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The four symbols: reimagining Chinese narrative

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Content Copyright 2024 Hankai Yan
THE FOUR SYMBOLS
REIMAGINING CHINESE NARRATIVE
by
Hankai Yan
A Thesis Presented to the
FACULTY OF THE USC ROSKI SCHOOL OF ART AND DESIGN
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF FINE ARTS
(DESIGN)
May 2024

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Table of Contents
List of Figures................................................................................................................................ iv
Abstract........................................................................................................................................... v
Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background and Context: Reimagining Chinese Narrative.................................................. 2
1.2 Project Overview: Four Symbols.......................................................................................... 3
1.3 Research Objectives.............................................................................................................. 4
Chapter 2: Mythology, Beliefs and Architectural Significance...................................................... 6
2.1 Origins of the Four Symbols................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Symbolic Significance and Cultural Meaning of the Four Symbols .................................... 8
2.3 Integration of the Four Symbols into Architectural Artistry .............................................. 10
Chapter 3: The Art of Installation................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Art Installations and Immersive Experiences..................................................................... 13
3.2 The Role of Cultural Narrative in Design........................................................................... 16
3.3 Integration of Audio in Immersive Environments.............................................................. 18
Chapter 4: Methodology of Immersive Design ............................................................................ 21
4.1 Design Thinking: Shaping the Immersive Experience ....................................................... 21
4.2 Color Theory: Crafting Visual Narratives .......................................................................... 22
4.3 Cultural Sensitivity: Respecting Heritage and Identity ...................................................... 24
Chapter 5: Case Study: WET Design’s “Surreal”......................................................................... 26
5.1 Expo 2020 Dubai's "Surreal" Story..................................................................................... 27

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5.2 Entertainment and Integration of Technology .................................................................... 29
5.3 Environmental Sensitivity and Interdisciplinary Approach................................................ 31
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 33
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 35

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List of Figures
Figure 1: Four Symbols Tile Decoration ……………………………………………………...3
Figure 2: 和合四象圖 Neidan Illustration of Bringing Together the Four Symbols…………..8
Figure 3: Five cardinal directions ……….……….……….……….……….……….…………9
Figure 4: 四象生八卦圖 Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng……….………………11
Figure 5: Pixel Forest and Worry Will Vanish……….……….……….……….…………….13
Figure 6: teamLab: Borderless……….……….……….……….……….……….……………14
Figure 7: Cherry Blossoms (Sakura) in Japan……….……….……….……….……………..16
Figure 8: Rain Room……….……….……….……….……….……….……….……………..18
Figure 9: Blue & White Jar with Azure Dragon……….……...….……….……….…………21
Figure 10: A Set Of Warring States Belt Hooks……….……….……….……….…………...23
Figure 11: “Surreal” at nighttime, EXPO 2020 Dubai Water Feature by WET Design……...25
Figure 12: “Surreal” at daytime, EXPO 2020 Dubai Water Feature by WET Design…….....27
Figure 13: “Surreal” at showtime, EXPO 2020 Dubai Water Feature by WET Design……...29
Figure 14: “Aerial view of Surreal”, EXPO 2020 Dubai Water Feature by WET Design…...30

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Abstract
The Four Symbols: Reimagining Chinese Narrative
Hankai Yan
Growing up as a designer influenced by Chinese mythologies, I want to explore the
profound connections between color theory, Chinese mythologies, and cultural symbolism, with
a focus on the mythical creatures known as the "Four Symbols" – the Azure Dragon, Vermilion
Bird, White Tiger, and Black Tortoise. This investigation explores the historical and cultural
significance of the Four Symbols, delves into the symbolism and associations of colors in
Chinese traditions, and analyzes the ways in which these insights can be integrated into
contemporary design practices. Through research, visual analysis, and creative experimentation,
my work illuminates the aesthetic, cultural, and conceptual dimensions of color theory in
relationship to the Four Symbols.
In my ongoing practice, the design problem focuses on the intersection of traditional
narratives and contemporary design. By drawing inspiration from Chinese mythologies and their
associated symbolism, the light-projected installations create visually captivating experiences
that resonate with audiences on both an intellectual and emotional level. This thesis project
further investigates and experiments with the fusion of ancient storytelling and contemporary
design techniques. The methods of investigation and research for this project involve extensive
exploration of Chinese mythologies, symbolism, and color theory. Through literature reviews,
analysis of ancient texts, and examination of visual representations of the Four Symbols, the
work showcases the symbolic associations of each creature. This research informs the design
decisions, ensuring that the immersive experience captures the essence of each symbol.

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The immersive design project/installation is divided into four zones based on the four
symbols. Each zone incorporates diverse elements such as projections, motion graphics, and
interactive installations to create a multi-sensory experience for viewers. Projected imagery
envelops viewers in vibrant visuals that evoke the symbolic colors associated with each of the
Four Symbols. Motion graphics seamlessly integrate the design elements, allowing for dynamic
storytelling and captivating visual narratives. The installation provides opportunities for audience
engagement with the mythical creatures and explores the layers of embedded symbolism.
Viewers are transported into a world where ancient symbolism and modern technology converge.
Through careful selection and application of colors, emotions, virtues, and cultural significance
associated with each of the Four Symbols are explored. Color palettes are meticulously curated
to evoke specific moods, create visual harmony, and enhance the overall immersive experience.
The project also considers the psychological and cultural implications of color, examining how
color choices can influence viewer perceptions and enhance narrative engagement.
The overarching aesthetic focus is on juxtaposing ancient symbolism and contemporary
design elements. By integrating traditional visual motifs with modern technology, a visual
language is created that bridges the past and the present, engaging viewers in a dialogue between
history and innovation. The design embodies a harmonious blend of authenticity, cultural
sensitivity, and contemporary aesthetics, ensuring a respectful and immersive experience for
viewers.
Keywords:
Chinese mythologies, Cultural symbolism, Immersive experience, Color theory, Narrative
engagement

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Chapter 1: Introduction
The world of design is constantly evolving, driven by the fusion of tradition and
innovation, culture and technology. In this era of immersive experiences, the power of
storytelling through design has taken center stage. My work is the intersection of this dynamic
field, poised to embark on a journey that reimagines Chinese narrative through an immersive
design project titled "Four Symbols."

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1.1 Background and Context: Reimagining Chinese Narrative
Figure 1: Four Symbols Tile Decoration, Han Dynasty, 202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD, China
The rich tapestry of Chinese mythology and symbolism has fascinated storytellers and
artists for centuries. These narratives are not only a reflection of ancient beliefs but also a
wellspring of cultural identity. The Four Symbols, also known as the Four Guardians or Four
Gods, represent an intriguing facet of this cultural heritage. These mythical creatures – the Azure

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Dragon of the East, the Vermilion Bird of the South, the White Tiger of the West, and the Black
Tortoise of the North 1 – are more than just symbols; they embody cardinal directions, seasons,
emotions, virtues, and the Chinese "five elements."
In an age where traditional narratives are being redefined and reinvented, the Four
Symbols offer a unique opportunity for exploration. Their profound symbolism and multifaceted
associations are an opportunity to delve deeper, to breathe new life into these age-old tales, and
to present them to a contemporary audience through the lens of immersive design.
1.2 Project Overview: Four Symbols
"Four Symbols: Reimagining Chinese Narrative" is a design project that aims to bridge
the gap between tradition and modernity, ancient mythology and cutting-edge technology. The
core idea is to create an immersive experience divided into four distinct zones, each dedicated to
one of the Four Symbols. These zones will be meticulously designed to transport viewers into a
world where ancient narratives come to life through innovative elements, including projections,
motion graphics, and interactive installations.
The Azure Dragon, guardian of the East, will be represented with a color palette and
visuals that evoke the essence of the East's rich symbolism. The Vermilion Bird, protector of the
South, will immerse viewers in the fiery hues of the season of summer and the emotions
associated with it. The White Tiger, guardian of the West, will captivate with a design that
reflects the virtuous attributes and symbolism of the West. The Black Tortoise, sentinel of the
North, will offer a tranquil and introspective experience that aligns with its associations.
1 Xu, Junjun. “Ancient Chinese Constellations.” Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, no. S260
(2009): 107–15. doi:10.1017/S174392131100319X.

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Through meticulous research, I intend to uncover the deep-rooted meanings and
narratives behind each symbol, ensuring an authentic and respectful representation. This project
will not merely retell these ancient stories but will reinterpret and reimagine them, making them
relevant to a contemporary audience.
1.3 Research Objectives
As I embark on this research journey, I am guided by a deep reverence for the cultural
narratives that have shaped the identities of countless generations. "Four Symbols: Reimagining
Chinese Narrative" is not only a design project but also a bridge between tradition and
innovation, a celebration of ancient stories in a modern world, and an exploration of the enduring
power of narratives in design. This research-focused thesis will delve into several key objectives:

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1. Narrative Exploration: To explore the narratives and symbolism associated with the
Four Symbols in Chinese mythology, drawing from historical texts, artworks, and
cultural interpretations.
2. Immersion Through Design: To investigate the potential of immersive design
techniques, including projections, motion graphics, and interactive installations, to create
a multisensory experience that brings these narratives to life.
3. Color Theory and Symbolism: To understand the intricate relationship between color
theory, emotional resonance, and the symbolic attributes of each of the Four Symbols,
and how these elements can be harnessed in design.
4. Cultural Sensitivity: To ensure that the project respects and represents Chinese culture
and mythology accurately and authentically, fostering a deeper understanding and
appreciation of this rich heritage.
5. Innovation in Design: To push the boundaries of design by integrating traditional visual
motifs with modern technology, creating a harmonious blend that resonates with a
contemporary audience.

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Chapter 2: Mythology, Beliefs and Architectural Significance
2.1 Origins of the Four Symbols
The origins of the Four Symbols can be traced back to the ancient Yin and Shang
dynasties. During this period, significant advancements were made in the field of astronomy,
coinciding with a peak in spiritual beliefs and divination practices. With a penchant for
deification and inspired by the shapes of stars in the sky, people imagined the earliest forms of
the dragon, tiger, bird, and turtle. 2
As the system of twenty-eight constellations matured, these animals were grouped into
four sets, each associated with one of the cardinal directions. The legend of the Four Celestial
Guardians, initially referred to as the "Four Symbols," represented the distribution of water, fire,
wood, and metal across the four directions. During ancient times, the eastern dragon, southern
bird, western tiger, and northern turtle-serpent were used to depict the four major celestial
regions, endowing the Four Symbols with divine status.
2 Pankenier, David W. “Watching for Dragons.” Chapter. In Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming
Earth to Heaven, 38–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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Figure 2: 和合四象圖 Neidan Illustration of Bringing Together the Four Symbols, Xingming
guizhi, 1615
By the time of the Spring and Autumn period, the concept of five directions
corresponding to five colors emerged, assigning different colors to the Four Symbols. This led to
the familiar concepts of the Azure Dragon, White Tiger, Vermilion Bird, and Black Tortoise.
Throughout the Han dynasty, the significance of the Four Symbols continued to grow, with their
depiction evolving from ordinary animals to revered mythical creatures. They were often carved
onto buildings to represent the four cardinal directions and to safeguard against malevolent
forces.

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2.2 Symbolic Significance and Cultural Meaning of the Four Symbols
Figure 3: Five cardinal directions, a pottery tile of the Han Dynasty, Cernuschi Museum,
Paris, France.

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The dragon holds a unique place in the hearts of the Chinese people, symbolizing
authority and leadership as the foremost of the Four Symbols, representing the east. In ancient
Chinese society, the dragon was the ultimate symbol of power, often associated with the emperor
as the "true dragon son of heaven." Over time, the dragon's image evolved, gradually shedding
its composite animal form to become a divine creature. Conversely, the White Tiger,
symbolizing the west, embodies strength and ferocity. Known as the king of the forest, the tiger's
formidable appearance represents the embodiment of power. 3
The Vermilion Bird symbolizes the south and possesses a higher degree of spirituality
compared to the other three symbols, its nimble appearance enhanced by its vibrant red plumage,
which adds to its sanctity. Lastly, the Black Tortoise symbolizes the north and, despite its
unassuming appearance compared to the other three symbols, its steadfastness evokes a sense of
reassurance.4 The concept of the Four Symbols was established during the Spring and Autumn
period but gradually solidified during the Han dynasty, reaching its definitive form during the
Yuan dynasty. The popularity of the Four Symbols grew rapidly, becoming ubiquitous in various
aspects of daily life.
3 Yang, Lok Man. "Four Gods as a Dual Symbol: Apotropaic and Political Significance." In The Four Gods
Figurines as Tomb Guardians: Their Function, Circulation, and Disappearance in Tang China (618–907 AD), pp.
33-79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023.
4 Bettelheim, Matthew P. "The Tortoise in the Temple: Orientalism, Japonisme, and the Exploitation of Asian Turtle
Mystique in Western Popular Imagination." Bibliotheca Herpetologica 15, no. 13: 128-140. 2021.

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2.3 Integration of the Four Symbols into Architectural Artistry
The Four Symbols are prevalent in various forms of Chinese architecture, serving as a
popular decorative motif with an extensive array of designs. During the Han dynasty, depictions
of the Four Symbols were abundant, especially in palace planning, where celestial considerations
were taken into account. 5Notably, the decorative roof tiles of Han dynasty palaces prominently
feature depictions of the Four Symbols. Excavations of Han dynasty city ruins reveal that the
majority of roof tiles bore the images of the Four Symbols, underscoring their widespread
popularity during this period.
5 Sun, Xiaochun, and Jacob Kistemaker, eds. The Chinese sky during the Han: constellating stars and society. Vol.
38. Brill, 1997.

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Figure 4: 四象生八卦圖 Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng, section "Canonical and
other Literature", Illustration, between 1700 and 1725.
The precise placement of these tiles on buildings corresponded to the cardinal directions,
symbolizing the celestial beings in the sky. The Han people, guided by the concept of the Four
Symbols, adorned the eaves of buildings with these symbols, reflecting the interconnectedness
between heaven and humanity.6 The concept of the Five Elements dictated that each celestial
6 Xie, Jing. “Pillars of Heaven: The Symbolic Function of Column and Bracket Sets in the Han Dynasty.”
Architectural History 63: 1–36. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/arh.2020.1.

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guardian presided over its respective direction, ensuring cosmic harmony and the well-being of
the world. By employing tiles adorned with the Four Symbols, the Han people sought to invoke
everlasting peace and prosperity.

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Chapter 3: The Art of Installation
3.1 Art Installations and Immersive Experiences
The landscape of art installations and immersive experiences has undergone profound
evolution, emblematic of the dynamic interplay between art, technology, and audience
interaction. This transformative trajectory is not merely a reflection of recent growth but rather
signifies a deeper shift in how artists engage with their audience through the integration of
innovative technologies. This evolution goes beyond mere expansion, delving into the intrinsic
motivations that drive the creation of installations and immersive experiences.
Art installations serve as a captivating medium, providing artists and designers with a
nuanced canvas to convey intricate narratives and evoke a myriad of emotions. Noteworthy
exemplars such as Pipilotti Rist's "Pixel Forest" and teamLab's "Borderless" transcend
conventional boundaries, employing a rich tapestry of sensory elements. These include intricate
visual projections, spatial soundscapes, interactive components, and sensory feedback, all
meticulously blended to create immersive experiences that transport viewers into alternative
realities.

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Figure 5: Pixel Forest and Worry Will Vanish, Art Installation, Pipilotti Rist. June 21, 2014.
https://www.mfah.org/exhibitions/pipilotti-rist-pixel-forest-and-worry-will-vanish
In the case of Pipilotti Rist's "Pixel Forest and Worry Will Vanish, Art Installation," the
deliberate incorporation of color is a defining dimension. The installation bathes the observer in
a symphony of hues, leveraging high-definition video projections and intricate light displays to
envelop visitors in dynamic and mesmerizing visuals. The intentional use of color serves as a
visceral language, invoking emotions and perceptions within a defined physical space. Viewers,
as if blind to conventional artistic expressions, encounter a chromatic revelation that heightens
the sensory impact of the installation.

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Figure 6: teamLab: Borderless, Art Installation, Mori Building Co., Ltd and TeamLab. June 21,
2018. Tokyo, Japan https://www.teamlab.art/e/borderless-odaiba/
TeamLab's "Borderless Art Installation," on the other hand, immerses participants in a
multi-dimensional experience. The auditory facet, a critical element of immersion, is carefully
curated through spatial soundscapes. Strategically positioned audio elements create a 360-degree
auditory experience, fostering an environment where users feel not only visually surrounded but
also sonically enveloped. This deliberate orchestration of sound adds an additional layer of
depth, making users feel as if they are exploring uncharted sensory territories.
Moreover, interactive components, such as motion sensors and touch-sensitive surfaces,
go beyond mere engagement; they enable visitors to actively participate in shaping their

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experience with the artwork. This interactive dimension fosters deeper connections, inviting
users to become co-creators within the immersive narrative.
The layout and design of the installation space are carefully curated to guide visitors
through the artwork, significantly impacting the narrative and emotional resonance. Cutting-edge
technology frequently underpins these installations, from advanced projection mapping to
augmented reality, enabling the creation of immersive worlds. Art installations are grounded in
concepts and narratives, aiming to convey stories, messages, or emotional states, either abstract
or highly structured, in alignment with the artist's intent. Ultimately, art installations represent a
convergence of art, design, technology, and storytelling, aiming to elicit emotional responses,
self-reflection, or transport viewers to entirely different dimensions.
3.2 The Role of Cultural Narrative in Design
Cultural narratives endure across generations, playing a foundational role in design by
influencing aesthetics, symbolism, and the emotional resonance of visual experiences. A cultural
narrative, in essence, is a storytelling framework embedded with the values, traditions, and
collective identity of a particular culture. It serves as a vehicle for conveying shared meanings,
customs, and beliefs within a community.

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Figure 7: Cherry Blossoms (Sakura) in Japan, A&K staff, 2019, Tokyo, Japan,
https://www.abercrombiekent.co.uk/blog/time-to-see-cherry-blossoms-in-japan
For instance, one successful cultural narrative is found in the enduring appeal of Japanese
cherry blossoms. In Japanese culture, these delicate flowers symbolize transience, beauty, and
the fleeting nature of life. This cultural narrative has transcended its geographical origin and
resonates globally. When integrated into design, such as in art or fashion, cherry blossoms evoke
a universal appreciation for the beauty of fleeting moments.
Cultural narratives have the power to create connections by tapping into shared
experiences and values. When individuals encounter symbols or narratives familiar to their
cultural context, it triggers a profound sense of connection, fostering feelings of identity and
belonging. These narratives become a bridge that transcends time, linking individuals across
generations and providing a shared understanding of the world. In design, leveraging successful

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cultural narratives enhances the ability to connect with diverse audiences, fostering a sense of
familiarity and resonance that transcends cultural boundaries.
These narratives act as a crucial link between the past and the present, affording presentday audiences a window into the collective wisdom and heritage of their culture.7 The challenge
in design lies in reimagining these narratives to resonate with contemporary sensibilities while
safeguarding their authenticity. By doing so, cultural narratives retain their relevance8, fostering
a deeper appreciation of heritage and a stronger connection to one's cultural roots. Cultural
narratives endure because they are the conduits through which the wisdom and stories of
previous generations are passed down to inform the present and shape the future.
3.3 Integration of Audio in Immersive Environments
Exemplary instances of audio integration within immersive environments abound, with
art installations like "Rain Room" by Random International serving as compelling showcases of
the transformative power of well-designed audio. In this immersive experience, the orchestrated
soundscapes transport participants into a simulated downpour. The audio is meticulously crafted,
strategically amplified to its loudest precisely where the audience stands, replicating the sonic
intensity of a rainstorm. This deliberate design creates an uncanny and compelling experience,
7 Kramsch, Claire. “Narratives of Power—The Power of Narrative.” Chapter. In Language as Symbolic Power, 58–
76. Key Topics in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
doi:10.1017/9781108869386.005.
8 Bruner, Jerome. “Narrative, Culture, and Psychology.” Chapter. In Reflective Thinking in Educational Settings: A
Cultural Framework, edited by Alessandro Antonietti, Emanuela Confalonieri, and Antonella Marchetti, 221–26.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139198745.010.

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urging viewers to navigate through the auditory deluge without the physical sensation of getting
wet.
Figure 8: Rain Room, Art Installation, Random International. March 21, 2013. Barbican,
London, England. https://www.random-international.com/rain-room-2012
In the realm of virtual reality environments, the effectiveness of audio integration reaches
new heights through spatial audio design. This sophisticated approach enhances the user's
perception of three-dimensional space. By manipulating the audio cues in correspondence with
the user's movements, spatial audio creates a convincing illusion of depth and dimensionality.
For example, as a user turns their head within the virtual space, the audio dynamically adjusts,
simulating the way sounds naturally change in relation to one's orientation in physical reality.
This meticulous synchronization contributes to a heightened sense of realism, making the virtual
experience more believable and immersive.

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Describing the auditory elements in detail, the spatial audio design achieves the illusion
of 3D space by precisely calibrating the volume, directionality, and timing of sounds. This
nuanced orchestration replicates the way sounds behave in the physical world, providing users
with auditory cues that mirror real-life experiences. The incorporation of effective audio is not an
incidental consideration in immersive environments; rather, it emerges as a foundational element
that enriches the entire sensory experience. It adds layers of depth to the visual components,
establishing a more profound connection between the audience and the art by engaging them on
a multisensory level.

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Chapter 4: Methodology of Immersive Design
The creation of an immersive design project requires a methodological framework that
carefully navigates the intersection of narrative, technology, and cultural sensitivity. This chapter
delineates the comprehensive methodology underpinning the development of "The Four
Symbols: Reimagining Chinese Narrative." By amalgamating design thinking, color theory, and
cultural sensitivity, this methodology aims to foster a nuanced and emotionally resonant
immersive experience.
4.1 Design Thinking: Shaping the Immersive Experience
Design thinking stands as the bedrock of the methodological framework9
, with a focus on
intricate details that cater specifically to the audience. This approach, deeply rooted in empathy,
allows us to discern the preferences of the audience on an interactive level, shaping the
immersive experience in a manner that resonates profoundly with their desires and expectations.
When exploring audience preferences in an interactive context, the design process
involves understanding how users want to engage with the immersive encounter. For instance, if
the audience exhibits a preference for tactile interactions, incorporating touch-sensitive surfaces
or interactive installations could be a strategic choice. Alternatively, if there's a preference for
dynamic engagement, integrating motion sensors that respond to the audience's movements
might be more effective. By delving into these preferences, design thinking becomes a practical
9 Wallisch, A., and K. Paetzold. “METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF USER INVOLVEMENT RESEARCH:
A CONTRIBUTION TO USER-CENTRED DESIGN THEORY.” Proceedings of the Design Society: DESIGN
Conference 1: 71–80. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/dsd.2020.265.

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guide, ensuring that the interactive elements of the experience align seamlessly with what the
audience finds most engaging.
Simultaneously, storytelling becomes a pivotal aspect, with a focus on the rich tapestry of
Chinese mythology surrounding the Four Symbols. Design thinking facilitates a thorough
exploration of this narrative, considering how to weave the stories of the Azure Dragon,
Vermilion Bird, White Tiger, and Black Tortoise into the immersive encounter. This involves not
only conveying the myths visually but also ensuring that the narrative unfolds in a way that
captivates and emotionally resonates with the audience. For instance, interactive projections that
allow users to participate in key moments of these mythical stories could be a compelling way to
leverage storytelling within the immersive experience.
4.2 Color Theory: Crafting Visual Narratives
The utilization of Color Theory emerges as a pivotal factor in shaping the visual
narratives within the project. It plays a critical role in ensuring that the chosen colors resonate
harmoniously with the thematic essence embodied by each symbol. This facet of the
methodology is deeply grounded in extensive research on the psychological and cultural
implications of color, aiming to infuse the immersive experience with nuanced visual
storytelling.10
10 Elliot, Andrew J., Mark D. Fairchild, and Anna Franklin, eds. “Psychological Effects on Color Perception.” Part.
In Handbook of Color Psychology, 639–76. Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2015. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107337930.

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Figure 9: Blue & White Jar with Azure Dragon, Antique Chinese, Yuan dynasty, 1279–1368
For example, the Azure Dragon, symbolizes the East and the season of spring. In
alignment with the calming characteristics associated with these elements, the visual
representation is crafted in this ceramic jar (Fig. 9) using a palette of serene blues and greens.
Conversely, the Vermilion Bird, representative of the South and the season of summer, is
manifested through vibrant reds and oranges, reflecting the energetic and warm connotations of
these elements.
The orchestration of color palettes is approached with meticulous care to achieve a visual
harmony that resonates not only with the individual symbols but also with the broader narrative.
By drawing upon the rich tapestry of color symbolism deeply ingrained in East Asian traditions,

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this methodology seeks to imbue the immersive experience with layers of meaning and cultural
authenticity11.
4.3 Cultural Sensitivity: Respecting Heritage and Identity
Cultural sensitivity is interwoven throughout the methodological fabric to ensure that
"The Four Symbols" project authentically represents and respects Chinese heritage. This
involves an in-depth exploration of the cultural narratives and symbols associated with the Azure
Dragon, Vermilion Bird, White Tiger, and Black Tortoise.
11 Lai, Guolong. "Colors and color symbolism in early Chinese ritual art." Color in Ancient and Medieval East Asia:
25-43. 1992..

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Figure 10: A Set Of Warring States Belt Hooks: Azure Dragon, White Tiger, Vermilion Bird,
And Black Tortoise. Yakon Auctions August 03, 2021 Somerville, MA, US
https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/a-set-of-warring-states-belt-hooks-azure-dragon-w19-c-d5c4abfb91
The methodology integrates cultural perspectives garnered from extensive research,
consultations with experts, and, where possible, direct engagement with the community. The
goal is to present these symbols in a manner that is culturally accurate, avoids stereotypes, and
fosters a genuine appreciation for the richness of Chinese mythology. Cultural sensitivity is not
merely a checkbox but an ethos that permeates every design decision, fostering inclusivity and
authenticity.
As this methodology guides the early stages of the project, it sets the trajectory for a
design process that respects cultural heritage, engages the audience emotionally, and pushes the
boundaries of immersive experiences. The subsequent chapters will delve into the practical
application of this methodology as the immersive project unfolds.
.

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Chapter 5: Case Study: WET Design’s “Surreal”
Established in 1983, WET Design has consistently led the way in crafting enchanting
water features that challenge the norms of design and engineering. Their impressive portfolio
boasts iconic projects like the Fountains of Bellagio in Las Vegas and the Dubai Fountain12.
Within this chapter, we look into WET Design's representative project, "Surreal", celebrated for
its adeptness at guiding visitors on immersive journeys through the seamless fusion of
storytelling, technology, and design.
Figure 11: “Surreal”at nighttime, EXPO 2020 Dubai Water Feature by WET Design. October,
2021. Dubai, UAE https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211001005190/en/EXPO-2020-
Dubai-Water-Feature-by-WET-Debuts
12 Ardian, Thomas, and Erikson F. Sinaga. "Development of Musical Water Fountain in Correspond to Tonal Music
Notes." PhD diss., Swiss German University, 2021.

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5.1 Expo 2020 Dubai's "Surreal" Story
The "Surreal" waterfall at Expo 2020 Dubai stands as a monumental testament to WET
Design's mastery of immersive experiences, epitomizing a seamless fusion of art, technology,
and nature in a groundbreaking installation.13 Collaboratively designed with experiential artist
Mike Farzan, "Surreal" goes beyond conventional fountain displays, creating an exploration of
the intersection between these three elements, embodying the ethos of WET Design.
In terms of size, the "Surreal" waterfall is a colossal creation, featuring 13-meter walls
from which sheets of water cascade. The installation, resembling a giant bowl with the bottom
cut out, captivates visitors during the day as they interact with the downward flow. Visitors can
test their might by running vertically against the stream. By night, the water defies gravity,
flowing up the brightly lit walls, presenting a visually stunning spectacle.
The mechanics of "Surreal" are orchestrated to create the illusion that water is shooting in
reverse, rising above visitors' heads and gracefully descending to their feet. Advanced computer
systems meticulously control the speed and movement of the water, offering a dynamic interplay
between quick bursts and smooth flows. Importantly, the installation embraces sustainability,
recycling thousands of gallons of water and minimizing waste, as the only water lost is that
which evaporates during the show.
13 Haneef, S.K., Ansari, Z. and Bhavani, G. "Attractions of Dubai and Expo 2020: an exploratory study", Worldwide
Hospitality and Tourism Themes, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 266-278. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-01-2019-0007

Copyright 2024 28 Hankai Yan
Figure 12: “Surreal” at daytime, EXPO 2020 Dubai Water Feature by WET Design. October,
2021. Dubai, UAE https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211001005190/en/EXPO-2020-
Dubai-Water-Feature-by-WET-Debuts
The immersive impact of "Surreal" is heightened through the integration of fire elements,
introducing a dynamic and contrasting dimension to the overall experience. This integration
symbolizes energy, transformation, and passion, creating a powerful sensory encounter. The
interplay of water and fire becomes a mesmerizing spectacle, emblematic of the inherent duality
within nature. Fire, representing vitality and change, harmonizes with the water's tranquil and
fluid nature, weaving a rich narrative tapestry.
Cutting-edge technology is integral to the success of the project, with advanced water
manipulation systems, precision fire control mechanisms, and innovative choreography
algorithms playing pivotal roles. These components work synergistically to craft a seamless and
awe-inspiring immersive experience for the audience. "Surreal" tells a compelling story through

Copyright 2024 29 Hankai Yan
its choreography, transitioning seamlessly from gentle flows to dramatic cascades. This narrative
element is fundamental in establishing an emotional connection between the audience and the
water feature, a principle that resonates and can be applied to the development of future
immersive projects.
5.2 Entertainment and Integration of Technology
The transformation of the "Surreal" waterfall into a captivating entertainment spectacle
seamlessly integrates technology, sound, and visuals, creating a multisensory experience for
visitors.
Central to this transformation is the original nine-track album composed by the Emmywinning Ramin Djawadi. Recorded live by the London Symphony Orchestra, the score is a key
element of the spectacle, playing evenly throughout the space. The continuous loop ensures that
visitors, regardless of their location, are enveloped in the emotive soundscape, enhancing the
immersive nature of the experience.
In addition to the captivating score, the "Surreal" waterfall features stunning projections
that elevate it to a canvas for dynamic visual storytelling. These projections, executed with
cutting-edge projection mapping technology, dance across the cascading water, creating a living
tapestry of light and color. This innovative use of projections amplifies the narrative impact,
seamlessly integrating visuals with the cascading water elements. The precision and detail of the
projections, a testament to WET Design's technological prowess, extend the narrative beyond
conventional boundaries, offering a contemporary and visually stunning spectacle.14
14 Cartelli, Thomas, Katherine Rowe, Ton Hoenselaars, Akiko Kusunoki, Andrew Murphy, and Aimara da Cunha
Resende. “Visual Projections.” Chapter. In The Cambridge Guide to the Worlds of Shakespeare, edited by Bruce R.
Smith, 1467–74. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. doi:10.1017/9781316137062.202.

Copyright 2024 30 Hankai Yan
Figure 13: “Surreal” at showtime, EXPO 2020 Dubai Water Feature by WET Design. October,
2021. Dubai, UAE https://gulfnews.com/expo-2020/visit-the-expo/expo-2020-dubai-meet-expo2020-water-feature-the-coolest-new-fountain-in-town-1.1633947070399
As visitors approach the "Surreal" waterfall, the experience begins at Al Wasl Square,
characterized by tall palm trees and aromatic plants. A carefully designed series of curved paths
guides the audience through an immersive journey, mimicking ripples in a pool of water. This

Copyright 2024 31 Hankai Yan
intentional design not only sets the stage for the impending waterfalls but also ensures that the
audience is gradually introduced to the sensory elements, heightening anticipation.
5.3 Environmental Sensitivity and Interdisciplinary Approach
WET Design's commitment to environmental sustainability is evident in their projects.
"Surreal" at Expo 2020 Dubai incorporates recycled and desalinated water, aligning with WET
Design's ethos of responsible water usage. This consideration for environmental impact serves as
a significant lesson for future immersive projects, emphasizing the importance of sustainable
design practices.
.
Figure 14: “Aerial view of Surreal”, EXPO 2020 Dubai Water Feature by WET Design.
October, 2021. Dubai, UAE https://blooloop.com/brands-ip/in-depth/expo-2020-water-featuresurreal/

Copyright 2024 32 Hankai Yan
The collaborations with artists, architects, and engineers showcase the power of an
interdisciplinary approach. By fostering a collaborative environment, the company is able to
push the boundaries of conventional design. This interdisciplinary model provides inspiration for
the cultivation of diverse talents and skills in the development of immersive projects.
The "Surreal" waterfall's ability to evoke emotions highlights the importance of
emotional resonance in immersive design. WET Design understands that successful immersive
experiences go beyond aesthetics; they tap into the viewers' emotions, leaving a lasting
impression. This principle becomes a guiding light for future projects aspiring to create
transformative and emotionally engaging environments.

Copyright 2024 33 Hankai Yan
Conclusion
In conclusion, the journey of exploring "The Four Symbols: Reimagining Chinese
Narrative" has been enlightening and enriching. Throughout this exploration, I've come to
recognize the intricate relationship between mythology, art, and architecture, and their profound
impact on cultural narratives and immersive experiences.
The ancient myths surrounding the Four Symbols serve as the foundation upon which
rich cultural narratives are built. These mythical creatures, deeply ingrained in Chinese folklore,
have transcended time to become potent symbols of power, virtue, and cosmic harmony. Their
depiction in art and literature throughout history has not only preserved these narratives but also
shaped the collective imagination of generations. Furthermore, the fusion of art and architecture
has given rise to immersive and impactful experiences that resonate with contemporary
audiences. From ancient temples adorned with intricate carvings of the Four Symbols to modernday installations and exhibitions, the synthesis of mythology, art, and architecture continues to
inspire awe and wonder.
Contemporary installations and exhibitions, drawing inspiration from these ancient
motifs, seek to evoke emotions, provoke thought, and engage audiences on a profound level. By
harnessing the power of storytelling, visual aesthetics, and spatial design, these immersive
experiences offer a gateway into cultural narratives that transcend borders and generations.
Moving forward, I am deeply inspired by the profound interplay between mythology, art,
and architecture. I am committed to leveraging this insight to create innovative and meaningful

Copyright 2024 34 Hankai Yan
experiences that enrich lives, foster cultural understanding, and contribute to the tapestry of
human creativity. As I embark on new projects, I remain dedicated to pushing the boundaries of
design and storytelling, guided by the timeless wisdom of ancient myths and the transformative
power of art and architecture.

Copyright 2024 35 Hankai Yan
Bibliography
Xu, Junjun. “Ancient Chinese Constellations.” Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5,
no. S260 (2009): 107–15. doi:10.1017/S174392131100319X.
Pankenier, David W. “Watching for Dragons.” Chapter. In Astrology and Cosmology in Early China:
Conforming Earth to Heaven, 38–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Yang, Lok Man. "Four Gods as a Dual Symbol: Apotropaic and Political Significance." In The Four Gods
Figurines as Tomb Guardians: Their Function, Circulation, and Disappearance in Tang China (618–907
AD), pp. 33-79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023.
Bettelheim, Matthew P. "The Tortoise in the Temple: Orientalism, Japonisme, and the Exploitation of
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Xie, Jing. “Pillars of Heaven: The Symbolic Function of Column and Bracket Sets in the Han Dynasty.”
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Kramsch, Claire. “Narratives of Power—The Power of Narrative.” Chapter. In Language as Symbolic
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Bruner, Jerome. “Narrative, Culture, and Psychology.” Chapter. In Reflective Thinking in Educational
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Haneef, S.K., Ansari, Z. and Bhavani, G. "Attractions of Dubai and Expo 2020: an exploratory study",
Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 266-278. 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-01-2019-0007
Cartelli, Thomas, Katherine Rowe, Ton Hoenselaars, Akiko Kusunoki, Andrew Murphy, and Aimara da
Cunha Resende. “Visual Projections.” Chapter. In The Cambridge Guide to the Worlds of Shakespeare,
edited by Bruce R. Smith, 1467–74. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
doi:10.1017/9781316137062.202.

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Creator Yan, Hankai (author)

Core Title The four symbols: reimagining Chinese narrative

School Roski School of Art and Design

Degree Master of Fine Arts

Degree Program Design

Degree Conferral Date 2024-05

Publication Date 04/10/2024

Defense Date 04/09/2024

Publisher Los Angeles, California (original), University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Chinese mythologies,color theory,cultural symbolism,immersive experience,narrative engagement,OAI-PMH Harvest

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