University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

The marginalized group in China [empowering unmarried mothers through community support]

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The marginalized group in China [empowering unmarried mothers through community support]

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Content The Marginalized Group in China
[Empowering Unmarried Mothers through Community Support]
by
Xinyu Xu
A Thesis Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE USC ROSKI SCHOOL OF ART AND DESIGN
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF FINE ARTS
(DESIGN)
December 2024

ii
Table of Contents
List of Figures................................................................................................................................. ii
Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... iii
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1: Single Parenthood of China ......................................................................................... 3
1.1 Health Benefits and Maternity Insurance ............................................................................. 4
1.2 Cultural and Social Perspective on Single Motherhood in China......................................... 7
1.3 My Story with Unmarried Mothers....................................................................................... 9
Chapter 2: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 15
2.1 First Survey Design............................................................................................................ 16
2.2 First Survey Report............................................................................................................ 18
2.3 Second Survey Design ....................................................................................................... 19
2.4 Second Survey Report........................................................................................................ 21
Chapter 3: Wish Tree Design Development Process.....................................................................31
3.1 Concept and Features...........................................................................................................31
3.2 Design Considerations ........................................................................................................ 37
3.3 User Flow Chart...................................................................................................................39
3.4 UI Design Research .............................................................................................................41
3.5 Evaluation and Testing .........................................................................................................51
Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................54
References .....................................................................................................................................56
Appendices.....................................................................................................................................58
Appendix A..................................................................................................................................58
Appendix B..................................................................................................................................59

ii
List of Figures
FIGURE 1. HAIYANG YE WITH HER TWO DAUGHTERS，叶海洋：5 国混血三胎诞生，
SOHU.................................................................................................................................... 12
FIGURE 2. THE USER FLOW OF MY SECOND DESIGN IDEA........................................... 33
FIGURE 3. THE WIREFRAME OF MY SECOND DESIGN IDEA.......................................... 34
FIGURE 4. WISH TREE FLOW CHART................................................................................... 40
FIGURE 5. RESEARCH OF UI INTERFACE, NEXT DOOR................................................... 43
FIGURE 6. RESEARCH OF UI INTERFACE, BREEZE........................................................... 44
FIGURE 7. RESEARCH OF UI INTERFACE, MEET UP......................................................... 45
FIGURE 8. APP COLLAGE, ONBOARDING ........................................................................... 46
FIGURE 9. APP COLLAGE, HOME PAGE............................................................................... 47
FIGURE 10. APP COLLAGE, DIFFERENT HOME PAGE VERSIONS.................................. 47
FIGURE 11. APP COLLAGE, MATCHING............................................................................... 48
FIGURE 12. APP COLLAGE, PUBLISHING ............................................................................ 48
FIGURE 13. APP COLLAGE, CONTACTING .......................................................................... 48
FIGURE 14. APP COLLAGE, MAPPING .................................................................................. 49
FIGURE 15. ONBOARDING PAGE OF WISH TREE .............................................................. 50
‘

Abstract
The Marginalized Group in China:
Empowering Unmarried Mothers through Community Support
Xinyu Xu
In China, the increasing number of unmarried mothers giving birth represents a
significant societal challenge. By 2020, an estimated 19.4 million single mothers are projected in
the country. At the same time, poverty is very common among single-mother households.
According to surveys, 34.3% of single mothers earn a monthly income of $300 or less, 29.2%
earn between $300 and $600 per month, and 30.2% earn between $600 and $1,500 per month,
with most falling in the $600 to $900range. Only 6.2% of single mothers earn over $1,500 per
month. As a result, at least 25.6% of single mothers living in first-tier cities are below the
minimum subsistence level.1 Unlike their married counterparts, these women lack maternity
insurance due to prevailing legal and policy constraints. Additionally, the 2010 national census
data estimates that China has 90 million people without household registration (hukou), a large
portion of which are children born out of wedlock, accounting for approximately 7.1% of the
total population.2
This study explores the complex predicaments faced by unmarried mothers in China.
These women grapple with numerous hurdles, including difficulties in obtaining official
1 Digital Town. "中国人口普查：9000 万人无户口，其中很大一部分是非婚生子女." Sohu, June 12, 2019.
https://www.sohu.com/a/320386274_665157.
2 Sun, S. "A judicial solution to parental visitation rights of illegitimate child and judicial adjudication standards to
exercise the rights." Soc. Welf 6 (2018): 19-22.

iv
identification for their children and societal stigma due to cultural norms. Traditional
perceptions often equate unmarried mothers with mistresses, leading to an unjust denial of rights
and protections for their offspring. In this context, the gaze of the public remains a significant
barrier to accessing social support and benefits.
I am proposing a communication platform focused on anonymity for unmarried mothers,
offering a safe and open space where they can be themselves without fear of external judgment.
In Chinese society, only a few unmarried mothers have bravely broken away from traditional
norms to share their unique experiences and stories. This small group often faces information
barriers due to societal constraints, causing their voices to fade into obscurity. The envisioned
platform aims to empower these women by providing an environment where they can connect
and help each other and find a sense of identity. While I cannot change the broader societal
environment in China, I hope that through this platform, unmarried mothers can find
companions, unite on their own, and gradually change external perceptions of their community.
The focus on fostering a strong support network and encouraging collective empowerment sets
this platform apart from other social and information platforms.
Keywords: User Experience, unmarried women, Chinese society, unmarried mother

1
Introduction
In China, there exists a group of women who, due to societal and cultural pressures,
cannot acknowledge themselves nor speak out for their rights like feminists do. This group,
which includes both unmarried mothers and single mothers, is not small, yet they are often
marginalized by society, and there is almost no data about them online. Unmarried mothers, in
particular, face distinct challenges—more than half of them experience economic crises and
struggle with societal acceptance. Unlike single mothers who were once married, unmarried
mothers are often stigmatized more harshly because they had children outside of marriage,
leading to greater societal rejection. People only blame unmarried mothers for their perceived
mistakes, forcing them to struggle in the shadows. They are stigmatized by society, leaving them
afraid to speak up and forcing them to endure in silence. In this thesis, I primarily focus on
unmarried mothers and the unique challenges they face.
In my past, I have encountered the children of unmarried mothers, heard their stories, and
understood their difficulties. Some have tried to improve their situations, but society seems to
only care about their status, ignoring their efforts and experiences.
After delving into the plight of unmarried mothers in China, I was shocked and
disheartened. These mothers and their children face severe injustices. These children are
deprived of legal household registration, becoming invisible citizens subjected to unfair
treatment, and their voices go unheard. Unmarried mothers bear the burden of societal pressure
and prejudice, but their courage and resilience deeply inspires me. We need more awareness and
support to change their circumstances, allowing them and their children to have a fair and bright
future.

2
As I learned about this group, I felt a sense of powerlessness. This feeling stemmed from
witnessing the significant challenges these unmarried mothers face: their inability to secure wellpaying jobs due to their status, the deep-rooted societal biases that lead to self-blame, and the
emotional pain of being abandoned by their partners.
To address these challenges, I designed "Wish Tree," an app specifically created to
empower unmarried mothers in China. The core feature of Wish Tree is the ability for users to
publish their wishes—whether they need life assistance, emotional support, or career guidance—
and connect with others who can help fulfill these wishes. This simple yet powerful function
enables users not only to receive help but also to help others, fostering a community where they
can share resources, experiences, and encouragement.
As a designer, I aim to leverage my skills to create a platform that does more than just
offer functionality—it provides a lifeline for unmarried mothers to regain their confidence, voice
their experiences, and connect with others who understand their struggles. This thesis not only
explores the societal and cultural factors contributing to the marginalization of unmarried
mothers but also offers a solution in the form of a thoughtfully designed digital space that
empowers them to overcome these challenges together.

3
Chapter 1: Single Parenthood in China
Chinese unmarried, single mothers have long held an awkward position in society,
lacking the security and benefits available to others. In this context, it's important to
distinguish between the terms "single mothers" and "unmarried mothers," which are often
used interchangeably but can carry different connotations. Single mothers typically refer to
women who are raising children on their own, regardless of whether they were previously
married. Unmarried mothers, on the other hand, specifically refers to women who have had
children outside of marriage and have never been married. This distinction is crucial in the
Chinese context, where unmarried mothers face even greater societal stigma due to
traditional views on marriage and family.
In 1979, China implemented the one-child policy, which led to increased government
intervention in fertility control and associated penalties. However, by 2016, any registered
married couple was allowed to have a second child. In August 2021, a couple was even
permitted to have three children, with the state providing support in areas such as finance,
taxation, insurance, education, housing, and employment, aiming to alleviate the burdens
associated with family planning, child-rearing, and education.3
Despite the shift towards encouraging larger families due to concerns over negative
population growth, the societal and legal barriers faced by unmarried mothers have persisted.
Children born to these mothers are still stigmatized as "illegitimate," a label that carries
severe social consequences. The one-child policy and its aftermath, therefore, have not only
3 Baochang, Gu, Wang Feng, Guo Zhigang, and Zhang Erli. “China’s Local and National Fertility Policies at
the End of the Twentieth Century.” Population and Development Review 33, no. 1 (2007): 139–47.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25434587.

4
failed to address the needs of unmarried mothers but have also exacerbated their difficulties
by reinforcing traditional norms that discriminate against non-traditional family structures.4
1.1 Health Benefits and Maternity Insurance
China's current fertility policies, including the policy allowing couples to have up to
three children and the accompanying support measures, were implemented following a
meeting of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China on May 31, 2021.5
These policies and their implementation vary among the 34 provinces and regions of China.
As of now, 25 provinces have completed revisions to their regulations, with some provinces
having already devised implementation plans (China Government 2022).
Although China has implemented multiple initiatives to support families, including
the recent shift to allow couples to have three children in an effort to combat the declining
birthrate, single mothers remain largely overlooked. While Chinese law does not explicitly
prohibit single women from giving birth, official family planning policies have historically
focused on married couples, granting benefits accordingly. This has left single mothers
unrecognized and unsupported in most regions. Currently, Guangdong Province, which
borders Hong Kong, is the only region that allows unmarried women to apply for maternity
insurance. Despite the recent announcement by the Communist Party to end the two-child
policy and allow couples to have three children in an effort to combat the declining birthrate,
the issue of single mothers remains overlooked.
4 Peiru Yang, Xi Chen, Calm Reflections Under Hot Demand: Do Single Women in China Have Reproductive
Freedom?, International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, Volume 36, Issue 1, 2022, ebab055,
https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebab055.
5
"Extend Maternity Leave, Promote Inclusive Childcare Services, and Provide Maternity Benefits - Supporting
Measures for the Three-Child Policy Are Being Introduced." Guangming Daily. January 21, 2022.
https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-01/21/content_5669636.htm.

5
The welfare benefits provided under these policies encompass measures such as timebased support, which includes maternity leave, parental leave, and paternity leave; economic
support policies include subsidies for children, family allowances, and various caregiver
allowances, along with tax relief measures; and service support measures encompass
community childcare services, public childcare facilities, in-home assistance, and afterschool care, among others.
For instance, in Zhengzhou City, the "Measures for the Implementation of Optimizing
Fertility Policies to Promote Long-Term Population Balance Development in Zhengzhou
City" (referred to as the "Measures") have been comprehensively initiated. The "Measures"
stipulate that Zhengzhou City allocates substantial financial resources to implement a
childcare subsidy system, focusing on reducing the cost of child-rearing. According to the
policy, families with one child, two children, and three or more children who register their
newborns in Zhengzhou City are eligible for one-time childcare subsidies of 2,000 yuan,
5,000 yuan, and 15,000 yuan, respectively.6
In Zhejiang Province, the "Several Measures (Trial) for Optimizing Fertility Policies"
announced by Changshan County provides a 50% subsidy for the self-funded portion of
families who successfully undergo assisted reproductive technology.7 The maximum subsidy
per household per procedure is capped at 30,000 yuan. For families with three children and a
per capita living area of less than 30 square meters in urban areas of Changshan County, they
6 郑政〔2023〕19 号《郑州市人民政府关于印发郑州市优化生育政策促进人口长期均衡发展实施办法的
通知." Waizi.org.cn. September 11, 2023. https://www.waizi.org.cn/rule/196336.html.
7 Zhang TT, Cai XY, Shi XH, Zhu W, Shan SN. The Effect of Family Fertility Support Policies on Fertility,
Their Contribution, and Policy Pathways to Fertility Improvement in OECD Countries. Int J Environ Res Public
Health. 2023 Mar 8;20(6):4790. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20064790. PMID: 36981698; PMCID: PMC10049131.

6
are eligible for a one-time housing subsidy of 200,000 yuan when purchasing newly built
commercial housing in the county, with a minimum area of 120 square meters.8 Families
meeting these conditions and having already applied for the "Rural Agglomeration Voucher"
receive an additional 100,000 yuan in housing subsidies.
In the realm of women's maternity benefits in China, the "Special Provisions on the
Labor Protection of Female Workers" Article 7 stipulates that female workers are entitled to
98 days of maternity leave, with 15 days available for prenatal rest. In the case of a difficult
childbirth, an additional 15 days of maternity leave are granted. For mothers giving birth to
multiple infants, there is an extension of 15 days of maternity leave for each additional baby.
Female workers who experience a miscarriage before reaching 4 months of pregnancy are
entitled to 15 days of maternity leave, while those who miscarry after 4 months of pregnancy
are eligible for 42 days of maternity leave. It is important to note that the specific provisions
vary slightly by region. For example, in Beijing, female workers can extend their maternity
leave by 60 days, totaling 158 days. Male workers are also entitled to 15 days of paternity
leave. With the consent of their employing units, female workers have the option to extend
their leave for an additional 1 to 3 months. Importantly, these benefits are available to
unmarried women as well.
The core of the problem lies in the fact that Article 25 of the People's Republic of
China Population and Family Planning Law specifically states that couples who comply with
the laws and regulations regarding childbirth are eligible to receive rewards or other welfare
benefits, such as extended maternity leave. This explicit focus on "couples" rather than
individual parents effectively excludes single mothers from accessing these benefits,
8 界面新闻. "浙江省常山县：提倡适龄婚育，给予女方 25 周岁及以下初婚夫妇 1000 元奖励." Baijiahao.
August 29, 2023. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1775539189066575342&wfr=spider&for=pc.

7
reinforcing their marginalization within the system. This emphasis on traditional family
structures highlights the gap in support, making it clear that the issue is not a lack of help for
childbirth, but the exclusion of non-traditional family forms from these benefits.9
1.2 Cultural and Social Perspectives on Single Motherhood in China
Cultural and social perspectives on single motherhood in China are highly complex,
influenced by a combination of traditional values, government policies, and contemporary
societal changes. Confucius's philosophy has played a pivotal role in shaping Chinese culture
for centuries, emphasizing the centrality of family, lineage, and societal order. Within this
framework, there exists a strong connection and tension between traditional Confucian values
and the challenges faced by unmarried mothers.10
Firstly, Confucian philosophy underscores the pivotal role of the family. The family
is perceived as the cornerstone of social stability, and the traditional institution of marriage is
seen as a means to uphold family and societal order. Traditional beliefs assert that the
fundamental purpose of marriage is to "pass on the family lineage," emphasizing the shared
responsibility between mothers and fathers in raising children. This perspective suggests that
a stable marital relationship contributes to better child-rearing. Confucius places great
emphasis on filial piety, or "xiao" (孝) in Chinese, which is a core Confucian virtue that
emphasizes the respect and obedience children owe to their parents. This concept places
added societal pressure on single unmarried mothers, as their situation may be viewed as
contravening the principles of filial piety. Unmarried mothers feel a heightened sense of
9 Baochang, Gu, Wang Feng, Guo Zhigang, and Zhang Erli. “China’s Local and National Fertility Policies at
the End of the Twentieth Century.” Population and Development Review 33, no. 1 (2007): 129–47.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25434587.
10 Tran, Lisa. "Marriage and Family in China: Ideology and Practice." Asian Studies. Spring 2008.
https://www.asianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/marriage-and-family-in-china-ideology-and-practice.pdf.

8
responsibility and guilt, as their choices might be seen as disappointing or bringing shame
upon their parents.11
However, with the evolution of Chinese society, there has been a gradual shift in
views on marriage. Modern marriages place greater emphasis on personal interests and
individual choices, moving beyond the sole duty of procreation. As young women gain
economic and personal independence, an increasing number are opting out of traditional
marriages, seeking personal freedom and the pursuit of individual goals. This transformation
in marital values leads to conflicts and disagreements, challenging the adaptability of
traditional marriage supporters.12
From a perspective of family ethics, the concept of single-parent households has not
been firmly established in Chinese societal ethics. Traditional beliefs suggest that a complete
family structure necessitates cooperation and division of labor between men and women, as
each gender plays distinct roles in a child's upbringing. Consequently, some argue that single
women would struggle to provide a complete family environment, with the absence of a
father potentially impacting a child's growth. Moreover, children from single-parent
households face societal discrimination and various obstacles, including inequalities in
residency registration, access to healthcare, and participation in school life.13
11
Baochang, Gu, Wang Feng, Guo Zhigang, and Zhang Erli. “China’s Local and National Fertility Policies at
the End of the Twentieth Century.” Population and Development Review 33, no. 1 (2007): 129–48.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25434587.
12
Zhao, Xiaoman, and Iccha Basnyat. “Gendered Social Practices in Reproductive Health: A Qualitative Study
Exploring Lived Experiences of unmarried Single Mothers in China.” Sociology of health & illness 43, no. 5
(2021): 1237–1253.
13
Baochang, Gu, Wang Feng, Guo Zhigang, and Zhang Erli. “China’s Local and National Fertility Policies at
the End of the Twentieth Century.” Population and Development Review 33, no. 1 (2007): 120–37.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25434587.

9
Residency registration, known as the hukou system, is a household registration
system in China that significantly impacts access to social services, including education,
healthcare, and housing. The hukou system categorizes citizens based on their place of birth
and family status, and it can be challenging for children born out of wedlock to obtain their
registration. Without a proper hukou, these children may be denied access to public
education, social benefits, and even some healthcare services, exacerbating their
marginalization. The lack of a hukou effectively makes these children invisible in the eyes of
the state, further compounding the difficulties faced by single-parent families.
These issues are complex and intertwined with cultural, social, and ethical
perspectives. Different segments of Chinese society hold varying views, leading to
widespread social debates concerning unmarried mothers and single-parent families, as well
as ongoing evolution in legal policies. Understanding these issues requires consideration of
multiple factors and a respect for diverse viewpoints to facilitate a holistic discussion and
comprehension of what is equitable.
1.3 My Story with Unmarried Mothers
It was through the children that I became aware of the group of unmarried mothers.
Four years ago, I befriended a young man named Jason (Nickname), who had four brothers
and one sister. His father was Thai, and all his siblings were also Thai. However, his mother
was Chinese. Jason shared the narrative of his family with me. He was his mother's only
child, while his brothers and sisters were born to his father and his father's wife. His siblings
and father lived in Thailand, while he and his mother resided in Shanghai. This family
background evoked thoughts of a deliberately concealed truth, akin to a hidden family secret.
In Asia, the societal concept of polygamy persists, even though it is not widely accepted.

10
However, unmarried mothers find themselves criticized under such beliefs, and
unfortunately, their children occupy a most awkward position in society.
Two years ago, I met Lee (Nickname). His family immigrated from Taiwan to
Guangdong. His mother was his father’s mistress, and he had a brother and sister he had
never met. The family members lived in two different places; his brothers and sisters with his
father's wife lived in Taiwan, while he and his mother lived in Guangzhou. Lee's mother
started working at his father's company at a very young age. She is a woman with strong
work abilities who Lee told me that his mother had experienced an unfortunate marriage,
explained that she met his father (Mr. Yan) during a low period in her life. Until he entered
junior high, he believed his biological father was his mother's divorced ex-husband. He said,
"Mr. Yan who had a good relationship with my mom, gave me a golden necklace on my
birthday. The necklace was engraved with 'Lee Yan.' It was then that I realized he was my
father."
Due to the company's development needs, Lee's father brought his mother and him to
Guangdong. Lee claimed that his father, apart from providing alimony, almost stopped caring
about the wife he was officially married to and her children. Taiwan and mainland China do
not have reciprocal marriage policies. This implies that even after registering a marriage in
Taiwan, his father could still register one in mainland China. Lee's mother, full of
anticipation, believed that having a status in mainland China would allow her to stand
proudly by his side. However, what she and Lee did not anticipate was that his father did
indeed get married in mainland China, but not to his mother.
His father married a woman in her early twenties, who is also an employee of his.
Faced with this fact, his mother felt angry but powerless. Her interests were tightly connected

11
to his father and the company, and she had contributed thirty years to them. Now, the
daughter born to his father's new wife was already eighteen years old. This family wished for
more company benefits to address fairness and equity.
These are just a few examples of stories of unmarried mothers, and many more exist.
However, without in-depth contact, most people are unaware of their stories. In the last
century, most unmarried women existed as mistresses of wealthy individuals, and the term
"mistress" had the most negative connotation among women in Chinese society. Women of
the previous generation also believed that being a mistress was the greatest humiliation for
women, and they looked down on any woman who played that role.
With the development of internet social media platforms, people's thoughts have
gradually become more open. However, being an unmarried mother is still an act of courage.
An unmarried mother on Douyin (Chinese TikTok), named Ye Haiyang, who is Queer and a
very successful woman, established her own skincare brand by the age of 29. When short
videos became popular in China, Ye Haiyang, like all her peers, used the internet to promote
her products. So, originally, she was just one of the thousands of female bosses in the
cosmetics industry. She was just one of many. Since 2017, Ye Haiyang has gradually become
popular on the internet. The reason for her popularity is not her skincare brand or her years of
business experience but the story of her getting pregnant through in vitro fertilization. This
choice goes against the majority of people's decisions and traditional beliefs. Most netizens
support her choice, saying, "If I were rich, I would also buy sperm." However, some netizens
accuse her of being selfish. After the child is born, there is no father figure, and she can never
replace the responsibilities and presence of a father. As a result, the child does not have a
sound mind during their upbringing. Faced with controversy, coupled with various

12
discomforts during pregnancy, Ye Haiyang also worries. In her videos, she wrote seven
letters to her daughter early on, hoping that when her daughter grew up and read these letters,
she could understand her choice. Currently, she has two lovely daughters through in vitro
fertilization.
Figure 1. Haiyang ye with her two daughters，叶海洋：5 国混血三胎诞生，
Sohu
Her story touched me and inspired me. From my own experiences and from observing
my parents' generation, I have seen how women often endure pain and powerlessness in
relationships and marriage.

13
In my social circle, my cousin Li Qing, at 36, has also faced these challenges. After a
failed marriage, she found a new purpose in life through pregnancy. Despite her exhusband’s infidelity and a tough divorce, she used her compensation to open a beauty salon
and pursue her dreams. Last November, Li Qing confided in me about her pregnancy plans—
choosing to have a child without remarrying. While I initially felt joy for her, my thoughts
soon turned to the challenges she would face. Chinese society still harbors significant biases
against unmarried mothers, and I feared the pressure she might endure. But her deep love for
her future child guided her decision, and she is determined to embrace motherhood.
These personal stories have made me aware that unmarried mothers are not a
monolithic group; they come from diverse backgrounds with different motivations. In today’s
world, technology has allowed more open discussions, and respecting individual choices has
become increasingly important. While women like Ye Haiyang and my cousin Li Qing enjoy
financial independence and supportive social circles, they represent only a small portion of
the broader experience of unmarried mothers in China.
However, while Ye Haiyang, as a successful entrepreneur, has the wealth and
independence to disregard societal judgment, and my cousin Li Qing, living in a first-tier city
in China, benefits from a supportive and open-minded social circle, they do not fully
represent the reality of most unmarried mothers in China. Their privileged positions allow
them to navigate life with fewer concerns about societal pressure or financial burdens. To
gain a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse experiences of unmarried mothers
across different regions and occupations in China, I need to conduct a broader first-hand
survey. This research will help to reveal the true circumstances of unmarried mothers in

14
varying situations, providing a clearer picture of the challenges they face and the support
they need.

15
Chapter 2: Methodology
To gain a comprehensive understanding of the social experiences and challenges
faced by unmarried mothers in China, I recognized the need to explore this topic through
direct engagement, given the scarcity of available data online and the limited discussion on
social media. My objective was to uncover insights that could inform the design of a
supportive platform tailored to the needs of these women. To achieve this, I conducted a
survey that focused on their perceptions, support systems, and societal expectations.
This led to the design of two distinct surveys, each addressing different aspects of the
unmarried mothers' experiences. These surveys were intended not only to collect data but
also to ensure that the voices of unmarried mothers were central to the development of the
proposed platform.
The first survey aimed to capture a broad understanding of the general sentiments,
challenges, and needs of unmarried mothers across different cities, professions, and age
groups. This survey helps to identify their social profiles, common experiences, emotional
changes, and their acceptance of a platform, as well as the information and resources they
consider most necessary and desirable.
The second survey was more targeted, delving deeper into specific issues such as the
social prejudices they face, their legal rights, economic pressures, and their willingness to
engage with a platform designed for them. This survey also sought to understand their
openness to sharing their stories and experiences, which is crucial for fostering a supportive
community.
By gathering data through these surveys, I aimed to lay a solid foundation for further
in-depth interviews, where I could explore their personal stories and internal struggles in

16
greater detail. This approach ensured that my research was thorough and that the resulting
platform would be truly responsive to the needs of unmarried mothers. To ensure the
reliability of the data, I collaborated with a reputable survey agency that helped distribute the
questionnaires to the appropriate target audience.
2.1 First Survey Design
The first survey takes a qualitative approach, examining a dataset collected through a
detailed survey. This survey includes information on personal demographics, educational
backgrounds, occupation, initial emotional reactions to pregnancy, and the level of support
received from family and friends.
The survey was conducted online, targeting unmarried mothers with diverse
educational backgrounds. Participants were selected using convenience sampling through
specific points of contact, ensuring a range of perspectives. A total of 306 participants
completed the survey, providing insights into their experiences. The sample was collected by
first filtering for unmarried mothers, followed by random selection within this group.
The data collected from the survey was analyzed using descriptive statistics and crosstabulation techniques to uncover patterns and correlations among different variables. For
instance, participants' educational backgrounds were categorized into four groups: high
school, associate degree, bachelor's degree, and master's degree or higher. The percentage
distribution within each category was then calculated. Cross-tabulation analysis was used to
explore deeper correlations, such as the relationship between the level of support received
from family and friends and participants' educational backgrounds. This involved crossreferencing the level of support (none, little, moderate, substantial) with educational
qualifications to identify any correlations.

17
The first survey was conducted focusing on their perceptions, support systems, and
societal expectations. The survey consisted of several key sections:
● Personal Information: The survey began by collecting demographic information to
establish a context for participants' experiences. Questions included: age, residence,
and educational background.
● Pregnancy and Motherhood Experiences: Participants were asked about the
societal pressures or discrimination they faced during pregnancy and how these
experiences influenced their interactions within society. This section aimed to
uncover the unique challenges unmarried mothers encountered.
● Family and Social Support: This section delved into the level of support unmarried
mothers received from their families, friends, and the broader community. Questions
explored the emotional and practical aspects of support during the pregnancy and
postpartum periods.
● Sense of Belonging in Society: Questions here focused on whether unmarried
mothers felt accepted in society and if societal biases impact their daily lives.
Participants were encouraged to share specific instances or feelings related to societal
acceptance.
● Societal Expectations and Challenges: Participants were prompted to share their
perspectives on societal expectations post-birth and to outline any significant
challenges they faced. This could include issues related to employment, social
interactions, or accessing resources.
● Future Expectations: This section sought participants' advice and expectations
regarding societal attitudes towards unmarried mothers. Open-ended questions

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encouraged participants to share their vision for a more supportive and inclusive
societal environment.
2.2 First Survey Report
Having established the design and methodology of the first survey, the following
section presents a detailed report of the key findings derived from the collected data.
● Educational Backgrounds: The survey included participants with varying levels of
education: 47.71% held an associate degree, 24.18% had a bachelor's degree, 18.95%
had completed high school, and 9.15% held a master's degree or higher.
● Occupational Status: Among participants, 67.32% were employed, while 32.68%
were unemployed. Notably, one employed participant did not specify their job.
● Emotional Responses to Pregnancy: Emotional reactions varied significantly. A
majority (53.92%) reported experiencing anxiety, 39.87% expressed concerns, and
6.21% felt excitement. One participant experienced anxiety without further
elaboration.
● Challenges and Social Prejudice: The survey highlighted that 66.99% of
participants faced challenges or social prejudice due to their status as unmarried
mothers, while 33% did not encounter such issues.
● The level of support from family and friends: Support from family and friends was
critical. Among those with an associate degree, 52.05% reported moderate support,
30.82% received little support, and 14.38% experienced substantial support.
Bachelor's degree holders showed 59.46% moderate support, while those with a
master's degree or higher reported 53.57% moderate support but also a significant

19
35.71% little support. High school graduates reported the highest moderate support at
62.07%.
● Age and Support: Age also played a pivotal role, with 55.43% of mothers aged 20-
25 reporting moderate support, 58.70% in the 26-30 age group, and 51.28% in the 31-
35 age group. Notably, the older group saw an increase in those reporting little
support (33.33%).
● Residence and Support: The place of residence influenced the level of support
received. Rural areas had 50% reporting moderate support, urban areas had 56.20%,
and suburban areas reported the highest rate at 56.93%. However, suburban mothers
also faced the highest rate of little support at 31.39%.
2.3 Second Survey Design
To understand the functionalities required for a communication platform tailored for
unmarried mothers, a second survey was conducted. This survey identified the features and
attributes that would be most beneficial to unmarried mothers seeking a supportive online
community.
● Personal Information: Similar to the first survey, this section collected basic
demographic information to understand the target audience.
● Unmarried Mothers' Communication Platform: Participants were queried on their
familiarity with and interest in using a specialized communication platform designed
for unmarried mothers. This section aimed to gauge the potential user base for such a
platform.
● Desired Platform Functionalities: This crucial section explored the features
participants believed would be most beneficial in a communication platform.

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Questions sought to identify specific functionalities such as discussion forums,
private messaging, resource databases, and interactive support features.
● Anonymity and Privacy Concerns: To ensure user comfort, questions in this section
addressed the importance of anonymity and privacy in the platform. Participants were
encouraged to express their views on data security and how the platform could
safeguard their personal information.
However, understanding that quantitative data alone might not fully capture the
complex experiences of unmarried mothers, I also decided to conduct a series of in-depth
interviews. These interviews were crucial for gaining deeper insights into the specific
challenges and societal attitudes faced by these women, which might not be evident from
survey responses alone.
The interviews were designed to explore the situations of unmarried mothers in
China, focusing on their experiences of potential discrimination and their specific needs. This
qualitative approach was necessary to complement the survey findings and to ensure a
comprehensive understanding of the issues at hand. The interviews aimed to achieve the
following goals:
I divided the design of the questionnaire questions into three parts:
● Background Information Analysis： Each interviewee's socio-economic
background, residence, income, and marital status are summarized to outline
the living conditions and social context of unmarried mothers in China.
● Experiences of Unmarried Mothers： The personal stories and experiences
of the interviewees are examined, with a focus on whether they have faced
discrimination and how such experiences have impacted their lives. This

21
section aims to reveal the societal challenges and internal struggles they
encounter.
● Support Needs and Community Connections： The discussion moves to
the support unmarried mothers require from society and how they connect
with other unmarried mothers. This part emphasizes the importance of societal
support, access to resources, and the benefits of community support networks.
(Please refer to Appendix A and B for the complete survey used in this study.)
2.4 Second Survey Report
Seven unmarried mothers were selected for in-depth interviews following the first
survey. These participants were contacted through the organization that conducted the
survey, which reached out to those who had expressed willingness to participate in further
research. The participants were chosen from a diverse group, primarily from 4th and 5th-tier
cities in rural areas of China. The selection was based on their availability and desire to
provide more detailed insights into their daily lives, challenges, and needs, allowing for a
more comprehensive understanding of their experiences.
Participant 1:
Aged 27, with the highest education level being high school, resides in a rural area of
China. In her early years, she dropped out of school and worked in a factory, where she
encountered an irresponsible father of her child. Her economic situation has consistently
remained at or below the poverty line in China, and she has never had the opportunity to taste
KFC (which is akin to Starbucks in the United States) in her life. From her words, one can
sense that she is under immense pressure.

22
One of the major pressures she faces is financial difficulty. Due to limitations in her
education and job opportunities, she finds it challenging to improve her economic situation,
making her life extremely tough. Furthermore, societal judgments and opinions add to her
significant stress. During the early stages of her pregnancy, she even had to enter her village
only after dark, fearing the scrutiny of her neighbors. When she needed a partner to share the
burden of life, she found it extremely difficult to establish romantic relationships due to her
status as an unmarried mother. After the birth of her child, her greatest support came from
her parents, although their assistance was limited. In traditional Chinese families, she, as the
elder sister, still had to raise funds to support her younger brother's wedding, despite her own
challenging circumstances. Additionally, she feared societal inquiries regarding the absence
of the child's father, as she was consistently questioned about him while handling matters
related to her child. She is burdened by immense pressure and has at times regretted her
choices. What she needs most is society's understanding and support, rather than curiosity
about her story.
Participant 2:
She lives in a rural area in a fourth-tier city in China and has a high school education
— her highest level of education. Her biggest challenge is the economic pressure she faces,
as she lacks support from her parents and must bear all the expenses for her child. Another
challenge she faces is societal criticism, including criticism from her own parents. Her
parents often blame her for her perceived lack of self-respect and express anger towards the
irresponsible father of her child. During her pregnancy, she was pressured to either have an
abortion or to marry the child's father. Due to the conservatism of the rural community where

23
she lives, everyone knows each other, and she constantly hears negative comments and
gossip wherever she goes. These negative judgments have greatly affected her self-esteem.
While her friends haven't distanced themselves from her due to her situation, they
rarely engage in meaningful conversations or offer assistance. She experiences anxiety over
her inability to afford her child's education expenses, sadness over missing out on the
experience of a traditional family structure, fear that being a single parent will affect her
child's growth, anger at herself for the mistake of getting pregnant before marriage, and
occasional joy from the happiness her child brings her. She is in need of professional
guidance and advice on how to raise her child. She hopes to find a warm and supportive
community where mutual assistance is encouraged. She also hopes for greater understanding
from society. From her words, it's evident that she is under significant stress due to the lack
of support from those around her, but she maintains an optimistic outlook.
Participant 3:
The third mother often experiences sadness and feels overwhelmed by the constant
judgment she faces. She is also concerned about her child's social interactions, fearing that
other children may not want to play with her child. Their biggest challenge is the economic
aspect, and they appeal to society for equal job opportunities. They are in great need of job
support or job training. It's worth noting that in the cities where they live, with smaller and
more closely-knit populations, their social circles are limited, and news spreads quickly.
Additionally, they cannot easily relocate to larger cities for work because they need their
parents' assistance in taking care of their children. The third interviewee requires guidance on
choosing educational resources and psychological counseling, while the fourth interviewee
needs professional parenting knowledge.

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Participant 4:
As a 24-year-old unmarried mother, resides in a fifth-tier city with a college degree as
her highest level of education. Currently single, from her responses, as an unmarried mother,
she faces prejudice and pressure from her family, friends, and society. While her family
provides financial assistance, they strongly expect her to marry soon, causing her emotional
distress. Her friends and colleagues have some understanding of her situation, but there is
also some lack of comprehension.
In terms of emotions, the most frequent feelings she experiences are anticipation,
hoping for her child to grow up healthy and for herself to lead a better life. She also often
feels joy, finding happiness in her child's smiles. However, she also experiences anxiety,
worrying that she alone cannot provide a warm family environment for her child, sadness due
to the lack of family support, and fear of societal discrimination and bias.The support she
needs the most but finds challenging to obtain includes understanding and care from her
family, as well as societal support and employment opportunities for unmarried mothers. She
believes that society's awareness and understanding of unmarried mothers are insufficient
and hopes for increased education and empathy. She also mentioned the need for
participation in parent-child activities, access to parenting knowledge, and legal
consultations.
Finally, her advice to other unmarried mothers includes maintaining a positive and
optimistic mindset, gaining knowledge about parenting, planning their careers effectively,
focusing on their physical and mental well-being, and cultivating patience and a positive
attitude to create a harmonious family environment. These pieces of advice can assist other
unmarried mothers in better coping with life's challenges.

25
Participant 6:
The sixth interviewee hails from rural areas in China's 5th and 6th-tier cities with
elementary school being her highest level of education. Currently, she lacks any source of
income. Her biggest challenge arises from her parents who neither support her nor help in
taking care of her child. Being a single mother and having to work makes her life extremely
difficult. Additionally, she hasn't disclosed her situation to her friends due to the fear of
gossip and being looked down upon. In society, she feels like an outsider with few people
showing concern for her.
She is afraid and believes her life is ruined. She doesn't know how to move forward
and is angry at the irresponsible behavior of her child's father, who she cannot contact. The
only solace in her life is her obedient child. She desperately needs emotional support as she
feels extremely lonely and in pain. She yearns for someone to stand by her side and
understand her. Her needs encompass various aspects of life, including parenting knowledge,
legal advice, and financial assistance.From her words, it is evident that she is in an
exceedingly challenging life situation, experiencing a great deal of pain and anger towards
her circumstances.
Participant 7:
The seventh interviewee resides in a fifth-tier city in China, and her highest
educational qualification is a bachelor's degree. Her greatest challenge is dealing with
societal opinions and psychological pressure. Whenever she attends job interviews, HR
personnel ask about her marital and child-rearing status, often displaying disdainful
expressions. She feels that she has let her daughter down and cannot provide her with a
complete family. When she first discovered her pregnancy, she had already peacefully

26
separated from her boyfriend. Her parents initially hoped she would terminate the pregnancy,
but she couldn't bear to do so. Eventually, her parents accepted the child. Fortunately, she has
an immensely supportive best friend. Her best friend has been with her throughout her
pregnancy check-ups, prepared nutritious meals for her, and even took time off work to be
with her during childbirth. They have jointly purchased a house and plan to raise her
daughter together. She believes that society does not discriminate against unmarried mothers
but acknowledges the presence of some biases. Currently, her predominant emotion is joy as
she has a beautiful and well-behaved little “princess.” However, she fears that her child may
not grow up healthily in a single-parent household. She feels anger because recently, a
neighbor's child insulted her daughter by calling her a fatherless wild child, leading her to
confront the neighbor and their child.
In a specialized app designed for unmarried mothers, she hopes to see open access to
family education resources, providing free educational courses to alleviate the financial
burden on unmarried mothers. Additionally, she desires psychological support, including
counseling and consultation, to help unmarried mothers better cope with stress and emotional
issues.
When sharing her story, the feedback she most hopes to receive is empathy and
emotional support. She hopes people can understand the situation of unmarried mothers,
reduce prejudices, and encourage parents to educate their children to avoid harming children
from single-parent families.
In conclusion, the survey with the seven participants revealed common challenges,
including economic strain, societal biases, and limited support systems. These issues were

27
particularly pronounced among participants with lower educational levels, who often face
severe financial difficulties and are confined to low-paying jobs.
Key Findings:
Economic Strain: Many participants, particularly those with lower educational
levels, face severe financial difficulties. This is especially pronounced among rural
participants, such as Participant 1 and Participant 2, who struggle to support their children
without stable, well-paying jobs.
Societal Bias and Isolation: Participants frequently reported experiencing societal
discrimination and judgment. For example, Participant 3 spoke of her fear regarding her
child's social interactions due to negative perceptions about single-parent families.
Participant 7 also faced bias in job interviews regarding her marital status and parenting
situation.
Need for Emotional Support: Several participants expressed feelings of loneliness,
isolation, and a strong desire for emotional support. Participant 6, for instance, feels
completely isolated and desperately seeks someone to understand her. Similarly, Participant
7 desires empathy and support from others, demonstrating the emotional needs of unmarried
mothers.
Desire for Community and Mutual Assistance: Many participants, such as
Participant 2 and Participant 6, long for a supportive community where mutual help and
understanding can take place. They see the value in connecting with others who share similar
experiences.
Need for Parenting Guidance: Multiple participants, including Participant 2 and
Participant 4, expressed the need for professional guidance and advice on how to raise their

28
children. Many are concerned about providing a stable and healthy environment for their
children.
Positive Example in Urban Areas: Participant 7, who resides in an urban area,
represents an exception to many of the challenges reported by other participants. She benefits
from better access to resources, higher education, and a supportive social network,
highlighting the importance of external support systems.
To bridge these findings with the proposed solutions for the app, it is essential to
recognize how these identified challenges directly inform the design and functionality of the
Wish Tree platform. By understanding the real-world struggles and desires expressed by
unmarried mothers during the interviews, the app can be tailored to not only address their
immediate needs but also foster long-term empowerment and community building.
These findings provided sufficient information to begin outlining the specific
features needed for Wish Tree.
1. Sharing Experiences and Encouragement: Participant 7 mentions that the feedback
she most hopes to receive when sharing her story is empathy and emotional support.
This shows that the platform should facilitate ways for users to connect emotionally,
helping them feel validated. She also expresses a desire for others to reduce
prejudices, indicating the importance of creating a space where unmarried mothers
can uplift one another. Participant 3 expresses concerns about her child's social
interactions and her need for job support or training. This points to the value of
sharing practical advice and resources, which other mothers in the community may be
able to provide.

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2. Community and Mutual Assistance: Participant 2 expresses a desire to find a warm
and supportive community where mutual assistance is encouraged. This directly
supports the idea of creating a platform where unmarried mothers can both give and
receive help, emphasizing the importance of a supportive network. Participant 6
yearns for emotional support and longs for someone to understand her. In a situation
where she feels isolated, a platform that connects her with others who can offer
support would be invaluable. Similarly, she could provide advice or empathy to
others in similar circumstances, reinforcing the importance of being both a giver and
receiver of help.
3. Guidance and Parenting Advice: Several participants (e.g., Participant 2 and
Participant 4) mention needing professional guidance on raising children. A platform
like Wish Tree could facilitate access to this advice not only from professionals but
also through peer-to-peer support. Users who have more experience could help guide
others who are new to parenting.
One exception to the more common challenges is Participant 7, who resides in an
urban area, benefits from a higher level of education, and has a supportive social network.
This contrast highlights the potential impact of better access to resources and support
systems.
Through the results of the two surveys, I have gained a clear understanding of the
pain and struggles faced by this group, as well as the types of help and resources they need.
These findings are valuable, providing me with a clearer direction for the next steps in
designing the app. With this information, I can better plan and structure the app to effectively
address the needs and challenges of unmarried mothers in China. At the same time, I

30
understand that this app alone cannot fully solve all the problems they face in life. I believe
the best approach is to create a feature that fosters mutual support, enabling them to come
together and overcome feelings of loneliness, helping them find a sense of belonging.

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Chapter 3: Wish Tree Design Development Process
Through my research and surveys, it has become evident that unmarried mothers in
China face significant challenges, such as social stigmatization, limited support networks,
and a lack of safe spaces to share their experiences. These findings showed the need for a
digital platform that offers a supportive environment for these women.
The primary design objective of the Wish Tree app is to enhance the connections
among unmarried mothers by creating a digital space where they can communicate, support
each other, and access valuable resources. The app aims to empower these women by
fostering a community that reduces their isolation and provides practical tools for personal
and community growth.
In developing this app, it became clear that a mere safe space was not enough; the app
needed to offer actionable features that genuinely empower unmarried mothers. The design
therefore incorporates tools such as wish categorization, progress tracking, and specific
guidance for wish fulfillment. These elements are essential for transforming the app from a
passive platform into an active resource that helps users achieve their goals.
In the following sections, I will detail the key concepts and features that guide the
design of the Wish Tree app, including the user flow, UI/UX considerations, and the
thoughtful use of color and typography. These principles ensure that the app not only meets
the practical needs of its users but also creates an engaging and supportive community for
unmarried mothers in China.
3.1 Concept and Features
In the early stages of my design process, I explored different approaches. At first, I
considered voicing the stories of unmarried mothers, aiming to raise awareness and help

32
people recognize and accept them. My initial idea was to compile a book featuring their
personal narratives. However, after my research revealed that many unmarried mothers felt
ashamed of their status and didn’t want it known, I quickly abandoned this idea to respect
their wishes (Chapter 2). However, this idea was quickly dismissed after my research
revealed that many unmarried mothers did not want others to know about their status. They
felt a deep sense of shame and even guilt, as mentioned by multiple participants during the
first survey (Chapter 2). Wanting to respect their wishes, I realized this approach would not
be suitable.
Then I shifted my design focus toward anonymity. During my interviews, many of
the mothers expressed fear of being judged by society and did not want their identities
revealed. I recognized that the long-term effects of societal judgment, combined with their
inability to share their stories openly, could lead to severe emotional repression. The findings
from the second survey further reinforced this, as several mothers highlighted their need for a
sense of belonging and emotional support, stating that they often felt isolated in society
(Chapter 2). As a result, I designed an app specifically for unmarried mothers, focusing on
providing a safe, private space where they can feel comfortable, secure, and confident. The
app fosters an environment where mothers can share their stories and insights freely while
addressing the lack of information available about them. It centers on two key functions:
building a strong support system and facilitating information sharing. This way, the app helps
reduce societal biases and promotes mutual growth and support among unmarried mothers.

33
Figure 2. The User flow of my second design idea

34
Figure 3. The wireframe of my second design idea
Ultimately, I decided not to proceed with this approach. I realized that simply
creating a safe space without actionable tools and features for personal and community
growth would not be sufficient. The app needed to provide interactivity and practical
assistance that could genuinely empower unmarried mothers. For example, while the initial
design emphasized privacy and safety, it lacked the engagement features that the "Wish
Tree" app offers, such as wish categorization, progress tracking, and specific guidance for
wish fulfillment. These elements are crucial because they transform the app from a passive
space into an active tool that supports users in achieving their goals.
The most important is it lacked significant differentiation from existing social
platforms. That’s when I began conceptualizing the Wish Tree app, drawing lessons from
these earlier setbacks. I shifted my focus toward empowering unmarried mothers through
mutual support, helping them break free from the isolating cycle they often find themselves
in. This change in direction allowed me to incorporate features that prioritize anonymity,
emotional support, and mutual assistance.
My continued research and interview sessions led to the development of "The Wish
Tree" — a mobile application specifically designed for unmarried mothers, aiming to provide
support, build community, and foster personal growth and development. The application

35
allows users to publish and categorize their wishes in a simple and intuitive way, covering
various aspects such as life assistance, emotional support, and career development.
Wish Categorization: The Wish Tree facilitates the expression of users' needs by
categorizing wishes, making it easier for them to articulate their requirements. These
categories encompass a wide range of life aspects, including financial assistance, child
education, and career development. This classification system enables other users to more
easily find relevant wishes and offer appropriate support and assistance. This decision was
informed by my research findings, which highlighted the need for a more organized and userfriendly way to express and fulfill needs within the community.
Guidance for Wish Fulfillment: The Wish Tree app facilitates the expression of
users' needs by categorizing wishes into various life aspects, such as financial assistance,
child education, and career development. This classification system makes it easier for users
to articulate their requirements and allows others to find relevant wishes and offer
appropriate support. Through my research, it became evident that unmarried mothers often
struggle with a lack of organized support networks, as highlighted in the interviews. Many
participants expressed difficulty in identifying and articulating their specific needs due to the
overwhelming challenges they face, such as economic strain and societal biases (Chapter 2).
The wish categorization feature was therefore prioritized to address this issue. By organizing
wishes into clear categories, the app simplifies the process of asking for help and ensures that
specific needs are efficiently met within the community.
In addition, the Wish Tree app provides specific guidance for realizing wishes. For
each category, the application offers operational guidelines and suggestions, such as
recommended online courses, resource links, and social assistance organizations, to help

36
users more easily find solutions and achieve their goals. The app also includes a locationbased filtering feature that connects users with others in their city facing similar situations.
This not only helps them find local support but also encourages mutual assistance within
their community. This decision was influenced by successful social platforms like
"Nextdoor," which helps individuals connect within local communities. By drawing on these
examples, the Wish Tree offers a culturally relevant and practical support network for
unmarried mothers.
Progress Tracking: From the user feedback, one of the recurring themes was the
feeling of isolation and lack of visible progress in personal goals. As seen in Participant 4's
story, unmarried mothers often feel anxiety about their future, and many lack structured
guidance or a sense of accomplishment (Chapter 2). The progress tracking feature was
prioritized based on this insight to help users visualize their progress toward fulfilling their
wishes. This feature gives mothers a tangible sense of achievement and encourages ongoing
engagement by letting them see the direct impact of the community's support.
Sharing Success Stories: The Wish Tree features a dedicated section for sharing
success stories, allowing users to share stories of wishes that have been fulfilled. This section
encourages users to share their success experiences and stories, inspiring other users to
actively participate and share positive energy. By sharing stories, users establish connections
and resonance, collectively growing and progressing.
Offline Meetup Feature: The need for community support, both online and offline,
was a strong theme across interviews, particularly with Participant 3, who highlighted her
limited social circle due to societal judgment (Chapter 2). This isolation is even more
pronounced in smaller communities, where anonymity is difficult to maintain. To address

37
this, the offline meetup feature was designed as an extension of the online platform,
providing mothers with the opportunity to build real-life connections. By partnering with
local businesses to create safe spaces, this feature fosters deeper connections, empowering
these women to overcome the isolation they face. The "Offline Meetup" allows users to
participate in local gatherings, offering a safe and private platform for mothers to meet and
share their experiences. By partnering with local businesses, the app provides comfortable
venues for these events. The feature includes detailed planning of events, RSVP
management, and feedback mechanisms to ensure each meetup is a valuable and enriching
experience for all participants.The inspiration for this feature comes from the successful
model of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), where individuals struggling with alcoholism come
together to share their experiences, strength, and hope in a supportive environment. Similar
to AA's approach, which emphasizes mutual support, anonymity, and the sharing of personal
journeys to overcome challenges, the "Offline Meetup" feature in Wish Tree fosters an
environment where unmarried mothers can openly embrace their identity while maintaining
privacy.
In summary, the Wish Tree serves not only as a platform for providing support and
assistance to unmarried mothers but also as a platform for building community and
promoting personal growth. Through categorizing wishes, providing guidance, tracking
progress, and sharing success stories, the Wish Tree empowers unmarried mothers to achieve
their dreams and goals, overcoming life's challenges together.
3.2 Design Considerations
Based on the design concept established for the Wish Tree app, I realized that before
progressing further into the detailed design phase, it was important to consider the overall

38
inclusivity of the platform. Ensuring that the app is accessible, culturally sensitive, and
supportive of all potential users, particularly unmarried mothers who face unique challenges,
became a priority. These considerations guided the following design decisions, which aim to
create a platform that is not only functional but also welcoming and empowering for all
users.
Initially, I envisioned this platform as a website. However, considering the high
mobile phone penetration in China—where, as of the end of 2023, there were 1.727 billion
mobile phone users, with a penetration rate of 122.5 phones per 100 people, significantly
higher than the global average of 107 phones per 100 people—it became clear that a mobile
app would be more accessible and effective. In contrast, computer ownership remains
relatively low, making a mobile-first approach essential for reaching the widest audience.
This realization shifted the focus of the platform's design, ensuring it could effectively reach
and support the intended users where they are most active—on their mobile devices.14
Prioritizing accessibility was essential to ensure that the platform could be easily
navigated by all users, including those with varying levels of digital literacy. The app’s
interface was crafted with simplicity and clarity in mind, featuring intuitive navigation paths
and clearly labeled buttons. Recognizing the diverse needs of the user base, the app was also
designed to be compatible with screen readers, and future iterations may explore voice
interaction features to further enhance accessibility.
14 Kong, Dechen. "China Mobile Reports Growth in Key Metrics at the End of 2023." People's Daily Overseas
Edition, January 30, 2024. http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2024-
01/30/content_26039955.htm#:~:text=%E6%88%AA%E8%87%B32023%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%95%EF%B
C%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%BB%E5%8A%A8,%E9%AB%98%E5%87%BA15.5%E4%B
8%AA%E7%82%B9%E3%80%82.

39
3.3 User Flow Chart
With these inclusive design principles in mind, the next step was to map out the user
flow of the Wish Tree app. In the "Wish Tree" app, the user flow represents the journey a
typical user takes from the moment they first interact with the app to becoming an active
member of the community. This journey begins with the onboarding process, where new
users are guided through signing up or logging in, ensuring that they feel welcomed and
supported from the start.
Onboarding, Login, and Profile Setup: The journey begins with the onboarding
process, followed by login or sign-up for new users. This initial step is critical for ensuring
that users feel welcomed and understand the app's purpose. The profile setup follows,
allowing users to customize their experience and set privacy preferences, which is essential
for creating a sense of security and comfort.
Home and Navigation: After logging in, users are directed to the Home screen, which
serves as the central hub for navigating the app. From here, users can easily access key
features such as the Wish List, Chat, and Events. The Home screen is designed to be
intuitive, making it simple for users to explore and engage with different aspects of the
community.
Wish List and Interaction: The Wish List is a core feature of the app, allowing users
to publish their wishes or browse through others'. This feature is placed early in the flow to
encourage users to express their needs and start engaging with the community. When a user
reacts to a wish, they have the option to offer help, either online or offline, depending on
their preference. This dual-option ensures that users can provide support in a manner that
suits their comfort level, whether through digital interactions or face-to-face meetings.

40
Events and Meetups: The Events section allows users to view and participate in
upcoming local meetups. Before joining an event, users are prompted to register and fill out
necessary information, reinforcing a sense of commitment and ensuring the event is tailored
to the participants' needs. The process of joining group chats and event check-ins further
integrates users into the community, building stronger connections.
Offering Help and Entering Conversations: Users who wish to offer help can do so
directly through the app, either online or offline. This action triggers notifications to the
publisher of the wish, prompting a conversation that can lead to deeper engagement and
mutual support.
Sharing the Story: After participating in events or helping others, users are
encouraged to share their experiences and stories within the app. This step not only fosters a
sense of accomplishment and community but also inspires others to engage more actively.
Sharing stories is the culmination of the user journey, where the impact of the app's support
system is most visible.
Figure 4. Wish Tree Flow Chart

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3.4 UI Design Research
When conceptualizing the interface for the WishTree app, several key considerations
were taken into account to ensure its effectiveness in serving the needs of its users. First and
foremost, the design prioritizes cleanliness and clarity, eschewing unnecessary complexity or
visual clutter that might impede user comprehension or navigation. A minimalist layout with
intuitive icons and a straightforward structure facilitates user understanding and engagement.
Central to the app's functionality is its ability to categorize wishes effectively,
enabling users to easily locate and interact with “wishes” relevant to their needs.
Implementing a clear categorization system, prominently featured on the main interface or
navigation bar, streamlines the user experience and enhances accessibility.
A prominently placed "Publish Wish" button offers users a straightforward means of
sharing their wishes with the community. This button remains consistently accessible across
the app, ensuring that users can easily contribute their desires to the platform.
Once wishes are published, the app provides users with a comprehensive wish list and
detailed pages. These pages offer users a summary of posted wishes, along with detailed
information about each wish. Additionally, users are provided with guidance and resources
for fulfilling wishes, ensuring that they have the necessary support to turn their desires into
reality.
To foster a sense of community and collaboration, the app includes features for
tracking wish progress and sharing success stories. Users are able to update the status of their
wishes, providing transparency and accountability within the community. Furthermore, a

42
dedicated section for success stories celebrates the achievements of users, inspiring others to
participate and contribute.
Interactivity is key to cultivating a supportive community atmosphere. The app
incorporates social features such as comments, likes, and shares, facilitating communication
and connection among users. Additionally, user profiles and settings are customizable,
allowing individuals to personalize their experience and manage their preferences.
Lastly, the app's navigation and search functionality is user-friendly and efficient,
enabling users to seamlessly navigate the platform and locate desired content. By prioritizing
these design considerations, the WishTree app offers a user-centric interface that empowers
users to connect, support, and inspire one another on their journey towards fulfilling their
wishes.
To achieve this, I conducted extensive UI research, drawing inspiration from social
platforms with similar functionalities, such as Meetup, Nextdoor, and Breeze. I incorporated
successful elements from these apps, like the smooth login processes, clear categorization
systems, and intuitive navigation, to ensure that Wish Tree provides an optimal user
experience.

43
Figure 5. Research of UI interface, Next door

44
Figure 6. Research of UI interface, Breeze

45
Figure 7. Research of UI interface, Meet up

46
3.4 UI Design Ideation
To further enhance the app’s design, I drew inspiration from various successful social
media platforms, conducting extensive research on their UI elements. This research allowed
me to identify best practices and effective design features that could be adapted for the Wish
Tree app. I created a series of UI collages, incorporating successful elements from these
platforms to visualize and refine the app’s interface. This approach ensured that the Wish
Tree app would not only be aesthetically pleasing but also functionally robust, providing a
clear and intuitive user experience.
Figure 8. App Collage, Onboarding

47
Figure 9. App Collage, Home Page
Figure 10. App Collage, Different Home Page Versions

48
Figure 12. App Collage,
Publishing
Figure 11. App Collage, Matching
Figure 13. App Collage, Contacting

49
After completing these collages, I found that the process was not only a creative
exercise but also a valuable learning experience. It deepened my understanding of app UI
design, enabling me to analyze and apply design principles more effectively. This work
provided significant insights that informed the detailed design phase, ultimately contributing
to the development of a more cohesive and user-friendly interface.
Figure 14. App Collage, Mapping

50

Color Palette: Color Palette: In the design of the app for unmarried mothers, I plan to
employ a warm color scheme to create an inviting and supportive environment. Many
unmarried mothers described feelings of isolation, loneliness, and a lack of understanding
from their communities. These two colors, often associated with warmth and comfort, were
intentionally chosen to counteract those negative emotions. By incorporating these tones, the
app aims to foster a welcoming and supportive atmosphere, symbolizing the community's
goal of mutual warmth and help among users. This color palette helps reinforce the sense of
belonging and emotional support that the app seeks to provide.
Font/Typography: The app's typography will prioritize cleanliness and readability to
create a comfortable user experience. Given that many unmarried mothers face significant
Figure 15. Onboarding Page of Wish Tree

51
stress in their daily lives, the design will focus on providing a visually simple and clear
interface. By ensuring that the text is easy to read and the layout is straightforward, the app
aims to offer a calm and welcoming environment, reducing any additional strain on users as
they navigate through the platform.
Visual Hierarchy: Adequate spacing between elements is crucial to prevent a
cluttered interface and enhance readability. The app employs consistent margins and padding
to group related items and separate distinct sections, facilitating a seamless navigation
experience.
The app incorporates icons and images that align with the color scheme and overall
design. These visual elements provide quick, intuitive cues to the users, aiding in navigation
and comprehension of the app's features. The navigation design is straightforward, with a
focus on ease of use. The consistent placement and clear labeling of navigation elements
ensure that users can effortlessly move between different parts of the app. By adhering to
these principles of visual hierarchy, the app achieves a balance between aesthetic appeal and
functional clarity, catering to the needs of unmarried mothers with an engaging and
supportive digital environment.
3.5 Evaluation and Testing
As of now, the Wish Tree app is still in the design phase, and comprehensive testing
has not yet been conducted.
For the testing stage, I plan to conduct usability testing with a diverse group of
unmarried mothers from various regions and backgrounds in China. The testing will focus on
key areas such as the app’s navigation, the usability of the wish categorization system, and
the overall user experience. Participants will be guided through specific tasks—like

52
publishing a wish, interacting with the community, and navigating the app—to identify any
pain points or areas of confusion. Feedback will be collected through surveys, interviews,
and direct observation, providing valuable insights to inform future iterations of the app. To
ensure continuous improvement, the app will include built-in feedback tools that allow users
to share their experiences, report issues, and suggest enhancements directly within the app.
To measure the success of the app, several key performance indicators (KPIs) will be
tracked. These include:
1.User Engagement Rates: Monitoring how frequently users interact with the app and its
features, such as publishing wishes or participating in community discussions.
2. User Retention: Tracking how many users continue to use the app over time, which will
indicate the app’s long-term value to its users.
3. User Satisfaction Levels: Collecting data on user satisfaction through surveys and
feedback tools to assess how well the app is meeting the needs of its target audience.
4. Wish Fulfillment Rate: Measuring how many wishes are successfully fulfilled through the
app, providing insight into the platform's effectiveness in fostering community support.
These metrics will help evaluate the app’s impact on its target audience and guide
future improvements to ensure that the Wish Tree app continues to provide meaningful
support to unmarried mothers in China.

53
Conclusion
This thesis explores the significant challenges faced by unmarried mothers in China, a
group often marginalized by societal stigma and inadequate legal protections. Through
surveys and interviews, the research highlights obstacles like legal rights deficiencies,
economic pressures, societal discrimination, and limited support systems. These findings
contribute to a deeper understanding of the personal and social struggles of unmarried
mothers in China.
Rather than simply documenting these challenges, this study sought to explore
actionable solutions. The proposed communication platform, "Wish Tree," emerges as a
central element of this research, designed to address some of the critical issues identified.
This platform offers a safe, supportive, and interactive environment for unmarried mothers,
with a focus on anonymity, information sharing, and community support. Key features such
as wish categorization, progress tracking, specific guidance for wish fulfillment, and offline
meetups are designed not only to meet immediate needs but to foster long-term personal and
community growth.
By combining research findings with a user-centered design, "Wish Tree" aims to
empower unmarried mothers and build a strong connection with each other. The app has the
potential to create social, cultural, and even economic benefits by reducing isolation,
enhancing access to resources, and fostering a supportive community.
However, this study also acknowledges its limitations. The design and proposed
implementation of the "Wish Tree" app are still theoretical, and extensive user testing is
necessary to refine and validate its effectiveness. Future research could explore longitudinal

54
studies on the app’s impact, consider similar issues in other cultural contexts, or expand the
platform's features to address other related social issues.
Looking ahead, the "Wish Tree" app could evolve in several ways. New features,
such as partnerships with local organizations or expanded services like legal assistance and
career counseling, could enhance its effectiveness. The platform could also be adapted to
support other marginalized groups, creating a broader impact.
As we conclude, it is essential to recognize the power of design and technology in
addressing social challenges. I encourage policymakers, designers, and the broader
community to continue exploring these issues and to support innovative solutions like "Wish
Tree" that aim to empower marginalized groups. By doing so, we take a step closer to a more
inclusive and supportive society.

55
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China.” Sociology of health & illness 43, no. 5 (2021): 1237–1253.
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version)], 2017.
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Movement: Exploring the 'Utopia' of Chinese Society)." BBC News Chinese. August
23, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-58305676.
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Du Pont, H.A. The Campaign of 1864 in the Valley of Virginia and the Expedition to
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Yu, Yan. "Public Welfare Voice | Focusing on the Often Overlooked Group of 'Single
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26, 2022. https://www.naradafoundation.org/content/7559.
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http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2024-
01/30/content_26039955.htm#:~:text=%E6%88%AA%E8%87%B32023%E5%B9%
B4%E5%BA%95%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%BB%E5
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%82.

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Appendix A: Questionnaire
Have you ever sought support from social groups or organizations for unmarried mothers?
[Single Choice] *
○ Yes
○ No
During pregnancy, were you well-informed about resources and support for unmarried
mothers? [Single Choice] *
○ Yes
○ No
Do you think society has sufficient awareness and information about the challenges faced by
unmarried mothers? [Single Choice] *
○ Yes
○ No
○ Not Sure
Are you interested in using a communication platform app designed for unmarried mothers?
[Single Choice] *
○ Yes
○ No
○ Maybe
Would you be willing to share your experiences and stories to help other unmarried mothers?
[Single Choice] *
○ Yes
○ No
What do you think is the biggest challenge for unmarried mothers? [Multiple Choice]
□ Social prejudice and discrimination
□ Legal rights
□ Economic pressure
□ Mental health issues
□ Employment and career development
□ Family relationship problems
□ Other
On a communication platform, what kind of information would you most hope to find?
[Multiple Choice] *
□ Legal advice
□ Emotional support
□ Child education
□ Child healthcare
□ Medical insurance

57
□ Mental health
□ Professional advice
Appendix B: Interviews
1. What is your name?
2. How old are you?
3. What is your current occupation?
4. What city/region do you live in?
5. Could you please tell me the postal code of your area?
6. How old is your child?
7. What is your highest level of education?
8. Could you please share your annual income?
9. Have you ever been married?
10. What is your current relationship status?
a. 1. Single 2. Married 3. Divorced 4. In a stable relationship 5.In a Unstable
relationship
11. How did you decide to become an unmarried mother?
12. What was your biggest concern when you decided to become an unmarried mother?
13. Do you have any financial burdens as an unmarried mother? If yes, could you specify
which expenses are the most stressful?
14. What is the biggest challenge you have faced during pregnancy and parenting?
15. How do you manage the balance between work and personal life?
16. As a single parent, do you feel support from family, friends, or society? Can you
describe it?
17. Are there any specific items or experiences that you think represent your experience
as an unmarried mother? Could you describe them?
18. In your experience as an unmarried mother, has there been any particularly
memorable event or item?
19. What are your hopes or plans for the future, such as for your child or in terms of
relationships?
20. Do you know other unmarried or unmarried mothers besides yourself? If so, do you
often communicate with them? What topics do you usually discuss?
21. What advice would you give to women who are about to become or are already
unmarried mothers?
22. As an unmarried mother, you may experience a variety of complex emotions. Please
rank the following emotions in order of frequency of occurrence. If some emotions
are not commonly felt, you can choose not to include them in the ranking. (1. Joy 2.
Expectation 3. Anxiety 4. Sadness 5. Fear 6. Anger)
23. In your daily life, what kind of support or help do you feel you need the most but
currently find hard to obtain?
24. Do you think society fully understands and recognizes unmarried mothers? What
improvements would you like to see in society?

58
25. After becoming an unmarried mother, did you feel a change in attitude from people
around you? Could you please describe?
26. On a platform like this, what types of stories or experiences shared by others do you
find most valuable?
27. What features do you most wish to see in an app specifically designed for unmarried
mothers? (e.g., forum for discussion, online consultation, information about events,
educational resources)
28. Would you be willing to share your experiences and stories to help other unmarried
mothers?
29. When sharing your story, what kind of feedback or support do you most hope to
receive? (e.g., empathy, advice, emotional support)
30. In a community-based on mutual help, what types of activities or discussions would
you most like to participate

Abstract (if available)

Abstract This study explores the complex predicaments faced by unmarried mothers in China. These women grapple with numerous hurdles, including difficulties in obtaining official identification for their children and societal stigma due to cultural norms. Traditional perceptions often equate unmarried mothers with mistresses, leading to an unjust denial of rights and protections for their offspring. In this context, the gaze of the public remains a significant barrier to accessing social support and benefits.I am proposing a communication platform with a focus on anonymity for unmarried mothers, providing a safe and open space for them. In society, only a handful of unmarried mothers bravely break away from traditional norms and courageously share their unique experiences and touching stories. This brave group of individuals faces information barriers due to societal constraints, causing their stories to fade into obscurity. The envisioned platform aims to empower unmarried mothers to no longer fear external judgment, enabling them to authentically be themselves and experience a heightened sense of security on this platform. What sets this platform apart from other social apps and information platforms is the emphasis on building a robust support system and fostering information sharing, creating a genuinely united and inspiring community.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Xu, Xinyu (author)

Core Title The marginalized group in China [empowering unmarried mothers through community support]

School Roski School of Art and Design

Degree Master of Fine Arts

Degree Program Design

Degree Conferral Date 2024-12

Publication Date 10/17/2024

Defense Date 10/17/2024

Publisher Los Angeles, California (original), University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Chinese society,single mother,unmarried women,user experience

Format theses (aat)

Language English

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

Advisor Lemgruber, Bruno (committee chair), Robbins, Peter (committee member), Wojciak, Ewa (committee member)

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