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The Liberian republic: the development of the nineteenth century experiment in government
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The Liberian republic: the development of the nineteenth century experiment in government
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C THE; LIBERIAN REP BLIC THE: DEVELOP]✓-ElJ'I OF THE 1 IN. lTEE . TH CElJTliRY EXPERiliIE T IN GOVER ENT. A THESIS PRE SE TED TO THE DEP ARTME.L T OF HI STORY UNIVERSim OF SOUTHERN CALIFOR 'rIA, l3Y DIANA BRALAH !cNEIL. - ay , 1910 , I 1ili • 0 CONTENTS, J d 1c 1 on . rinc· al · 1 t oriti:... s •....•...•.••...••••• . . t I I I t t • t I I I • I I I t I I • t t Cha t.,, I . Genesis o .... o oniz ion . Acti n o Fed . .,, a l Go •~.L • e n t ~ 11 i 11 . s .-- ~e y - o t l1.., ;v si t a ion - e s o th ~ac+·o · r st s o L1 c ~ \ s t h C l oniza in id~a - F ot n · o t · e Briti~ co any ie _a L ona - Antion h e Vi inia e isl t e - .L. Co 1 on · z at i c . n So c · r:~ , " - " C o on 1 z at on So c i ,et y" r ani z d • • • • , • • , , • • • • • • • • , , , , • • • • 4 C ,- • t.1 I • T F i . st s t 1 :..nlr n v • 0 at i n ills a nd Eur eee - F dv · a ac on colo nizat· . en i a .t s Dis on n - J. n~e - 11 5 d • o · 1 2 ( .. nc o_ I I - xp a l n - Colo n y as a li 1 ed ·t Ca e es rad - J ...,}llld • · As to ~ - F C ti, 0 t ~ - s t t - 0 ., f · cts ~iJh + ~'1 ..., n·tive a - Pro de nti .,· i n ervent.'o r s _ ta in o p..,a"'e, •• • , ••••• ••••• ••••••••• • • •• 1 II e Colony o · Lib r: a . Heroi se v.' ces of Ashm..tn - Gurley" s mis ~·i on - .L he Colony - l ' d - Co di ti ons at of Ashmun'a ag ncy - Agcncv of ... ecl1lin - Report of 1837 1 - n d e~ ):3 d · nt c t i on of Auxiliary Soc.:.st,i, ... s - For a i of t Com o n - h O f Ll . b '...) 1. · a e e I I I I I • • t • I t • e e t t I I t I t I I t t e t I t t t t t t t t I 33 Nevv r e sti 6 \J o.f th colony - · nc ..L : .., a d c o.rm · .c e i n pal.tn o · 1 occ · s i o .. . s ri t · sh ao- r~ssio - Rest s B c h nan ' s dmi .1 . t · ation • di f • r" lti t 3S 0 - l s wit ce - Br · t s.J. me }1 n ' f C s - toms re . u l at · ons - At t ~ 11de 0 Grt3at ri tain - Inquiry int t 0 • L . .J.. orced s s 1 • ~ria - e < to a s e t aut nom - n da ) vnd:..- nc e decl. :J.r • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 45 Cha t v. d C 0 y . c· e of t_ s T.) '· .. t e . ... io - p rJ> O e o· t v ! Ve , p -: i se - id 0 ro · h f colon - Confli t it Ki 6 Fr~ e... n -· 1,1 i i ..., o · 11ddp Jnde 1ce - di s aet ·l s e obo s - ar· ~nd · am · t e ·nto th Re - blic • • • • • • • I I t t I I I I t • t t I t I t I I • I I I t I • I t 54 C apt .,r VI. • The Re p blic of Li b r·a (1848-1870 ~. Si nifican ~ e oft e Republic - c} 1n ~ y f o e - me n \J - Probl 1 em f i nte .n · tio nal stat s - r si- dent oberts' vi it to Libe ia - In e na ., on d i .) · on - Le a d i11 0 policy of n .... 1-v adrni nistration - Fi . st bo1 1n · ry di - oute - E rrl usseii's co cessi o - Fl st Liberi ·- Comrniss · n - C · n s e t o o 0 1 o c on s .... rvatis - Po o Entry L a, s o 1865 - . l. 0 r · can. 1n - terest - Andes n s • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • .. ..... ... e I . The l i o f L . . ( 187 e· , l e l - • • 1/hi g s c ome i nt .P - r 1., 0 CO f 18 7 - P r .... s i - da nt oye's po l C t · 18 7 - oyet s des otic a. t · s - p o " a ni f~ sto " 18 1 - - a f' eas -- I c · • l !l - e o · c.., o a "' e - Di s a.st · r o -'-' vent i on o · r an ves s 1 "C· 1 s ' - ·f t Con- 881 - tor~ n - ti i on s or s den · r e · t ion - r c c a i 1n 0 y ,.. r ·v i n e" li · r a t n d an " . ~l - - t:> .. count i n al 0 ~ " - ..., ad· 1s L n 1 ., 0 M o · n 0 M, 18? . .) s ,..., n .. . i s h r · - 1 o- 0 l C • t,::; '.J V _a - a n a r . ... 1 4 - ti a m, ..., v - III s a e of 19 · 4 - 0 ., re ay, · r~sa t - xec.1tive - Co sti t t · onal 0 19 7 •• , ... • • t •• • • • • • • • • I • h Pres nt ~risis, u .)st ion of 1 navi Gat:L on of · a o F. i ver - ., i ...-tire of .anre ah n - .Iov, ar 1T ent a e · or , s t o inc ~ -· e. rev enue - oan of 19 5 - t s conseq _Gnca s - ut ~oritat·ve I act · on of n g l ,:1. .d - tinl i'- 1fu.l co 1_r se of . n-aj or adel - :J bassy to t T ni .1 ta ., s - ..,, om.r is ion o a )point ed Tn . . o..t ~ onrovia of - 1r r'""'c ep.., 1 on - ~ · por .. .. • . 1 r .. t h .A,. . lJ ~ o.rru .. u s ~1 o - a · n 0 OV i."'T- v - in· - I - ci a,l sit u.· on - :Li ~ ia s ent·l probl· .., m - e ...., most adv · 1t 0 eo u s s o 1,1t i 0 i ~ri a' s p ( ., sent :)Q - sition .. ..... ......... .... ,, ..... . t I t I t t t • i b~ria , t . _ e smbodi1nent of specifi c pr i ;J , 3s - ts ·1..t 1o se a s am .... ·n s O! repre ss ·n 0 sl · ·~er - s a op-- - anda o · Christia. n ~ li 0 11te ... - s a oss · o .., o t - l .... "'" o - Alndrica.t1 pop1.1 l a,tion - r at · o v si nifi - c ··nc e ~ . ., 0 ,. - Outlook or b ••• t • A endix I . ent s d r!r V of Li b ria . I t i Ct I \ • ' t • • ••• di .. · I , + ,· , I '- lie of i a •• • • t •••• t a e 9 · 1 7 12 App ndix II • xtracts f r om t e eclcLrat i n of nd t ~p ndenc e .•••••• , •••• P reambl ~ t o t r e ~onst i tltion ...••. .............. , ...... . iblio raphy . t , ( I I t I I I I I I t I t t t t I I I I I I t I I t f t I t t I I 6 I I I t V Page 129 134 135 Intrducti on. Ther~ are three chiaf mat :1ods employed in th treat m-.i t of history, 'the e m.1: iric al, t he critical an d t he onst r ctive. The first relates history simply in the li 6 ht of re orded events; the second investi gates t he alidity of the reco - e; the thi~d studi e s the events in the rdl · tio. of a.use and effect. The pree:H~nt article ~Jill endaavor t co. m i · e t ne first and third of these methods. From this view- point, we may define the bistor. of a country as an acco·unt of t h e chan i 1 0 orm in t e acti i i t of its peOJ)ls. So many, ho\vavar, and so i ntricate are these acti vi ti es, th at it often verges on an impo ssi bili ty to an a a _1se and e-Pfec t and de - termine what causes are t:e mo · potent . The problems v.~ich ,.tim our atten · n a P histor . .,r can furnish no analo y . The ve y i ncep_ tion of t e colony of Liberia and t .e ideas and pr · ncip ~ es e odied t herein, are points ~ v hich make it pec1..1 iev" in t e · s t y o r the world. It is t he writer's ende· or, neve t , 1 cs to wei gh c a,refulljr all considerati ons, in the bal-- e f meagre· data v1ere availal:-le . Judgment of vent mu t e or , a .. nd can onl:y be based 1.11 0n t e reco .ds kei:t , and stibseq nt interpretations tl1ereof. As the subject of thi s t 11esis i s on.a VJhicl1 has yet to be treated compre ensi~-e :l the 1 resent 1 di scussion ie linited to a rapid su rvey of events in the ... e ent 1 sstt s which have no"N· foc11ss d an eyes upon t cou ry; and it mu needs be res rvedly th.at h ·ri t r e t rs in o h m e of unsettled and per1 axin conditions in an atte t to ehow the position of t The "Hi st oY'y o .rP African Co o · zation " has ur is e t mo st extensive data for t.hi s artic e:, on the est ab i a, } e t and deveiopme t of the colony of Liberia until the found~- t ion of the Republic . In addition to thi magazine con buti ns and t 1 e i storica t.reat · e i t e Stu.di e s of job Ho,pkins Unive sit :er found oat val ab e , Fo i formrtion on subse:u nt history the writ~r is reatly in~ t d to th scl1olarlJ' pro du ti on of Sir Harr Jo 1na on, Viho w"aa made Gold f o his xt nsive scientific research a ·n Libe i~ and adjoinin W t Afric a~ terri orr , Sir Jo nston is to be e for is clear an strai ht for~ ard p se tati on, shov1i impa ia i t 2 even t o his o,vn ov rn et . Con+ ·buti s to periodic~ls ave formed the so e basis of the stu~v of con ,e porar,., vents a d the cou.ntry ' s p ese t critic al i tuat i o • Amo n th se ere found especi --= 11 r va tia.1:•le . i thei • i- an co ,pre ensiv·e 1 . the articles by W alte r F. W a k Pro • t ht~ ciam, r, e ·o 1 Colle of West Afric . Li 1,eri a · r, G or Sal me e J. a - , ber 01 the Commi ion r c 0 ntly s~nt to i ~ v ti gate L · 11 conditions; and by Ed Fo V'lhO t man 0 1 I of study in Lib ia, and was an eye-i:-1i tn ss of many of h.e eventa w ich p cip·t-t d the rs nt c~ieis . The volumes of the "Liberi a. and West Af'rico." and t e "Han dbook o Liberia" publi sl1ed i n t e Republi , v1ere like,~i. ee inval ~ab e in af f ording a knowle dge of local sentim nt and opinion on the pr sent situat i o • 3 CHAPTER • Gen si f th Idea o~ Coloniz,ti o • At the openin of the Ni n et enth C ntury, t h.e Amerio an govarnn1.ant Vias b ein confronted by one of t he ravest and most difficult. prob ems it had or has ever met ti.th in its history. Ever sine its establishment on American soil, t h e instituti on of slavery h ad been a sub ect of muc controversy . And now, with the achievement of inde de ce and t e esta - liehment of t h.e R blic the inco atibility of the exietin insti ttlti n · th th princi . le underlyin the ne- w overn ment, became mor an d mo e apparent. At t he time o f the framin 6 of t h e Con tituti on, r f ren e wae made to the so utio of this problem. But the many dif ficu ties att~ndin t h e fo,1ndin of t h ove rn nt ade it necessarr that a co · se be ent ed upon or he sake o~ maintaining the unity of the inf ant nati on then stru glin in to existenc~ . The conc~asion m&de in t his o pr mise by the North, whe r e: con sci Anti ou.s activity had b en mo mani fa st, was, th at no acti to'rlard the rep res ion o f a aver:) would be taken by the government before he expirati on of twenty years. Li tt.l did tbey appr end the rave conaecuen f this action, As soon, therefore, a e i t could be done con ti utional y, Congress paaaed an Act on a cl 2, 180 rh r b t h e impo ta- 4 ti on of slcves va tri ctly· prol1ib·t, d. By the same m as11re, cruiser s ere o d r d to u ·· rd t h~ coasts and prevent the con- tinuance of the traffic• whi :. heavy fines an.d p nalti wer fixed fo t he trespassing of this ordinance . Nop ovi aion, h owever,was made for the care of the recap ur ed sl~Yee, or p r s ons smu gled into t he count y . They v rere left st1bj ect to the. lcLW o ..o the: Stat e Vihe in landed; a circumstance which led t o m t:cl1 profit to pirate· ship s an d underhanded dealers, an.d to untold abuse: and ill treat rn nt of the unfortunate cap tives. Thro, hout the ort ... , the str nuo .e effort to aboli sl1 s lcLvery had resulted in the adop ion of legislative- mea t1res havin . as thei object, t he radual xtincti on of sls .. very; while in some fei States, a s Ver ont and assachusetts, pro visi ns r1er made for ,he inun diate abolition of s aver)r . In t his anner , there grew up a lar -e class of fre e _ Jegroe:s throt ou the laITTd, a class isolated fr om ·11 others, de spised and oppressed . Even ·n non-o s~eholding Stats, t he baneft1 in lt1 nee of existing pr ju dice depriv d t h em p ac tical :l of a 1 i ht s, Every· 11h e they ~ rer de ied c · il privilege s accorded others o f even inferio stati on· 1-rere taxed and compe d to co ri ute t o the re sourc sofa country which gave th m o p r o cti on; with no ave ~ . u:) of im- prove ent op to them o n1eana of elevatin their condi ,ion . In every rs ect t he free Negro wa like a mall tre under t he shade of ct. lc 1..r o --his whol nat r · dwarf d, his b st 5 5 aspirati ns cl1ecked . If, even in the face of t ese odds, he succeeded by n ati · abilit.}', thrift and ambition t o rise above the level of l'1 i s fello rs, a.n e,terna barrier exc uded hin1 from all that weal t h and edi.1cati on procure· for their possessor in otr1er circumst nces ,.n.d environment . Ever:ythin conspired to wound his pride, his self-res~) e ct, and che· ck llis nat1 1ral am iti on . Henry Clav, in an add ess before the Co l onizati on Sociaty, fittingly descrie d , 1 co di ti on in t h e f 1 1 o~in wo ds : 0 " er · 1vi nc · 1 , ~ - r j dice a et of t he soc · at y f t h e b et e c u de t ~ m f om t hee - .,l s e s and hm a ~ t h e dva~ ta ~s of a d.L · s s i on . T b e~old h t il ~h t e e nen . an o al ant s ho, ev evote, C n S vCU e t hei y h , :.1a t 0 -- ~ 11t and onsta .t l y • a i be t .l v 1 h i c l1 he r e ~he :;" can never en oy . • In all t h e wal~ s of soci ety , in eve y oad Nhiuh li ~s r ..., ot .. ers o ono . ~~ , a m ~al i nc~b~ s plr sue s ·nd , . . th ene ies f t e ao1 1 , an d e- p · s sing every 5 an-· o a emot · on , d , u d alJ e am i t i on . The i cond· · on o s e than th t o ... the f ab.ad Tant 1,1s v1ho col l n ver g , - s o the , it s ·nd Vl W h i h se em eve ni th- • • his reach . Th this i n 0 C · nhe avi t y t • na.t om any , .,: n ep n - but f r !n t 11,) i . unf r ~ n at - it l l ~ ion . Soc V / n h ch e Jr om~ t d o · ,t i yby 0 OU thy c nnot obtai as al . 1 0 not p • 1:ng onst · tu.ti on i~t rco the nrop in he r s is ti s tt r a forced to resort t o t he slat · s · nd the ost debased and worthl3ss of the 1;vhi 9s. Cor.r1-1ption and al t he train of 1 petty offenc e are t ... 1,3 consa q e_ ces." It is no cai..1.se for w r1de r , then, 't.hat su h co ndi"" ion s brdd mucl1 di sco11t ~nt amon 0 t em n 3. t w ich pro-n1pt . _,d i11 s _ ~ c t ·.ons, t m o s an s ch onspi rac.:.es a s t hat of Ric l1mond in 1800- which stigmat zed the freet. Negroes as "dan 6 er 1.1a and tro1 b 1 3:s e class." But it also had othe ( it C se ~ -- l .1 1. 1.e ap ~hen sion of tne sl va- ho l ders l •3S. ~hei axat.:jle e oll we by t .., sl· , ea, and hence b ecame a m-·ttte me ~n of checkin 0 their i nfluence u. on thei fe lons in bonda 0 S!; (2) it arol1sed p11b ic sentime . t an.d bro, , -:>h t t ,.~ at t Qntio of ben~ ole_ t and c.1,on i ·3ntiou s pe sons to tn..., · deu o able st te i fl the view to find s ome -smedjr and ... ameliorat · on of the: condi t · on. Th e s · t 10 moti 1es wer ·t..hose und~- yin t h m re1 nc3nt f o onization . Let us no~ investig te th.e earl i 9st so,.trcea, t h e first inc e t · n of t he ide~ w}1ose realiz . · nn reau t • ~ . ·n colonization . At the c ose o the Ei hteen~h Centi V t ere ar se a -r projects \Vhi h, tho 11 1 unr~l te, bor., m re o. 1 , ess di dct y upon, an con+ ibute a me t t 18 "O hi h l . at e d 1 Alex· nder, 7 8 1 Th , earli ast f t s ., _philanthropic in motive, rune fr m New En 1 nd, and rado ica as ·t may sa , fr m th once notorio s otbed of sl ve Y, Nevvpo ' Rnode Isl·nd. Dr. Samuel Hopki 11s of this ci t)r, t en a w· de y kno n thaiologi a 2 writer, becarn da eJ~Y . ~~ ssad it h t h : iniqui ·ty of he 1mp slave trade?. Fu I he , c n s i de ation of this inj 11sti c e1 br u ht upon hi1n t e nv1ct.1on th t e:par t · on w s d J Africa f r the injuries 1n lict ed upon har peop e. As arly as 7?3, h thus conceived the i aa of a miaaionary anterp ise, a pan of edt1cating some p . ._, s ns o can d scenv for h pu pose of civilizin 0 and e angel.zing thei nati eland. After cons~lta- -+-. • '" h D E .., 1 on "Nl. ·"'.4 r • zr Sti · 13s, pasta at President of Yal, ar an 0 e ents we r ~ made forte ed1cati on of two African youths at Princet n, Nelf J~rsey. uch popular in- terest was a 1 s d n this sc_ em~ thr uh the effo te of t hese two men. Correepon nc a wi, the Scotch Soc·ety forte Pro- mot·on of Chri stia Knowl~ ~ nrocu ed them val1a 13 finan- ... cial aid, rhich wi .,h the assistan ce sec11red at home, ana .led them to place th~ youn en unddr s i-ta"' le n t 1 1ction . Every- thin pointed to vh e s1cceas of t h proj~ct , when the sudden ot1tbraak of th- Revolutionary Vlar fr at ated the: ~Nhol! pl n. Althou h the i nte est in h ...., plan · as ~vived ·ft th 1 Alexander, Hist y of African Co onizat , 48. McPharso , Hrst .. y f Ia, Johns Hop s Un T~rsity Stitd· es IX, o. 10 . 2 , He aft --~ v· de l r in· tad t 1e s rstsm t~ r .n d "Ho ki11s ani " • t th lack of funds cat1sed :, e ma t tar to be dis on in 1€:3d. It is nte estin, ho ~ve r , o note at one of t ~e m- n i n ex- tr .... me o d · 6 e was pr· vile 0 ed • rdt,1rn t h i native 1 . nd as on o~ the i r st emi bran+s to th colony of Lib -ria . 1 The second so11 c of the idea wae the Briti sh philan- t h r pie mo1l31 _ ent of 1789 . Afte t h e eel "' rated deci si on of Lo rd ansfie din ~ 11.'"' Som. ~r set case of 177 .. 2, many slaves ook refu: e i n t}1e British arJ ny and navy , while ma y o 1vher s es cape d to En land. H re t e y congreg at~d in t~e c·ties in hop ~le ss poverty ~d i er . Ponular s entiment Naa soon .. si U' ti on . Willi m Wilber o oe, who had b)r succe asi e: measure s i nt ro duced in Parli am · t, succeeded in olt aining t h e pas · 0 e o~ a bi 1 pr hi i tin t e im~O- '"tation of sl , 3a i 3t o t ... e Briti sh co :>ni9? s, no '!, directed A s ener i9 s toward securing t e eman i · a ion of tho se wno en1a·ned in slavery , and e et anli shin g a colon .. fo then1 and . ' the f u 0 itives . In h i s mo,ement fl ~ rec e ·v d t he coop ati on of many r m ... 1, Jnt men, amon 6 t h Granv i l e Sh rp and Thoms Cl ·· r s • Thr · h t hei com i 4 ad anter.rise and philanthrop y the colony o Sier a Leon~ on+~ est coast of Africa was f ounded ·n 178 , a n d f our~ n drd d Neg oes nd s i x Eu op ans e r . ., nded as t 1e i r st colonis s. This firs attemp a am st firs e ! gr o at d. A t 1 Al , His t h d me r a ya ha dfu o hes~ Si in or- can a Inde) n denc \;, , 1 6 jr of Afr· a,n Coloni zati n, 45 . 9 10 who had fled to Nova Scotia vere removed t hrou h Bri ish agenc y t o Freet ov,n i.n Sier Leone·, Later in 1800 , some . aro ons v1ere landed fr om Jamiaca an d 1,200 emi £tr ant s from t h e Baham.as. Otht!r reinforc ments followed, the colony rapidly grav, in size: and prosperi ty, when 1n 1807 th~ cou try was made a Briti sh co lony . Ano t11 r ff o t, thou. individual, 1 s w ·orthy of m,.,ntion , - that of Paul Cuffe~, a e roof African and In dian desce nt . Nothing is kno ~n of e earl)' li &- as it ·as spent in compara- ti ve obsct,.ri ty·. Throu h his native ab li t y a nd thrifty in dustry, hO','ev~r , h.e so on rose to a position of wealth and r - spectabili t y as a pro spero .s m rc l1ant and shipo ,ner . Th e es tabli ehment of Sie r a Leon& in 1789 filled him i ha desire to ai d his oppr sse· d brethren around him, a .. nd for thi s purpo se he off d free tranaporta on t o thos ho mi ght ish to emi- grate: to the navv co ony , Some f orty _ Jegro<¼s wer thus gi v n passage, in 1800, from Boston to Freetown, Sierr Le one, in his own vessel a nd at his o, n exp en ··e, The next year prepara- tione had all been co l et&d fo he conveyance of oth~r paesen- gers, 'Nhen Cuffe e ' s sudden death ended the whole project . Al t hough this ·as an. individ11al enterpri ee , 1 is notev1orthy a s t he f irst effort which r esult din the actual transportati on of free Ne,gro ~e from Am~rican '-!oil . 1 The thi d project had i t e ori gin i n t h e South 1 and th ugh 1 Alexander , History of African Colonization , 61 . Haven, America in Af i a, North American, C XV , 517-529. less e nt r ' proved to be more. potent and far-r~a h 1 in i•s · mmediate s~ ~s . Gradu· 1 n.ci .,, at ion , as w ha had with it man· attendant vil • The s1bjact of t h e dis posal of the li be rat .,d slaves in sucJ:1 a mr nner t hat wo t1 d ob vi ate th,3s dif iu lti , 3s, 1 1o"v enga ed tne ea nest attention of ldading polit i cians. It raa or he conside ation of this 11 prob , 3m t at the L';) i slat 1 f Virgin a met in a secret sea in on DecemlJer 31, 1801 . The decision agret3d u.>o n was t_ .e r ., mo-ral of t 11e free tJgroas to som~ p ace v v h er..., their infl11ence '"II0 1 1ld not be exert .~ 011 t~ose of tnei . uch dis ens~ n arose:, 11.o '~v ~, over t l1e lo~ality 1 Nhich v1ould prove no ,t suit abl1 3 r thi p oj ect, First, tn~ West Indias, St, Domingo and So.1th Amer·ca wer \ a1 1cces ively propos, 3 as poss ble sites for coloni'1:ation, b .t a prolon ed debate: rc~- s~1lted ·n t l1.eir di.~ · , iss 1 s undesi abl,a, Then fol vie t 11.e proposition , presented by illiam Crai ead, or the considera tion of the sc,nt~y purchased a rit rv of Louisiana for t he colony. Many opini on s , re f ·)rv:,a de in favor f the ocali t · , but t1e t110 arguments, (1) t1.at t r1~re \Vould esult the comp i cation of a government ·rithin a go ern e t, and (2) that w· gro vth ,.. .d e ~pansi n, t hi s terri · o y wo 11 b n 3ca~a ry for the United States, dec; ded th~ issue. rt no ~ vV seem·3d "" 1 1at t h e Afric · ~ Continent \Vas 1 1 o 1 y lo 0 ica place, and with t is in i 1d, a re so 1t · )n vvas d awn p t o t ... 1e e.L f ( ~ct t hat, "the ov- erno (of Vi ginia) be -lvS .,d t co r dsp nd •~i th t h e Pr"'s.i- dent o. tne Uni ed S tea n the s bj act of p 1 c l1 a i g lands - i ho1.1t e 1 !.lli t S O f th tate, ~ithe p s ns obno ·01s to t e la . -s of t ma l and or dan eroue tote p~ ~ce of cociety 1 .. n e sued bet en P r si- 12 .An i nt r : st -' n corr.:,s .on d ne e dent Je ers n ~n d Gov rnor onro , ot ... o f w. omv,er disot~ d t o co str .e t ~ move ent i n a broader li ., .L. t a ere ee- ta ,li · nt of a penal colony. I n their plan s t e provided for a s1..1 · ta 'le repar ator-y edu.c ati on for t _ e colonists be- fo re b.:in g t a · Jorted. e nu b ;r of i mmi __ ":>rar ts al so ·Nae only to e r a.dU ' lly incr r S ~ a s t 01 set l ..,rs er r ~ fi to asf;i mil a .. te ·_n d C r 0 'h :) - ..L ....,, en r iv a l ci 0 ~e c olc y . · rds t h o lcc(;i, l, . on o f colo . . d.....,- r · - ~ Y, l .ca r1 ca ia s ci d t o , i seem~ d but n u... t r al .L.. a t S ... 10 ; 1 t n 0 t h~ n 1 co ony of i ·>rra L one r , som ..__ p ; } r si mi 1 rt.I' mo e 1 nt. e pr · sident' s at. t p 0 se- a, c11r 1 ·~tn d o f t e col 11.f' ho · r met ail - an f r- ' ' t h - .:.r . t h e rho ~ t V . k in J. sco a e C~ l. r Sl a.di 1 h t . ini ,.. i anc • C e n e l. c~ - • of 8 mpt 1 d b, ely enti,... e 1 , n · s pr me p 1 co sid ... ra i on s "th· i r . . ob· ~c t 0 et rid or mm, l. ,.. e v,as 0 h e r_ oe s ho co i d e red s not only se ss r s of ociety, bu~ · s exerciein a v~r p - ni cio; s i nflu- 2 nee 011 he lE .. V S " ... . or a p.) io 0 ao o t fifteen yea s, tr.. s r S :> co ce·· n • ' 2 . - d 13 It wae not until 181 1 5 that the matt~r w· s dis losad wh n General Charl9s F 1 3nt n Merce accide ntal y came u~o n t _ 1. ecords 1 of the secret session s of 1801-1. So • ell had t~e sec ec~ ~ regarding them bean a.intainad t at, a -thot1 0 h Gen - .,ral _ erc .. -!r had for six years been a member of t e Hou e of Del,Jgate!s, he was i!l. total i 0 noran i.d of their existence. But his i ta ·~ was at once ar \1sed, h n on nvest ·, at ion he sacu.1 dd fu kno ~ vledt,e of the corrd a·) nde n ee· bet we ~n onroe and Jeffers n . His iuunediate dst~ rminat on waa to brinr the e t · e mat t e befora the neYt La b · slatu ~, and in so doing, es:pe iall:,,· avoi d sacracy, to which h att ibuted the ail~~ of th o i ·nal plan. Acco r d · n ly, at h e Lagi slati v e session of D c~mb'--r 181, 5, fa.ction, " ~ ;.i unani1 nously adooted b both o 1ses. Ha i n 0 se- action w· s t he publ sh i nb o p rhle s · ~ d ~h us of ~ve y bli t envion co uld be dra1n conside ation of al ph ses of the colonization pro .&. e c · • In the msa ti ~e, t here Naa i~ pro . resa in t h e orth, anot1er movem~nt w ich wae destined t unit the inpetus and infl1dnca of t he v rio s po acts oft e past to dacadvs, and result in t ha form~tion of a defi ni a or anization which would ina ly r~al iz~ their ai n . Thro , the influenco o Sa ua J. Mi e, who had r9cantly be n ins~ ~manta in the 1 Ale x· 5. estatlishm· nt oft .. America.n Bibl Soci ty and th.e Board of Fo eign issi ns, Dr . Robert Finle partici p tea in a sc 4 eme 1 for colon.izati on bet·N en Ohio and tbe reat Lac s . But a c ar ful stu,d.y o.., t _t.. situation led the t vo to cha · e t eir desi gn to one of colonization in Africa . Wit h is cl1arac t eris ic zeal and nergy, Dr . Finl y lr bo e d inccss ntly for this cause, ndinD..,ce n1 rl816 ·a sccessflinas . emlj __ at Princ ~to1, the first public eeting hel · to co nsider the colon.izati on of tr~ free e gro s . The m:jetin v1as att nded wi h evid nt envr1 ~ siasm and fav r o"'· the proposi i on , En- cour aged, but not c~nt · n~ w·th . 1.J nifestati on alone , Dr • Finley det > min - d up on a mis ~ . n to Washincaton, fo the u ~ - po s of laying tbe lan. of his he rt b fore p ominent men of t}at ci y . His arrival t here , Dece ~ r 21, 1816, occurre d nth o , } r's ende · vo s, publi c se n · im nt a ed h i ~h in f av of colo izati on . T s 14 e cooperati on o many, among whom ier his special frie ~ds, Elias • Cald 'ell ad Francis s. Key . The co ,bin·:..d effo ts of hi s zeal ou.s trio re su.l d in t ~ :.) conve _ i g 01 t .e no ~al,le assembl:t o f Jan lar'3' 1 , 1817. At thi~ m~e in were pr s nt emi nent m from many Stat s, gath::)r~d to e x· .. in~ and discuss the pro 1 m hich v,ae t hen sou g nt in i ,s demand fo a s olu i on . Henry Clay pra - sid ,d o :) r h n1 e n , a .. n d i n elo c. nt terms se o t t e purpose J.: t :t ov me t. "There is , " he r'"' _ rked, "a pee 1li a.r J a i t i n ~ • 15 moral fitness in r to ~ing t · se p ople to Africa, ~ if in- st~ad of th vils w have he~ inflicted upon them, we can t ans · to Africa th"" blee.sin 0 s o o .r arts, ou civilization and our re igion, ma:v .. v ' e not ho Je th· t km rica ·ill xtin uish a great po t ion mo al debt which s _ :.') h a s contracted to 1 that un ortunat con i n c:;nt?" Charles Cald·li ·ell, th~ Secretar r of the meet in , mad an ela o ate plea in v~• hi ch h ~ r vealed the inconsistency of slcwer and oppr s ion vith the princi ples of lib ty in he esta ieh d gover rnent , in suc1 rords: "This clasC! o p a~ e a a man ment of re roach to t r ose 1 fo n d - SM ... d princi jl E· o · civil lib rt ti on of a 1 our in i t u in. Su- y Am~ricans ou ~t o be t h .., la t peopl~ on arth to advocate eucl1 slavi eh doct n s, to cry peac e and content m nt o tho 2 privileges of ci il liberty." Othe ape ches fo o ed, 8 o ~ in 6 th'"' ex edi ncy o.nd practicahi i t y· of h e proj act from the stC\,n d oint of x - n e an d location , vrhil~ oth r s, a.,mon t hem Jolin Randolph of Virgini a, a.n d Robert wr ·g1 t of land, de t pan the desirab·11 y of enhancing th value of prop rty 3 in slaves by the r mova of th free egro. This e .. , .orabl ! meeting v1as fo lowed by a second the next week, clt whicl1 tim they organize d th.emselv·~s i .to the "American 1 Alexandr, Risto y of African Colonizati on, 80 , 2 Ibid . , 84 , 3 Latimer, Europe _:_g Afr· ca in the· 19th Cent v.Iz, 310 . Society of Colo.nization, n and ado pted a consti t1.1tion. The first two articles only of this consti t tltion, dea ,vi th the objects of the Soci,etJ', stating: "Art. I • This Society shall be called the American Soci , sty for colonizing t he free people of color of the United States. 16 "Art. II. The obje t to 1 Nhich its attention is to be ex clusively di · ected, is to promote and exac11te a plan for colonizing (witn their consent) tha free people of color residing in our country, in Africa or such other place as Congress shall deem most expedier1t . And the Soci 1 ety shall act to effect this object in cooperation with the general gov ernment and such of the States as may adopt reg- Of t ice s 1 ulation on tho subject," W (..) - y ,_ I "' ..L 0 lecte at this time, with Honorabl, 3 Bush- rod Washingto n as Pres· dent, Elija.b. Cald~vell as Secretary, and among its twelve Vice-Fr;3sidents were t.ne distinguished men, Henry Clay, Gene al Mercer, Bishop Meade and Francis s. Key, all of whom had been active in promoting the organization of the Society, Fr om beginning s as these, was founded that organization which was t be t h e effective ins"" rtmi· 3nt in the establishment of tha colony of Liberia. 1 ;fay, Wri vi11gs _2.£ Slavery and t 1.a Colonization Soci 1 ety, CHAP E • Th Fi r st S ttl •man . Wi ho ,.. 1·za o cony e d th S c1·A y '.t ' • # barked sk. By ove be 181 , , pl,..r:s re r m· tured for t he ex ~lora in o th · st coast of Africa ~it1 the view of sel cti g a suitab e .locality for the establish ment of t he colony . Two m n offered their servic s for this unde taking , Sam1e l ills, Vi ho se influ nc ~ had wont _e hearty coop ~rati o o Dr. Finl y, and a com - a io, Rev . Ebenezer Eurge s • 17 Immedi~te )' aft ;)r their appoin· rn nt as :rents , ills and Burges departed on their journey. In E land, ~her was 1 their first landing, t bey vvere exten.ded a co. di al 1 lea e and hearty wishe s for th succes of their misei n by those ~ho had e:ngaged in the p eviou.s Bri i eh move _ t . Fu ther o:r , a letter of introdt c t io t o h au.""hori ti s of Sierra Leone, was secured t hrou. h the bene,fic~nc~ of Wilberforc a d the Duke o G loucester . A pe a -ant voyage bro1 lt them to Fre - to w , th ca;i al of t }1 .. e Bri tsl... cole>n.y, on Fe ~ ,rtta ./ 18, 181 7' . The Governor, acart11y r ·c ived them ~ith all coidia 1.ty, was ho spi ta ,l ~ in :heir enter ain n _ t, a d geni a in conduct in them to v· ; v i the i p ov me ts of the co 01 y . And y t Vihile 1 Al ac c 1r, t · Af •c, Colon.·zation, ch . 6, giv~s rn ~ t:r is first expedi tic • lB gracious treatment , nd every facility were afforded the· ex p l orers, th.ere could not be conceale d the marked unviillin - ness on th~ part of the colonia authorities toward havin the colony est ab i e.hed anyv1here in the vicin-i t)r . NeverthelE,ss , when the Americans resum~d th ·r jotrney, thre men Viere al lo .'ed to accomp ny them aa guides . Co~sting the regio to the south of Freetown, Mills and Burg ss ~~ere attracted to the Isla~nd Sherbr eome 120 mil s from Sie1ra Le on.e:, vYh.ich ap eared to then1 viou din every way be desirab o the location of thei co ony . Landin here, t herefore , the obtained a conference w h the na · ve chef and st1bcl1.it3fs, and after considerable: "pa c~ ver," secur d the purcl1,..tse o e ri tory . And no )~ alat d over thei success, the two turned their f ac ee ho evrard . . ills, v,ho had been in rath ·11 h alth, unfortunat y died on the voyage, thus leavin.g Bu gess c~s he sole bear.er of tb_ e enco lraging nev1s of the r s lt of t ·ir mission . The defraying of h expens"'s of th · s expedition so nearly de leted t t easur of tbe Society, ,hat had it not been for the n 7 imp · t e gi v n. the movement by the gov r nt, th viho e nterpr · se would un- dou. b · ·edly a res 1lted in failure. The le: enac+ ed by Con.gre ss in arcl1 180'?', wh · le· aimin at the suppr,~aion of the sls~e trade , proved itself inade quate in that no provision was made for the dispo sal of the pe sons rescued by t he go ernment cruie s , In many States, th fo e, la · were passed, where af e sixty da s' pu lie 19 no ice, · w- • su h pars na landed v· ,t1in thetr litni ts, and thus render 1 ad subj i3Ct to t eir la\vs, could ther~upon be sold into slavery . In th' sway much evasion of the Act of 80? was en- 0011raged--an action whicn virt ally made 1 t ineffacti v~ . Hav i ng it s att~nt·on dravm to thee i s this defect _ ade possible, thro·ugh the conti r1ed adverti semants of the sa • 9 of "re·cap- t ured Africans," Congress det~rmine upon mor n n ure a for the accom1 lishm nt of its p 1r oae. A law pas ed in March 1819, t herg f ore , prov· ded :,r the equipmerr'" of mord cruisers to guard t · a a coasts, the awardin of bo'l1nties for capti as, severer fin s a d pe a i 1 ..,s, and wi tha a mo""'e rigid enforcement of th rdinance. But the most important clause was t e one pertaining "" the car"" of the captives, ~nho rer t o be remo ed to Africa unde ~n cha of 1 ~n s a~. no int .... b t he $100,000 a ! 9 opriate b Cong ess , 0 0 - a'-"'se b Co gresa, to co,. st : .1 e it ~ a mu ·h · s po ,.1 ai d of t h .o , e~~-1t of t he Coloni""'a t ion So i~ty. I n am h .. o· n hi s i 1t · .lnti ons t t · · 1 of t ... Ho 1 · s . Th -3 1p n, - ~- a ea · 1y gaine ring he ship 1 r · d, Pr~si dant lvS R • S u B c on , a r ~ ad" ser .iwe o· t : Co n · io So c ... - e y, nd J"o 111 P . :Bankso , giving tnem ins . uctions t sett e i n Africa w·t th tacit at th . ., pl " .., -J s11011 b~ t ~ at aelsctad by the Coloniz··ti n Soci 1 3t,l . The sum of $3 3 ,000 as ~nis entdrp isa and e t ~ueted to Bacon. Wit f 0 -' od· t. ons O t he p · s ·· oe O t hr e .rlllnd vd p rson s d to .d · 1 t h st a .li ... h· n t n colonists in t i new 10.ne, wer al-so o be · are 1;vo t : y of no~ic , :- s the~ · a. ·cate t o w} at ex ent the agencJ o~ the go er ~ ent was and ho • th s bee e aspons· b f tne enc o 20 cor, in · o the et r the o e .n- ..&. agency an. 1 0 th Soci e ,., e ...- ~ n ne· d -~ . .) s.__ .. a t men1.1 , .,, V . , .,, ' a v"" ou 0 h th oruer wa • ins 1ct ->d, "no to ..&. connec ,~ 0 wi .,h . • e y 1. e ·· · s an p c TI B of t ... I Co 0 ization Soc·aty 1 w· ,n -rl{ i - t ... 1 e go - ~ , ..,. l1as no cone - r.i. , " t e rnovement s ra r e f r many y_ a, s practica 1· · d nti al . r !J a a t · o a we the Co niz tion " r was not fi , d t . at t-'- e o e . _ m t3r1 t o i; pu· po aed to trans ort it first colonists and 1 was agreed to recei r , ~ on boa d any fred Neg oes \V 11 v1011 d be riE~ coinm 1d(, by t S ci t • Dr . Samu~l A. Croze w· Society, .. a it s re~resentative t o coope ate with t ho se of t h e 0 overn- York, t ni ty faL · 1· , 3s, ompri s·n 0 a 011t e ,ht - nine !)arsons, l McPl1e St . o , Hi st s, IY, o. y of Li er·a, ~ohne Hopkins _U_n_i _ _ _ _ 10 , p . 22. all preparad to emigrate . On Febr1.1ary 5, 1820, with p ayer and song, and nith mixed smoti ns of joy and sadness, this littl 1 a oomi:>any, witn its three agents, embarked on board the Eli za1'eth. Then s l owly, the "Mayfl o ,er" of Liberia weigl1ed ancl1or, and convoyed by the Unitt3d States sloop of war Cyans, plied har co 1rs~ t o vard t he sho r e s of Africa. After an u neve ntful voyage, anc11or was cast at Freetown, Si • er ·a Leone, on March 8, 1821. Purcl1ae1 g hera a schooner, " Au usta," t h e em· gra.n s p r oceeded on t h e · . j ottrney o·~m the narrow so,1nd t o She b r Isl a nd, And h e e 1.1nf or&se en d . f fi- culties aw ·ted h em. Whether pr mpt ed b mo ives of chi can or compe l ed b y the othe r chief a t o ... ,..,claim t h land, i t can n o ~ b e as e r ta1ned; b u at all e ents, the chief ov ~r Sh rbr r...,pented of h i ran s a tion vii h t e colonists, an d no I on t hei r ar r : v a , ste a d. · l y re f1 Svd o yi eld t o t h em t h e p ~r - c h ased ..,sr itor • Whil e nego t · · t ion s ov e r vhe ma ter we•; ~ e n din 6 , t he unh a l t h y natu e of th~ sit e so hastily c1o sen, wa s reve a ..,d. The i s- ! 1. ···> ovad +, D :) l ad v1ho - · y of a luvial soil, and l ev a.t e onl · few feet abova va- l ·v e • B d drinking f~ter added t t e · 11 c o n d i , i o s , 21 b r e d C '!'I' _pr ~ .;.;ver r l r1g 1e ,n 0 t "nat s oon . , r Q. l, and. nv· .., , dou_ ., ,t , v. o 11 d h ; :,ve eco er ha.d it no b n fo r . ..,nt ac ~i on t . art ,- + . 00 r 1 e , t·n an 1. l r .. 0 - l. ' I.I J....., of he to ica fru · t ID JOrarin s of h 1 ,• ' -l JJO u e t o h :. t n an h the fever h ·· d o n 'J i t S C O l r c·• t , 1 f th · ~ night . lit ·le comp is ,I. d b y on - fo .rth , a .. nd · 11 h agen.t s ha d s ice, n ias dirrt · n e d to i s · 2 f fec vs. D u i ~ g · 11th s e di shearteni ng reve se a, th Si rra Leon co 01.. manif · ·ted its increr• sing opp osi · on to t h e Amer ican co or1izing plctn., by · ts refusal of sympat hy , assist a ce of any kind, an d even m dical eJid whicl1 v1as req .ested . Ho'Nev r, when Rev. Daniel Cok r, an ab e colore preache , t o whom had been nt 1st d th so e charge of the c om any , petitio d the colonial a 1thori ti s for a p cLC of efuge, h ere r e l11c - tantl,r ranted th ... ri vilege- of r m i g to Fur a Bay, a fevc1 ln 1tarcl1 of 21 , thr e· nevv en s, Rev . Ephraim Bae on , brother of t h~ form r Bac on, an d e ssrs. Joseph Andrtis a d J. B. Winn arrived :.n the United St ates brig Nau ilt1 s v. th a 2 band of th.i rt y migrants . Leaving these a t the tem 1)orar:}r settl~ment o Fu a ay, Bacon and Andrt~ at once proceeded o ex:r ore: the co:i.s , ne .-, aying mo e~ a t.e tion t th health f'u.lness of t he locati on. Abou.t 250 milee aouth of Sie ra. Leona, th.ey c , ~ t Cape Mou.nt, an. elevat~d and fe rtile tract, which appear d to t h m, as con ra t d with t e lo ·land of Sh r - r o , ot d affor d 6)<'....C ~ ~J t Ciima ic condi io s, This re ion 1 They arr i ed u fortu at l y just at t he rainy seaaon which, a in all t ropics, a acco a ied by he avy dovmp ours. 2 ~ohn to , Libe ia I, 128. was ru.led over y a king Pet r, one of t e mo ~t po erful and w ·arlike of th· , · West African c11· efs . He had for many years 23 been engC4,ge d V Ji th Europ ans, in an extensiv s a,ve tr ade-, a.nd it Vl'ae throug the fear that this monopoly· ?J"ould be encroache d upon, that he reft1ced the agents the purcl1asa of any lc.nd. So continuir1g t h eir journe", the t o ex_plorers re acl1 d t .e pro on tory Cape ltesurct.dO, a~ high n arrow peninsula for . ld d by tr1e ri var of t hG same name , whicl1 nearl:;r separ ates it fro m t he mainland. But the same refusal t o gran lc~nd, greeted them, fo the local chiAf wa a dependen of the above.-men ione d King Pet e • Discou aged in their efforts, the a enta returned to Sierra Leone. ir1n died shortly aft r, and ae on and. Andrue returne d to America, In November of the same year, Dr. Eli Ayre e was dispatched as a g nt in ' the u. ~. schoo _er "All i gator" under the command of Capt. R. F, Stoc t on. The Capta· n, an office of great in te igence· an d p rson.a command, offered h i s serv ce e t Ayres, in obtaining a ocation for the col ny. On De cember 11 , 1821 , they anc l_ored i n eet1rado ay and opened negotiations ,ri th t he: local cl1ief for this point of land, whicl1 beca11se of its strategic posi ion, had b e n desired by Europaa s for over a hundred yea.rs. Ayr e and St oclcton unr ser dl) p aced t h e - selves in the po\f1er of the native s ,- v:ho vvere non.a too v1ell dis ose to fore:igner~ -- alv~a~r a goi g unarme d a l tho 1 ·h in the f~ce of immir1 nt dang • It', ~1, as, no dou.b , t · ht - forv a , og th- n's comman ·ng rs nee, 24 w ·hich final ·~,r, t many a B of el ,. ", sec 1r d th& pu. ch.as of t • of n.d, ,,. 1 CO'S 130 ml. n n 0 id .• O n Decem e 15 , 8 . th papers cloei g this contract r • ned , s by St oc t n and Ay s as r pr"" s nta . h Co zatio iv s 0 en Society, d King P t , g her ri th thre subcl1iefs. Just w·thin th mouth o he iver M~su ado , a t 0 Isl e r,ds, Bushro d Pro . To h c,l,1t h b and o ence . . , em·grant s was no i an epo ted om Fu a B E. l~l • hin he • ii ... fo llo · . oni .ts g year, co ea n d tha Ki n p t h d ea:n OJ d by h o ·h r C 1 f or C. s le 0 t, e ''lnd t or gners, a"nd h · s seve r t l eat n d. Thia p ac d t he on· st s a her p • t·on • d • 1 co n carious pos 6 1 ano. inc · a.en.t d d to h e oat· . ty r ady nt e ta· n d s h n JCO • A w· clced n t h co as ' . d po by h e n ti who e e C Ct t e g , p · ate h S!l . ·' nd~ such c: r c 11ms ances, . th • • e . 10n 0 co occ a n 1 6 ng at ad t . . fro. the te rit C l. X})U Sl O m"dst these diff'icu ties, Kina- :Bo at s . ho 0 ain, 0 . . a n y 0 er h 0 r g1 n , as all u n as d K· n 0 p ta ,~ C - , Cl. ' t h C rg ~ t h a a l Johnst n, Liberia, I, 128. 2 h·d bee c a · ta ? C b • t t h's to a ro- wh. he • n- p 6. t. 0 • In the el SlZ - arbite • e • mpeac 1e on co Y, ras am·d ft Pre · de t o-'- tl~ Col. Society, Bushrod Was in ton. 3 Also c l led Pereerverance Is --1J:1d. tried and finally ac ~ ~ i tted, v1hile the other diffic,1lties between the natives a .d the co onists, were adjusted by Boat swai n i n favor of the latter . Amid this lull of peace, the littl colony, some ei ht in all, settled do m to breathe·, ·.sit were , for a lit t le space--i ts vici ssi tu.des e e by no mean.a t at an e nd . On the 25th o · April 1822, • remo ir 1 from the is ~nd w herein they had virtually been confi ed by the natives, they for al ly t ook possession of the promont or:r by rai sj ng the American f lag , and now made reparations for the constr ction of ho s and ortifications. Sho~t1y aft ~ r ards Ayres return d to t he Uni ted Stats i n t he interest of the co ony, le av·n t e settlement in he charge of Elijah Joh s o , a, ca ,abl e and re- liable. man, who v , pedition . one o t e picneere of t he Sherb o ex- 25 Under John ·o's compe nt man em ent t he operation of clearing the land and makin pr e arations for t he app O' h ing rainy season co ntinu~d notwithstanding the oppositi o s of the natives who repeat>dly molested t 4 e laborers from secl~ded pointe in the dense forest , k s ~ v i n_ m e - , 0 ...., These a.t t , _ er a J O .._ 0 n a B it· g n a The . a r n- i ng of t J 1.ei o .. bl, ~ off e t · " 1 1. • on s1 1 n-~s ,. 1 \ es, V > ... ;.; V..:. c ondi t t colon • t " . f · nd . t ~1. on e s s ct, J Bri t i s ~ nt, ho . h ~ Bri t ish l ·:i0 • Johnson V f 3 n :1 n 0 . s h . o f h e En 0 1·s h av i h 1.1 . h e 1 ... , n , 0 : l. American ~ r of 8 2, ou.... by no m-, n 0 the ropo a , le & .. vin e th · uoo .. t h~ colony t o it orn a . The 9ft, HP • 11 ., . .. ut prote tion · nd - du e t o di r · st sa "J , nt o h ac .. of upp s, as n tha verge o_ pr s~ ing , when unaxJ ct 26 · ri · n. t"h br . "Sta " . sent out by Uni vd • J.: 1. , ... V S '3 w s n St at ; 1 s , Q .4. n· ... r· fty-t i-i- "bera pti es f 3 rn:.1 (.., l., , .,n a, I un 0 0 1 Rev . J ; hu di Ashm • w· · t h th s t ·· ving Augu t ' 82 ) . • • C ' . tlppl·v· f · · o· v S 0 t t r , 9 ill.· h C any fo .. se mi s · on aa months . Ashmun, horr~ : 3 , had ""'ece· ved no com a nt, and "- :1.er3fo , had · X.f) t otd d t ratnrn vii th tne vesae , Being · n e tl1is i ·~pras .... o. , his df~ had ac om- pa.ni,3d him on hi s vo)rag But 4 he pit f~lly a ... airing con- dition of t e l ittl~ ·om1:; · ny o touc x1e 11i s s~ at et · c heart , t hat h e nobl r~so 1e cri s i s. • o rdma n an. His i uunediat e , ct ion 1 .va t .... rti!y the sett 9~11er1t mor 3 esc 1. ely, for he had e~ ned tat t h e nat re s, und~ the prete e of f r ien d:p aring for a ea, l y · ss· 1lt . Ashm n' very presence nspi . 9 t e coloni ts ,n· Ilt3Vl "Ol1 8 r • H:e has ..,n nth wo . of l e a ~ng the l John ·t , · , 132-, 50, and ·cPherson, Rist o y of Liber· c , ______ 1 _ · n _s Uni ,ersi t y Studies, IX, . o , O, - 0 i nt accounts o is heroic a 0 ency . su- o d n s of h~ , mo .; n t ... e r e ic had a f e r . n. e .e e 1 1 t am u sh rte os ·1 ·· t 1 ve • Eve ;/ · 1 me~ f defens vas ak n b bu d. r.. barri- cades, and di nl~l fie one c ·mno an n tre cl1 s around h in ·,er forti icati n . p fi v n C .., 1n t h•~ possesqicn of t e col r guns--fo 1. of 0 a one o bra • Th~ s A shrn: nor er>d r re ... s--a.t a·red ~to c • Th· c~nnon a s heir ai~ hope was mounte on ~ at d pl tfo m of r o h t on s an ti ber near the po· nt tbe • str on • cte • 0 en nsu a ' an a, pa 1 e r1 e er rou l. • Bes· de hes m ' on ':," 0 • m s .; lab e • Wi thin tv10 Viee aft ·!I • • t ork f e 1S ,·,r l ' ese e- fens VI in sati a factor) p res • then or ani d t ea ai a e fo c of t h colony, ~ich e e ·i th t he n arr·va numbere only t hirt)r- five: . Eac l1 indivi ua as a - signed his du Y, hile th VlhO e · f orce Via dili ntly ril ~ dai ';l by J ohns an Lot Carey, on~ o the mern ers o Ash- mun ' s party . During all these preparations, t here had een no • sign of' an c-1, t t ck fro t he enemy, btlt it w as ri ghtlJr sur- m· sed that t he .; ing t .1.8 close of t • er on :l a .A. e ra_ny ser,s n efore mak ng t heir ad e"nc e;s . 27 No srna 1 labor had b en exerted i providin these f orti- r· c ~ ions, meagr ; a t hey seem, and t e unr mit ·n, fati 0 in eff orts n cess'ry f it ac ompli ahment, accompanied byte inces ant dovmpour cf rai s, predisposed t h workers to t he tr ica !ever . Ashmun, ho a labo ed most st enuous y under the burden of tl1e whole· man2~ ement, v-ias nov, prostrated; hie wife sank under the eff cts of the spreadin malady' and after many days of st1ffering, dt1ring which t e heavy rains penetrated th.eir crt:tde d\'J'8:lling, passed awa./ on Sep em er 15. In a abort time the fever had spread until there was only one of those c a,pab of bearin arn1s, who Vi a no t nurnber d v.i th 28 tr1 e sick. Fortu.na .. ely, the enemy still refrained from any attack. In a few· we ks, the little force Vias rall~,ring. Ash mun r n his sick bed, di rec ed the affairs, urging eacl1 to be in r eadiness at his post, and that t e sentinels shou d con- tinue regu l&L rly at their ni htly ·atcl1es. For a nother month the co ony wai ed in anxious suspense. Final y, on t he eve of November?, 1822 , the rumor was abr ad that the enemy, urg don by the slave traders--who were es tabli. shed in t he adjoining country and realized that the ex i s~ence of the colony meant a bl w to their trad&--were ste·al thi l y approacl1ing t he e:surado River. Th~ t ... ee l adere , Ashmun, Johnson and Care:y, a,_ 0 embled t h&ir litt l e company, and in tende words made a noble appeal for their cou age and trust i n God. Then s ·1· ntly each one return~d to h"s post, but on every count ace was written the det ermination to stand firm to the nd. The lon ,atches of two anxious ni ht s were se nt, a d no enemy: sti 1 anot er ni ht and day passed vi th the: fev, 'Natcl1ing n anxiety. At d11sk on No 10, th scouts broJght the ne i S that a larae od of native cot d be see co; r·n in the ioods 0 2 opposite:, and cautiousl:r a p roaching the River. Thro . hout the night, they could be faintly seen at their vario1s maneu vers. And now an error on t he part of one of the guards gave ·· them the needed opportunity for an attack. This sentinel, mistaking the orders given, left his p~st on the morning of the 11th at daybreak instead of "sunrise." At the unguarded fiend.sh ye l s and warwhoops . So sudde and o erWhelming w s tn·s a tack, tnat many oft. a colonists fled in panic , Sev eral men were Kille, wome ~ era ~o nded a..~ d c}i l dren kid- B u t ins a o .P shin o t s was a:xpected, t he oppos·n 0 fore~ , after ·n first onsl t, dis- persed t o p ,1nd r t ae go ds of the colonists . While thus acattare , Ashm"n · ti l y a l ie h. s me , an d at his om- mand " om·no shot' wa fire d ~r m t h e i v e. gun s i11to t h e mi a+ o h m a a .,_ u .... e is su s ram~ ot1 tf l .... nvi 1 t he colon· sta st1cce~da in turned u1:>o n the · a · · l\;nts , who nad ow· ol 1 9 ta :~ei . forces s ho t literal y S )ent · t s fore i a 01: maaa of livin fl 1 3sh . With a va 0 a y 1 ' t he fle 11rooipi tate y o~v t o t heir boa· s , A fa",7 around h e flank of t h t n i canst na ion . •• .,.,e ~ t: en sudden y whi i n· 1.11 1 ,es •J , ' t he sid of t he proraont ry and '-:W nusket e ,., s 1 .., 1)y J o na n passed t aatin host and hu s · 1crea e Wh~n ~ an ordu we~ aLai r st red it w s found t hei "'ricto y had c ost t h em five ki 1 1 3d n abot1t as many seri o sl· Vi10 1 d~d . In gratitude· for t e1 . S'" c ss, Ash.mu orde ."a a da of t hanksg i vi11g and raj oicin • But t ey soo rea __ ized t 1 1at this their first rea enco 1nte had no t e n dee.:. si ve • Th es p rs1. atf:3nt y kept 1... a state of inter- mittent warfare, se ·:?mi 1 1. 1y· d~t : 3r.mined on the destrllction of tne infant olony • . Th~ ter findin 0 1tse f pra tic· 1·.y ·n ompel 1 3d t o N i t h draw o t he s e ,tl~ ent t o t he rest~iw ed · i~s of t h )a is · de . o h s t h 1ad perseve d ~ h i . e •o ts t ac .u· 'in . An now rith a v ex- haus , hi ation w· sine it a le . Th onp o t , ne ar_ival of a Briti t i .. 6 at n i • se c1 r ..., ~ h es .. e ex1g...,n .,, , ne' l:) su o 1·e "rh · c .J. .._ (1 ~ J V . ~ .., t he critic al e: ·o d , On 1 ove r o, t he om. in~d oroes of t e De an -4- . • to 1 , 3 • t • A ") . ation \., ]. es · al 1 e an ass · ·. i n ~ ores s 1 ... -' ... 0 0 ~o it aclr W h i c J. 1 • atal . t o a u '10 in {_ 10n t he nt. To\va . D --~ a reat h st n 0 " C m ...,_ ' t .. em. ,. t acke ~:1. st oc ca T irt -1.'t • e m- e wit in s . 0 - J. l - t he . l ts 0 s a n c ~s il . e 0 r as • al . se ' . t 1 1 f i al 0 t t e t l · o e 1 J"o :h 1 t n nt t h em a al o t l ooo. 30 res rt ~d ~ the old m ol1nted canno.n. It s we di e ct c :3 d i r. e a gain c ompl,3tely ov, 3rwhelmed the natives and thvY " Ne . e re pulsed ·11ith te. i le lc:>ss. The unusual s 01.1n d of a cannon at midni gh t attracted a British schooner , ta "Prine~ Re ent" t hen nassin 0 on its way from Sierra Leone. Its Captain, the celabrated African trava ar, ajo r Lain , di s~ atc}1~d a num- er of his crew to 31 as ertain the cau.se of t h e fire . On learning of the destitute colony and its cri ·ca1 situation, Captain Laing carne I)e - sonal y t o aid Ashm1ln . With him he brou ta most enero1 1s supply of pro i sions · · nd amm nition . And hi s ho e. - 1 1earted man rendert:!d t e colony stil greater services. It had been livi ng in a state of const nt uncerta~nty and d~ead oft. e dismayin attacks of the nati res. The Ca· tain now, aft ... r se ·eral days of forc eful r 0 in succee dad t hro1 0 h his adr it - ness ~nth t h ati v ·s, i n sec r · n 0 a treatJ of peac ~ 1.vi t h t . e chi , 3f s. At the dep rt re of t he "Prince Ragent ," eleve. of its crew wit mi dshipman Gordon g · 1 i ntly vol l nt ee ~ed to - main vii t.J. t he c lo n , and enforce an inviolate ad.h ranee to t his trda y . This kindl~ intervent ion of ra j or Lain 0 at · moment _ f .3 t: e f t ~ of t h colony hun g i n the l) alance, .se t.ms lit tle short of pro idential. Thr ... e y ·~ar s had passed s i11 a the first home-seekvr s h~d landed on the esol · te sla d of She br ',- t hre ~ on Y~ars of h dahip s, · sh arteni1 1 r~- verses ' nd h roic uggling . Three time s he ittl~ 32 had been on the very verg e. of dest r 1.ction , and as many t · mes, • by con ant . ated e o t a. ~st determinat ion in t~e face of all obstacl, 9·s, they had persevere d until timely aid arrived . And now , with t hi s providential inte vention , t h ey had successfully resisted t h e many attempts at their ex.fnllsion, the fo11ndat1ons of peace iver•3 established, they· had at last obtained a foothol d. in their long so11 0 r1t for home . CHA-PT]!R I [ • The Colony of Liberia . The t 1 .1rmoil s of warfare had i npade the progress of t he colony nearly a who l , e year . As soon as peace was restored, Ashmun vigor u sly prooead~d o rebuil d the houses 01 1tsida t l e palisade, md make 0 eneral imp . ovements forte settlement . In t he spring of 1823 the u. s. brig Cyans revisited t~e Coast. Its man rendered t h ~ co ony val1a 1~ assista .ce i n re1)lacir1g t he old pali sada and its wooden to ~er, · th a stron fort built of stone on which six canno · ~ mo11nt e • The s c}1oonar "Augusta" 111hich h · db rne the fi st pioneer to t he Island Sherbro, v1as repaired, and manned by a cre~v of tve ·i1e , The tide evidently had t1rnad in favor oft colony . 33 life was taken on and industries begun. No lon 0 er mena e y host·11ti ,as--for the rapi spr""'ad of t h e . report of its vic torie s thr ug}1011t the vi cinity, had produced a hia-h opinion of its st r ength and invincibility- it s pro sp~rity increased thr ough Ashmun's her ic exertions , In ~ ay, Dr, Ayes dt ned, appoiated s agent of both t he Govarnment and n e Soci9ty. Sixty-one emi rats a d a libaral supply of storJs were at this time br u t to the colony. Ayr~s r.-suined ni s task of the man · emen , a thotigh Ashmun genero11sl emaine and offe ed his services. Th new a 0 ent no had the t wn sllrva: yi3 , and defini t~ ap:po tionme11t of land was made to each settler in order t o enco11 a e t he ct1ltivation of farms . Othe impr vemante we ·a outlined , but in a short while Ayres was compelled thr 11 0 h ill hea th t o return t o A nL ... r i a, and Ashmun again vol1lntarily assumed the duty of s011 3! director. Ayr~s• arrival, ho :V 1 3ver, had pl . ced hi1n in a fa l se po- 34 sition of a most humiliating cl1aracter , It will be :,nembered that he had not be ,3n appointea. · ent, but 011t of sympathy had rdn1ained w ith the ne ... lect ~ ~d colony. In t 1 e straitened cir cumstances · h i h fol c\ved, h l1ad been onr_pel sd to act as acrent pt1rchas · g su plie s ad ammunitj_on in t h n ·· e of t . t1e So ciety. His alt ~ority 1as no ~ ques• ioned, the Society d: s honore✓d nis drafts as counte ... e·.ted, his ser,,ice an se_f- a ~ crifice we . e una~ preciated, his very motives suspicioned . Detailed account of matters an exJendi t1 res, an a est vi·ndi c a ion of s · o a ail nothi : • ir ver- ac of 1 i i n .ratit, d~ , h e n . u O b r t h v colony beraft o -P , ent . Di ssatisf ' ti on wit - in t h e colon nor ncraa e d t ) assm t of his situatio . At t h • ~ rrival o f 103 e , ra s i n Fe 1 )"r~l· r , As_ n had f o it sc · e c e a s r_ to .:. y o f p ut t he p . . s ns. h -ration Di sc o . t ( ~ _ t aro wnon c • t e co loni of vvhom --i dbrdd . ti ons , .. t d spotic . many co . .r11 a s n 1 n Di d ·- n d brok • h -.; a t h Ashm, n ' i al w . h t cot n 1 n re·r t h ..., C· e V ..., rd=>- Is ands, 0 .. n. aalcon· nte s nt e - ters t o s . i • • of C e "( r o· ._,a1 ... 1 -ll ma C a a . ' 0 B lS 35 of po ,er, d · s a limax, of t h desert·on of his post! T Societ · te y di sp atc11ed yo l >'~ mi ni st r, Ralp Ra . . dolph G u l , 3y, to • L• ate· h t G rl 1 3.f first in es lll ma • Ashm1 a h e I s l nd revailed up on l1i tn to ret1 n to t :) Cape . H~re car-.:) f 1 e.x· 1ni n· tion of f • •ad a airs pro cone , 1- ai vely Ashm1n ' inte~rity · nd • eacl1a .1 l .... d 1ct d 1r:in • un1m co 15 w o s man· 0 m 1 3nt. Gu ls v , · who had e 1·- fa (' r ·· -: ).1.:r impressed with Ashmun r r o i r st , -; -- s no v, r j o i c r ~ d i b · · n a 1 t o r~p ~ s nt h i m in • • · S l. C 10 ... 6 ~ ep ~·di 1 and co • 1 S S 0 i · nd t O }1i 6 p and - sac - _ · f · c • A G . : 1 .I' j_ ' Co a do t . lC 1 for h r i .. e a e ,h co ·- d ' f i • 1 , S. 1. .- i • A e r - o ~ed n · m "Li co o ./ , c.. d fo r ~.11 f · t om a ..c- " lonr o or of P si e • on • . h t .1.i S d, G u r . r .d ... d + kn i a , a i · o e · .. n co on r . As ... oc ~ d ..,d to x n d t .. li .i ~ of 1 ·· s 0 C o - "' 0 ) .1 .... o a: p C d t - ide h to , o onrovia . B shr d I slcmd, 0 g on had n l i t \• e d, it1as Bo b ~ ..... -s, it is orted, rere e i nve. i n of G oodl ow~, H r, o · B r i 1 o~e w o had g std - f o a bo t r th';) Co o .. i atio ~ Soci t and .e Uni ·d Stat s Se · . 3 occt i d. In the s rin of t h e ext y ar, , .. e • r1 "H t r " brou -ht a valt able addi io o sixt~·-six e 1 i rants, o..11 of w on1 v.;e e a ri cultu ·ists. R a izing t hat v,ith rowth of in- dustr r in farming . er l Ol. d be no f:t.rt . r dan er of fail re! of provisions, sucl1 as h'd e n experiAnce d in t past, Ash- mun seize d t his o > porttnity to start an. ag iculture.,l ettle ment . For his pu os , a tract of l and ~ae bo , _.1 t , ... i c 1 bein al ng t .e St . Pa l 's Rive was better suited forte pu po se than the land of the promontory. The pu.rcl .. ase· of t his territor)r, concltlded 'ith the nat ive: cl1iefs ay 1 , 1825, cured t h e t h ~ . t to t t • l. o a on e r1 er or t te 4 'J' ·1 fr om . • Tvvo ot 11 ou_ n d • s l 6 mo l .• • • r owns • • r w . • a.LOTI.g a b anc 1 0 tb.e river, on of h m ca led ev1 Gear ia being reserved a s a settlement for the liberated capti ve:s V'lhO mi ·h t e se nt t o t he co 011y • By t C e f t hat year, t he colon.y afforded a ple sing pro sp ct of c 1eerf , tlne ss r,.n d t . Two unpre n j_ 0 1 s u servic - al)le cl1ape l · h ~ d been erectvd a.nd dadic,~t d for v;ors .ip, an d eside s "e Sa b, t scl1ools, two public schoolf; vter i n St.t.ccessfu.l o rati. on . Wi th t e colony no v in a fair condi ion of p o resa, A shm an t o t ake vigorou s acti on c g ainet h sl ave tr ade of t r.1e adj oinin 0 re ion ext ndin 0 lmo st to t limits of th col ny . ~uot wi hi n t he p ast ye~, t w o · dr d s aves h a d d f r om t e St , Pall's River and i n American ship s v;i hal , By bt1yin t acts o f an d, J1d thus b r i L ing t e i hint e j ·riedi c+· n of Lie ia, Ashm n s cceeded i . ac- h traffic from t t e r1to y . Still mor vigorous act·on vas tak n in · oth r p'rts . L ds around Cape Mount to t h north , B S' Poin a d tr ito ya on the St. John's Rive t o the south er s cc se·vely purc1a ed, until by 1828 al the territory a on· the grain coast for the extent of t,~,·o h. d . d mile s was und r Li b ria' s contra • Grov ing bold r vii h st1cc as, Ashmun det r 1 in1.;d to carr 3 war right in o th~ enemy's c • With the aid of thra · Arneri- can \Varsl ips, b. no · con.ducted an e dition a ai n ~t Trade Town, the headqt" rt rs of a Spanish s ctVe tovm. Notvv· thstand ing t he: Spani a ds' resistance their "facto r ies," as th.ess stations were cal ,. d, ,rere so on in the po,/er of the invadin force. An arm d party of marina:s trl n landing, wrou.n-ht their complete destruction , and ushin onward, set fi re to the towns and adjoining establichments of this dist rict. The traffic was . ot com~le eljr repressed, however, until in 1842 it was wiped out by the joint efforts of t he British and Liberi a is. For a period o- six years, Ashmun had been unc easin • 1n his eff orts to establish t:b .. e colony on. a stab e basis, an.d th report of thi e y ar he fe: lt, amp l y rep · id h in for his labo-rs. The total :popi;l ation of the comm nity v1as now esti- mat d at twelve hundr d. Encotraging po ress was being made in comm re . . Fifte n trading vessels had sto .,,)oed at onrovta alo e, durin the past year, and a proportional tl_ b r a the f'ive impo r tUJt trade posts b t re n Cape Moun and Trade Tom. 38 Within the colony fot r companies of militia organize 1 d from t he colonists, maintain~d order, and to accord the people greater privilega of se f-gove m nt, Ashmun ha induced t ~ Society to provide a meast1ra Vi-hereby all officials oth r than the a ent and vice-agent, sl10 1.ld be cl1osen from arnong the c olon i sts . A t this ti me also, a printi _ press was es °' · 1 .shed, and t b.e first ne:wspa er , th "Liberia Heral d" edite by a mu atto·, J olin B . Russ 1t1rm, ras pu. b i.ehed . Severa of the nativ& tribes re'"ll. 17 .;.n the be:n fic~, n t ·ntluence: of t h e co o at· n • I nde ·k;, to r ard Ashmun a a., sort of "h~ad c11 · f" over he I n the spring of 1825·, Aehmun con.tracted a serj_ous case of rheumatic fe er from 1 ng e:xpo s 1re, to i nclem.., t v,eat _ r V'lhile travelling . His con it·on gradu ly grtl orse· and at . VJ' n he a l i '7e• d h e st l ast 1# ve gr v1as l. s re r r a Lib • In a n 10 st dying cond 1 tt on, h ___,ft for . r1a . an. eric a , but i l tbat h ~ 11 d to '"n d • h e Britis ·las 8 i" 6 C QI()_ 1n W est Indi s fore contin in his o .rn ~ • He finall ~ eac 1e d hi s ome in Ne~· Hav 1 , Connactic J , Au 1st 4 1828 . B t t · s noble m .an V'as s:r. o .. red t his fri nds b t a s11ort v1 ile', when he p ,. cefully· paas d av1ay on the 25th of the same mo .th . Too g r eat a tribute· ca . . o"- be paia t As 0 t . e il. t1S rio . e _ dered Libe . It o , un- B s r 1C ... 13:' r vas • s'vverving • 1n cot a e, h.ad g ided t h · co ny t rou. a it ong p io d o and had aJ l · .st bro t it af t rou ~ h t t a con.d tio of comfort and g o i g ros deni abl l" he visit in 18'24, otnde r of L1b~ri • Rev . Gurl ias .enc fo rth Ashm n's sine adv . i s - ' ~ o after his .a d ' borne testin_ ony t o ... is no le s rvice in th ~ords: "H n eds no sculptural o or o pr .er h ·s m mory from obliv en . 39 As lon a.s l1 co o y o..o Li eria ex· ·ts, a, on i s istor i s pr s rv e d, th sha~l h ·· v . diffus d t he a benig t d con • no 1 e ' l of Jehudi Ashmun . " Soon afte this, the e f OU • And hen om in o a mi t Repu~lic, and ht of a Ch istian civil za i on ove n ,.. e will be more hon ored t an that Societ.y appointed anoth r a ent, Richard Randall, who arrived at the clos of 1828. Hie ~ enc"r ... unfortu.nat&ljr lcLsted onlJ' a year, at t he end of v, ich he died of inflarnmuti on of b e brain . Jams Mechli -, a youn doctor who had acc o .anied Rand#ll, no a ~ umin th position of agent, fo lov;e ou. Ashmun' s pro ressive po i.cy. Durin hie agency roads vver made t o facilitate co unication an.d trade vii th the: natives . In t he same perio d there: occ,1rred an in cident of interest, bee au se of its indication t ·hat the na i ves vvere coming to recogniz t he prot cti v · inf . t _ enc& of the colony . A number of captives, who ~rere being ent do in the St • Paul' s River sea d fro their ua de and took r ft e 1 Ale ............... d r, His o X _:. _A _ _ _ in onro ia . l he trader, who ae kno vn a s t _e "Su l t an of Brun1lay, ' sent a dafia.vit meeaag~ dema din t heir restoration, Tho dema d, of course, 11as unhe0ded. Ther· a11~Jon, secu.ri n t.ne aid of ot11ar slave trade . a, the "S1.1ltan" at }1ered a. force of armed men , and m~de an attacy on t he colonial settlements alon 6 .L.11.e St . Paul's . ecl1lin ha·stily dispatched a tro p of l 7· 0i militia under the: t ima-tr 1 lsted Johnson, with the o ders to advan ... e ,.,o the se e. e of the raids and rdpl1lse the enetny , 40 A hund ~d and twentv freed captives accompanied the expedition as sco11ts. Aft t 1r a st ren11ot1s confli t, the Li eria.."1 force proved i_,sel victori ous. The anenr.1 ' s t owns we sei.zed, and the "Sultan" forced to e11 e o: peact!! , for'-'hwi th echlin was · n ardant r .vorke th 0 1 .1 hout is a 0 en y of six years, By 183~, satisfact ry progress had be8n made in both edtlcational nd indua"" ial li nes. There ·~ere now six publi s hools in o· eration a _ ona ni ·ht schoo fr ad1lts at onro ia, Vi 0 s o - s cJ:1001 or 0 irls were e s ., a 211 i s.:. e d at onrov a and t 1 1.e new t O "vVn of Cald\Vel • ecl1lin had 0 t h d . i . of t . d r a. a i on. " 0 I co ein a w n . in 1834 he ras ·ore ( ;... b.r g roke th t o ret r 0 ri ca, h.is "l , t 1r ias g r fat 1 re retted e Hi e • • t, h fai ul la or l1a • i n manacr e s u 1 0 of t o an~ , .a.ve ViOnhim a lace u . r .. o tint a s 1 H "J as 11 rrone .. · di n , ,. - ~ ~ " n · n ~ o of .:. in j_ o • n '11f" s i n of h - " lood, n those wh 1 n.e foundati ns of Liberj_a. In the period f llowin until 1839, thrv oth r a ents were aant, under w hose di ~ction t he prosp rity oft e c lo- ny con inued t Under Pinnev' s a en .., , t . e \V 10 le macl1in9rv of • o ernment which had been 111 a st ate o con- .., fusion, ·nas amp a ~1y r , ~o r anize·d and p aced on a systemat c worki 11 basis. 2 In 837 ociety was sent a most o rati- for the l , 3n. t 1 of time i t overed ax eeded t h e ex p act at ons of evon thi~ op i ~isti oo dy. T, v po latio n of Li ~~ria had 3 incrJ ased to 5 000, o a-t ni had p_ · ed ~~em selves unds ... .. V J. i n s t 1ctio of t h olon~ • 41 Comm ··3 t 1'1e • • al • from ~ , . ., on 11 1 • an · nn 1nc orne exports 0 cam,ood, ivory , u alm-oil .. and _ ides , 1laa st i1nat ed bat ~ve .,n $100 ,000 an. 12 000; whi t 9 abo11t th . a·· n am 1n n America. and Euro-)dan 00 .. N ... S i 1npo ted , In ad . io to ]. .. t his , a p r o-r · ta l : ~ v Oa t t ade i as : ~tn c · ~ri · ::!d on by· p . i vat~ c i izens some of v-1hom nettad as m1l c _ s 5,000 ann a l r · - . Th liar or of onrov · a wa se ldom c ,9a ed of f ore· g.n si-1ips, comi11 0 fr om 4 he Uni u·:~a. Sta ~s, En 0 la.1 , Franc - , Po u 1 an.d Denrnarx . l 2 3 ee A p n i for lt st of tb a Agents a n d Gov r 3r o s of Li eria. Inc lu in t 1.e i beratd of Am~ri an ori gin, as 8 1 , an po ted up t o data ' S abo1t 4,0 o. J ohnet t he w..1.0 550 et seq, 0 iv ~s poo l at io n 3 n1..1. ber tra s- Liberia in fact, was found to be more pro sper o1.1s t h an h r sister colony, Sierr a Le n e 1 hose industry int is line Na;s bein monopoliza·d b y Europdan tr ders t o t h e sxcl, 1sion o f t h e colordd c.:.tizens. Lib er i also dported '-'i 0 htea, . n cnurc hes, with on1-t1 1ird of t h e population enr olled as members in ood standin. The numbar of schools had increased t ten while vari u s societ i 1 3s were or e; a1 i zed, so1n, 3 o f hich est abl 1 sn d museums f or the coll 1 3c t io n of ocal cu r i s· t i ss. And t h citizens we . d des ribed · s w e -man1er ed a d orde r y, ad mani E:!S in e ·vhusiasm i n t n.e p r rn1an "! of hei d ti s. de-st) 9ad nt9 : 3st t a! e n i n t - colonizat i on 1 . n, :had b e ~ n h ei.ghte n d b · y _ e r epo ts of act al resu t a. an· s oc · 3t i ,3s re f .. m d t h r o J h o t ,,,e United Stat Js, t fi rst ux· l i ar 1 t o ., h Par ent oci ~t y , ut l ater taki 1 i n de Jen de nt ac t i on 0 foru1 s Jarate co l oni as on t he t of Afr • Th d c ade af 830 ma K S ,he ifl s .., c o a. ca. · e h i t, .t i de · nth . t • . t an d -t () t s · sm n 1 S ac V y . m i m or a ~ o t h ~s w a t n t o ~ h and Co oniz t on So c i t, n 832 . i ven 1 In co m1 a y Ri .,, ~ -'-- . T :., f o . .. l. t; J. t 9 - . 183' r of • em ra s T . own w s l y ~a utan e te n i ve c o on·~ · ng ent~ p · se s )' t d ~ c o ln · v1hi c h ~rill . in -rn·dinb r socie V .., ' j_! a s . set 1 ed a on te _ _ i. tory ust so1 t h 0 t he St. . rohn n · m d din i s s i l i ~'1 - x · s t ne e • si1 ni , ::l.r act· on w by soc. : ,., t y 0 42 1 yon m n in P nns lvania, ·a d xce )ti na for their v It s m mb ·-r s v,e 43 a.11 uak rs, Abou.t 130 emi rants, all of t h.em artisans- c a.r nters, black: smi ths, ott rs, bricl~mal{ers, e 1oem·· , rs and tail r s- '!ere tran~·ported by this or aniza i on, · ·· "d estalJl. e-h don a tract of l and not f ar from h~ town of dina. Sho tly aft rwards, the Spanish tra.ders, wh.o still had con i d able i n 1 ence over tr1i s r:... gion, incited th.:) nat · re c t .ief to attack - ,is n to 1n cal led Port Cr~seo • n t co flict w ic ens ed, ei hte n of t ... co onist ve r k · 11 d, al t e hou es -ere des o ;r l,d nd t .., .. - vi cr s panic - str· ck n, fl d Edina for refuge. Anot l1 r assc ch.i...,f , who as on f riend y t""r 'th Liberia, aid d t h e pl - ~ of dina in repe lin the enemy . The hostile c11iaf VY-a co s ain d o st.ie fo~ ace, and rh e th ' t was gra 4 e, he as forc~d to rebuild t . to ~n h ad destr y~ d . A new it furth · r no on th river, ras c 10 ~e for 1 cati n, ,. _ d th By 1 3 v · ri ot. a i nd p nd:, it a t 1 me _ ts dot d t r1 re 0 ion arour1d ~ n o i a , am.on ~ , i ch 'I r ino and re nv· 1 situat e d lon t e Sino River, nd es a lished b ev, orr Societi ~ ~s r ~pectivel'jr. Lac .:_ of . i s .:. s iI pi ,. d as .... oon 1a .if n h dif er n co ni s. Thi a- ra e in ere . - d - i , o !=' 1.· • c;;1, - e any neral 1~ wa or u a d h as 1 0 anin10 ai t y a d i f'ee i • The J o · o , Li b a I 1 • 4 Societi s r alizi t urgency of r r edy o tbis condition of affairs, decided upon a vcm t h~r by all t e co onie e s~ould be un·ted un r .Le o e ov rnme of t e Pa t ..,nt Society. All the co on · s bu hat of a land ent r d h~arti- ly into this a reement. A new constitution was then dopted. The country v,as div·ded in~o t · cou .. ties, !ontserrado ad Grand Bassa, ext ndin from Cape ount to the · nde ent colony of 1far :ylc111.d, east of the Sino River, and th. e un ted territory was now styled t e "Comm wealth of Liberia." A Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, both appointed b t e oard 1 of Directors, h· d charge oft e executive Vihile a Cou cil of Liberians elected by the people,, cons i ttl ed t .le legi let.ti ve boa· under the direction of the overnor. Thi s Counci l was composed of ten members, six elected from ont serrado cot1nty and four from Bas~a, The administ ation of justice ~ as vested ir: a Hi 1 Cou.rt, over v.1hicl1 t e Governor also presided. he se iIT.1 o rt a agency of Anthon had be~n sent by t chan es occurr di n 1838 , d rin 0 t e 2 illi am. Tho .!a Bucl1anan, a youn man .. , rho evr ork a.nd P- ennsylvania Societies to re )Ort on th· condition oft eir co oniee,w s appointed t he first Governor, and in 1839 entered upon the duties of t .Lis office. 1 Composed of Dele ates from the separate. Societies. 2 He v;as cousin to the later resident Euc11anan of the United St ates . CHAPTE I V. he E e .ab ie ent of ndependence·. The advantage of this union was eoon ap arent, both t o the smaller colonies, v 1 ho had been ke t in con.stant fear of molestat :t n y t h e natives, and t o the old r colony becat se of the added force an d energy. An oc currence in the fo l low· ing year impressed t his fact U )O n t h em t he more forcibly. 45 The territory back of onrovia had for som e tima been disturbed by r epe at d warfare betwe en t h e De and Gora t ribes. While these attac were not directed aga i nst t he. Common wealth, they had ca ed m uc amag · to seve r a of is owns. Dur in t he conservat i ve _le of Willi anrs ' a ency , no h·ng had b e en done t o r st r ord r. Bucl1·- an , ho 1ever, i mmedi at ely u on enteri go fie • r s o ve d o c~eck t he se distu b ce s, and was t h~ m o e· er · n d Vi hen he 1 arn d that Gut , ba, t he success r f the poverful ch · f Bo,tavai , had ma h f c l1an1 pi n of th ora paopl fr om his cou1 s & t o attack Li b an d i n his raids had d .,vi at e d ian s et tl m t s along t e t. P au 's Ri o.r . G ut am ·} s f · an of 1 · abu g aft er b ·n rarna Bucr1· an for n r tic acti n . r ply an the d et i o t d s , no i deci de d A orce o patch ed und r 300 mi l i l v1a t her upon or an· zed and di s he command of a oun oct r n , ose h • ob t - a Vi o vv e o e come: p o · n nt i s b q ent Liberian history. arc11 · ... t hrou h the forests, the litt1~ expediti on , ac c om ani d also by B ch anan , made its wa~ t o t h enemy' a atrongho d, a wall d t o ,_N abo u t tv,e·nty miles north of Mil sbu g . Al h ou gh inferio in nu r e, Rob rt s' fo ce was so well d i sci lin d th· t ft ·> r a fe 1 ssault s, the enemy was forced o sur n der . Thro1.l h tht s vict ory ov e s o povle fu a chi f, Li be · a gained greater pr st g e in the eetimati n of the surroundin tribes. Treaties of peace were sought vrith her, a.nd several ch · fs vo untarily p h mselves an d h ei sub ecta nder her cont o • Th co ·n r whicl1 had b n t h e sc . ne f t .. e conflict , ho 1 ,,ever, as so devastat d, that its ag i c r'ltural 4 ev pm ent which had bee s o •romi s i .g , was erio lsly checked for many y are. · O n e vantage ground f t his neVily acq1· r ed p esti ge, uc h a nan no t ook measur es o au p ess t h e deetruc- ti vQ · .t r n·ttent rar f are on t he ribes , n t he nati e t di c a r d a ny- · t h i bar b r o . tices and c11stoms. Abou t this time t he rorNing co .erc e in palrr1 -cil ras comin t o StlpplcL nt the nefarious traffic i n slaves alon t his western co" 1.st hi s t rade forme d great · indt cement for European ent erprise:, es ... ) i · ;1.l y t h t o -'- 1'1e B- · al " '10 ~, r a JllS .. i11 a on 0 t he c asts o b n dant O o t t h i (., Onl.t.ilO d . • o on t _ 0 s f 0 ier a aon · a. ... ett in i b i · w · ch were f ound p l1n . This .1..'l · rt of tl1.e Britis_11 , e · aed t .11e Li rians m chap ehena·o • For the ritis_ in loyalty '?) to thei .. gover11mt3 . .. t., 1 nain- tained an. · tti t , de' Li er· a . Buchanan obtain tha as croach u on .. l. ri · .,; r· rt i ~ S . 11 Ame i C ' p sco nfuln' sa f n au o ·t · , 9s ~o- ~ sent an n oy ~o ng an, +o ~?1at t .~es me ch nt w u d not en- t ·toy . u 1 At the sarae t· rns, n the go rerrunent t pu c .1.1 se 47 Dute and Danis set t e~ent s ·oining Li~ eria, and tnu s pre- in t }ld CO • of Li ria y ~a c ose o: Buc h· t s admi 1ist at i o ... ·Na ·· e imated , t 2,22 Am 1.:: ·can-Li, ~ .;ria s, and 30 ,000 lib-rat c· pt ires n · t . "'18 S w ho ad atta Jl~ d t ~ em - 2 sel1 t o h Buchanan had 1 t h.is . s o· e r .1. d n v. OU a 1 - .t:' u~nc e b a po_ t11 - dev )me l v f o ~al i ndu st . · s, .L .., . co loni sts t o baco e ·ndustr·o s nd ac e t h ur 1n e .. co11nt y on · f-s 1ppo ~ing bas i s . For up t o t ~i s +im . tne . • • ocieti es ad . 1 i n ain3d e var10,1s C 0~1z1ng s m a S .:.~ a t he mo _ atary S t;. ')OTi., (l co l ony·. n 0 ' 84 Buchan n o n ct~ , s e,.. ness b e~i..~) O a .ra ..&. r a n. .... .,, l ... cove ng ,. . e i _ n -:J dent y resum d .. 1/0 k . . . d w s , . · tal e Aft~ l ' ap • a ong an d st en lO l S bat t 1 3! i f ~' . - a r a t 1 1 l C ~O S 0 .,.. tn· sa :) ~a- .. -.I • l AlonD ~he Gold Coast . Gr sett Brit · in. hey :tier :a eve ntually ac q i 9d by 2 Joh st on, , 183. in ' for t~ , - Buchanan was t h e la.st v1hi te m n who admi ni st e r e th af fairs of Li beria, His successor was Jo seph T, ob¥rts, t he yot1n 0 man v1ho cond1ctad the ax.pa di tion a ai nst Gut amba and ~as subsequently appointed ieut enant-Governor . Robert s was a n ati ·ve of Vi g·n · , comil"lg t i'be · a with hi s parents w h en a young man of twenty in 1829. He at first e: n aged in a profitable tradi11 0 business, t hen lat e ~nter : 3d the militia, whers·, o. n account of his effivi ency, he <t.vas rapidly p rornoted, till he attained t he po sition of general . en th.e o ernor- 48 ship was vacated thro,.1gh Buchanan ' s deatn , h i s nat1 1ral t al• 3nts and ability marKe d h i m a s the l egi ti nate- S'lCC: ... a,nd --, Hist ry of African Coloniz· · on, ,. 3 ..,, . S,., i 5 in ~ u. ating com.1erce vithi n i e territo :r, the Lib ..... r1an overnment had enact~d c...w· establiehin a defi nit& 1/0 ad valo . em dut on al i m o.rt d oods. h Briti~ merchan e, 8 .. CCll t med for )rears t u .r~ trict ~d trade alon t . coast , ]. s consid e thi act of prestun ti n on t .i.e pa of Liberia, a.nd set its atit ho ities at defiance. To add to t J.e diffic Al Y, t r1 a tho iti B at ""i e a Leon e C 0t1 d t e mercl1a ts • ag in . . ib ria' s la. . by guarant . al t . 1gnor1n lO s, ein \Jl r ac- tiona again.st the unreco nize·d go e P.m~nt . ob :lrt s t h e paid a visit to America to ain advic a to what co s to pu - st e, tl atr . e j eno 0 h, t ... is , ve t failed o a~a a .y activ in er -ntion . e ·re e reac1.ed ad t ere- lal.tions bet e strained. h e merchan·s an d ib ria bee ' .e daily, mo~e At 1,n th in 184, ri ish trade . , ap ain rin, landed his cargo r t d Baasa and ; · thh ld t he payment f h::. la ed dutjr . • h h .. s goods r n execu l n o· a , e t h~r po seize,d n d u· o his con defi a e of t:r1 ~ egu- la ion 60 d • , wer in repr sa C, tr. '-- saine . 0 plain a ainat thi + 0 b · o · - th d o an i n de nit fr m th "' , Bri tis gov rrun t, on t h e grou.nd t h· -- t the traders h · d for man y a,rs cond "cted t heir r dej, su.bj ect to no ot r1-'r demand J.an t h e cu tom:.ry ifts to e ati ve c 1i fa, "n d at e also had t he f r e ri ~ ~ o trade y t eir prioritv o f purcl ' Se. ·pon i ve i ·ati on, ho' " ever, t · re o ld no be fo 1 d th.e a i ·h s roo · r an docun1 e. te sl10 1 Nin st1.cl1 purcl~ ases by Briti sh su jecte. Commander Jon of the British avy, than ·rrived at M onrovia with the m ssage that Great ri tain cot l d not recog nize tr e claim of a body of private persona to ass tm the ri ghts of a so;vereignty, and thus l vy cust ms duty. In the meantime 1n~1ir · a made by the English Forei 1 inist r , Lord Aberdeen, to u c~rtain L1b·ria s relation to the ni d States. r. Ever -tt, th American ~aaador, was info r ed 51 that He r ajesty's naval officers would protect their traders against any in1proper aesu.mpt1on of PO"Ner on the part of ib ria. From the nit d Sta es sur rising indiffe enc~ in t _e mat - ter, evidenced by veret 's re ,lJr hat Lib ia must be held responsi1le fo h - r o~n acts, i rceived t~~t Liberia v1as not regarded as an Am, __,rican. colony, but merely t e off S.t;ring of a pri vat organ.i zation. n this poai ion t hen, iberia was denied he ri ht to exercise any po 1 e pper tain·n to as ~re gn stat , even wi h i n er ow n terri nder this impli~d state of lp- lessnesa, t h e trad s i nc eas t ... ei a i de cone of h r a vts • Two o l1 ah.ips la,n.ded th:,i cargo e s · hou. compliance o the c 1stome ta.riff. Then a colon.ial scl1ooner , J olm eye·a, via. aei zed b a Brit· eh n O ..o ~" ar ~ ¥1 . d a - - ..l.. -,, ' (:l..L.' c r o, arooun in t o 5,000 was confis a.t d. o explana ion of t l is ct 'I' o fe ed but i as tak n to · n enmify the goods pr viol sl)' sold b the 1 b ian ave ment co The i uati.on v, s o , co i mos c i ica • acti on Vias u gent, if Liberia 'w a to maintain h r posi ion ·- .d self- defe s e. 'nd p vent t h e rep et· tion of su h occu rence s in the fu u r !• And t neith~r the colo y nor its pare t, t he Co 011izat · on S001 y, ha .. d th po~· r to n otiat e for agr ements; for he one- \taa only· a privat corp orati n whil~ the otter had o race niti n a s a sover n p wer. n agreed ociety on being ap ea ed to for advtce , t h G v r or oberts that t e only co r s& remaining vtas for the Society to release i "s r ins of authori y and al ow t h colon to constittt iteel a s ov rein a i de- p ndent et a e. As so on as t h i s i n o .ati on r e ac 'l ... d onrov · a, th egis au ·as conven d u y 13 , 18 , t o c nsidJr wha ac - 52 ti on sho d be aken. Intense inte s an d a xiet pr -vailed t hrou 0 hou t he vho co u ity e. e gi sla.tv. , aft a three d ys sessi , drer up a asol2tion i st c in he Gover o to caus - t h e ci tize- s of h Common\~/ alt.h t a sem le· in th i · , spec ti ve to "ns on. tated day, o conc•ider t h pro osition of t be olonizati on ocie y. he matter was ac- ~ad to he peo )1 Octo er •, 184 , and was v ted o by a l cLr e m .ajo i y. Throu 10: the fo lo"·i g in h . of i ndepend • di SC l aed. sp es l. _c ,J a s riou s ~;/ On Ju y 8 , 18 4 ', , a con ~nt i n compo sed of del at e fr o h t h e cot n ~ as C 1 1 "d, 0 draw u a ~lara ion of nde- nden f l t lr Con sti u.tion iberia . Aft • h.t p e: an or 81 e of de ib • t h clar • d a Cons i • d r s r n, e ]. 0 t on modelle·d on th· t o f t e Uni ,ed States v :ae complet .)d an.d fo rm~lly adopted in convention, uly 26 , 1847, and n Septem ber t hey wer e unani m ously rati11 d by the vote of t h e peop • The irst lee ion was h~ld on tbe first Tuesday in Oc tober followin , at v,hic time! Joseph J. Roberts, already Governor, an d th met c pable and efficient man of his coun try, was elactea Presid~n • . He continued ae Governor till Janu · ry 3, 1848, v1h.en he was fa n1ally i augurated with ::>reat ceremony as t he President of the Republic of Lib~ria, 53 v. ar~yland Colony . The] decade of 830-40, as ' 1 e ha e seen , witne s sed t h.e ' activitj oft 1 e tate Soc · eties in o m·ng indepen e set - 54 tleme t s. Of t h se that of var lan d was th most s i nifica t, This colClIJY v as es al)lj_ she a durin 18 32-3 , by the - ar) and Colon.ization ociety, wh n r. arnes all v,as sent t o est 1 Africa with ~hirty-one emi -ra _t s. The movement wa not primarily contam la. ed a a separat · one. :But fail1.,1 e to t o agreemente . h • then "'o-en t of Lib· r · a, to t ~l ec 1 in , ae come· e • nment or l a.nd wit in t exi stin co and addi - ass1 ny, 1n tion, t h den of certai apeci al • l ts v1hicl1 he claimed a r1 for his com any, ca,1ae d Hall to retur to America to • ceive ftirt r. e inst ructions. The .l yl c.ri d Col ,ni zati on oci ety t her u on d c ded t found G . 1 nd _ t settl m t. Hall retu~ne d in 183 w· th tw nty-e1ght more emi g a t s, a,nd co l ectin the co o .ist s he h· d previousl·y· 1 >ft at . on- rovia, proceeded own the coat to e Palmas , a conspic~ous promonto y which marks t h e turnin of t he coast to an east rly di rec ti n. Aft r ome dif icu. ,)' i n explcLinin to t he c iefs t he objec t of bi s ms n, al inal y prJvail d upon t m for t he purcha e of a tract of l and. l cPh rso Studies, 0 . 31 t • i n , 30 -32 • ------- y 55 The ary l and Colonization Society ro acted ti und~r taking with the distinctly announced ot·ve of the radual ext· ctlo _ o s l ,:very. It had t h r fore heavily s 1 sidised t e enterpri ee, a lropri atin 20 000 forte first ar, and 10,000 annual y fort ~nty y ars . Ano h r of its s ecial aims waste promotion of the principl es o temp ranee amon t he colonists, a tot is nd , the im •o tation of 11 alco- holic liquors ~~thin the colony was strictly proh i bited. One of the first acts oft e man ement was t he f r r in of a Con- stit m e~a l bas·s , s bs : otion mada ~econ ition ·· dmi ~ta~ce ·.nt o citizerish i i n t e c lon::t . None - ,-=- t a.e t . • fo t 1nes \Vhic had t n t J_ e no l. a e ..... V f u .,. d. ! b • sis colony, ·11e . d !ar lan 0 s e .J ..... er13 ... .,.c • Th~ n· ti res · he bet t ( ~ . • ... '"" o s ..... d. And alt 1. w r s d . t . st fe, ant . • wi , fe r n b e 1 s a l. e t h . . . ho t t 1 1. .., 0 .-r l 0 a C , ). n se 0 a . ] n . ol: " '"l""J. ti ar .. _ s ver.J s in - an n ..L l., 0 lt ,. ort # e ';act ( ~ 0 1 t _ e p om a militi a - . ., .., anized, a s hool l_) . 0 j ded, n a t .{18 t t - 1 3: H3 t as • th • vi n condi t: o .. . i n a • only , . .a t ne n t i e S .. 0 c• ...., 0 D .. ai _ i O 0 fo Od St r) i . s . .. On acco n of th . mo1..1s ri c on , Hal res e · ha , ,, ~1 ..... s s 1pp 1~ s =- , · mo ri ce fr J l a ai r••11 0 i11 cr t 1- e. Freeman. ) . · bl e so . of 'rotactionist "o a ) 56 boats w ic h wo1l d be disp tched uo t e river. Hal, how- ever, determ· nedly pr ceeded ·th his pans, and men · c~d - if so force d, t - dest 1ct ·on o t e r~bo vi ont . oversy then vnsu 11hic_ nea ly precipi ta ad a b att e. Ha 1 fi allv· t h r o·1 h ni s fi rmne " fo C Fr e an to yie d nd econci iations Ne · 3 after·wards a 0 rdea"hly stab is d. At t e OS ability the colon 83, . r. a 1, to whos or at wX9 ut·ve ras 'nderJted or its p esent state of st1c- cess, " If s s d l .Y br ken in heal t _ an ... arced · o et1 1rn to . 1ca. t wa . OU - t h i S t . mw th moven1 . t was g eod u_pon unit t at e co o ies ·Ni.th i a , hus ry and, ho~ - 3r, in i st~d u on mai ta · · n 0 an · 1 1dep enden e,xist c 3nca an in 1838 ap o nted ohn • usa~w m, edi o· of tha "Li eria era d," as its . st rov , 3,. no 1 • Ea ly n h. s adrni n i st a on, t h vr:3 ~ as intr d d a pap redeen1anl, e at t h a store iz . oc·et VU. r~ncy, 0..1. 0 vl On A s S1;, d • c . ::, n · o r rni "' y . i ~fl t hat of Lib ia reve nue aw was ") .. d in few . d ... u,.] in.co e o f , 200 . r a a year s r1 an · .. n t !' hcd • l i 0 c;Jl i n 6 - 1 ~ ro ~i s O'N s, t he 0, i rnpo rt a. 1 he i t 'l La f . r ' C,. an 0 a l ~:. s . ' - n thi .J ~ .a £, 1 0 b D a ·h o .., a es o · . ) \J - olonial "' 0 on~ , Ehin 0 0 4 h ... C ,~- a e ,. n alti .0 • A . . -t 0 .J. . + . t e \ra te e d C ,a n am V .l l .:.:, a • 1 T LID.-..., n hon.a obe o OYJ e ar o ' a m o e . • Governor Russwurm was succeeded by • • . c ·ill. During hi a term mucl1 troubl, 3 was expe ienced •ni th t h e warli ke tri es of the Kru, Greb o and people of the C ~-· lla River. But no aid or advice wo 1ld be received f r om Li beria, on tne ground that such c ou e w uld refl 1 3ct on aryland' s 1ndependenc ·• This spirit of self-relianc~ was ste adi J maintained notwith- standing tha~ fact t hat t h e colony was not in as prosper o1.1 s 57 a condition as in y · ars previ o·us. And after 18'4 ? , wh"'n Liberia de c .1.ared her i 11 d;) ... endence , t hi s spiri t was h ei ghtened t o the extent that . a:ry and also de si ed t o ba fraad of the aut }1ority of t h e oci ,3ty and to asse r t its autono .. 7 . To t his end, a c om.rni ttee of l • 3adin citizens, ·ras u thoriz~d to pet : tion t~a Society. The latter, ho raver , t hink ing t 1e colony rather immature to take upon it se l f t ne re sponsi bi li ties of lf-governm nt , was i1c ined o ref se t he pet i tion · but t h e fear t hat t l1.e bette . clasa wo u.ld des .... t for t h ~ indepa nde nt state of Libe r i a, finally c au sed it t o a q11ieisce. A kind of "Federal Union" und1 3 -~hi c i1 . aryl and would merely be allied to Li b e ia, whi l s maintai nin her own overnm ent, was at _irs su 00 ested i t f ound 1ot fea 'bl~. T er-3f rs a con .., t ion was }1a d 11 t h ..., sprinb o 1854, which s ~ mitte ~o he Society tne ~ond·tions of he tran s f e f and, '" n.d · lso drafted · new Con,. it, tion . Th "" at ..,r .. a subse q1ently un· ·mo, s y t ifi dd b y t peo p ~. n a :y , W i 11 i am A. P r o ,1 t ra :., 1 i.; c t < ~ d o v e no , · n d c sc ar ~d an ind~ ..., nde t Stat~ . 0 w CO• niti on W S o i en y u o -o a n Po· ers, neve t e , 9ss, a s it r1as felt t at t n e co ony v1011ld e e t .1a ly fJ.se i t h t h t of Li b eria . Pr ut " s careful man · g e e t r vi ed s om•3'Nhat t he pros- parity of ea 1· ~r day s. Aft(.) 1 1· d'-o#at i 1 5 · , t e rae ... 58 and imprud nt a ti on o f hi s succ ess· , William s. Drayt on , pr Jci··itate d t · n e •Country in a wr- r wit t . - ative i11 a ita .. ta . A hotly c ontaav ' db tt ~ \Vas fo1.1g1t · 1 Nith t h e Grebo e a Cap Palm,· s in Dece nbor , 1850, follo v,e d by anot ..,onf ict on t h 8th of t he ne_t , nth , in which t h - colonial or~ exper - er1ced h . dt, ea"" Iii t 1 :1 h ' of t h • 1 , ..., a l . g , ..., ss 1 ar y a d ; Ot t h 1 t mer1. a p a or , ·nas in , ; de t o onr diat J i beri h ti , n L to t • . st- mm y . y Ci v e1. _ as tr oo.r: of 250· -x-P . 4 Robe ts, h i h s oon anc a men n r 8 S J.. . n "' , "'J e t 1 nat · ves and ore d }1 . t A treaty of t r p art· l3s ? ,fas ,one 1de, nd at t e sa.l'.Ile .P a ti1ne e of riendshi p b t; en a 1 d n d i r ·a s si ,.'.)n· d "'J Ho • ..r. • · b son an d x - Pr~ s · ob rt s. y , :.Ln aft • co n c ., o s o and i so .- t d 4 o · i on · n ar~ stly a u g t uni n .,,. '\ eakn~ss i >Jr: • t ~ t l rid'"' 1 d e ,.,tofo- ~ l) .., e nte hvr 0 t hi OU t .. ti on , Li . ... ria wo .1 o ly a i dra tta c e ' 6 actio n om t n J. 1J. a · t y ~ 1 · t .J. h others. u no ~ v t he ~ c en e 1 1 e i ,., nc e 1 s s ... n di s • 1. e, a na i m 1s ot i n a o r of ' ou y at. 0 " W 8 5 , t h e , t he o i sso \Ted · . d all - bli -o t ,r c eda • o • -' nr , n \# • n J Ac t h f o l o· in A ril, t e o er or o f as s ) .., r - --ede b t ~a 1 : t h e o her c o t ~a, an d h e 1 ublic s . ar and 1 Co11nty . 1 The num b · ') o .P colonists at t n ti 1 ne of a nnexat · n was es t · mat~d at 900 of Ame i an ori in and 10 , 000 natives. Im- po r t dt1ty was pro du ing • ,l, 00 p annum. State liabilities ·~ere paced at .3 , 000 wit h asset s at 10,000 . The ar l~l'ld Colon·zation Soc·sty ad in ts treas ry 6,000 remain ng, w hich was in est~d :.'l a sc1 10 at Cap e Palnas. 5 CHAPTER VI. he epub ic of Liberia (184 - 0) • The history of Libe~ia after he establis mant of ind - pendance now bee mas one is entirely in •h the subjects oft of vital int~rest •• The . overnm nt f the paoJla themsel1ea, who ar iment p ojecte d in th~ first ha f o 60 the ! lnatv~nt h Centi y , and it· s ccordin as thev ev nee their v cap ~ · ty t mai 1 1tain an.d pr gress 1 in · uperA,mpose ci ili za ti on , thei . a ility to assume tne eaponsibilitiws·and ·ox 011t the prob 1 9. s of self- over_ rnent, that the many p o-t:>lems connected with ei country nd h~i peoo e w· 1 ba so re d in th~ futu 1--d . We a. '-' no vf to see ho v she ha met th~ se re- • • qu1remenvs. The .p m o · governm 1 .3nt as o .1tlined n he Const 11 t . n draft e • 84 I, • ..,h f a Ren1 .1 l i e - de ad in 15 C se y m n ... th t t un·te · States. he . t he trip d" . • 0 .::.) s tl U' e Tl S 0 J Le g i sl, t re an.d • Judi'-' · a y. Art · c 1 ~ f of t e Cons+· ;lt · on deals with the po 'a s of t~e e c1.1ti v· wh ch are V• ~sted n a Preai e t el, 9cte di dctl · byte peop 0 H h b citizen t he Rep1 1b . at least ye a ... s. mu -:ve c,n 0 l.C fi .. . 0 thi ty- f" e Yf:J a. e .. l · ~ ar s, ·n a a, a n e ~e • J • p . J. . co e -in-cl i 9f of he a m ir an e Bl. v s filct,lr"' 6 . th cone enc e 0 t o-t .L i 0~ h Q a ._, 1 B Senate, and ri t .:. t r advi ~a, appoints a 1 public officers, . e Co 0 l d · 1· ..P . t 'h . _g 0 :...1. ce G.. ... _ s 1 ' t o l1in .. . T e Vic -Pr e si _ t is a l o lec t e d t t r of vo y e a s, · ·. d · s a 't j e t Jo , - · ,::, s I p · side s o r e ~e n . . tit ' s onsi Op Q , f o 'li f ' ca., · n d o 1 " in 6 61 . c <.:t ._ : c: o , · u a J. :r o e . I V o n of h 6 - ' ' ·m _ ra }1 hi 1 · n o J. f• i c ~ • T f i +· e "' n 0 oi'fi c .... rs T V ·n O c , al .... , .b 1 +· ~c "' ,_ one, i !} .. a • ... n di d a e i ve a r s rn jo i 1.,l t o i j ot e • e "L slat o L·b =- i a" con..:.. ..; so 1'1 S , ,- s · ·· n d 0 11 • e en t o s, i"r m co o_ fo _ ;y ars . Q al .. i C t . G 8 C olfice i , c ize _,. R ,i .... i n i c -for at lea t ye a.rs r. tl1 C O U. t r - ✓ ,:- t w _ t :) - f i \'j l ar s o f ct/'1 • A r ati 11 ,as st e h · n t a e e V 6 i h irst ct i r s 1 1 d h d o c __, o r 0 l he · rs f or t --o , a.n d a l t l c t d 0 a r • T R p ct3d fo , a s, h . f _" C j C, • 62 icl1isp r ce. att · n - e . A i . st n, t ount r 0..1.. on s d R s e a Gra Jd Bas ~a t br e an Si o ne . Co nti f s ad i .1.e f t re to e: R . l V an , , 1 1 , i o a R p )s n ativ·e for v ry te o po ... Ma . ,1 .- i , she a sentc1ti c; Sino' ta a als · n'"L In }1 0 il 0 an d r so 1 e, ea. c 1 anch acts 6 1 ck upo t1'1e otr1 r, w·hil a 1 b ' lls pa s -d l) both !!ou.s s r 1 te n sub ~ct o V 0 n • Bi , ~o · ev ' p s V 0 t - i - d in eacl1 Halse, o~ if t h e Preside t shal ne lJct 0 turn a il within i e d ~ s, su 1 e g l c t is - i a i n ·· u. e • 1T · r Ho s c ' con sen. h s _ a. r1ol · ses n i n hes c i ~ • T C TI .C l f , t o 4 de ai 1 d , o 1 re s o _ Q en a d f e Co g s n. e L ~ a .r he Uni~e S a Sup em Co 1- t, an • - • T s - p e .e Co r ha, o i ina jurt.._dic i o 11 r a ca ef ect1.n .. · .. ia -" do s, co s 1 , an mi j st ~rs, -r t r1ose to which t Rep b . • t • an.d ate j .ri edicti • r. 11 oth l.C 18 a pa , ap· e in rs , Eacl1 pu.b • Of f ie val~ by • f whic l .C r 18 r e imp · a , t he 0 .t:• Re entati vea l1a to . nsti . p o- o t .Je re . 1.e p O"Nar l c ed1:re, . t "J Se 0 po ,. f 0 g w a Con · i ti n oe .... e: by CO 1CU c~ ..... t " ,ro - th · Id ' t, and if a Pr sident Vice-Presid n s . d, t Ci f- Ju s ice must .: ae . In am ndi g tb Co s itutton , ~ ndm. .. nt e an posed by two-thirds the Le . cLtttr to be ratifi d by o~ 18 OL ~; ar two-thir · s 0 t e sam , and af s y two-thi1 ds of" the peop e at the ne ,.t cti n of the m ;.r e 0 t Le i a 1 The or1ly . d f ct • tr1 nt thus p ovi ded S 3rlOU S n 0 wae t he s ort tenur e of of"fic _. of t ~e Presid nt and tb ~rs 0 tr1e Legi s attt e, a cond· lOn whic J.. ca s d a was 0 ene y and on y in th o i t--rec1lrri n elections , and ;-;~icl ad , the 1 continu:ty o . ly .. • Bu h po icy prac ca mpo SSl e . on whol the Conati u on s o ind p oducti on , e ass d i • C a ' conci e f. n a ' nd ·a e Y so o e n , .:, f or ··:,r carried ou • to action . l · The p ob am h . cl1 0 J:y c on , ~ rn e 0 n g R - " public the • f ts founding--and . .. d ~d tt. v1 icl1 a m one !1u.6 • e .... n tended ·th .ncl1 p rpl xi y-- 1 ,-:as ... a ever 1n.ce of ... r fo e1 gn Ett · on • n h bo d ste1) S l ha a er fo ward , sh.e as w _olly· unsu.p )O ted--unreco anized, The dif- fie, ty with En leLnd, wbo se p ote,. e on the north, ha.d a,lv1ays viewed Lib ria 'Viith distr .st, stil r)m '" · e d una ~ttled. Therefore, th ob·ect foremo tin h n , was to obtain recog iti nor h tat us &. d h f O O • 53 • F ....,c .!. t t re1nedyin 1.,his , se ) Cna .... . V . , p . 9 • 4 Fo t is po se, Pr s· ent Roberts shorty after hi s in- at ion, detJ3 • d t o au u in 0 0 a o th e ad· .. 'l P o • b 0 . i co H's _i e s n n y . s e f ort , 1/e•" d. r cte 0 k n r a • B t 1e r..,, h i . w· ae 1s1 on 0 ....,r s av ..., y . .2' acy .A. h ' ch a relat d mt rs h d o 1 h d ed, m· de even fo m-- r'"'c nit1on t o Li b ~ i i po s i 0 0 n E • Co r ~ y " o ... 1 · s 1 · ti O , h V/ e ... ot: , n . H · s ... an s i ·· 1 a 0 1 1"\o 1 · n I. r · e1ds · n Lo n , i .L 0 1 "- . J. ..... soon 0 v t J 0 t .... at i d ... co • 1 r~ .. io T i "' Vi s 1 ' on n 0 • i y L ' b~~ · 2 ' 8 • Fr;. Engl d, R ' an 0 °"n Pr s · a . . om,.., eco J. 0 R . ) l. C • u - . A. En ...--· l ·:. w a • • 0 .. 16 . - ~ l, l n f 1 • en 1n ' _;, • . h l1g 0 n m n , L r ) ,. .,_ l ) , A Y, R v . r 1 .l .n' • 0 ) i ho· B Vi c 0 . , • • CD · 1 • r,, :>t i.o - . + 1 ""' V 1_ , J.. 1 3 {lt s J.n On hi Ci , e L. t • , J. i m "G , a con- " " T '-~ , ~ .. • ...-.1. "L • , 0-0 -wa ~ 0 our uns, as . ;.- de him at t i s t i1ne ,.,, B . . A d- ,I,, • ..., 1 lS~ ,.i a , ty. Soon ' M v 1 ~ b.inbo t "P L' . , ·Jan • .i on + r•, a. C .1 •• ,. ,n J · jc o !} .L 1-J _ C • B , .. l . of ic~ a P o , 1"ni i 0 1 1 • s w· ., 0 .J...d3 1n a • re • R ' to -rr~s . A · ~ne . 0 ..... -. fo Li 1 0 ' I ' • f 2 • f r , . a JC mi , S _.., c, 0 .. 0 G .. .d s • 1 . t ~ m· 1 ) s , 71 •ll 0 , • T . c- L· . l ) 0 10 _ ... 1 p r 0 ,v, C' ,, ,.... . - I_'"! - · C '-' .! 1. ( . ,I , vOO , A . f b . ,- nco om 0 as c:.:. - f $ 500,000 n h d C ) ..,, g 0 ... _ 11e vr ano !. ,ooo. I l > R • R 1 ·•J -: G · 1 -~·l -, . L" . • C n ., ' O 1 0 ~ Colo . j s ect ·'"' } e R . , 0 r o .;;I 1C , ... 0 . • . G le v : 0 s on "'.L • S ·1 0 1 , , . 0 1 1 c• ... , v o:f l a . . i • r a . r ace l.rl r,n 1 ~ p 1 . - b C4 . • ------------------------------------------ Port al, Sardi . Aus • c::L, 1 ,- , enm -- rk, SY"ed n, orway, razil, urg, re , Lu ec and ayti res ecti ·el~l· follo -ed Fra c e t ei • . r 1 1 0 B. JO t 0 fa nd 1 • .... . ta ap rs 85 • After t .ia visit , dir .ct inte st in Lib~ri on e a 0 Am rica se _ s to ha e gradually di d o • Robe ta e ered u on s con ter _ of offic~ on J'anu · r 1 , 1850, and ra r -o·lectt d t . wice a t r a- ds, s r ing i a , ei ght years. He m· · e a se,eon i ·it to England i n 1852 , for t he pur1 o se of c..dj stin a dis u e i h mercl1a s v;ho a dv·anced cottn.t ~r-clai .a to c.,rta1n Libl,rian a de. From hep o- ce ae d t ranc~, w ere a most int res i • n erv with Louis apo 1 e n. The latt c.B .1. apoleon I I , in 1856· pre - sent ed t ~ e epub i c wi h eq i m nt for at 01sand armed 18, and also t e unboa "Aro _ de • ' A third . si t o En land was made by Ro erts in the last year of i e ad.mi ietration , at which ·i m e , bein co id t of Li er·a•s successfu ut e, he proposed the an xati n of ie ra on , on t h ro 1 .,,.d that t he latter ne ed d a ood ar o • "Th p opo...,iition," h af+ r warde v,.ro e, "wa r c._iv· d v. ·t ~ so rn.e indicati ... s of su r is 1 and but 11· tl of faT • ' At hi c• .e , ... ow ver, Li b rian coins v1ere strtick r~ London ,vi ht e sei~tance of an En lis e e t. Int rnally, t count r y dur · n Pr s. Robe ts' admi _ is- tration, ·~ra one f unpr c.,.ce ·,den ~d growth due to t e gen ra cu · e t and p &.ce whi h pr vail d wi .,_ rind y • 0 e ·l r la- tion , and no 1 ~s t o Rob r t ' sk·1 ul g r t. A al a - bl~ .dditi on o~ e ha ar j v·~ d w i h co - l Johnet n, L·beria I, 2 4. try a larger working fore • Seve new t owns were built, amon t h em Rob rt sport c; t Cap Mo unt , There wa s t reatly needed incre ase of agricu l tural i ndustry, manifested by t h e cultivati on of staples· rice, coffee, su arcane and cotton, and commerc e wasp omote d by the establishment of a re ular line of st amers--the African St am hip Company- betwe n En l,ind and t h Re p li c . 57 As a c apable, ar-oeein adm.in· strata , as a .._;tat sman with t he interest and r eat eet wel ·are of hi s country at heart, Rob, rt s' service s · render d Liberia can onl:l' be equalled by those of Ashmun . o his wi se govern et and skilful dipl o1nacy, t e ep blic i s indebted for i t s safe· g:idanc e through its first rilou s an d uncertain jou- ney to a p ace of fc::vora'bl·• r elation with Foreign Por1er s and eneral pros peri t y ~ithin. Stephen Allen e s n succ e .ded t o t h presidenc ~ in 1855, an.d v 1as re-elected for three terms. t 11 1 as durin his earl:'f admini strat j on that tr e colony of aryland s ou ht and obtained uni on with Li b e ia , One oft e leading ob act s of Benson's po l icy was the advan.c ..,ment of the native people s in Li beria . For t hi s pu po se he anxiou.sl ~i" d f ?si re d to facilitat&. closer co.rrun u ication w ·i h the i nt erio • arly in 1858·, t her f ore , t · o yotlng me , Seymore and Ash, v, r e authorized t o ma1re a j ou ney t o t h e undxp C · ed h. nte land of Li b ia. The OU. Y, whicl1 la.std si · ,. mont hs, v,a.s by no · ans scientific one , and no ou line of her ut ta en cold be dJfini t ly made. t from their descriptions of the r gione traversed, 1 is es timated they r ached t b.e hi h mountains of imba, whence the Cavalla ivtJr takes its sou.rce:. Fri ndl~l r lat ions thus es tablisl1ed as the sult of this expedi ti n, bro 0 ht many tribes more c osel:y· under the i fluence of the overnn. nt, eans were taken tov·ard ext ndin to t ho se nearer, th bene fits of t he arts an. practices of civili zati n. And t h ro h the proceeds of a poll tax levied on each male adult and col lected fro _ the c iefe of t h e respective distr· cts, scl1001~ were established fo the instruction of the youth . her - su t s of t hi8 cont n d po icy wo i d a been a s o rce of much stren th to i l..ria t hrou h the g radt1 a ll~l incre"ai n n ~r s of t h e ci i l ized popul a ion. ut t he unfortln circ i stan.ces du r i 6 t e fo lovin administrations caused the ove n 1 nt o dir ct ite atte tion to other problems rea ly tote detriment o~ the imp ovem~nt oft e native inhabitant s Durin 0 -nson' s administrat i on oc ,~rd th fi st of t h e oft-recu in di u •es over h territori s nd boundari s of t Le epublic. Indeed fr om this time on, ib ria's history is 68 a lmost 011e continued strt1 gl e to maintain her o ··n, in questions of frc ntier l c1.11 d, a 0 ainst her mo po ,"erfu nei o-hbore adjoin- in on the. no thv,es an~ d east. The e ri to ) 7 ex nding t o Ca e purcl1as ~d fr o nativ~ chi 1fe durin ou t , as r cord~d, a e Aahmun' s agency. Under r =-sid ,nt ob rts , by succe ~sive purchases, ter iio y had be n t ~est of this, as far a t. e. ewa River, w ic also form~d t1d bou da v .,, nySieraL ne. Ifattist· in t h e c_ ased t 1 3rr it Jry, it is ossi lat '" a "' c_1 futur~ tro.1b e m· 0 ht h e . : ..,n ~ vertad. Bu o nevd o al a ailabla energJ t h e Re~u i ,, t . e na· ly ac u·-~d 1 nd le.ft 11nocc pi ,3 • At the tin o obj e t ion wa ade by l1e Briti s~·, dot1btl 1 3ss b ee s ~ ,1 i t ., -- e st in t er · - . - ~ ·· ~ s h ..,, . ., _. . - a no ye nd t unti 18 0 d . d · . co tro 3rs r o e V • oc caa:i o 0... t .a~ i f. C t s .!. 1.e· · c i · n o · trad , J'oh 1 rs Har · s, ho liK n1a • l ack of cc1.1 ati on est f a~ e 011nt , nad e sta nli sned 1 1 e l · Li- ber · < ' s . J.C • • l S- di c ~i on , ad o • goo s in o~ en d c a o ~ "' .n dV ' n,.le s . 0 a ., h mat t r:., not . ~hott t , ro 1 n f onduct- s , . sec . , ., ·~ ve t dd : :1 sl n o-r his , ~ - l. n a · v s. ., ..L . · ctio n • t n ·s 1 e. p Bnso ..-nt ·1 111 n ~Ollr ~s 'J • vesae ., · vo of h · s s _10 on..., s • h e · ct tal sai .1 e occ 1 I - Fo ~ .. _ 1ole ql1e ti on C h O , H St . dB, - , a Po · n , an ohnst on , Li ~r a, , 241-275 and i b r .·a, Johna Hopk·na y - 3 . . + . V n . n , a Bri t i · ·ro m Si a L: .., on 1~ ·- S" 00 ) do 1n n 0 0 a , · n d . 0 C -,.~ ' I '.J ce · t-- V go · r n l a i .c. ubni '- 1., , 3 !11 ) a... ~ d too l1 .!. • ·. n 1 • 9 . 0 0 :_;; rr() b . . :, s s , ndary , nd t 1 1us . . L. .. . t . ( ' {.) ,-, l ';~ - _r $ 1 _; o- .t.J • b • - ' i 1 in c3rt ain defi 1ad li n· s. At Si ,arr a Leone:, ~o Lo don i . i_ ud ra e a l ~ • .., ..., . go . • 1 !.. • ,.,. ovvl E · l n l ' 10n , V :1 '-' .... ~ - .'.)' . .. s t Bri • t ac 0 , iz, 9d . ' s 1 . t o a e 6 g " 1 ,. 0 t a an t . s p si xt r . 1 , .., s ea + 0 f' h e C V -.,. n .., ..I. • \J ... V ..., Ha . n d . r.i s 1 a s s· on - -- b at io Li b . • +-" d l~ < ( ;' ' . a s.., 1. s C on !1 ,,I 0 0 ici-1i t o ...... . lis~ ~ ,.. .... s 0 o: Ea 1l. es ,, · .., l , • R ' . + -. . a l ' r on V Q_ ... 0 ac Li e -i ( + s I a 1 t is \ra s .J. 0 - V t - ,J H 1) G ::., nor 0.,, i.., r- r L : ... on Thv i "'· · sb. 00 • J. t ~ . • ~ ... -+- a p l : · CY, and id .1 • I l, a, 11 w n ~;, a av. ~ . 1- eit t req::tire i b ' . . on f co V s • .:,~ 0.1.. a , rev J.. s f ...... r on '"' 1 ..,·r, 0 tha 0 1 , 1 s ) - C, n- + Q l, t he if t .. ey settle - i h ·n i b ria ts ·toy e mus i_, als o c onf n1 1 'I'he r .. ~ o 1 "' e w· • .,, 0 t.na se~-ra a . d ll iver . 71 to har laws. Harris , theraf ~ e:, . rf3.,V/ olde , 1 ndin h i goods ri ht in dist ·ots e e t ·re l y occ1pi , 9d· v1h a tau.)on his two schooners wer:3 agai11 seize • Thus matte s ontinued u1- til hosti ities we~ ver ing on a crisis. Finally in No rember 95·2, a joint Ang o-Liber· an Com- mission was ap ointed, which met at onro ·a to cons·d~ t . s quest· on o f t h e n thw st r ontisr. The Brit i sh Com.mi .-·i onf ~rs offerdd to rsco - niz Liberian r ghts · s r as t h e iver Gal- linhas; the Li b ria11s o c o1 sec ai1n, 9d "the whole territory defined · n Ear Rus e l 's onc e a on--a on dis tissi on was the r.3atl t wit out a . a.g 'Je 1G _ t b in c n uded. Harris' shins were, however, re~t ored ·nd a mal l fin him for violat · o. of t he Cust oms aw. Nevertnalaaa, a continued his i1so ~nt f louti_g o Li.beria' s authori t conductin h imdelf a 1no s+ as a n i _ "ld· ~- pendent chi~f n t~e Gal n _ a r~g·on, until his ea t·ons provo1eed the a · oinin Vai t ribes t o an up . s· n • To q e: these, Har is o anize · t 1e Gallinhas pe ple t o at tack them, where11pon the Li o ri an t:>over ment sent bo dy o troop s to def: )n d the Vai. Harris nd l1i s for c<3 wer: ~ ut t erly rou ed, and his a l li~s to aven 0 a t hei de fa t )r· , as. a ' est oye ow of h. Upon is dema d r an indem ity or£o , oo fo t hi s dama 0 a~ , anot her An l o-Liberian Co mtni ss · on · on ene t n- ertain th rea 72 amo11 n t of t h e 0 8S • Therd · s everv .., Sierra LQone wo 1ld have · ade exorbitant exa ti ne fro n Lib ~r a, had it not cl1anced t h e latte r was ena )l, ed t o appeal to t h e com- mand r of a u . S. battleshi~:> t h en P' ssi n 0 • Comrnande Sht1n- f ~ ldt as arbi t rat r, succ ed· :i adttc·ng t e mona+a claim of Harris to{300. The :British repr(::!senta.tives, evidently not to be 011tdone, t h " ..,n claim d rate o er the whole northwest ra Leone a rotecto- pr~. o ste ou s char g e t h· t Li be r ." a w t t h e _. ano River , on t h e unabls to maintain order t herein! Once m rd t h qu stion ~as r -fer t o Lo don · he d it via m• ;;)t · i t h a a le r -ply fro n Lord C aren on , 'N ich left t h.., f n tiler st i 11 nde t 3 • n d. To if/' A. h e close of thi s year, Oct'Jber 22t 1852, t }1e United States a t l . .. t made a.ri o - f i ial cknowla O e t of Li beria's indepe enc • This r co - ni ion conv e Th tions a poli T e, i n u ar ,. n t e ) Li :., r i a ' an., a s, anc e of Amer can p ..... . o" ec .,1on . . t 0 u o~ oe r >nd• .) . d .. y is r 1 1 ... 0..; . ., aused b . , t1 d h i Y, f ore c ! ar .. 1s a 1 y 0 ati m ; an s r vatism ~vhich · r ., s amo n c, t h r-e e v1as s . " i (tn~ s · e (r l'" t o · a "R t h -J i~ .. ts o part o coffi! a · and and Th e T 0 • · n 1i s fi 1e Li n · sec 1r·ty, no th se o: m l i a- LibBria to ado-c)t .t. + ictly V " ~ i s " 1 no m as " i s , ve 0 .. lJ n m· in l;· i n ' h a ·· ays be~ h e p are -P unpro ressi v an t o 0 ta p 0 p o vhe , 0 Ho a-·, , i by no --c ~nti ona in . :.la ·ed g · :s 1/ .., .J.. 1 ,,., ' ) ,., .&. o .... Li . T fir s o.p• • t h . s i.,n .,.,~ry an ..-r a . l ..., a B '-"' i _ anif • p "E 855, y wo "'A s ~ in e r VI 0 es- V _, '..- li shed ., y Pres · ent Warndr, B nson t s succas T • a· r, • 1S ided • 1 1 ~ t e to on - Af . 0 rest lcted com. r a a s nd ·Ni t h i :,i a r . l. .lS i mi es aro nd ea h of oort s, n ry . T 6 ts s S 0 . t lee e , 0 0 .c> .l o_ o r a , , G > · n Ca e P alma • T an K ' an C a·n p JVi io _ s 0 - t h r ~ · 1 i L . a o-re ra e a t, ,~r a. . ... Ofili a n r ·) . + t h ' (:,,\, .&. V ' • . . h - . B n a' Q ., ' ...,, . t . i B . T a ~ er ~ ' I__, • .J h , . se +· ...., V: C ~. L" I a ( p a +i n "" r.) . i ..p ~ . H: r a . r . :) _..., t~ 1 n s ,c -t fie C ~ h " +h a ·~ - ...,, .I, . ..., .p • al: . 11.e . :) n.vr , ... , "') A ' t , E E u ... ""' \ -..; .., • -~ s u f" . + - · .. C ' 71 0 :) , ' .., '-' L I ... ) -,I ... ., J,. • 0 ♦ L:> • I .L ,I,, f .. - 4 - . .. a _l • v . .., (', . . vV 0 1 c:a ., , .... "' ... (. ' " (:I :,a • " .., J .I J J ' "" ~ -- d • "" .. "in- ~r e ]. s e 0 J ...) a. , v v or tP" u, ' .:) s II >J • Th · a . t 1. ev·en a e con t rt a i . . -+ - t a l, ho1 ->h -:.e a V - . . " . • 1 ' nb en, 3 ,. r1 • C 1 ~' re r 1 ,, s .J '-' . ~n+ of io lS _, I., ' s 0 s . A 0 t . . • L. t J l . C n rJs J . C w vV a .L ' - h a J) 3 , b ll t.., ... fo r ward , naine y t he Afro - A-nerican " ... f • . • . . ts i ·~h h ,Q Du . . ',J 1 i ze. n, () l. e qu· ri 0 s • in ' t h w • . io P' rt C se 0 s a 1 : 1. an ( ~ - ~a ...,, C T ... 0 p n a C . s () lO i s c a a t o ov"' r ... .n d e .. - v ...::, A e , a o o· of .. ~ ., m - • .. .. ..• -~ s• n .. ~ C .L. V . . ., i C . 0 + p e 1. " 0 l 1 • a V ~m a 0 + .o nt mv s : i 1 . IJ "' - , , or rn c _1 -- • T . p tA ten . C • a ..,m(,n i .. 0 df.:> h e· + as ... l, T~ . .J . .. . .. .. t .. , . :.,. :., t ' ~ .:1,..J ·- ..., ' ' J. JI J ',J ... , G r1 • ., n • . (' t) 0 . .;• p +- ' ~ ... ) .. - y . ,., • T ' n. , a , 0 r r . ., ,/ J, ,.; ' I J .. ... L, - . d t h - d. :. g p n 1. .. J s . T CAI s T 1 . y w - , i .., 00 n . H . i t c un· s Y-- :r-10 . 1 I ~ u , h ... "h . . """ l, . c . ... - ,._, I.I ~ ~ • ..i i.:U C) ' 0 f' y .J.. ' L' • 0 ~ .J. . A:rJ ;TJC; 1i 0 1..-: -en ' ' , .., - - "- h s r,. J~ a' 0 0 0 ,.J C) • p l l ts R" .) .. ,_. t l C 1 :,_ d t :1 p ~ ' I s ~d .. 1 n r - -- ~ ..._, r. • . . , . h .. .. d " er su'd ,. , ' 1. , . C J' ~1.1 C.!. n 0 . I a ' ... b I l.. - . : h· • H · h } . 0 \., ... ,r. 1 s . )'t s .., gr· l C c u t . ' h · f C .. . 0 t , ) i I P · t t ... . tJd f (in n lC ,.. y pop11 J .&. \. ' Boat aw· . h a+ . h e J C~ e. . a n d Buzi . n 1 'fl 0 s oe o·o es , .. ~ .. A. d~ - s:;n em ... r g~d f· t h"' . . t } .. . ~ s 0 .... · l ~ nl. s 0 . t;; • - . J.i 1(1 . , :.. ..i. I t . str ... ,c ·· i · 1 ·n o · · a · . . ...1 r .. on . ., b- v1 • T i nt . h . ~· ,a:, 0 s 0 J. ). . ,.. y C l 5 :;;,;; .... . c- ..., a v 0. ' ) l 2 2 0 fe .nas . y t.., ' , f ' •. t , I . t . u e a l a • C ._ • 0 n ;. 1 , -.1,· . - C .p C n i n T e ~ . f - • I • ham.me d . tl1e picturt3 s q Muss o st,1me , · n d s, · 11ea·~ ng e man many respects s eem a , I/ - 1nd~d ... SU .. A Mu · da,. r·ct, And ti , ns wit t . Ar' .bic , i n a _, And es 1 ts o. im .. ort • T h -- , C ' ~ o :!" e + 11· . '.I J. wa c h i ., :...) ' ...., ! ' S a i .. 1. - o · . ... i Ct 0 · c , ' • I f civilized - ~ n t~ s d . ,. _ ,. al - 0 l a " ~ . ' .., , "''i' . t.:11 otectio n s s ·s a p · · d .., as s o "" tow. , a d 6 · rn•.J n j Ol • 8 4 , h tl , s .1. a . a 0 f~X ... lo J.. • . l, -, a dry o m :1.c_ e n d 0 {1. , "" n. .:.) 0 a h C mu 7 in • • s "-. n , I --~p I B .J.. -1 · i er > c:lr! • t R ,, t .., 1 . . , J J ,. · _'le u . , ..... C!IA1?T~R VI I • The Repu li e o~ Li eria (1870- •Io, h: J • • r .. .. <.l , , c:&. L s ~7 s s , • ., tJ L l -V ~ S • r,; ff . t~ ( one n d . t __ .. .I.. r· ..) . •1 • 0 V l t ;tJr b ir· g fo h. B O 'd t · 0 ,r .... J + V (, ~ -- ..LJ , p r • .., , . 1 ,. 1 . . .:, '· d . es C t: , • irst e ' E J -- 0 . , • Pr • S l. C m- t om .., rry , L G 1 l, ( / , !;. .... ~· , ... ., , .. , r . L --1 ) . . ,.;., .l. . '--" ... .... ' ' ... .), d e . . 'l -- i c • . .L ' l H . ' • f , . ' n 1 l 7? O? ). • C .- r , .,n - ~ R y r: .. : l., , th st· n 0 R y t g C 0.1C i ~ , o - .L s I T .... s • 0 d J. , ~ a R Y'd V .t L .. , (.1 . n . .. ' d j ·~ ., B J .d e -' I , 1 f t 0 a ,a f G Br· ta n , car 0 .J. h im n • Tw Li r C n · r 1, I I L c;.. .l..l. I n on and "- Br. t is C -G · r r ' C 1 ·, a.r ft oo, 000 ($ 00,000) t r C J1Jn 1 ~!"l Chin ~ J T . . g . ...') LC d . -t • , . .., n Xt ' _ t o; E oo, 000 · •n ai r.t ·t a} n1 ..... t f t 7 o,ooo, t.h loan l ' a c · r i nt ~ _, t ·t % eema ) ) . · t T · moun ~ t • --- b · i d ·a e -r a g r.t ' I .d s ' 6 ~ }' :, n a·d • T C Q l. a a. .c ' m -n .. no ~ 0 ma "OJ • 3 . ln [7 a r· ~- e J. • 0 . G r / n~~n · n c,.-- r c ..., J. • 1.# vn · •l'l n. on- 1 n ,s tl Il ..., - A J. • C ,. p Ro'{" 0 I ' .., .J.. 'I th t· t . .L n ,. r e 0 . l l . n v,r s te • on . R · nt · mat l a. l S ov a y an ' of • .:..e t r a sact · on . H h · d dy f f ite d t e a,,, s con f idence, by akl~r . • ,h Pro toe ?O· .J om 0 1 ) 1 2 3 Fo r the · whole qu~st ·on see Johr1st n, Libera, I, 258-27 ·, and McPherso , Hist o ~ of Libe ia, Johns Hopk··ns U i i;:: sity Studies , IX, No, 10, 46-4g, J'ol1neton clai ms th.at these: banking ·a :Jenc.ies v.er&, no do,1 t , of questionable rank. Johnston, Lib r1 a, I, 259. • 79 and now, this Sc~ct·oning ot t h e loan, besid ~s o ~ h r questi na ble acti ns during the past fe mo nths, made him hi hly· sus pected of aimi n a a stro e of policy wh · cl1 vvo d enable him to gain despotic co 1t r o • Further indica ions o t hi s co 1 sa, were 0 1ven by hiss bee uent conduct Vih'ch brou ht a crisis UJ)On the country, a .. n d nearl:}r res1lted i a, civil war. Fo r several years there had been under considerat·on an amendment to the Constitution, pro c,nging t t.e terms of the President and membe e 01 the Legislature. The matter had been submi .ted to the people , b t the actua r s was a subJ ct of dis e. Realizing the ap oac 1ing e: xpiration of h. s t r , Roye maintai .ed tha the amendment h~d b e n carr d and ac cora.i n g lJ,.. i osued a mi ci stration vas extended fo r two years, Alt l1ough t h p ople· ere not i l dis o s to t h e prin i- ple o f prolon i g t h Preside t's tenura o~ office, Roya s ~rrogant actions h 'd aused such dist r st t h ~t r ~ t pop r C discontent was manifest d at tis proclarnatio • Th r~fore, notv,i t s an din h .: s dee 0 in her . ar c i-.- nial electi on to occu r i n ay, t h e polls were op ned at 1e acctis tomed time, and t he veteran, Jos3 )h Rob ·~rts, t ··t bu v1ark of is c ou. ry, a a ·n elected b y a lar e mat or y. Ro e's conti uad r is an e b r ou t matt ·~r s to a fever eat o ex- ci .ement, Fina ly, the seizure of a pu lie buildi n t e arty w h i cl had supported h i m i n hi s unconsti uti onal co ~ se, c a,1sed erri ble ins rrection at t capi a • I n ~ con- fli t which e_ s d, t he op ,.. o si n 0 par y n a so n overpo •1er i 3d, the Preside. tt s house r-1· i 1v · ed and Roy , and o sons ~ e ~ cast int o pr· son--a 0 110 d' et .. t w i ch 1 A hurri 1 ;ldly su issued a "mani~est" o i s ep o sit ion , nd 18 , it do t d • A f ~ ·i1 ~ - xt . c t a fr J m 1 t .. sho it cha ac~er: Oc 1) ·11 se f his 26 "Pr~ sident Ro ve ha con ., y th~ consvit1tion , reclaim~ hi mself Pr~si f l Y · ->a s al tno . h ' . ...::, t yeas." "He has dis r·.,ut · ..,d · rms and m i tion s and h c,:.,s no+ ' 80 ceasdd is ef ro r"' s t c 1s.n t h e ..L • be 1., :..s t h e p e o_p 3. "He· h · s ,,ontract 9d · f - ~· gn an c nt r o t e a a.de an d app op i ati on by e n ceeds o t at o an." "Ever efi rt t ·nduce ni!n to d .... si st f r o " i s un- .,, constit 1i.;·o ... c t se l1as b..,en L1navailing--tl1rsat entraa..,· es al·ke .. . pon nim . He has "l t ne d de a: , .. 1.e rsmonsv . ncas fr om all t h e •oJnti9 s of " • "The afo d , on ~h e 2 t i da· of Octobwr ·n t h e y~ar of our Lord 871, and i 1 1 t h e 25t ye·· tJ! t h e I n d a· 1nd\ ~nc e= sor ar i r n peep 9 of Li Ar a, di d b h e i · dS u t · o. s 11 .. n. c y of on. o ia , join: d """o t1.e 81 raaol 1tions fr om the other co'l1nti , as of t he Repu.b ic , de- p o se Edwar d • oye fro:r.1 his hi g o-Pfice as 'Prwsident of Liberia, and did dec ree over ent s all be pr - visionally co ndttcted by an eJ:ec11tive com1nittee~ oft re<~ m 1 3mbars, until the arrival o.A. the consti t .1tional off. car 1 at tne seat of 1:.:,0 ernm: =-nt ." Roye was hen b r ou ~ht t o trial b fora t he Suprene Cour t , but in s ome ,1nkno rn manner , managed t o esca:o e after t he first an, he at t e ~- t•.3d t escape t o an En li , 6 a p a, n h · 1 - . s z ' n h ill- fat Roy, d wn.,d. s o · t 11 a As o th :>a..11: it c not e a {3rtalned }1o'tv uch o. t e sum · ct.l' 1 y ~ac_ d Lib ~ · a, Fr m t h e f 7o,o to e given p r bond o.: ,£ 00 , 000, intar.~st J.or t , rel! y,~ar s · as de- due t ~d, 1 1 :., r :V .~ g 9,000 a s h cas. payn-1 Tl.&. - v 0 b e . made.. A lar a-e of . • i t · on , was rid in t ade goods, n d sum •~1 S, in a c..::, l a110 1t i 12,000, in bad pa )er and ... . 0 1 ·, hich , very h. h d. s no~nt . Thv loan was the:aent s' commisions ' nd h .• 31se ,,3r- reaaont o beieve a con sid~ a ~ l e u of · t dis pn a wd w i h Roye . A mo,t only 2 ,ooo of t hi unf Li er· a n. g , 3r 1 2 Pl1draon , St d . s, J oh 1a n, s or.y f Libd o , 10 , 48 , , 2 3 , ___ ina"'e transa tion e --er re ac_1e . . a., 2 b.., made o t h pr fit made b C ine y a.YJ.d his bankers · m t loan . N ver~h ~less, Ch i n y's c o ssion as Consul- ena ra, w s so on a t~rwards evokod y England . · h J. Robe ts once 1nore perf or ed the duti 9 s · d n t f or t w .., e ms , t h3 ~nd f rh · h i . m~ Jamee s. a i ni st r at · o s · :.,.,_ :.., 1nevi3nt f f or h e 1. nte n ·.l adj ust ent and rdstor t i n of o de after the ..,ri o d of commoti on unde r oye, Ant hony i lliam ; d.r1e en e (~ : d~ncy in 18 78 I A t t i s t · ... e, i e a Leo l d, 1 J.nd~ 1.1S r , Si Samue Ro Br . ish . . -t di s- , dVl. V C l. pr C 0 ove . e e d - Cir on" . egi on , t h · s t: ~ e ex+en . th:) i m· t s o f tha e n l ' nd im~ d . G rdnar a r.rre ~ d t h e meet i 0 ano i . e 0 .. • 0 of the Cammi ssion w~ich ord ran i 11& had pro p osed in 1870·, Th e de - ~g a t es ti1.· s confere nce, f r m eacl1 over 1r 11.en , t o et h ~r i th an ar · t . a · h v Uni ed tat ~s , we . d t me t · 1 • 1 e. r - J ... , • v. t.--./ 87 • ve r · ~a r so r t ~d t o y the British Cotmis~i n ~ r s , n d 11 mo .. l_s of .,, :.. :. ... . oce ,a. . g , • " ven. c n· 1 cc 1.rt ·s ,. h Li i ,- .. s. " Th " B i t i sn, i t + v J.. r - .,,o , .n d" ... avo to met< an o C '1 en a e rt.h i r c d d .e r r i o ".l t Ri n , , i a , ... o ~h , Li .r..• t . a, , a, 0 a , , n ,. , t}1 i • A 83 long di scua 1 f o · d in ~ hi 11 the Brit· e re ·u d t o e mi t any p·- ·rt of t _ di sp at·un o 1 arbit • At length t he Commie ~ion dise o ved ith th ~esti n still un eter ·n d. In th Yva.r occi reds v ral i ncid nt s of a most un- fortunate kind for the little Republi c alre,ady reatly in volved in its oreign relati ons. A G rman ve se "Carl s" being ~,:reek d nvar ana {ru, 'la ,.ind.... e d of i a co ~ e , s, and several of its passen ers il -t · ated by h.e native s a on the coast. In · ddi ion t er ~ ere for d to si gn an abs d d cument ~ritten in br k~- · el1, to the ef Qct that h had b :l n ·· co~ded evory consid ... ra e treat .. ...,nt; ond h en, ne alk o ~ t ~ .. · cl1 to t _ e In ret c-li a, ion -h · s, anoth r Gv man ~s e cam ·tation . o an. a Kru, b ombard .... d 11 . tow ... a around the seen t and t h.en p oce din to on ovia, claim ~d a inde t r vess s, s om 1hat .:. n1 it- nc e. obi o enga n an sh, sh h ive y aft i b ri n ov . a n pu s ml • ~e'ck 6 p ' ty OJ. -£ 9 o. ds, .l.r d a ent t n of th nati es . T es · _cid n s e ) t ::l m e o be· regretted, as ha ls we not at .e m pting t i so ey t • Bu ·w o e identl:', ri..;hed to seize ad e ' n r at l er o >pot it Alto t 1.er h s e .th decade f e a Por ·or f Entr r E op,.,,an , i.ati on . wa an unfo .at o for Lib a. i s complica · one " h or i 1- fa a oa , 0 n th . exac 1 o f i n mn · i h~ log . t rn ·· t dis r r 8 C n vh n · tivas we~ adde t o ot o littl~ Re pu oli • Y t :n +ne face of a dva r ~e cir t1ms ances J st ._ .1 . __,lsd on , d bj d h e ade h t \Jarn som~ o i s t l ea on ~ Once Lor~, i n 891 , n 01 n da que t·on was rev·ved b y Si r Ar ur H ~elock 10 succ · 1d~ Ro Si . ""r a L one . Th objdc• of ~ ~ a contention no rot c ~ c or at ~ o v 1 3 r ~he \ } o - 1 .., t e · \. · t o y a s Jo sett e ri i s ... 1 t l v af· Ri er , on e Un d O ~ L1· . ' . f . . 1 ~r1a s 1ne .L. 1.c '-.in t cop t _ dana a com. a £ , 500 . On o . on.~o ~a " i t1 0 1 ati '"'s i . ,~ 20 h o 0 un oat s, and "' on , ., due arr s 870 , ·ch , 8, 2 , i n dan r 1 a reur:itorily· d , an d <3d "Has ont · ine t h s p opo s~ • Ga d r 1 1 a t . y· a- ~ o i . t d D • Ed 1 , • d l" de Int · o , t o o n f ·-> · ~ • th ock ~a tote s • his D ~f t Cone t· n , a i t a m nt of t h e :ndem i t , t h t O t r L st , ad- S~ 0 l · ber · · 11 um co J.. s ... .,n t i n acqui in 1 da es~ . f t 1 ano . on th l)a. - s 11 l d orm t e t t·on d h· t E -->land o hav his tre a t , h ·> n rnad · l nown i n onr via, op osi~ion ·nd , a fr :·t rdp1d·at~d by t _ r s,..,d io art • T f Li ri a.' i . t o 0 ·'I, . h. n t he Gallinhas ragion , unj11stly pl -cad ner in a f lse a d a.rn barr sain position, f o r ~ ~i :3 it am' d mct.tter of contrulling thf-J a.tives , sh.e co 1ld r • ~adily o-i e evid nee of her a11ility to do so. Butte h· rdn>ss o her oosition l a i . :,, t :a fact, tha.t her troubles · e 3 c used by arr isant mere 1ants ainst whose action s no meas ire s co 1l d be tak 1 3n e.>:\.Ja~ )t on pain of bein g char fdd ~ i h o , 3 ~helnin indemniti ,es. Upon tne intelligen c e tha~ the Draft Convention h d not numb , ..,r of ..'.J'Unboat s and for·rvar ~ed -4. e ama daroa de • T110 ar - man ~s we~ op os d put ed territory was British, hy as if t ,J dis a hel d responsi- e o 1 er hand, if Li eria ac"k"nowl,3d ~ 3d h er responsibilit and a 0 re ed p av t 8 i n d <:31nn i t i S S , ( t h v d C;, in. . . d .p urisdiction in t h ~ r~ g i n) w ~ sho n dditi n ct~p ived of h d ta r :i tory? n Li ~ri a's fee le resis a e to mai. tai "1~r o:nn , i n . a ch 189 ., h over nm, ~ t of Sie r a one, in v~~ n -~a of Great Britain, forc'bly took osseas.:.on o y - 4 • ~ . i.1l. ltit y " I/ i h in u c 11as- ing, in eqt:ti p._ i :1 Qx ad· tions fo p nishin t l .., 11n· e di ~ g n·ti es , i · ncr in .e n1ni "· ""a d11 · f o t 0 attac . s, and in t e x_ o. a se o -- Commi s· ns f r n gotia ion , had co s t Li ber· a s m o ff 20 , 0 0 • Gardn~r is ore e s zurs of h ffiA C pr zed , d, th · d s_ o ... aft ..,r ·· rards di 3d. l!i s Vic -Pr\J s.' d, .,nt , R sse , co. mp ,9tad his 11n- x ired t < 3 .. , and in 1884, 7as succse·ded y Hi ry Johnso , so n of t ~ e h er ic pioni£!&r cJohnson, and t e first Pre sident born in Liberia. The only co1rse op~ t Liber~a · a re 5 ardad t h e frontier no ras sub· 1ssi on o t .a ac+ io s of 18 3, ,. d ~h • a o I.Jain of defi n i ~ stat emJnts of the oundary . Johnson's ne Ovi - 0 t . t + '\ • f ~-- t 1 On O vnl S e .J.. ~C , result d 1 :i. t eaty drawn 11, 18~5, r d later rtified o h + vS. nition of t h J O nd' · l i ne, ho eve , s s o vao- o ad cum ll S worded, hat i t s eal 1 . in .:> co d not b e i t 111- g i le an.y o e. T whol e st· n .. · s not sev- tle d · 1 1 O ~he n an Ang o-Li b -ri an Co mm ssion def ·ni Jel dema cat e d +~ e Oln ary it t 14 ~ an River 3.6 j .e inciol 1 3 li .. of di . si on . B h ' + a .. y f.4, 750 Viere to r,.,) ·· id ;...·m:., :.., ~ ,.., Li _r . - s s 1 ms En ~l · d conc eded ~ ad b · p • an in u ha · ~ 0 t h e te i or . 1 Arti e . II of t h ~ Tre · ·· y I • • e b o n . Iv t hu s: " · i n e . :ci.rki r1 e; t h- n t :r.l. il- s -ry o 1 Re- i c b ~ r . a 6 al 1 C . n1m enc e at h e: p O in 11 .._. S ;} a C O a 6 t r t i C , t lo'' 'V· t , h lin• .:. f h e~ s o n o~ 1 - ft bank o · tb · no Ri e r r b ·ct s ;) al er co· t, n d sh ,:- 11 1: · c o n t · nu_ d a. on .. ~ ; n _ e1.r y o .. at ~ r o h o J the a-s t n O:' 1 ··!ft ct.nk of' e ano River, un s tel1 a li n\,,., o _ Q uc l1 line· rol ,ng d i n ,, no :_ th "' t ly dir c t ion, int s c s th lin · or ro lo 1 · i on of lin · r ~ <· n nor.heaste no r inland o ndary o ~ he t ri :ories of h e nee e s,· ry Bo o o an edg d t si - ·nin 0 . ,h ..., cl1 ~vi~ ions n av h r · af r bv fo Jnd p uce ~J· t in Li b ' r· an terri r t of • J. c 1 1 o 11 t o w n s · sh al· 1:i - ~ h _ , o, · .-1 - av~ 1 0 d t h · R .i. t i o )e h · s c n i o • " Al y conde m.e d t O O V/ · S t rJr . By ended h n1 , S si ~ t y i c s east Cavalla r~ in ~d i . 1n c...,d · _ n x· tion En. ~ ·sh o rn et or is a io , ... }l t:3 r ,,., i at . n ,er C> i - ard a ns th Ivo 1 .l Co· st to Sru P dro a Ri n.c t h en be n. • was defi nit ) m·n ione d b 1 n era ly r co gn · z d nd Bri ~in ir th ne ot i r i n e of 8 '-12 , Ho Vrw , Fr'Jnch ·m .. i t· n ' 1 le,85 h r., . . a i se , , . d a · nt ~ntion of X en n h e dom 101- Commu n· c ion s o G ~ t Brit a· n t h SUo.V strai n h ,ly· ·rm L d Sal· s ury · gressi on on Li b ~ i r n t li its , Franc , t h refore, pu n or Afr . t ·i had CQ;n ,cry ~ e indic ,~ . e 11 .. 0 r t h Co · 0 r ,.,, 0 vor·" ' .l V h ' s eff~c t i n 18 1 , bro Fra c e shou d r - i t o_y cl air. o f erri .or ex te ndi g t o h Ca · lla River, inst a d o to Gara e sixty mi 1 =? s es of h · v · -ll a,., a. s s h e· had pr v · ot s V • 1n e ed; at t e s ame i me r i ved +he claims .o Cap 01.1nt, Great Dieppe an d Gra d a a ~d in 1842, President Che -sem n v;h o had succe ·ded J ol1n , made as ong protest a inst t n · s, bttt as his t r c\Jivo d n o eu ) > Or t from Po rv· r e i J h· d considered frie _ dl r, h •as om-e 1 d o a re t o t e et rms. l t Sir Harry .John ton states t hat v,hen as Acting Co n e11l of h e Niger Coast he vieit~d t ½is re ion in 1888 , i t was distinctly reco gnize d as Lib rian. 2 S ovm in a decree publi ci, e d in t h ~ " ul etin de Lois" in 1885. 2 By this enforced tr aty concluded D cember 8, 1892 , the boun dary line waa dra ·n so that the 'hole basin of t h e 1 o-e r 0 and i t s affluents s h ould belon t o France. Thi e boundary 88 t hus dr awn replaced th~ one adopted at t h e close of Ander s on' s surveys. Not\vi hst andin the har sh treatment at the hand of For e·ign P ov 1ere, there had be n ct ro ,in t ndency i n Li b,.,,,r1 a to·ward an doning t -conserva i em V'I ic 1 h· d prevail d since Warner's time , o..n.d a do ting t h e mo :;. - liberal :policy of ad- mi t .i ng Euro an e i nt the dev e lo J _ e of Lib rian. reso 1rces . As ente r ises on urely local basis had en ra h r unrpo- d1ctive t hro ,.l. lc£k of sufficien t c ap 1 al , t hee gre· vv t h e feeli ng th ··t concess iofj a gra te d to ot J. rs i n vario JS ind ~s tri ' S if ju~ 1 us d, m i g t prove po it able and ai d Liberia in paying h · r na ionul de t. n 18 4, th refore , ~ firm in London 11as granted t . conc .-ssi on to rk ex.cl siv~1y al the rtib bt.. r of the pu 1 'li c l E JJds c~ d fores s of Li beria, on st i pu lation that a. royalt y sho .ld be p · · d acco . din to t e sel l i n prica oft~~ rub er , to ether ~i th a co sidera 1~ su forte 1 rivil~ e of t h monopoly . German int r e st i 1 Li b ~ria h a d b e ..... n i nc r easing t ro 1 t h e kr10 ·1 dg of her r sources gaine d from v, orks of en like I I B"t ttiko r, .·h o h ··d made xt noive etudi .. s in ib cria . :r r- many's relation wi t the country on 1 i B SJ po · a io • n · 1hole, h a s been mucl i Ru b or- mord favo able tn n . at of the other Europea. l'l c.tions, prob a l~r beca11se ha · 1g no opportunity o m~~ ta - _ i tor· a clai1ns, s. :. e t r1us confine d . er inte ~s to mi::rca ti , ! and c - mercial ,3ntd _pri s~a. G r . many O)d at a na of t n e pri n...., pa . of st3amships- + i Wo rma . .. 1--w-i-u ch qui ,) :) d . 1 ,1e ..., 11e ar .~ es . . to Lib __, ""'i. a , an d . done f t , (J r1 ,1 • i ' 1 1 C n ave n 1u r e p· og ·SSS 0 - of t h e count .. On y once ha.S t ner~ aen any ~ 4 t · on on na t .Y. ... of +n • Po ~~v • h d t of desire to s er 1c · e a .. 1) e · · .. ar1 e any e-n- W.l. ..... croach o · 11-.r a · · ~.o. 1•i , s 1od- 1m:-;o sa _ _ v. -r ... ... n Liberia. I 18~ , t h e att,,,m ... "1d to concl1 a · G...,rmc:L l'l Cana· to a German o b V f · e J. n · "'o p 1 ,J e , }1 e 01.1 n tr un dv G r man p t~cto at • sent o . . 1 , but i., • n.., d any sch intent·o s At t i s 4- • me , P ~ s .i d~ n t Co ,::l man · _ m ., 0 com . ., D .. f · nit a .,.,.,_ome an of , wh · ch d sh mefll.1. .Y nao 3C t · • Aft~ · c i ne d ~o - -n s · tion , but i a f o n d · rn ::_ o s s · o ..- , as · ca ~an r 0 h e o ,. . n td · ee n · a on t ~ } m 11 · n 9 t l1'J am nn H nry Ha c L · oe i a 'N ' to he d ~suonsi b e, u i l .. r a a · oint 9 C nsu. -Gen e al n 18 Ha rma. • Sd s n ma 11 I l.:) h. s w t t h e v ) l O .: . . a maz o a l c ~ to bot"' ne c: l i , nc and 1 .., a ·n Et.. in 40 " · - n 8 ., · o r +- 0 , 0 n. 0 £1 00 0 b J ' 9 a p og 3SS V 11 0 3-5% , ' ·· tn the • r s t .r t (1 p ym • .) .l • 11 t ;J · · c•+ to b .1ad Octo b :. 18 Thi s sett · ,:,,me 4 w hich , ~ 'JiO " , • t., i n V ev1 o ... h e act that only at m .... h • . d b ·· n a . .., - tua ~ y i d, is es: c1alll· commanda ) 1 .- to Li b ...,ria, was ef ect , .1d b y Arthur Barclay, Secr . 3t a· y of Trttas1 y, • C. Stevens, nd +. he Cons ~.1-Gen e ·= 1 , Hen y Ha:-rman . In 900 Col, sman rds· 6 · ·~dba · · 1 1se of his Cabinet's op o ait· n t · h · =-- s . e·r,h a a moitio a po icy with ~ ard t o t he a ires , and Wilzn t Gi os on , a r ady P as te . ~d u · n t he 01fica oi Presi ent . It was d _in his admi~i "a- tion · hat t n e f"11a del· ~ nitation of t h e Sier1;a Leona·-Li b .... rian bo·un dary already m~ ntioned, occur ed. The rdce _ 1t tend- -.inVy ward i bera1·a~ m~de it p ossible fr other f r .., · r n corJo a tions to be o ga . . ized at t h i s tim~. I n 1902, by di act s anc ti on of Congress, vh e lo c~ Union .ini 1g Company #as · 1 .o· w d to t .ran. s f er i t s c l1arter t an En~ ish s y di at , 'N.nic 1. in 1906' b e aina t l a Libv irn Devel :)met and Char r-> _t.,d Co n1p·n . Bet '. ~en 1902- , si x di ·~fe .. ~nt exp .3di .,ions t t e intar·.or W 'e ""d sent b y t h i s Co m1 ~i any, to · n est · 6 ate t h e lo ~al mi neral rds urce a. Thei ex. lo ation s have a~n of r9at val1..te in of ~h e country . Gibson•s su e esso, the prasent Prea·d~nt Art hur Bare av, has o tinued +h e li ~ - ~ l Joh t , Li , 2 5 . wi 1. both t h e fore :, ners ,.. d "ne nativ e l)e 1) ,3s, R viv·n Benson's policy of he · dvan cem nt of the abori in~s , h 3 1 1 s taksn mvasi.i dB t facilitate co1nmu ication • ni t em by ex- t~ndi ng t ne inter· o r oads . Schools have been est a 11 h 0 d 91 for their inst r,.ic t ion and closer re at ions . main ta· na d to bri n g upon t h em t h e realiz · tj_on t h at the are also a part of t ~ e Repu )lie . For this pur osa, also, B relay has given · n s t u.c tions for t h e Libari an fla .:::> t o b e 1oisted i n e ery c ommu nity . t~a Preside nt' s tactful poli c y in dealin ::i- "Nit ... t h se people, frie dly J ations ax·st wi h ma y of t h oc an.d i is commo ti ve -' ! c1. .sion t J. rong ...,d '. V i ha.v arbitrate- tribal di spu t es • ntar- tr · bal warfc:t.re and f r or1t i ..... r diatur an es · re 0 r adually dimin- isl1i ng , · n 1 • • . ...-:1.e s a111 n of m o J ~f ect ·ve cent . alized c ntrol to check Barc lay e n~ ered i nton e oti t i on s wi t France i 190 4, in orde r to conc .Lude a mo·--e accu · e def ." ni ion o the Franco Li ~ ·'- ian o ndary w hic 1 ad ;)en s o vaguely o dad in t h e 0 1892, t .. a al1no s t an o O · a 0 i cal i nte p , at at ion · as • o s i b l 1 ... . ovl ·sd e of th co,1n y, re veala d t h in on istency of s o o f t h ~ i .. r s ~ ri t .L ac .1 1 fac s . This defini t Oll !Jl den1c~rca ion v a c om o a · d in 1 0 ·, an i n o ·· th s final ly Cav· no i tory • 92 of Libe ·a, y these e.cr ac bors, w·1 ~ v b a3n dd1 ed "' n s of he mo . r e po \ ~ u n · 1 _ ,h - possessed dtt in t h e irst de c ade o ·P h 1n : p nde n e. Rec~nt ya h· v e b r o1.1 0 t · n eased zea fo i ntern· i m- pro , 3ments and organiza t ion, ::t11 d a ov e a l l a da;,p vr eali za tion th · t only flit t l1e united ef f ts 0 a t he u e Y) l , ~s o · ord, . ... 1 sh l e t o ..., s : 3nt a.c t oe a p solid fo nt t o t h i/, 0 ld d s c ess ful l y face t h prob ems for r~ad · 1s t, • i ~terds d m ac ]_ r e r u ni v::l of 1 cl · 0 of a . m · .;, ,. '.J or oo os ... .,I.; w o. ' .:... f r oc · r ani z · t ·o Dov rn- .. ,J t o ,.,, ..... n no c c ,. at e d · f · n i n 6 o f h e o , . d ni _ps, a c ,, 011 _ A.. er- c e· n in 'tde b y ~ o se to in s h i p sho 1 h ~v e a . ar a o~ i x s q i a ach miles to b laid 0 ' nd~r di ..,ction o. e Pr s · den t a d c a l l ·~d i nt o axis · __. nee 1,,1 by u bli proclama . Lo ca a dmi nis · n • a ion w s n ovide ... f o b y ' ITT' or and un i e. ~cted r two yea s, insva ad of ..... . h e f o ... e t w a s em 1 .. ~ . . t h i t s un ertai al t 0 l y . 0 d - 1 :96 ad n t h thus ' B~imil i n l J o , . f .r11 omm· oc a au t h o it 0 e y t h,.,, P dSid~nt . By ~ e \, i .. a l t e ,. ._ · t o r y · n t o o n sh i p e · h amilias (supa vised b 93 a. n· strict Commissionar) i is _1opad to gain t i . interost ,. and coop~rat· n i ~ af airs of h ~ R p lie . e pt was hei at t ntion, then· c ssit fr care u s ec- tin of inst uc ors · su · rv · so . s o duet· n for h - p - lie sc ools . For .l s u - ose Baca for 4 ) • dad V,, 0 easure:a : { 1) that the s hools be ta K ~ n ou· of politics , for und ~ c 11 condi tio_ s , t _ e Su :3r· tenddnt a d other of · · cers of e d .1 a tion are 1su r lly poli t ical appoi n tm3 ~ t s , t heir effici~ncy o ada ta ility, {2)' that t _ e Superi L, ~ dn t be ma.da a m~ (nber o f t h e Ca inet in ord·~r to co . i nto i~me di a.t e r..,la ·ion .. i J. nd an b oar d be create d , a1poin ,' d by th~ Pr -s·a nt fr tree years , vffiU l1 - · t. i ( _ 1 of } . oun v y·' s fin• ·: cial on di t ion w also m ·- de . Th v o lt! at · .. al d t -v as st a l 00 , 000, f v- r1i c 1'1 t_ · E n -.:, l i a loan o 18?0 f o , i n d -.J , t I· h d by fore i gn c l1a . onro v . l e debt , t h m· s J. n a . Pre • ·1 t . c ou.ld b:;, d • fo -r ,e 1 a 7 em T 1n r e o, s, • ..I- nt . u ed. f r "'· ~ .. .. d t .d:i fo h' r r · ..,.ve! n ,_. I 1 con .... 1. er .. v ,... - J 0 .,i n , . • ·fe e ad t di m . . r 1 4 ,( r 1 0 1 s ) _ ~ _} ~ .e , .. n . · 1 e o,o o, . . ~ t o f C 1 1 r' S . i · l t . C l n :p-'-og s . a ,n i on i-,, islr E 3 d !1 ~ f 1 . . 0 v·a · 0 ca E~ . p p l &. 1 n .I. • . • co d ·· nc v i l oc 0 r ~ o 1 n l ' s, l. ri a V - n ' i . ' h f id.i n o c •. s n fu 1r • A d a ..,ove a..11 , h.e u r · d t e, disc ont · r1 uanc e of the p actic of de- priving t . ~ Pre sid of hi s ~to over h e dg t, by de - fe rin it 6 . J ~ opria ion till th f 1na mome .t f their s ssions , Und~ ·u c _ con di - L, • o 11 ° , ~- 1· n d · c at e d t 1.1 l!. ) . c o ll d e no ho Je of· R mo st ca fu s J.pe vision of h fin ances . Th e m 1;ch ne d..,d · t ion al c l e . o the ext n- • . si on of h ms o f h "" Pr 1 a d em ers of the L l. s- lature, was also p opo~ d . The t - J~ar t rm, Barclar s oAed, o, e i .... os,i \le an con i nuoJ s oI po r seive po i.cy, for ..., i gh en o ths a. t ~ inaugurati on, t .. .1 Pr ~ si den "" ju . ..., i :fy i C! admi n i s t st ··ain · n time , mon e j · a d e a. · -1 n · d th g v """ nm.an+ t1nd '.\r o t h I n t ~i s mann r , mu ch e ~ n ' r ~ s acrific d vi tho ~ a y c - he se pro_f;osi t · ons ,h s 01 l i n. d, --re i n di ca.tive of h fact .h· t , cr1sc . of . ds ·nd s 0 •S l. s r SB ng n pu 1 0 ses t o mee· t t s fo r t ca f mana m .. of b ~ i t s p ecu li. e, I=•- obl t ha . s . n o, ... C ,. ._, for his . a 't,i li ty , his diplo ~ac : a.n d ke . an w 0 exec1. . ve n 1n- si ght . t al eeds of h e count Y, is t h e best q ali - 1 n 0 ,~ r ..., f ie d forte ositio n i ~is critic~l p rid oft e Rep - lie ' s hi story. Pre i e t Barclay is a f u.11-bloode d W e st r~pos se s i ng ph si )~e h ie _ . c.; 0 C 011 i · t . the in egr · ty a.nd di =>ni .y of h · s c }1ar ac t r. Europec:.m courts h~ a s i n s pir d t:b.e r espect a d inp resst, n of all , fo is 1 ellect ia ct ·.ain '"' .., s a .. d h. s c,ipa i 1· Y, fo 95 his patriotiem and arnest devotio n to the in er st of i s coun •ry. And i _l1 l~l so: ith heart and mi d both dedicat .. d to hi a co,1ntrJr, b.e ... - s lar)O --d at all imes to serve r o th e bvst of :his a b li ty. Mo e than once , b.i s tactf 1 a.d mini atrati on h ~s warded of a crisis within t e govern 1 Jnt . But above all h~ h ·· s t oro1; 1 1y· grasp d t e import of Li eria' fundamental ~ ,roblam- the probl em of the native p op lee. To l1is lEi."bors is d11e the g r ·~atest progress yet ac b_ieved in ex- t ending to th b Jnefi s o orderly govern ent ~nd p avin the way for their c:1ssimilation int o he body politic . In 1907, the const1. u vi onal ;; . n e t Ien t heni ng e Presid~nt's te m of offic e to four Yw rrs, as r ti ivd ) a lc~r c·e majori t y. At t e s , e time an en as ado d makin g the t~rm of h e: Repr~s :)ntativ s fo .r years, an d h .t years . Barclay wa t hen re-el~cted in of t:b.e Senato s, si May 1907, and t t: s ~il serve t he first four year pr Jsi d n ia term in .h Re u lie. • C IAPTER VIII. The Pres~ nt Crisis. The cumulative effucts of t 1e lon disp .te d bou.ndar y question and th co n sequences of th~ disastro~s loan of 1870, have p ecipi t ated a crisis i n Lib e i w~ich is bein one of t he st ron est tests of her st ab. li y ever exp ri need. In the lest Sierra Leon~-Lib rian tr at y , when h e 1. ano R. v,a n 1a.d e bou.nd· r lin bet 'ee th t wo Sta ~s, En lan.d claim d h~ ri ~h o sole p ossessi on o he river, T s l -s done not i i h s andi n Li b i · ' a p r ot st, or th p ece dent es- tabli f:b ed by 1.n ern c:i ., · ona --hen a str am fo ms he boundar \'1 o st .. t s, bo h sh • -ill have t h e i Q'}1 of 95 n vigat · on th r .,r mo~ v 1 , 1 a·h1 o . By his a t ic~ ~ Li b · r·a vas de rive d a~ ..,a _80 f on c •i . cornm ~rc y1 i. ~ t h e est n i nterior . En . - d C .. ho ,r v er , J ~ Q t i f i be ti o h e as- sertion h ··t h · rcor.nm·· do he ri er 10 1 be ~ check o he unl c:. ful t rans o · t,· · n of go o s cajrri .d o y t • naives. But h ~ tr h , ;d t .e his . f ac t et c;,1. e d by 0 h r a o_ 1ca 1 Joli ►; t a- _ d Fo b~s , . t h· t pr ac t i c a l:,r al glin . n le, s u. l. s done y th., British m =>rc l1an s t .!.em I'.:! V s. Ju s r cent1y~ y Bri t ish v~ ss ~ r e fi d f o thi s off ... ce~ . 1 E: dg ca.r A l n For e s, · ·ho av _ s le~ding t o e · s an eye- ,i t. ss o many of t l e isis, en d v rh_o mad · - loca..l a t •dy f e ho e .;)i on . England s\1b s e uc:n y sei ze d t 1. d's ~ - ·ict of . re La, un , ... s • .J. l . . !" --c.- J t S co tr r ,,. 0 i t . · 1 .cuic ·-t ed o Li . 1 a : vas a ' r in . In · c t - ~ · d , s , . d ..., L ... . 1 r : :; - ct. a c d re , ....:, n ou t ... a .... of V K· nre L· n • Al . 11 . .:. h i t . s . . t . - s of ro n i ... r , ov· d ram t eff~c • trol l V~ co , b.av C r, 'Is co . side ~ 1) · b e , i t is not c on an 1 1 ci e d s ,. 1 C C s . ly C ec k t h . in vi e 1 i f }1 -r 0 a ms · J d t disc: · r: t.., d o r c '.J s • }1 i nt r o . 1., __ l ' A· t + 1.., . st I ok 0 ' 0 1u co on r ... 0 0 l Y, u ...... ,.,,,,, . • J 0 . b _, .• n . :. ,,. -.; C .> d J. mp · ti a n r on 0 ..0 .. 1 cov , s ·t i o , no l . 0 : a · i ia' . , o· n '.l v n - r oo- ea..; e1ive- n i r-: util"Li n of h ~ vast n at al n u ··lw t V'J 0 . . co 1 c• - . ·- .,.) .1. r c ,J , , -~ n a · o n ' s . re.., of' e • T ..... 1 cJ.,C o f . , . ... l o __ an l,l od ct .; SC r · l · or r~ r p . e ' { l 1 r C ,,.. 'I - . ( s or s, an l a .. ck an 12 \. 5-1268. ds , C I c: .. ~..; ... luy~d . e n . h ::, ub . lC · nd Alon ? , adn · n · ! t' 0 of an ..... 1b~r a s n iOrk, IJI ' 97 98 p osition financially. The principal of the sta ~erin d~ t of 18 70- is still un· aid, alt bou the int res th on h e s been favorably kept up since th fi nal se t t l men t of 189 • Furth~rmore , lack of sufficient reve ue for car r i n on t e regul 2r government ha.s necessitated the inc11rring of a local in del)t edness , a. gre at part of 't,hic h is held from forei n mer cl1ant s (in Lib eria) .rho hav advanced the""'e sums at exorl:i ant r ates, whicl1 if contintied vo Re.fJUblic . d -=> . - . . ..., 1 e bankr .1 tcy Realizati on o ,., t , sa f acts a s · d th ~ ~ er n 13 t + o do . l 1 J · • s ef =- r t s h.e e vi 1 s " ,1i :1 mu st de c c s s ;, r i l ""f o 1 o co 1 1 s b . .., co n- tin ed . Bein 0 co n io ~ 1s o its own fin ·ne i · 1 ina ·1: " o conduct any ex+ia ndad e J .. t~ - p ~ _ · se, :t t con e; aiv~d t 11.e idea of 6 ra.1ti ~g to forei n a i alists, concession s for tl1e dd r0lo - . .J. va i u s al re sot1rc ea • l. 1 d U S i .., S 'NG re d d S ..; g ~ , i .. 1lr. 1 1 .1nd f the in. t 11a o-y.ganization of t .t1e L1 oaria R b a Co mp ,. ny, · lr~ -- dy s tn Libe r ian De- velo_p The fi rst of evi- d(., n ly on .4,. '.lQ , ,va + Sllc cesa, ~n.d ..I." . a.· past t , 0 y a s, v • r S p · . d .; h e r o 0 e ru :...nt $10,000 as its e of t h e profit. Tl1· 3 s · .1c ond of t }1.eser + :1~ v .L '-' mo~t axt en si ve p ojdct--is 0 a en- te~~d 1 0 0 n jointly by h J 6 overn r e t · 1 ' ~ .1 ic ls ·· n .. S :., .11 I has 99 been grante d ~rge con e , sions s to mi ni O i h Hover t he .. l ·- :1 d lJa s i .,, . , 1 1 , an v .r e Li beria: n De el o~ rn\:: ~ t a d .. , 11e t loa o Wh - :an in 1906 , i b .... c · Chart~ ed Co_1pa_ y , · t ad $500 , 000 at % in .. ~ .:1s • Th i su.1 was t o m e ttle iloat ing i 1 d.___ t 9 " l ' s , mu h ly ·t· a n ._ ., • I .L sd, s c.. ab l i as t · l) ' nk , + ., . :.. tJ {11. : e C t1st _ s o · · ds in se . r · t , in as- n .. y l.l n t ., (., p v .l. S ,l 5. 0 . 0 f ne L . ori an Develop. e r1t Comp ' ny, - a s lln - 1 r. d · .i - Th '"' con t. 11 0 t h·:ve ban a ra t... · r mp r d n ct o on t e part of h :) Re pt1bli., n d tn bll n • , nd n s , Po ;v·. ·ti~ . . a dy -Y · 11 o ,re.id . Alm st 6 s com lated, Engl · nd, n w c ai1 ing t \J t 0 i1Tte f 11 r ~r in of W O pon h e ove nm~ t d a o t ativ e y mad ~ t , e fol lo ·n e ands : 1 B ~ ne L. -, . J Ind B S 253- 2 65 . Outlook XC 1. The appoin m ent (by En 0 and ) of a financial A~ert t o re 1late th financas o t n country and to advise) t h e Se rstary of Treasury. 2. The esta lishm~ 3 nt of an ef f icient Viel ar med and w disci~lined f r on~·er force un o mp at en t E O l i s o ! - ficers, and one i,.nat WO llld com.ma.nd tne respect of t h e 3. The a opointment of at l e~st three more British cust ms exoerts. - 4. T , 1 ~ t he j,1di iary . On t e condi.1ion of the ul i ment oft \Jse 1 m - 3' 11rda within six mont: s, the de • :_ d st ated, His J. a: est fno1.1ld sus~ end the _press ·n b monetary c ai1ns an d a 6 ree to settle t he est ion o f 100 the navi ati on of n e . ano River, If h owe ~r .,_hey wer : J _o t put int o effact nitnin t h e st at e d 4 i 1 ne Li Gria s ho11ld "be ;repared at no di~tant dat ~ to dis pp~ r r fr m t h e cata og1 e 2 of inde1endsnt cou n~ries , " For t h e p 1 3r · d o al1nost a year, En l and h:. mad~ r .... - peat ➔d of era t o pla, e s o· me of her ~ 1.Ja ts at t e · spo s o This ·~ &L on ch L . b · i · · n 11 d i c i · t o h' . 1 cal and ord 1 n inte n Vi c - P v S i ant Do O:t t citiz n, T is mc Lt te art · al .i t o f t L n 0 11· vis· . a.nd an 0 of · · · y- tw uc •·st t a n f · or o~ For~ i ners, a 0 a · 2 Forbes 21 5 - Wa _ ar, 70 'Af. , -' . ., . ·B , ck • Li .. S an t t t !1 "' cal I B t ~ th at LXV I 101 Li bd · a to did er 1.n the reg111 . · ti on of )art .. ,3ntal af ai s. But the Y p r 0 thes propos 1 , 0 ther 'Iii t h ore daap tic ac i on te .. ·to 1.a a gre ion , ma.~ the ave n - ment a prehansi re l~st t h e aim be a coup d' t at whi c woul pl ce t he country under British con r ol , The pe istent of- f ers had , ther f o · loan of 190 6·, ad , be n rajt3cted. But now , t h indi s ree ~ fastened th yok ~ f this Power upon th Re p11b , that ther.~ was no co11r se of acti on left but ac the British Consul- Gen ral, Eraithwa·t W a ac • Thra C s ~o ms offic' ls we .e c r n ly appoint with W , J . Lamont r tJ ~ssi st i~ he Cus om de· t wnt, c1iaf insnector. Besides a ~·nancial .. adv i se r , two o ff i c r a · also emp o~ed or t h organizat·on and dr'l .in 0 of a front ier fo rce . and th c n s barracks . c i n of A di .... r· c 1 1 s on . - o a with ~hes· ntier of · i ce r s v,_ · c11 seem indicati e of the spirit und rl in th whol • 9 mo t 3 < ~nt. Ac or · ng t tn at i iJUl i ns, t h· f onti .,r force was to b co po se of Li i ·· c i i z e s w o 11e ... ~ · t o wh n h b · rracks w d almos comp ete , it - Nas d. overed t h t h fo ce h a d e .-n 0 _ ized ·rom sub ects 0 t h B:v-." t. s colony Sier. a Le·c 1r- • The g m~nt th rt3 ipon ·~nt a meas'o to the co dant • C, del n1a a o. ' req s i :1 th t h . ... o a e thes by Libe . In u t t C 1 r ... ta· n t . l V ,. s . r Si ra Le;onas ond1 n im · f . . nt and ' n ~ n so in 0 ov,r- ..., • 102 bearing a m·- nna r th · t the Li b rian ut hori t · a s we "e forced to C 1 or his resi bn · tion , Cade ~ad evi ~ntly note SUC!l a t n of e H nade · vi orous p . ote,st , c tha · s a Brit· ah sub j act , he was not bo ind to "'h au t ho i ty o Lib~ria--orda s to h im could only come thr ough t e B it·sh Consu -Ganaral. Ho v3v~r, when his n was inevi ta la, co t h · rms de u· pmen vs · t h b· racks and \,mo .., d t ,L em o a En ish easel . And alt h o 0 h he 11i 1 neelf 1~ d b en appointe d n aymaster and ~n: u sted with $60 ,000 for expend.it ~s , h '~ . "" o ·\ forwarde the . h a 1. s m..,n rdC (3i 1 e no - a· 'h · t Fu t h .., mo . :3, wh.__.n , 3 qu :> st ed 0 nt nt of t h i . . h~ pra~ an a 0 sum ren i n 1S 1a ue, p ., ·, .,n ·. ~ · a3 ke ... )t no ec o ds onse : uently h d no re Jo t to nci.k • t . t.- d h·t . . se ,~ m.2 d inevit . l e. Th E 6 li sh so a C Tl. Sl. Cons - Gena 0 wt s...,nd 0 a 0 , .... ~ h ) ·oo .. d ia d " rot (,c , ., in :Br1 · . . " T ke of o · lS n '.:l s n ; B a as s r , __ • . . C "th d )O t Y, C of • tori sin a m 1n • _is . h ;v · t h 1 :.. o· t s c11- I• n ., . me s V \;# .., - 0 ... . vl. e • I n a et t., t o ., h Pr s n cont ai~ i s info m 4' - n, C; a 0 t ~ tat ,3n t ~ at I. e " '10 1 n de a 0 t o .,., . vh p . d .4,, ro u 11 I n l,n..., .1 1 · • '.J - l., , • . me ., t . · . cal vd , . . is t in se ' a . ne 1. l. ...., 1 . !J s n, • 0 s ' n P if a to ssiz h n m i ion n I 0 rt 103 c apit a • As a l ,: s r so t t h e Am i- can i nist r, Lyons , hasti 1 y summons am ti Co ns s to d a ide ,£Jon a co11 se o f acti ... . of t h Forei 6 n B i l, i s s ntati v·e-, hovl ver , vi a s at. sen fr o . - 1 .... on - fe - . viou nt. ~ , n l g ,.., r e .g ica, to who the cou. d no t f el th o ed h n · i na e is nee, he peo e no - looked as the·r on~ hop of po icti n in their hour of n d. Three o t he mos infl ial men n the ov nment e the ~ or appoir1 d to ca r th ir a· a clcross h At lc~ntic; Vi ce-Pr s· de t, Jame J. Dosaen, ex-P esi- dent G. w. Gibson, a~nd Cot1ns llo - c. :B. D11nbar . On e 7th of t h sarn . mo i.-h t _ e c•e V O ark d o theiI mission , A cordial c p ion \!ia d d t h mo heir . lV at W· shi on , D. c., r d every co·rt OU con ·~ er on c - c 1'9d d h. . b r P Roose e t and th authori iee at the capital . Vi c -Pr s · den Dossen esp ciallj,• made a strong in1- pr ssion ev - · yv,h r , bec au e of his di gnity, his fine int 1- lect and u· li ti s of st ate sm --:t.nsl1 ·I. As he spokesman, he made an a }]~al so sti 1 in . 1:, i id i its pr sentati n of he critic al i uation of 1 . c• -.) coi1ntry, th ~t he re adil:y·· won the suf o _ t of this gove nm· n • P si n Roose them tbe assura .c e th at Commi s ion vv-ou d be appo nt d to make a c · re ul X' i ~tio of cond·tione, w·th av· w other co - m~nda io o spec actions wh.ic 'l ,vou d brin Liberia most effective: r lie:f. An a op i ation of )20,000 was so on aft · r- wa ds mad y Con es to defray the eXI ee of th p oposed Commisaio ~. Th· dr -- v,ing ion o Pr~s·d nt Rao e t's 105 term , b.ov;ever, prevented further c-.cti n on the m· --tt r , Shor t ly after hi s inaugurati on Presid~nt Taft, with t advice of S.)creta.ry Knox, citppointed a-6 Co issi n :\rs E, - trao dinar3r to Li b e ia, Dr . Rol a. n d Post F 1 ~ r, U . S . I i in tendent of Scl100 s o Amt::,r · c · n Bap i st Home i sai on Soci 9ty; Nas compelled to rdfuse t n e apooint ~. ent beca1se of his p r ess- n d h. , e.L-..,ga ed n ch, 0 9 , ~esto ed subse u nt t o t t r ubl ,as 1- ith .. B . ti sl1 r ont i fo --ce, and vl us . e l e r in b a., . . tn on fu·t her comp 1: . pr 1 Y, m 10 s . "d , a l • of n d 1 l · t he ~ -~ 113 n~ canno ' rr C n , ... I,.; 0 Com.miss • d . m1 ... ·t1 0 e s, .P ' 0 co .pan1, 3s 'f r d e ·corte + 1 rra: .. ion b · n rnb :1r of cit C> dignit rie s . T a h 11 C l i _ t e 1 i ;=> ,..., !1 t • 1 1- r ; st' t h o h ·:iy und r "'too ., ½.v fu l . t of the s g mpo oc - . A ..!.. • r tn n f o caai n . ""c e_p 1 ., ion t . ·t · hie . , l · - S ty io .. e · n d ati t11d t o ~ - 0 , 3 sp e .- • i ,n .., ly to t h • • Otlnt y . nos . C . me ... .. a e _ ., Du . thei . Li th.., Co mtn . on- 11 .. m on :!l a, 0 , (:3 I d a 1 . ., • h P {j si d .... t , 1 0 h~' dS of t e d ' artm~nt s nd e s· des i g, 1 i n· st s a d the 8) d 6~ t · ti es o~ various d nlmin rtion s s 11 . co • I n th i . div io s , e y v · s i ad t 1 , _ c i ti .-s d o t B · d · 1 so h e int · . . d ' strict s wh· c vie . :, r " J.JO r te d · s d ' so ·e - 1y . Th e sen ~~· t en vt:hi c 1 ~i l~, a .d · n hich t e C is i n it s j in , ?/ 6 1 J s l1. "n ) t e Uni.1 s a t :3 s, i n vi_, o"" Jo. e e a- v . • et ·1 e e· n '" h a tw Y-t t.1. e Uni ., .,d St · tes h ad ons X l. S .l • mcill · fe s dd .. . f t of th R'---p \ SL.le n ar_ n enc ::a 'tJ "- ::.~ t G c v B ita:n, i a h e COll se co-iild 'th ni "' cl · · nct·on Ho - f ng s n t ,J desi , e th · - -t lml· ..., ic a s ho11ld i 0 ht t hei b·tt • .., s f r t hem, ou th ··t y 1er · 11r l11 · nc , sh e wo1l l d ot c t h · t hei r s . 4.h . n ... n P o s . Th e U 1i a ' St ~t s, th~y e ' s o y hop , th only 1·tion to hich h ..,an 1 3nt u t t h m T·-.J 8 un·d s (~ d l y , ~ri t n t · SUI' ~ t ~c tan . 'JO ymp a un ]. • 0 ll • Furt_ rmo vne ~ > 1 no a· i , spa s .A. io n ·o c on a h \,;,a - da ..,ct th nt hich . t B .. n , .., r -n ca r mm T the nav d • m· d v, e ll_ con sc tl sne ~ an z - . 0 tion i1 tarnal y , r;- a e u 0 y acce rovia, a. circt1la.r ;- s sent the 10 ? hi k Am..., 1 · ca · o ld C mrn· on- mi en opini ons a s to ha specific req t, s t o_ h d e · de +o the Unit ed St~tva . The prass t ~e p~rvading sumrnarize d as f llo. s : 011 of the country an d nay be nriefly 1 • That U . t. , _, · S (, ct exten d h er aid to Liberi a in t ~ - ~ e prom t s 1 ~111 n of na·ng 0 noar d . ap11te,s . 2 . Tl a v St ~l, ~s o-u ~ 0 - ,· v-1 + 1. .., Li l1 .. ~ ia' s 1n dr Jpend =>n ·e, an d rov · de: Am _.,rica.n to ro ct Li . n e· ~r an . te l. 3 . Th a u Uni t · .St s secur th cons of th ot 1~r na one . rr:e1.t of i t cha) 0 0 SU ml dr s an na a ac e ·at· on . • T d,t n •• i s -· r nc n nal f · .. Q,nce s . 5 . . a ' t and tbu . I {... • . E P o - e '"' · ·ro th, ]. s ome· ~r nee of . "OP an a , i C, r ta . . --t . o . ca , e ·· u s e 0 inv 0 ey· in · · nt o · t co r l S rd V. . J · . ..... . . ·n .. u it - s , . t erci sin arl.j' ~el e 1. o .... "" ng ... o~ Li b . t . h~r . . . a p C 0 a . 0 r r1a , 0 ·in a no nes s m c~ to Cu a , I n tb~ r e s 0 1e li .ui da "' ·. -n 0 h d · ,t ' th·r i/ ' B 0 d 6 'I t u cl, a th U. th ans- ' h . t. • . E t Ame • e ·e ce 0 0 - a . 11 0 ica, t atmen s · des d st oy • l con ' n 108 • En ~lEnd's most alient C rdm to h ri ht O exerc · s h po r o CA- suz~rain. In t 1 o inio o t . Coni.rniss· o , Li b · ria' s p sent situ- ation · s in a L. asu. e t he r s 1 t o f h c on se r at · v policy she h a s o r · i y main ain d f he past fi f' y yoare . And y t und r h cir 1 s ances, no other co rs s ems to have be n O ,Sib • can n r s i h coun r dimini s d a te the Civ· War, and Vi~ c compl t...,ly r· thdr· wn, h n a v1holesc1l trans o.J. tation o t h e Afro-kn.er.' can s fa 1nd in - practi a Li t on " Q, t_ u s d h 'c m· gh av · ved o --:ved h h e ir: f enc e of m h pr:. en .,;Ji tt · ti on . On h ... ot h ' r hond, b ee n P '~cu i. o.rl fo c ~d . En land i · h t,.; tr o 1 st o it i c .1. nei glbor, ma r · , bec°'ua r y co r. .. / _,. Sie a Leo ne: . Furt t l1e o r r co n · ies, comm rica i n t rcotl s~ has largel· :l b - ·:.str · ct~ t o h r n s t ad of n c ◄ssi ati _ g the ong' r cu ne.., s to G any, F anc a, n d kn ric a . I n t h· s \Vay, En r -: .nd' s lat ior1a r:avv p r o . na ed, a.nd a t b.o l h c-1.t firf.. G. i rah e n v~ry es J. C ~, 00 . g i:i..Vv C ' s~ for th~ j . rua o ..c h moti 1 ea ~ App )h nsiv _ ! st sh a a p to t h · s for1ni da- ble p O -~ - r , 1 · tle R u C t h ~n dr ~ . . t S(; 1 ' as much. a s . wi t . i t s • ct li .l t s, i n so doin lo~ possi , n r s .. n ' t h at i rrt i n i n ., contac 0 . h h I 0 0 ' a t C 0 f,il ou.t 10 ld , a l •·1 C;, ions d . d ma . .. tai ' J r of s .. ch a natu e 0 co a a.t o f a ita ~i on a d disconc tm nt fr om any contin.uot1s col .r provem.ent . of int~ nal im- The re· o t transm1 tted to Congress by h Com 1 sei on . its retu n h as not yet b e act d In i t t here since n upon , strai ghtfor 1 rd pr s nt tion 0 Lib ria' s e1 t iat1on , an d s t a ,., meut of r ec tjn d ti one f or th . of t . a s 1 5 ance govv me t . O n of h~ fi r st asse rti on s of 8 r )0 t was h· t 10 9 • lS the n- t h e Co .. miseion o ~ nd condi t io s mo _~ avo r a. _. t h an h e y had been to x p ct . Th e Comm· s · on 1s sati sfied t at th 0 ions a out he co~n .r which hav e b e en at~ly c i rcu- ..1.. ·1 . t in , re t h r e stilt o f alctrmi et e o t e o r 1 inat ed by Bri i sh su.r j ect a a n d d ~ si ·n d t p ac e· Li rJ _ ., · a i n su.cl a po sition 1 t h e- e yes of h P o~ s, th--.t · o ,.ld j11 :t ify En =>l a .. nd' s approp iation of h l and , Al l t. ~is ie evid., nced by t h e ac""a o-" a e; r ssion, an d th rec..,nt u n l cl , 1 c o11 "Th e Bri t . ell " as t r · t o .,..:) • W i·th h act . 0 t at Gr ind 1 . lC h Commi..; 1 on f 1 t ... e o ts , a a no desi gns o Liberian ad to r<.)conc i e n d at ,it de of her of f i cials in Sierra Leone and Lib~ . 1 a , C r t a i · s no diff i cu l y i n unde s t a n d- . Groat Bri t ain ' s d ecl a. r-- tio n th· t if Fra .c i s p ~rrn· t te d ing ·tlC C .., . S ftl adv· int o Libt, • t ri t o • .. k C ~S 1 an 1 1 (,A, ... ' ... b . 0 'I - i in t C am h ..... r ar ·• I l i.tt d f f ~h t h G at • • he 0 nee r r 1 a n 1 c• up .., t h n ;ather , ton L "b . be the t • m • r a 1 veen o , an 110 our conviction t h· t unl(:!SS s e h' s the st1pp o . t of" some Po Ner commensurat e • st rengt h Vii t h G ln ea Brita n 0 F e , S!l . l • P o 11 . m the " w f. f; an n n sp ee ~ isa ea map , The r- n dation s m··,de by C • !si on fo r e reco 1 l • ,·m nt . ,. _ d fro h try· i i m a r o ..... n 1,.v _ ations a prac C y i de t . cal . ]. th ~u g sted y the a e o s a {p . 107) . And e 1 hasis 1aa p ··c..,d upon th u g cy o · t r n ut nt . . C \I m- . ]. .. cJ, m· -cl1incr r of overnm nt i a at a st ~ dst · ndin h ac1.1ion th· v1· 1 b t ak by Con e s . T o a · ·.ty tfi icl_ 1.r. i s go e n 1 t h'· s i n th • L . case l ' · es it indi sp.:r'·at y her d t1 y to mani s t at ~ a . i n e st s in the s t a ned c · rc tim- St a. C s San a Dom i no ; toe & c e 1 h v n t. nc e t :r1~ cot n o h s ·ntang e~ nt s, and akin it po ssic e ·o 'i t to nt u on a p rio d o e ~ e d og e . I vou d m to h , 0 4· L·ber · a • s . e ..L s r 0 n p · .) i nt s . .. 0 · i l Th t c · ne d . C! .... ng n s Re or rk a s been ab s~r g r , f a· r s o t· e .• T h • strong repu )lie an cl aract ., ('" an ... . ' h ·~r a as b en a m•' . d a enc of ,.. y a. .. Q,, h .. a e thr , \'Ai' fl . •nt oli1t i onary ho ds . V G or ,.. m n Li b • r1. a , The ation, XC, 392- 3 . g 0 1t of th I h m i n 0 rn 1 n has . contrast. i n 0 i.t " .. a nment 0 • rrain .:> I f t t t l .., 111 • o .1. a st able overnment is the abilit y of a people to sec11re their ends and conduct affairs by constitutional means, then Liberia has successfully sho m her ability in th·s direction. It .is significant t h r t of the t irteen men who have occupied the position of exec11tive in the past sixt y-two years, only· one· has been remo d from office and then, by constitutional metbods and for a 1 i timat cau.se. But on the other hand, there has been no great manifestation of that facu.lty of the adaptation of detai s, so essential for the Oiderly re ulation o~ internal aff airs. Consequent y th re has been the mis carriage of el de~i gn~d efforts and the expenditur& of ch energy witho1 t an e ,u·valent ain. This has be en the case ewpecial y nth aarn nistration of fi ances and matt r s of industry. :Industr al e·nter rise: h.cts en on the hol unpro- due ~1.ve, and not i. thst anding the cou.ntr)r ' s reat resources, have yielded s o li ttl · hat the re enue has on several oc- casions fallen sho~t of t h xp ndi tt es. Undou. ;tedly·, ro:uch of the f ailure in t h · s in i a due to the 12.,ck of proper training . Thia fact hct.s recently b) _ s o "1 ni: e e u o he cou.ntr~r that 1 t has br u.ght increased ef ort fo the: promotion of industri~ ac~iv·t • That industrial pr speriJy is the true foundat ion of very countryts success h as been so forci bl:;r brou ·ht to their attention, that there h as b en start d a mo rement for .he es ahlishment of great t chnic i atitu- tions wh.ich ,-ill put at t ... cou try·' s corrunan d men better equipp~d for the many occ pati ns in t h e indt1s rial w ·orld. 112 This "industrial e .. wakc:ning " is th nevi watcl1vlo d of t he coun tr~l, fillin the pr se and fo ming t h e keynote of· t e: essays 1 of graduating classee, In fi seal a.ff airs there has been the same lack ot· sys tematic regul a,tion and it has placed t h ~ overnment in straitened circums ancee as regards both local affairs and its financial obli 0 ·ations to En lEtnd . Nevertheless the· Com- miaaion was and g ver nan m s mpha iz n t h e fin 2 nta integ ity of he cou try . cordi i ons, Libvr·a i undoub · dl y em ar a s ability Unde t h e ree nt d. Her poi ion to use a c il u tra i on, is co ~ ara 1 to on posse i a fertil sec+ion of lc..n, but ~i h no ady mean to urc1as the necessary se d. , ~i h the eorganization in ut i nto effec+. an the g eater indu tr· acti v · y bein hara d b t e e a eig L. ) ia i ee a obi a on . Her a i onal debt amountin to 1 ,400,000 is no t large, esp cial yin v·e i of hr un eloped r sources, and v,i h imp ov d m•~t ods cot1l d. t he present revenu . re adily car ied iith ven Di f ic1.. l t1 s n other depar .m nt s have no b en s o se i s, bu~ the co ntr nowt orou ghly arous d to the necessi ty of readj t. st ent , i a ea er o emedy e er po eei . e defect, and for h · purpos h ~ ' req ested Uni ~ d St at s 1pervis·on l ) t A:f ica, Vo • X, _ o . -- -· 2 Bo 1 , Li b ..:) i · " s Cr. s. ;:, 113 in stren~tn\J • t }1 m· 1 · edt1ca · ona nd a.o-ri- n ry, po a ' 0 ct1l tu 1 de1) a tm1 3nt s . Unit ed St t .Js • • fi s al s· pe 1s1on in matt :!rs lS intende o· t n y a t . i in o f r the yo t1no men . tne oym~ 1t f ·h e Rep bli c the ad, inist at· of in em1j 1n .. finances, but al s o a s g, , U 0 ' of stab· lit}' if h e natio al ebt 15 aken o Ter by the un · ,, . .... d St·t s . But t h e ~a"'- .. em C0J1 ~ nti Li h e p Qt) Cf' r1r1 a, On(., ev ~ J - \J "' 0 dSt->nt, :. nd a· ly b e corn . h ble of [J no m pr 1 .... SSJ.!.1 ' 15 p t · ne native • nhabi ta t s • The "Libw i ,. " IlO V'l t o L,. I., .. e o 1te d • • ... row at.ip · nd, _d ~o l. s in on a n · 0 t . r · to • 1 • Outsi y • ono · v rr .l e s . e - s c.:> , b ro n d d • t h or ~st . • onfronted b r h r 1 gions , one 1 v vill t h . w·11.o i 1 1in 0 . th :>r1tni t1 ve g·.:a s 0 n· rea are n ame rm h1 ghe civilizati on . This nintdr - .. ro 1•3 prob , e - - upon e s o ,1t on o . ic ... de- very 1 t t _ a don~ b L~ .. fo - t~ e ad of t h nati v .... po1)ul ·1.tion . Cons t ho s ·1·ty d · t first b manife the f · t t am, th · n i ~d f ·"o · a a only o N' • n ~ · .., o h r,., .v, s o t h consci o 1sn· as of ni t3r a'n r1 i " i t - u de s " e 1:3 t Otnpl,.., on 1,,}1 • . part .. 011 d mo ,., c ea :tl d in the li;; tter• s ann11'1ila.tion . Gr dually, mo "' f iendly e l tiona i ere eata.li sl -ied, a.nd m ·- ny tribes r'Ja iz·ng t e in fluenct; of t e gove .ir ent, vol11ntari y associated themsel es 114 wit ·t. But a hole eop e, v~ry ittle , a ywt , has b en do - f or thei r improveme ._ t. The extans·on t th naives of the system of a irilized and orderly governr ent, is cond."'"ioned on vhe fact of their beinb convinced o the r al ad antages of such a go ernment. Th- ~y have t.1eir 0 1 ,v. tribal forms of administ r ation, to wnic11 thaJ h ave l)a n ac cu t med or en- ~rat · ons, and no radical chan e can bee fectad, it 01t time and · bor . Nor can it be accom1 li s ed t bes.., dv · nt 0 ~ by the puni tiye ex_pedi t1ons dispatch~d J big them under control, c which has be "n ightly reco 5 nized in the policy of the pre sent admin·stration . The only s Jut·o t o r· tnem J such a stat,1s whe . e amalgamat·o · · tn t1.d o· v t3 ning c ass wil ~ be possibl • This of new blood" nt mm :311 ,J b whe efAects of se ility, will ::n an ,. dda vigo and st r en 0 ,-,h , and u ite t 2.1e two 11 t . \.;, cormnon cau se o _ t :tJ.e tt...:>b ding of the r co 1nt y . It wo n d erad· cate t e · ublesom u ~ier element, for al ould be oined ·~ · t a e rt t o m int · in an o de~1y r. o e m nt . And ith f be t h e des~ uc ion of n: c aim of fec~i 1e occup ation, wou fo - ei r n int · re tio • Lib~ria's pr ss 1 0 ne 0 w ing ore ona pbui in wo d thus be supp ·e • The · ti vea, ., ndi t 1rbed oases- 115 8ion o the r homes, now cont ~ t one the mai impedi- ments to the p net ation and of t~e inva ior , would, by thus bein 0 transformed nto an · tiv& cont ·butin 0 force, man · dded rnbe-s fr the conservation and util'zin 0 o t. e co11_ t y ' s resources , and the 1ntens1 ,e r..t1anas me:nt of inter al aff ire. Te pot3nti ; gene(!! a n d a or _1us pl · ..... ed at he co11n ry ' s comma11d, v,1 b ing marva lB U . 8 o . na ount y ' s d Soma ) SB as 1 : adr .., b e n made ono t 1 • s . 1ne, and of the possible two millio nati vas, a~ OU t tho1 1s·· nd h ave 1:>:... en i • t nc . vil l · t·on . An • b . as l~ C ze ) n m C 1.S no - don ..... r1e n , . .tl i dCtio tn l Ba C a t B f - s l t . . ch Ho v ·h y as ne n J.O l l S - V d ' • by w ·hich t h·s problem is t b s ol,ed i s necassa . - O<w a 1 y . . Zo it .... e CO~ tnp '-~ t . 0 a s 11 a 1 l 1me • e c ,, 1 Shot t . . i"ions ema1n c11a .;ed, Li . · roul . ·o i t y , h 1 · tt . - ni . ..... r a n • , • Pre • B· . .., ,.,ant 0 he r - o· es en 11 ; ! n.., ssag 0 • Le g·s dose . .. t ne • • th Re p 1bllc l e 1. oe p S1 1 01 t ~, t of "m· = • " T is is batte than ul halt, a no 1me. a _., d · gn · f s n . ;N iti'ng of or , fo -. fJ.r he a tion , In t ... e c · e o es "or .. s" a or re- rec~ad ~n . , y . And b~c a s of h ... T c p o e a d ead rs, · ...,ation o t e h ng c'tiz~ns, t _e 0 • overnment's ability to accomp ish this under the met1ods utlined, nd w·th tne pr tac~ive interJat of the Unite d Stat~ s t gu rd t fron further encr achmants , whi h Li eri alone would be po re l~ ss to re s st . 115 CHAPTER IX. The Historical Signif" cance of the Experi ner1t. As every action has wit it som~ unde yin mot re, so ev~ry action is takc1n with a view to the· aalization of soma specific end or aim. The mo , 3m0nt o co onizat ion 11hic_ st1lt~d i . n the esta .. ishme1'1t o Li b : ... ri a, look~d '"o tne colony as the solution of everal nroblams h·ch t hen conf-onted ~h ... country . Lib '..,ria, the . for ' S v s forth historica ly , as the embodi{ndnt of numb ·~r of ide · s n princip ss; an - 117 tnot1 0 h t11.e first t wo of these ( ~ ~11ic h will bv m'vntioned b · bri~fly ) ceast:3d Ni..,_ the pci.ssin 6 aw y o t h e ci .cl1metanca s v1hich condi ·~iont~d t em, t h e others whic}1 ~ ain, are assJming even a greater i1np o anc e \ J. t h th advan c e of yea s . It ma)r not be 0 eno a l y kno ~vn l, 1 t t ~ est a li shment of the colony was an rad 1a er a iuatio ... and the reprssaion oft e s v e t r da. Ti s ·s lea ly e iced ·n many vrri tin g s n d addressee of men pr m· ne 1t · , h e enter- r · se . Th'"' .1.·i st o t ese f fo s, 0 re :.,1 1 , s . Th ~ • h· ., ( W '• S, n v~ s , n ..., "- tion of t se co1 d . T Wast Co e r m. e knov'ln, t h e st • ta t was Ond 0 m lfil ' 0 trade s . The li t 1 1 .., co on-, ' 1) i.:;; ed • • rr t O .A..: e b . 11 ..- .9prec! a. s .. f Af . ic a , i1ni ta d . rE,a 1 • 8 lS cent;:,., 8 thv sl i bht . ,Jh • st i n a- -f ... 118 t hi s raf· ·c , f 11 g t · in st it r"' o 1 t ly · · m i · s e,.. 1 · .J st ex· s ~nc • Man s - ~ - fa to i~s we . ~ das ~r d under Ashmun ' s · d antaCl"e of comn 0 h colony, ceasad thei • I coo.erati on i~h o si gners until f l a ly ,· ~h h · i O Briti sh CU s~ s , 1 · .:1e t ade , he colon Ano t_ ar , i1n of t mo v d ! • n t , mi s s i on ar i ~1 p . r .i.: - o se , as t: e ex1.1ens1 0· to t h Chris t ian ci - iliz--t· n . T c~.,t C" i sti con rnll i ty est a l is ed he oil . , . t a cu.st oms o f . lized peo~ le, on l. -' - l. s #' a.11. I Cl. 1 Ill ot n a {l i.l nc +11 t fill) or ·· - . sola ' d 0 ·- • ·i o d~., a t ion . No r ..I,. a.· 11 !111 s on n . •)I - 0 n s v C V J \i -4 _, ' . . . th.., of ·h ~ ·nd - 1 ized , 1 .. ,e- , a · 1 n 11l Q mo s 0 a V Cl, . . ,_, er·unent . . alli , _, d h i m • . SvOck , , Q t/ o s~ C ',J zena are ~o 11 aci · 0 and -: 1..1s o ca· a .. 13 of u t 1 1a aid a nd 1 derst?-nding , b en~ir nm~nt f suc1 a communi t make s manent an -.. e- .. St.11 t S ccompli s and is t us a moL~ e inst t h e· tor ent o ceas by~ hich e en n or 0 ani zed 0 0 - s r rnn· nt c · one . I t s .. o . 01.1t thi ~ r l)le: m, must necess · rily be a sl o\v izati n is ~ actical y i ~nt:ical rith the so- 1,1tion o - ' s f u. nd·· en a · r blem · - , e i o a ly st t t, d . Som~ i peditnenta, th rt~ h · :;ve · lso b c :, e) n , to its seed a .,om- plishme t , Comin 6 s t h did rom t h e condi io s of sl rve y , h to uas t • 1 c n · G> 119 just n t n r a 11ing rt eir O\ 1 -11 a s · or th ir pr~par ton as ins d · .. e o pme t , ct rs of ot_1· s. Nevert 11 .teas, cons i arable g ess has b~ n mada in ovin the condition o t h natire inhabitants, ho11 0 1 s yet , littl..., ext - ndad or active mans av b~ n exe ~ted, oh r than the force oft e colony's inf uence . A out forty t b o sand native s hct e, t .. r 'lg t e in uence of o.~ in -- y li· e and schools s ta li sh d for thei. i t uc;t · on · n ·h~ practi es r de o i e:, b"'e:n br ug t i-.,. in th circ e of e ci ili zed y . n ntifi..,d i · ht~~ go e t ant . And m' ny of t e tr· es, sfo r 1ed, hou no compl:...te y "r a '-l • . ..., o· t ... nor.:., p e · f ha,_· t s , nd a andond d m y h · th'vn a d b ' l)~ Oll B E ach stlc dd So rn ::a have tak n a bro 1 ade aco1)e o t ... e prool 1 9m, ap · ing it to he ' d ·ncement of the whole of Africa . Libe ~·a part in this, on y s sh e is i tar al y abl .., to ext .... nd r eff r s, an i tni ge, on .. as one th_ ma . y oi ilizing • ao-enc1.es no contin nt • Li . (,,l ri a was ooke a os .. h Afr - Am i an po l a.tion of t 1is coun t y . At first conf· !1 d t h os ~ho of t vir o · ; 1.1 d em · gr -- te to Africa, n of a VI olss · .., .4-r rr1 spo tation Of t ► e frdedmen · fte he is&le o the Ci il W ar . But · t~o 0 h or t ... an "' - , ct r ansoorted ..,,o, 1 i have .. il i y n·g -- t · d, th..., f · ct ... ht the . ajority no · ~ att ·cl, ... d o ti s coun y - r to r 11a n , and · lso th·t su fie· nt re --e unavaila,ble , mcde t ~ 1 extended 1 nov~ment impr ctica a·. Pas si11J yea s, ins-'- .J, d o dest r · ing , have 1:,r u ht an added i11ter:3st and im or\#a c e 1.,0 t 1 e pr blem. Lioe 1a is alJnost 120 e~ual in siz~ to Engl ~nd (excl1 sive of Wales) and ould contain a popul dtion proportionally larg~ . Und~r pr~s~nt eadily ,_ c nditions , ho e er, any great emi 0 ati n would b e apt o re- stlt disastr s lv· to w n emig ant s. 8! done i t e ·~ay of m·- t rial i mpro r\J i•~nt, to m·- '9 i t possi l..., f r · ny m lti 1 d to es~ b l is hom~s in h a.nd. Y t Li b - ~ ia of a r s a ,i de a.-vi and am i~ion, of . d fi-l d fo p rson s of n nd devotio n to the· ~ race , who woui j, in ~it vi R·p ~lie in sol ing her proble s nd building up a graat Ne gr o c · 1liza~ion . rs ns , of en o ... di nciry a .. il · ty · e dad, ho l1 v i O s the d . C- r Sv r Vt3 ... Or .l. he n · ti on citiz Fr m · al s v • . d~ o i t , n 1 l, ab o :fers b t e op--. o t unit · e e • i n g y look no OI co to se l f - Cv J t re b. 1. ty • or uni atti l • As . 6 1 no y The urt ... , :3 ro- 1nto . - 1 t 3 .s, b t . . t . t h~rn th , e ., . any causes, a Q C) • 1 .., • th 1!1 ··n n ,., .., f J T t e ans, ut d, rea dO l b fi C 0 on nt i h t i , s m- e . •• t3 c .3 ~ l, on s , . +- .... e · r V : zati on 0 race espons - le sa, contriot: te .&.. s .., .... st ~r 0 f' ro v · th, an d v1 h ' n, 0 con- sciousness of the opport 1ni ies oft e race a. a v1ho.,a• , A ain, long r , siaen; e i n this country h · s h · bi uat d them to pr s nt environme nt, and h a s had t~e tendency to alienat 121 heir senti m· nv s ·ro t e Afric an Contin nt. et i has bo n a cause o · v-o nd.., r to t J. triter, -hy t e o e ent r risin a .de .li hten d, notwi h s t andin the afar .said consideratio s, wou d not pr lfer h~ f ree·r atmosphere an d unrestricted oppor- tuni i s v1hicb. Li beri ·· af .ords. t ··10 1 - se m, ... o r:r~ver , t at t h ~ m· ifest destiny of the Afr o-.An 1r. ... rican is ret 1rn t o t .e land of s forefat h s, end sev · ral c ts s ~1.1 daub less c ont ibut to i : s f t1lf1lm nt. · i th th a ak ~nin co sci u s n\Jss o race r s ,on s ·bilit, m~ny ill ca 0 t 1n t ~i r lo vi h t h .... e ro u li e . th r is o-r a 0 r JO~si ,ilityo increa i er opu ction causi n i nt e n se pr s tl i n J; oli i cal . d i n dtl S vrial cor1p ti . on, Tu S 1 . n r fro th .... c oll b. al exis · nee o two dl s i.nct, non-arnal ~amr . t e d o 1 s; and in " N i 1 t J1e r o- Arne i can vo 1 be dec i de ca e of ·· ·n · xi , ~nc ::.:> .. r - ,i 1 b 9 ~ r o s e d t a~ he f . l S t h ·o h em i gra ·on, Li b ~ri r vill u .doub d be ,o e s t .t. ' ctn d o h eople mo st c s ~l y al i~ d to them. u t e te s t si ni ·ca c J... t. h c o o ny , ra s c- s an ~o ul~ to m· i t in t h ~ c · 1 i 1 · r. a i on th y h c• •· y_ t r d ; ( ' o f 1 - 0 r1m nt , V ,- · h~ lowes s- · ma.t , n c r ~ion o f h p oo of th-> . r ct 122 ro · • sit on. Som, .., e;O i st have h el d t h h s s , · h · n nee re .1.1 ov d f o_ ro ..t.: • c i 1i li zed n o- 1n n e e 0 0 conunu i ty, 0 ,. (-.:) t h e st of . .J y ar1 m • T ~ n , Jo n r -- t s b ee C .cl u. i J~l;l ~a+ a l)li s ., e d ... lo cal vi · :)nc a , n d the ::., OO r s of t ]1_ 0 S rh o have s d t . nt • ~11 th i t • • mi n d 0 ' l. rno i.;;;; e n l. s 0 e i n t th . nt • .. to ., . ~ . i 1n· e d ci T ri l i 1:. ,.. J :-,s rrn :..:a J. J n. ~ · 0 ., 0 l-' h· .. ~ t . h h . . ..-d. b ly Sm ' l ,; r n p a s ~ ( , n a n 0 /'. . Th r - (3 " .i , r, - ~ a· J.. s • co , :l n e CA, 7 a .. c C) · .... veals Ji e fact h ,.. ' no '·i hr--'- r ..:,v t'1 ins n nu . .- s , ,- n ot - i "'o. t .. , fl ~n u ..., -: "d ,. ad "I - 0 n 1' , 3 no '-' - 1 s a 1 ,. S , . '0 -r. 10 • · d z d .., o 1Jio C-0 . 1 I , in 11 J . . L, - ~ • .! "rh, .11 ..- S n 11 h r . ., 0 l " 1 · . 1-; z .1.. -· .)_ .. • .l,. a. 1., ,. n , L, n ct , . -, .4.. .[J.1 (•, J.. 11 J J- if"\.. Qt• . Ll ~w ..,; ~ • 1). s t · o_ it . not · h e J_ h .'l . nt . . no· I/ u 6 m, l. s 1.~ c a n m a n , - ',J V t An c-4lo-S . . . 1. · t i on , t T t _1 -'- ~ s l 101 l d hol d to - X C .. :1 L-n ':3 .., ~ · t i . ~ 1 i 6 p Cv S e T i s 0 s not ma· t h ,J d · s · rd · n 0 t . l . ., s 0 ,.. hi bh st at, ,1s of li Et . But e ~ . . n .. a - . ~o.n s . sho 1 -- ac .) 0 con l · n en J. 0 11r .., n , , end d ... . .,..." • • .1... ~no t . ve o· C - ' 4. I ' ! \I 1 -, r m • t Ang o-S a-x T d . e e a .. · n a n • s u n 0 a i n~ d om i ✓ .,l . '" ne e 0 t t , s 0 .1 be . . a l a.rac t ~ . . l r r. a 0 r ,·, C c • ic e 123 an d lo ca. . on · 10n , n .. 1 C r . a.a 1J_ d n 0 .., .. di s :n t i i . t r . A 1 · tt l th · 0 r· SC O ~ ss . S l . fov.n cl · 0 .t:> Li b - :3 l .- • Du· .. br' l Ou 11 · ·· ·nth J. • • J 11i .. '.. v · r,,. or n o .,. Y' 'Jfli • ' · , · n a: -, : o r ·- - C: - .... • . t a . t ,_ ~ :~.l ..... ! - .I I i . ri t. · c i n1 CO O ... 1 r ,, '• r:i ...,, oJ..· d.:;: n t:: e ,,. -'· , ri O 1 J I,. .I. - . 1 r r 0 . ,1 r .,ali z ~ .L 1 r con • T , f'o t • i n , .- .. r.i ~ · ro r t ,. c~ con vi On l; Q - colo "t 1 L' l ""'Il t c: , \.Ao, . F J.. J - ..... • , V h . . m. g a _,1 n , r r t o f' ,. d. . r a.o ~ !] ·o • O .r- and o .,_ ) -t 'Y 0 . t . . . l. ,·1 , a . ,., .. I • . , d .. ' ,n. .:. c 1c1.rns J'J..c..:." o st u . , ; 1 · d , T~1 ..- .. ,. no~ 11 ,, , n 0 .0 ''l" st ,.,; S r. n n t • J.. mc.1...1 y , No 0 ..0 . ') . t in -· . rt . - 1 ·1_;_ 1 ct ' on· C 1. t, _ ... ~ ,.. t b ] i ·1ed c e ,t a ... ~ •U 0., h , ' e . 1 · .r c e) 0 .£' . .. ~ r e ' ··. t i t tle atn. • I • 1 ( :., no . ) . d l r ac • ' 11 b i n r · ::} X .) ·- C + "' d gav .i ,:, 1 c ...... rio1 y of d ·.e.. · l V ] _ m . l _fj ~r ,• L _ icl1 ~ t ... 1. . 1 5 _ -- 1 1 ' i sit .' n s f 0 + m qt g . 11 t , t o . d ( ~ [;., t :t l -~l $10 , 000 , an v , 124 riod of t u ·c1 u d r condi ins ~s h s~ ~o d est i on a 1:-<l · . v e ~ e prolo fo_cin , n ., F a 1 - , 0 n ' 1...h j l a e of h R V d, w s cu tai .J d by un··· v "dabl i:rc , up o:c:ct d 0 S , " C f' \., Ll ' r i 13 da.p · v 1 1. s hat e i 6 t O '- ,.) t 0 of o · , C. f i ·enc.: ~s a a Of an S V -stigat · n :n·1 . . t . .J., al 1n vn 1 J.en .r.a a ....,vo · ti ar: peo e i 0 . s of r , a,. Q ""' , .,r oca enc a a.e 1'1 i . l d .:\an main ain ;) d i st· a.tin . es, 0 e . · s a, . 1 r . lC 1 i I i S C Of 1 C i l S ~ -- e I n t _ , I i ,~r ... ._, ' 1 . r.1c ~ ,... 1· n ... C !::"".J . ri :l · f a.v a1) cco int..: o le cl1.c , .. n e,.1 , t b· t C .-C 0 J.. .. ro r se "m s s·cce s o . T e 1 n • ' h C 1 " Ii g S f ~ 1. p ' S e ': . ths, ha ca. d . a a ica 0 t ... of criti- C to 0 i e , • ~ .,,ns OS C , • . l g n . r·· ce~ ·ii . 1nv . .. • . 1 • Tha co 1 - y ' n on io 0 s h 0 h i n' 0 ' _ t, e.l t a u ' . . ath t e •5 culn1ina. ion of 1 des . gn. d la. erful Nei gl bo !l 0 0 , io t b.e vi =-v,· he d by 1 Vlh O ad cri t · cal a lo r . 1 stu dy of tb 6 on . The I 1 f t in1e , mu t ily· con side d • ]. sti n ati the pr ~ss of a 0 1 Gen . . d • ra .0 s ll r for t}1 Wt; ldin 0 , ~ natt on , o.nd th. . est ar) i shm.J 1 0 a 0 er ! n · n d f rm of +·vi ty adap d to t he op e n the . t . L. b ; ~ ia' B fu ,. en 1ro run ta rob l Ir. o · th un - cati on 0 er p op --i s t: ' Bu + h\J i aadv -- .tag of ca.t1s s h r p r ea.din g e · n. c nt r c a .. . not be ccom . ~d t ca in v· wed i. c o .e por y l i ·ns· ni1ican • In t ... · 0 ovvth o P ' t a ions, .ecades , C o o · m· t ri ..,y rin )a ftt ler ace n s , till t s of activities . • Yet Lib ~ ria is i mp rtt i .=ntly j d 0 • di n th li 0 ht s, ro res s 1· ~h her sis r col ny t h i - i e ea 0 ' and su·· )o t db h force and r ve . of a powerful nation , Two c ou.rses h.o vever , r emain for Lib~ria in t f 1tt:re . The present crisi J ,- ni p O E:l i t h e co,1nt r)r . Thie• .;-ill doi.;btless secure for her increased intere·s t and at .tact vit t outer ld, w i c 1 • r co e 0 Vll. serve as a safe guar r ainst sue . S61 e ac -+-t ons as ex- p~ri nc d in. t b e p a t . Wi h t . c, d i n flu.~ _ ca, t here • J. 0 a 16 every rea on t o be • the 1.eve ov r . m n 6 1 t rna 1 ap a 1 • 1 26, of independ r.;!n maintena ce . Competent men ; there have a i sen i n everr cris·s, from the in fan y of the colony, when Joh .son h eld fo ·th t he it le band a ainst t h e hostile host of natives, t o t a sla:1.lfu dipl macy of Roberts and t h e statesman shi 0.1. Barclay . The t st· n of t e raeent wi 1 , n all certainty, ra ly to her . patriotic oyal citizen, to ha ten ser lC ever:)r the pro resa of reo anizati on, a.nd u aran to th WO their abi i ty to m·-i . a fre&, rel i1ecte civi 1zed a1n 'n , • so . 1 I on th oth r h~d, t e 1nfl enc e and rt c+i e in e st of a r a t r po r r is 'Nit e d , if the advanta es o this a f r bi ra ion a d i Li a, r,o po w r er own can. sav er from be inevitable si ·ns of · htier Nei g bor , We en , ther f e , but a ai t h f 1 ura, nd allo the li tle Re pu l i at lea t anothe 1 "\ ce . t world i ~ co r pronounc the erdi ct of th succ e s failti1re- of the er · A e t . 127 AP E D 'X I . to Li b · .. ri a . Mills <=1.nd Burg s Ex.ploration., ••• , 818 Croz ) ) • t • • • • • • • • • ••• Feb. 1820-- · arc 18 Dr. Samuel A. Samue l Bac on J'no • P. Bank n ) { She 1) I s c . . r:· d E :xp e di t i n • ) Joseph Andrus) J.B. Winn ) •••••••. t I e • e I • I • • e • • a. !l 1821--:T 1' 18 Ephraim Bacon ) Dr. Eli Ay Jehudi Ash Ashmun a e t t I t I t I • I t t t f f t I f t t t t ov . E ) 1- - Apr. n. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Au • 1 2 -•• .1 .. Ay f I f If I t f I If t f f I I t I I A ay Ashm • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••• J Lott Car y ••••••. •••••• t ••••••• t d Randal •••• t t ••••••••••• Dr, J · cl i.n •• t • • • • • • • • • • • • Dr. J no . B. Finne • • • • • • t • • • • ••• Dr. E. Ski n n r ••••.. , ••••• , • • • • • ••• Feb . ••• 182 --Dec. •• ,Dec . - 1827 1828 .•• 1829-- ay 1834 ••• 1834-•-1835 • • • 1835- 183 7 Ant ... ony D. Wil i. ,. e ••••..•••••.•.•• 1837--1839 * G V Buel J os 1 J. Ro r u y Common v , a t h o • • • • • • t • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 3 9 - S t ~- t •••••• ' ••••••••••• I- , '-" • 8 Li ia , t • 18 --18 7 822 1 2 APP Jt] IDI I • r e si d\J n t of t h epublic of Lib~ria. :r o s e p h J • Rob rt s • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • · 48 - -18 5 Stephen Al ar1 Ben s on ••••..••••••••• 18 56- 1a·54 Dan· el Da shi ~l W n · : r •.••....•.•.• , 18 6i4 - - 18 --.8 j amt.:: s Sp ri s Payn •••. , • • • • • • • • • • B 68 - -18 0 128 Edwc rd Jame s R 'Y - · •• • • , ..•••••.•.•• 1870- -- 0 ct. 2 6 , lE. 7 ( de sed) Pro 1~ ona.L Commi e • . I ~ • , t t I t . 18 71- -18 7 2 • Roberts • . , . . .•• ••. • . . . • • 18?2- - 18 ?6 Jam: ~ s Sp 1. g s P ayn e • , . . . . . . • . . • • . • 18 7 6 - -18 7 8 Ant h ony illi am Gardn c.r •• • • ••.. • ..• 18"'1' --J an. 2 0 , 1883 ( died ) Vice - Pres. Alf r e d F , Russell •••• le.83-··1884 il ~ry r i 6 h t ohn s on ••. •• • •••• •• 1884- -1892 Joee )h J ames Cheeseman •..• .... • 1892-- ov. 12 1896 (di ( 73 d} Vi c e - Pres. Willi am • Cole: man ••• 1895- - 1898 Vii l li am • Col " · • a n . , •• ••••• •• •• • •• , 18 9 - - D c • Sec. o f St a e G. Wilmot Gib son •• 1900--1902 Garretson Wilmot Gibson • . . .•.••.• 1902--1904 Arthur B a rc 1 a.y • , , • • . • • , • • • • • • • • • • 19 0 4 - -1912 1900 ( r..,si ne'd) , APPE .DI X III . Extract s f r om Th Declarat i on o· I n d a ·1 ~n dan c e Re·, t1b l i c of L1 b .,r· a. 129 We, t h e rdr r - 3 c:. :..,ntat · e s o f t ne ,..;)e op i:.~ of t e Co-rru on· wea J of Li a ·i· , i n C v : t io _ As sa b l • .., , inv , .., st~ d v it f or o ming a new 6 v e ,_ n~ u · , on t _ , .. , n d pro - t ·t · on o · , e r a A i te o · · an v : j t s, do h .., r , .~ rJ . .l , i n t h e n .. r • d on " of h ~ peo le .of his Commo nwea h , pub l i s }. c1. n d d Cl · i h ai d Common\ re 1 t FREE, SOVEREIG a n d IND PE. I>rii T ST ATE., b y h e n · r- d s rle o t he REPU13LIC an d dt1c e d co ast, A. il l., }1e · r l d t h · n e ·1 po - h . c b. t } · "op - o · th . s R 1 t t m ~~1 1 i r o i o d .-- bri c c om. n i n . s tt,..:. em.~nt of t e ca 1ses v, _ 1.icl1 i n - ..... m ... , i ·s e a r i. at .1.ems l ve s f o t : l a .. nd of settle Le s o , t i s b arbaro .s nd now to or gani z e t J.. ass .m ... v on so e s ' 1--. ~- ~ J. J. '-"" T.l1. 1.1 :'1 e i -= t n t · o 1 1 1., o t ... · z 1 all 211 > . 1n I • • 1+- • ...> • .l i r r , ,J ' n J. s . l, • - 130 C ·t.ss , 0 ·. r I ' ... • .. ~ B .h • • p ac 1 v n -· d 0 i all , s , ( . o f ov- 0 ...., r nmont . . 1 · r V -~ ' ( • ... ·o • d ' cJ oy , s : a - ... . ·i.J • t ut v _n C .rlO t 1 a S, -"- or 'or n J-4 6 v 8 ffi o· i 1 i on · il . - , nos+ effe c ,,u. - ly acco . ) ese ) e t , . d 11• .., n appi 1esa, -Nhi c do e n t • 1n- + .. . t u -.-r! ~. e r. 1 .L j t i hts of o 'i ~rs . 0 t f;O e n,n n CJ , n d ' l t l1Q po.,ve s nect3ssary to con- duc t it, is a n i 'lali · nalJ e r' 2 )1t , and cai .o~ i r • ,1 s · ic • --,o· Jl : ~ f . R, • .p Li 0·3 . ~ ·i., .!.1 I 1.:., ,l l l' # or n · , J I , - i nh oi t· nta ;1 n i t ,Jd S ~&.. ._.., s 0 -. h c· • I n ( ·1 ...... s o · tl1. · t .. ·ne -..~ ,e T t.., dt3 :> , rr. 9d oy 1 , rv • C coun.1.1ry , f m all t h d -.i : :rht s a n d pr· vil 1 sgas o :n n--in ot1 1~ p .. rts, use w W e We 0 w w t ~c 1J od ... r . . I _ ·. w ro n.., l l f om · 1 civ·1 a 1 : art i c · 1 av· o uA con .... nt . i 11 L, l 0 t A. • av ~ 1 l s no · r .... c :J 1 on • C t, nu·· ( ~ ,. -'"' a , a _ d i st· 11 t lass, and , e n 1e 0 , ... . ,I al l. d o s . Oi, r . ,: s ~~ f f ~c A..n ally closad • 0 , r + n d· • I., v - , "l n . .,_ a 11 "' , 11 , ·- 131 or met only by a C 011!1t y • All _ ope o.: ~ nholly ex i11gui s '3d in 011 b so· m, and - e look · 3 abro~d ·o S r.J~ C u * * ou· popJ atl n n- cr~asad, 011r t:ommerce nas also incr .Jasad . The f a s o f mo st 0 of vh-3 civilized i1 · tions oft e eart float ·n our harbors and t _ ~eir ~n~rc a .ts are openin 0 an honoral:ile al d p,..ofi tal.le t r a de . Until ra~ cently, these ris· ts av b ,3en o a unif~ rnl~r harmoniol1s c aract:>~, bu as they l1av e bec ome r.a.o · .:a freq, .~nt , and t more _1ume , 011s points o_ ur ext3ndi_ b coat, q eations ha.ve arisen, ~ 1ic ~ ii-:> su· nosed c · n be} adl 1st:.-d ly by , r3e- * * In view of these fact ·, * * So ciet , , · th . oo d fci ti al. i d l i n s · . 1. us , did, b J • th - y of 0 Lo ntl ·t.r:/ , i n ...... r n.d F o Si dl SQ 1 • , e a ,o 1 R .._Jul) • o · c , dele ated , and 1~ft the people to * * the American Co lc,ni za- 1.ic 1 has • n s t .o r o l t; i s i On "" T 1. 0 l • and Ei ::, H lldT' d . cti • h t l.C a c o n 71 e o ~· r with ich ·t vras t e ove n t of hemselves . The peo le of the Repu l ie of Liber· t hen, are of ri ht , 132 a free sovereign and Inde end.ant St ate, possessed of all the ri hts, and powers, ~nd functions of gov~rn ent. * I n comi :u . V • !O S 0 A r · c , d g d s- n s ho 1 u be perm i t ed to axe cis~ o .r · s n o 1 c rt S -'- o f ... ono c )1 i tio n , to c_1 ·1 sl · n i r a. u g · t, o ~ --~ · ., · p r ◄ t · on , C a :B nefic nt C , r + l "' .i.. i OU t d in , j ,. C O.rrl 1()Y w • j '• - :...n s ., r i 1.11 :.., l ., . . 1·1 . , \J ,, ommor1 Jud ' .. , , -f' ,- IJ Q ince 0 0 - o v of ·c . ) J l.. !,'I I 0 t - D ., • l · J.. , - ., ..; - ~ - v .:. . 1 , _., of :. ( .l J _, , 1 .' '/ 1 0 - t a.t dorn s - 0 ) a -- i .. C . p 1 3 p .0 ., .l r ·+ ..J v ' * * 0 .1. h uman.i ty, and irt a~ a. 1d e- C Offit n Creator and ' we , ·.J ·) · al to t ation of Chri st n do ~n, • ~ s ... 3Ct , l .Y asK OJ:.' ·ae , .(1 t ey · 11 re,...ard d 133 us with t he sym athy an.d - · ~nd on ideration . to nich t h J pec1.1liarit i 1 3S o Otlr condition e titl 1 9 us, .. . d to exte d t us t at omi ty w ic J marks t 11.e ·ri , and y intt3rco tl" s o • • V - 1 i z a 1. • 1 e) ., n d~ n t co m..rn n t i es • DONR in CONVE. ~rTr o ... r, at Monro· ia, i n t h e Co int- ont- se , y nan !n 1 Jeoo .- o ~ t h e Com.1 on-vvaaJ.t n ., . {1 a of J , n t " e Yea1 f Ou· Lord One mhOLl n E h t Hu ·. dd and Fo t .,._,.. . .; Qv • f 11e ha set 0 1.1 T. • Lei.vi Eli ah J hn s o , J, B. G ipon . GRAlrD BAS A OU r t J ohn D ' Am s He r.i11 , R . E, ~!urr · y. J o W. Prot , S c ' • 134 APPE JD 1r rv . To t h Co n f Li . e · a . Th 0 d 0 t n 111st • a .d • .., . ..l ion, a 1 - na r -a a 1.nis- - '.J ' tration of 0 01; er nment . is to sec .1re th e ste n e of t he 0 01· ti c t o prot~ct it, n d t . ind · . :, 0 l1 n1 n ., . !1. ·a om· o ·~ • h 0 -- • t and ..., IJ , 11. p no n s ·..:. a - quil ity, thei nat . bhts, and b . life; r .1. e 1 36 1. n ,,· a 0 and ~,han var . , 11 se sat 0 e ts ra o: obtained, t h e p 30:pl 3 ha.v a i .. , ~ t to a ~r 11 h r: o · 3rnme nt , to ta_ e nece s sary or t n ro s i 1 1 A.:. . ·+ ri u ... · d h f). i n · ss . v o.1t O atit 1 de, t ,. c. oodn i ~ion, and poli i c·l , rel i o 1s and ivi l liberty, do, i n and .lis justi e, i n su ·: d om1:;; st:ic oea e , and p r omo t t h a ~ner '" l welf 3.re, } 1e r~'by sol ~ : mnly a ,.)oc: t and Fre , So erei g an I n ita , b ea- tablis t · s Con~tit1t · on fo 135 BIBL OGRAP • 1 . Al. , ~ anded Are l 1 ba Hi t ry 2-::.. A f . Coloniz tion, , • 1can 2nd ad . Vl • s. a n . p • 9·4~ • 2 . An or1 . Lib • A ol , on ' aoazi.n· VI 9 - 99 . ia, ~ 3 . Baue L , A, Th a t, . C s A f • r /.::) 0 ~ , ..... "' National Ge o . xx. • _a a l a 4 . Bly P r of . Edvv w . Li b . Col an ia , ~u e- or ' "" o ' XCVI] 103-132 . 5 , Bo t on J ou al . E: ucat · • Libdr · a x, n 1n 110- 1 • B C Li Cr • . App 1 I ndo , ->nt • id ' n a r n __. • i ~ n 3n LXVII 26' - 2 5 . ?'. Chambers, Ro ert . LibJ . C t xv 3 ,, - ' 1a na , • 8 . Chamb ,.. ~s, Ro Li . St a i ..,._.. ~r1 a a_ n . ··") ·~ n · n • l: ,.., - J ourna , x, 394-39:J , 9 , Currdnt Lite at· XLV 50 ._ 0 P s · d n B a t h e i ca . o. of I n an d Co on as A rn.en 2- t e Rep1 b p 0 V . Li _ ~ . ia .90 • D s . n, Vi c e·- P js . :r :., s J. Past p .... S t3n · an d F 1 .. of • J Lib- • I n d- · en n"" LX l 2 - 2'-> . , • '.> E . J . ,,_ • 1 e.' o . • n l &.. n n .l r. ' L I ~ 8 - 1 4 • 13 13 . F l" l.SO Bi sJ op s . D. Hand ock of Lib..,ria 190 _ o Vo v. .. . , • • - J . A. Th o p 011 Co . Pa n10. Li b 1 •· 1 .. 0 9 . ' ia . 1 Fo An A . ~n d li.e . Fla Liv·n • , • r ca e ca , ' XL , ~ "18 '"" - t • 5 . For ) Edg a 11 • C n 11 B E.c an tan Alon. ,? . ' Wo \ 0 k, XVIII, l .cr f, .> • G ' l '7 . o . 1. Af ican r ic . Wold Publishin • onrov •,.., Li be ia , 1910 , R JO ton Lib~ria, U, s. Sen· - - nte . Gurley, Ra : ph R , 31st Con • , st Sess. 562 Seri 1 . o • 5 • aeh • 18 0 • , 18 , Hart zell, Bisho ) J, c. Li b~ria, its Crisis and Oppo ti it, Vorld oday, XV, 75-81 , 19 , Haven , Gilbert. America i n Africa, North American, CXXV, 20 . Haven, Gilbert. America i n Arica, orth American, XV 147-158, 21 , Ho ' s Instr ctor . Li beri a, clect i c a azine, x, 22 . J , 120-~27 . il i am . ritings ..£!2 Slavery and t he Colonizati on s • Jno . P . t & Co . G • Johnso, s· r· r • Li Co. Lo "' o . • 90 ·• 4 , J oh t o Go • agaz · n , XV • • Fut 8 4-8 • ls d. 2 Vo s . H t .e B c~ , Rep b ic , L 334-34 , o Lib ia en • 1 hins o _ • 137 26 . J ohnsto , Sir Harry . Libvria, an Ex· l of ment , Geo g . Journal, XXV, 131-153 . 27 . Kelt ia, J , Scott . The Parti t ion of Africa , - 1st ed. EdVI s • . . ~ .. ___ ) l __ J o _ __£! ____ --2 "' n 9th Centu.rz , 1st ed. A. C, McCl1 .. a & Co. Chica. 0 1 18 5 . Times, Vol . I, De c . 18, 1909 , 30 . McPl1ers on, J, .. • T . Histo y of Li t, r· , J ohna Ho1 ) n s niv . St I X, o , 10 , 31 . ic olson , no . B , t 9ri can C lo·n J.. J.1 i r a, e ist ~r , XX.TV 9 - Q • 32 , Out o k, XC , 57 -57 ,, . e Commi s s· on · n d i Wo r • Outl, ook, XC I 822- 2 Libe • s . ' . • , ) a a no . 34 . 0 lo k , XC I ~ . 2 2 , h ir • .. a . d . , 0 ·.:1 - 6-',. 0 11 rica r1 • p Hlj al Li b ... r i .!le • azine, nn . 0 O!l ,~ 1. a • • , ..., .. , " X. XXV , 9-5· o , p Co . ieral Li . Si e L • nn . 10n • ..J 1. . an a one. , Livi n A ) XL'vI I I , 193,- 201 . 3? . Po man , s a v. H lpl • e sa L ria, Ind . ' . 1 ent , LV, 2 ..... -2 ( ) 38 , Re d J no . ( ]3.I'.di J ) . Lib_,ria ,. . est Afri ca. Vol . I X, 0. l , Oct. 07 , Vol, X 0. 2 , eb . 08. Vol , , o. ~ ar. 08. Vol. , 0. 12, Dec. 08. 0 ~ . Afr· c a Print i e • onr o a, Lib - ia. 138 Lio~ria•s Hour of ae:d, orld o du"' XVI ~ J ' ' 1251- 12 • 40 . Sanderson , Edga, Africa in t he 19th Centurl, 1st d. CharlJs S ribner's Sons. e\V Yor • 1898, 4 • S ott, Bishop I . B, o t e eectte of Liberia, nda ·iendent, 42. Scott, Emmat,t dependent,, • n- I ' , 40 3- 1 8. 43, The at i on, X , 392-393, e eport on Liberia. 44. Thomson, • • est fr· ca, i i n.c- o 45. i llinghast, oseph • • 1 n and • er1ca, Amer. EconoJic Ass • Vol. , .0. 2. .acmi la. n ev. Yo ·niLed Stat • • 47, Unit~ St at~s. Execu iv e D cum~ ts o~ --- aS!'" , 1881 • ash. 188'6'. 48. ,ni ta d States , Exe c1. ti re: Docum nt s of t h e Senat~. - 0 Con . ' 2n es • Vo • 4 , - 0 ·• 6 • s • 1904 , 49, Va han f . t p :~ t , t i ss. ev e;"wV ca, a n ~ ' • • ...., ~ XXI 5 ) - - ' • 50 , "'ins on, Sam • sto - of h. :) a Co o· in • t X J2!). ll C n o .
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Asset Metadata
Creator
McNeil, Diana Bralah
(author)
Core Title
The Liberian republic: the development of the nineteenth century experiment in government
School
College of Letters, Arts and Sciences
Degree Program
History
Degree Conferral Date
1910-06
Publication Date
05/06/1910
Defense Date
05/06/1910
Publisher
Los Angeles, California
(original),
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
OAI-PMH Harvest
Format
theses
(aat)
Language
English
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Digitized from microfilm by the USC Digital Library in 2023
(provenance)
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC113174189
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UC113174189
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H '10-1 (call number),etd-McNeilDiana-1910.pdf (filename)
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etd-McNeilDiana-1910
Document Type
Thesis
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theses (aat)
Rights
McNeil, Diana Bralah
Internet Media Type
application/pdf
Type
texts
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20230616-usctheses-microfilm-box8
(batch),
Undergraduate Papers
(subcollection),
University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
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