Cosmic frontiers: designing a competitive space-themed board game through strategic mechanics and player interaction

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Content Cosmic Frontiers:
Designing a Competitive Space-Themed Board Game
Through Strategic Mechanics and Player Interaction
by
Difeng Zhang
A Thesis Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE USC ROSKI SCHOOL OF ART AND DESIGN
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF FINE ARTS
(DESIGN)
May 2025
Copyright 2025 Difeng Zhang

Table of Contents
List of Figures................................................................................................................................vii
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................xi
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Chapter 1.1 Background and Motivation.........................................................................................2
The Rise of Space-Themed Board Games.................................................................................2
The Appeal of Interstellar Settings ............................................................................................3
Challenges in Designing Competitive Gameplay......................................................................3
Chapter 1.2 Research Problem and Objective .................................................................................4
Research Problem ......................................................................................................................4
Chapter 1.3 Scope and Significance.................................................................................................8
Scope........................................................................................................................................10
Chapter 2.1 Historical Overview ...................................................................................................12
Origins of Board Games ..........................................................................................................13
Evolution Through the Ages....................................................................................................13
Medieval and Renaissance Developments...............................................................................14
Rise of Space-Themed Board Games......................................................................................14
Contemporary Trends ..............................................................................................................15
Chapter 2.2 Historical Overview ...................................................................................................15
Chapter 2.3 Case Studies of Successful Board Games..................................................................19
Pandemic..................................................................................................................................19
Ticket to Ride...........................................................................................................................21
Gloomhaven.............................................................................................................................22
ii

Chapter 2.4 Application to Interstellar Settings.............................................................................23
Strategic Depth in Galactic Exploration ..................................................................................24
Player Interaction through Diplomacy and Conflict ................................................................25
Resource Management in Space Colonization ........................................................................26
Conflict Resolution in Cosmic Warfare ...................................................................................27
Balancing and Replayability in Expansive Universes.............................................................28
Chapter 3.1 Thematic Potential of Space Exploration...................................................................29
Take Exploration as the Core Mechanic ..................................................................................30
Creating Narrative Through Factions and Event Cards...........................................................30
Thematic and Visual Design ....................................................................................................31
Chapter 3.2 Challenges of Designing Interstellar Gameplay.........................................................32
Balancing Resource Scarcity and Abundance..........................................................................32
Managing Conflict and Interaction Between Players...............................................................32
Navigating Unpredictable Cosmic Events...............................................................................33
Ensuring Fair Exploration Mechanics .....................................................................................34
Creating an Intuitive but Deep Gameplay System...................................................................34
Chapter 3.3 Narrative and Immersion in Space-Themed Games ..................................................35
The Power of Faction-Specific Abilities..................................................................................36
Event Cards and Emergent Storytelling...................................................................................36
Visual Design and Worldbuilding ............................................................................................37
Narrative-Driven Progression ..................................................................................................38
Chapter 4.1 Conceptual Framework ..............................................................................................38
Core Mechanics Overview.......................................................................................................39
iii

1. Exploration and Map Discovery ..........................................................................................39
2. Resource Management and Action Economy......................................................................40
3. Combat and Territorial Control............................................................................................40
Player Objectives and Scoring System ....................................................................................42
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................42
Chapter 4.2 Map and Spatial Design .............................................................................................43
1. Modular Map System...........................................................................................................43
2. Influence of Map Layout on Gameplay ...............................................................................44
3. Movement and Spatial Awareness .......................................................................................44
4. Visual Design and Information Clarity ................................................................................45
5. Balancing Exploration and Combat through Map Design...................................................45
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................46
Chapter 4.3 Mechanics of Resource Management ........................................................................46
Core Resources and Their Functions.......................................................................................47
Resource Scarcity and Allocation ............................................................................................47
Balancing Short-Term vs. Long-Term Gains...........................................................................49
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................49
Chapter 4.4 Conflict and Defense Systems....................................................................................50
Combat Mechanics...................................................................................................................50
Defensive Structures and Their Effects ...................................................................................51
Strategic Deployment of Defenses...........................................................................................51
Diplomatic and Alternative Conflict Resolutions....................................................................52
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................52
iv

Chapter 5.1 Playtesting Methodology............................................................................................53
Playtesting Phases....................................................................................................................54
Data Collection Methods .........................................................................................................56
Iterative Improvements Based on Playtesting..........................................................................57
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................57
Chapter 5.2 Observations and Feedback........................................................................................57
General Player Reception ........................................................................................................58
Key Observations from Playtesting .........................................................................................58
Implemented Refinements Based on Feedback .......................................................................60
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................61
Chapter 5.3 Final Adjustments and Future Improvements ............................................................61
Final Adjustments....................................................................................................................61
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................64
Chapter 6.1 Game Piece Creation Process.....................................................................................64
6.2 Game Piece Design and Material Selection.............................................................................65
Chapter 6.3 Comparison of 3D Printing Materials........................................................................67
Airbrushing Techniques for Game Pieces................................................................................68
Chapter 6.4 Board and Map Production ........................................................................................69
Chapter 6.5 Card Creation and Printing.........................................................................................70
Chapter 6.6 Tokens, Dice, and Miniatures.....................................................................................71
Chapter 6.7 Packaging and Storage ...............................................................................................72
Assembly and Prototyping Process..........................................................................................72
Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................74
v

Chapter 7.1 Summary of Findings.................................................................................................75
Chapter 7.2 Challenges and Lessons Learned ...............................................................................76
Chapter 7.3 Future Improvements for Cosmic Frontiers...............................................................77
Chapter 7.4 Broader Implications for Board Game Design...........................................................78
Chapter 7.5 Final Thoughts............................................................................................................78
References......................................................................................................................................80
Citations...................................................................................................................................80
Pictures.....................................................................................................................................83
vi

List of Figures
Figure 1: Open Terraforming Mars board game showing cards, game tokens, player boards,
and rulebook. 2 ....................................................................................................................................
Figure 2: Futuristic spaceship with a transport vehicle on an alien planet surrounded by
rocky terrain (Prometheus, 2012) 3 ....................................................................................................
Figure 3: Space Cadets: Away Missions board game layout with tiles, miniatures, cards, and
rulebooks on display. 5 ......................................................................................................................
Figure 4: Group of board game test volunteers sitting at a table with colorful cards, tokens,
and rule sheets, engaging in a collaborative tabletop game. 7 ............................................................
Figure 5: Board game designer drawing and designing a unicorn-themed card, featuring
icons and text fields. 9 .........................................................................................................................
Figure 6: Wooden Senet board game featuring Egyptian hieroglyphics and intricate pieces
with red and gold accents. 12 .............................................................................................................
Figure 7: Close-up of a hand placing a black stone on a Go board with white and black
stones scattered across the grid. 13 .....................................................................................................
Figure 8: Complete Terraforming Mars collection including base game and expansions
like Venus Next, Colonies, Turmoil, and Ares Expedition. 14 ...........................................................
Figure 9: Vintage Monopoly board game with worn box, colorful money, property cards,
houses, hotels, and rulebook spread out. 14 ........................................................................................
Figure 10: Race for the Galaxy board game setup featuring cards, tokens, and
galactic-themed components on a starry background. 15 ...................................................................
Figure 11: Scythe board game setup with detailed player boards, colorful tokens, miniature
mechs, and game map in a steampunk alternate-history theme. 16 ....................................................
vii

Figure 12: Diplomacy board game setup featuring a map of Europe, colorful pieces, and
the game box emphasizing political intrigue and strategy. 17 ............................................................
Figure 13: Power Grid board game setup with a detailed map, colorful player tokens, and
the game box focused on energy strategy and resource management. 17 ..........................................
Figure 14: Twilight Struggle board game setup featuring a detailed Cold War map, cards,
tokens, and rulebook for a two-player strategic experience. 18 .........................................................
Figure 15: Pandemic board game showing a global map with infection cubes, player cards,
and role cards for a cooperative gameplay experience. 19 .................................................................
Figure 16: Ticket to Ride: Europe board game setup with a detailed map, colorful train
pieces, cards, and rulebook for strategic railway building. 21 ............................................................
Figure 17: Gloomhaven board game setup with miniatures, modular dungeon tiles,
character sheets, and cards for a dungeon-crawling adventure. 22 .....................................................
Figure 18: Close-up of a space-themed board game setup with hexagonal tiles, starship
miniatures, resource markers, and vibrant galaxy visuals. 24 ............................................................
Figure 19: Close-up of blue fleet miniatures on a hexagonal space-themed game board
from Twilight Imperium, showing planets and starships 25 ...............................................................
Figure 20: Space-themed board game showing planetary tiles (Mercury, Venus, Mars),
colorful resource tokens, and reputation tracker 26 ............................................................................
Figure 21: Close-up of colorful dice and miniature starships on a space-themed board,
showcasing gameplay elements from Eclipse: Second Dawn for the Galaxy. 28 ..............................
Figure 22: Colorful dice with unique symbols scattered on a wooden table, with
galaxy-themed game cards in the background from Roll for the Galaxy. 29 .....................................
Figure 23: Hexagonal game board featuring a galaxy backdrop, depicting a space-themed
viii

map for exploration and strategy gameplay. 30 ..................................................................................
Figure 24: Sheet of colorful Cosmic Frontiers prototype cards featuring unique planets,
each with distinct design elements like Safe Range indicators and defense bonuses. 31 ...................
Figure 25: Set of Cosmic Frontiers resource cards featuring minimalist, color-coded
designs for Titanium Ore, Radium Crystals, and Silica Compound. 33 .............................................
Figure 26: Hand-drawn prototype cards for the board game, featuring sketches and written
descriptions of game events. 34 ..........................................................................................................
Figure 27: Three colorful Cosmic Frontiers planet cards featuring unique designs and
strategic elements such as Safe Range indicators and resource bonuses. 35 ......................................
Figure 28: Three character cards from Cosmic Frontiers, featuring sci-fi leaders with
unique abilities, portraits, and background descriptions. 36 ...............................................................
Figure 29: Set of hand-drawn event cards for Cosmic Frontiers, featuring various galactic
disasters and challenges such as solar flares, alien attacks, and meteor strikes. 37 ............................
Figure 30: Prototype board game setup featuring a hexagonal galaxy map, dice, planet
cards, and colorful tokens for a space exploration theme. 38 .............................................................
Figure 31: Close-up of dice rolls on a hex-based galaxy map in Cosmic Frontiers,
representing exploration and strategic gameplay. 41 ..........................................................................
Figure 32: Close-up of a Cosmic Frontiers playtest session, showing a hex-based
galaxy map, dice, planet cards, and resource tokens in action. 48 .....................................................
Figure 33: Close-up of Cosmic Frontiers planet cards with colored resource cubes,
representing colony expansion and resource management. 51 ...........................................................
Figure 34: Three playtesters reviewing game rules and components during a board game
testing session, focusing on learning and strategizing. 54 ..................................................................
ix

Figure 35: Spreadsheet displaying board game playtesting feedback with ratings on
gameplay enjoyment, clarity, immersion, and design appeal. 56 .......................................................
Figure 36: A collection of small, white 3D-printed game pieces on a wooden surface, some
still attached to the print supports. 59 .................................................................................................
Figure 37: Group of playtesters focused on a board game prototype, leaning in and
analyzing their next moves. 60 ...........................................................................................................
Figure 38: A 3D modeling software interface displaying spaceship miniatures, circular
tokens, and game pieces designed for 3D printing.. 65 ......................................................................
Figure 39: Prusa 3D printer with an orange and black design, placed on a white surface,
ready for printing. 66 ..........................................................................................................................
Figure 40: 3D printing slicer preview showing a complex print job with support structures,
ready for fabrication. 67 ......................................................................................................................
Figure 41: Close-up of an airbrush with a red handle, attached to a braided air hose, and a
paint jar. 69 ..........................................................................................................................................
Figure 42: A blank, foldable board game board in different positions, ready for customization. 70 .
Figure 43: A set of white D4 dice arranged on a neutral surface, showing their pyramid shape. 72 ..
x

Abstract
The creation of Cosmic Frontiers focuses on how game design principles combine with player
engagement and strategic balance in a tabletop board game environment. The thesis explores
how combining exploration mechanics with resource management and territorial control leads to
a dynamic and immersive game experience. The study employs the Mechanics-DynamicsAesthetics (MDA) model to analyze how distinct game mechanics create player interaction
patterns leading to strategic gameplay emergence. The research utilized a mixed-methods
approach consisting of iterative prototyping, playtesting sessions, and quantitative data analysis
to improve game balance while increasing decision-making complexity. The research showed
that strategic depth becomes more robust through the integration of modular map systems
together with adaptive resource scarcity and risk-based combat resolution. The quality and
functionality of game components were heavily influenced by production considerations
including 3D printing efficiency together with print bleed alignment and airbrush finishing
techniques. The research investigates iterative board game design principles and highlights the
critical roles of player control, strategic adaptability and consistent thematic immersion. These
findings enhance board game design knowledge by showing how structured mechanics create
player engagement and ensure replayability while maintaining competitive balance. Through its
independent research project status Cosmic Frontiers presents design methodologies that benefit
both tabletop game creation and interactive storytelling research going forward.
xi

Introduction
Board games function as vehicles for strategic thinking as well as social interaction and
immersive storytelling. Modern board game design brings new mechanics and themes that
constantly transform how players experience games. Space-themed board games have engaged
players by combining exploration activities with resource management tasks and competitive
strategy elements to create immersive and dynamic gameplay.
This thesis documents the creation of Cosmic Frontiers which combines space exploration with
strategic economic choices and conflict resolution mechanics into a fair competitive board game
system. The game design enables players to make significant strategic decisions and ensures both
easy access for beginners and multiple playthrough opportunities. The study uses the MechanicsDynamics-Aesthetics (MDA) framework to explore the effects of game mechanics on player
engagement and their role in creating immersive game experiences.
The study highlights principal difficulties encountered with balancing exploration elements and
the distribution of resources along with combat mechanics throughout an iterative design process
which included prototyping and playtesting phases. The study examines board game production
methods such as 3D printing and airbrushing techniques along with high-precision print
alignment which produce superior game components.
This research expands the domain of game design by illustrating how systematized mechanics
generate player strategies and strengthen thematic narratives. Through this thesis we capture the
design process of Cosmic Frontiers while providing future designers with methods to create
balanced and immersive board games.
1

Chapter 1.1 Background and Motivation
Humans have been enchanted by the universe's wonders for ages, which has led to a constant
desire to learn more about it. I frequently use our limitless imagination to fill in the blanks when
confronted with the unknown; board games are the most common method to make these
explorations come to life.
The Rise of Space-Themed Board Games
The popularity of board games with a space theme has significantly increased in recent years.
Games like Terraforming Mars and Eclipse have received praise from critics and a devoted
following, indicating that the gaming community is becoming more interested in interstellar
2
Figure 1: Open Terraforming Mars board game showing cards, game tokens,
player boards, and rulebook.

travel [1][2]. With the wide galaxy as their backdrop, these board games allow participants to
compete, manage resources, and employ cosmopolitan strategies.
The Appeal of Interstellar Settings
Players can immerse themselves in settings that combine scientific curiosity with imaginative
storytelling in space-themed board games. A basic human need for exploration and conquest is
tapped into by the appeal of finding unexplored planets, founding colonies, and vying for
supremacy in the galaxy [3]. In addition to increasing player interest, this thematic depth gives
designers a huge canvas on which to experiment and develop new game mechanics.
Challenges in Designing Competitive Gameplay
There are a number of difficulties in developing a competitive board game that is both balanced
and captivating in an intergalactic setting. Designers need to think carefully about the following:
• Resource Management: How to replicate the scarcity and allocation of resources in a
way that is true to space exploration.
3
Figure 2: Futuristic spaceship with a transport vehicle on an alien planet
surrounded by rocky terrain. Movie: Prometheus (2012)

• Player Interaction: Making mechanics that promote deep interactions, conflicts, and
alliances amongst players.
• Scalability: Ensuring that the game is balanced and interesting for players of all skill
levels.
A thorough grasp of player psychology, game design concepts, and the thematic components
specific to space exploration are necessary to meet these problems [4][5].
Motivation for This Research
The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how interplanetary concepts and competitive gaming
mechanics interact in board game design. The objective is to create a set of rules and insights that
can guide the development of interesting and well-balanced board games with a space theme by
examining current games, researching player behavior, and testing out novel design ideas. This
study aims to encourage designers to push the limits of originality in this genre in addition to
adding to the scholarly conversation on game design.
Chapter 1.2 Research Problem and Objective
Research Problem
An engaging problem in the design of competitive board games with an intergalactic concept is
how the designer can hit the balance point not only between investigation and resource managing
but also player interaction while still ensuring both an attractive and immersive experience
during the gameplay. Numerous board games with a space theme are now on the market, either
paying too much attention to one aspect of gameplay at the expense of others or falling short in
balancing every mechanic and theme. Some games, for instance, have a strong emphasis on
4

exploration, offering large environments and countless chances for discovery, but they lack deep
player interactions, which leaves players feeling alone and alienated [1]. Others are better at
competitive mechanics like resource scarcity and fighting, but they frequently lack the
interstellar exploration's thematic depth, lessening the awe that arrives with space settings [2].
Uneven player engagement, monotonous strategies, and a lack of replayability are some of the
gameplay problems caused by these imbalances. The abstract space exploration nature adds a
further layer of complexity, which forces designers to develop user-friendly yet inventive
mechanics to depict concepts such as galactic trade, planetary colonization, and territorial
disputation. As the goal is to provide an unforgettable and comprehensive gaming experience, the
issues listed above must be resolved.
Research Objective
5
Figure 3: Space Cadets: Away Missions board game layout with tiles,
miniatures, cards, and rulebooks on display.

The main objective of this thesis is to create a thorough framework for developing competitive
board games set in interplanetary habitats. This framework will focus on balancing resource
management, competitive gameplay, and exploration to produce a well-rounded and engaging
experience. When pushing the limits of game design, the research will examine player behavior,
analyze current games, and test novel mechanics.
These clarified objectives are going to be addressed in order to accomplish this:
1. Analyze Existing Space-Themed Games:
◦ Find the gameplay mechanics' advantages, disadvantages, and gaps, and
thoroughly examine well-known interstellar board games like Terraforming Mars
and Eclipse [1][2].
◦ Analyze how these games balance exploration, resource managing, and
participant interaction, highlighting improvement areas.
2. Explore Thematic Integration:
◦ Examine how thematic components and storytelling improve players' getting deep
into board games.
◦ Deliver methods for incorporating captivating storylines into gameplay without
sacrificing strategic nuance.
3. Develop Design Principles:
◦ Create workable rules for hovering the main gameplay exploration elements,
resource management, and competition.
6

◦ To guarantee that players of all skill levels and group sizes continue to enjoy the
game, scalability difficulties should be addressed.
4. Prototype and Playtest:
◦ Create a working prototype of an interstellar board game with the suggested
framework.
◦ Conduct iterative playtesting with various player groups to get quantitative &
qualitative input on gameplay dynamics, contentment, and harmony [5].
5. Refinement and Documentation:
◦ Adjust the prototype in light of playtesting input to enhance replayability,
engagement of players, and balance.
7
Figure 4: Group of board game test volunteers sitting at a table with colorful
cards, tokens, and rule sheets, engaging in a collaborative tabletop game.

◦ To provide future designers of space-themed board games with important insights,
thoroughly document the design and research process.
This thesis attempts to advance board game design, which means it will fulfill these objectives
and provide helpful direction when the designer wants to create entertaining games with
extraterrestrial themes. It also aims to motivate designers' creativity and encourage the growth of
the board game community by hitting the balance between mechanics in gameplay and the depth
of themes.
Chapter 1.3 Scope and Significance
Scope
The design and development of competitive board games with an interplanetary theme is this
thesis's main topic, which strongly emphasizes the combination of exploration, participant
interaction, and resource management.
In this study, I are going to hold the following important topics:
1. Analysis of Existing Games:
◦ Analyzing modern board games with a space theme in-depth to find areas that
require development and successful mechanics.
2. Thematic Integration:
◦ Creating rules to balance essential gameplay components and give players a fun
experience.
3. Design Principles Development:
8

◦ Creating rules to balance essential gameplay components and give players a fun
experience.
4. Prototyping and Playtesting:
◦ Iterative playtesting is being used in a prototype board game to evaluate
participant involvement and improve mechanics.
5. Documentation and Dissemination:
◦ Recording the design process and results in great detail to provide helpful tools
for not only desiring designers but also scholarly debate.
Digital versions of board games are not covered in this study, and other board game genres not
related to the competitive interstellar theme are specifically excluded.
9
Figure 5: Board game designer is drawing and designing a unicorn-themed
card, featuring icons and text fields.

Significance
This study is going to carry influential meaning that works for board game design, both
academically and practically:
1. Academic Contribution:
◦ Giving future Research on balancing mechanics of the board game in themed
board games a well-organized framework and design principles.
◦ Growing our knowledge of how thematic integration and storytelling improve
player engagement.
2. Practical Impact:
◦ Providing game developers with practical advice and design strategies for the
competitive space theme.
◦ Promoting the creation of board games that are more replayable, interesting, and
balanced in order to improve the board game community.
By targeting the matters mentioned, this thesis aims to connect design and exploration, quality,
and creativity in the development of interstellar board games.
Scope
This thesis emphasizes integrating player interaction, resource management, and investigation. It
also concentrates on both designing and developing competitive board games with an
interplanetary theme. The Research covers the following important aspects:
10

1. Analysis of Existing Games: An in-depth analysis of contemporary board games with a
space theme to pinpoint both successful and underperforming mechanics.
2. Thematic Integration: Investigating ways to improve not only narrative depth but also
immersion by seamlessly integrating interplanetary themes into gameplay.
3. Design Principles Development: Creating guidelines to balance essential gameplay
components, ensuring an interesting board game play experience.
4. Prototyping and Playtesting: Iterative playtesting evaluates participant interest and
improves mechanics in a prototype board game.
5. Documentation and Dissemination: Thoroughly document the design process and
results to support educational discussions and serve as a guide for upcoming game
designers.
The study does not examine genres other than the competitive interstellar theme or digital
versions of board games.
Significance
The Researc's potential contributions are meaningful because it is goingb to work on both the
board game development in practical world and the scholarly field of game design:
1. Advancement of Game Design Theory: This study aims to improve the theoretical
framework around board game design by synthesizing and synthesizing different game
mechanics, specifically to balance intricate gameplay components.
11

2. Practical Design Guidelines: Game designers will benefit greatly from the development
of actionable design guides to create stunning board games with an interstellar concept.
3. Enhanced Player Engagement: By demonstrating how challenging matters, something
such as space exploration, are going to be successfully gamified to promote learning and
engagement, findings may also help drive instructional strategies.
4. Educational Insights: By showing how difficult subjects such as exploration of space
may be successfully gamified to promote learning and engagement, the findings may also
help guide instructional strategies.
This thesis seeks to significantly advance game design techniques and improve participant
experiences by tackling the difficulties involved in creating competitive interstellar board games.
Chapter 2.1 Historical Overview
12
Figure 6: Wooden Senet board game featuring Egyptian hieroglyphics and
intricate pieces with red and gold accents.

Origins of Board Games
There is a long history of board games in human society as entertainments and as tools for
interaction. One of the oldest games on board is Senet (which emerged in Egypt around 3100
BCE). Senet boards have been found in Egyptian tombs and therefore have proven to be very
important in both everyday and religious life [6].
The Royal Game of Ur in Mesopotamia from 2600 BCE, likewise, stands for early games. The
game was one of strategy and luck, and the society of the period posed challenging questions [6].
Evolution Through the Ages
With the change of civilisation, so too did their games. The role-playing games of ancient Rome
such as Ludus Latrunculorum were based on military planning [7]. Go – played more than 4,000
years ago in China – is still one of the most intellectually demanding board games and
demonstrates the rich tradition of thought of East Asian societies [6][8].
13
Figure 7: Close-up of a hand placing a black stone on a Go board with white
and black stones scattered across the grid.

Medieval and Renaissance Developments
In the Middle Ages, Chess and other games arose that are thought to have originated in India and
made its way to Persia and then Europe. Chess became the default game for nobility – it
represented wisdom and calculated skill [7]. This variety of board games continued to be
extended by the Renaissance, which integrated arts and culture into its manufacture [8].
Modern Board Games
The 20th century also saw a significant change for board games: in the 1930s, there were
Monopoly and its analogous economic and capitalist games [8]. Games such as Scrabble and
Clue, developed in the postwar period, were long-term hits [8].
Rise of Space-Themed Board Games
14
Figure 9: Vintage Monopoly board
game with worn box, colorful money,
property cards, houses, hotels, and
rulebook spread out.
Figure 8: Complete Terraforming Mars collection, including
the base game and expansions like Venus Next, Colonies,
Turmoil, and Ares Expedition.

Space interest – mainly fuelled by the Space Race of the 1960s – provided the basis for space
board games. The earliest is Space Checkers and Blast Off which exploited the popularity of
spacecraft launches [1]. Game series such as Terraforming Mars or Eclipse: Second Dawn for
the Galaxy have gained traction over the past couple of decades with intricate controls and
interstellar narratives [1].
Contemporary Trends
The board game market today is going through a boom time, with new themes and designs
popping up all the time. Space games still fascinate players, employing cutting-edge mechanics
and detailed narrative to re-create the scope and obscurity of the universe [4]. The history of
board games fits more generally with cultural and technological developments – and with
humanity’s long-term curiosity and need for connection.
Chapter 2.2 Historical Overview
Key Elements of Competitive Gameplay
15
Figure 10: Race for the Galaxy board game setup featuring cards, tokens, and
galactic-themed components on a starry background.

Making great competitive board games involves some basic elements that add up to make it both
fun and strategic. In this article, I look at 5 key elements of competitive play.
Strategic Depth
Strategy depth is all about giving the player choices that will affect the outcome of the game.
Games such as Scythe are a case in point because they combine resource management, zone
management and engine design techniques, which allow gamers to use different methods of
winning [8]. This makes the game challenging intellectually and rewards planning in the long
run.
Player Interaction
Involvement includes the players having an impact on each other’s game progress either directly
or indirectly. Diplomacy involves negotiation, alliance and treachery — all impacting the
16
Figure 11: Scythe board game setup with detailed player boards, colorful
tokens, miniature mechs, and game map in a steampunk alternate-history
theme.

distribution of power and calling for strong interpersonal skills [1]. A lot of player input really
creates unpredictability and depth to the game.
Resource Management
17
Figure 12: Diplomacy board game setup featuring a map of Europe, colorful
pieces, and the game box emphasizing political intrigue and strategy.
Figure 13: Power Grid board game setup with a detailed map, colorful player
tokens, and the game box focused on energy strategy and resource
management.

Good resource management asks players to utilize scarce resources in order to get what they
want. The player in Power Grid has to buy and construct power plants and network resources
wisely, and also plan for the future, in order to meet the immediate demand versus acquiring the
long-term potential [9]. This mechanic demands planning and flexibility in live game
environments.
Conflict Resolution
The mechanisms that resolve conflicts and resource contests inside the game are how these are
resolved. Twilight Struggle — which uses a card-based game in which players influence the
events of the world, with conflicts settled through strategy and luck — evinces Cold War tension
[10]. Whether they choose to resolve conflict by hand or in person depends on how equitable and
rapid it is.
18
Figure 14: Twilight Struggle board game setup featuring a detailed Cold War
map, cards, tokens, and rulebook for a two-player strategic experience.

Game Balance and Replay-ability
Game balance aims to have no one strategy win and every player has a fair shot at victory.
Terraforming Mars is rich with different corporation cards and projects, encouraging various
strategies and endless replay-ability as you experiment with different scenarios [11]. Replayability is further enhanced by modular elements whereby there’s no game identical to any other.
Chapter 2.3 Case Studies of Successful Board Games
Looking at the games that have had success on the board offers some of the best information
about how games can work well: the mechanics, theme and player appeal. This section gives indepth case studies of 3 of them: Pandemic, Ticket to Ride and Gloomhaven.
Pandemic
19
Figure 15: Pandemic board game showing a global map with infection cubes,
player cards, and role cards for a cooperative gameplay experience.

Overview:
Pandemic is a team-based board game where the players play as experts who need to prevent
pandemics worldwide. It was created by Matt Leacock, and since its 2008 debut is a staple of the
cooperative board game scene.
Core Mechanics:
Players collaborate to heal infected, construct research stations, and find cures for four scourges
plaguing the planet. The rules of the game are simple: you can take up to four actions per turn,
whether it’s a move, a cure, a transfer of knowledge or a infrastructure building. Game proceeds
by dropping disease cubes across cities after every turn, putting increasing pressure on them [12].
Innovative Features:
• Role Specialization: You each have your own specialty role (Medic, Scientist) that plays
a part in the overall strategy of the team. The Medic can cure the disease quicker; the
Scientist, the cure.
• Epidemic Cards: These cards increase the frequency of diseases, and they force players
to adapt on the fly.
• Tension and Cooperation: It is a very cooperative and interactive game.
Impact on the Industry:
The co-op aspect of Pandemic was original when it came out, and it led to other great titles like
Forbidden Island and The Crew. It also illustrated the game of cooperative rather than
competitive board games [13].
20

Ticket to Ride
Overview:
Ticket to Ride (2004) is a board game by Alan R Moon for kids, published in 2004. It requires
you to construct railway lines to get cities on a map.
Core Mechanics:
Fundamental Concept: Players deal colored train cards that they claim on the board. The longer a
route, the more points you get, and also the players score through the buying of particular
destination tickets. The game is highly competitive because players try to claim important routes
first. Strategy emerges out of resource management and ticket goal aligning with the board
visible opportunity [14].
Innovative Features:
• Simple Yet Strategic: It has easy to learn rules but strategic planning and choice play.
21
Figure 16: Ticket to Ride: Europe board game setup with a detailed map,
colorful train pieces, cards, and rulebook for strategic railway building.

• Route Blocking: The potential for a crucial path by opponents creates a dynamic
dynamic of contestation.
• Universal Appeal: It has an equal part of easy to learn and advanced that is entertaining
for both new and seasoned gamers alike.
Impact on the Industry:
Ticket to Ride was the world’s most popular and translated game, and has sold millions of copies
worldwide.This achievement firmly established Ticket to Ride as one of the most popular and yet
strategic games in the world, the first "gateway games" of our times [15].
Gloomhaven
Overview:
Isaac Childres’s dark fantasy campaign-style co-op game Gloomhaven (2017) is a campaign22
Figure 17: Gloomhaven board game setup with miniatures, modular dungeon
tiles, character sheets, and cards for a dungeon-crawling adventure.

style game for the pair. The most powerful tabletop experience with more than 17kgs of parts and
hundreds of hours of play.
Core Mechanics:
Players take control of special mercenaries who perform missions set by player decisions.
Actions and combat are done with cards, meaning you have to think through how you want to
spend your precious turn-time. : Missions are completed on a modular board and their results
shape the next game in a branching campaign structure [16].
Innovative Features:
• Legacy Mechanics: Choices can change the game’s environment forever, which means
that each game is completely individualized.
• Deck-Based Combat: Instead of dice, you play action cards, which must be managed for
attack, defence, and movement.
• Immersive Narrative: Its storyline is paired with player-controlled progress and the
game’s RPG-like play is as old-school as board games.
Impact on the Industry:
Gloomhaven was applauded for its richness and reshaping of the norm for campaign board
games. It has been awarded multiple times and has inspired other older, narrative games like
Frosthaven or Sleeping Gods [17].
Chapter 2.4 Application to Interstellar Settings
23

When you bring board games to the stars, there are special opportunities to infuse the
cosmonaut’s exploration, competition and control with cosmic theme. Here I go over some key
core mechanics used to achieve success in this style as well as gameplay trends.
Strategic Depth in Galactic Exploration
Strategy: In interstellar games, depth of action comes in the form exploration, and control over a
vast galactic landscape. Simulations such as Eclipse: Second Dawn for the Galaxy force the
player to consider short-term tactical choices and medium-term strategic objectives. Each player
begins with a small fleet and very little money, slowly fending for nearby star systems. These
systems can have empty planets, or extraterrestrial life, or lucrative minerals, and introduce
ambiguity into the equation [1].
Key Mechanics in Exploration:
24
Figure 18: Close-up of a space-themed board game setup with hexagonal tiles,
starship miniatures, resource markers, and vibrant galaxy visuals.

• Dynamic Map Building: Modular galaxy map unfolds with each mission in an evolving
environment.
• Planetary Upgrades: Players have to build planets and upgrade their production or
defense.
• Risk vs. Reward: Unpredictability comes from exploring new territory – extraterrestrial
threats, maybe.
Player Interaction through Diplomacy and Conflict
Interstellar environments are fertile ground for sophisticated player interaction. Diplomacy and
war meet in Twilight Imperium, where you play as a rival group fighting for space supremacy.
It’s a game in which players can make deals, make alliances and even desert each other to get
what they want [18].
Key Mechanics in Diplomacy and Conflict:
25
Figure 19: Close-up of blue fleet miniatures on a hexagonal space-themed
game board from Twilight Imperium, showing planets and starships.

• Trade Agreements: You can swap items or technologies, building alliances, but betrayal
possible.
• Council Voting System: They vote on galactic policy that is good or bad for certain
groups, resulting in political intrigue.
• Warfare: Conflicts are settled by the force of the fleet and dice rolls, players invest in
ship upgrades and positional awareness.
Resource Management in Space Colonization
26
Figure 20: Space-themed board game showing planetary tiles (Mercury,
Venus, Mars), colorful resource tokens, and reputation tracker.

Resource control is central to interstellar board games because, to grow influence, one has to
efficiently extract and spend limited resources. Starship Interstellar is a slightly different version
of this, with your ships scuttling about to get resources and keeping up with ship improvements
and territory gain [19].
Key Mechanics in Resource Management:
• Interdependent Resources: Players harvest different kinds of resources (energy,
minerals, research points) which affect various aspects of the game.
• Fleet Upgrades: You use money to buy faster ships, more firepower, or more cargo
capacity, which you can adjust to.
• Planetary Development: There are always trade-offs to make when colonizing planets
— time is money. You should also consider the benefits between short-term and long
term.
Conflict Resolution in Cosmic Warfare
The ethos of interstellar board games is warfare: such are the stakes in the galaxy’s territorial
fights. In Eclipse: Second Dawn for the Galaxy, players customize fleets with tech and wage
wars with dice rolls, bringing strategy and uncertainty [1].
Key Mechanics in Combat:
• Ship Customization: Defend fleets with modular lasers, shields and hull bracings.
• Combat Mechanics: Oppositions are decided with dice rolls which take offensive and
defensive numbers from the built-in ships.
27

• Tactical Positioning: Where fleets are placed on the galaxy map influences movement
and fight decisions.
Balancing and Replayability in Expansive Universes
Balance and replayability keep the games of interstellar board games going. Randomized and
modular games such as Roll for the Galaxy also offer you multiple ways to play a strategy on
every try [20].
Key Mechanics for Balance and Replayability:
• Variable Starting Conditions: Players start with unique dice and development tiles, and
that shapes their early plan.
• Replayable Objectives: You get randomly crafted goals and galaxy tiles, no two games
will be the same.
28
Figure 21: Close-up of colorful dice and miniature starships on a spacethemed board, showcasing gameplay elements from Eclipse: Second Dawn for
the Galaxy.

• Adaptive Scoring Systems: Players get points for different activities such as
colonisation, extraction and technology innovation, encouraging the player to take a
variety of routes to victory.
Chapter 3.1 Thematic Potential of Space Exploration
Space exploration has consistently captured human imagination through its infinite potential for
storytelling and strategic gameplay creation. The theme allows players to discover new worlds
while facing unknown challenges and participating in large-scale conflicts as they maintain a
balance between survival and exploration. The vast space setting enables board games to provide
players with engaging and ever-changing experiences which grounded settings cannot replicate.
The design of Cosmic Frontiers was focused on utilizing space exploration's awe-inspiring
mystery and vastness to develop a deep gameplay where players lead alien factions in their quest
for galactic supremacy. The gameplay starts with players exploring and expanding upon a
modular hexagonal galaxy map. This dynamic game map offers an adventure experience unlike
static boards by revealing and marking newly discovered planets as exploration progresses.
29
Figure 22: Colorful dice with unique symbols scattered on a wooden table,
with galaxy-themed game cards in the background from Roll for the Galaxy.

Players encounter distinct planetary resources like Titanium Ore and Radium Crystals which
require strategic decisions about resource gathering versus territorial growth.
Take Exploration as the Core Mechanic
In space-themed board games exploration functions as both the foundation of the story and an
essential gameplay feature. Through randomized exploration methods, such as using a D4 dice
roll to identify planetary presence at a location, games introduce game uncertainty similar to
real-world space exploration challenges[21]. This gameplay mechanic maintains player interest
while motivating them to construct strategic decisions involving risk. Cosmic Frontiers utilizes
exploration to deliver strategic deepness while incorporating randomness so players obtain
rewards for carefully planning and adapting to unexpected discoveries.
Creating Narrative Through Factions and Event Cards
30
Figure 23: Hexagonal game board featuring a galaxy backdrop, depicting a
space-themed map for exploration and strategy gameplay.

The storylines players participate in space-themed games derive from the factions they control
and the circumstances occurring during gameplay. Cosmic Frontiers features diverse factions
with individual backstories and abilities, including Quarax Prime's hypnotic lifeforms and
Zyrak-9's fierce predators. The factions are critical mechanics that affect player strategies and
enhance game replayability through their interactive features[22]. The event card system creates
emergent narratives that dramatically change gameplay through galactic crises, altering resource
availability and player alliances[23].
Thematic and Visual Design
Visual elements greatly contribute to the creation of an immersive gaming adventure. The design
of planet cards and character illustrations in Cosmic Frontiers received my focused attention
because they needed to showcase the galaxy's diversity. Every planet has different features,
31
Figure 24: Sheet of colorful Cosmic Frontiers prototype cards featuring
unique planets, each with distinct design elements like Safe Range indicators
and defense bonuses.

including Safe Range indicators and defense bonuses that give players a sense of strategic
benefits [24]. The visual cues allow players to link more intimately with the game world and
strengthen narrative themes.
Chapter 3.2 Challenges of Designing Interstellar Gameplay
The development of interstellar board games involves distinctive difficulties which stand apart
from those uncovered in other board game genres. Space's inherent enormousness and
unpredictability lead to major difficulties in managing exploration, conflict resolution, and
resource distribution. Interstellar themes need conceptual depictions of vast systems, which
designers must make into straightforward player mechanics while maintaining complexity and
player interest.
Balancing Resource Scarcity and Abundance
Players in interstellar game settings must develop their strategies around the crucial factor of
resource scarcity. Game balance depends heavily on controlling resources that are available in
proper amounts without being overly plentiful or limited. Cosmic Frontiers features crucial
resources, including Titanium Ore, Radium Crystals, and Silica Compounds that fulfill unique
roles in the construction of planetary defenses and starship enhancements [25]. The random
distribution of resources through planetary discoveries introduces strategic deepness as
participants must leverage their priorities. Players must decide their strategy by choosing to
expand rapidly or focus on maintaining their existing positions to prevent overextending.
Managing Conflict and Interaction Between Players
Interstellar games must balance participant interactions to keep competition fair and prevent
excessive punishment. Cosmic Frontiers enables players to fight for control by attempting to take
32

over their opponents' planets. A dice-based system resolves combat, and defensive structure
numbers modify success chances [26]. The game's mechanics required careful balancing because
I aimed to promote combat without allowing early game domination by single players. The
implementation of defensive structures like Shields and Titan Runners reduced early player
eliminations, thus providing possibilities for recovery and strategic adaption.
Navigating Unpredictable Cosmic Events
A core aspect of interstellar gameplay involves unpredictability, yet it requires regulated
management to prevent player dissatisfaction. The unpredictable nature of unanticipated events
can either forge unique memories or destroy meticulously planned strategies. My solution to
managing unpredictable gameplay in Cosmic Frontiers was the introduction of event cards,
which come with Positive, Negative, and Neutral effects. Event cards have the ability to modify
33
Figure 25: Set of Cosmic Frontiers resource cards featuring
minimalist, color-coded designs for Titanium Ore, Radium
Crystals, and Silica Compound.

resource production rates and introduce galactic crises while changing movement rules that hold
player concentration without ruining their goals [27]. Multiple testing sessions and modifications
were needed to balance how often events took place and their significance.
Ensuring Fair Exploration Mechanics
Interstellar board games depend on exploration as core gameplay but creating equitable and
consistent exploration mechanics presents significant challenges. Players use a D4 die roll in
Cosmic Frontiers to find out if there is a planet at a certain spot. The element of luck introduced
through planet generation was balanced by an action point (AP) system which gave players
complete control over their exploration decisions [28]. The exploration rule of one action per
turn stops players from quickly taking over the map and keeps a steady sense of discovery alive
throughout the game.
Creating an Intuitive but Deep Gameplay System
34
Figure 26: Hand-drawn prototype cards for a the board game, featuring
sketches and written descriptions of game events.

Designing board game mechanics required an equivalent between depth and accessibility to
deliver a challenging yet approachable experience. The game's initial versions featured excessive
complexity, which led to lengthy turns and disorientation among newcomers. Streamlining
gameplay became possible through simplified resource collection and clarified combat rules
while preserving strategic depth [29]. The presence of visual signals like Safe Range indicators
on planet cards allowed players to make swift decisions based on clear information.
Chapter 3.3 Narrative and Immersion in Space-Themed Games
Space-themed board games depend on narrative and immersion to enable players to connect with
the game world while allowing them to engage fully with its mechanics. Although strategy plays
a key role in interstellar games its storytelling components and immersive design transform these
games into vivid experiences players will remember. Space-themed games use player-driven
storytelling along with thematic visuals and interactive game mechanics to enable players to
explore uncharted galaxies.
35
Figure 27: Three colorful Cosmic Frontiers planet cards featuring unique
designs and strategic elements such as Safe Range indicators and resource
bonuses.

Cosmic Frontiers features a complex narrative structure which explores the downfall of the
Orion Dynasty and the subsequent power conflicts across the galaxy [30]. Players assume the
mantle of faction leaders who possess distinct backstories and abilities which influence their
gameplay strategy. The faction system in the game provides variability and enables players to
build their own narratives while exploring planets and participating in tactical battles.
The Power of Faction-Specific Abilities
Player experience becomes deeper when each player assumes a distinct role that affects their
strategic decisions in the game. Players can select between alien factions such as Quarax Prime's
hypnotic lifeforms and Zyrak-9's fierce predators in Cosmic Frontiers [31]. Specific abilities
belonging to each faction shape the strategic decisions in Cosmic Frontiers with benefits like
improved exploration success and enhanced combat rolls. The distinct differences between
factions result in asymmetrical gameplay so that each playthrough presents a unique experience.
Event Cards and Emergent Storytelling
Game mechanics produce spontaneous narratives during gameplay resulting in emergent
storytelling experiences. The event card system in Cosmic Frontiers functions by applying
36
Figure 28: Three character cards from Cosmic Frontiers, featuring sci-fi
leaders with unique abilities, portraits, and background descriptions.

random global effects that influence the direction of gameplay. Event cards represent cosmic
events such as asteroid storms and black holes which influence player movement and resource
collection. Certain cards set off political turmoil or create short-lived alliances which require
players to respond and adjust their strategies [32]. The system demands players remain alert as it
generates unpredictable narratives throughout gameplay.
Visual Design and Worldbuilding
The creation of an immersive experience depends heavily on visual elements. The design team
created every Cosmic Frontiers planet card with distinct illustrations and thematic descriptions to
enable players to envision each world. The game maintains its thematic consistency by using
Safe Range indicators and resource symbols for instant strategic information [33]. The design of
the galaxy map mirrors the structure of a spiral galaxy which establishes a unique identity for the
board that enhances the game’s setting.
37
Figure 29: A set of hand-drawn event cards for Cosmic Frontiers, featuring
various galactic disasters and challenges such as solar flares, alien attacks, and
meteor strikes.

Narrative-Driven Progression
Cosmic Frontiers breaks away from traditional board games which depend only on static
objectives by implementing a narrative-driven progression system. Players who traverse the
galaxy and engage in combat witness the story evolve naturally until pivotal moments lead to
new alliances or heightened rivalries. Players stay engaged with the game's result because they
care about the narrative they helped build rather than just earning points. The use of randomized
event cards along with varied player interactions guarantees that every game session generates an
original story which strengthens replay value and emotional attachment [34].
Chapter 4.1 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of Cosmic Frontiers revolves around three core gameplay elements:
exploration, resource management, and territorial control. Each player leads their own alien
faction which possesses special powers that affect their methods of exploration, resource
38
Figure 30: Prototype board game setup featuring a hexagonal galaxy map,
dice, planet cards, and colorful tokens for a space exploration theme.

collection and strategic combat engagement. Players aim to gather the highest Victory Points
(VP) throughout 15 rounds by expanding their galactic influence through planet capture and
structure building while responding to random events.
Core Mechanics Overview
Each round of gameplay includes multiple phases which provide players with several strategic
choices. Players gather resources from their controlled planets at the beginning of each round to
spend on building structures or fleet expansion and defense upgrades. The game mechanics
promote a strategic equilibrium between exploring new territories and managing resources while
engaging with other players.
According to the MDA framework, the gameplay mechanics of Cosmic Frontiers generate
emergent dynamics which determine the player's overall experience. The unpredictability of
exploration mechanics drives players to make calculated risks which is intensified by the
economic pressure from resource scarcity. The game's aesthetics benefit from elements that
generate feelings of discovery along with strategic challenge and competitive tension. The
integration of game mechanics with player interactions and spontaneous challenges generates a
lively and captivating gaming experience.
1. Exploration and Map Discovery
The core gameplay element of Cosmic Frontiers is exploration. Through the expenditure of
Action Points (AP) players reveal new hexagonal map tiles that represent unexplored space. The
randomized exploration system captures the unpredictability of space travel but encourages
players to succeed through strategic risk-taking and rewards them for doing so [35].
39

• Dice-Based Exploration: The result of a D4 die roll reveals the presence or absence of a
planet on each map tile. Successful players position a planet token on the map and then
draw a Planet Card which reveals details about the planet's resources and attributes.
• Dynamic Map Growth: The modular map changes with each discovery of new planets
and hazards including black holes and asteroid fields which guarantees that each game
session is unique.
2. Resource Management and Action Economy
Cosmic Frontiers places resource management as a central feature. Players gather Titanium Ore,
Radium Crystals, and Silica Compounds from controlled planets in order to construct defensive
structures, launch spaceships, and enhance their fleet capabilities. The AP (Action Point) system
in the game restricts the number of player actions per turn requiring them to engage in strategic
decision-making [36].
• Strategic Resource Allocation: Players face the choice between building defenses for
their planets, expanding their fleet capabilities or preserving resources for upcoming
rounds.
• Building Structures: Titan Runners, Shields and Bases serve as defensive structures that
strengthen a planet’s security and elevate the difficulty of opponent captures [37].
3. Combat and Territorial Control
The competitive essence of Cosmic Frontiers centers around territorial ownership disputes and
direct battles. Players can try to take control of other players' planets through battles decided by
40

dice rolls. The outcome of combat depends on a D6 roll which is adjusted based on the defending
planet's defenses together with the capabilities of the player involved [38].
• Combat Resolution: Capturing a base succeeds 50% of the time when players roll
between 4 and 6 on a D6 but defensive structures decrease this success rate. Players can
increase their likelihood of success by adding more spaceships to their fleet or improving
their combat skills.
• Tactical Decisions: Players need to merge offensive and defensive approaches to secure
and grow their galactic influence.
41
Figure 31: Close-up of dice rolls on a hex-based galaxy map in Cosmic
Frontiers, representing exploration and strategic gameplay.

Player Objectives and Scoring System
Cosmic Frontiers uses Victory Points (VP) as the main metric for player success. The scoring
system rewards players with VP for different actions which leads to multiple strategic
approaches.
• Planetary Control: Players receive one Victory Point for every planet they control each
round.
• Building Construction: At game end players receive extra Victory Points for each
defensive structure they have built.
• Event Card Rewards: Specific event cards award players bonus Victory Points when
they reach set achievements like constructing a Stellar Core or controlling the most
resources at round's end [39].
Cosmic Frontiers provides various victory paths which allow players to develop their preferred
strategies. The dynamic scoring system preserves game competitiveness through to the final
round while stopping early-game domination and keeping players engaged.
Conclusion
Cosmic Frontiers' conceptual framework combines exploration with resource management and
territorial control to deliver a competitive and engaging game experience. The game presents
players with unique alien factions that have specialized abilities to promote varied strategic play
while using the Action Point system to ensure game balance. Randomized map exploration,
tactical resource allocation and calculated combat interactions work together to produce unique
game sessions each time. Victory Points stand at the core of success measurement allowing
42

players multiple routes to win which promotes adaptability and repeated playthroughs. The
immersive strategic experience of Cosmic Frontiers emerges from its meticulous design which
engages players through decision-making, risk assessment and player interaction throughout all
15 rounds.
Chapter 4.2 Map and Spatial Design
The Cosmic Frontiers game map design determines how players develop their strategies and
alters gameplay dynamics. The modular hexagonal map system in Cosmic Frontiers enables a
galaxy that continuously evolves unlike static game boards. Players start with an empty map and
discover new tiles by venturing into unexplored space. The game design allows each session to
feature a unique map setup which promotes replayability and requires players to adapt to a
constantly changing galaxy environment.
1. Modular Map System
The modular map system grants players control over the unfolding game board layout which
enables them to customize their exploration routes. The galaxy map in Cosmic Frontiers consists
of hexagonal tiles which players uncover throughout their exploration turns. The design creates
an authentic exploration experience and introduces elements of unpredictability similar to actual
space exploration [40].
• Tile-Based Discovery: The game uses a D4 die roll for players to find out whether a tile
contains a planet. When they roll successfully they put down a planet token and take a
Planet Card which introduces new features to the game board.
43

• Strategic Placement: The strategic positioning of various obstacles including planets
and black holes dictates how players navigate and establish control over territories. Some
regions of the galaxy provide abundant resources at the cost of increased danger.
2. Influence of Map Layout on Gameplay
Player strategies are shaped by the layout of the game map. Cosmic Frontiers's map design
features predefined shapes like spiral galaxies and cluster formations which provide distinct
tactical benefits.
• Spiral Galaxy Layout: The spiral galaxy design pushes players into a central battle as
they strive to capture core planets while spreading their influence outward.
• Cluster Map Layout: The open and flexible design of this map generates numerous
conflict zones which drives players to expand their territories through resource collection
[41].
From the start of the game, the map shape selection introduces strategic complexity because
players need to evaluate how the layout influences movement patterns and resource availability
along with alliance opportunities.
3. Movement and Spatial Awareness
The movement mechanics of Cosmic Frontiers simulate the expansive and intricate nature of
space exploration. Action Points (AP) enable players to move their spaceships onto neighboring
tiles. Players must carefully plan their movements because rushing through space can lead to
enemy attacks yet moving too slowly might result in missing essential resource-rich planets[42].
44

• Star Gates and Black Holes: Star gates function as teleportation nodes for rapid map
traversal whereas black holes serve as movement barriers that enhance game tactics.
• Adjacent Planet Effects: Some planets provide bonuses when controlled together which
drives players to capture nearby tiles to gain strategic advantages.
4. Visual Design and Information Clarity
The design of Cosmic Frontiers maps must make critical information readily accessible for
players to navigate effectively. The design of each Cosmic Frontiers tile includes visual
indicators that enable players to make quick strategic choices just by looking at them.
• Safe Range Indicators: The symbols used to denote planetary danger levels enable
players to rapidly assess the difficulty of capturing each planet.
• Resource Symbols: Clear symbols for Titanium Ore, Radium Crystals, and Silica
Compounds assist players in locating resource-abundant regions on the map. The visual
design maintains gameplay fluidity throughout complex late-game stages by minimizing
player confusion.
Display a detailed view of planetary tiles featuring both Safe Range indicators and resource
symbols [43].
5. Balancing Exploration and Combat through Map Design
The Cosmic Frontiers map design relies heavily on balancing exploration with combat elements.
The early stages of gameplay center on planet discovery before transitioning into defending
strategic areas and territorial conflicts during the mid- to late-game phases. The game map
45

structure supports natural progression by increasing player interaction as additional tiles come
into view.
The map design achieves an uninterrupted gameplay pace through early exploration incentives
followed by later combat encounters which keeps players consistently active. The game remains
lively by minimizing periods of inactivity through this design decision [44].
Conclusion
Cosmic Frontiers' modular hexagonal map system provides strategic depth for players who must
constantly adapt to changes within the universe. The design creates equilibrium between the
unpredictable nature of space exploration and essential tactical movement requirements
alongside territorial expansion needs. The game utilizes multiple map structures like spiral and
cluster layouts which lead to different strategic approaches and variations in how players engage
with the gameplay. Spatial decision-making becomes more complex with movement mechanics
like Star Gates for quick travel and Black Holes that serve as obstacles. The game improves
accessibility and decision-making processes by using visual design elements like Safe Range
indicators and resource symbols which players can clearly understand. The map design in
Cosmic Frontiers strengthens both exploration and confrontation features while keeping
gameplay exciting through a progression from discovery stages to strategic battles.
Chapter 4.3 Mechanics of Resource Management
Cosmic Frontiersz employs resource management as a fundamental game mechanic which
dictates players' strategic choices during exploration and colonization while competing for
galactic supremacy. Players in the game must manage their resources in a structured economic
system to expand territory, strengthen their defenses and build advanced technologies. My
system dynamically balances resource scarcity with abundance by rewarding strategic planning
and keeping tension high through controlled access to essential materials.
46

Core Resources and Their Functions
Players must gather and utilize three primary resources, each serving distinct roles within the
game’s economic structure:
1. Titanium Ore: Essential for constructing planetary defenses and spacecraft. A
foundational resource for expansion and security.
2. Radium Crystals: Rare Radium Crystals operate as an energy source for advanced
technologies powering both shields and special faction abilities.s.
3. Silica Compounds: Players need these materials for research and structural
improvements which enable them to enhance their planets and existing infrastructure.
Controlled planets produce a steady flow of resources each round which compels players to
choose between saving materials for later investments or using them to expand immediately.
Resource Scarcity and Allocation
A scarcity model to maintain the game has been added, which aims to balance and avoid
resource oversaturation.:
• Players must select vital investments because planets produce finite resources each turn.
• Event cards influence resource availability by sometimes enhancing or limiting
production in response to galactic emergencies or planetary situations.
• Players use trade and alliances to exchange resources which lets them negotiate to
overcome shortages and develop strategic advantages.
Players face tough decisions when allocating Titanium Ore between constructing spaceships for
exploration and strengthening defenses against attacks due to scarcity management.
Strategic Resource Investment
Resources can be spent in various ways which supports players in developing long-term
strategies:
47

• Exploration & Expansion:
◦ Players have the option to use their resources to launch scouting fleets which will
discover unexplored planets.
◦ The hexagonal map tiles display new territories which either contain valuable
resources or dangerous areas including asteroid fields and black holes.
• Building and Upgrading Structures:
◦ Titan Runner: The Titan Runner capability strengthens planetary defenses to
lower the risk of hostile takeovers.
◦ Shield Generator: This feature takes on damage from enemy attacks to protect
against hostile forces.
48
Figure 32: Close-up of a Cosmic Frontiers playtest session, showing a hexbased galaxy map, dice, planet cards, and resource tokens in action.

◦ Research Facilities: Advanced technologies become available to improve the
processes of resource collection and utilization.
• Fleet and Warfare Management:
◦ Players need to distribute resources for creating combat fleets and fortifying ships
with upgrades or deploying defensive units.
◦ Resource-based decision-making creates risk versus reward situations because
expanding too aggressively can expose players to potential counterattacks.
Balancing Short-Term vs. Long-Term Gains
The resource distribution mechanics in Cosmic Frontiers balance short-term gains with longterm strategic expansion.:
• Early heavy investment in exploration leads to quick territorial expansion but causes
resource shortages as the game progresses.
• Players who focus on resource conservation might control the late-game but risk
aggressive factions outmaneuvering them during early rounds.
The game implements planetary depletion mechanics which reduce resource yields when
resources are overextracted. The game requires players to think about sustainable practices which
introduces more depth to economic strategy development.
Conclusion
Cosmic Frontiers's resource management system creates an exciting gameplay experience where
players must confront economic decisions in an environment of scarce resources and fierce
49

competition. Players who master the equilibrium between resource gathering, wise investments,
and controlled spending can create distinct strategies that guarantee their path to success.
Scarcity and strategic allocation combined with competitive maneuvering result in unique
experiences for every game session while boosting replayability and strategic depth.
Chapter 4.4 Conflict and Defense Systems
The game Cosmic Frontiers heavily relies on conflict and defense systems which equip players
to expand their influence while protecting their territories. The game's combat mechanics
maintain a delicate balance between risk and reward which enables aggressive expansion to be a
practical approach without making defensive playstyles ineffective. Dice-based combat
mechanics combined with defensive structures and strategic resource management build an
engaging system for resolving conflicts.
Combat Mechanics
Players trigger combat in Cosmic Frontiers when they attempt to take control of an enemy
planet. In order to determine whether their attack will succeed an attacker needs to roll a sixsided die (D6). A player has a 50% base chance to succeed in capturing a planet by rolling a 4, 5,
or 6 on a six-sided die, but defensive structures can change these probabilities.
• Attack Process:
1. The attacking player declares an attack on an opponent’s planet.
2. They roll a D6 to determine if the attack succeeds.
3. Defensive structures on the targeted planet reduce the likelihood of success.
50

4. If the attack is successful, the planet is transferred to the attacking player.
5. If the attack fails, the defending player retains control, and the attacker loses the
action points (AP) spent on the attempt.
Defensive Structures and Their Effects
Players can build defense structures to shield their planets and respond to aggressive attacks.
Defensive buildings serve a singular purpose: A planet protected by defensive structures
becomes less vulnerable to enemy attacks. The three available defense structures are:
• Shield Generator, Titan Runner, and Base Fortress– Reduces the chance of a
successful attack.
Attack rolls face a stacking penalty from each defensive structure which makes planets with
good defenses difficult to capture.
Strategic Deployment of Defenses
51
Figure 33: Close-up of Cosmic Frontiers planet cards with colored resource
cubes, representing colony expansion and resource management.

The distribution of defensive resources demands careful planning because excessive defensive
investment can block expansion opportunities. Some key strategic considerations include:
• Defenses must be focused on planets with valuable resources to ensure uninterrupted
production.
• Defensive structures establish buffer zones which help prevent enemy attacks.
• Players need to choose between strengthening their planetary defenses or increasing their
fleet capabilities to conduct effective counterattacks.
Diplomatic and Alternative Conflict Resolutions
Players can achieve victory in Cosmic Frontiers through diplomatic efforts and non-direct
competition instead of relying solely on combat. Players can::
• Create short-term partnerships to challenge the most powerful player.
• Secure strategic advantages through resource exchanges instead of engaging in warfare.
• U Players must use event cards to either weaken enemy defenses or enhance their own
protection.
Various non-combat mechanics provide complexity to gameplay while ensuring that victory can
be achieved through peaceful strategies.
Conclusion
Cosmic Frontiers creates a conflict system demonstrating how mechanics work together with
dynamics and aesthetics. The mechanical foundation of the game arises from the combination of
52

dice-based combat systems with defensive structures and strategic resource management. These
game mechanics lead to dynamic player behaviors which include risk evaluation and bluffing
along with strategic decision-making. The design of Cosmic Frontiers presents the thrill of space
domination alongside the fulfillment found in strategic gameplay and the suspense of
unpredictable combat results. The game's engagement level rises from the interaction between its
structured mechanics and the emergent choices made by players.
Cosmic Frontiers's conflict and defense systems deliver a competitive environment that remains
both balanced and captivating. The game provides players with various strategic options to
achieve dominance through dice-based combat systems alongside defensive structures and
diplomatic choices. Players need to modify their tactical approaches to stay competitive as they
navigate an ever-changing interstellar battlefield through military conquest, defensive
fortification, or cunning diplomacy.
Chapter 5.1 Playtesting Methodology
The playtesting stage is essential for Cosmic Frontiers as it allows developers to fine-tune game
mechanics while maintaining balance and optimizing player engagement before finalizing the
product. This section outlines how I systematically collect valuable feedback and analyze player
responses to make ongoing enhancements to Cosmic Frontiers.
Objectives of Playtesting
The playtesting phase aims to achieve several main goals:
• Evaluate Game Balance: Evaluate how resource management systems function
alongside conflict resolution mechanisms and defense strategies. [45].
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• Test Strategic Depth: Make sure no single strategy becomes dominant by maintaining
multiple viable strategic options [46].
• Identify Rule Clarity Issues: The playtesting phase should reveal if players can
comprehend and follow the game mechanics without difficulty [47].
• Measure Player Engagement: Assess player interactions with the game and determine if
their interest is sustained [48].
• Assess Replayability: Evaluate whether players show motivation to return for additional
game sessions [49].
Playtesting Phases
The game underwent three separate phases of playtesting to methodically improve its features:
1. Internal Playtesting (Alpha Phase)
The initial playtesting phase included designers and testers who already understood the game
mechanics. The focus of this phase was to:
54
Figure 34: Three playtesters reviewing game rules and components during a
board game testing session, focusing on learning and strategizing.

• Identify glaring mechanical imbalances.
• Ensure all game rules were functionally sound.
• Make rapid adjustments before external testing.
2. Small-Scale External Playtesting (Beta Phase)
The advanced playtesting phase of Cosmic Frontiers introduced the game to a specialized group
of board game fans and veteran players. This phase aimed to:
• Gather unbiased feedback on game flow and complexity.
• Assess strategic variety and player decision-making.
• Test rule explanations and overall game accessibility.
Participants received only the rulebook for minimal guidance during their learning process to
evaluate game accessibility.
3. Large-Scale Public Playtesting (Final Phase)
During this final phase the game was tested by a bigger and broader player base that included
casual gamers to evaluate its wider appeal. Key areas of focus included:
• Identifying any remaining balance issues.
• Measuring game length and downtime between turns.
• Evaluating engagement levels over multiple playthroughs.
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Data collection involved structured surveys complemented by direct observation methods.
Data Collection Methods
A comprehensive analysis was ensured through the utilization of these data collection methods:
• Observation: Designers conducted observations to track player behaviors and identify
decision-making processes and confusion points.
• Post-Game Surveys: Participants assessed their experience by evaluating enjoyment
alongside game complexity and balance.
• Player Interviews: Qualitative information about strategic depth and game flow emerged
from direct conversations with players.
• Gameplay Metrics: Recordings of win conditions along with turn times and decision
patterns were gathered.
56
Figure 35: Spreadsheet displaying board game playtesting feedback with
ratings on gameplay enjoyment, clarity, immersion, and design appeal.

Iterative Improvements Based on Playtesting
Playtesting results prompted these specific game refinements:
• Adjustments to Resource Generation: The initial resource output of some planets
exceeded optimal levels which resulted in game imbalance.
• Refinement of Conflict Mechanics: I modified combat success rates and defensive
structure bonuses to create a balanced gameplay experience.
• Clarifications in Rulebook: The rulebook underwent revisions of multiple terms and
regulations to ensure better understanding and user access.
• Streamlining of Player Turns: Refining action point allocation minimized downtime
while enhancing player engagement.
Conclusion
The process of playtesting helped refine Cosmic Frontiers to deliver a balanced and replayable
game that players find engaging. Through a systematic feedback collection and targeted
modifications the game achieved its final status as a comprehensive and competitive board game.
Upcoming testing phases will target both edge-case scenarios and the creation of new content
expansions.
Chapter 5.2 Observations and Feedback
The playtesting phase of Cosmic Frontiers yielded vital information about player behavior
patterns as well as game balance and engagement levels. This section summarizes the important
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findings from playtesting while documenting participant feedback and the further improvements
implemented to refine the game experience.
General Player Reception
Playtesters described Cosmic Frontiers as an engaging game which successfully combines
strategic complexity with easy-to-understand gameplay mechanics. The modular map system
received praise from numerous players due to the strategic variety it provided. Additional
refinement work was needed to enhance aspects of clarity, pacing, and fairness.
Key Observations from Playtesting
1. Game Balance and Strategy Diversity
• The game accommodated multiple strategies as players adopted both aggressive
territorial expansion and defensive stronghold approaches which demonstrated a balanced
variety of playstyles.
• Certain factions demonstrated overpowering resource collection capabilities necessitating
changes to their unique advantages.
• The presence of defensive structures successfully prevented attacks yet resulted in less
exciting late-game battles when they were used. The game designers implemented
modifications to stimulate increased player interaction during the later game stages.
2. Player Engagement and Turn Length
• The early phases of gameplay proceeded without interruption whereas strategic choices
in the middle and endgame phases extended turn times considerably.
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• Players experienced minor downtime during turns when they had to wait for others to
finish, especially in games with six participants.
• The action economy was optimized by eliminating complex decisions and adding
optional simultaneous actions to preserve game speed.
3. Clarity of Rules and Learning Curve
• Veteran board gamers understood the rules fast while new players needed further
explanations about specific mechanics.
• The rulebook underwent revisions to include more understandable examples along with
diagrams and quick-reference guides for better accessibility.
• The designers renamed and simplified certain terms within the game to prevent confusion
and maintain uniformity throughout all game components.
4. Replayability and Long-Term Interest
59
Figure 36: A collection of small, white 3D-printed game pieces on a wooden
surface, some still attached to the print supports.

• The combination of a modular board with randomized event cards created a game with
high replay value.
• A number of playtesters recommended implementing extra asymmetric powers for
factions to boost variability in gameplay.
• Feedback prompted the implementation of minor faction modifications and optional
gameplay rules to boost replayability.
Implemented Refinements Based on Feedback
• Faction Balance Adjustments: Special abilities and resource production were adjusted
to maintain an equal playing field among all factions.
• Turn Structure Optimization: Turn-based mechanics were streamlined to minimize
downtime and improve pacing.
• Rulebook Improvements: The rulebook now contains additional visual aids along with
step-by-step guides and brief rule summaries to improve clarity.
60
Figure 37: Group of playtesters focused on a board game prototype, leaning in
and analyzing their next moves.

• Late-Game Interaction Boosts: The game designers implemented endgame scoring
incentives and additional conflict opportunities to keep players engaged during the final
rounds.
Conclusion
The testing phase of Cosmic Frontiers revealed what worked well and what needed
enhancement. The game attained improved balance and accessibility while becoming more
engaging by implementing essential feedback from testers. Subsequent versions of the game will
maintain a focus on player insights to deliver an engaging board game experience that reaches a
broad audience.
Chapter 5.3 Final Adjustments and Future Improvements
The ultimate phase of playtesting delivered essential insights that directed the final refinements
for Cosmic Frontiers. The developers carefully evaluated each modification to guarantee that
Cosmic Frontiers stays balanced for all players while remaining engaging and enjoyable. The
text presents the most important final adjustments derived from extensive player feedback and
suggests potential improvements that could be implemented to further improve the game
experience.
Final Adjustments
1. Game Balance Tweaks
The implementation of balanced faction dynamics and strategic systems proved vital for
sustaining equitable competition among players. Specific refinements include:
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• Combat System: The game developers refined attack and defense probabilities to
establish a more balanced and engaging battle environment. The introduction of dice roll
changes was implemented to diminish the impact of extreme luck-based results.
• Defensive Structures: Defensive buildings were adjusted to balance effective protection
and maintain planet accessibility. Modifications to late-game battles now reward
calculated risks and active player involvement instead of defensive passivity.
2. Streamlining Gameplay Flow
The complexity level was adjusted to create a balanced playing experience for players of all
levels:
• Action Sequencing: The game improved clarity in turn orders which enabled players to
make decisions with reduced confusion. The game now allows optional simultaneous
actions as a way to quicken specific phases.
• Enhanced Rulebook: The rulebook will include visual guides that show instructions step
by step for better clarity. The rulebook features clear illustrations to help players
understand the rules better and contains an indexed reference section for fast rule
lookups.
• Event Cards: The impact of certain events was modified to maintain game flow and
prevent disruptions. The events operate within the strategic framework of the game
without causing unnecessary random disruptions.
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• Rulebook Improvements: The rules team clarified unclear mechanics and added
diagrams to explain main gameplay ideas. Players received a quick-reference sheet for
efficient rule look-up procedures.
3. Enhanced Player Interaction
Interaction mechanics received refinement to create engaging multiplayer dynamics:
• Event Cards with Global Effects: The introduction of powerful thematic events
required players to change their strategies and promoted dynamic interactions among
players.
• Late-Game Scoring Adjustments: The scoring conditions were modified to prevent
early game leads and maintain competitive play through all rounds.
Future Improvements
1. Expanded Content
I have planned additional content expansions to keep long-term interest alive:
• New Factions: New playable factions will be released with unique abilities and
backgrounds to expand strategic choices.
• More Map Configurations: Players will have access to more pre-defined and
randomized map layouts which will increase replayability while offering varied strategic
possibilities.
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• Expansion Packs: Upcoming content updates will include new event cards along with
advanced technologies and unique planetary effects to develop gameplay.
2. Improved Player Accessibility
Better accessibility features will create a friendly environment for every player category:
• Alternate Game Modes: Various gameplay options will be added to suit beginners and
advanced players through beginner-friendly simplified modes and competitive advanced
settings.
Conclusion
Through iterative refinement Cosmic Frontiers has achieved balanced gameplay which engages
both new and experienced players by providing strategic depth without introducing unnecessary
complexity. The ultimate enhancements to the game emerged from comprehensive playtesting
and player feedback which helped refine combat mechanics and boost player interaction and
accessibility.
The completion of Cosmic Frontiers's development marks the final version of this thesis project.
The iterative modifications conducted during this development produced essential knowledge
about game design techniques along with balancing and engaging players. The knowledge
acquired during this project will support upcoming game design work and scholarly research in
the field of interactive entertainment.
Chapter 6.1 Game Piece Creation Process
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To create Cosmic Frontiers developers designed and printed multiple game parts before
assembling them. Crafters designed each piece to ensure its aesthetic appeal worked alongside its
functional purpose while maintaining long-lasting quality. Developing the game required
multiple iterations that integrated 3D modeling with digital design alongside printing methods
together with manual craftwork to create the playable experience. In this section I outline the
production methods for the board, cards, tokens, dice, and packaging along with valuable
insights gathered during the process.
6.2 Game Piece Design and Material Selection
Starships along with planet tokens and stargates began as preliminary sketches before they were
fully developed using Blender 3D modeling software. The modeling process played a critical
role in setting the scale for each piece to ensure visual distinction on the board while keeping the
playing space clear. After finalizing the designs they were processed by Prusa Slicer to create Gcode files for the Prusa MK3s 3D printer.
65
Figure 38: A 3D modeling software interface displaying spaceship miniatures,
circular tokens, and game pieces designed for 3D printing.

To optimize 3D printing efficiency, several techniques were applied:
• Clustered Arrangements: A minimal gap arrangement between pieces enabled
Simultaneous multi-component printing and reduced filament waste and print time.
• Optimal Orientation: A minimal gap arrangement between pieces enabled simultaneous
multi-component printing and reduced filament waste and print time.
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Figure 39: Prusa 3D printer with an orange and black design, placed on a
white surface, ready for printing.
Material Strengths Weaknesses Use in Cosmic
Frontiers
PLA (Polylactic
Acid)
Easy to print, affordable,
biodegradable, good detail
retention
Brittle, lower heat
resistance
Used for starships,
planet tokens, and
stargates
ABS (Acrylonitrile
Butadiene
Styrene)
Stronger, heat-resistant,
impact-resistant
Prone to warping,
requires enclosed
printer
Tested but not used due
to warping issues
PETG
(Polyethylene
Terephthalate
Glycol)
Good balance of strength
and flexibility, impactresistant
Requires precise
print settings,
stringing issues
Could be considered for
future durability
improvements
Resin (SLA
Printing)
High-detail precision,
smooth surface finish
More expensive,
requires UV curing,
brittle
Not used due to cost and
brittleness
Table 1: Material Properties and Suitability for Game Component Fabrication

• Tree Supports: Complex models required tree supports instead of traditional supports.
These support structures utilize less filament material and offer an easier removal process
that preserves intricate details.
• Layer Height Adjustments: The printing technique used a finer layer height for small
detailed pieces to enhance resolution while larger objects received thicker layers to
expedite the printing process.
• Print Bed Optimization: Print quality remained consistent across multiple prints thanks
to adjustments in heat settings and adhesion techniques which prevented warping.
Chapter 6.3 Comparison of 3D Printing Materials
White PLA plastic was used for printing because it is cheap to purchase and readily available
while also being simple to process after printing. PLA stands out as an ideal 3D printing material
for beginners because it combines solid durability with precise detailing. The primary reason for
this choice was the material's compatibility with easy painting.
67
Figure 40: 3D printing slicer preview showing a complex print job with
support structures, ready for fabrication.

PLA became the selected material after initial tests with ABS plastic showed it was difficult to
handle because of its warping during the printing process. The printing conditions and layer
adhesion were optimized to guarantee consistent quality for all game pieces after learning from
initial tests.
Airbrushing Techniques for Game Pieces
The printing process was followed by airbrush application of color which achieved a smooth and
uniform finish while maintaining the sharpness of small details. A range of essential techniques
were used to produce results that matched professional standards:
• Priming First: The model received a light gray primer coat before applying the final
color layer. The preparation step enhanced the paint's grip to the surface and established a
neutral base which improved the color precision.
• Thin, Multiple Layers: The painting process involved applying multiple thin layers
instead of a single thick coat. Using multiple thin layers of paint avoided dripping while
achieving more uniform coverage that protected the integrity of small details.
• Consistent Air Pressure: An air pressure setting of 15-20 PSI achieved optimal paint
control and smooth application. The pressure level was kept below a certain threshold to
avoid overspray and paint pooling during application.
• Distance Control: An airbrush distance of 5-6 inches from the model provided even
paint coverage while applying closer distances achieved shading and detail work.
• Masking for Precision: To achieve distinct edges between different paint areas when
working with multiple colors the artist applied masking tape and stencils.
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• Sealing the Paint: Following the painting process a matte protective sealant was applied
to preserve the finish against wear and handling.
Chapter 6.4 Board and Map Production
The creation of the game board demanded equilibrium between its practical use and its aesthetic
design. Designers utilized Adobe Illustrator, Figma, Photoshop, and Procreate to develop a map
layout that is both detailed and immersive. The designers chose an 18” x 18” board size to strike
the right balance between ample playing space and compatibility with standard table dimensions.
Players can easily organize their cards and tokens around the board within this size while
maintaining an organized gameplay area.
69
Figure 41: Close-up of an airbrush with a red handle, attached to a braided air
hose, and a paint jar.

To guarantee superior production quality for the double-folded game board a professional
printing service was selected. The game board consists of cardboard to ensure structural support
and a matte printed surface for gameplay. The selected finish helps avoid screen glare from
lighting fixtures and minimizes damage through multiple game uses. The game board remains
undamaged during folding since its design reduces direct friction exposure despite lacking extra
protective layers.
Chapter 6.5 Card Creation and Printing
The game includes multiple cards that perform different functions during gameplay. Four digital
tools including Adobe Illustrator, Figma, Photoshop and Procreate were used to design the cards
to ensure cohesive artwork and readable text with clear iconography.
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Figure 42: A blank, foldable board game board in
different positions, ready for customization.

The game uses poker-sized cards because they provide both easy handling and good readability
for players. The development team initially tested smaller cards during prototyping but
discovered they became unreadable during play especially when they were spread on the table.
A professional print shop handled the printing process and tested different cardstock types. The
team selected semi-gloss cardstock with a protective finish because this option ensured cards
would endure constant shuffling and handling. Professional printing became the preferred option
for the final version due to its superior durability and color accuracy compared to home printing.
Chapter 6.6 Tokens, Dice, and Miniatures
Players can use standard dice as well as custom-made dice during the game. The D6 die used
during gameplay remains a standard die while the D4 die was specially created to enable special
gaming functions. The D4 controls exploration results as per this probability distribution:
• 2/4 chance of discovering a planet
• 1/4 chance of gaining nothing
• 1/4 chance of finding a stargate (portal)
The production of the custom D4 involved acquiring plain polyhedral dice followed by manual
painting of the icons using specialized fine-tip paint markers. Decals were considered at first but
testing showed hand-painting provided better adhesion and longer-lasting durability.
Wooden cubes for the resource blocks were obtained from online sources. I chose these wooden
cubes because their light weight and smooth surface made painting them simple. Airbrushed
finishes delivered uniform color to the product which resulted in a professional look.
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Chapter 6.7 Packaging and Storage
The game’s design focused on creating a storage and transportation system that allowed all
components to remain organized and compact. The hard cardboard box with a printed exterior
serves as the packaging solution to deliver both structural durability and visual appeal. The
game’s branding achieved consistency across all elements through the use of Adobe Illustrator
and Photoshop to create the artwork and layout.
Although the game came without custom inserts or trays players received small plastic bags to
help keep their cards and tokens organized. The box was produced in a factory dedicated to
board game production to meet industry standards for both durability and presentation.
Assembly and Prototyping Process
72
Figure 43: A set of white D4 dice arranged on a neutral surface, showing their
pyramid shape.

The production of high-quality printed components such as the game board, cards, and
packaging depended on proper print bleed and alignment. Here are several techniques that were
applied:
• Bleed Margin Setup: Every printed design received a 3-5mm bleed margin to block
undesirable white borders from occurring due to minor inaccuracies during the cutting
phase.
• Safe Zones for Critical Elements: To avoid unintentional cropping, important text and
icons were positioned at a minimum distance of 5mm from the trim line.
• Alignment Guides: The design files included non-printable gridlines and cut marks
which helped maintain precision while leaving the final product unaffected.
• Double-Sided Printing Considerations: Two-sided printing elements used registration
marks to achieve proper alignment between front and back sides.
• Folding Adjustments for Board and Box: Print layouts included slight overlaps for
game board and packaging components with fold lines to manage production shifts and
achieve a seamless final appearance.
Creating the game required multiple prototypes to perfect both layout design and component
storage solutions. The efficiency of different arrangements was determined through testing
multiple prototype versions that included various box sizes and component placements.
The main difficulty involved managing print bleed and fold alignment for both the game board
and its box. Because the elements needed to form a three-dimensional shape, designers paid
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particular attention to graphic alignment throughout assembly. The initial prototypes
demonstrated folding area misalignments which necessitated changes to the print layout to
achieve a flawless final structure.
A major challenge arose from the requirement that all game components must fit properly into
the box. Multiple prototypes were shown to playtesters to assess their preferences. User feedback
influenced both the final dimensions of the box and the decision to add organization bags to keep
components secure.
Prototyping extensively shaped the assembly process by refining both the layout and storage
solutions for the game. Several prototype iterations with varying box sizes and component
layouts were evaluated to find the optimal arrangement.
determine the most efficient arrangement. The greatest difficulty involved managing print bleed
while ensuring accurate fold alignment for both the game board and box. The requirement for
these elements to form a 3D structure demanded detailed consideration of graphic alignment
during assembly. The initial prototypes disclosed misalignment issues in the folding sections
which necessitated modifications to the print layout for achieving a clean finished product.
The biggest obstacle was making sure every item could fit together inside the box without issues.
Playtesters received multiple prototypes to assess their preferences. The final box dimensions and
the addition of organization bags to prevent component loss were established through feedback.
Conclusion
Cosmic Frontiers production combined 3D printing technologies with professional printing
services along with handmade components. Each component achieved maximum functionality,
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durability, and aesthetic appeal through rigorous testing and selection of materials combined with
iterative design processes. The team focused on 3D printing efficiency by arranging models to
minimize both print durations and material waste without sacrificing output quality. Airbrushing
techniques added a professional finish that improved both the visual attractiveness and the
toughness of the game pieces. The game development process delivered crucial understanding
about design principles and manufacturing obstacles while the component integration led to the
creation of the ultimate finished game version.
Chapter 7.1 Summary of Findings
The creation of Cosmic Frontiers allowed researchers to understand how game mechanics
interact with player involvement and thematic depth. The research and iterative design process
resulted in important discoveries across several domains:
• Game Balance and Mechanics: Maintaining strategic balance required the combined
approach of exploration activities alongside resource management and conflict resolution
mechanisms. Game designers modified combat success rates along with faction abilities
and event card effects which produced multiple viable strategies and blocked early-game
dominance.
• Player Experience and Interaction: Player feedback demonstrated that clear turn
structures together with diverse strategic options and balanced faction dynamics were
crucial to sustaining player interest and game replayability.
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• Production and Manufacturing Challenges: The study showed that material choices
together with efficient 3D printing and precise alignment were crucial for producing
game components that fulfilled functional requirements as well as aesthetic expectations.
An extensive analysis of Cosmic Frontiers through the MDA framework demonstrated that its
game mechanics produced emergent dynamics which encouraged risk-taking and negotiation
while requiring adaptation from players to create an engaging aesthetic of discovery and strategic
competition.
Chapter 7.2 Challenges and Lessons Learned
Throughout the project multiple obstacles presented themselves which provided useful insights
for subsequent board game design initiatives:
• Balancing Complexity with Accessibility: The first versions of the game featured
excessively complex mechanics which were simplified to boost clarity and pace while
preserving strategic depth.
• Resource Management and Scarcity: Implementing a fair resource allocation system
that avoided oversaturation while preserving player freedom demanded multiple revisions
and a scarcity approach to promote strategic player choices.
• Combat and Defense Adjustments: The initial introduction of defensive structures
resulted in overly passive gameplay which necessitated modifications to encourage
calculated risk-taking instead of excessive fortification.
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• Component Manufacturing Considerations: The move from conceptualization to
tangible production demonstrated how critical print bleed alignment and material
efficiency in 3D printing and cardstock durability were to achieve quality game
components.
Chapter 7.3 Future Improvements for Cosmic Frontiers
Cosmic Frontiers functions as an engaging game but future updates including expansions and
modifications will increase its appeal:
1. Expanded Faction Diversity – The game will feature expanded faction diversity through
the introduction of new factions which possess unique abilities to enhance strategic
possibilities and improve replayability.
2. Additional Map Configurations – Alternative galaxy layouts will create new movement
strategies and conflict dynamics through additional map configurations.
3. Enhanced AI and Solo Play Options – The development team improved single-player
and cooperative gaming experiences by creating an independent opponent system for
autonomous play.
4. Advanced Technologies and Upgrades – The introduction of new technology trees and
ship enhancements will enable players to customize their strategies more deeply.
5. Tactical Event Variability – The event card system will be improved to deliver balanced
challenges with dynamic elements that influence gameplay without relying too much on
randomness.
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Chapter 7.4 Broader Implications for Board Game Design
Cosmic Frontiers research and development work generates important knowledge for game
design and development processes.:
• Integrating Thematic Consistency with Mechanics: When gameplay elements match
the game theme it creates deeper player immersion and keeps players engaged.
• Iterative Playtesting as a Development Tool: Ongoing feedback loops with players are
essential to developing balanced gameplay mechanics and enhancing game accessibility.
• Leveraging 3D Printing and Custom Manufacturing: Board game developers can now
carry out cost-efficient iterations and tests through modern prototyping technologies.
• Applying the MDA Framework in Board Games: The structured refinement of design
principles arises from understanding the role mechanics play in shaping player dynamics
and game aesthetics.
Chapter 7.5 Final Thoughts
The development process of Cosmic Frontiers showcases how structured design methodologies
and iterative prototyping combined with theoretical frameworks lead to successful board game
creation. The game merges advanced strategies and deep thematic elements to deliver an exciting
experience of space exploration along with tactical choices and player competition.
This thesis project delivers a complete game design but the process of refining and broadening
Cosmic Frontiers will continue. Findings from this research will guide upcoming projects
78

involving board game mechanics and production techniques while advancing interactive
storytelling methods which will all enhance tabletop game design as a discipline.
79

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Asset Metadata

Creator Zhang, Difeng (author)

Core Title Cosmic frontiers: designing a competitive space-themed board game through strategic mechanics and player interaction

Contributor Electronically uploaded by the author (provenance)

School Roski School of Art and Design

Degree Master of Fine Arts

Degree Program Design

Degree Conferral Date 2025-05

Publication Date 05/12/2025

Publisher University of Southern California. Libraries (digital), University of Southern California (Los Angeles, California, USA) (original)

Tag board game design,combat systems,game mechanics,immersive gameplay,interactive storytelling,MDA framework,modular map design,OAI-PMH Harvest,player interaction,prototyping,resource management,strategy games,tabletop games,thematic game design

Format theses (aat)

Language English

Advisor Lin-Kirk, Haven (committee chair), Junker, Eric (committee member), Robison, Jean (committee member)

Creator Email difengzh@usc.edu

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-oUC11399KHEW

Unique identifier UC11399KHEW

Legacy Identifier etd-Zhang-37084-47857.pdf

Document Type Thesis

Format theses (aat)

Rights Zhang, Difeng

Internet Media Type application/pdf

Type texts

Source 202505w03-usctheses (batch), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection), University of Southern California (contributing entity)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the author, as the original true and official version of the work, but does not grant the reader permission to use the work if the desired use is covered by copyright. It is the author, as rights holder, who must provide use permission if such use is covered by copyright.

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus MC 2810, 3434 South Grand Avenue, 2nd Floor, Los Angeles, California 90089-2810, USA

Repository Email uscdl@usc.edu

Abstract (if available)

Abstract The creation of Cosmic Frontiers focuses on how game design principles combine with player engagement and strategic balance in a tabletop board game environment. The thesis explores how combining exploration mechanics with resource management and territorial control leads to a dynamic and immersive game experience. The study employs the Mechanics-Dynamics-Aesthetics (MDA) model to analyze how distinct game mechanics create player interaction patterns leading to strategic gameplay emergence. The research utilized a mixed-methods approach consisting of iterative prototyping, playtesting sessions, and quantitative data analysis to improve game balance while increasing decision-making complexity. The research showed that strategic depth becomes more robust through the integration of modular map systems together with adaptive resource scarcity and risk-based combat resolution. The quality and functionality of game components were heavily influenced by production considerations including 3D printing efficiency together with print bleed alignment and airbrush finishing techniques. The research investigates iterative board game design principles and highlights the critical roles of player control, strategic adaptability and consistent thematic immersion. These findings enhance board game design knowledge by showing how structured mechanics create player engagement and ensure replayability while maintaining competitive balance. Through its independent research project status Cosmic Frontiers presents design methodologies that benefit both tabletop game creation and interactive storytelling research going forward.