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Our consular service with Japan to the abolishing of extra-territoriality
(USC Thesis Other)
Our consular service with Japan to the abolishing of extra-territoriality
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, I I 0 t . rri ori lity . f i r nt tot e rt n of .J • t t n i n ct · n \0 ' J n . by en ell hill " s .ea. u - ·u t 1, 1 . 1 II III C ter. Title .nrl ..:., bdiv i • 1. no • Our cons tl c r te r • on e 1. 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' lJ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •.J , . ~ l n ' r t • • • • • • • •••••••••••••• J 10 vns en rr . -nd l~or • nceot r ard ~ r l if e •••••• . ...••••••.••• V • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . ... . -7 of · e in d on 11 J • • • • • • • •••••••••••• r ri 1 ('l • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• . ~ 1. _ ence • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••• • ••• • , e or ••........ . ... • ••••••• e t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • V b coo • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • :Bin 1 'r a ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • _ · ' f f ect 0 ';J e t i • • • • • • • • • • • • •• ••••••• • t· on ..p ri s . 1 r C 1. . ~ ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ncl i ti ns I\ er 1) rr ' • c • • t • n 0 f C C" ..tl ,:;;.) . t e r - t .,, r ese t -t iv rr V 1 erry ' s \.n r r • r n I t r , .. · t n Ace nt of e .or f f e ited 0t te • of ' 1· .,. I vomr 0 r . l• - ...... t · t 0 • •••.••••••••••••• . •• ••••••••••••• • •••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • 1. 1 '1 ~ .i ' , ) • d • • . n r J:6 III X ~xtr -te Co Bi.blio ~·rs t co · ti on .•.•. ••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • _ eco ni ti n . 1n J 1 boli • 1 11 tn J ri. :.:1-l r r : V -)~r' TI " - 1 n t J a f • l 0 e l a e . ) VO f I• J..J ~ff c t 0 •C r { 0 l T r e r ly ' n -u -, ul . \Jon r n 0 r t r r t nnu v i Q t of on uls ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . S8 J .. n • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .......• n • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . "> t r J e 1 , [' - e N e o_ ., a. ;.J V • Ci n t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 - E ••••••••••••••• • 8 • I • 0 I 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • L • t., 1. , 8 dd O . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 8 . l. -n 8° • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • C."< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . l . 1 0 Til~ C i • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • l. 5 a t r • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • . 0 . f lon 1 .;-. e l ~ l, • , • • u • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • ., T ' - h r ••••••••••• ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 h pter I . y I The term, consul, s u din in t rn -ton 11 s derived from the nae used to design te cert in offici ls who iere found in cert in citie of It ly an in tho province of Languedoo, during m ediaev 1 ti es . Theoe n ere ch red ~ i th the settlemen of tr e i put s , 'h t er by e ' or y l and • ,1th the growth of r a e it appoint agents vith si il r po r i rl b ca e on enient to or in p rt, n t es e a ,en t s ~ ere often yle concul. In o O e case 'here trade was vigorous an d traders ere numerous, cert in p r sofa , city ~ere given ov r to the f rei n re idents n the consul was given oontrol over this foreign section . Here :eh e the germ of extra-te ritoriallity as ell st e be inn 'n g of our consular system . These of icers were variously tyled 1 provosts , eschevins, and con ul the latte r title beine borne t by the agent from Pisa to Const nti.nople in 1251 • • the ur1.n • Thirteenth Oentury consuls ere a ·nt ined by Eranc • 1.D 1 Tripoli and Alexandri • The in ernal a~s th· t ere 0 re uent durin the followin ; century c used the sy te to be al ~ st abolished , and it as not until the inete nth entury th t the question of consuls n d trade-a nt seriously in ~uro e. s cons i. ere Great Brit in · scus ~ d t vi bilit o for the tr -ining of hr on uls e rl in th Century, as di riou 1 tot 1 r 0 • t u • • u ' it u t i r i 1 t 0 • in t "nth t h t e s b h r consular posts. In 1823 the ground ork o her oy tern s 1 id; and from that time on the important con ul r of ices ere to be filled by ualified t te citizens. afore these men ere put into offic e they hnd to study la and politic' sc·ence and each had to po e cert in mount of kno ledge of the language of the country to Vi hich he s accredited. e education of t he consuls forte ast as especia ly a atte r of concern. A special institute, the onsulareleven-Inst tute, was opened by the ov rnm nt in 1847 with the special object of training youn men for the astern service. In 1898 the work of this institution s broadened and enlar ed, until at the present time al branches of the consular service are _ being prep red or. Here, lso, young en, rep rin o engage in foreign comnerce , re tr'ined t 1 nguages, both riental and Occidental, re t ught; and, commerce,econornios _ , nd olit ical science are emphasized. dmis s ion to t he courses, hich are five years i n length, is granted only after a thorough preliminary examin tion; and tests o the upil 'pro re s are made t v rious ti es durin the course. t the Jn of the course, a year's tie is pent at so e t s a eriod of rob tion. ft r C n ate i eligible to a · ointmen t as consul r tt che, lo e r de of the service. This e mination • l o en only to th e holdin a certi ic te o r du tion ro the consu ·r c de y or from an Austrian or ungari n un·ver ity. he e ments re 11 m eon the b sis of b.lity as ho point in the ex. min tion an on t h n r 1 suit bilit tt sted b the ofe ~ors the o_ ic s th ho t c n id o o · cont c d g hi pe iod o ob on . i 2 tr inin is considered by the u trian government to be 1 hi hly sucoes ful. Advance ent after a ointment, which is made by the minister of foreign affairs, is dependent upon the ~mperor. The basi of ability alone i considered. The French consular school is not n institution of \ learning, but rather it i s made up of number o tudents whose educ~tion is unde r t he oU er i ion of t he ov r nm ent. This school dates from 1776 and has, of course, undergone many modifications. The pupils are chosen fro o nd dates who have passed the examin ti on for admi s ion to t h diplomatic consula r service. In order o be ad itted o the examinations, the candioate mu t be o French birth an u t be licensed in la, science, or let ers , or be a r u te from one of the hi her eduction 1 in titutions. Durin the first perio fter admis ion, t h s udi es ( chief mon hich are history, 1 t nd 1 ng ages ) are supervised. On the completion of these studies another examination admits to the second period hich io s pent broa in an embassy or consulate general. If the student proves hims·elf sui tea to the work, he is eligible to ap . ointment for the lowest grade of :puol ic service. Ai vru1cement depends upon the record ma e in o:t'f'ice and on "the minimum - er d of erv·ce • ch n e r e . Th Brit·sh overn n t 0 S· ot I) in scho 0 con ul c.r • • onl C nd• t · on ce d li- upe rv1. '1on . p u on p cants f r ositions are t h t t e h e r eco ti ons provin t e • · tn e C' h 11 h • f or r ' an pa C'! s m n 1 ee Jone er V, or c m 1 e 3 entr nee, rob tionary p riod. ' c · r ons a pointed by direct co i ·1on fro the oro n, ever r on ho enters the ervice must fulfil l these require ents~ The re uire ents of the exarnin tion ay be su m ed u s a know- ledge o_ f Engli h, b lity to re d n .ri e French, a com- merci 1 kno led e o the 1 ngua e o_ t e country to hich they go, t he rinci les of British ere tile la and rti - me tic. (;an id t are x p cted to possess one of t 1 1 fo l o - ing .u l ifications: mis s i n to the bar, ~nrol . ent solicitor, unive sity degre , or thre y ars' ex er·ence in - co erci 1 house. 1 ? ~o a ax ected o erv three onths in the fo o ~i.ce in or r that thy , y be co e C u inted 1 i th t e forms of t e bu iness. dv ncen en t in t e service . ~ 0 nom·n l _y by er·t , a is becomin so in f ct. In the F r ~ stern service, this has b en true for a lon ti e, -- th m jority of th con uls have ·, ork d u f om tudent inter r ters an vic e-consul • • 11 t e ~ i ho ic sin t e ~hin ervice, menti ned in the ex in ion. h the forei n lit of 190, d s tin g i true o t u rvi e in Jap'-n, ~or., n • 1. m. Of the fifty-sev n consul s - on r 1, con uls , an e-con ul in Turkey, thirty- our h d ent r t he rv eight h in t n 1 rv 0 t consuls - n r 1 ~ re 1 · t :n ti·on. 1 1 but t n, 0 vie - ul or both . 0 i. t e /est V n er enc t -r es r 0 e d the s t a in tion n d r e t, :no 11 o_ t , Bu, rt - si v·n b n t t e n- r, e Jn rv ODoul or 0 ..,_ e ~e 0 nt fo • ubl ·c . 0 . e 1.0 s . ' 0 of • D r · o C 1 r . 0 i - ever rli nt do s no 1 o th f . V O u on t ctic and h st ken te to di coura e t. ch r cteri tic ~n li h or nization i di.vi ion of th Qervice into thre br -nch s· on ' the Ottoman o ·nton , and on fo t The ai to • r enc for the ' rest oft t, on or orld. ontinua to be t these clas s th t their the ervice 'TI fo r the v nt e o the overn ent. The e man con ul r s stem is part oft e civil service. e quirements o~ s peci 1 char cter h veto be fu.1- fill for entr no , bu give the 1 l·c -- nt a cl& · m for p oi.ntmen .J , nor o s rvice for eriod of r s entitl e of_·cer t o adv ncement. The salari es . -- : a by Euro ea:n governments are r e t r, on t he ' Vera e, t . those p i byte United t ts; the tenure of of ice · s usual y o life; n ith the exc ti on of Ger ny, adv, ncement i sure. In ad _ i t ·on to the~e adv n- tages, the consul h ' V1n r ac a certain ag i entitled to reti.re upon pension, the 'mount of which is ro ortionate to the al ry he receivin in activ ervice. ~ eci. al inducem nts r e -l s given i.n m~ny c s e to the con ul o rem in i~ one i strict an to beco n ex e t concernin , the affa1.rs, n ds n os sibilities of t t i ,trict. ev r·l .Jure ean ountrie h ve 0 t t pl ' 0 0 - in co _ erce museums, U piJort a by th ove n an · ct- iv ly co-o t ·ng . h h on "' 1 r erv OS 0 • - • l 0 e 0 . co I C u· • ul s e 0 r e mo • • n e n .... r r X n c ·11ti r 0 e co un cation 0 t consuls on n subject t t m n re th nufacturers. his i.n orn1ation is ct -nd r li b e h s one uch to buil u the co ere 0 1 i.um. In t e Unite t tes, s t, t ere h b n no 1 n formulate •hereby en my be tr 1.ned or our di lo - 1tic or consul (..4,r under t th t t service. ~ civil erv lic ~nt ile ·e h V a rules, y t i orm l a is oO stron t t no ot er e ult i • orti on of or consul 0 e ex in ti on ' r uch olitic -1 re ure robable. ~here th a ,ointmcn is b sed U P. On sho ·n ~ n d b the c n id te in ot line . t • r co t· f s eci al so e er or . ' ere s n n t m erit • e 1 n e ur t e V r best y e of en, b t r a e th n ~ y be s t result of aca e • C l'fi c i.ODS• ecur e e h ve h · d ny en in our di lorn tic ul • n con r serv1.ce ~ ho, . al thou h thy 1 eked s C. 1 .iT ining, y t, by their n tive o d sense, t ct, and neral ex erience th · ve prove s eci 1 - v lu ble. ownsend arri s e c· ad a a , :1n of thi type. In D J c r s s, ho ever, th a o:nt e is merely a "ward heeler" Yi i thout either ch r c -'-er or qual i- fie tions . arnerican e · on ts in forei coun~ri s, a s e 1 as t tot bes t of our consul' r un di 1 m tic f _i ls e n condi ion that s ~uch c k ' efini t tenur of office i · not dra ba.c o .... er C pr - vents youn n 0 bilit om en ri our d i p 0 t C or onoul • hu • r rv1 • nco p o ·ntmen de n U 0 litic·l f ul n n n re 0 u on - - rt' in • 0 1 ct·on t t unc r on C t 0 C 0 0 - r r o t l . o 6 t • G OF h tr II. VIvE OF oft e United · t 1 eric an evolution. ill I T T S . ·es re out of ur re resent - Th onsul r serv· the necessities of t he tives abroad durtn~ t e r ere sub ct to diversa an c o - rehensive duties. · sin le ~e re ~en tive ad o act as fiscal, di lo rn t ic, consul --r ent. i cal a ents, sent to ne goti a t e oreign loans, ~a ~ e co ti.nued , at th close of the war, as consuls . Thus in 1776, il s eane and •· • orris ,ere en h re t ey l ater exerc·s d con 1 r funct· • t the close oft e eluded which uaranteed to the United ~t test e r i ht to 2 maintain consul · tes. ore i ~ . e r e ants uu o ·ntment as merican consuls in or r o in com ~ rc· ~1 dv nt es. In 17 5 on on r es f · r s t or n:ze our di l o ~- tic and consular s rvices an unsuc es ful t t e t as de to combine the two. The tr tact, and for ov r h' lf · c ntury the only act . of i m ort -nce i t he reor nizati.on of our c onsular service, in ril , 1792 . B ti the con ul -r • rv1ce N fi m l e tabli sh - n e ut e and rivile es oft e o i e cle rl a f ind . h duti e s as defined .ere ' fo 1 o, s: 11 0 receive retest O C pt ins, n t e r s er .s, rs or o n tt · zen o t Unit "' e rticl b 0 J n n • • ol · . • n en c e - 'U r terl v, I 1 8 • 2 ... oll 17 d n ru 5 . • .. . 0 0 8 · 7 3t tes rel tive o t t tes. To authenticate co ies. ests oft e nited Tot ke ch rge o et ts of citizen o t e Un te States dyin abro d ·tout le 1 re resent ti.v. Tot e are of otr n ed ves ~el. o receive f es fr: uthentic tin _ under se 1, rotes ts, d.e osi ion , decl -r tion , n~ the like s bove ( 2. . ) . nmini terin • e tates s bove, (5~). o sue or eric n se m en in i tre ~ t h ex ense of th Unite vtates not to exc e 1 cents r • • (. st to such en home 0 re cur er C D r C rr e . fre of ch r e rov d t e se m n sh' l l or r durin his e. If st rs sh 11 refuse,- t fine the for ver ea an so refused, ' ·3 . ) 10 re ~uir masters, if t e shi p i sold in ort, to provide .. e n t e r turn oft e se en, (unle s r ase b c n tr ct l , t h unt o be 1 det -r ined b con u1. " The duties of t consul b t • ct e -1 1 !!10 t ol 1. • ;ith the r~tection of th e ·c · n citizens, e e c1. s - men, n trado or t v no conn ction i h rotect on of t h e ns i.o o om r • 1. n ' ct· ns imh v l r t ly b o e o r t i m rt· nce. 11 the con ul ~ l 0 ------------- 0 U 0 1 68 , • 8 ere d pendent u on their fe s for ym nt exce t thos t Tu.ni. , ri oli , an ~ orocco . s none ould coe t ese ositions on such terms, s 1 ri.es of 30 r • rovided at t e C'! e osts . In 1818 a ty s c- i Q1l e d .. - . re cuired t . J • 1.nv ica of oods ec duty mu ... t be certi.fi to b t ni.ted the art of export . In 1 serv i. ce . ~ en as Jc eaule oc ur n • he co uls o t en to ~t ea.c 'ere t . e overnmont t V'lorem t s consul t consu r no l';n cl n :er n o o be -1 o e to en in r e • n r uls of t e as re g rd~ s al r y but ;ere al ~o ed o en~ ton in t r e • he e t , o sc odulen inc u nl t he hi~ r cl s s of con ul • ho o or o ) 1.·,:; r c e were \JO e c t.v f ees for the · r 1 services, 11c:...d e n .L ~ . 0 US CU t O • · re 00 ul , tions o defined ore clearly the ri. ht uti t e · o ul)J • · ti n "t re .cJ' r i t 1 e • ht • h r s or C a. b f·t r1. 1. \. r . n ._ ailors . -h 1 - so • '..'it on bl C , t e .... 1. 0 r e .. t e 9 1 s r ar ds p rt r cor b ces , t e uti s . a 1sc introduc 1 no ro ..) tut t 5 • f a con ne us 0 n ) .J.. enti • • m d 1. "10 , r 0 ' r rt to r ! but • n t. T er e m un il 1 n of C t n r - s. l, . 1 ' • t 1 the - rtnci il consul tes were rovid d it clerk . Thv ch ract r of consu n e vo o tr de fi s t a ~ urned i ort nee -bout h lf century ~O• revious to tha t ti . e t he rinci~ 1 duti of t e con ul h b n to rotect t e citizens nd ( iloro oft e Uni ed 0 ts n to ive such in r ~ ' ti on - ould rev nt fr u in col lectin t v revenu . Th r cter of our r i t as such t tit re uir d little rt for its continu nee. Gradua l lJr there came a ch n e as the sur lus o-f m· nuf cture go c ds incr as d n n , .. - r ts ·h•er r quir • In 1 85 t fir t en r 1 c·rcul r r u sti inf or- m tion of purely rci ~ 1 c r c te s n t con - suls. It st ·ted, "In 11th t rel tes to scien tf · c discovories, to ro re r u int e r ts, to ricultur 1 development , - - con...,uls re re .uested to co mun c -te fre uently and fr ly ith the a -rt nt ." revi s ions ·ere p rt nnu lly, ctice hi ch has b n cont·nued to te pre ent vi r e . In 1 7 4 n e ,. ' re ul r ti n i.:) r o v 1 d t a t mor emphas · be 1 i d u t ~e ro ortv r ther t h n ;ith tr de i r e ;f ht e U i e t t a es otton -nu- facturers r e uested i form4tion re a -rdin 0s 0i.ble forei n ~r rets . ~ft r t h i r g t, e e rt en n . idea, monthly re or · s 'ere r 4 u ·r d ,hi. n ~ ere · t t ervi ~t tute t 1 r 1 7 • of t e le . h f·r t nu ber o t e o r • 1 ch. 7 u 11 , 10 monthly sories of re orts · S ubli h in ril, 1 8 , an the onthly series i till bein is uad. en ye rs 1 ter the plan as ado ted of publishin s e ~ i -1 reports a they wera received, althou ht e material mt ht still be embodied in the monthly re ort . ln 1 ily ublic tion of cert in repcrt w ~s rovided for an these re orts are di tributed fre to int rested arsons or or n zations. 11 12 , ' rr ... I .L I , ,., ' ... , ' u -!A D ., ~( N: r _ T' ry e . Jed ' 1 ta s interest i ~ .cific . e ., i t e C ( 0 r ' sio t i. :t . e -<- n l S r e I Jen e n : +ed t t te - nd t ri • I n 1 2. i L' ·on r ".,) i . t bl. sh t· ~t f t r n .. J -r ., a ~ rr: r . . - ~ .1 1 C. r 7 C r ~ . .... .i -· \J .._ .._ t ( . s y e• r 0 v - r ... r:: • '1 . 1-1 l..., rt-J us u h • • -'-- t: 1 . .,,.. r 1r 1.n 0 0 { ...... ... 't l.J . • bvr s . . .., ~ C • . ,. •, • ..r:, . -r e l:1 r _ l ./ 1 .J ... ,J '-J 1_ Cl 1 ._j::... 1. r ' t . t Br s . ~ r 1 e · r r. c 1 :) () . br L. ..p. 1 1 ' ' . r f l.J - o_ 1 ,1~ • • ' f • v1 ~ • c-◄ 1 0 c.• G 0 . -- e 0 u n ~ . .., ~ ' .l.,_ , ... , .... t r -1 t ur -- .. ' r· . "'"': + -; ,_ . r t..., r:--· e A.. ,, .~ t., .,J .._ I ~ 1 .., C- .., i n t t r ac :r -1~n • t +- - ' n cm en J.. • i ,_., tr s • V e 0 L, u a r , ·- r1. • n .., l t \:er . b ·ill a cu e or n ' r ' r p~ e l i. d r ' Ja n r ·f r C 0 C r - . 1 · ls e ,,, be or o, ... ,., .... • • n .L ~ a r 0 7 r +- t \,.; '.) ,J ,J • , t - r ., t ~r J n. J l. And so, beginnin ith t ye r 1 83, t gov e rn n t began to take measures too en tra .tth Ja n nd to secure better treatment for our sailors . ' no-res sent instruction to Commodore obert in com ,- n o the " m eric n e> u d on in China regarding the sendin ~ · mis ion to Ja an to procure a bett er underst·ndin. 0om ador e oberts o er 0 charter ves ~ ~elo for the trip, an et t rs o er enc ere sent to hi m. So 1 i ttlo ··Jas rno n r g · rel i. name of the ruler, as al l a s h i s titl e , J pan th t t e 1 t b l n to be fil ad in hen he could ascert in 'h t i t houl modore oberts felt hi s elf un u 1 o t he ts , an • v O - olitica.l condi tions in the Unitea 0 t a t s, t o t r .:·th t e slo mens of communication, revent d t ~ . t e o . g- ~n bin t en up until 1845, -hen omm odo e Bidd l s ile d ·n t o ado a with to ships and endeavored too en f r ien l y co u.n i cati ns . The Yedo governm nt r fuse to • ons er n 0 0Si .i i0D hatever, and final l y the vo mn odo e left edo t terly failed in his mis ion. In 1851 om Chinese 3tation received orders t o or to open com unic · tio 1 ~• i t J · p n bu ere not acted upon . he fo 0 lf n . e r in trusted to Commodo r e ar .y . s so n " ecome convinced th t 0 odor er y and tha t he prob bly woul u orc e • 1. sented , on - .arch 1 , 0 . 1. n t merican ve els th port 0 hi oda former t once, the 1 tter t t e X ir ul tc on t h e n ot r at t empt s e i atruc t · ons the t h Sh o un h s real i n earn nee r , he C • h 0 n d to a a o t· ' t e on 0 r. s t n - In the follo in aptember addi ·on 1 re ul - t ions erely fo t e li its of t r avel and e i ence o A me ic n c·t · zens · J cert in restrictions de~igned to protect the loc t h • e or resent 1 • ich r , i ted th f t t t coal as dif ·icult to t r ns art to kodati and the Japane~e d . -' es1.re .. l, be r lieved rom t he oblig tin of urni hin it to merican ships. h·s ti 1 ul t i on i i ort nt m inly in sho\ i n t , e · -.t i tu e o· t firm osition . The tre ty ' i gn 0ho un r sult of e ~ y's t e Jhogun snot a. com- nercial t reaty but r t he r it · s a conces ion fort e benefit of could c· rr o hel inc e o s nd ilors ho, fr o noN on , u.ncon- di ·o e f vore -n • 1. . it , vi e the n ·- ol a.nd • tead of that of ' hin should be loye Ui e 0 in e in futu n n t m o t • n 0 ~1 it • 1. r con - , ' , t ained a cl' u 0 e , v; ic t hogun re i s t rovi • for e . ' 1.n .., t he 0 . n t cnt of ons 1 1 to s · de • od ' ener r 1. ,- aft t • ation t ri r e p • 14 h tar I • • IVAL Th er y f J p -n b • 1 ·. th t a e i- ythic 1 er o ' 0 J· m u Tenno, h SU Ooed to hav rulea about 60 B. c. Th oun ry s ore or l e so. under the pe ' On 1 ru e ,,.i k do t e e ' r 1192 when Yoromoto became Shoun or ~ar- chief . Fro t t d te t e ~hogun exerc ised · n er · r 1 until t he restoration in 867 . r e:x ep f r t br·ef in erv 1 stru Y led for suprem c t·1 t e gr t stru gle in 16 0 ended by the cru hing of 11 o osi ion b t e Tokuga a Shoguns, who, under t heir leader I y yasu, pl ce d aff irs upon so firm a basis t ' t t ere en ued riod kno ·n a the Great Peace hich l l sted two hundre d fif t y years . Thirty six er ~fter t he be i n i ng of thi expel · n th ore· er ; ' nd ro th t tie unti t e arrival of Perry t er as no intercourse ith ot e n tton except the Chinese and the Dutch, ho vere allo ed to occup a small iece of ground and trade under most hu.miliatin restrictions. T Nhen Perry arrived in 1853, t e i h - be en livi in beclusion for a pe iod of ne rl 70 years . The okuga a Shoguns h been car ful to e p u p t h preten s e of • eri 1. dignity. he E eror s tre te s o_ se • • 1.- n n· ur an d ' , s sunrounded b a oc co r of nobl s h ld rr:e le tit 0 r C • 1. r a C tr on ast . 1 5 Yedo and not iota wast a re 1 c pital and the Shogun Iyeyasu as the real ruler . J s parcelled out into soma 260 or 276 fiefs (thee ct number is not cert in) but al l of them recognized the Toka awa hoguns as their overlords . The f ct t t those ho h d ided t e ho urJ during the great r hich ended in 1600 ere the only ones eligible to office gre tl strengthened the osition o the clan . The Toku a uho un ·ere co en fr o thre great families , the osi tion not oll o •in the 1 of hered" y . The nobility, fol . o -· the CUv tO of f ud 1 • :,uro e, 1 ere the s ord bearers ; they defended then tion in tie of ' peril and ·rom their ranks an the· r ret iner t he soldier must be re cruited • The general direction of authorit s exercised by a council of the les er nobl s, 11.•hich referred estions f i ort nee to a unci l of re ter nobles, or to a council oft e dai ios hose po ers ere .ore of an advisory nature. The t ils of ration -ere cared for by governors of the various provinces ith complic te and . . u.z11que group of minor of .. icials . This conditi of a real d DO inal ru er i J P n gave rise to a great deal of confus ion • the minds of 1. foreigners, who v;·ere kept in ignor nee s m uch s 0S ; ib ' so much so th· tit y aft rt o ears of ne 1 ot ton an treaty ing th' t o ns nd Hr i eca e · re th such an of icial as t e r.ik doe it d. Finall th r ve position o af air t e country ade n ceasar y t e retirement o t e ho un n t ump i re o 1 e by t i 1 in such r erence t and ta ould be a c pted ithout uestion . One of the 1 ns used to Ke p t he nobles rom fomentin revolu in tor quire t t thy should reside in Tokyo h lf the time n le ve their f 1 ilies as permanent hosta~es under the po er of th 0hogu.n hen not i okyo. Fre uently t ey ere r quired to exch n e o ·nions, sot t t ul be \ eakaned, h ·le they :ere kep t from beco- ng · -lthy b an in enious system of taxation, hereby they ere required to build forti~ic tions a stl s for the i ado. egardle s o t e s in en 1 s h·ch rere - t ed to 1 revent the s rad of astern i e , t he utc books had been rJa y 'TIY of t e Ja ane e, n uch learned fro as ocia.tin ith the utch at agasaki . • n • move m en T t :hich corres pond 0 : 0 V1.V 1 0 rnin g- 1.n the .~ rest h a long b t • en 1.n 1 C • t o_ ne e philo o ,hy an the reviv 1 of ure hinto .p c t in g ..... th eople . he ·1i: eaknes of the hogu.n who as t t e h__, d of affairs t t , e ti e of erry's visit and a.iv· • of 1. on th f ily · i thin tself help d t • fo · the C u e ir ) restor tion 0 t a '· . ., ,: ~ • ' h t h s D termed t h • u t m o ov- 1. ern nt i not·ceable throu 0 out t e 1 hole C urse of Jap ne e • tory, nd • the n ~tur 1 • 1. 1. OU C m 0 .L ' :'I 0 00 1 tern th olitic • OVJ e D e - • no C 1 0 • • 01 · .. 1 . -er er OC1. r e r • ..L e 1 family an not t e i a·vidu 1 s t he unit f s c· t . h"l t1 fa. 1 s as ex rcis by t f • 1. ' n om n · 1 he d , cil . r al po er l o ed their aff irs to e ontrol ~e b a 6 roup of ere it r r et iners. he ~ho un ~ s f re o ntl y .. ere u e - • bo y ft 1 noble , ,ho • 1.n urn ere co tro by o ·tce-h 1 r s f til l o r n • t time \ 'e find a C nd i t ion ·here , n ot 0 1 R -1 Faine "nt but lso ho .OV n e be · n 1 con ducte b r s n i th or ~ h 0 • • • • 1. 1. 1 ·e r evalent t t prior to the re- pen i n ;• of J n t t a. e i - b e1 r bar us •Y. - rl i • i. " · n 1 • l • ron ) i eatifi o by ev r e 1 - infor ea . ~ ri er regurdles of n· t on ~1 · • I n 1 15 ~ir 3t r ffles t -via. t he J anese 1 ere a - nervous, vigorou people ·1th t 0 ur e n - . i r ctr . ey rn 1 d •ere r a t .J... ro · t g 1 ere he ob er , • ' s t he n .p YJ V g.; C t a p opl ' n r for ho a of s u r ior intell ect, n ~ , o ,·ere nil in b t h C j I .. r ed e -- rly treatie e of t eal}erne s f r n ,.-1e g rt of t se e , r of C ' 1 u • n b 1 diffusion throughout the empire. Th a cation of the eo le s carried on princi 1 • riv t ho ls, 1.n in the provin o up ort d b t i ios . ince 11 trade carried o y the Du ch go vern men t ono ly, t e s aesire on the p Jap nese to ontinue this plan after the 0 enin · ports . This made uc trouble as t e ~ ,. est rn unre trict d ri hts of tr de . ith colle es n rt of the of their r d he restrictions tat ere pl ced upon foreign inter- cour se ~iere f OUild in a le...i er r. ~ 1 thin t e r r e t eople of one di trict re not ~1 10 ed t travel fre ely or t o trade fre ly ·t the eople i strict i: a 1 · tself a i.n t er ... rence 11 • s not needed r 1 ·.ed . It ht:.i.s been s id by a t 1 ° i uation t t u e 1y · o ble riter i 1 unity , excellin 0 i arts, industries, and a riculture , added to cerem oni 1, ~it c,,ift r i it tion, enjoy·n a system of 0 rn n t , u br and J.scure an uni que o.i. its ,.ind . There e v s exercisea by a il e er, and a ~ orei st a "em bl inte o tr'ders vi it·n · e o be-in Chinese nd utch . n 1 'ub in, • . ' ex cutive nd ju ici 1 a l • 1 er , n f i to hine e nd u c ... , t e ungu es of co _unic tion • • Chapter • Them n ho the J nei:>e honor nd. sect or "shak i ng Jap n out of her slee n is o n dore tt e c. er y , bro t e u o :' O or 1·ver erry. ttha c. err born i hod Islan in 1794. He as inted a midshipm n i 1 0, n b c e 1 · eu en t in 1813. e rved durin ') t he r of 1 12 on t he fri te "United Stats", 1 tar, on the "President" an on t e "Chip e la" . ft ·er t e r e , s a o nte recruitin of 'ice r in Bo ton, n f om 18 6 to 18 0 he hel e • t fir t 1 ren • • te f r t he United t te or an1ze e a 1.ce a.vy . t t r n C pt in hich .. s the hi. hest actual r in t e n vy . In 1 18 h helped to 1 n the • t t · r s ~el • t i t r l St tes, · n l · tr ' he pl nned the first tam fri. te, the " is is sip i" , hie .,, ~ s h · s 1 shi p in J pan se wat ers. I n 184 e ,i s a ointed co adore o t e A ... erican fleet in t he · frican coast er ice 0 • in sup- res • l n ~ t h slave tra ·ic in a rd nee · t he ter s 1--i ........ ,lebster- shburton fre t T ctive s er • ce . t • 1 g e . C s' t • r nd 1 • t of . ex I1 V' C r1. ' g C Yue t n ... 0 r per . en, • r pon e t t 'J or ro ecti our s ilors, resi d n t 1.1 r lo o 0 n to e 0 Ja 0 . i t ' re n e e e the Steam Iavy" and orde ed 'o odor arry tot e such easures to secure t e desired results as he i ht dee fit. Th urpose of t e X e i ·on thr e - cl • fir t, • to protect the American se men ·ho i ht be ~recked u on t e coast of Japan; secon ' to open ort here u lies t be secured , and so me trade carried on, ~ hich benefits ou.l ulti mately be shared by al civilize n tions; t hird , to open regular ports of c 11 and make rran eme ts for co lin stations for our shi s. Int e case off ilur f ce t.;o adore erry island and fortify 1 n in t o size so rbour, until sue regulations could cco ~ lish t he de ·r e e oti tions, conven ent i e · s tre aty en • fter a careful study of the situation, h e 1 nned to seize t e "Lew Che?:" islands . Comr adore erry receive his i nstructions and left the Unite d States in ~ ovember 1852. T e rrivod t Ur ~rarbour July 8, 185 3 V',ti th four ships, and a e er' r:as n for Ja ~n . Te lit le s adron f four sh· s le by a broad-Linded a deter i to uphol t he dignity of hi oountr an to al o not in to , r event t he accomplishment of . s pur pose, rote a ne · ch pter in t e history oft e world . n old n tion receive ne birth and came into or· heri ne e , n t nds forth s one of t h - rat po er h re f the ban fits and co ts of civiliz tin. 1 The Dutch h d vised Japan oft e comin o t a tern barbarians nd t e ere torn with anxiety and dread as to the prope r cours to pursue. The com unica- tion had reported th t the force o be suf icient to land arine~ if necessary, ommodore ulic havin be n reinforced and placed under the co nd of o odore Perry. When Oonnnodore Perry arop 'Jed anchor in Uraga .liar our, .ne was surrounded at onoa ith the native bots and at empts were de to co e boar. hese ere reven e d b ho of fore as Uo noiore err d tr ned to fo l ow a plan of exclusion h • l the i ort nc f h ·s is ion. in 1 1 n of ·ce rou t n order ritten i French or erin the shi ps to ~ave t e harbour at once. hi co unic t·on t e Com adorer fus d to receiv e until it even then Commodor r t ~t ·n h ·s c bin n com - mini.c· te tr u his i d to were im res s ed rit t e f ct th t t e e s ,a g fro a reat po er and "~a carried by n o fi.cer of h · h r nk . Upon bein old t hat co un C • • 1. n c uld be rec e ·ved only at ~a saki , Go ~ Odore .e re lied th t h ohe to s it ' s arr to e e t o o rn .1: ur sely e a ed t . a ould t . unti a del ·v re h · s • es s e _ o t e resident n e . n d hi c · al be sent to receiv ·t. S 0 t re t o fo co se cur ed t _e removal of the u r -bo ts . Co odor er ad t en t -pro er ttitude to rd t Jap nes de m co ni • on r • t r ther e e n e r a ., th n asli.n reco niti n s vor . h. s at itude • 1.mp r s ed t l1e Ja nese V rubly . They re lized th '" t he was no co on ut nAa hi h of ici 1 of gre tr n o be tre tad courteously and his favor sought . The governor vi ·ted t e shi- t e next dyad a · n de m nde t t ' o odore err ~ a asa i, but t 1e uo . i odore still refus d -o s exc ta r on 1 r pr ent t · v o E eror, -ueste t t J anes o_fici 1 re er tot o o to nyon , in the s· m e t r m s of re ect hich t . ey u ~e1 to ;ard t he ~mpe r or . o n o ore or_ lso n Jounced intenti n o e- en lan i n liverin co m uni.c tion ";ere is e sa e ·f neces r . he e t hrough his officers and hey il J refuse o sno i e f o a pe r on of ~o 1 r nK s a .ere governor . ted .P rt ere m de to ve , o adore Perry o to T a · s and re e i ve h i.s nsT "er throu Dut ch . He refused to com ly ~it t · s em d and t e ·nly s aid t t i f c o e ai f ·1ed to rece·ve · ro pe r f re • · om .. or err old eter- ·ned to~ in i po ·nt nd be re te s n - m b s s or fro ruler ter t n the ~m eror . Fin 11y t e J nese ve y d t bas dor f om t e eror receive t e 1 t er fro he r ony a • 1. n UC e I e e ... t Ur rbo r ith the dis lay. ~o . od r promi in t r turn fr i ns er ten xt s r n. lthough Comm odore erry a rem ined in Ur a ut eight d ys, heh d c ompli hed a reat eal. e d ained the res ect oft e Ja e e; e ha secured t e a oint 1ent of rsons of hi h ran to receive his let er· ' he h · d et these of ·1ci ls one u 1 tr s; and h h d exch ngea presents an h d surve ed t eh rbour • . Hopin for the best but re r·n or t e erst, Gommodore erry continued his 1 ns to oc u y an isl n in case the ~m eror of J J·n s uld refus e to nter ·nto a treaty . e s pent sev r 1 on hs in erfect·n to occupy one oft e "reat e was sent to t 0 Co 10 ore fro J he·:" • n trough t i 1 n letter utch, inform ·n hi of the de th oft e u o u.n, n r q e tin him to del y his vi 0 it . erry h d no mens of o : n whether t ere ort as rue or erely ruse. t n te, he det r ine o return at t ti m e t te , end on ebru ry 1 , he of holdin in nchored t Ur ga, na nnounced h·s ntentio conference in Yo oham. fter el s nd or- malifies t ~ conference be ~n- hrou hout t e entire e' 0 dor ·er . C r eful t m o" t ru ulous observ · nc eti cue e u n 0 s r n -n b a or f r id e ry SU sted ti • • r to h • e m 1. on then i fo ce bet e n t e ,,h · :c • '.rhi s C · US d - 1 0 4· • t len th a treaty s st ned h"ch o end t port~ of Hakodati?.ann hi od to meric n ve els • hrou hout t e ne oti tions t J e s ed to be re l l y desirous to learn from om dare Perry and to re ard him as a friend• A sym osium of t he treaties signed ~re iven in a former chapter. Chapter Vl • . TO " I • The ancestors of Tons na rri are of ·e1 h stocK ~ ho came to Massachusetts ii.th oger illiams. ter, one branc¥f the family moved to ~e York, and both the ran - fathers of the future diplomat erved int onti.nent 1 army, ~hile the~ elsh branch serve t e kin. o nsend, born October 3, 1804, as given the f mt y n me of his mother. At t he age of thirteen, he and he began business in a dry 00 s tore. fe e rs later, he -vvent into busines ~ .. i th hi f t r n brat er as an im orter and d ler in chi.n - n e -r en- arv. .hile enga ed in bu . he im rov d h1 oortun i ties 1.ness 0 for study and learned t .e French, . h, nd li v · n n lan guages. Townsend -arris never . rried bu d ote hi life ) to the care of his mot er; ana it s n t until f ·er deat that he coul b rsuaa tot e ourne t - would aall hi • from his home st , te, t e s · n le exce t n bein~ a trin to hio. J fter t e ot r ] r. Harris w s fre e to gr tify his desire for tr vel an a perusal of his diary sho v s ho he ucce e • hone e ent o t r e • r1. n , stop_ )in at v rious i 1 nd ana ort lon t e v a • e journeyei throu~h Indi , -ined a no led e of Bu dhis and the ch racter n life of r n t 1 eo les. In Journal u . ber ' ' 1 8 6 , r · , r • arris h n ntr ·her spent h Christma.!i Days for t e reca • ei b.t e s follo 1.n r • s: - Chrtstmas, 1850, t i nil • Chri tmas, 1851, at ulo- enan • Cl1ri tm s, 1852, a t uin pore. vhristmas, 1863, at on on • Christmas, 1 64, at ·'alcut • Christmas, 1 855 , in ieylon . Unri ' t mas , 1 56, in Ja an . 1·r . Harri exten • tr • • the 1ve 1.n voyageo 1.n ~ al aysi an rchi peligo, the Dutch ~ast Ind i.es, probably to Australia , and on ) t he C nnib 1 isl ,--- n . n • on C s .. ... e t . 1 t • f~ · \ :ho d ,,. n - l .4. J - ._ r . r U • 0 1 n ers t r b . .L e • I tJ S e f un • I r . r • . a e . ~ . e 1 n r m u ~ e r . ce- 1 ·n · t ' " 'T • e C 0 0 ~ ~ n 0 . n C nc usi n f e t • H r . 1 .,... u l ' he 0 u e rry 0 _r . n en • no re n • s · of ' h rt · f · c at · on • ~- v . re n er r ''hi.le • 'n . ' .. ~ r . i n n n rr \"',' · - e p .,. con e rn e ' exte f ,, er • c· rce d d t h e n C ·- e 1 C J. .., f .. ich 1 en . d b:J nd r ... ,] C fI1 . 0 r ' \ b b d S ' V ·- n :_ b -1 . ~ error , e n - _,.., t ,. 11 n V D • ..._ ... • .n. C . b e b 0 r ' • , e • d in e .. e r s vv· r ; r (.. ., ut • om n 1 c-; 0 r ol ..p 1. V the ·.ent 1 d b . C .. d a t , n C 1. ne hon ot .. n 1 ,· s ' ch r t en t OU nd 1 · rs· truth k .,. ~ ' · hich f' rd - rr·s tched hi.s ~ :as r ... er e en ..... ... r . ' neth c b ·u 0 . "' t s 0 u __, e u c· , e - -' C dee l 1o...1 e a , ) t.es n, 11 ,1ho . r: e h r- 0 '3.C r C u ~ r 1 . ' r eo -· ~ ,t ....,n t e uO ~ l rn . nt .. t cl ta Go l oo ~· n :. or a n t o com l ete e r; or e n - I e ... err , s .,. -~ c- .,.. e+-t ' . .,. r . arr C e n a • C ' TI u r e • 0 to )T re or t dut:e -:. s e, :-, s 1 j t · n . T e rriv t;a n e - :-n . ~t Ul "': , " n be -n u ~ ., ' ' ( . r ~ t · h · d ., " ro · n . _re t r , ti e v t -u C ll rul e . f • -, i th . rr . - . r 01 o. -rr a - in s trucced tr aty . . Dute a so 0 n ee bUT0 1 ) r . i n n ' ... tr • ilc rr . .. r ur i c G ..... ~J ~ r o e . · 1nv 1 • J...\ C .: · t e rri dd h e . • . ho d a m s t }d,l! ~ e Ja · nee D tch o n, th . of r e O , • On e n t r 1 T t 8 t e \1 0 d Ll e i-1 J .J. • - - C. ere · t t C h 0 ~ . • d . rne d n r • · l . r .. 0 u ' 0 to r. 0 h e r . n • Ravi hio secretar for en n 1 _ .. J e·r q r e n i · d rr r vi.s i ti.n , London, JL r · s, • r s h · n , ' ... r . - u s l ed r o , ''.L n L e 1 n ., h r e a c >- re--Pul study f 9 1 .) C . -, ' on U ' .,. t) 1 · ' e ~ eacb e en n the ~an J ac ·_ n t ·~1 a .. , . ~ 1 be ;9.n . rr l had b en tried b f r "' ' After vex· t· s ·-e s cc e ,, n rec'} th· t tr c ·a ·zation. On ( ) , . n ... 1 • 0 on I !I. n n , h d o t i n V .J n · a r e a t '-~· X(er e t ,. n .1. rr u a l ol t n 0 n • n · e . s 0 . . 1 - is 'I sh 11 bet e f · r~ t recognized agent from a civilize po er to reside in Japan. This forms an e ooh in my life, nd may be the be in zing of a new order of things · 1n Japam. I hope I may so con duct myself that I may have honorable m n ion in t h hist ories that ill be wri ttan on Ja n an its future destin • " On Thursday, August 21, 1 56, ts· ., • • t h e "S. n Jacinto" sailed into the ut of t h e h rbour of hi o and a new era of history as be u.n. Tes e of victorie s on the battle-field that v ch n e t 0 t w r d , n _le t t e ter 0 f u t b h r · o C of n br • n 0 ,rer C c..: nc e t e course of ivil ~ t · on . It . □ oub fu if t 0H • te -n n ecisive ttl s" r cord b~ \r ecy a r ected t e .orld as m11ch a s i t he •n : \ ; r of o ,.,ns nd r is. in 1 - t nde he f OU .-, t t b ttle or iviliz t t o e re a a • v· blo r ze, n - e s Q V. ct r mi t e . wh le 'I tur vour e f a n tion, n -tion destined to e -n incr a.sin l . .,r o-r t r ' T i.n t r . h" _) to · r-a 0 ... t e \ ·O 1 • , to-d· • • • ... • 1.S - 1. I.; o :n en r 1. • tr Ll. 0 hi . 1 .... ' t ind- r 1 e 1. - u ev r ful o_ t e r e tne 6 of hi r n i ilit , pat · nt , un- . • tr • , o .oo !Lo t le t _e r1n -· 1 ex 0 --e . t ,e C ho · . .l . hi - e · be :it f • c:; r lv ' . r D r 0 ~n C tr s r • n r. Harr· rriv d a t Shi od' as os i ti n of 1 o t unsur. ount ble a ifi' · cul tie • ,. e \ - s n t: nted by the ~apanese ·ho onl ' con s ente t t h e r vi e- · o i... t e tre t an m b s 0 ad or h ' t nc~ l r. • ld - revent t . • c ~ rry1.n o- OU. 0 .... • · hen , conven 1. on. "r . . " 1 n s 0 ·it t n le t l - t t r , ..; no uit b • r .,, t i t r1 u \, e 0 no . m r; h '7/ to d t h t to-m - ; t OV v n r ti . • • • lD u r e ' 0 ·l ' , rt n o e f throu .· it err th t art nd h v · 0 e • ' .v r C • v e ·v 1 oul · D 0 • f' n o- 0 0 . r . r, h d d . ("\ J - of t , e s m t h n n o as n mbas ador bu only M s a e bro t Corru odor of the i , and it ; s -only f dee are hi 0 in t n ion vi iti t n t_-, ov r n t .· the ~ocure ( n au nee . ui e oft ' I rri • • 0 l n 0 t e xtre e dif _:_ icul ... . Un t e one h nd as t e dr ad of of~en ·n reat f~reign n - tion ana. on the other t dre -d of 0 ,en ing t 0 rn e t e o . ,,. " r . • arr1s s ea s co tin · 1 1 of t fe r C use b his 'ords, th dro s of ers • 1.r tion, n t e ne VO s tre ,. lin of the in er- r ters v·h s ea el . d r 0 tr ns l te ha t ho ss.id. t ~. 1. a n o· . . c i h e D st • le pre nts, an t ,l d of h s 1. e e u r•ere re- . turned, ~ s t e ~ erv nts of t 0 0rn r 'f red ,J 0 t k t em from t • ar 1. .1c.- careful t al _ i ,s to m i t aint - d i gni tc1 o hi e fin - 1 secue d -· n ud ience :. i th t e ov rnor h n v nul l . lute oft irt n uns to be fire as e l eft t e hi . hi s .reatly incr ased t he este vm of the . o rnor f r hi .. . he fir s t vi it to t e o - ern ('j' - • • r, .i.\'r. arr 1. s 1.n . ' b OTiv 0 ce not .e _ d y bein set f ~ he tr~ C .._ b i cause t e over r to · cre·s, his s hen t ~ . 1 • ·. t cl d J ce on1 1. \l'er e C ne of _'i t , l s • • UC -~ r • 0 0 h " r1. 1 ··r 1. -- . intenti on • • 1 t t, r e m- n 1. a 0 ~ - oor ' nl ' c no , rr n .... 0 . -, C t J . 7 n . ' J - l h d bet ter go a 1 'ay -nd return a y · r l cter , ·n so fort; anythine to i due to e ve . · ·hen not · n .o 1 rev il, b e:iv n J o s n n r m e u r o o s - , th v·rtual l a uriso • T fu e ti. , en an- in e induce "' i n o le cve . "om . . dore r . s tron , r < ll , 0 but r -fus ed decl rin t t hi. ~ o.,..ders 1 ere to 1 v t e c u t ~hi ·., r . Har i. not conti.nu 1 y O\, re eate f-Ports • ere . a e to C C, O • 0-1.v n rentl i n t o succ d, 1· r o t ·o. -n of ure , ii s r rti i:: ici "' • 1 r t h e Dutch -nd -·-·us e. ians t "' t they n i , · t n c ons ls o S ~ henever • ul . • Thu c.-. to • n er1.c n con r 1. e . receive ' ... . t r t ~ +- • I re r 1. 'OU D • 1. V • On 1 edn ' t m b 3 , 1llr • • l : n ' .:.) r ' rr1. n be ': D l1is ~ sidence i P'· n . ne t 1 e s t , r~ n ~tri eo ut u p before t he ne ,,· conetul te, t he "s n J C n 0 " Bailed _o t ., e ·-rb ' an ! ,' r • . r :r. 1. V '" S ft 0 sue e r ._ii g t be . · .r:· . ~ ) C r u • n .u r e t ~ 0 1 e J . -ne et e j)id fl - a- be . s a n, a ' ,., i t -. n Su 0 t h 0 . ed tates. Yv e n i i hi C t u tf ne 0 1 s al , ~, e r · ,. • • on ti.nu - rci • . • . rr1. y n ., - ct n d ~r b er • to t • to l s • r i e n e 1.r cu ' D r1. s . '- et · -ble . On LI u - '· _1 n ne ce ar y . more than one occasion h e records of tel • 1n t11e off 1 ial t they had lied, and expres~in his opinion of uch conduct. From the firot, r. r i cl ined to tr nsact n, busine c o ·-n, i y, lt ou ht e Jap nese, try- in o convict hi of in ·nee i~ tri n n induce hi so to do . . e e t • r 3und , t t e ov rn or 1:oul e ceiv hi , he re~used to her t e ~e ~' a ~ e r iv r e !~ es o en er ' tel l in t.ne . t .- rou h. s c et~rt o co e as early a t ey ple s dint e .ornin -; • · on, er ont , ... r. ar vi it 0 1 o h co el e t e chan in ? f r · n e~ent sot G t n o pert oft e u urn shoul r adin ce o Sund Y· c urc r ice"", in · n e pe • r. eu 1. f' ' only ud.. uOr n f r c..n r of t e 1 f J , vi t e · t n lt f t .. 1 fix· r d f t t ec e 0 t 1 n , l e ut o co.:n• h t futur eatl t t O o time an ex e · =l e o J 0 0 • _/· • ~ a r r i s m t 0 • f . 1. t e s e r ....,e t .ro u.l b furn i C, u • i x b o st -t \ 0 1 C rt -fo • t e oi 0 r . 1 0 a 0 C n ' t .. t e dol ar ;oul h n -rl thr times ·ts • rev1.ous purch sin po er . urin t ti t 'ol 0 ed, .,. rri t i i -st in t t in s -bou . .... ecords u 1. .. . e t he a e ranc - f t ·ountry n -el us '" bo h . ouse t ri ,: t c • 11ft r r cordi ' rtic • . t Y 1 l O' or1en ·o a : e ' n h e· l l ·11 an - st ed b t ' o .ici - l o .·ho ~ ·ere tr i .Jo loc,. h·s • n n eve even ende vorin g 1 0 ~r - nt hi ✓ f o , he notes t t • l 1 0 » t tinie i ch "cken • ra u 1 y t h Jap nee b rn '..JruC' re _1r . H rs . n e n ' ctobv .. he rec r 1.. s t e ~a nee · r c o ... r n Lo r.., · end 1 , • n I o e J: i S · ,V . 1 1 to "Ult • I 0 S ) .I 0 • re . r eye a r 0 t n cto 3 ~, 18 G, t h e ancie ic go rn r : t hi r r i r e ~ive ov- crnor o~ Shimada . h . . r 1. -i 1. · ("I ~ ... to ort ('\ • t "f . rv n 1. l.J Il l ' ., , • + . C ... V r. 1. ... urv 'ere encour d b 1 0 • "l 0 rov · • t 'ecured . hereu e . ! 1 u on 0 - r .. (J ,-; C 0 " 0 "" , ' ... - ,._J. 34 t f ich h - s f . -. ' o .. e ~l L e e X . ...... • In ~ ve ber , r,rr. rr· s C e t T a cor t C .. U · .1. t . r ent 0 J - n l a 1 ' C C re -- ty 1 C • .. r . r -rocured a co- y 0 t f t t • l US S • fre- e 1 • e n 0 n e tl" • • t ·- of tb u .. , 1 ... Dl e t e L r , C l' -. 0~ 1 .,.T r is . .._ • es ~ - ·a • I t tes "\ J J e n 1 e "' to the ruler of J n, n fi. 11 e m t ~ . - . r's ' v ' t 'iT i •; C:. C dt yY b f' r 1~ , . ... journey to 0 y . ,, r e mi ht . • .i- ' \t . ' t., r 1 t • . '"'1 • ,, • r1 C J G 0 1. ' ;.,. .1.T • r 1.~ .I. 1·shed t fo • t • ac 'O . 'lTI 1n rr • .) • e · d C" C Ie ~" <"'1 ·r 0 a, f' C r- ") • r nc., ~ r 1. • er ed t r + -r • to . ships e ~ 0 e s er C n - . • n 1 • -..! f . e .. .iG • .. • sh · t 11· .e C r , er t 0 n o • 0 . y ~ J..r 1. C - • J n c 0 o 1 • • j . .- .. u • t • , • e '?" te n t 1. n·ori oyoi a rivil c 1h·c could claim• r. arri.s h a d an ·m ·re t c u C • n .,r :ud y , e 7 ' t 1 1 TC n , r ve cour ' ~' :n er of _ _ ,. • .. ~· t r • narr1. • 0 t t 4 tates e • no 0 n e u nl i C 0 t hi h tr n n his fi ht f o r r , ~ r • n t e .. 1 57 , •' r . r rri ..,. t t t t ~ , • r • tn 0 1 d • f1 e r1. 0 m 9- a r e nt' tiv of t he n·te lit r ith t 0 e J' · n- ti • h" t t t ey e pected to e hi. sh e ec-e r C m e and f alte r in t "' C of s o UC ·re t ' bu ~i d n t . 3ur 1 t e p e ' ·f ren f o ....... t utc . • Bef r e rec or _ i ·st ,.J 0 t r . •, T r ' . - s h'· t • i c t · • a '"- 1n n C r • ful • ... le t 1.n - r1. 0 ... tJ n ar y , ,r ~~ · 0 ' ' ro r·e f t he 'V u ' cure .. • .I the repeal of 1 1 l a. s inst i ni ~ ' e tal y e , so 1 n l l o t .... • C · uir t on y e u .' r - ' 1·n - 0 the cru • . 1. . 1. • In Ye 0 - iT ..1.:~ r. rris ~ un c1 . f , . u ti 1 r to tho j..o, e ·a • ~hi • e e 1. C" e u e n 1 ce t ) ·t to erci e on or b cl • he • 'f- 0 fr w ' that he might suff r hr iarri ho ·ever refu e t x re ·otiveQ, e g he Ja ne fin · f J.0 a livin ✓• 0 .. co tot s a case in point, 0 n tes t , ; it • . i r i... o h . s b o d., dog h on t ti of i t ~ i in the ... ovinc hope f fin i e e o e f th n tiv • <.. rm d n c o ti p r ci d . e v e r~ t. 1 C ·,r .. . rr· s t that h rofe e • e id t t if a ~·oul c. h · v it h ·rs s nt o t s f 0 in 0 • be unifor l y t e c et • • 1.n 1. on 1 o 1 . e ,i.bd.Om 0 f vr his udi nc : ~ t t h uhogu.n, i r . • rr 1. received s frie t n V or by t e o-f'· ,ici a l 0 vrere th r , 1 r ers f J p n . In t e n 1 c or i t i o \ le e SU ') 1 t t t T were tween t ; fires; t e fe r f . r V lution on th~ on e n d , ' TI t on t - t J oul t • t t ti t t n r 1. n r . • 1 hin e .· {• . · - a_ • c1 ' ok, o , a.T 1.D ' 1.C s r - sho .,_,n t e ,., tren t 0 r , . . C) ' sh · l t ns ton t e fJ 1 , . .p f us ion . In n ·iu ..... ' r ..... ec t h i '~ ca e, t onl f p o- 0 .p • i. - C 'T.J' C t con en t 0 t 0 e -ti s • n1 t v -p • hi s 0 n nee . l ' e - 1 hol 1 . a 0 C D roubl n o - r ed. e es c ' rris i no ul J und rt n t ~ tua t on, consi erin , for on t · e, t t _ ho un · r ru er of J n. enc ' t i') 1 0 • tl1e '.ikado . i - t b onoul ed n conbent ob ined, er considered ere excu s . -r-· e ·\~ rne d t e Ja · ne Qe to ·ht might follo ·. their refu a l o o en t hl:i po s, nd nu > est d that a tre ' t,/ , with no hi· t o - ich thy i t T i th hi · 1 n , n n , .r: o r ob ·) ceived and 7oul b · mor favor ble than an envoy backed by ar his . t t e his belief tat t 0 treaty h ro ose t i • b b tre t i e, h - r r e a e r i t nr .. OU - be f rvorabl e t ed received byte ot er in ~ebruary, 1 58, n hen eg n t e ~tempt, on the -rt o ~ t e J p nee of ,.ciels, Sevure t e p )TOV 1 t i i · d • he h , 1 t o tr. ar i f · i l - t ti s e ' n . hi life d ' ire f. · he r "' l s· .J 0 un se h·s ow • ns p 1.Cl to for • · n ti ti t •:· t t • liv ended C f1 r e t r. r l ' g e1.r on hiu recovery. h n Q 0 t ill of t ho hy ici ns , r. a.rris recovered. ean v 'hil e , t ffort o cure t e i "'·n ture 0 t e • 1 :ikado ere unsucc s ful o " .rin · o t e of the daimios nd of the cour · rty ~t yoto. dWS f his refusal 1·eacned To yo in June and the signing of the tre ty was postponed until Sep~ember, by Thich time the Shogun ho ea to se ure t 0 t ~ - t th h o 1 r e C 0 t er c vent on r u e , . n ~ · er1.c n ~ r in Uhina h - e r .an- o_ - lt o t e r ·-r i ved l e 1 to t • 1 1. the O • t t t e t , in '" t d n t t n ~ 11 h -n French to Ja n to negoti ate tre ties . ' ,.L.T . r ms at once roceude d o ~ an: in t ho ve vel nd ur ·e., b 1 t r i t 1e tr t y . he bh un nd. ·t t e n s ent boar d t . e er1c n .u . n - - Fo 0 ' . " 1. ("• t Fr· nc • ' u l ' nn 0 r s.nce o o-P t e J. ' i k n i ed i te · f 1 · n g o t e v U · 0 ·o t on .__ o :.., d one do, . ned t treaty e on f- r at { · n ' July ~9 ' 1 58 - e c. ty, ti • • e e r a ~ 1 J ol • t 1·nes n ' 0 ... ., 1. ne ... a ,., -p t • - con nt · t us ~ r1. ' ) T g e o_ .... • t ~ a -, t • .tl r .,. 1. 1"' ~ U e '"' C e e 1. .J e • ' ,, st, te r V t · bl to t ot r co tri s . The utc t • Q e r n ' U u t 1 8 , u .- i ns n Au u t 1 , t ,, "ti s h 1 U t ' ) · n t Fr nc ctob r 7 ' 185 .J ' • " 1 l11.1e ne r ~ tur ..-;) of t e e t ti s ' ·-•hie 0 erv d . 0 l c: ter n ntions , v- ere t , enin nal - I rt 1 t bl " f • a t 0 en , r1. ! '-- UC n .I.. ' ' ton n t "' ion t . t f tr -vel e • C n c O .L r1. a n e1 ' re • Ja to i • s ul- 1 1n D -- 1.C n ~n c on er • ' t e obl" ~ t · on , 0 )ide • :ners 0 0 r _ !:'"Q •. er cti or Do n t ' · n . ' 0 t J . pc ne e " d ' r r 0 0 . i. .n r • ~r ( . ul · n l t • m tio. t - P . .J r r ' cter •hich . • t • c tie ) . n d C . l 1n e e ev1 u l! ' n und i n • n r 0 • I .., ' they rely confirmed, r m li ied, t provi s ion· o · ,r rl · r rr n ements . Tu, fe . i ~t t. n e0, t h e of a ointin · ent t a t. ul o.r ·nto on r -1 di lo ~tic n t e ri ~ht to lation revious - r a.n ere ub titute ; t ri con 1, r t ent , • • r1. 1 e e o· fr th ' , i c ud i n ~rt re u- neral tr de r rrul · tins • V TI t e e r ~ Dute in re · r r 1 i ; · o u El<- t Jo r b e c · e foe tote ri .Jh to t 0 fre e er h of 1 ce f 'O r hi th conce ion of t itor • lit as • e -c. - e more , l,W V .,J,,.. ex 1·ci ly d fined, an L s . e to 0 civil el as • • 1 • • ·cti rohib"t·on .p t • cr1 . 1. J 1. n· n e 1. r ' ... ation of i. u . one ._ • previ Dute · nd :)u . 0 m n 1.n ,:, ' TI ' ... J tr r ti s , e; nf · r • n "In ti.ans, n thus · id i ,. t e roce s of J fo ei .n r n ' s develo ment, t o ne t atie s conferre l acin -, · nur1ber of SC' tter :, nd co 1·cate en de t if_ ren t dif, rent < se9 , b eriv men e i: te • r c ange s , · n u 1 ente f · 0 i rr e ~ o i r e by c ua r antin ' tra.vel in . ~, n ot r m . t: J. T 0 t E ! -- . - :J , ~ ' • e .. o erne 1 J an ' s forei n r 1: tion , ~ h c ed i u r t 4 J . e e c o a.~ be . V 0 · rin ce on no me 0 ' s 1 ::rU bi C ' • - . - chief minister . e i di t d -n CTer to n ro the forei gn vie i C · cs r r r is . to r tote tre · ty as ro osed Ill he 1th com e l ed r. arris 0 le ve Ja • n 1 1 ·1 alt OU r ur .ed t re in t e t en ecret r -r ) of 3t . " Se ,._ r nd als b ., t 10 J n "' 0 a a es e .. a le ' l r • , p ' to Kr. .::>e a r a r 1 re qu t l e be r e 4 . n om J . n in 186 ' t t e SU ~e tion of ~ .r . • visite t nit ar 1s, e ~t e a n . ~uro e . t er · n 1 he notes f ~ r . r i ere stu i d { t r n u C ,,;i t 1 1 r C ' e . \olo el ~ 0 .~ t t d t 1 t t e e no '~ ere his • l o C t. C b ere i t bi . e 1. e ' ' e 1 • red • on 1 - r el to tu t c r u • • enr 1. e s · e te s . r e ce ,. . ic" • ,r ol s in t ... e esti • n . ,,r . - ion of t .. e J -ne s e • . t o b t 10 .-,~in r t cle . . ch 1. D 0 P ~- e re d 0 r 0 as a e it o . 1 • t . n no 1 n ,he ti n ' . ) ~ ' .l O J 0 r en 1 • ~ · v hy • t niue ~t · te frien f n !' 1. o· r n , e 0 n ..J n d 0 e or t . t 0 .... l'JOd .. t r r e e TT ,J Ur '' Then i rocedure involve or nif ste n C, ' 1 -:. en t 0 f r -nc ' on • a C: ot • 1 n . e 0 itu e • I e n n o 0 ' b 1 t u °lo c · 1 treat • .,, C . J ' u h not • sense - r : 1 ec t 1n :n et on t ~ ·n s t e u· r unte 0 0 n tion 1 in ere;:)t ' r ric t ' n, r ~· n, n n s t 1 41 ' • in their rbi.tr rin t its ci • • n 1n tro ·- ty • In 1 thi ~ t r ~Tho i t i fl n i - 1 one·. OT- ever n y ) triot t r be T . 0 e n e r v· • n 0 t tr ties, t hey OU ~ h to shed te r of .r titude for 0 en - arris, t · utho r of t nsei. ( 18 -6 ) tr ty . I e e • • it not a f ct t t he ve us 0 fr o . t n ] fi in ..... t e tre · ti s f to - V n . n .e e Hati on 1 iet, ' in · ~ hi h t n 1ti on ' s vo i ce • e l .::, tari f f • 1.S' on t ver e le 0 t e document drawn u , y Mr . t jl i es , co 1, flour, zinc , an 1 t ea r d " ? hou tne r ent n fiv r C nt, yet in r ri~ th · ~ive er c nt 1 i i p ' oUp- 1 · , uor ;·ere to be c ( .Air . rt - f i Ve 1 c r C n t •r , ·h i 1 1 1 o her t hino-s • ere to ' y t.· enty er cen • The e enerous r r n e - ments ere ade b r n f v.ctor . • 1 heth .. hi h tari f is C, ~ttll nee q.3 ry to 0 r 1...10 y r n ot • l no n oT , 4 t t i s . oment te . i r e 0 1 e s 0 ' ti _a on ~ i th his us o~tt· t su·h . V'h h ' h o· n e r r n a 1- . m - ' un's off icers •r. ere f . e . n 1 D r · nt . ·a ch sen e coul d h c1.ve do U'""' t h 0 r bl • • li in ur C n r V "' ir h:'\ e p . uUC 1 -n • "'tin t t 1e ho ,· ~ 1. s ' o ; nsend Torri s co Y1 nde i ~ to r " ";\ ore over e s 4 i.d ( . n l (_ t r t)re - r v) one rn . t n e ficti n of l ' . C lled en ' 'lthe or -) l i iv n to the J 0 le 0 t [.;.t ,; 0 ·r n • a ·nst co sc i nc h, . 1. • n J 0 s s e 1L11 t t ~ 11 b • r I • ? ' • 42 is de · p sorro ' in t bottom of hi he rt ,~hen ;e thin , o t ooe ini t ~uro en indul ~ ea th ir ov tiouon t ~ in ... t d v . n ◄ of ho h·ve cri is n r n ,: ~ t . n ·- 1 h . a to y t eir o rtun · t ; ,hen • 'e t in. of their elfi hnes0, n thou tle .. nes • , 1n vailin t em- 0 elve of the lar m o ~or eo ple, n the ti i it oft 3ho un's of icers; 'hen r-' thin o t1eir m k·n 011r xtre . - it their in by ov rr ~achin u s - ' e lrn o s !· • Al the ore can ,·e see t h e bo n dir1 _ f i.end h 0 o+- t ., e Unite "" t• tes fr t11B an of the :)isin 0un ." 4 'hapter 0 -- .1:rDI I ~ VI I ~ Y, , ·r · li OU . ' ~ " .. , . r ·~ u I.[~.D • · ~when 0ommodore err st rt t he ress oft o cont~nent tr ,t VI I . I' ~ T -, ~ n ·:, I ~ F ' . .u on · s is ion to Ja n , t -c ot er· en ces tote ro o ition, : n Uni tea ~tates \ ·ere s c re ,· o_ t n s arc st · e refer pa ere i n t he • 1. • cne , ve f th co. 1.n 0 .. Ja OI!l.'~ O Or • nese r i ter, i t obi inn _ c Intercou~se un · ted t - - - - - and Jap:.-£ , sayc t e ntr nee er !' ;. us e cit to re re _ ; r, ... eo le ~ H·ere fl c i.n _ om Ye o ,:hi rt · n s o b - t 1 • e ~crib s vivi 1 t ~ til uUn lh n the opl h rd ~ o t e hi · . t forei vi.ls , n t , n Je of t r u + melodi us t t f r a ti e it di , 1 ed thei blo ~~, y s ~i n and the th • fier rt s -- let t • b te 0 1. r n l ' · n s ' ' sacred or al f <:i ct • tor • I afore Je ov h ' s vful ~on t Ye n t tions bo \ .. i th □ er a ' f1 • .Lh i s ch n ct 't e co 0 y '-' n V nt .._, ' t e s t ory of er y b .. i n .:ri. t , ;en in blo . u tind er . r he ne t sr n nt - :e " 0 V T 3 8 ' let er . do nc ' - s e u zl ., . .. o 1 C • • • C 0 u.n :-. e r . I._ 0 n , 4 45 be•. · n . : e 1 0 un el n t 0 t .. i .. i.o • e - ~ 1 . . t . ountry a.n t ' a un n ous 0 n1 n _ an -,.y . , , rl i.lte r r tions "' .. ere m hi.le, t h - • e. e n u ~ . n '.,ere dem~n . i C noes ion • riti h shi. s ~ era in t e ' vicinity; an ' t . T i ing rebel • 1.on , , s t its hei t in Uhin furt1 0 • C te , t t , ., ho un • • r p er t e 1.e is succ ' S r 0 ~,. ( :-.i t 0 o. er ' r turn .~ 0 ortun t u 0 u.n a t e t 0 t • f s ' ..__ • ned . 01 en t 1 e t · . t 'T ,_ s • l C t 0 0 0 , t , oy l i.ots ce d · t 11 t -t, en tr ' lre a i: s 1, t C t w n o o- . in J ' C 1·-- t - • de ' ~ . r ' C ' n' l U 1.. 0 n n onces c• i n , • J 0 n· ' C 0 l s foreign l · -n s ... found ilita r • es ' re o· ene d · u re • - C r e ~ . ' ' y ' foun • na t . s b • an r as , ... 1. - . e r n Vl o .. I.: nt. I itob • n I nt ar . 0 Unit~ d Jt tes n' n e t h n l Go fo t ~ e ce u o p n- 0 cou· try: but t ' ' o UC C ne . n , rt J... t i er· l 0 ,) 0 • t h . t • . d t ·t en m r c o , nt s ---- i ' SC o 1r 'J y , , • :1 r 0 ' "11' 8 v . .. - V f lr -1 . n, ,, lV t a e 0 . ' t 0 n T • I 1 · · n t t t • " 0 ' 0 0 1. - , u ' - ~ . ' r ) . ... . • n l , o on ' r V .... • an ttern t ~~ .. '-de upon hi ... life . lt l h t t .i o con- s ir tors die 1.n · ri on , t c H ond r i th t t r ·\ ·ere not more ~t t empts . fte t e J er : cs n t r - ty b n s i ned, th of- ticials lun c ildli e ea rne c: , his c: dvi e l s as ed on every turn, and he - t · nd o lt cont n 1 1 -r • .. ov ~ t o d • ~' t . . t ~ ")T r uroe -o · urs e : l I 0 . rh - for s f r be lion 1 ere r r,~~i ng ol r· ' notic " s 1 • 71 1 ere st d u i.n t th Sho un, h·s . ft o ~m eror o n f t he oft nece ~ i ti tr t cel l n V . or t · n ' v/er i n vi tr s ts of life t rou or t .e ctruction . 11 , 3t 0 1. n • • tr ri. e ecr -se int c as i o- o ·er .... t 0 • Thi. u n d.i ion ·. t1rough n 1 _ t e oin ,e in r er o raise o_ v · lu pur- r evenue . Thus t ~ i mio hca no t only li. ious n r ' ci. · 1 causes ~or h tre oft as .. 011 . ei n r, bu , 1 ec onio . 1c o es tJ on i r .. c i s , ere c o rruTl on ; r e J ate d ~ t m -- t ,.. . ere made u pon t lif of 1T• arr ; . n fo ei ers :er n a , • con 1. ~{ . • ~ ril r i. . r· , t_ riti • t 1. no, e ruyn, . . ' 18 62 . 0 n - □ 1 ·ere · . • eus i n, Se t t o n, t g e t o f t · S o un, . ill Leg'-ti on I • s ed . I • ~ ~ t "l V l 0 b op • n 1.n f e 0 • e n . 1. · . .. r . UCO . ~ : r . r • 1. ( ' r • • 1. 0 ... 0 • ' Thousand of .onin ere il e . 1 y col · ectin noy and usin .. othe r e n to ex ell th b rb c. ri n . t t ti .e instructions c:m fro . e o to t he ct. otice to le've by June G5 , cludin - t ne emb s~i 63, nt o - 1 1 fo ei ers, in- • ' he ~ho u.n, h over, r ort hi r e hi in i i t 11 n tin. In ti :e, 1 1 th -for ig~ embas ies, exce t t .er • retired Yok: ha . ..: .. . ·Ir. _run r . • -ine • in Ye 0 ex el c- n ' d t ·1 is lea -ti.on as burned. Ihen h r m ove to a u hist t m le until t IJho rned • t h t i. i-:) lif in in e un I 1. a . a n er, n he t 1 st retir 4-0 Yo 0 .. ~ n , 0 tr es followed, and ·,, .. r. Pruyn e -nd d o ti f ~ cti n, T, ·hich . s fin'll; gr nted . Y t, in r,ol i.cy f od ..,r tion , ic p J. i Ci t y V. i t ri t ·- in . the J i British ubject e e- r v t e · riti h t C 0 d - L • }., OM C . o · r - -t ·1 1ed, ot rs -rr;oun tie • u tis- faction bein _efused, t e tov .n o · shi i ' b m r. rded V and tho ~ tsuma • • 1 a-i 1.0 · rn d f t 0 er of ~r t r•t , in. ~ever·- 1 f r • shi JS 'Ii r . b t J -ign r u 0 e fle,Jt of the fo r n tions, nited .:>t t , !"'(te · t rita:n, France, and oll -nd, bomb red · i onose 1; an , th J ane e sa i. r ason n ·a n n m n t r on 11 r OTio • nit fter 7 rd rt rne ort· o • 7 In 186 t he B b sy ;hich • a nded I rr1 s r 0 . . ' • be ent of the ro of t ~ e r est, r tune C d r rted th t t e J ·-n s ' nd not t . . CC1. en t ls, ere t e b r- bari.ans, lllUCh to t e indi tion of t ir country .. n . r du· 1 y, th rul ino- cl SoeS ·ere b innin 0 S 6 t t fore· n intercour e ·ould n t b revented an , .orover , t tit w O - c cu ~l ly d . r ~tbl t e 1 i ado t t h e - ro .u of ev · 1 t . nc t he be dt, t oc lf c d · n· 1 1 tion of ccre . ,... t '. t i C d t co rt o~ t _ • l • e e r 0 - th ion . h · :.s e 1 , r .. ov 0 e ~O 0 re t ~, it · l nt 0 t ~ine ovin . e r tieu • he . or 1. Vi viltlz ti n ~r . s it o -- t ( i. nc Tocyo , re J n·ze t system , disc ~rd - r m n n avy, introduc - t 1 u li ' D f · o~ hri tianity. J n ~.- s b co i n 0 D ' t tr e o b , but i t ·hen, in 1 Pruyn . ( out ort . n · 1 6 • ' OU cor tni cul u • . l i.ni 0 e tr t 1 t h ic • b · ~; th · co le ne ' TI . L. e ri · n i - J 8 ' • cce . 0 1. t i t 8 n rs 0 n n om 1 t el 1 i n t e le. t,j n t t t h d our con uls r t befor 1 ti e . liO onel (J • 'h • t ul • a..) e r ' on to Yedo in 1 · ' t t t C 0 i.ce be b oli he as t e busine c:,s d nc n • stif . t..,J vontinu C • The reco ., tion of uo onel .., e~ · rfl \· l, t ed - on n r en a l,J e ·- s t t e sit · on of on s 1 n .loot · n vh' r / d ' ~ff - i t r okyo • - 1 of ,lfr sad . e ., 1 C ~ I • Jyon, . .,. She r d t f • i r. r C r u e r l n G r e r ... A rel d. t -- d • t 1 e C •. or n r .Y r' r i - 1 · t. • t t n ~ . r • uz fl , . ich fo l o · e C I e I . .. ch"pter sho, s ho. t hu .. o • . 10 1 V t r r ,. s b n u throu ~ h t , e s Q • · Jolonel 1 1 r. Lyon ro u t a ointm n • r which ,_s iven t h e writ ~iven . It i l l us tr~t ~~ t "Ther e \ c a r and fr t1e s e and t · e t s . · t t t ti o i e e ·i. br u, n v • ' : llo r .: g 0 t 8 0 , ~ or t h ·rt r • t h e ' s ince J d , i ul . ne e 1 s th i ce-t·c - 0 ..) 0, r y s tolen . h a - ' i ' • "' ut, I n e n tri d e t . ' " ' , ,T ell, t tri 1. Go to · "l. t s u n . s rn o c do ,. n ,, n d dr a t . ""'.1 not r • . a ah· 1 an ot t o bl , rshu l s · id , - ' .3ir, I •t i 1 0 " ' . 1 'ell, 1 o r e 1 , G n e .... a 1 , • 6· 0 fo l o h. SU ti . t ·t hio I • t ·rst a . f'"e n 1.n • • e ' OCC'Sion in 0 rn hi tory en J - p ' n . ~ ert er 0 er in worl oli. • or hi cti olonel s ar lC • e .rrni -~hte b n r . n of ortu 1 hi J - , n re ~ • t ve than s of tJhi. t: ' . • :ortu 1, n in 11 eru . Jhile 0olonel ~he · rd . C nsul, he h d ( s rshali - V. Denni ft rds stucli a 1 - in t he a j ~ r . n . on, r , oov rn nt libr· ry Yo oham un il he bee . e uthority on i nt ~ rn t · o l 1 • In r . o ·nte to ..... /0 ) . the • i · - t • 1 VlC -con u 1. 1. n unt i l 1 ., en h e bee 0 t 1 e a . n ~OV rn n and t "l h. he t • d • t ~ ~ l r1 .. '" n 1. e . advi. or to t } J n .. outh . • .. i ) e 1. 1·1i ' l di the n of le ... , or J n t t he dajr 0 'l hi. o de · t • Jud John ~ incrh - • . ·s t e • o n ' 1. r 0 . n 1 70 d - t 1 , n of ~e er 1 r n n .... OU e J ' ' .J t aug"' t ., t · e . opl of J an th ·- t t y /'. 0 e n ion, an t au~ht the Bation o t or ld o es e t t . e s uch . " -T e . T s t _ e f i r us e · o c o - o er t rtj -ore s n t .J. ti. v t he o er · o er · n t in 1 874 the J nee ov rnm nt i 0ued custo s r ul · tion ·i thou t nsultin • ul in ore1Em con ' l r e on Ja n ' ri • t 0 do i..)o . In 1 8 7 • t e t • .. t s quarenti. 1 1. e e • i 8 • • d -1 t ot • t·v ri g G e n r • ~hen n .. n- . r Jo n +; • Jud e in h m , - s t J. only inister t·n rot st , lthou h ener 1 r nt sai tat t eves el ou ht to h ve been sunk . r . · Bin o-h' decl ' re , i t e ce of the o osi ion ft f rei~n consuls, t ' t J - n h a t e ri~ t t rohibi the i ort .tion o ~ iu , ince thi rohibi t i.on s n viol ~ tion o: oxtr - ter itori ~lity . l s o, t e ·rt to reco • 1ze the ri _ ht an in t o pot 1 n tale- ~raphic conventions . ~v i th the abolition of t e _ i eht f n m e n , ion "' e c ll.r • er ,er n be n on tr t e"' b t 1 • • r r , ; i Gnin , t"' e J • 1. • ' t er ti. C n , -f .., .i. . r ction on t e ,_ rt of o r i P-1 , re i lit-1 ~o record . Th con ult r r ort~ vho . on v rk -- n t i no- t t ~-··11 in re t t ' th rout·n f co on futur i~ or i n . l AN INTERN TION L I 'O In the month of ugust, 1872, a eruvi n bark bound for Calao, Peru, put in at Yokohama under stress of weather. Peru had then no treaty with Japan, but by instructions rrom Washington, the representatives of the United States, both diplomatic and consular, were made representatives also for Peru. C It happened that I was just then charge d 1 affaires during the United States inister's absence in America, and on the morning of A ugust 12, a message came to the le ation from the consulate informing me that the "Maria Luz" desired to ienter.~ At the same time the vice-consul in charge communicated his suspicions that the stranger was a coolie ship. I directed that the facts be ascertained and the captain referred to me. To the legation accordingly he came, and with him a note from the vice-consul saying that the ship was almost surely loaded with coolies. The man was questioned through an interpreter as follows: "Captain Hereiro, where are you bound?" 1 Callao, c ,ir.• 1 Where from?• 1 China.* 1 What port in China? 1 "Macao," rather hesitatin ly. Macao is a port between Hon Kong and Canton. "What have you on board," captain?" "Provisions, rice, h •: m, and a few other things." These articles were merely necessary ship's stores, and I could see that he was trying to steer clear of the coolies, which, of course, only strengthened my suspicions. 1 Any passengers, C ptain'?" loh yes, a few.lr 1 What is their nation lity?~ 1 W oatly Chinese.~ 1 Are any of them on shore?• 1 No, I think not.• 1 oon't you know not, Captain?' fell, yes, I think I do .~ •should you prevent them from coming on shore?• 1 Yes, I should, because you see I am bound to deliver them in Callao.~ "Captain," said I, let us make this matter short and plain. only? You have coolies on board, have you not, and coolies You get so much per head delivered in Ca~o. You don't allow them to follow their own wishes, but they must obey your will. In short, they are slaves, not passengers. I have heard all about it. Can you deny these statements?" ( (. He could not, though he tried vainly to ex.plai n them away. "Captain," said I, "I am instructed to give aid and assistance to your countrymen whenever in so oing I do not violate the laws of my own country or the lnstructions of my goverrunent. To give you aid under the circumstances ould be to violate both , and as the less said about your occupation is the best, I shall deny you any and all assistance or recognition, and furthermore, I shall advise the Japanese Government to arrest you." • 1 The Peruvian protested, and finally had the impudence to ask me whether I dared put upon paper such an unfriendly answer to a friendly _ overnment. the following: 1/ Captain Hereiro, Peruvian Bark , ' Maria Luz,' Cap·tain: In ten minutes he had "United States Legation, Yokohama, Japan. A ugust 1, 1872. "In reply to your application for aid, protection and - assistance, I reg ·et to say that the occupation in which you are engaged (the coolie trade) 1s against the laws of heaven, the statutes of my country, the enactments of 11 civilized governments, and the dictates of my own conscience. I therefore unhesitatingly and unreservedly decline to give you my di omatic or consular name, aid, or seal, in any form or manner whatsoever. · Yours truly, (si gned) Charles O. Shepard , 'charge d 1 affaire~ ' \ Naturally Hereiro was not pleased, and naturally, too, he did not prolong his stay at the legation. I at once advised the Japanese G overnment of his character and occu pation, giving them a copy of my answer to him, at the same time asking them to see hether it were not their duty , in the name of humanity, to take charge of the ship and coolies. I I The suggestion was endorsed by the British charge d 1 affairs. l I' The ·Japanese Government id so see. The Cap ain wa • promptly arrested, the ship given into the charge of the Japanese customs officials, and the unhappy prisoners were liberated. The "Maria Luz" was nothing more nor less than a slave ship, possessing all the accompanying horrors of that inhuman traffic. She had on board between two and three hundred coolies from Macao confined in an .unventilated hold, and almost never allowed to s· ee the light. The story of oppression and torture was beyond belief. Some of the poor wretches had been kidnapped, or had been lured on board by false pretenses and all had evidently been destined to a death-in-life existence in the mines of Peru. To give the details of the trial and punishment of Hereiro would be mpossible in this short space. His ship was confi~cated, and the Chinese Government at once sent commissioners to take the coolies back to their homes. I had reported my action to rashington at once, and by return steamer came the following answer: "Department of State, shin ton, September --th 1872. "Charles o. Shepard, sq., etc. etc. etc. "Sir: "Your action in the matter of the Peruvian co lie ship, Maria Luz, as reported certa nl approved. I am, sir, Y o r obedient servant, (s ned) Ham lto i sh." 't The Peruvian Gove1·nrnent sent an ambassador and two war ships to claim damages from the ~apanese Government, which they declined to pay. Instead a treaty was made, and three years afterward the point was decided in favor •I or the Japanese. h terVI • T -T ~ IT I J.,I • The ri ht o extr -ter itori 1 itr i in ct limit tion u on the ~overei nty o~ the st tes b ~h1.ch the right is gr ta . The country exerci ing it e tends its dominions ov r it on sub ect even hen tee reside in a foreign country. The ntire n tion 1 1 is e . . u .ten e nd ism ae to ly not to ter itory but to persons . uch rights ar of cour e bnormal an C n not be r nted exce where ther i. s great iscre • the oral 1 e o t ncy 1 t e countries involved nd hence can not be cl · med in hri. ti :n 1 countries. The first recogniti n of the extr - territori 1 ri hts of the United tates was in the treaties ith t e Barb ry o ers. ever 1 t aties ere r fted bet n 17 5 na 1 36 hich reco ized the ri t of our consul to set 1 i utes betw n citizens o: t e un·tad ~t tes. The provi ions of 7 these treatie re similar n cont' ·n t he follo in revisions: 1 • 11 di ~utes etw n cit zens o t e nite ~tats re ob ettled by the c n ul lon • foreign countr·e re to b settled by the von us o tent on ·ti o 1 · volved. isputes bet n c tiz ns oft e United t ts n n ore1.D' 1 • e ed to co Isl nds ref t t cou n b ist citi~ens .of one oft e St tes of rb r y re to be ettl a in th lac 1 courts, th on u.l h vin 1 the ri ht to be r e ant at the tri 1. This last conce ion w s of littl r ctical v u , n as looked u on by the gov rn ent of the t tes m re formal courtesy. Our first tre ty ·th Uhin , ne oti t din 18 by t he Hon. Caleb 'ushin rovid d f or t h jurisdiction of the consuls over 11 c ses between citizen s of the United States and over al Ccse in hich a citizen oft e Uni ed es 2 was d.e_endant · n a d i "pu ith n tive . The 1 soft e Unite d t tes ere m ad a · lic ' ble 3 f a r as o ibl b a statute passed in 18 • Inc s s here t e 1 s of t he Unites States ere not uff ici nt t ey ,ere to be sup le- ented by the rovi ions oft co on 1 • If bot prov in ade uate, thv di plo . tic re re ent tive oft e United St tes, with t he consent of the onsu.1, vere to m ke s pecial rules to up ly the defects . his e ul' i on s t o h v t e force of 1 : i e i tely but s to be subject to re ie Congres s . Consuls re b th·s act giv n uris icti on over al l cases , civil an d cri in 1, ev n includin : c ita offences. The ri ht o extr -ta · ori li t w s r nted b J p n in t he treat of July 29, 185 • 1 ivil c s involvin l r 1 reaties ~ , vonolud 1 · r 0e t . 5 17 J 1 _UfliS u • 17 7 1 : 1 r i o i, J un , 1 oroc 0, e t• 1 ' 18 • 2 .J8D • a, h on e s . 1 o • 8 ,.,. on re s , s . C n • • aunts of rty be t d C • n ~l c ses ro V n u l involvi.n the t n -lty h v b n d aided b t e consul r 1 courts The im ort of eo of these ses • 'hin nd nee 1.. Japan led to the amend ant of t ewer o the our fn 2 1870. In some criminal c ses n p e 1 on oi.n ts of 1 s allowed to the urts of 1 · 0 • . · In civil n 1. C ses \ h re the . aunt in on trov rsy b t e n . 5 n 5 . e 1 could be h d ro t h on u ar to t e ·nisteri 1 court. If the a aunt ter t11 n . ✓5 eal 1 be h d to s r an ap co the court of L; liforni , as in cri in 1 cases, but t he revie in co rt w 0 o et only u on t e evi ence presented at the fo mer ri 1. r e - 1 tur no o ul --- r an was discontinued i n 1 891 in o f , r it ffe ted the L;alifornia courts . h a o ~1 o t e minister s still allo · ed. One f t t e 1 ck of e kn su eo oft e con ~u r courts h s b n s t tute of li it tion • s Ja an, in her ne oti tions ith It 1 , too s eps to r the endin of this uricdfction• rhen th o inions oft e po ·ers ere re uested b t e I li n 0 n nt, ecr t ry of State, .... amilt on Fi h, rote ;- " The res· ent • forced 1.b to the onclusion th t it is no y t fe to ur end r to the 1 c -1 uthorities th u r nte d • r1.. t of extr -t • r tori 1 . t,. • " In t his 0 in·on r t Brit in, r <ny, n 1 ~ rt I , p . 3 . t nt n s • .., e • I ch. J 87 • the atherla.nds deol rad the·r agreement an the subject as dropped. The uestion fi lly settled s reg rds the Unit d State by the treaty concluded ovember 2 , 1894, which provided that the jurisd·cti of our consul r courts should cease on July 17, 1899. The ractical manner of the orktn · of the power of extra-ter ~itorial ity ts shown by t he fel l a ing incidents ,hich are taken from the notes of Col. c. o. Sheard, / acting charge d'affaire of the United States leg tion at Yokoha1na from 1870 to 1 7 • l. t. When I went to Japan in 1869 and from that time up to 1898, the Japanese and Chinese had no control hatever over foreigners who were in their midst; and if anything happened to those foreigners they each had to be tried, if it was a matter of trial, bef9re their own consuls, and they had there, what was known to the world as the rights ot ex-territoriality--1n other words the laws of their own country followed them, and those laws were administered by their consul. In America, if a man commits assault and battery, he goes before what is commonly known as a police court to be tried. in that case in Japan he had to go before me. If he commits a crime greater, he would go before what, in New York, is called the Justice Court. In Japan it had to be decided upon by his own consul. Now at home, if a man dies suddenly, the coroner would have to sit, but in case he did the same thing in Japan, the case would have to go before the consul and then he would act as the coroner. In this cou.ntr7, we would go before the probate court in case or death;' there the consuls held a probate court. In fact all the courts of the whole United States which I can har dly enumerate, instead of being held, as they ould be here, by different judges, were all held by the consul. \ Then in all countries all matters of ships on oc an and l akes and rivers--if they have collis i ons, or if there is some question about them, must be t aken t o what is kno n as the Admirality Court, ut in Japan, the consul had to hold them. There the consul wa everythin, because the laws or Japan were not allowed to app· 1y to foreigners up to 1898. Then Japan was granted by the orl the right of holding its own courts and administering the law upon all foreigners within their borders, just as in nearly every other country, because then she had written laws, but up to that time, she had no written laws,--it was all tradition. l• That was the peculiar state of affairs in China and Japan, and in Siam as well. So much for the civil and criminal laws. Then when it came to matters of ships, the men-of-war exercised their own powers over their sailors so long as they were on board of their men-of- ar, but as soon as they stepped over the side of their ships, they then came under the jurisdiction of the consul and he pun ished them just the same as he did the other foreigners. When merchant ships came into the harbor belonging to the United States, the first thing they must do was to take their charter and other ship's papers to the consul and deposit them with him, where they remained as long as the ship stayed in the harbor, and they must not leave again until the consul had handed them back their apers which was called "clearin them." In the meantime, if any sailor had a complaint to make against any of his officers, against the rood, for any cruelty, for the condition of the ship,- complain1ng that it was unsea orthy, he had a r ght to do so • and the consul had to decide it. The consul could dis- charge all the officers and put new ones in their places if he saw good reason for it. If he saw the ship was not in good condition he could order any repairs to be made; if the officers had abused the sailors, he could punish those officers; if the food was bad he had the power to throw it all overboard and force them to buy new and proper food. So not only was he supreme on shore, but he was supreme on ships. MUTINY l Looking after and overning sailors takes a prominent . place among a consul's dut es in the Orient. The moment a merchant ship arrives in port, the captain's power ceases and that of his consul begins. The latter can discharge, retain, direct and punish officers and men at his discretion. All disputes between them must be referred to him, and upon questions pertaining to their food, their pay, their time, their treatment and their quarters, his decision is final. t I Soon after a certain American merchantman came into Yokohama, in 1872, complaint was lodged with me that the rood was bad and that her forecastle (where the men slept) leaked. t < I went on board, tasted the bread and meat, examined the fore-castle, and found all satisfactory. Next, some other equally groundless complaint was made, and I became satisfied that what the sailors wanted was to leave the ship. This would have entailed great expense upon the owners, and naturally the captain objected. tt After patient and thorough inquiry, I sustained him at all points and told the men they must continue the voyage. Against this they rebelled, and I was obliged to treat a few of them to hard labor in jail. A Mutinj In Port l At length, one afternoon, the ship being ready for sea, I put all men from the jail on board, gave the c tain his clearance papers nd d smissed the hole aff r from my mind. l ' I din d out that evening, and in the midst of dinner, the marehall crune to say that the men of the ship were in mutiny and would not get up anchor. I had given a great deal of time to the crew's complaint~ and knew them to be groundless; it was a cold, raw night on which to board a ship; and, crowning annoyance of all, I was taken away from a good dinner. But go I must, as the offense was serious·, the punishment must be severe, and it was proper that I be present to take all respo sibility. ( Mutiny at sea, like desertion from the army n time of war, is punishable with death, and mutiny in port is little better. Further leniency would have really been 6 unkindness, and I resolved to make short work of the mutineers. Lc I sent on board one of our men-of-war for a boat and a few marines. 11 at the dinner-table expressed a desire to see the dis:! pline; so with the marshal , deputy-marshal and marines we went off together to the ship. There I ordered all hands to be alled aft and stand in ·line and formally asked them whether they would get up anchor. Their answer was a chorus of 9 Noes.• Calling for the crew-list, I summoned the first man to the poop-deck, '-will you get up anchor?O said r. No" w · s the response. *Marshalj, put him astride the spanker-boom; tie his feet together beneath it and his arms out horizontally. 11 {( All the crew sta ed a step forward as if to interfere. '' •sergeant' said I, shoot the first man who touches the poop-ladder before he 1s called. lt This was an entertainment they had not looked for, and they stood in their tracks. The next man called also refused and was tied •apread-eagleJ atlWa t the hale-boat oars. The next .was tied ~spread-eagle 1 in the scudder in such a way th t hen he eased his feet the stress would come on his wrists. A like course was pursued with each man, as he refused duty; no mercy was shown except in seeing to it that he was warmly clothed. By eleven o'clock all had been disposed about the ship in positions not hurtful, but thoroughly uncomfortable. Fancy riding a spanker-boom twice the size of your leg, with your arms tied out horizontally! The first half hour is not so bad; but the next, and the next! *Now, my men,• said I, before going ashore, 'r have done all I could, by investigation, to s tisfy you; but as you would not be content with that, see how you like this. Things have reached a point at which forbearance ceases to be a virtue. You have made a contract; and there being no good reason against it, you must carry it out. "ibu can I t get the better of the law with a navy behind it, and the sooner you come to that conclusion, the better for you. Think it over, and I will come in the morning and see how you get on.~ l. t An all night outing was more than the recalcitrants were prepared to face. Somes ore until all as blue, some cried and some promised to come back to Japan solely to kill me. shore I went, however, in spite of their curses, prayers and protestations. l C -r But, unknown to them, I had left the deputy-marshal~ and two marines with instructions to let them down after half-a-hour, if they would get up anchor, and to see them beyond the light-ship. l' As I expected, a surrender soon followed; after a very short time, the anchor wei ghed and long before daylight ship and crew were out of sight, homeward bound. 7 The Battle of the Bund l When a cable summoned me from the quiet consulate of Tokyo, to the important and tumultous consulate-general at Yokohama, I foresaw much anxiety and perplexity. l ( I had been, for a year or more, an irresponsible looker on from a dignified distance,--now I was the responsible person in power on the spot. Ten thousand miles from ashington, the source of in~ formation, with three or four hundred Americans - er my jurisdiction, many of whom had left their country for tteir country's good; with innumerable questions arising for immediate dec'sion; which cases could not have been antici pated and were covered by no statute, I held no sinecure. Japan being then a so-called uncivilized country, our government and all others, maintained the right of ex ,~-~ ritoriality, that is to say, laws followed the flag, and each consul had entire jurisdiction over his own citizens or subjects. The Japanese had no authority. l Every dispute in which an American was a defendant, was tried before and decided by the consul. His was a regular court of record. dispute, public or private. he must make it. He as the authority in every 1 1 ere precedent was l · eking, l I had hardly warmed my off icial se at, before I as r- waited upon by a delegation of merican merchants. They pointed out to me the unfortwiate condition of the settlement in the direction of gambling and houses of ill-fame. l C They told me that their young men were spendin far more than their incomes; that they had but ones urce of revenue, and that the funds could come in only one way. { ( I had known of these evils,--I knew that they were a great menace, but as there is not a municipal law upon the statute books of the United States, no law against gambling or prostitution, I was without legal information to deal wi.th the evils. / ( I pointed out the deficiency to the delegation, and when I asked them under what information they expected me to proceed, they smilingly replied,--'that with all due respect, it is for you to decide.• I coulu only say that I would take the matter under advisement. \ ' I spent many anxious hours during the silent watches of the nights, pondering upon ways and means. That the evils existed, there was no question. They they threatened the business and good name of the community, I knew, but the question was, how to proceed. I came to the conclusion that I must make a law to fit the cases, and t rust to a Christian Government and Secretary of State to support me. I reali zed that I was taking a great res onsibility, and I reali zed too, that it was a responsibility I w a s placed there t o take. I made my plan of campaign. 1rst, I must arrive at a distinct understanding with my colleagues, for although the majority or the unfortunate women in question came to Japan from San Francisco, still, they spoke all the languages of the world, and it was impossible to draw the line of nationality with any sort of certainity. It would be a very serious matter if I assumed to govern those not of my country. It My first step was to call the consuls together in con- sultation. I laid the case before them in the fullest detail, pointing out to them that my greatest doubts lay in the direction of nationality. hat I would deal with the condition, I had determined, but I wished to take every precaution against assumed authority over any one not an American. I assured them that I would apoligize beforehand for any unintentional mistake that I might make. I begged for their assistance and countenance. Of one accord the1 assured me that if I would take the matter in hand I need 7 have no fear of any embarrassment of the nature I had mentioned. (( Each 1n his different way, expressed wonder that I, the representative of a republic, dared take steps which they, representing limited and unlimited monarchies, would hesi tate to essay. ( They told me that for the time at least, everyone of the unfortunate women should become an American,--that if any claimed their respective protections such claim would be denied, and the unfortunates returned to my jurisdiction. 1th this full and unequivocal understanding, our conference dissolved. Returning to the consulate, I prepared, with the assis tance of the marshall, a list comprising nearly thirty per- sons. To each of these a summons was issued, ordering her to appear at the consulate at ten o'clock on the follow- ing morning. These summons were served by the deputy-mar- shall, and great consternation they created. During the whole evening, I remained in my consulate and received frequent reports upon the situation. The views taken by the different interested persons were most varied. One said I intended to confisicate their property to my own use,--another was sure that I would deport everybody,-- still another was positive th tit meant imprisonment. t t The next morning I disposed of the police cases at an early hour and cleared the deck for action. At about half past ten o'clock, I inquired how many were gathered. I found that half a dozen or more were absent. I gave in- structions to· the marshall to send a deputy after each de- 11nquent, to bring her willy nilly. By these persuasive measures, a full attendance was secured by about eleven o'clock. u I entered the court-room and took my seat upon the bench with a 'oood orning , young women. no one dei gned to reply to my salutation. follows: I then said substantially, as 7 l ~Young women, I have called you here this morning to give you, not advice, but instructions. I assume that each one of you 1s an American, as you came here from the port or San Francisco. If, however, you claim other nationality, let it be known at once.a l I At this a dozen voices were heard at the same time, claiming this and that n t1onal1ty. I suspended proceed- ings, sending each, under escort of a deputy-marshalt, to the respective consuls whose protection they claimed. Within half an hour, all returned meek and crestfallen. I proceeded. The question of nationality now having been settled, I proceed with my instructions. 1 •First, let me remark, which 1s perhaps unnecessary, that you are a poor, ostracized aggregation. said of your habits, the better. The least Of this there is no oubt; that you have conducted ·yourselves in a most outrageous and unbearable manner. You have flaunted yourselves in the faces of re~pectable men and women. In driving, you have gotten in front of ladies' carriages, not allo ing them to pass you, using vile, improper and indecent language. You have bowed to husbands when their wives were upon their arms. This bravado w~s, no doubt, due largely to drink. You are so prosperous in a money way, that you give yourselves over to dissipation in drink. Your conduct has become unbearable, and I have summoned you here this morning to tell you that all this must stop. I say again stop, and at once and forever. l " , ~ In your proscribed condi tion, you should be content to be allowed to live here, without ostentation or disgust ing display; but you are not. I shall therefore take it upon myself to see that you do. Listen now to my orders. {( ' You have been accustomed to drive wherever you liked. You have disported yourselves upon the Bund and the Bluff. You have gone out at all hours and in all conditions. The morning air is best for you and I prescribe it. Hereafter, you will not be allowed to leave your houses after twelve, noon. You will not be allowed to drive upon the Bluff or the Bund. (f ' Your affluent circwnstances have allowed you each to keep a trap (a small, low phaeton) and ponies. This wi ll no longer be allowed;--but one trap will be allowed to each house. As to the use of that one trap, you may decide among ourselves. ~This is all, young women, for the present. See that you obey my orders to the letter. 1 ~ henever you have a grievance or want advice, come unhesitatingly to the con- sulate. The door is open to you and you shall receive as respectful consideration as any American, but obey me you must.~ At this point one w oman, bolder and perhaps m ore strongly fortified than the rest, shouted : l Where is your l aw for al l this? M y attor ney s ays that you have ot none, and t h at I need not obey you . I shall drive when and where I l ke , and hat 111 you do about it?• l< I "That,t I replied, 'you can best ascertain by a trial.A (( _L .l. ' •1 will try it,• was answered, I will go straight home and get my ponies and trap and drive on the Bund.~ ' ' As you like,~ I responded, 'but you must take the consequences .-tr That 1s all, young omen. I now require you to register in my book provided for the purpose. are dismissed." Havin done that, you . Each made her record with a variety of comments. A few were sensible enough to say that they were glad of the regulations,--that they had done these things only because others did. Strongly suspecting that iss Campbell would execute her threat, I sent a deputy to take notice. He soon returned, with the report that the woman had taken more champa\gn and had ordered her trap. The English-speaking .Club was on the Bund, a street which in oriental foreign settlements runs along the ocean and upon which the majority of business houses are situated. To this club I resorted, taking with me the marshalt and two deputies. I took my seat upon the veranda, awaiting an agreed ~pon signal in case Miss Campbell actually appeared upon forbidden ground. Knowing what had taken place, the club was filled to overflowing with the inhabitants of all nationalities. I was not kept long in suspense. I presently received a nod, which indicated that the enemy was in sight. Passin to the foot, Id scovered the unf ortunate com ng '7 down the road at a rapid pace. I instructed the marshal to place his deputies on both sides, with instructions to seize the ponies as they came past, and to secure iss Campbell. When she came within seeing distance she lashed her ponies, hoping thus to run the gauntlet; bu~ the ponies were not formidable creatures and as they came abreast, the deputies jumped to their heads and brought the vehicle to a stand-still. ({ Upon this, Miss Campbell, transferred the lash from the ponies to the deputies, but this was for only a second or two. Seeing that she was determined, I instructed that the lines be taken from her and handcuffs put upon her wrists. I then ordered that she be taken to the station-house, put into a cell by herself, and given nothing but bread and water and I added,,Bring her before me at 10 o'clock tomor- l row morning. l( The excitement in the little colony was intense and to . avoid questions or discussions, I kept to the .consulate for the rest or· the day. uring the evening, I was visited by an t\.ITlerican attorney who asked leave to see iss Campbell. I gave the permission, remarking at the same time that I hardly saw how he could be of service to the prisoner. (f Long before 10 o'clock the next morning, the cour t-roo was filled to overflowing . Not only as the curiosity of the people excited, but the outcome of the matter was of the greatest importance. I took my seat about 10 o'clock, nd instructed the clerk to call the case. t this, the _ erican attorney frose and said: 'Your honor, I represent iss Campbell.~ I replied: Mr. Hill, you are known to be learned in written law, and under ordinary conditions I should be very glad to recogni~e you as spokesman for Miss Campbell, but the court 1s acting in this instance under unwritten law; a law which I will frankly say, the court made itself, to . suit the cir cumstances. The court having made the law, it alone under stands it. The theory of the law is that an attorney 1s for the assistanc~ of the court, but in this case, n t know- ing the law, you can be of no assistance. The court has 7 no objection to your sitting upon the bar, but it must request, even demand, that you do not in any way interrupt the pro4eed- 1ngs. The court alone will deal with this matter. No interruptions will be tolerated.~ Mr. Hill persevered, and drew my attention to the un precedented and unwarrantable authority I had assumed. I admitted all and added that I thoroughly understood the responsibility, and I had weighed the consequences; that I should act as in my judgement seemed best, and I must again repeat that no interference would be allowed. That any interference • would be construed as contempt of court and will be treated accordingly. Mr. Hill subsided. {I then ordered the clerk to read the charge, and asked the p~isoner, 'How do you plead?A "one of our bus ness." I I said,- •yo are fined ·100 for contem pt of court. 6 Mr. Clerk, make the record.a The record m · de, I again ordered,-'Mr . Clerk, read the charge. Prisoner, how do you plead?- , 'oo to • ~ \ t 'You are fined 200 for contempt of court.A t ' ,__ " •~. Clerk, make the re ~ ord. ,, ' Read the charge again. Prisoner, ho o you plead?J Plead and be __ to you.~ · 'You are fined 400 for contempt of court. Mr. Clerk, make the record. Read the char e again. Prisoner, how do you plead?~ u '-r told you before, none of your ___ bu iness. • ' tc 'You are fined ·500 for contempt of court. Mr. Clerk, make the record.) At this juncture r. Hill asked if he might speak to the court privately. I invited him to the bench, ~d he said: I Your honor, this 1s an unprecedented proceeding. That you have no law for it, you yourself admitted, but I acknowledge, for the time at least, you have the power. I cannot fight you and the navy too. If you will allow me a few minutes'private conversation with my client, I think I can say things that will be of benefit to her and to the court. Of course this matter will be ult mately taken to another place.a I answered,-*Mr. Hill, if you can give this poor, misguided woman/ any advice that will lead her to see and to realize that the court is in bsolute control and will 7 continue to be so; that if she persists in her contem pt, I shall continue the fines for contempt until I have absorbed every dollar of her ill-gotten gains. (You and I know that Miss Campbell is worth fifty or sixty thousand dollars.) If she persists in her contempt she will soon find herself without a single penny and in prison besides. The court gives you fifteen minutes for private conversation with your client. 1 JMr. Marshal, show Mr. Hill and his client into m1 private office.' le At th epd of the time specified, both returned to the court,arxl.I again ordered the clerk to read the charge. "Prisoner, how do you plead?" ' The answer came mildly and meekly, 'Guilty.A l( .f_ 'rrou are fined 100 for disor~erly conduct. Your fines for contempt of court, with the 100 added for dis orderly conduct, amount to the sum of l,300? for payment of which you will stand committed to jail. In default of pay ment, you will have one day's imprisonment for every dollar's fine. d 'Mr. Marshall, remove the prisoner.; The next day, Mr. Hill called upon me and said: - 'Mr.Consul, it 1s useless for us to go into a dis- cussion of this matter. You are at present in power, and we must for the presen~ obey. My client is w 111ng to pay the $100 fine for disorderly conduct. 1 I take it that you will not enforce any fines for contempt of court. 7 C '°Mr. Hill,) I said, kyour client has seen fit to efy the court and bring about a trial of strength. It must be settled beyond the possibility of a doubt as to who 1s in command in this consular district, Miss Campbell or myself. She must take the consequences of her rash act. She took the steps deliberately and advisedly. Not one penny o~ her fines will be rebated. he will pay the $1,300, or stay 1300 days in jail. That is all, Mr. Hill. ( She remained a prisoner for forty-eight hours, then, under protest, paid $1,298 to regain her freedom, and from that time forward, a more quiet, well-behaved, law-abiding collection of unfortunates, I could not ask to have control or. \. ( Whether Mr. Hill ever reported the case to the Depart- ment of State, I know not. I offered to facilitate matters by sending anything he wished in the despatch back, but he thanked me with the comment that he was quite able to pay his own postage. My full report of the transaction went forward by the first steamer, and all. that I ever obtained in reply was of the most formal character, viz.: '-your despatch No. -- is received. Si .ned, Hamilton ·ish, Secretary of State. The gamblers were men of discretion and ere amenable to reason. They asked for thirty days in which to dispose of their belongin s. I granted it and before the period had elapsed, they had transferred their business to a more congenial and accomodat ng place. Two years afterward, while upon leave of absence, I called at the Department of State to pay my respects to Secretary 1sh. Aft er a pleasant conversation, he s aid, ~r. Consul, we received a despatch from you a year or two ago, concerning a most extraordinary pr oceeding, w hich you were called upon to take in connection with disor derly characters. You did not receive an extended reply. W e, of course, could not give official sanction , therefore nothing could be said. lature in 1840. I sat by your father in the New York legis- I knew him well. It was largely on his name that I selected you for t he consulate of Tokio and Yokohama. 7 fuen your despatch concerning these w omen came, I was much gratified that w e had some one at Yokohama who dared take responsibilities when drastic m easures were ) imperative. 1 C -p r rx . 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V' O infl uen . e ·r.r1 11c r n th · • 1-,.. t p r1. o . ~ ·e c -n ' . i ich t 1 l b ,/· the ve er· ti n ;J i t ~ t 1 of the e ' r ly consuls ingl y , thi ,: ·c -- pt ~r mll t r t lb.a • J.. n t -fo t 0 ' r· t ~o • e C C r ~avu l e , ...... t s t · m . e J 1 b 0 ~ [' 0 b • ·- 1n the po. e th~ t h - r ai mios n 0 en f u li • r t.·• tin t t t e : er f t e 0 s ) 1. • f J - n , 1 ""' 1 u r n n eu al ' v on f is c ·- t i o • i . er U -.1 , t i -or V - IJ r _- .. . n JAUTO e 0 0 n a ---1.ost (', t X C r:) ") ·' I"') u- n J n d ring r. V t . . t to e ... tent the s :~ e T c · 0 . • . t ere vl ' n ne ri e re r • Y· r ' ~ on i n • , ... c - 0 1 ug -- .. ti n n , r • 1. i r . -.) ' 7 - C. ! (-: • 1"..I J 5 i c 1 s - 0 of race ur .. re th tech rs ta ti .e Ja n , red. n e • n t .. ic ~- y to . turn no r to O• aunt J , I'' u,n .. . · . . s •• f l low le- · h 1 li.CJ f ~ ,, Ja) · n hrou .1 t e rilou r ..c i. n l : -rned t tr ot ... i - 0 t _ . s no f t 86 87 pter x. co I AL .. Th e treat y .. : t l err .,. provided consul--.: t thr e s . ,. e '• . e e . . t ·~ 0 .; .. ~c n ·· t • , - r t - Sv' t , n r - nee C - 0 t t tr .. ro as t a t le l t , t harb r .. t • lse 1 • 1. ~ C 1. V r· an ' t - ' ..., • hie t f' .!:a . . s 1. ' ..... r e r i::;L C t utv rt f li • e ' ✓ 1. n r ) ·n • e ~erry C ~ e .J... r b .,- • .,J ..... f all . . ,ti . • ~ Q l - 6 1. V r L ' r• n • "' .L .. • .._ . Jhir •.:: . d 9- i.J r l a 0 .. ' .. t I ~ r r or '.1 .. '- • ;-- e c.. r t 1.n er st t Ji t -, ,~.er 1 ·:1.ft . l e f O yi a r da+e ,,.. an ~ .,. ' \., • ' t co ( 1 \= r r te an r e dat 1 en ., ... i_ C r rto 4-. ' ~ . • ' hi · • 1 t~ t _ • t rr1.v ·n n 1 Q_ sevent · n rticle a bable rt J • e -n 1. y ' a r ticles b ble • rt .,. ·c f ~,.. .. s pr 1. •. -p • .,• r . C .l. r • tlarri r. hil t ... 1 t '.J r ...... c .... . r r t ~ od t i 1 5 ot t ct t t e - a 1 ' 11 no urc r C" ' • C r e , r fer s es . ld i 1 • C' e ' n V • • 88 brose Dun . , s o · n te ~ con ul 0 • • p e 1. I 1 70 , servin a- but f . 0 h n e in t • • c h until J . .. • 71 , t 1 1 11 r ge a ar 1 .,. ' • • - in u try · d de line ch t l1· t t e 0 t • 1. s c on . n- ued . he OTiuUl te 3hi 1 od .. '•' "' 0 ~ . ., m o t " '· ft r :'I . \ 1 lr e r l eft t t rt . t ·a. s· • f · r t 1 ·-1.r 1. r g C n u \I s J I • 0 T en 1 ) Oil .. ted • a · 1.n 1 ' t hou -} r rt f 0 ~ 1 J h • ' ·er V _, 0 y\ r , - r e • • 1 rob l u 1 - -.J • C e consul t f - . ' un er .. • 4 r -- • r . r e po r t • 1 6 • 0 ·1 ti c:, f ex ch c f i.n v 1. un Q , ... ...:i cot on 0 a for t hi h · r riced ilk ~ o \\'h i ch ere -rrorn so r u h i n Ja n . t..; QTioU .... foll • 1 ◄ 6 1. by ·-v 11 · • - 'l n um , ~ ,,ho held t il 1 .,. . ~ 1.e • ~u p un • Q port ...; erel ... unt ') nt · . r c..re · n 0 in t o t • -r , ""' e e p s 0 • v r -on v u 1·f . 0 . t ... • a v T , r n ·1 ,.,.. " a 0 a. • ' • an r • • 1 5 ~ er e -yo ... 2 ' on sul - 1 • • t • t .. 1 . s t .L:. • ~~ 1 ' ~ . 'CVS t n en of onsu.l s ur:nishe t e r· t e - r • i.J ,h f . .. . t u.rri 1 ,a n . r e 0 . r . 0 - 1. s .. _1.ft n shi • ~l 1. 0 c · -- r 0 of 1 f er t •.l f ) • r • . . s ' • s D e 1. ' 1. 1 7 s . • ' t , ' n • ~ . G. Bon on rt red • ..) • Fi l er rr · v . 1 r . off ice t re e r a en i c '• r e o C n t r d t an t \. o y -rs r . on ' s sue Sheard , Golonol.:) eh t 1 d on u re rdi follo ·e r·it inf Lt · on on e er c ~- n d o Yoko of Uolonel Sep r T. Scot ' lt u a le ..., · ~ t e r , . - . J . - ~o d t . n it n ....., Q ocs "b • 1 • ..... t r r . consul report t ' it mn ub " c r 1 rly 1, rve ' n t e ,. • e rved for Le uel 0 ' ol • t . I t ~.- .. t • 1.n d et - . ·ti -...- . • 1. :pl .. : s n t t 1 .. r ~ fi . ct . -.; ~uce or n " ur • C u a .L. \.J ..... r • t er • J ern· n s ent vol u ·nous • n a m e of t _ 1 -ce C ' n _ Jo obe tn 1 1, n r e rt tu tea ft r ........ d ·nh ,. ex ·. r ..., . ...... det ~ il re · r r eli ion of J o f ne t c n id r a. ... · n f ture • n d port t n , e lre · e ' TI • r C · D CO f ol onel he p r b en n1ention • n 1. Q_ • • d • ir to y , n e C ... e rts o .. 9 9 there - t r in hin on - 1 ' ount i r mc ti on availabl for t 1 e 0 tudy o · J 1. e • In 1 71 , follo•i g t 1 t ' lonel e r . . ' ionsul , J. od t e~ b • • hi report • ' l Q f ir hi"tory O _,..> od ( te ith n coun 0 · t s eogr - hie · 1 fe utu d ul .b of • or r rts . m C. • ·'on ul, \ • t ·o rat er ul aC l g • ""' . 1. ' I,. y into t e eli -i ous nd civil con itions of th terr itory near hi consul · te . Consul ' • B. Van and T. • Jerni n, .. , e • 1. 1 V riety of u j ., s . u on Co _ .1erce, r- d l i.rt.:> en ' • 0 s , Buren , • • esti f r , t gr c 1 ur ., u cy , - r i s er , • orts u on ... t ·on ~ :nes e Mer J. t r o t n t s i i g Inte r rete s , , 4 ic , - ilro · r C' n nuf cturer • 1. er , Japan, ~us t oms nd uties , r 6 n i tio ' · ~ t r , · 1 i te, T o o r - h , ~ o i 1 , ~, . ' n ' of hach , el1. ion ' ~due t·on ' J.J c n enure , of r -ns ort , ti.on, Lion · on e · ' of Far n Laborer .... , Culture o_ t , .iohi lier . 1 , .. • ine c rts b • c...., i:) ' .;:) 0 1. , , t r · f ~s ·on ' l - c- 0 uC n um on ' Prices, 1 axa t · on ' ercent ge C< ' l.i 0 !l rci 1 "e Commercial Relations, Co mmercial Relations,45th Conll'!lercial Relations, 46 Miscellaneous Documents, 44t Con res s Congres , 1 . on res , 1 . o .r vi. t tu - r L-1 ._ - ho '1 , .. ot • ' _ ue ' lD - - · r.ien, • ' e ' r, on n ' rm ' • • • • ... i tor o e us s . ' t 0 .,. . e , ~due ti.on,.., • In f (..l,ct tl ere ne 1 ...,te . f ' ele _ r ' to h v bv n no ~ 1th th re ~uirin of dr ily re arts, t e infer ation beca e eve ore 0 ... tan s · cific an t e same su .. s b n t~ e b is of - ate re orts . or r · ··er s r tree ~e n • r te ac cunts oft e . n r of rice •roduction in J n -i if r n con 1 . t if re t ti e~ -- ' H. 1 fi li. C • 1. t e 00 0 r i n CUL nt • 91 t a e . Slish . , .... . Elisha ~ - ~ mbrose c. ~ • ~ -~ - 1.ce John c ' r t J l • ~l . . ,. t .Ler uel Lyo Charles , ti.Ce ice Dun:n a , ,, e enr ~r v . .c;;.;,yne Thom 0 :r. UL.:;; J • Si ion . --~ C' i ence . " ~ .ti ' 0 ( r ri :1 S el a.- ' \ ' l ' t . ,\ • 0 .., 1n - tJon )ul • 1.n tj - 1 ono u l Vir . . 1n ,· c ~ u1 I<" • vO ~ C 1. e on ,ul • t o -P 1. 0 t . a --.. I e ,...,. I ¥ r n uren • an uren ~o oll - en ' e ;-.; J r s ·, o sul - en' 1 ~ TI C ..,.. - 1\. H • rr n ·re -ne 01 · rence id ~ley reathous n·a aoint a.; ~ ) J n Juie 6, 1856 - J n . 18 , 18 ~ r- . J 1 1 ~ ., , • r . 15 , 1 71 - .... 0 • ' 71 . • , 1 8 • J ne 1 ' 6 • ~ r . 16, 1 8 69 . Fe • , 1 71 - ov . 5 , 1 7 • t June 7, 1 74 . ay , 1 8 • John • Llonoul- G o ' l h1 · n on ~u. ~~ , 1 ,c,'\,, ,..J ... ._, • -✓villard ' 1. • \ ,· . · civor Uon ul- n' Io~ Tc _ ct . 1 , 8 • John • GoNe onsu - n' l in .. '"' on e ' • UO UL T' J • ctti on . i.dence . I, J • John .... Jon ul ~rlv n i c.1 J c.. n . 1 • 0 en n ' • ·, ill ie 1 ul rth 1· 8 , 18 -- • n um n r r . • 10.t nde 0 . J ul • • • t. .:, 8 , 1 ~~ n )'. w 1.r n 1. •I • J . ~r n -st • 01.ere "' o s 111 ol raa_ o 1, 1 8 5 . John . 1.:. irul1 . Con ul est Virg;int y 14 , 18 6 - i -, . H. bercrombi uonsul Jers ,fl 17, 189 _ 1.am e · • 4 • Ja es s . Do · - e ' nsul Indi n ~ ct . 2, 8 7 . . Gh' r l • In 1 , 97 • s • rr1. I) u • eo r g • "c id L'lO re on ul ,Ji con • n . rl r . 36, • u rl F . Deic 1 ·s . . Ir• 31, 19 c;n on ur .. c.;,, C, • Carleton Balrer Consul . orn • 1 ,1 14 - .u . 1. ec . - u u~ , ore • vil • 1-am yv 0 d, - , 1 r, IJOTioU - ..,. ner 1 • t . f • 1 01 . Jun 19 6- 1. ' Thoma~ ' "t c-ul- (Te er· 1 . hin ton 07 . uamr. ons a ' ea sc· . r on°u -G r C n in .:.. u - 27, 1 • - • - nsfo d s . il _ e 1 1 . nsu e r r 0 . ~ . ' • SI . · • John • Br a d ea 0 (''t u 1-Gen ral -. e ~ Yor J r . ' 18 r- D • Town e - • rr1 'on - Ge r · 1 e ,; or u • ' -- B. Br; dfrod 1 1 . • 0 s 0 n . t l · b t . . ) v • l_ ; J • • • .....- o 1. 1 on . n C • 0 ~ 1 UI, or • J ohn Do a on ·ul u.r ' t ho ·n Jul t 1 6 • J a es 'J • Davidson Con ul l i esot J une ~, 1 9 • Fre d D. Fisher Con ul re on JJ' br . 2 ' 1 4 . Jul ean H. r nol ons ' 1 · fo . Jun n 1. t • 0arl F. D ich .,n ·'onsul • i 0 • r 1. t 19 • ~a ue l a. t ul Il . i 31 19 9 • e on 1 _ n y ' ( h n ~ea . . . ansu1., 191 G) • r ' ns • n , orl m .. • om OS ) . ' 1. ' . ...:, · ~ uel e · t ul I • • 'Al 1 g . • on 1.no1. ' aol h "; .. . . ~on \.Jon...., ul ic-,t . of 01 . t • 1 1.,, 1 • I 1. 1. 0 e ' • -4 .Jd v •in - vonsul • r 5 , 1914 • • .Lev e 10 y f Jon sul r t C - n T • i .; n , 1 ) . u 1. 0 t • n , ( rl . . n) • 1. ' ""- 1 ·" .ud.·, in ·evill \onsul • 5 , 1..- 1 • 1.0 11 y • . -~ O , ( To yo) , J n . Gh r les (''t • 0 r on ul · Yor k ~pr . 16, • I '~ , ~ a c uri . (Fo~_erly D ln ) . • 1. ~01 . t ·nue ae a p' t . 5, 1 1 . 5 J • . e • on • • A , ointment . ( aria. ra) Ja n Jo n F. 10 y 'ton nul - n ' in ;) on J 1 "7 1 , 1 97 . ~ - • el 0 s ·'on ul- en ' l t shin ton ' 1 ., . .,. nry il J 0 ul - n ' J... r on 1 0( • ' • 1 on n ' l h·n . n • 07 ' 1 • cid . n -lll - n'l • • ... ov . 2 1 1 or • or • ocons1.n ' • , 1i \ nd I ' Ja n . r . Scot v to "·· rt Con · ul ·en ,1v -n· • ' • .; . ili. 1 r n e V n • ' n . 1 ' • ~ t 1 c: n "'T ·-.~.it to f-' Ul r "'t 9 ' l o r- l. ' ~ e er e·r· or u . :) . • .. . • J u ..,) t 1 I \ n 1 ,-:- e r 1 r: 1'7 1 ' • (. ' • ·' • •• v 1 r 1 , • ho J . · <.)Jn \ IJS 1 :rort \ r ro l i ct . ~ 8 r • 1. ( • ' ~noc J . um· t ers ' on · ul ,, r ,c Jtl 1, 1 • J - es • Jon 11 liODuUl e .. ; J r L, e l •. ' 5 . - 1 u a l u • L on ' n ul J r e J 1 1, • · p n . , '( am u e 0 • 0 onst l .l. e e s J1.,1 e ' 1 • .. • unt ·,on 0 1 rth G rolin - • I'' r 1 1 r .... . ' • John - · , ~ul v- e · t Vir • • Jun .. ono r '- s 0 n • ' • ( .,. • "'on 1 '. . n s i Jun or I C1. _or 1. S • • ' vid. I · 1 er ' n 1 e ·. • or { u j.J 7 ' • ~ • • . .., lor .e t • t . ... .l.: • • 0 1. 0 0 • • • • Griffis, W • .r.;. The ikadors ire 7th ed. 1906, --- arper and Brothers, •• Griffis 1 . ~ . Townsend Har ri the to Japan, he acmil l n - Gubbins, J.R. The Progress of Oxford press, 1 11 • t • • meri 53-18?1. Hildreth, ichard, _J_a_p_an _ _________ i_s A.c. c Clurg, Chic go 1906 Jones 0.1. The Consular ervica of the U ited ates Published . y t e un · e of n •, hi Longford, J. H. J the J nese Schribners , N •• 191 • Masaoka, Nayichi, _J_a_p_a_n_'_s _______ t_o _ _ e _r_i_c_a_ G • . • Putna!TI • • nd ondon . M urdoch, J mes, History of Jap n 2 vol. he econd collabora tton .. i th ,Yama ~urraTT , J mes , he ~tory of J G. • Putnam, N. • 1894 . t he en t he '! t ad p "} • . n tes Nitobe, Inazo, T he In t ercour e ·---------- ana Ja.E.an J ohn • 0 _,... 1. re s , 1 1 . American s uad11on to JaE n and t e China as . ubl ished nder t e u er on 0 • • n. ppelton and uo. • . ' 18 5 Uyehar ' ~tsuj ro, . he 0 ·t 1 e lo .., n n 1 8 utton ,~ . • 1 mo - 1 ~ditorial; Two Great Americans, Literary D1.ges_!, 9; 162 , Jul 26 , 1914 • .,) ~, ~ditorial; H •• Dennison, meric n Advi r to Japan. · Outlook,107: 634-5, July 1 , 1916 . • JohnoOD, E . R., ,arly i tory of onsul r erv oe. Political cience ruarterly, 13: 19- • United States. Senate Documents, 35th Congress, 2nd e • Vol.~, P• 74, vashington, 1859. United Sta•as. ~xecutive Doc umen s of the ouse of ep- • resentatives, 2n es ., 36th on res , 01. 1 , Part II, P• 182, ' sh1.ngton, 1 61. United ~tates. ~xecutive acumens of the ouse of Representatives, 37th Con gre , 3d Sas. Vol. 1 2 , Part II, p. 240-42, ,a hington, 1863 . • United States. ~xecutive ocuments of the House of - · - ----------------- rtepresentative , na ~ongres , 2nd Ses. Vo1. 18, P• 861-875, Jashin ton , 1872. United States. ~xecutive ocu.ments of the ouse of Representatives, 43d Congress , 1st Se. Vol . 1 , P• 779-818, ·, ashington, 187 • United States. Executive acumen ·s of the ouse of Representatives, 44th ongeess , 1 t s . Vol . 1 , art I, P• 1 81-1116, hin t on, 1876 . United States. Executive of t he ouse of epresentatives, 5th ongre , 2nd ~es . Vol. 2, P• 682-715, \ashin ton, 1878. 7 United States. ~xecutive Documents of the ouse of Representatives,46th Congress, 2nd es. Vol. 25, Part I, P• 841-859, 'ash in ton, 1880. U~itou ~t~tdS• Mi~cellaneous Dov of the House of Representatives, 49th ongr , 1st es. Vol. 4, No. 71, ashington, 1887. United States . ~xecutive ocument of the ousa of epresentatives, 42nd Congress, 3d Ses. oc. 168, w- ashington, 1873. United ~tates. Foreign Rel tions, 37th Congress, 3d es. :Part I II , p . 92, ,· sh · n t on, 1864 . United ~tates. _S_t_a_ t_ u_t_e_s ____ r _g_e, 41st Con ress, d ~es . !Jh. 194, ' washin ton, 187 2. United States . Foreign Relations, 2nd on res , 1st es. Ch. 17 2, ,· shington, 1 7 • United States. Senate ~xecutive ocument , 4th ongre s , 1st Sas . o. 48, ·i ashin t on, 1 75. United Jtates . Miscellaneous --------------------- Rep re u en tat iv es, th Congress, 2nd. es. Vol . 1 • p. 7 i5-7 3 , ··a. h~ngto?l, 1 5 . United States . Treaties and uonvention uonclud the United ~t es of and o ers since July 4th, 1776, ,, shin ton , 1 •
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Read, Wendell Phillips
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Our consular service with Japan to the abolishing of extra-territoriality
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History
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1917-06
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08/01/1916
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08/01/1916
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