per cent d wor d si ce 1945. abl I 1 es the di r1 io 0 r n r 0 s 0 as an r • Am r - ere s e 0 - 0 C r - 1 r e do r., e 0 e 0 • 0 • , 0 t (o 0 0 0 e 0 1 · ) e rs ( _e e . 0 s 0 1 e ) ( e e or o ) . e C 0 e e 1 C d 1 a ch 6 e 0 e en nurse i li lie • d · c r t end OU 0 n r 1 g e rad i g . e e C d e ol 0 1 - C oices: one r " 0 " ' e r " , , and " an e r " • 0 i ita on e 0 olo 0 • stu l a 0 0 1 50 J V 0 T 18 0 9 5 to 9 0 0 19 93 193 0 to 1 3 · ,~ or · d _n 0 s u E T 0 T_ L I d 1 3 6 3 2 1 1 7 46 Pe C 61. 21 • J 4 • 2 0 0. 7 0 7 100 . 0 47 n not cietermi • l ly the implica s of the ing emp r C 0 s " n ts ' r s onses to e ues io on t 16 a.mount of nursin t e ex cted o do a. ter grad ting . The choices ._, rn ht bet er have e st ed n u er ca r t er th n the V ly qu .nti te. ve ter s u e • The V lid y of the post fac o ass e t 0 oun s 0 e • of t e rad tes r e ce 0 ca e ore 0 e stu ent ql e t onnai a t l S b tot de re p d b t e ft 00 es of d e tf 0 e y • bl e h bers n er ce ts 0 0 OU s 1 - - m Co n X r C $..L C r d io • 1 e n ~ - s me C d 0 b do e y 1 . 2 r ce 0 n h s 25 e ce - d lso d 0 e - - 0 f - ad 0 C n b s d o · .., h a s 0 d OS C n e 0 e S 0 u h • e. le e ve n II e ost rece t d str t i on e e clo • e e r or er 0 e e C 0 e 0 doe ,. t f t w .s ho urs i ti n s ... .. o e rr oc 0 ' ce b n seco nd c· ool n rs n u ird. Ro hl lf of r tes d th r Ost d most re n ex ... er ence n h o p t 1 nurs A - 1 0 ot A 0 Amo nt of ur in s : - 12 - 1 0 1 • • 0 C ir 0 s s s 0 , 0 TABL II T E IE CE O 1 SI D\.H /\T I T .. 11 Ti me Per ent 7 20 6 24. 5 32 0 0 .o 91. A TE 15 1 2 3 9 5 0 0 n r 48 ent 19. 7 . 2 2 2 6 • 49 TABLE III I OST 1 T PERIE~ CE _ Il 0 s i OS 1 7 5 • 57 43 . 5 Sc ool 10 l: 3. 1 10 . 7 8 5. 2 1. 6 • o. 2 1 5 17 1 • ' 2 l 7 . ,,/ o. 3 2 • ✓ 8 6. ,,/ 9 . 9 5 . 9 7. ot 127 o.o o.o of o e IV. CO~STRUCTIO O Q S I O TNAIRE Two questionnaires were devised fort i~ st dy, a St'dent-.urse O inion Fo rm an rad1ate- T urse Opi on orm. The stude t form consi ted of s i x sections, it 79 ite s . he rad a e orm h d five C 0 item. The et o or cos ru tin t e q e 1 e int _ s sectio . a en1 ... n e n ., t , i h 7 o alres is q 0 50 r 0 S C t 0 1 e or s e c , o h d 0 of n r • o d t h i e role o r e u e of s s isin g o 0 .e de s • e 0 e C O i ss ti 1 el .. e s, 1 t -re e o c ro e • C r vio e e sc i e ol it • 0 C . . l 0 o e e C S o e « a a o a o "rol 11 i n on r o e r o o n 0 0 s e o e o e 1 C 0 0 oc s oci pos t on o r • • T 0 I er e tJ O O t n o s r er o as - or c e e e d b nurses, t t s or c i i t e e s . r zed b- • r C - in f r o t e h e unc io st e wer n t en ed t o l 11. 51 f nction was taken to be the benefit to someone of an ct vity . The role of nurse cold th s be abstracted into num er o funct ons and l...e se f nc ions in t urn co l a be cl ssi ied accordin tow o were t h e reci ient oft e ben t s of t ... e c i ri ties. estionr a r te s e e se ec e net on s . i ch s ple cti i ie re a e t oe c o thes e nk or ere e d to b 0 C 0 0 e n t .. h h es . e n s e • • docto t nos or t , e co h ch C 00 C • C d n 1 , s 0 e h 0 of 0 s 0 u s e e C e C 0 • e e 0 1 0 C a e s o e t r • e co r 0 0 h e r n 0 0 C 0 0 e - 0 0 t t l re n c or e 0 0 ... e e s 0 e r zed . ( ) ( ) ( C) ors . ( , , d • ( ) r o a 1 52 (f) Cure patients . (g ) Supervise other personnel . {h) Keep acctrate records. The nurse was seen to benefi t t h e do tors by lending a hand when the doctors were present (ite a), and by - carryin out orders left by the doctors wen they were not resent ( 1 t er c) • The patient was ene ited b , nursin l - activities th reserve d n d ncre se lie nd healt (i m f), min aine d or ere e _)' a 11 e, tio s s (i s re e e 0 • on , 8. 0 are 0 r 0 r ere or er a.se t e 0 al , an . co fort- - of t e tent's en 1 e n - h 0 e l, 1 se - e i t V • 11 '-' ·nstitution in whic the r e C 0 d i a 0 0 cti e e 0 • e 0 - 0 . re .'1 r • al . r ... e e s c a c e , ( ) . :l e s e ar h ec • n s hir st e s were ff ve t C d e s co respo d t " a C oice - 0 w t hr e e e s of a ree n 1- 0 i • d e 53 three de rees of disa ~reement: very stron l y , str n :l y , or moderately; or they could indicate tat they were undecided or indif ferent . Expectations of performing activi i es and functi ons. - -- Part of t e student uesti onn ir cons · sted of twenty- fo state e s out fu C io s n activ · ies t11.at t e st aent mi t otheticall be doin after eco. 1 a n rs • e inc d a e e i n ... a III b t re r 0 i s 0 b re 0 ded n er s 0 s t e es s, t a on e 0 C 0 n 0 r th e 0 0 1 t 0 u 0 e . P r 0 e s n e t/0 ' 1 I , , • s 0 r • :1on 0 l • • " e t s, ' "s t i -- ' C s, n " 1 1 I " 0 I ' • 0 - p 0 r - r _o 0 st n ar 0 - e t en ex e e . r ae 1 h r n arms ex C - t • r s t r 0 ce of es 0 e 1 p r s I, II , ' es nn 0 • n r 1. e exp s 0 r e d me e - " l v " ,, s 1 " "s i .. men • ro_ ee r e, 1.y • 54 disa ree," "stron ly disa ree," and '~ndecided ." VI . TESTS TI O S O t O IAL S ATTS, OST _ t\ 1 I01 , A m So o: n s with ot Part of d n - - urs e 0 or n co e e ve te st te - ent s 0 he 0 1 s t t s a a s 0 s - V 0 0 0 !1 0 eo le r • .n m s e 0 cl a st e en s 1 0 . t1 0 e t r i i s o_ t _ e u 0 - n s : e e - ot , h rs 's f , 1 oc s . I or r s ri e 0 0 0 1 r r d X C e C a • • 0 t e - • de of e 1 l e e st , ts e_( C 0 t 0 s e 0 0 p • 0 0 "1 co ts , n co 0 0 b e • e ere t re t i c . art ra e-n se q1 p of s ection 0 t e e n q .e s 0 a re . 55 Nursing-role satisfaction . Twos atements in the ~1estionnaire wee used o mes re the sati 0 faction of the resnondents with the role of nurse. .... hese state: ments were adapted from two 1estions t · at ve been s h own to ·1 ve -· si ificant indicatio_s of th de ~ree of ad ustment or satis action wi a marria e. 2 ave yo ver ~is e OU d not marr ') . • a. Freq ently. b. Occa ion 11 • c. r 1 • d. er. If nad 1 0 0 0 • • r o ') • • • ? • • e ! n - s r o e 0 ( 0 , 0 1 0 • 0 o n e s 0 s 0 C e • 0 e 0 ' h 0 e 0 - e , 3 e o Pa I ' e , 6 0 ar • was that it was desired to obtain a meas re of s tisfaction with a role rather than to a particular job. An assumption was made on the basis of the writer's casual observations t h.at nurse continues to be a nurse an to at least partiall 1lfil t1e role of nurse even wl n she is not employed on a nursin job. I p r tot is as~ mption i 1 ccin , n therefore be held tent t ve. 1 e i enc with res act ts validity m st The two sat sfaction-ite r ons 0 ,.. t e r es were scored o a ve-point sea e--atro 1 d s re to stron 1 a ree--a d WO sco ad e 0 ' a fac t n so e . q rter o s it e 1 est an t . r er 1 e 1 e s i i o 0 e e hen co re fo 0 r a al e s d i e in r 0 0 m d r s 0 e s de ts . ve - 0 0 e e n e 0 ariso • 1 . so 0 AI ue i n • r h e s . n V ri of so r e , s nee no n re con r e.deq e 0 ~ e p OS • 0 0 i in e s e lation 0 e 1 , sed o a a.ck- ro n so 0 0 d C 0 0 • n ber o e state n sed he q estio na re , ho e er , were s e te b ind n of otners ,0 1e the o in n 57 of nurses or student nurses. Previous research E.z others. ullocic4 collected statements about nurses and nursing f ro1n over one hundred st dents t O hio State niversity , i eluding some student nurses. These were state ents nursin and urses were like. it s or t he esti nnair s use 1 Included wer s tem e s nur e t e students t ~ou ht h e resent stud. r loo e rs ec e, s 1 tire a d over rked, t and re verr tat nur in excelle t s w I e Sa OS A ... a l • l.C' i u ano e ro d o rn e 0 e 0 s 0 t 0 s e liv e e t r n a 1 e . n r ·o -cl s s · 8 5 . or 1 r s d 0 1 OJ... 0 S e i n 1 _ o or hel 1 .... da · , , s s t co re o f el e 0 t r e ... io so i o d ore o eeli 4Ro er • llo , " osit Function is ton o ... es in e oc tern of it 1, " 2 : - 1 e, 1 53 . , 5 ele a "Satisfac on wit .ur n ,, , ✓ , Ps1chologr, 32 : 35- 343, 1948. t octo s s e d t ob .1!odern ournal of - t e patients liked them and the care they gave . Nahm 1 s follow-up study 6 su gested a few more items . Student responses in the follow-up study as co pared w th the earlier study showed amon other thin s that tl'1ey were si . if cantly . or 11 el in the 1 ter s~ d toe jo wor in wit _ octor and t feel t h t d oc ors a rove of their ork. at· e ... s urces. A ur her so re o · q e t onn r ite s t e lit nurses. te s wer r , oc , n 1r • n C on 0 s • e n or io • e r a pl ' n ex e e ce 0 0 n 9 r u tes, re sos i e b and es.11 i s s th • 0 S t ers s c i e uses I • 0 to e rs to 1 h q e s 0 oul ~ e o e ce 1 0 • n ed 0 ' ro 1 0 h e rt 0 nt . I s C e 0 e er ce mo he o e stio s old not 1 0 d 0 r d 0 n r e a y 0 - t 6 elen ahm, " rs in , " Jo o lt ---- - --------- - p Su on Satisfa ion th ~sycholo_y, 4 : 3 3- 6, 1950. 59 of them. The analyses and the comparisons with the student sample, therefore, are based on the number of nurses re- sod n g to eac tern r at er th n ~e total raduate-nurse sa.m le. IX. T r o h coo er on 0 a 0 An e es SC ool 0 n s s OS i bl to tes o ..... e n y-s en s nu , 1 0 t , co e , u sin • a - ~ p 0 d ~ OS t .. e le l e r • s r s 0 • e , , n s se 0 h e ce • o ,· .• Plen~y of ~reedo~ and o port1 ty for n ti tive 4 cqna · t n~es call O'l to iden tif ... s t 1ns arid ad 5. One of ~an rcs9onsi_i ties to s G • 9 J . p ti 1 . -) 20 2_ . ?;> 0 ~- . . 2 . • 2 • e n r to r er o o too t() do ,..,.s ittlo tie n t t nee ... or . ,_e3sa .. tness no e e . t it e be n ous eed ~~v 011 .. s . • :. • S.-JUl p o. e .. • .. i: ·er.ts' con o t . :iat • o d • ors. t n - doctor • re o , r e dGn , e d doe a 1 c er ca do . • 7 1 • 2 . 6 68. 5 etr TT"'lo ,'/ .lll 5 e s- 3 l, 0 g .. :::::-exne c , -u ecided, 0 - of c· J sq1are as 1 t e or lar ,..,.e P fro1. 1 c· ance :;) Cent student nurses 34 6 26 . 8 22 . 0 41 M 4 ( I. ( i.., • t. 14 . 9 21 . ~ .,. ;:,2 . 0 21 . 2 35 . 1.6 5 • ,/ o.o !1 .• 0 3. 2 0 . :) 2 - ~- 0 . t: C ,.., V . I o.o o.c 5. 5 6. :z 2 . o. ,, l . t o 8 3. 7.1 M u • I ; .5 1) . 7 , .1 3.1 19 . '7 13 .4 1 ,,, . 1 21 . _,, ~ . 9. 5 29 . 1 o.o . 7 0. 7 50 . 22 . 0 3.1 5. 5 o.o 1 • I 2 . 12. 6 21 . 2 -agree, - ai a ee Per Cent 5- •5 62 E 3. 5 39 . 7 1 ,..., (I ( . ,/ 3, . 1 37 ~ 50 • 7 n 0 . ... ~ 53 .t 1 • 5 v • 2 24 . 1 29 . 0 2 • 7 l to . 7 2 /' 3. / 25 . 0. 7 1.6 0.7 o.o o.o o.o o.o I ( . ,/ 10 . 7 0 • '7 I 2 . 0 o.8 0 .., r. o 2 • .,/ .o 14.7 15 .4 l~ . L J •t 23 . 1 21 . I 9 J C • .I 5. 7 lC . 2 11 . 0 1 _1 . 2v . 21 . / ,... 1 . • 1:; .o ,.., .I . ( 2 • 3 10 . ~ 22 . 7 . 6 .J 0 2 • .,,, 4.5 9.1 41 . ' 4.3 2.c ,o .6 52 . 1 .o 2 . f o.o 5. .,I • 2 • 7 4.6 1.4 5.2 1 10 . 2 1~ . x2 • ✓ 2v . l 13 .4 7. 3 11 7 1 0 . 2 17. 26 . l t . 2 • 7 9. 2 6. 7. 32 . 0 . 05 . 10 . 005 . 05 . 001 . ' . .oo .o . 2 . 02 . 05 . 005 001 1 . 001 • 5 001 • 0 . 10 • 0 1 . 005 • s • . 0 1 l 11 be a le o do mo 0 r duce be Ill! a n1r e by e r1 i n ... voca You 11 prob 1 h ve 0 req r numerou nd ace r te recor s . oc ors ill depend on OU o exp ie La s ni Q: to h ~ One Of the OS serY yo w is t0 co1"rec • io llS abo t s ck e 0 ro bl ob ere espo s 1 w 0 a 1 OU doc 0 I S 0 d 0 t e rl r ec 0 e 0 .I. e nk ode~ J of e _u t h t ole of es 0 ch . n d 11 con 0 C 0 • a rec C rec C r u er io r r 1 0 r o n . s e sa. re Q h 0 es e 0 s 0 • n on r o ex 0c J s · s n r ., 2 e t 0 ' t _ V n e e C ea C - 0 n 0 tr. r a n e -------- Sl i vel 0 e en e _or t e fi s s x te s t e 001 eel or .e :'o· r..e 1 ~ t t r e , t ... e • 0 5 1 79 1 a a t ness o her k ee i n • 0 e l 11 e orm ta ce " V 0 s nc 0 s e e r d 0 0 0 0 0 1 • t e . 01 80 Nursi P- -8.C V 1 expect tons of s les n - ex gradu tes Studen s les ngly ex cted - th followin em to be true 0 t e as R s. han t e r du tes repor ed them to be r e of' :t e. ex • erience ..... . OU l 1 al OS nev e -~p e C d to do n s for en s t t you r no tr ed to do. will 0 be mo once n d e 1- d n 1i p tie 0 mo dm r ive n cl n • 1 T C _a ce 1 0 n C io s t e C.lO om 0 o e 0 1 C e .r to e r e s er. _o n e 0 ce e • e . e C nd e r 0 C 0 ke l 0 0 C 1 r 0 1 X er a CO .. e..., 0 ct s - e - es a d 0 C e 0 • 0 0 0 , o e nc e 0 C n C on 0 0 0 0 he e 0 d 1 0 h e h d _e ~ com o c f o t e rs C nt a _ or h 1 s o • 0 the no he s n oc r r 0 Expected need 0 the soc al be a. 1 0 C nt s t es rel e _h 0 e e s 2 p s T er ere s S V n e n ems in status of nurses t tudes of o o h.e ('t s d e r ces fn rse p C o b e r r 0 d e 'er 0 re occ nd C e ers tow C n be be e C b t de 0 .L e es i __ o e so 0 0 0 81 soci al status and social can differences f or e es s ct on de lin th r rel t ion ith others, rd s . This means t h at acce d : "T ere are • 1 1 e SOCl re 0 s s d n nu s en t e 0 n r re ve b s e C d do i e .nd co • C n nd u C 0 ce n o e 0 0' n • l. s n e ses 0 on 0 e loo ed OS e or r C or sec n t e • 01 1 h · . O 1 • 1 . 2 . ~ : • 6. 1· • • • 1;. • • T LE VII PER CE1:T DI TPIBUTIOI~ O_ R SP)NSES 0? STlTD T AND OF GR D AT E rURSE S TO IT 1 .I U S S r:i:10 ITE ,"S ON Tr- ST US OF T URS 'S ON DST TUS O URS •S Pe r Cent t e I 'l u r se s Eb E U D' S D' A A D SD ?ro ,c. be • n1rsos 1 1.1n i f or rn . 78. 7 15 . 7 3. 2 2.4 o.o 1z.o 18. 7 0. 7 1.4 2. 2 0 seen in "C' len ever c_; e tj n i] i 50. ' 33 .1 o.8 14 C.' o. 7 . 2 18 . 2 1 . ~ C: 0. 7 - • • 7 • ,I 11r .... es .. erve 0 e respect. 33 . 33 .1 5. C 20 . 5 7.1 36 .4 35 . 7 2 . 21 . 0 . 2 I a ,l o 1 ld , pr__, 1. ""'e rr,o d bocter . tio 11 . 8 . 1 o • 11 .0 69 . 3 13 .0 13. 0 4 - ~ 14.4 5 " -r ~ ve ay n t - VO • c_ '- • cted to c_re for .• 1 \.~. tho 1 h o :-· 11 of 48. S 2 '.4 , .9 15. 0 .... 35 . 7 27 . 9 20 . 7 11 . I S.LC.1.~ 1 v3.ge s e c. ? • 7 • ..,1 nts \V e 0 '"' nu .. ses contri , t 0 ,0 t e1 r e 1th 43 . 3 .? . • 4 1. 6 14 .2 5. 5 43 . 7 5. 2. 8 7.0 1.4 et C 0 t · eri t , • 73 . 2 23 . 6 o.o 3. 2 o.o 68. 2 . 2 .l 0 ,.., o.o 13: ~ es 0 . 0 n,.,. n 1rse • 32 • .,, 22 .1 3 . 1 7 . 3 2 · ~ 33 . 33 .1 6.2 i •l ro, en . ,.., you 7~- -O 22 . 0 o. 1. b 1 . 73 .0 19. 6 1.4 2 . .o .. e r RC • .. "ll01"8 re ccted . otha r t 33 . J 33 . 1 3. ~ 22 .0 7•/ 5. 2 3 ' 8. 3 29. 1 .o r·e "l:-1e n l ~ OCCl ) l S . . -l • • ,I ,., ,:" ·i13 Ct r' 2. ~ 0. _) lt4 2 . 2.1 2. o l . ~ . 6 03. 1 . , ( e () ...... 0 o.o . ... ..., ,.:> • • , , J.. 5 2 . 1-;. . 7 o. 29. 0 .4 12 . 3 3.4 --- 0.,_...,':1, ' e I I 7 7 . u ..... • • .,I • ,_ 37 . 0 . • 6 5. 5 7 1.6 52 . .6 2 . o .5 0. ,- • 13:( ,,... o ... re ·pee-: i'o nu ses . 7. 0 ,,... 3. o.o 2 . 5 7.2 2 . c. 7 2 . ' • 'J oc 0 "'\ 1 : " . ,.., 0 !1e ir ord . 1-.c:: . 7. 9 l u, 3 1 6 40 . 31 . 5 r, 31. "' 2 • S' 33 .1 1 -. 7 l q .,I • I . " 20 . o. -- 21"'1 .o 4 c• 12 . 0. 7 2 ( ,., 54.z C 0 •<• nurc- · .. .LG. 2.i 0 . -.J • 7 c . c j t .r, r ..... c · .:.cc..aJ 60 22 . '\ 2.4 12 . iS . 6 I • 6 3 .6 6. 5 1 I 2 . ~ )• ..,, <• l ... - .. ' • ra 0 C - S 1•r,re or. • -..L Ac.. '-"' .._.., .. •roH c J. .. . ..... ce . 82 x2 5. 5 n . s . 23 .1 . 001 2. 5 • • 6. n • E . 8. 7 . 10 12.0 . 02 4.1 n .s. 8. 7 . 1 0. 9 n . £ . 13.6 . 01 C: n . c:- . . .) - . 001 • .2 7. n . • C n . ~ . • .,I 12.0 .02 .7 n . ~. 0. 3 • 0 he portance oft e white nifor .s symbol of hi soc 1 statu i 0 much hi her i t he minds of the s de t~ han he graduates. Anothe r n ication t hat the stude ts overestimate t e social stats of nurses is iven y t e seco d item. t ude sex ec e t h ollo in o e true less tan t h r du s reed t hat thy h d be n rue of t h m. car m st oc r e rs e C m t s II 0 .J. e I 0 _ e of u s s ~ e ~ a ea I or e e ost nev r tre s . e ors f el 1 0 0 SU o e p • Th b C s e e 0 0 s _ o ic a 0 s a s 0 e 0 e ence or e 0 for que d r. t i 0 r • e 0 ' ... r t on o r abili to co ib OU • 0 t i o on ict r 0 r e s 1 on- • 0 e 0 e e e - d a 0 0 e - f C s t • e sed or le elo • ·r - e • s n _ J.cen e 0 t t e .05 l evel. T BLE I TI p~ C l~T I;T S TB I -T OF O ~· ::sPO ~ s -.,~ OF · ~ T IJ'URS"'?S TO ITE" YS O · . / PECT -,D OS 2- 3 A1TD CO.=- ~rs TTO ~ s . :fD O' T URS TO I TE ,T ' or .. EXPERIEE: D CO r.13 .1.. JD C : IOl; S O ·· NU G a Iter.i. • ,. J.n r w rs ' . in-· p tients express ... p 2 . ,/orki -r :i ,- ex reme , sic}- pe ople ., " ' . h . r ~ ea ser _ce o. tn~.n1 , . do n · soP1et. ~ for o e s f r c1d.o n 6. .f'e o ear • • :.. V1. .• r.· • . . . 0., l .... r uate nurs·n - , • 11 sionment • or is J_ pl es a iffer nee between opinions 0 e e nd S0 1e 1 ter time . e lon t ud · n 1 t would be rn.1ided b the • ed 1 t' t' sen t st dy , ypo 1 o~ 1. re r t t • r mber 0 . 0 e o n 0 ·1 ursi .. rs 0 s n er 0 0 dis 1 on- n h .n s C n t he • - r le 0 he 0 • 3 8 0 s 0 t t lo 1 d 0 t 0 t 0 0 0 1 ro es . 0 ce e 0 0 0 0 0 s • e ce co 0 .. S r co t • ol 0 0 ... 0 e C d 0 0 - s co or e er or r n e 0 .&" 11 1 io ne n er one ~ i :10 - '.\o ro e , e 1 on of en , n .. , to ad n 1 nd 120 satis action with the roles. .,. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Baudler, Lucille, and onald • Pater on. o _ women's 0cc pations," 0cc pations, April, 1948. "soci 1 Status 26:421-424, eaver, Al1na. Perry. "Kuder Interest Pattern of St dent Nurses," Journal of Applied Psy chologi, 37 :370-3 73 , October, 1953. ullock, Robert P. Nhat ___£ _ __ _ Profession? olum us : ese r ch ◄ o nd tio, 1 5 . avid, i l , .r • Prof ess·on,' Jul· , 194 7. avid, Lily L ary. eneral t a ·f 47:/6 - 673, E w 0 0 ur i d , Li urses," epte • l • " I C • 0 0 P • e s of t y • t . rsing , , i r O _ ,., : • - " i f' .... ' : 6-1 O, 2 . 0 s A('.'l c:o c atio • ... roe ~e , Lo is • , Cali ornia ~os • As ociatio 4, 1 01 Locke , .I rve . • 0 "' 1 l s tr " ~ v 0 e, r e t Jo t : ' . r, ~l a o_ aI of s e • f or • 0 • r , • 1 , 9 9. ice st re : 0 .., , 2 • l - - U£ • 1 , , r s, .[, ranees O. "Th e i.1eas Interest s o f J o 1r n of onal Re rch , 41: 24-3, 1947. --- 124 T urses," eptembe r , ckma n , Jacob. " n ..... n s of ·o en's Occupa. io s ccordlng to Social tat s, Earnin gs, and · working Con itions," Occup ions , 28:290-294, Febru ry, 1950. va er, . '\ re s . " he .e s re t o t e J ob Satisfa tion of Pro ... es io Colle e o urse , 0 arch ie o . the ta e as in ten, : 77- 82- , ~ --, I"g ~. APPE~ ·IX P .. SE OPI TI O OR,. STUDEiTT ifUTISE OI'IlTIOIT FOR!.I 11. TTIOuUCTIO~ This is a study of rrhat student nurses r1ant and e1·pcc t in life as a result of their becorninc nur~es. A parallel study is being done on the experiences of craduate nurses ~ho tro.ined at this same school. \'Jhen cor.iploted, a cor.1pari3on will be ri1aae ·o~ the inforr.1ation from the tv,o studie::;. In a re,·, yoars, tho~e rrho are student nurses now ,rill be reDtudied to see rrho.t part of their r,ants and expectations ho.ve come true. In a noment rre shall tal:e a loolc into your future, but first, in order to compare your opinions in a tev years with the re~ponses you cive today, ue need to lmou ,n10 you are. Yot,r name ( PnILT) ------------------- \Vhi ch is yot\r cl n.!J s : 1956 1957- 1958_ 1959_ Section: I ; II -- -- or Section: A ; B -- -- These questionnaires will be ~ccn by no one except the research analy3ts at the University of Soutl1orn California. A. rro-, n1t1c'1 nursi11c; c o yot1. e .7'"pect to do after crad 10.tinc? lTone ,· A f err r1on ths · · -- __ , ~ for year s ; ·.ro.ny yearn . -- -- B. r/hat l(inds of nur-sinr; rrould you prefer to do after cradtla ti11c;? Procedt1re: Place a 11 1" by your first c 1oic0., 11 2n by your second, and 11 3 11 by your third choice. IIospi tal School Induntrinl Psycl1i tric -- n e e i o Doctors' of.fico Arr.171 , i: V'J, etc. ~ ecinlin~ private pat· tt" -- Ot or 1 one I In t i t·on..., int thar.1, r.10 t 3ectio , you are to r n .: ci,.,. t c v order i ·11ic yo a _" .;., e ·o l d 0 r e C i ,.. u o le .. .... t, :rter r " . ti . Proced re: lace a 'lu byte activity or f .nction li e 1 · t t' f t .:. e o t , a 11 2 " o 1. .:o o o . ore a ny o re t l <le si'rcd, 11_3~- t o t 1ir : o ("t t c ·· r , t,j o o nt . bcr '0 ' , t , l o :-, t de C" i ., a . (I -"' 1 · you 1. .. e, yo . .1 . t 1e le st ir11r b t e .ost e...,·rc , t e ot_ er i_ et · c on . ) Do t 1is q ic ly . (a) Ile lp oc tors per or :1 proce c t re ~ . --(b) l!Ial:e pntients ph ni call~ co : ·"ortaDl . 0 ·old : os to (c) Accurately carry o tor er~ left uy octor3. --(d) Teac~ ot~ers t1e n~t re , pr vo1tion , ad tre ~t1 1t of sicl'nc'"' 3 ru1d in try . {e) Lclp pat· ont n r.ri t l1 person 1 c.1d e : otion1.l roblcra ("f . --{f) Cure patients . (G) Supervise ot1er personnel. --(11) h.eep ace 1ro.te record<"'. 1 t-J f\) -J 2 Th.is sectio11 is to cive !:>O":10 r1orc infor ~ 1ation about 1 1 0 ! .ucl 1. you desire to pcr£or.i' .1 a nw· .1!J0P of fU11c-cio: ,J ftor you bcco :1e n.11 n. . Procedtlre 011 tl1c i t0 r.1s belorr: .\. Place a cb.ecl: 1 :1 nr _:.. ( v·"J· to sl_or. ·. _ 1ct or- :rou a rec or dis n.r-reo TTit~ eac statement. D. Place A-·oTI E cl1ecI,"P r1ar ~ · n t h o p l cc t l1' t · ill in ic ate l1or, stronNl you feel about thi s . Example: You hope your nur "in traini1c vill be valu ble to you i n t l y ~ cry n ro ye P3 to co c. 1. c.rc re c i e or i _ ------- -o cue <"" t '",t .:10 0 1. • r• 0 u .ou r tely ( i ndif .L ren t) nt, , 0 11 u l • Ve _o G- • I:o o n. te l -- ( n r C i C. ) • - ----------------- 3. l i_ rJ of 0 , • .. You r nt octo s to rely • • • .J.. l ._ lL, 0 .., · c vily 01 rou ·or import ant info ---_ ·. at·on abo .t t 1ei_, o.tic1ts. 0 r··,c '---' . l N' C u (tndc • lCC A --ee .. is a -r e e (un GCi 0 11 . ) 0 i...>t ,0 . ouc ') oly (i Vo "Y t 1., ('t on ·l . 0 C '"lt el ) ( . t · f l'erent) Ve " ~tronul · ("1tr n l "' I.ode r t e l y e ) -- (i d·r or 11t) 5. You l1ope to save 1:1.any lives throur.-11. uso of your s l'"ill . 6. You r,ant • nursinc;. 7. ,.OU } 0 e to . r.ta .. :1.n le. • - u p0n ti • 10. OU ·10 1 yo· t ·,er 11 .. .10 I O ..., to do r.10s tly be c sj c :o to • c;ive pati ent 0 0 lot 0 1 1 -·- -- lot of ti . e "' 1 ore co . 11. or t o to c l . in 0 11 j ob c c to l:c p cc o ds . 11 . ou 1oul d not uant a job ·he e cm e r_ ol" on yot r art ·,ot l <l c rio l..., l e p tiont. - Arsrc e -- Dina 0 rea -- (undecided ) -- -- A r,1-ieo Dis ncrco (undecided) crce rec (un . C 1 ) ec i A ... e rrc ...., ( ) • l. ec c ) 1ee crec (un eci e ) -- Di8acre -- ( tmde cide ) 3 Ve r y stronc;ly -- Strongly I.Ioderately (indifferent) -- Very stronc;l y Stronc;ly .6derately ( i11diff crent) Ve r y stron ,ly tron -ly i.~odc r tely (indif~ore t) V ry tron ly ron 1 1 ( · ndif fere t ) Very .., r 1 ! o ratel · .t orcnt) Ve J stron 1 tronr;ly liioderatel y ( · n · · f 0 r on t ) .lo er, t e ly ( i ·1dif .re rent) -- - - -- 12. _ou o e acq1ainta1c s ~~11 often call on yo1 to ido:ti ~y ny ·.1ptor1s a tell t 1 ·10.·.1 ·rl1 t 10l.l be c.1 o· o • "'isn. r oe -- u ( Ul ( C C . : e 1 ) -- ---·-- 13. rou 1 ope or ~ :10. ~ . o .. to o:~ . l ::ti to ot:1crc-:, nous a d _10 alt_ . I • t • · -i·· 1 1 '"" ) o .. n J. . .. o ., o.bo 1 t . s:.1.c .: - - -~---------------- ··--- : u _'"l a .. C t ti on t co C io _ , y o .... .J. ,... .• - - ------ - ·- - · .. - 0 ·. . ·:. ..10 1 . , _ 0 • 0 0 ... i : . . C . : 0 0 l. • -- ---- . 0 ( ,... .., - -··--·· - 0 ro ·r • 1 . 2 . ·. 0 C Gl nt u in u •· . • . - _co i 0 ) Very tr o 3tro1~-Y Ve ,"'Ir o.J 0t r o -. , . .. 0 ( , ( i · t . 0 _.., - ' • 0 tr tol y ct C . t rl~ c:-::)ec t '- tly t t 1 •T J t i ~ly OllO . c c ) OCl ly_ r~l y t t ) Ol i ("'I ... - -· ----- .. - t . l t . l '"" .I- ~ .. L, ~ ..., ..J . 3. You r,ill find plenty of frecdo1:1 and opportu.nity for ti.sin,.. JOt1.r initiative. ------------- --- - - - · - - !!-· Acq·uaintn11ces ·rill often call on JOU to identify syi~ptor:is and tell ti er1 v1h.a t should be do11c. 5. One of your r1n.in responsibilities -rill be to supervir;e nnd asnicn t r.s1"'s to other peraonnel. 6. ou ~ill 1ar ly ev to do ad too li tl 1 v..VC to o ti·:1 e tm .ll C 0 ·t. 5 -- 8tronulY expect t1is Slic;l1tly e;:pec t t 1i s -- Sli(jl1tlJ doubt this -- StronGlY doubt this --(undeciccd) Stro11cly e_:pect th.is -- SliG11tly e~:pect this -- ~1icl1tly dot1bt th.is -- Stroncly doubt this --(undccide ) Stron~l y c~_ect this -- ~l . G].1tly e;::·)0 c t thin -- -- -- licl1tl doubt tl1i s ,)tronc;ly doubt tl1is ( .ndoci ed) e:-· ... ec t this J- ec t thi s o bt - - -- , ___ ----------- ----------·-- --·------- '-- 7. O'\..t · ·11 ..1.. ·. on t never bee;: dot in~s fo1 pa t io t,., you c at trai11e to o. - -------·--·--------------------- - - - - --- -- 8. · vo · · 1 ab unpl e 1t· u ~et be i vocatio . - ---------·------ - - c i ot 9 . _[ 0 tl :. ' 11 b C • n a VO C n ti O . 0 C acree : ent 1itl your ~cli ~iou ~ b 1 i cf,. tl1 ~ o t o t 10 r vo c . ti 0 --1 r, • ( -- ------------ - - -------- --·--------------- --- 10. 11. .ticnt ·.ill of · c your advice o_ c pro le : ,., . t or 1 c c 01 ~ 1 ~n cr1otio [} 0 0 o .i. t 1.e most · .. 1 o t o.. t ,., e vi e yo1.1 ·. i 11 pc f o 1~ i s to c o . ., _ e c t t 1 o .:1isinf orr c. ti on yottr acq n.intru1ce h ve abo tt sicl~cn~ and heal t . ec t tis C t t t . c .,:· ec t C"" cct OU t b --------------------------------------- - 12. ;-Otl · ill vc y freque11t1- 10.vc to as ('Oien t ct n!: to o..t ;-ilio.ry personnel t t 11 • . . • sh OU 1 d d O • tron u~ly e t t · ;'"pee _ i n __ ,.,lic,1t1- 0Ipect t i n Sli~ 1 1tl doubt this -- __ Stroncly oubt t his _(i..mdocidod) 13. You 1ill be 1or .dttod to s enc a lot o tir.1c 1.elpin:::.; ; n.tie 1ts ·ri tJ.l t'1eij__ personal a11d o :1otional - roolc :1s. 11 1. . ou rrill l1ave to be r.1ore concerne d ' r1 i t l1 ce t tin~ tn.s!:s don.e t l1ni1 wit r1n.l:in ,_. pa ti en ts cotlf ort a.b • -- -- -- 6 0 tron ·ly e "poet this · Sliub. tly o;'"pec t tl1i s SliG tly oubt thin Stron~ly doubt t 1is --( t 1<leci -c d ) -- Stronrrly e:-pcct t l1is -- Slit311tly e:-_ Jec t t 1 1i s Sli :;1 1. t ly dou.bt t 1.i s -- Stroncl J doub t this --(unao cided ) ------------ --------- ---------------- ----·--- 15. Doctors 1ill r l y 1e rvily on you fo r infoTI1 tion about t 1 o i 1 ctients. 16 . 0 yo C r 1 . .:o "' ·ill prob 1 1 n v0 ~ jo o · in r e SY )O 8i 1)il" t :r t o- or_, f t , u • ,.... · e n lot o t i .. t · 0 r• ·,_, ,.., • l Q • 0t· 1 onc;ly e ... ,:pec t tl i :~ -- C' 1 i ,.; t 1 y e cpe Ct t i S -- -- 1 ..>li rl tl y dotl t this -- -- 'tro cly do bt this ( _ dec .~ dc a. ) t 1 . .., c t tl i ...> t . t t . - ---- ------------ - -- - ---- --- --------- ----- 20 . -ro .. 1 . 2 • !.o \ : . 1 C 0 .:.) ace . t o e 0 0 ro .:cc - • l. r-- l..> r cco_ us. ro · .. c O .. C 011 0 -.!. C C O 0 • r"o yo r to ..., l OC C <., 0 ,_, .. 1 1" . b C J n .lC i O lD c..:. 2. u ·ill pro ably 1~ve jo 11erc a error o y r part 1ould serio~sly C C D. r• r ll c. t i O · 1 t • c:: C ... ::·)ect t c -: tni n c_: t t, 1.D • 0 1 c l y do 1. D -- dcd ) cc - -- ... -- l y e .. - -- cc u 1 ;,.p e Ct \..I 1 0 . t t 1is w l t . r: t .,_; 0 a ( . c ido ) - --- 23. · 1 ott ·rill cry f eq 1 .c - yt"2. lave to do tnsl:s t l~ut cot ld b c o ·10 a t.n.tcly by au ""~ilin.1~y pcrsoru cl . - ----· 21: .• You r,ill spo11 :t .10 :r e ti~ :1 c d oin.13 nd:1inistr a.tivc an clori ct"l.l t o.a :s t _ 1n.n be . ni cl o 1 1t1 .rc-o i 11c . 7 Stron~l y o: .1. cct t"1i s -- Sli c) tly c:,.pcc t t l_i -- Sli~~tly o b t t _i s -- Stroncly dotbt t~is --(tn1docidod ) ,J t:r-011 0 l y o:~ oct th.is -- Slic.L1tly o:: ')c c t t 1i s -- Slichtly doubt t his -- Stro l y dotb t --( t n<leci dou ) ---------------------------------- - - ----~ ~-- .. - In t i .;J ..,ection, o r •. t o ont i i r1 ,1 0 soc· al ::;t t t ("1 ou ,·rot.tld evpe t to :1 .vo a n n • ! • ; yo " _ cl tio i 1 t or , and tl e n..tti t .c e o ot: r ,.. t or. ... • 7, o . Proc o c: A s . e:~pcct o • • 3. I. • I OU · ("100 0 ti 0 t1r"'c tl y fc t o e ..,e _ e ct. ~ i . 0 o entc· VOC'"'tio t r to l. 1 , C ~ o_ r c c • e ... o DO t 0 0 0 o:_ - • • • ct cit t t t l . n --- -- - ----------- ----------------------------- le ~c . ·_, r a l . · · n t r to t 1 t O r1t or · a •c ·il sic_: and c;: cct t _; .., oJ: cct t i 0 . t t 0 t t ... ) 6. .iost pn tie1 1t s · ill be ,.,_ · . ~r of t" o co· tri btl ti o 11 you . . :·-~1:o to t 1oi , c ortf ort an 110 alt 1 . -------------- 7. _ou till feel t11 0 Gt.l .n 1 C ri ·1g n .tost p atient~. sy:. 11 .t l1oti c n .1.. lu C O_, 0 vu 0 G 0 t_ 0·1c;ly e r': cc t t _1i s -- 1 1 i r ;11 t 1 y C .. : ·J C C t t, i 3 -- li ~ tly doLot this -3 tro 1cly C.Otlb t t 1i s ---( u1 10c i c .. ) ----·------- --- ------------ 8. o. 1 • 'o O i. t ·il _ OlU,.. n if • Ct 1;10 l e 1~c p Ct .L r r.. --. Oi: 0 ~i l cc UuO : ~ ,., ,0 a 1 · ore not a. ~1u·,,so . . - . -- - - - ·- - -- t r ·.i l • t C .. '" C t t i s c.::nc c t t is Ot ) t t 1i ('1 , I.. do ,.o t ) CG ) C C -·· .. - ... J • • C - ' . -- ---·--------~ ---------------- --- 1 2 . 0 t_ e 0,J O 1 _ es· c 13 . · ' 11 C 1 0 J'\ - . " ::10 f"'1 l.", ·o __ : . . . -·oat o c t or ~ _1. ·• 1 ~ o re c t ..:'or . ~c s . , C C - ( 1 -- 15 . .lost doctors ·ill feel in ultP if you question one of thoir orde ----------- ---- ---·------- 16. I.Iany doc tors r.ri 11 trc a t yol 1 • l il-:e a r1aid. -------------·- · ··- ---- · 17. atie " 1ts ·,ill r.1l.c 1. l"'ofo ~ 1. an 11. ~ . ra tb.e r t,1a . p:.~nc .. :.. c n 1rs o oi-' aide tronti1 G t _ ,-'=-~ v 1 . If you h d yot r life ,o nGain , you : ou l d n · i" ocatio1 o nur ~o. , _ C OV., ,.· oc e er or 1 . I t cc i o , o· .... 1 i I . , ... i ._) i 0 t • ct 0 .• :l. t I t c:: . 2. 1 C - 3. :a . ·.ill ave !1 fe at r · cc t • inu of ·· 1 - ·i t- .. - . co l.. _ e ,:1ai . .1oti '"' tion in n 1rsinc ' -~ 1 1 be t 1e s ti □faction of <loin · s . c t ~ · 1c for ot ~orn. ------·---------- -- ~troncly e:pcct thi s 3 . i c;_1tly e::pe c t tlyi a --s ~.:_~~11.t l v doubt t ~1i G 8t1 on~1: douot t, i -- ( _c 0ci de ) ·-·--------------- • ~ O~·1e l C 0 ;:· Ct C --( · ·- cc r e -, il •l ,, ,_ ... u ,J -- 1 · , ,.J 'l --St ( r.: -- e:: QC Ct t_ i ' o::· 0 Ct t: i S 1 Lbt :1in U t t _ · .L 8 o::· 10 C o:: ec d 1 e::)C t . , . - . t t . - J .l:..., t t . .bt 5. It will be an OJot i on 1 str i1 tPying to f iCl re out 10 ·r _ · .1 l e 1 1 freedom of nction is a l l oue d oy each doctor. - - 10 tro. cl~r c;:.L)e ct t :1i.:,) 0lic;,1tly e ::.~Je c t t~11 s 1.)li c·1tly c oubt t.1i s -- Stron~l y doubt t 1is --( t .11 ecided ) ------------- - - - - ------------------- ----- 6. Yo,,,1 r!ill feel ·:1 1 c l1 otter prcp~.r c ~ t o cop e ·_ ri t h life t,1an r C t .1100 _. le bo c at 8 0 of l1a vi 11 s t di c d n b o · . t 1 :if e ;, r o c e c-, s e n J. a.1d t l10 c ure of injur· o ,., -·_d D:i.. c knes s . Stro·1cly c: .. pect t,1is -- l i 0 l tl o;:·1oct tl1i s Sl . .-~1tly d oubt t l1i s -- ~tro cly d ou b t t ~i s --( n C.:ccided ) ·------- - · - - - -------- 7. You \~1il l untl l_ J ·e t t o i: ~. r e d to be a ple sant p er...,o~ ·· ~-- 70 , 0 o t of:f r1or ... - - - ----- ---- 0 . - ·ill C e "J ~ . ' .. ,- ti · ...., - .. ... · - '-' 9. 0 CO. to C 1 ur.., i . t 0 ., 0 J • -- --------- 1 . 1 . 12 . .. t e 0 S d ·. i r i , .. . u t . 1 C .0 "'c t ·o i c c.. .cn-'- ion (",tpe o l e o . o ·r y e:: )e ct t is y e;-pe c t 1i s y do1 t St ·_ '"' r'l 0 . lG - ( ~- C ) ("I e .1~pe c t . u ro lin u e : e c.t t 1i s 01· . 1 (. 0 t t:- ~ C, ( t1 . 0 b - e ) . IN - ..... -- - -·- ---- - ·---- c c t t i t"' o_ nee t t _jl,., t :.! .., . ~ - t -_ ( vc ·dcd) ---------------------------:-- t ··1 : sl e::pe c t 13. o ·~ ill - . t oc o . ·o 1 1 " i · _._ 1 C -, C C t U - I ,.I ...... J -- ,.. 7 ~ · j 1 o· . '"' t l i ).,L. I V ..I --ut .. \ · ~ 'l dou t t _i~ ( u . .. /J C .• d C ( ) -- ------- ------------------ l .. _ou · il . .1UC 1 0 t in - doc or s d e .1and too n ru e s . tr n ly -- 31 · r-r' tl y -- uli s ' tl- 0troncly --(tnde c i e:: ec t t11i s c :: ec t t ,1i do bt tl1i s doubt t :1i ) 15. One of tl1e r.1ost i.~ .portr,nt ~at i ,._Jfnc tions you 1 :rill Get fro .1 r1or!:ir1c as a nt.1rne ·rill be t _10 fo oli11e; of bein.c; needed by ot,:1ers. - - - - -- -- 11 , .1 t ro · ~- e ct t 1i s r~ e::;;O C t this I..) ... ,.. l y 011bt t 1is Stroncly doubt t1is ( Ul de c id o d ) ..... . .. _ __ ... .. _. _ __ ... --· - .. - - ---- --- .. .. - - -·--- ,_ _ __ ________________ ____ _ __ ._.... _______ __ .. , . __ ~ ------- ... _ __ .,. , 16. You rri 11 s or.te ti r.1 0 s , \·. ·i D ·1 you :1ad chosen a dif~ere t v ocr,tion tl1nn n1,1rsinc;. - - ·--- - - - - ... ---·--- - ·- 17. ~ot1 ·,ill · c o 1 nu ni1 1r-- · OJ '"'. oxcitinc voc ction. - __ Stron:ly c:: 1 ;cct t 1is Sli r•l1 t ly c::po ct tb.i s -- -- ~11 ~: tly doubt t his ~troncly doubt t1is -- (l n lecided) -- - - _ .. _ .. - ----- ·-- ·-- --~------- · - - ----- ·- ·--- - - __ .... .. - - ----- - ----- - -· -· 19. 0 . l c.. 20 . ..:o - 21 . ·.il e rcry :ree l est C • • 1 · i 0 C C t a r- "'O ... .; . l. e s tiaf 0 e • ]. ~ I ..., 0 ·- -· .. -- c l . 0 . · c n t 0 D , r el ~ t·o · . . 1 i for I.,) . .. 1. t d • . ,.., <- C _o er e to n t- cid e :--p C t i S C t 1i d t . o:··)oct -~i e C 0 t t t ~ I.) I ' i I l ,~ J - _ 1 ("\ -- - C C t C t t bt t • 0 l a ) 0 T Dear Graduate: School of Nursing California Hospital 141L~ South Hope Street Los Angeles, California June 7, 1956 139 A study is bein made to compare t he o inions of student and raduate nurses toward the role of the nurse. Our School of Nursin was selected for this study, and in fact, the opinions of all the present students have already bee obtained, usin a questionnaire similar tote one enclosed wit tis let t er. The stud is bein conducted by ~ r. Stanton • Towner, w o is doin this to fulfill one of the requirements for a Ph.D. in sociolo y at • ~. c. I would ap recite it if you woul take the few minutes required to complete this questionnaire and mail it in the next day or so us1n the envelope enclosed~ It will o directly to r. Towner. ven if yo h ve one no nursin for so e time, your opinions on a num er of ite s can be iven an are ur ·e tly so t. otice tat eac raduate is d rected to ive er personal op nions without conferrin r wt anyone else. his is important. Please or ive t e i person lit oft is letter. I wo 1 mu _ pre er to contact o ivid al y. owever, I am ure you will uncerst d if I do not at this time. ours ver sincerely, ertrude • aker Director of Education GRAD ATE NU ~S ~ OPINI - F RL INTRODUCTION This is a study of the experiences since inishin training of graduates of the nunring school where you trained. A parallel study is being done of the irls now tra "nin 0 in this same school. When completed, a comparison ,ril l be ade of the infor• mation from the two studies ~ In a moment we shall take a look a yo r experi nce s si 1ce finishin nurses training, but first, to aid ompariso s, we need to l ow the year of the class with which you raduated. Year of your cla s: 1 ; ection • -- NOTE! If you did no nursin f r r ad ati g, plea e ans-wer at least 11 the items that have anas· 1is • ) by he i e num er. hould ny oft e i tems not apply to those who ve o e nur in . si ce ~r duatin , 'Write "do sn't a pl y" by the i te • othe rise swer all of the i ens. DI C G lease complete an return this rt o or- tunity. A st amped , add b OS • ----- .... en you mail back y ar questi nnaire, a l postal card. Si e yo ur a i not o depend on this ost l car 1 s o Thank you very uch for 1 i in i s hes que air s wi l researc at t 1 y 1 sen rsity 1. Have you done any nurs i C ua i n ? es full time: months years • 0 m ch t otal , I Are you now nursing? Yes • lo • If ot , a • J last position? , 1 • il se ely) t os r retur lo , w o r • n O. .. C t t outhern C lifo ia E -- If "Yes", ow much tot • 0 • , rt t i m • ,~on years , oKi at el v1he i you leave your ✓ ¾ There are two parts t thi s qu nursin :t_o~ow doin , or {e.g. (Hospital~ .) ) the kind of s on. First: eek / ) or ite int e kind of id on your ost rece t nu si job. Second: circle -- nursil you have one most since aduatin • }fuspital __ ; School ; eachin~_; Industrial ; Psychiatri c __ ; Doctors' offic A rmy, Navy, etc. -;---ublic health visiting ___ ;-Sp-ecialing private patie ts __ ; ·- Othe~------·-------------------------------------- 1 Moat of the items which follow o the questio~naire are to be answered in terms of your present nursing po ,")i t~ on , o!' j") ~ · n;o st rcce t '. )Oci tion if you are not now nursin , but have at so .:~o tjmn f~.::.: :; :_'.i.? u tin • ~ · you have done no nursi ig since graduation, answer at leas·:, a 1 t · 13 .. , : ··,,0 .<:..h -L,c r 1 ~ad by an asterisk (*)• I PROCEDURE : PJ ce a "l" y th e act·. '1 _,.,_ ·v ~e:u ave sL more time doing, on your most r r. nt nur '"'ing job, th ..... !1 ... _Ji of th ~ __ J : 1 ' er F_; , ;r r ~ :, ~ -/ -; • .- .-.~- i exti o · st done, an so on, "3"; . It f ! fl tt + 1 . .' . ' . . ' . . . .J • • , e v o , r n . J. • 0 ,,, ~ . • ,, , J • _ 1, • , • • , ) .l <.. . c-, ·L ·' :; ·._: ' s J •-·nt on them. (Any which you :iave not do· e at ali. su 1 r e ar1: •~· ,· .:. · 1.i, -:~ ,., l 'C J "O'' . ') (a) - (b) (c) - (d) H 1 doc ,ors t l .· l'!. 1 ~ f . ~ .: (' '"' 7 r r . " • l) l .::> • J. ._ ;..., · • .t • '- .!. .. ) ., i, ... - V c c r · _ ~ y c O :-· ~ J ot' ~ 1 d • .. . ; j e ,_ ,; ~ y · ct o s • C Ot • +: - -:. -,, ..,. e - ·· · t · , " ·'· •('>at - C' - ._ V . L V - .,-l : . , ) J J - · ..) L. J V , ( I t of sickness (e - ( ) elp pati e. -' -r ·itl- c1 son c. e o ~-' 0·· 9.: r o les. r 1. 2 . ,. • • 5. in OU . . l. yo· C e pa ( ) - ( ) u ervi e t e .o ne . Yee CC l -C re Q _ S • , 0 OU a t i i-. ct · - " ta C :> · CCl -- - -- - - -·· - . - - - - .. r 0 s • . - - ·- -- . -- - - .. .. --- r 0 e · 0 0. • 0 1 r - • a e .. f 0 0 ur • -- ·- ·- --· s 0 e. l 0 t i "l C l. p o. t 1 h ~. 0 0 e . t r r s s -' lir " ·t· s . e n 0 SU rv1se 0 ss t as s to r e 0 ..... 1e 1 . ------ -- : OU h r dl ever h e a 0 m ch • ... , too lit l e I • t o d it . 0 c.o fill ·c 7l - • Yo 1 OS JV r e e e t :o 0 1 atie yo ·were r.0t o . ---·· r 1y g_ y a ·r 0 e • - - ·-·- 1 , 0 ;o .. i / - .. - · --- . I _J __ d in·ur. t h r e Ol e n eci ' CHECK ALL OF PART II I TERMS OF YOUR 1 ST RECENT NURSING POSITION .;strongly , Moderately Moderately --,r--~-..... -~~--..---~-----,.x-----J/~:_:- -='=---=-fl. ::-ee di sa ee §. You have heen able to 0c r ~r Lo ~s duc !. , unpleasantness in 11 .\1 · y ~ " :-J: : .1 r~ .nu. cA l! I than by being in ar..y ot:1::ir vo ,,ct ion. · l 2 Strongl Unde disa ree oided ---h-----....... ------++---------.-----++--- 9. You have been in a voe tio mor e in . agreement with your r eligious beliefs than most other vocat i ons. - --------------··- ··------ 10 . Patients h ave c ... ~-, :lV ,.-: :~·1·~~ or r:1:sded your adv-ice on pe ~o:;:: ..... :...11 :' (j . i~t ·i.0 P. l I, problems. I, ------- t 11. One of the nost i "' t e . ·.r:.0e o· I have pe:rfor d i · ~o c0 ... ·: ~.:.-:~ -t..ne ni - f information your acquain ,!:> ce s have ,: about sicknc sand healtl . - -------------------- --"-----~------»------+-------t-t---- 12 . You have very fre uently h~ to ass tasks to au.xiliar perso el t ta •• shoul do. l 3. You have been permittel to sen~ a lot of time helpin atients v th the r p r on 1 fll d o iona o le s. • You h ve had o more co cern ri th etti tas -s done than ri h makin pati ents co.nforta • :5 Doctors haver i · formatio bo he vily on y heir p tints. for - . ou have been in a job w re yo r main rs onsibility was o oarry out or r 1 ~t by octors . -----·-----------------~----- ------++ 7. You have iven a lo o ti, to ak"ng patients cornforta le. 18. Yo have s~ved many l i v st roBgh u e of yours il. 9. You hav been taki ome o he b off the shoulders o he oc or • .... o. You have s n a arge part o your n time assisti g doctors dth proce res. ~l. You have been 'n a job that req ires keeping nwnerous and accurate records. --------·--------- ------+.--- .2. You have been in a job where an error on your part would s eriously endan er a patient. . II I --- __ ,..._ _____ _,... ____ ..,.._ __ . ------...------+----------------+----~-+-- J ~. You h ve very frequently a to do task tat cold be don adequ tely by auxiliary perso -~• __ . -- --- - ·- ------ .J __ _ I _ _ ._ _ _ _ ____ _ ··- ·-------- . 5 iftrongly jModerately/Moderately Strongly 'Unde- a~_~J .. l _ agr ee disagree disagree cided 24. You have spent more l!me- doing a'clmini- -- - r==== - - strati ve and clerical tasks than bed- ! j t side nursing. ___ · - - 1 ! I: l PART III In this section, ouf, interest is in the social status you have experienced as an R. N.; your r ele.ti o1 s with others, and the attit , ,es of others tovra.rd you. Check the response that best indicates how r~0 ,he statement is of your general e- ience as a nurse. , ~ - have felt proud le see you in your nurses' uni orm. .. I ii :·. . a i nts ave almost n r q estion ed i ity to carry out treatments . ------ -----------------~--- -+------~----- -+----~ e s deserve ore resp c t han they . - -- . ---------------· ---------~ -----+------~ - - ----t------,.. . . r .. • • OU s a a • 1y V/0 ou enter a 0 • • ha • ral h 0 r s av et r hav rs. b a 0 es ec C U y erre o a ing vocation ected y u to li le hou a a.r C oar ost r om r e rse . s • 9 . · rnbe s of yo f ve e are t o el t e r r s 10 . r s r s r rs ec d an omen o her oc a io . 11 . You h v co e o of sob cs h p r so s . 2. l OS 0 1 ha 0 1 C p o be 1 ok d o, ie s or e in :ose, i s es ec ed . 3. You h v el o t octors a prove high~ ly of your wor. 14. :o t doc or s sho 'I n rses. lot of res ect for ---4-----++--- I II 'I 15 . ~ st doctors feel insulted if you question one of their orders. 4 St r ongly · Mod r telyf ? ~ oderately Stron ly · , Unde- a .ree a~ree Bisa ree ree bided ------------·--------------...... -------t------......--- ----•------M--- 16 . Many doctors have treated you like a maid. 17. Pat·ents much prefe r havinG an R.N. rather than a practical nurse or aide tree.tin t hem. 18. If you had your life to live over a gain, you would a ·ain choos e the vocat·on of nurse. --- ---------++------+---- -++---- I -··---"- - IV In this final section, we w n to e t some idea of what you get out of nurs i:t1 f: J d hat you have to ut up with. . - .. - --.-- 0 era 1n r been havin patie s e s ap r cia ion of i.v at yo 0 or he • 'orki \'n. h extr ly . h • s C p 0 e s been ry un 1 - ,.. You had fe l i at . • V a u 0 gr servic to ' y . a 1 4 . Abo m i mo a n i n rsi g een t e sat·s ac . of l.O 01n so e- thi g fo r 0 her s . - --- ---- 5. ha b en an e 0 ion 1 s rain tr i . l. r out how much r ee o_. of ac s a lo e bye ch doc or. 6 . You e 1 much tt r pr e 't li than mot op avin st ied abou li e the car 0 in·uries and 7. You hav usu lly be too p easa ~ person when you ared 0 co e e s C se of r C ire to e a ot of ork . ~ derat ely M oderately ' stron gly ':· . ·· a ree disa re . - ---------------------------t-·---·--t---~---""1rr---- --+-------++-- • urs ing has be n v r st·mul t· g • ·------------------- --- ---- ------,---- • You ha e come to fe 1 nur s g is us another way o ear n l'ving . 1. ou fe 1 nurse ar adequately pai con sidering what they do 1. Be ·n g a nurse i s mor t an nyth ·ng a fo r m of insurance in case you are faced with su por i ourself and maybe some d E ents . ·-- ------t----- ~ - - - ,. 5. · tron gly 1 Loderately ! !Moderately · Stron~ly Unde- a r ~ _ _ gree disa ree disagree aided 12. You ~et much eatisfaction in lmowing you have an education superior to that of many people you know. ____ _.,.._ ___ _______ _ _ _____ ___ _ __ __ _ 13. You get a thrill from working with doctors. 14. You think doctors denand too much of nurses. _E. One of the most important satisfactions ;/ -.... ' get from working as a nurse ha s : s _ n the fee ling of being needed by others. 16. You sometimes wi sh you had chosen a different vocation than nursin . ,_ 7. You ti on . el nursin is an exc·ti oca- neve eel n rses• training s the very ~:ind o t rai 1ing for mar r a e C o do . -·------ curity i side ith a t s you 20 . Yo get uch sati s ac ·on f r om ha ·n e· r-hbors, rela ives , n ot vho o r you r nurse , come o yo or 21 . ch s t · s action has co fro feel· g yo are oin g wh ou can 0 r e ce th r a 0 t 0 pleasant- ness in l i fe . - - ---~----.a.+----- - ., E MBER O I Al D I L 'IlHE O 1AL CARD -_ YOU - IL THAf YOU VERY T E TIO AI CH O i LP! Ji us I TiilS STUDY .,. / ·½f✓✓~ 6~_.Ll,-t.VV ~'2#./1.~ t2,,,?r:...Ja' ~~, ,1 ,. I I I I 11 I I . I

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Asset Metadata

Creator Towner, Stanton Bryce (author)

Core Title Roles student nurses desire or expect to perform and roles achieved by graduate nurses from the same selected school of nursing

School College of Letters, Arts and Sciences

Degree Doctor of Philosophy

Degree Program Sociology

Degree Conferral Date 1957-06

Publication Date 05/23/1957

Defense Date 05/23/1957

Publisher Los Angeles, California (original), University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest

Format theses (aat)

Language English

Contributor Digitized from microfilm by the USC Digital Library in 2023 (provenance)

Advisor Locke, Harvey J. (committee chair), Neumeyer, Martin H. (committee member), Rush, Floyd T. (committee member), Sabagh, Georges (committee member), Vincent, Melvin O. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC113174273

Unique identifier UC113174273

Identifier etd-TownerStanton-1957.pdf (filename)

Legacy Identifier etd-TownerStanton-1957

Document Type Dissertation

Format theses (aat)

Rights Towner, Stanton Bryce

Internet Media Type application/pdf

Type texts

Source 20230616-usctheses-microfilm-box8 (batch), University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

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