University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

A comparative study of the organization, function and social contributions of selected adult secular groups as found in Bell Gardens in 1937-1938 and in 1946-1947

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A comparative study of the organization, function and social contributions of selected adult secular groups as found in Bell Gardens in 1937-1938 and in 1946-1947

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Content A eoaeARATIVE S ïtlD Y OF THE O m A i-ÎIZA ïX O IÎ, FüiîC TIÛ ïl AIÎO SOCIAL COHTRIBUTIONS OP SSLECTfiD ADULT SECULAR GROUPS AS POOS0 IW BELL GAR0EHS IK 1 9 3 7 -1 9 3 8 AND IN 19h6-19k7 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Sociology The University of Southern Cellfornla In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the De^ee lâaster of Arts by Robert Harley Jordan June I9W UMI Number: EP65664 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. D i s s e É t â r l i o n Pubh&hsng UMI EP65664 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 This thesis, written by KOSERT...HARLEÏ...J.ORMN........ under the guidance of h.A&. Faculty Committee, and approved by a ll its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Council on Graduate Study and Research in partial fulfill ment of the requirements for the degree of _________MAS.TER._OE'....ARTa_________ H.W. Patmore Secretary Date J . o n e . . . l 9 .4 dB. Faculty Committee Chairman /if TABLE OP CONTESTS PACE I. Tm PURPOSE A m SiaUIFICANCE OF THIS STUDY ■ * * 1 The problem * * # , * . . » * * * * * ■ m * ♦ ■ m 1 Statement of the problem ♦ * # * * • ■ # ' # * # 1 Importance of the study * # * * * * * - 1 Definitions of terms used # * * ; ♦ * # * # ■ * s Social group . # * * # * # * * * - * * * * * 5 Voluntary group . » # * * # * # * # . . » ■ * ■ 9 Adult group * * # * * . > * • ■ * . ;m # * : * m - 9 Uon.*^ secret. grotç> * * # * # # # * ' * * ♦ » # . 9 Secular group . # # * * . # * * # * # * 9 Formal groif> * * * * # . # . * # # » * * # * 10 Bell Gardens # # # * # , * * . # ♦ * # * m 10 Organization of remainder of the thesis * 11 II& MBTHODOLOGY # ^ ^ # ♦ • ■ ■ # * * # lit. Sources of data # * # # * * * » *. ♦ # * # Methods of research #■ #. # #. . # * # ■* 0- #: 34 Limitations of this study .* * » ■m * * # * ■* 18 Ille REVIEW OP THE LITLRATUm ^ ^ * ♦ *:■ • # * 19 IV THE GROUPS STUDIED . . ^ # # . # ^ # # • * 24 Groups studied by Spaulding In 1937*^3^ * * « 24 Groups included in this study * # *■■ * * * 27 Classification of groups studied * * * « » • 29 Ill PAGE Characteristics of the groups, studied. * ♦ * * 31 V. THE ORGAWIZATIOH, PURGTIOH, ARD SOCIAL CORm, TBIBUTI3HS OP THE SELECTED ADULT SECULAR GROUPS OP BELL GARDENS » k * # % ^ # * # # * 3^ Parent**Teacher Assoc i&tloha « , # * _ # ■ . * . • * # 35 idwan,ls Club * * * # - * # - # . m * » * # # * > . ♦ - ♦ 42 Lions Cluh * . . # . # i # - * # ■ # # . * ♦ # * # ■ % * # - » . L1 one Is olub * . # # * ^ # # * - * # ■ ■ * # . ■ # # American Legion , * * . * # ♦ # , * # » * # ' * . * # 52 American Legion Auxiliary « ■ * ♦ . * # * # # # 56 Chamber of Gomwrce # » * • , * . * . * ♦ * * • * 59 Community Council * « . # * . # * « # . * ♦ - # * # ■ 65 Taxpayers, Property and Improvement Association # . * , * . ■ # * . # #**### . * - » # * 6Ô Gage Acres Improvement Association . • • * - * . 72 Education Improvement Association *##*#* 75 Woman * s dub * * * * # * * # # . * # - * # * 77 Philanthropic Club * * # # . #♦.*■*• . * » • # 81 VI. CHARACTERISTICS 0? THE IjifTERVimmD METERS OP THE SELECTED ADULT SECULAR GROUPS OP BELL GARDht^S * * * . # ' * *##».#*#*.«#.* 04 Reasons members joined the groups # . . . # * . # # 8? Ways In %%ilch the groups are of benefit to members * * .# # #. #. * .* # * # #. # » .» .# # 11? CmPTER PAGE Activities of the groups which members enjoyed most # * » # : # # * * . # . ■ . # « # * ■ # 91 Activities of the groups which members enjoyed least * # * # t * # # , * # * ■ * 9 - 2 Suggestions for Improvement * * ♦ * ♦ . * * 92 Residences of members Interviewed * . * * . # 9h Reasons why members of the groups studied do not hold offices In the groups * # . » » 9$ The number of members of the groups studied whose names are known by the members interviewed . # , « * # * # * * ♦ * 95 The number of members in. each group who associate with one another In other groups # # * « . # # * - * ■ * ■ # » 97 Attendance records of the groups studied * * 100 Social groups that interviewed members of the groups studied belong to in Bell Gardens and outside of Bell Gardens # . ♦ * 100 The number of social groups to which in^ ter viewed members of the groups studied belong # #.#.*# » * ' # * . # # . # # * # . * 102 The number of offices held in social groups by the interviewed members of the groups studied " # . # * . * * * # . 102 7 CHAPTEB FAOE VII., SOmSARY AND CONCLUSION ^ 4 . 104 SELECTED BlBLimaAPHY 10? APPENDIXE^ **...# * ## e ^ # 112 APPENDIX A Schedule for groups s tudled . * * « . . # 113 APPENDIX B Schedule for lntervlewl% mmbers of the groups studied * * # # * * • # # * # * . * 115 APPENDIX 0 Maps and tables containing de^ tailed information on the groups studied # . . # # ■ 1X6 LIST OF TABLES TAma _ PAGE I* Number of Members and Number in Attendance for' 'Each of the Eighteen Groups Studied * * * # . 63 II* Number of Interviewed Members of the Adult Secular Groups In Bell Gardens , Wto Do Not Hold an Office for One of the Following Seasons : a*too busy to have time to do so, b^lack of interest in holding an office, c # » lack of opportunity, <L#poor health, ©«have held an office and it is now someone else $ a turn # . . # * * . * # * . * * . » * # # » . # *#.#** 96 111* Humber of Interviewed Meehers of the Adult Secular Groups in Bell Gardens Who: a«do not know the names of any members In the group they beloi% to, b«lmow the names of a few members (under $0%}^ ©«know the names of most members (50$ and over}.# d«know the names of nearly all members C?S$ and over), ©«know the names of all members * # » « # # . * * # # 98 IV# Number of Interviewed Members of the Adult Secular Groups in Bell Gardens Who; a«do not associate with any members of the group in other groups that they also belong to. vil TABLE PAGE b«asBoeiàt© with a few immbers of the group in other groizips (under 50$), c * * aesoeiate with most mem here of the group in other groups (50$ and over), d«asso-eiate with nearly all members of the group in other groups (75$ and over), ©«associate with all members of the group in other groups * * . , . .»*****###»#.*## # 99 Wm Attendance at Meetings of the Klwanis Club # * » 119 VI, Attendance at Meetings of the Lions Club * # * , 120 VII# Attendance at Meetings of the Lionels Club # * # . 121 VIII# Attendance at Meetings of the American Legion # . # , # * * * . # # , * # . & # * • 122 IX» Attendance at Meetings of the Chamber of Commerce # * » ■ : » . ♦ » » . » # , ♦ * ♦ » * . » , » # . 12,3 X# Attendance at Meetings of the Community Council * # , * ♦»»»#.* , * , * » . # » 124 XI» Attendance of Interviewed Members of the Bell Gardens Klwanis Club at Klwanls Club Meet** iz&gs in December 1946 and in 1947 ### * # » * 125 XII# Attendance of Interviewed Members of the Bell Gardens Lions Club at Lions Club lle©t« in 1945, 1946 and 1947 # # # # # # # » # 126 vlll TAmSS PAGE XXXI# Attendance of Interviewed Members of the Bell Gardens Lionels Club at Lionels Meetings from July through December of I9J 4 .Î . . . . « 127 XI?*. Attendance of Interviewed Members of the Bell Gardens American Legion at American Legion Meetings from May through December of 194? »... .... 128 XV*. Attendance of Interviewed Members of the Bell Gardens Chamber of Commerce at Chanher of Commerce Meetings in 194? * ♦ « ■ ■ ■ ■ 129 XVI* Attendance of Interviewed Meiihers of the Bell Gardens Community Council at Community Council Meetings in 1945# 1946 and 1947 #**».# #**,#.##### 130 XVII*. Number of Interviewed Members of the Bell Gardens Elementary Bohool f*T«A* Who Claim Membership in Bach of ,f 1 fteén Social Groups in Bell Gardens * . # # * * # * 131 XVIII# Number of Interviewed Members of the Colmar Elementary School f *T#A* Who Claim Member « ship in Bach of Fourteen Social Groups in Bell Gardena . # . * * * ■•***«* * * 1% TABLE PAGE XIX# Number of Interviewed Member# of the Laguna Elementary School P#T#A# %ho Claim ship in Eaoh of Six Social Groig># in Bell Gardena # # # # # # # # » . ##*.## 133 XX* Number of Interviewed Members of the Live - Oak Elementary School P*T*A# Who. Claim Membership in Each of Fourteen Social Groups in Bell Garden# « # # # . ■ ♦ . . * # # . * * # 134 XXI.* Number of Interviewed Member# of the Suva Elementary School P#T*A» Who Claim Memd)er#hip in Each of Eleven Social Group# in Bell Garden# ****,***$** 135 XXII. Number of Interviewed Member# of the Junior High School P*T*A# Who Claim Membership in Each of Twenty Social Groi## in Bell Gardens ****** * * * * * * # . , * . é # # * 136 XXIII# Number of Interviewed Members of the Kiwanls Club Who Claim Membership in Each of Eleven Social Groups in Bell Gardens . * . * * . . . * 137 XXIV* Number of Interviewed Members of the Lions Club Who Claim Membership In Each erf , Twelve Social Groups in Bell Gardens . * . . * # . * 138 X TABLE PAGE XXV* Number of Interviewed Members of the Lionels Club Who Claim Membership In Each of Eight Boolol Grotte In Bell Oardem # * # , * - « # # * * , * * ♦ 139 XXVI^ Number of Interviewed Members of the Am« erloan Legion %o Claim Membership In Each of Eight Booial Groups in Bell Gardens # * . * * ■ « « * . * # ■ ■ • ' * * * . * l40 XXVII* Number of Interviewed Ambers of the Amer 1 f^an Legion Ancillary Who Claim Mem« her ship In Each of Eight Social Groups in Bell Gardena * * ^ * * * * #.##** 14% XXVIII* Number of Interviewed Members of the Chamber of Gommer o# Who Claim %mber« ship in Each of Nineteen Social Groups in Bell Gardens * # * • * * • ■ • • ■ * # . # * li|2 XXIX* Number of Interviewed Members of the Commun« ity Council Who Claim Membership in Each of Thirty^three Social Groups in Bell Gardens *.**.********#*** l43 XXX, Number of Interviewed Members of the Tax« payers, Property and Improvement Assoc* let ion Who Claim Membership in Each of Nine Social Groups in Bell Gardens * * * l44 ad TABLE FAOE JQQCX-*- lumber of Interviewed Members of the Gag© Acres Improvement Association Who Claim Membership In Each of Eight Social Groups in Bell Gardens » * » » * ♦ * ■ * * « ♦ * # » %kS XXXIl# Number of Interviewed Members of the Edu* cation Improvement Association Who Claim Membership In Each of Four Social Groups In Bell Gardens # » . » : * ■ . * » . # * * * * * , * ■ 146 XXXIII* Number of Interviewed Members of the Woman *s Club Who Claim Membership in Each of Four* teen Social Groups In B^l Gardens # * . * * 14T XXXIV* Number of Interviewed Members of the Phil* anthropic Club Who Claim M^bership la Each of Seven Social Groups lo Bell Gardens * , * . , *#*«%**»*** * # l48 XXXV* NuaR>8r of Interviewed. Members of the Bell Gardens Elementary School ?»T*A# Who Claim Membership In Bach of Eight Social Groups Outside of Bell Gardens (ten mem* bars belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens I * » * * * * # . # * . « . # » # » . * . . » %49 XXXVI# Number of Interviewed Members of the Colmar Elementary School P»T,*A# Who Claim Mem* bar ship In Each of Twelve Social Groups xli TABLE PAGE Outside of Bell Gardens C seven m#m« bars belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens ) * * * , # * * - * * » » # . * # ■ « ■ - # 150 XXXVII# Number of Interviewed members of the Laguna Elementary 8<diool f#T#A* Who Claim Mem* hership In Each of Seven Social Groups Outside of Bell Gardens (three members belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens)# # * # . » # # # » # # # # » * * # 151 XXXVIII # Number of Interviewed Members of the Live Oak Elementary School f *T#A* Who Claim Membership in Each of Four Social. Groups Outside of Bell Gardens (nine members be* long to no groups outside of Bell Gardens) * # # . # # # # . * * # * # * # # # . ' 152 XXXIX# Number of Interviewed Members of the Suva Elementary School f#T#A* Who Claim Membership in Bach, of Nine Social Groups Outside of Bell Gardens (twelve members belong, to no groups outside of Bell Gardens ) » * # #.#*#### # ■ * # # * » # 153 XL* Number of Interviewed Members of the Junior High School P#T#A# Who Claim Membership in Each of Nine Social Groups Outside of TABLE Bell Gardens (seven members belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens) # # » * » # XLl*. Number of Interviewed Members of the Klwanis Club Who Claim Membership in Each of Twenty*#Ix Social Groups Outside of Ball Gardens (six members belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens) # # * # . » , # # XLII. lumber of Interviewed Members of the Lions Club Who Claim Membership in Each of Twenty- two Social Groups Outside of Bell Gardens (thirteen members belong to no groups out side of Bell Gardens) * » * . * # « » ♦ » ♦ XLIIX* Number of Interviewed Members of the Lionels Club Who Claim Membership in Each of Six Social Groups Outside of Bell Gardens (eight members belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens) * ■ * # » . # * * * _ « » # * # XLIV# Number of Interviewed Members of the American Legion Who Claim Membership in .Each of Nine Social Groups Outside of Boll. Gardens (four* teen members belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens) . # » , » * » * * *.»**#. # # xiil PAGE l A 156 157 158 xlv TABLE PAGE XLV* Number of Interviewed Members of the American Legion. Auxiliary Who Claim Membership in Each of Five Social Groups Outside of Bell Gardens {three members, belong to no groups outside of Dell Gardens ) *»*,*#*# . * , * * * . # # * 159 XLVl* Number of Interviewed Members of the Chamber of Commerce Who Claim Member ship in Bach of Thirty-four Social Groups Outside of Ball Gardens {thir teen members belong to ua groups out* side of Bell Gardens ) * # * * » ♦ * ■ ■ # . # . . * 160 XL¥I1# Number of Interviewed Members of the Community Council Who .Claim Membership in Each of Thirty*four Social Group.# Outside , of Bell Gardens (eleven members belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens) * , # ♦ # l6l XL¥IXI.* Number of Interviewed Members of the Tax* payers, Property and Xmprovement Assoc iation Who Claim Membership in Bach of Sis Social Groups Outside of Bell Gar dens {seven members belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens) * # . * * ♦ « . » » . # » TABIE PAGE XLIX# Number of Interviewed Members of the Gag© ^ Acres Improvement Association Who Claim Membership In Each of Seven Social Orot%>s Outside of Bell Gardens (twenty iseiBbers belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens} *-##*#**# » # # # # * # ■ * » # 163 I # : * . Number of Interviewed Members of the Educa tion Improvement Association Who Claim Membership in Each of Two Social Groups Outside of Bell Gardens (one member be* longs to no groups outside of Bell Gardens) * l64 LI# Number of Interviewed Members of the Woman Club-Who Claim Membership in Each of Three Social Groups Outside of Bell Gardens ( seven members belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens) * * * » * # * » . * # 165 LÎI» Number of Interviewed Members of the Phil anthropie Club Who Claim Membership in Bach of Five Social Groins Outside of Bell Gardens (three members belong to no groups outside of Bell Gardens) » *«#.***#$ 166 LIII* Number of Social Groups in Which Interviewed Members of the Bell Gardens Elementary School P»T*A* Are Members * . # . * # * # * * . * l6? 3CVl TAJSLE PAGE LI?# , Number of Social Groups In whleii interviewed Members of the Colmar Elementary School ?*T#A, Are Members # # * * * . . « » , » # #, # 1Ô6 L?* Number of Social Groups in Which Interviewed Members of the Laguna Elementary School P#T»A# Are Members * ■ # # ■ * # * # * » « # * * LVI# Number of Social Groups in which Interviewed Members of the Live Oak Elementary School P*T #A* Are Members # # .####** # # # # # LVII# Number of Social Groups in which Interviewed Members of the Suva Elementary School P#T»A* Are Members # . # # , # # « # # , # * * 171 LVIII* Mimbcr of Social Groups in wMch. Interviewed Members of the Junior high School ?#T#A* Are %mbers ####*## # # # # # . # # * # 172 LIX# NuzË)ar of Social Groups in which Interviewed Members of the Klwanis Club Are Members # # 173 LX# Number of Social Groups in which Interviewed Members of the Lions Club Are Members # * * 174 LXI# Number of Social GroiJ^s in whlbb Interviewed Mej&bers of the Lionels Club Are Members # * 175 LXII* Number of Social. Grotps in which Interviewed Members of the American Legion Are Members 176 xvii TABLE PAGE LXm, Number of Social Groups la #ilch Intorvlowed Member# of the American Legion Auxiliary Are Members * » , ♦ # . » ' # ' # # * ' * » * 177 LXIV* Ntmgser of Social Groups in which Interviewed MeaÈ>ers of the Ghember of Commerce Are Members # . * # # ♦ . ♦ # , # # » . » # # . * # * » ITS LXV# Nimber of Social Groups in which interviewed Members of the Community Council Are MesÉaers * # » * # ,♦ * .* * * ♦' » * # - » # # * 179 LX¥I* Number of Social Groups in which Interviewed Members of the Taxpayers, Property and Impgrovement Association Are MeiAers * # , » LXVII# Number of Social Grocps in which Interviewed Members of the Gage Acres Improvement Association Are Members * # . . # # LXVlIl# Number of Social Groups in which Interviewed Members of the Education Improvement Association Are ora # # # . » . . LXIX» Number of Social Grot^s in %hich Interviewed Members of the Woman*.# Club Are ^&embers » . * 183 LXX» lumber of Social. Groups to which Interviewed Members of the Philanthropie Club Are Members # *##«,*## # # .*■ » .* ..* * # . 184 xviii TABLE PAGE LX3CI,# Number of Offices Held in Social Groups by the Sixteen viewed Meii^era of the Bell Gardens Elementary School P*T»A* 185 LXXll# Number of Offices Held in Social Groups by the Seventeen Interviewed Members of the Colmar Elementary School F..#T*A# # * . * . # 186 LXXIII» Number of Offices Held in Social Groups by the Seven Interviewed M^pers of the Laguna Elementary School f*T*A# * # » » # I87 LXXIV# Humber of Offices Held in Social. Groups by the Eleven Interviewed ^^embers of the Live Oak Elementary School F*f#A* # # # * , I88 LXXV, Humber of Offices Held in Social Groups the Sixteen Interviewed Members of the Suva Elementary School P*T*A* « # # . * . LXXVl# Humber of Offices Held in Social Groups by the Fourteen Interviewed Members of the Junior High School P,T#A, » , # # 190 LXXVll# Humber of Offices Held In Social Groups by the Twenty-four Interviewed Members of the Eiwanis Club 191 LXXVI1I» Humber of Offices Held in Social Groqps the Twenty-eight Interviewed Members of the Lions Club » * . ♦ » * * » . » . » # . » , TABLE x l x PAGE Number of O m ©es Held in Social Groups by the Twelve Interviewed Members of the Lionels Club * * » . # . # * . # # # # . # # „ * 4 LXXX* Number of Offices Held In Social Groups by the Twenty-one Interviewed Members of the American Legion * » . . . » » . * ■ , ■ * . . * • * . 194 LXXXI* Number of Offices Held In Social Groups by the Six Interviewed Members of the Am- erl cam Legion Auxiliary . # » » * . - » • » % * - # 195 LXXXX1» Number of Offices Held in Social Groups by the Thirty Interviewed Members of the Changer of Commerce * » . » . » • » ■ * » » . . . » I96 IOCXXXIÎ* Humber of Offices Held .in Social Groups by the Twenty-seven Interviewed Members of the Bell Gardens Community Council » » *- # 197 LXXXIV# Humber of Offices Held in Social Groups by the Eleven Interviewed Members of the Taxpayers, Property and Improvement ' Association * ♦ » . » . . # . » » , * . « * * . . » . . » * » . 198 LXXXV» Humber of Offices Held In Social Groups by the Twenty-seven Interviewed Members of- the Gage Acres Improvement Association . » . * LXXXVI* Humber of Offices Held in Social Groups by the Three Interviewed Members of the TABLE PAGE Education Improvement Aasoeiation * * , # 200 L'XXXVII» Number of Offices Held in Social Groups by the Eleven Interviewed Members of the Woman * s . Olu b * * * » # » . ♦ # • . * » . » ■ * # # . 201 IxXXXVlII* Number of Offices Held in Social Groups by the Six Interviewed .Members of the Phil anthropic Club * ##»****» ■ * . . # * * » .202 LIST OP mes MAP PAGE I* Map of Bell Gardens ehowl.ng streets and boundaries ■ * **#.###*» * ■ » .» » ■ * * ♦ * 1 2 II# of Bell Gardens showing meeting places of the social groups studied * > » * ■ *##*■#♦ # ■ 203 III# Map of Bell Gardens showing residences of the fifteen Interviewed meid^ers of the Bell Gardens Elementary School P#T#A# who live in Bell Gardens » * # #.#*«# » . # * , . * . # 204 IV# of Bell Gardens showing residences of the sixteen Interviewed members of the Colmar Elementary School P*T#A# who live in Bell Gardens. # . # # * * # , • # » # , # # . # 205 ¥■* Map of Bell Gardens showing residences of the six interviewed members of the Laguna Elementary School P&T#A# who live in ■Bell Gardens * # . * . # . # ##*#,* . # * * . . # . . # # 206 VI# Map of Bell Gardens showing residences of the ten interviewed members of the Live Oak Elementary School P#T.A# who live in Bell Gardens * * » * » » » # ■ # » # . . * # # # . # # 207 VII, Map of Bell Gardens showing residences of the fifteen interviewed members of the xxil MAP PAGE Suva Elementary School P#T*A. who live in Bell Gardena # # **#*.*» # * , # * , • # 208 Map of Bell Gardens aho#li% residences of the thirteen interviewed members of the Junior High School P*T#A# who live In Bell Gardens » » * # » * ■ » * . . * * » * » 209 IX* Map of Bell Gardens showing residences of the thirteen interviewed members of the Eiwanls Club mho live in Bell Gardens * # # * 210 X* of Bell Gardens showing residences of the twenty-one interviewed members of the Lions Club who live in Bell Gardens # * * XI* Map of Bell Gardens showing residences of the eleven Interviewed members of the Lionels Club live In Bell Ga%*dens & * # » XII* Map of Bell Gardena showing residences of the sixteen Interviewed members of the Am erican Legion who live in Bell Gardens , * , Î XIII# Map of Bell Gardena showi% residences of the six interviewed members of the American Legion Auxiliary who live in Bell Gardens # , XIV# Map of Bell Gardens ahawing residences of the eighteen interviewed members of the Chamber of Commerce who live In Bell xxili MA? PAGE Qardens * * • * . # * * » . # - * * ■ . * ■ * » . *#**-# * 215 XV. Map of Ball Gardens showing rasldenees of the twenty-throe interviewed members of the Gommimlty Council who live In Bell Gardens # » 216 X¥I# Map of Bell Gardezis showing residonoes of the eleven interviewed somber# of the Tax payers, Property and Improvement Assoc iation . * . » , » . & * » . » , * 217 XVll* Map of Bell Gardens showing residences of the twenty-seven interviewed members of the Gage Acres Improvement Association who live in Bell Gardens # . # . # . # * , * * # » 218 XVIII, Map of Bell Gardens showing residences of the three Interviewed members of the Education Improvement Association who- live in Ball Gardens . # * *#**»###. ■ * * # » . 219 XIX* Map of Bell Gardens showing residences of the eleven interviewed members of the Wo man*# Club who live in Bell Gardens » # # , * 220 XX» Map of Sell Gardens showing residences of the four interviewed members of the FMI- anthropic Club who live in Bell Gardens * ■ * # 221 CHAPTER I THE PmPOSE Aim SIG H IFIC A IIG E OP T m a 8T0DY I» TEE Statement of the problem* The problem of thla study la to discover how the formal adult secular groupa are serving the people In Bell dardena at this time (IGéS*^ 1947}^ and how these groups oompare with the groupa studied by Spaulding in Bell Gardena in 19S7"*1938# Since the population of Bell Gardens baa grown considerably since 1938, there are now a much larger number of adult secular groupa In Bell Gardens than there were at that time. Moreover, some of the groups studied In 1938 are no longer In existence* By means of the local newspaper and conversations with people In the community the writer was able to discover the active adult secular groups. Interviews with leaders In these groups provided the names of additional groups. Importance of the study. The purpose of this study 1 Charles B. Spaulding* "The Development of Organ isation...and .Disorgan1EatIon In the Social Life of a Rapidly Growing Working-Class Suburb within a Metropolitan Die- trict," (unpublished Doctor*s dissertation. The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1936). la to desorlbe the organization, funotlon and social contributions of these selected adult secular groups in Bell Gardens» Social change la of great Importance In the study of social organizations because society is dynamic, not static» Social change will be shown as It Is reflected In community groups by comparing the groups In 1946^1947 with those In 1937-19384 The reasons for the death or survival of the earlier groups will be noted as well as reasons for the organization of the newer groups. Bell Gardens Is a good community In which to study social change because it was just coming Into existence In 1937- 1938; the land was being subdivided and sold to people who were moving Into this area from Los Angeles and other places» Spaulding says: In this new community an Influx of working people has been rapidly turning the open fields Into quarter-acre lots with small dwellings of various types upon them»^ Boll Gardena Is characterized by many unfinished buildings at the present time, but business is growing and vacant lots are few# A member of the Woman*s Club said when she moved to Bell Gardens eleven years ago her home was out In the country and she knew everybody in ^ Ibid.. p. 1, Bell Gardens, but now she has many neighbors and knows very few of thms* Spaulding says; At first It was a small outpost, an Intimate neighborhood group In the midst of the wheat fields# As time has gone on It has beoome a community of larger size and Increasing complexity of organ ization* Hew agencies have arisen to represent different Interests and factions* and conflict has developed between them*^^ Regarding the type of people entering this area, Spaulding says: The new residents were mostly relatively poor, but employed, worklngolass people from the southern and eastern sections of Los Angeles,^ The community of Bell Gardens has grown greatly In pop ulation since 8pauldlng*s study In 1937-1938 when he estimated the population as consisting of about 7,480 % persons# Bell Gardens now has a population of about 30,000, according to the estimate made by the Telephone Company after their survey la January, 1947* Sociology studies the interaction of persons in groups and the interaction of groups with other groups: "Broadly speaking, sociology doale with the behavior of ^ Ibid.. p, 226, * Ibid., p, 321. 5 Ibid.. p. 53. men In groups*" Therefore, the observation of group behavior Is a basic factor In. social research, Group behavior must be investigated in order to nnderetand peraoaelity becauae pcreonallty is group-made to a very great degree, The individual develops hia personality by interaction with other persons and with groups of persona# "Group priority" aieane that groupa 7 exist prior to any particular individual* The task of sociology is said to be "the study of the forms of socialization#"^ KiE:d)all Young says; Group life and human life are synonymous* Men do not live alone and without contact with their fellows except in the imagination of story-tellers*^ Bogordus defines sociology in teimis of social groups and the development of personalities that takes place in thema Hence, sociology may be defined as the study of social groups in their function of developing and maturing of personalities through the operation of social processes#10 ^ Kimball Young, Introductory SooioloRy (New York: American Book Company, ' xii ^ ^ Hote)* ]&30ry S# Bogardus, Sociology (revised edit ion), (New York: The Macmillan Company, l§4TT%p* 12# ^ Nicholas J, Spykman, The Social Theory of Georg Simoel {Chicago: The University of Chicago 'Press,,192517^*44# ^ Kimball Young/ oli^, p# 2* 10 Emory S* Bogardua, op. cit., p, 3# 5 These formal adult secular groups are part of the American culture pattern# In addition to furniahing opportunities for personality development and leadership, they play an important role In the coxmaunity» Some groups have higher status than others in the community. Some groups exist largely for their own members and others take great Interest in community problems. Social invention is another factor of interest in a study of this sort. As the community of Bell Gardens was developing, the groups that appeared there were patterned after such groups in other cities, as well as adapting to the environment of Bell Gardens, Spaulding notes that most of Bell GardenaJ institutions were modeled after institut ions in other cities; thus* the Business Men*s Association was modeled after the East Los Angeles Merchants* Associât- 1 . 1 ion# The adult secular groups are also important because they promote programs which affect the types and the process of social change in the community of which they are a part. II# DBPINITIOim Of TERMS USED Social group* Throughout this study the term "group" will be understood to mean two or more, people in interaction* It might be debated whether two people are enough to con- Spaulding, op. cit,« p. 262 stltute a group, but we need not be oonoerned with that problem since the smallest group In this study eonaiste of at least three people# Physical togetherneae alone is not enough to constitute a human social group; there must be Interaction or Interstimulation: A group is any oolloctioh of two or more indlTld^ ualB who carry on social relations with each other# Group behavior depends not Upon the mere presence of men together, but upon their interaction# This in teraction takes three forms; person-to-person con tact, person-to-group contact, and group-to-group contact#^ Groups are made of people that are held together by comnon interests) The term group serves as a convenient socio logical designation for any number of people* larger or smaller, between whom such relations are dis covered that they must be thought of together. # # Thus a group for sociology is a number of persons whose relations to each other are sufficiently im pressive to demand attent!on Sanderson defines a social group as: Two or more people between whom there is an established pattern of psychological interaction; it is recognized as an entity, by its own members and usually by others, because of its particular type of 12 Young, oit#* p# xiil (Introductory Note)# Albion W* Small, General Sociology; An Exposition of the Main Develppment in Soc 1 plog 1 FaY’ Wiory from Spencer \ to Ratzeahofer (Skioago:"^he University of Chicago Press, 1905), p# 4957 c o lle c t iv e b e h a v io r We—feeling Is oharacteristic of group behavior and la especially evident In the leaa formal type of group: The we-group la any asaoolatlon toward which we have a aenae of solidarity, of loyalty, frlendll- neaa, and cooperation#^"^ Loomis says: A cardinal principle of sociology holds that man*e nature requires participation In the life of an Integrated group if he is to have a normal psych ological existence. In such a group Internal strife is at a minimum, a powerful "we" feeling exists among its members, the morale is high, and all are loyal to oonsBon objectives entailing a spirit of self-sacrifice, if necessary, on the part of the individual for the whole* Spykzmn explains Simmel^s idea of a social group* role of attitudes end interaction is stressed: A social group consists, in the last analysis, la mental attitudes or psychological occurrences within the minds of the individuals; but the fact that these attitudes and occurrences are the product of mutual determinations and reciprocal influences creates a dynamic functional relationship between the individ uals, and that dynamic functional relationship creates and is the unity of the group#17 Dwight Sanderson, Dicjbionary of Sociology, edited by Henry Pratt Fairchild (lew""lKrE*Wty: fhiloaophloal Library, 1944), p. 133# 15 Young, jop# Pit. p, 18# ^ Charles F* Loomis, Social Rolationshlps and Inatitutlons In Seven Hew Rural' " 'Communi'11 (Washington D#G# ; United States Department of Agriculture, ' l§4o), p*. 9# ■ Spytean, op# clt#. p* 27# Personality la formed In gr^onp participation, and reciprocal relatlona are the baaia of group unity; The essence of group unity, then* consista in the reciprocal relations of Its elements, and a group or a society may be said to exist where individuals are in reciprocal relations.18 There are many different types of groupai From the standpoint of a groupes effect upon society it can be classified as unsocial if it lives only for itself, pseudo social if it is a parasite, on society, anti-social if it fights against the welfare of the larger society, or pro social If it plays a useful and constructive part in the society of which it Is a part#^^ Groups can also be classified on the degree of Intimacy existing among their members# Thus, in some groups relationships among the members are very formal, conventional and impersonal; in others, the relationship is that of close friends who have many mutual activities in addition to their membership in a particular group# McOlonahan suggests a classification of groups on the basis of the degree of intimacy among members* The two major divisions of this classification are.; * # # the faoerto-face or direct-contact group, and the non-fa ce-1o-fa on or indirect-contact group (such Ibid.. p. 29. Bogardus, op. olt.. p, 10, &3 a radio audience)# The dlreet-contact groups are of two kinds; the specialized interest oirole (which may be formal or Informal in organization, permanent or temporary), in v^ioh a degree of intimacy exists and which may function as a limited ^n^imary group in its one kind of activity and association; and the aggregate faoe-to-faee group like the audience of a motion picture theater.™ The groups included in this study are all of the faoe-to- face or direct-contact type, and they are all of the specialized interest circle kind of direct-contact group# Voluntary group# A voluntary group is a group that one joins of one*s own free will* A person Is born into such groups as his family and his nation, and therefore such groups are not voluntary groups* Only voluntary groups are included in this study# Adult jgroup# Only adult groups are included in this study* In this study an adult group is defined as a group whose members are all older than eighteen years of age# Non—secret group# Secret fsocieties, such as the Odd- fellows, are not Included in this study because it would be extremely difficult if not impossible to study such a group# Secular group# Secular memns non—sacred# Only ' Eô Bessie Aver ne McClenahan, The ChayiuK Urban Neighborhood: from Neighbor to Nigh-dweller {bos Angeles ; University of Southern 'Ôaïlfornla, "pp# 103-4# 1 0 secular groups are included in this study# This means that religious groups, such as churches and church societies, are not included in this study# Non-secular groups are omitted hecause they are a different type of group from the type in cluded in the study* Moreover, there are so many religious groups in Bell Gardens that they would he a study in thma- selves* Formal group* The groups selected for this study are formal or organized groups rather than such informal groups as cliques or coteries. Formal groups are organized groups 21 having a definite structure* The two requirements that a group had to meet to he considered a formal group in this study were having officers and having a constitution or by-laws# An informal group such as a clique or coterie lacks this amount of structure and organization, although a clique or coterie may develop into a formal organization* 8paulding found that the Chamber of Gomerce evolved out of an informal group made up of men who talked together at the feedstore, and the Womânis Club started as a small coterie OP Gllque.82 Bell Gardcgs. Bell Cardens is not an incorporated Bogardus, o£* cit.^ p. 4» SpaulMlng, op* cit.* » p# 232. 11 olty although there Is a movement led by the Taxpayers, Property and Improvement Association la Bell Gardens which is working for incorporation# Bell Gardens is one of the many suburban communities In the Los Angeles Metropolitan area* The map on the following page shows the area known as Bell Gardens# The boundary of Bell Gardens on the east is the Rio Hondo River, and the boundary of Bell Gardens on the west is the Los Angeles River, except for one street on the west side of the Los Angeles River* The areas to the north and south of Bell Gardens are occupied by various big Induetrial plants* From his many conversations with people of Bell Gardens, it was quite apparent to the author that they consider themselves members of the community of Bell Gardens, Bell Gardens is a community as well as a geogra phical area: "A community is a social group with some de- gree of *we feeling* and living in a given area#" III# mOANIZATION OF RBmiNDER OF THE THE8I8 The following chapter deals with methodology* The sources of the data used in this study are Indicated as well as the methods of research used and the limitations of the study# Chapter III consists of a brief review of soclo- logical literature on adult secular groups# Bogardus, o^* oit#» p# 176# f I mP OP BiaZ, GARDENS SHOWING STRmrS AND BOUNDARIES Clara / 0 Tifo Inches : k \ one mile Streets Milos 1:) Chapter IV conalata of a olaaslflcation of the various adult secular (groups In Bell Gardena. Reaaone are given for the Inclusion In the study.of certain groupe and for the omiaaion of other groups* Chapter V contains a description of the organlaatlonjp function and social contributions of the selected adult secular groups of Bell Gardens. Chapter VI oonelsts of an analysis of the characteristics of the Interviewed members of these groups# Chapter VII contains a summary of this study together with the conclusions reached. METaODO&OGY I. aoURC^ OF DATA The imalD source of data for this study consists of Information that members of the groups studied gave la Interviews# In addition to this Information, there Is In-* formation gained through the participant observation method of research and through Informal conversations with members of the groups studied. The various written records of the groups, such as attendanoe records, lists of names and addresses of m^bersy by-^laws, and the minutes of meetings kept by secretaries constitute another source of data* Some information on these groups was found in the local newspaper# Spauldlng*s study of Bell Gardens constitutes 04 another source of data* II* METHODS OF RESEARGH The two main methods of research used were Interviews following two schedules and participant observation* These two methods were supplemented by Informal conversations with various members of the groups studied# Spaulding, o£* cit. * 16 BcoloGloal spot maps are used to Indicate the lo"* cation of the residences of me^Bbers interviewed, and also to show the locations of the meetlng^^placea of the groups studied* Social groups exist in space and time; therefore ecological factors cannot be entirely omitted in a study of these groups# Mo attempt will be made to discover the ex** tent to which ecological factors bave determined the activities of these social groups, but this question is in^ dicated as a possibility for some further research# The same two schedules were used In all groups studied 80 thero would be a common basis of comparison* The questions in these schedules were followed by more specific questions in individual instances in order to uh'* cover pertinent data* The schedule is a tool of research which is helpful in discovering Information because if one does not have some idea of one is seeking, one is not likely to And anything* One schedule contained questions on groups* Usually one or two persons, such as the secretary or president of a social group, could answer most of these questions. The results of this questionnaire are presented in Chapter V# The other schedule contained questions to be answered by the members of these social groups, and the results of this schedule are discussed in Chapter VI* The author attended meetings of these groups so that 16 he could observe tbelr behavior instead of merely relying on written records and on etatementa made by membera of these groups during interviews for his underatanding of the actlvitiea of theae groups# This method of research is called participant observation because the person making the study observes the behavior of the groups and takes part in their activities# The participant observation method of research is defined by Dundberg: ^^It consists of the observer's be* coming as nearly as may be a member of the group he oe investigates*" The observer attends the meetings of the groups he studies, and on the basis of his observation he describes the social organization and behavior of these groups# Bogardus points out the advantage of this method of research: It is usually observation by an outsider who temporarily becomes an insider# # # It has the advantage as a research technique of understanding the inner nature of social situations and yet at the ' seme time of viewing them objectively and scientific*^ ally.26 George A, Eunâbarg, Social Research; A Study la MeShods of gathering Data (Haw UorkjLongmans, Green and Co., 19427, p. 375, Emory 3# Bogardua, Introduction to Social Research| A Text and Reference Study# Wherein are ' Pr e a en t'ed" Va‘ r loua Methods oP Social' lea ear oh ln"'a""Üoyact /""Honvenïent' ÿ"orm' (bos' Angelas I Suttonhouse Ltd#% Ï Ô 3 6 p# 70# Iflndewin had a great deal to do with developing the method of research known as participant observation# Re says: "The behavior of groups is a complex of responses . 27 to stimuli originating within and without the groups#" Therefore when the observer enters the social situation to observe it, his contacts with the people whose bebavior he is studying cause the social situation to change scmewhat so that it is no lojs^er exactly the same situation that it was before be entered: It is not possible to study human beings and human groups without becoming a part of the human environment and hence a possible or potential stimulus*^ llndeman gives the two meanings of observation: Observation as used in this study is taken to mean two things: (1) %hat is the group doing? (2) What does the group "think" It is doing? Or, observation from the inside as mil as observation from the outside#^^ taking part in the activities of the group he studies, the participant observer is able to observe the group from the inside* When the observer describes what the group thinks it Is doing, his material is of a sub^ jeotive and biased nature, but it is of value to know what Eduard G# lindeman. Social Discovery; An Approach to the Study of Functional Groups '(Me# 'yor&: 'Menublic lishlng Company,'"'l#^4T,""p* 177* Ibid.. p* 3.78, Ibid,. p« 190. 18 the groupes blases are and what it think# It 1# doing* Whet people think and believe has an effect on their action# whether It 1# really true or false* In order to be acientific the participant observer must be able to objectively study and analyte the data that he ha# gathered through hi# observation of the group# Re must play the dual role of a member of the group on the one hand, and a sclentlet on the other; and he muat not get these role# mixed up If he expect# hi# investigation to be objective and scientific, III, bimiTATIOMR OF TBia The limitation# of thi# study have already been Indicated in the definition# of term# In Chapter I# The group# studied must be social, voluntary, adult, non^ secret, secular, and formal, These group# are limited to those existing In the area known as Bell Gardens, Moreover, this study was completed in December, 1947, and no group# were studied after the last day in 1947, cmprm iii a m i m o? Tam UTmATmm Three types of sociological literature were found be helpful in this study of adult secular groups In Bell Gardena* The first type of literature consisted of books that were useful because of their deflnitloos of sociological concepts# The authors of these books are B%ardus,^Carey,^^ Fairohild,^Mcüleaâhan,^^fark and Burge@s,^^3mall, Etiory 3# Bogardus, Sociology (revised edition}, {Mew York: The Macmillan Company^'"'Ï9Ïïi # . Clifford Marion Carey, "Currént Practices in Group Worki Ah ^mlysls of Structure, Process ami Function In Selected Groups within certain Los Angeles Group Work Agencies," (unpublished Doctor^s dissertation, The Dhlver** sity of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1942)* Henry Fratt Fairchild («dltor). Dictionary of (Mew York; Fhllosophioal Library, Bessie Averne McOlenahan, T:W Changing Urban Meighborhood : from Neighbor to Mlgh**Dw%l#r: A ' BoefoXoli oal âWÜdy iLos'^%ng eles t ' University ofBoutESrn"'California, Robert E* Fark^ and Ernest #* Burgess, Intro^ duction to the Science of Sociology (Chicago: Chicago ®lvoralty Press'P' ï'BËl }T^ 3=0 Albion #* Small, General Sociology; An Expos*^ It Ion of the Main ^-velopmemt' in ' 'âocTclog 1 c#l Theory ' from " Bpencer to Ka^enEoref '(#iiemgo: ' The'' ''Ufiiveralty of "SEleago Frees, l#Ws}#'"' 2 0 and Kimball Young* Coyle^a Social Prooesa in Organized Groups deals with such matt era as the prooaaa of group ferma tlon, the deters mlnatiom of moinberehlp, the development of structure, the functions of leadership, and the eooial functions of orgaAized groupa* The second type of literature coneleted of books dealing with metbodo of eoolal reaesroh* Lundberg and 40 Bogardua have written books that are helpful on matters of jmethodology* The participant observation method of research le developed end explained In .Lind©man'0 Social Dimcovery; ; An Approach to the Study of Functiopal Or-— ^ Ml oho las J* Spykman, The Social Theory of Georg aimael: (Chicago; The Cniveralty of CEf©ago TWs'BTI Kimball Young, An Introductory Sociology (Hew York;, .â&iericaa Book Company, " - ; r T , . . . . . . . ^ Grace Longwell Coyle, Soplai . froecsa, in Organ- l%ed Groups (Mew York: El chard B #*''*^ïW,*"ïH5r^lWolv^^ George A* Lundberg, Social Besearchi A Study in Method© of Gathering Data (Mew York: Longmans « Green ----- ^ Emory S# Bogardue, Introdwtlon to Social Roy gear chi A Text and Reference ' Stu3y, ' ' " #mer%m " #r e " ÿr #© em.t ed ■ Varioue Act hods lo? Social "Ig s ear oh in' a ' 'CSn# o t ^ venieot ' Angelee: %ut tonhame©"^Ltd # , , "ISSSTT" Eduard 0*' Lindemmn, Social Macovery.;, An Approach to the Study of Punctiôhal Groupe' " ' ! # © # Y3?ki SepuEQo 'fuMisliîH^^ompaHyÇTJiSiTr 21 The third type of literature coneiated of comGiunity etudiee* Although these etodlea were of aommunitiee rather than adult aecular eoeial groups, these group# were in- oluded in theae atudlee along with other aapeote of the oommunitlee studied# The only one of these studies which includes the adult secular groups of Bell Gardens Is 42 Spaulding*# dissertation* Therefore there is not much literature directly related to the study of adult secular groups in Bell Oardens, However, since most of the social groups in Bell Gardens are patterned after similar groups in other communities, studies of such groups In other communities were found to he helpful in the study of such groups in Bell Gardens# Coyle's study of five groups helps one understand group behavior, but most of those groups were composed of 4 - 3 teen^agera or at most of people in thoir early twenties# Only one of the groups studied by Coyle was composed of ^ Charles B# Spaulding, "The Development of Or^ ganisation and Disorganization in the Social Life of a Rapidly Growing Working^^olase Suburb within a Metropolitan District," (unpublished Doctor*# dissertation. The Dnivor* sity of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1939)# Grace Longweli Coyle (editor). Studies In Group Behavior (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers^ 193 22 people who were middle-aged or older# On the other band, the groups In thie investigation of adult secular groups In Bell Gardens are oompoeed mostly of mlddlo'^aged or older people with very few members in their twenties# Bicks used the participant observation method of 44 research In his study of a small town* The Lynds used the participante observation method of research extensively in their studies of a middlewestern town#^^ A participant observation study of a- small rural town was made by Withers under the pseudonym of James West#^^ The most extensive of these community studies, with the deception of the studies by the Lynds, la the study of a New England town by Warner 47 and hunt* The pamphlets listed in the bibliography (pp# BOB*'?) are studies of verious rural comunlties# Granville Hicks, asall Town (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1946)# Robert B* Lynd, and Helen M err ell Lynd, EMdle« town; A Study in Contemnorary teerican Culture (New ' Ybr Bar court, Ür&ce s3'13om^ny, Robert S# Lynd, and Melon Merrell Lynd, Middle* town. in Transition: A -Stuiy in Cultural Conflicts York: Harb'ourt , ' Erace anf'company, ' 19o7)* " Carl Withers (pseudonym; James West)*, Flainville# B.S*A* (New York; Columbia lïnlvorslty Freas, 1946')*' " ' ## Lloyd Warner, and .Paul S* hunt. The Social Life of A Modern Community (Mem Haven; Yale Bmlverelty ' Press, ’ 19430%"""" 23 Although there are books and perlodloal articles dealing with euch groups as the American Legion, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Parent-Teacher Aesoclatlona, these books and articles are not memtloaed In this study of the adult secular social group# In Bell Gardena because the purpose of thla study la to investigate the aocial groups in Bell Gardena rather than the national or international organisations of which the groupe in Bell Cardens may be local unite# OmAFTER IV T Œ GROWS STOmED I# monps sTGDim) BY smuLmœ iN %967-3& The following formai adult secular groups were studied by Spaulding; the Ghasâ)er of Commerce, the Rome Buyers' Aeeociation, the Businessman's Association, the Moa-Fertizan League, the Democratic Olub, the Townsend Club, the Gtopiaa Society, the Woman's Club, the iBell Gardens Elementary School F#T»A*, the Live Oak Elementary School the Goordinating Gouncil, the Five Point Club, the Gommunity Center Olub, and the Veteran's Club* The following groups that were studied by Spaulding no longer exist, or if they do, it was Impossible to find any evidence of their existence: the Bcme Buyers' Association, the Businessman's Association, the Non-Fartlzan League, the Democratic Club, the Townsend Olub, the Dtoplan Society, the Five Point Olub, and the Oowsunlty Center Club* Even at the time of Gpauldlng's study of Bell Gardens, the Townsend Club and the Ctopian Society tmd apparently passed out of existence: News items in the Industrial Post (Bell) on October 11, 1935, announced meetings of the Tosmsend Club and of the utopian Bociety, but In the Spring of 1938 there appeared bo remain no vestiges of these groups# * * * These two groups had as members people 26 of diversified Interests boujcwi together by one idee* As the domlxmnoe of that Idea waned, the groups died#^8 The Home Buyers' Association was organised in 1938 to represent the home owners in Bell GardensThe Basinessman's Association was organized in July, 1938, by businessmen who wanted a merchants association like the one in East Los Angelos; #iey wanted a clearing house for 60 credit information# The Non-Partisan League was made up of about fifteen union men; the members discussed anti- piokoting ordinances and labor osndldates for political 61 offices# The Democratic Club was organized in 1936 by 52 people from the Cha;^er of Commerce and the Woman's Club# Bpaulding gives the following description of the Democratic Club and espeelally of its president: 8he is another Individual of enormous energy, fixed ideas, and relatively, narrow outlook# Bhe also appears to be "puffy" and to desire to be a big politician# * # # She calls herself a "liberal" and Is strong for Roosevelt, left-wing candidates, and labor leaders# # # # The conservative members from the heart of Old Bell Gardens began to drop out# # # # * gathered around her the members of her Charles B# Bpaulding, op* clt## pp# 244-6# . P* 249. Ibid.. p. S62. Ibid.. >. 252* Ibid.. p., 246.. family^ some but untutored men and #omea vho liked to feel tbemselvee to be p&rt of an Important organization^ and a few unemployed mal^ oontent5»% The Five Point Club waa made up of young unmarried men from eighteen to twenty-five yeara of age; It had about fifteen membere# The eoclal aotlvitlea of this olub In- eluded eponaorlng eome daaeee* The Gogmunity Center Club started with a group of people who used to have birthday parties together# Its member ship represents a certain area of town: *^It la the moat ccmpletely Indigenous of any of the formal organizations#^ Spaulding records an inter view with a member who said: We all talked about buying a lot and building a building where meetings and dances could be held* When we decided to do it^ we scattered notices all over Bell Gardens and Invited everyone to partici pate# Only one man from the old section joined us# * * ♦ * X don't know why^ but there is a line on Florence Avenue that divides the oommunlty.B$ following social groups vhlch were studied by Spaulding are still active; the Chamber of Commerce^ the Woman's Glub^ the Bell Gardens %ementary Bchool the Live Oak Elementary School P*T#A#^ the Coordinating Ibid»# p# B47# Ibid.. p. 258. ®® Ibid.. p. 248, ®® Ibid.. p. 249. Oounoll# and the Veteran's Club* the Chamber of Comnerce, the Coordlnatlag Couacil, and the Veteran's Gluh have been reorganized, so we really have new organlaatione taking the plaoea of the old onsa# % e Coordinating Council la now called the Community Council, and the Veteran's Club haa become the local post of the Aaaorican legion, Thus in a period of nine years (193T-3S to 1946-47} alx out of twelve formal adult secular groups (or eight out of a total of fourteen groups If we count the Townsend Gluh and the Utopian Society) apparently passed out of existence# Moreover, three of the remaining six groups (the Coordinating Council, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Veteran's Club) were completely reorganized* Bo one seemed to know anything about any of these groups that have disappeared^ so It was impossible to find out caused their dlalntegratlon* II* iBCLmm im Tais sTwv The following forzsal adult secular groups is&ilQh are Included In this study were not included in Spaulding's study of Bell Gardens: the Colmar Elementary School the laguna Elementary School , the Suva Elementary School the Junior Blgh School F#T,A, the Slwanls Club, the Lions Club, the Lionels Club, the American Legion . ' Ï V Auxiliary, the Taxpayers, Property and Improvement S8 Associât ion, the Gag# Acres Improvement Association, the Education Improvement Association, and the Philanthropic Club* Since all of these opganicetione except the Laguna Elementary School P*T#A* are new groups that have been organized since the time of Spaulding's study of Bell Gardena, there are eleven new groups that came Into exist- once in Bell Gardens since that time* The Laguna School la very old* Bo doubt the reason for omitting the Laguna Elementary School P#T*A* at that time was that the Laguna School was not then considered as a school In Bell Gardens, but rather as a nearby country school♦ The following adult groups In Bell Gardens were not Included In this study because they are secret groups: the Veterans of Foreign Wars, the Veterans of Foreign Wars Auxiliary, the Oddfellows Lodge, and the Rebckah Friend- ship Olub* The Ministerial Gnlon and the churches were omitted from this study because they are not secular groups* Buch groups as the Bappy Twelve, the Chet and Bew Club, and the Athletic Association were omitted because they are Informal groups lacking by-laws and officers* Two new groups, the Eagles and the 20-30 Club, began organizing In 1947* The Eagles, got their charter December 21, 1947, and the 20-30 Club was still organizing and tak- Ing members but without a charter at the end of 1947*. The Senior High Bcbool Parent-Tcacher Association had its first 2 9 meeting is October, 1.947♦ These new members would not have been in the groupe long enough to answer questions about the groups* Only groups that were organized bofore January 1947 were Included in this study. The following eighteen formal adult secular groups are Included in this study; the Bell Gardens Elementary School F*T»A*, the Colmar Elementary School P*T*A#, the Laguna Elementary School the Live Oak Elementary ■School F.*T..A*, the Suva Elementary School ?*T*A*, the Junior High School F*T»A#, the Eimala Olub, the Lions Club, the Lionels Gluh, the American .Legion, the American Legion Auxiliary, the Chamber of Ooimerce, the Community Council, the Taxpayers, Property and Improvement Association, the Gagé Acres Improvement Association, the Education Improvement Association, the Woman's Club, and the Philanthropic Club# III* CLABSIFICATIOm OF QROGPS STUDIED The activities of the Parent-Teacher Associations and the Education Improvement Association relate to the schools* The two groups with Auxiliaries are thé Lions (Lionels) and the American Legion (American Legion Amciliars)» The Gage Acres Improvement Association is the only group whose members all come from the same section of town and constitute a neighborhood group* Most of the members of the Chamber of Commerce, Lions Club, and ICiwaala Club are buelnessmen* The following classification of the groups studied could fee mad#I groups whose members must be men (Lions Club and Klwanla Club), groups whose members must be women (Woman's Club, Philanthropic Club, Lionels, American Legion Auxiliary), groups whose members are mostly men (American Legion, Chamber of Commerce, Taxpayers Association), groups whose members are mostly women (Bell aardens P*T#A*, Colmar F*T#A*, Laguna B#T*A#, Live Oak P#T*A#, Suva Junior High P*T*A,), groups #%oee members are about equally divided between men and women (Community Council and Gage Acres Improvement Association)* The members of the Question Im provement Association happen to all be women, but any men who wanted to join the association could do so# The following classifioation of the groups studied is the most meaningful; '(1) Barent-Tcacher Associations# Bell Gardens F»T*A#, Colmar P#T*A*, Laguna F»T*A#Live Oak P*T#A*, Buva P#T#A%, and Junior high P*T#A*; (2) Bervioa Clubs: Kiwania Club, Lions Club, Lionels Club; (3) Patriotic Groups; American %#egion, American Legion Auxiliary; (4) Bus iness Groups: Chamber of Cosaoerce; (5) Coordinating Groups: Community Council; ( 6) Protest Groups (groups organized to protest against certain conditions and to se- Gure Improvements ) ; Taxpayers Association, Gage Acres Im- 31 provement Association, Education Improvement Asaoclationi (7} Women ' s Groupai Woman's Club, Phi Ian thr op 1 o Club* IV# OaARACrmiSTICB op THE OROUFS STUDIED When people move into a new area aueb as Bell Gardena they pattern their aoclal groups after those of the ocmmunl- ties from which they came: * # * little In the way of new social isaohinery la found there* Practically all the organizations are modeled on the patterns of Institutions existing elsewhere* Only three show any large amount of originality in their beginnings : the Community Center Club, the Home Buyers' Association, and the •Five Point Club*37 the list of those three groups showing some significant amount of' originality could no* be added the Gage Acres Improvement Association, and, probably, the %uoation Improvmaent Association* These groups are social inventions for the purpose of meeting local needs; they are not affiliated with or related to similar organizations in other communities* - However^ most social groups of Bell Gardens are federated with state, national, or International organ izations; the local paront-teacher associations are members of the state and national parent-teacher associations, the Charles B* Spaulding, op^* cit** p# 262 Kiwanls Club and the Lions Club belong to their respective loteroatlonal orgaalzatlone, the local American Legion be longs to the national organization, the local Community Council is affiliated with the Lpe Angeles County Coordinat ing Councils, the Woman's Club belonga to the Federation of Women's Clubs, and the Philanthropic Club belongs to the Federation of Philanthropie Clubs. The Chamber of Commerce, the Lionels, and the American Legion Auxiliary are very eimllar to organizations bearing the same names in other communities* Sevortheleaa, although patterned to a very groat degree after other organizatione in other coamunltiea, these groups in Bell Gardena have been altered to fit local needs; Bàaoh new structure represented a considerable amount of borrowing, yet each was modified to suit the needs of the area, and some had relatively large elements of indigenous growth#58 The Woman's Club and the Chamber of Commerce started as primary clubs, a type of coterie defined by Spaulding as ; It is a group of men or women, or both, drawn together by the mutual satisfaction to be received from such meetings* The first groups to be organ ized in Bell Gardens were of this type#39 ^ Charles B» Spaulding, o^# cit.. p* 341* Ibid.. jp. 231, 3 3 If the development of these groups In Bell Gardens le typloal of such, developments elsewhere, it can be said that formal groups begin os Informal ooteriea or oliquee# As these informal groups grow older and take in more members, they tend to develop a atruoture of greater complexity, in- oluding by-laws, officers, and comaltteea# As these in formal groups become formal, they develop more functions and interests in the community of which they are a part# At the time of Spaulding's study the Chamber of Commerce had fifty members, the Woman's Club had fifty members, the Democratic Club had thirty members, the Comm unity Center Club had nineteen members, the Borne Buyers' Association had fifty members, the Hon-Fartizan League had twenty members, the Coordinating Council had twenty members, the two Parent-Téacher Associations had ninety members to gether, the Five Point Club had fifteen members, the American Legion Club had, twonty-f ive members, and the Businessman's Association had twenty members The lack of cooperation of the churches with each other and with the secular groups which Bpaulding noticed^^ is less true now* The minister of the Freabyterian Church ^ Charles B* Spaulding, cit*& p* 271# Ibid.. p* 240* 34 la particularly active In the various organizations of the commimlty* Several members of the groups studied mentioned their feeling that there had been a let-down In most groups In Bell Gardens since the #ar In that members do not take the responsibility of getting their work done as seriously as they did during the war* THE ORGAHIEATION, FU130IIOm, AHD SOCIAL GOBTRIBm^IOm OP THE SELECT m ADULT SBCULAH GROUPS OP BELL GARDHHS I# FARim-TmCSER ASSOGIATIOMS The names of the parent-teecher asaoclatlone In Bell Gardens are as f ollows : the Bell Gardens Elementary Sohool f*T.A#, the Colmar Elementary School P#T.A,, the Laguna Elementary SchGol P»T*A*, the I^ve Oak Elementary School F.T#A#, the Suva Elementary School ?,T*A#, and the Junior High School P#T#A# The Bell Gaixaeaa F*T*A# meets on the second Wednesday of each month in the school auditorium. Meetings are held at two in the afternoon except for one evening meeting each semester# The Colmar F*T$A# meets on the first Thursday of each month in one of the rooms in the school building# Meetings are held at two in the after^ noon except for one evening meeting each semester* The Laguna P*T#A# meets on the secoigd Thursday of each month In one of the rnmaa in the school building* Meetings are held at two-thirty in the afternoon# The Live 0ak F*T*A* meets on the first Wednesday of each month in one of the rooms In the school building# Meetings are held at two-fifteen in the afternoon. The Suva P*T*A* moots on the second 3 $ Wednesday of each month In one of the rooms In the school building* Meetings are held at two in the afternoom* The Junior High P*T*A* meets on the third Thursday of each month In the school auditorium* Meetings are held at two In the afternoon except for one evening meeting eaoh semester# # Bach member of the parent—teacher associations pays dues of fifty cents a year# The only exception to the above statement Is the Laguna F*T*A. which has dues of only thirty-five cents a year for each member. The fifty cents is divided into five parts: twenty-five cents is kept by the local P*T*A*, ten cents goes to the State f#T#A*, five cents goes to the District P*T*A,, five cents goes to the Rational P.T.A*, and five cents goes to the Community Council In Bell Cardens. In Rovamber, 1947, the Bell Gardens P$T*A* had two hundred dollars in the treasury, the Colmar F*T*A* had about five dollars in the treasury, the Laguna ?*T*A* had three dollars in the treasury, the Live Oak F*T#A* had two hundred dollars in the treasury, the Buva P*T*A* had three hundred dollars in the treasury, and the Junior High P*T*Ai had three hundred and forty-two dollars in the treasury# The ssmll amount of money in the treasury of the Laguna ?*T*A* is probably due to their small number of members, but the small amount of money in the treasury of the 37 Colmar la hard to explain* ' Member a bio# Arty person who is Interested in child welfare can become a P*T*A# member if he paya bis dues* Although anyone who had paid his dues was listed as a member, come of the people who pay dues do not attend meetings* Therefore attendance la a more acourate criterion of active membership than the payment of dues* The memberstiip and attendance of these groups will be found In Table I, page 83. Officers and Committees* The executive board of a par ©at-tea Cher association is to the F*T*A*. what a board of directors Is to most organizations* The executive board is made up of the officers and the committee chairmen# The executive board plans the program for each meeting and takes care of routine business* The executive boards of the parent-teaoher associations of Bell Gardens meet once a month in the homes of board members* Officers bold their offices for one year in all parent-teachers associations in Bell Gardens* They are elected in March and are installed in April, The Laguna F*T*A. had an almost complete turnover in members in the fall of 1947 because of the large number of people moving in and out of the district* The Laguna ?*T#A* has a president, secretary, viee-prcsident, parliamentarian, and a se membership, ahalrman la e chairman without a oommittee# The other F#T»A# groupa have the following offioera: president, firat vioe-prealdent, aecond vice-présidant, aeoratary, treasurer, auditor, hiatorian, and parliament arian* The duties of officers are as followa; the presi dent preeidee at meetings of the P#T*A* and the exeoutlve board, the vice-preaidents help the president and act In his place when he is absent, the secretary keeps an accurate record of what takes place in business meetings and notifies members of the time and place of meetings, the treasurer takes care of the finaaces (she reoalves, deposits and pays out money), the auditor audits the books of the ?*T twice a year, the historian keeps a record of the history and activités of the F*T*A#, and the parliamentarian gives members advice on correct parliamentary procedure* The parent-teaoher associations (excepting Laguna have the following committees; ^ogram, magazine, publicity, hospitality, legislation, membership, hostess, room-mothers, welfare, and parent-educatlon* Actually most of these committees consist simply of a committee chairman who may occasionally ask other members to help him* The program, chairman arranges programs (enter ta lament), the magazine chairman takes care of the subsetIptlons of members for the state and national parent-tea cher magazines, the publicity chairman sees to it that ?*T*A* activities 3 9 are written up In the local newspaper, the hospitality chairman welcomes new members and helps the hostess, the legislation chairman helps with such problems as drawing up new by-laws or making changes.in the. present by-laws, the membership chairman keeps track of the names and addresses of members, the hostess takes care of refreshments, the the room-mothers chairman helps with the programs by the children, the welfare chairman secs to it that the needy children are helped, and the pareat-eduoation chairman arranges study groups for parents* History# The Ball Gardena P.T.A# organized in 1937, the Oolmar F.T*A, organized in 1941, the Laguna School was built im 1908, end no one knew just when the F.T.A# was organized, the Live Oak P#T#A# organized in 1937, the 3uva P.T#A# organized in 1946, and the Junior High F.T.A# organ ized in 1938# All of the F#T#A# groups stated the purpose of their groups in the same %y# The statement of purpose in the by-laws of the Live Oak P.T#A# is as follows: objects of this association shall be; To promote the welfare of children and youth in home, school, church and community.; to raise the standards of home life; to secure adequate laws for the care and protection of children and yorth. bring into closer relation the home and the school that parents and teachers may cooperate 4 0 intelllgeatly in the training of the child, and to develop between educators and the general public such united efforts as will secure for every child the highest advantages In physical, mental, social, and spiritual education. Social Activities# The by-laws limit the social activities of the F#T*A# groups In two ways; they oan eh- dorse no candidate for office or commercial enterprise because they must be non-partizan, and they must not try to direct the administrative activities of the schools nor to oontrol the policies of the schools* The P.T.A# groups do such child welfare work as supplying dental work, glasses, milk, and clothing to needy children. The F.T.A. safety pro- gram Includes attempts to get more crossing zones and crossing guards. The F.T.A. groups help other groups of the community in protesting against the establishment of new liquor businesses. The Beil Gardens F.T.A* supplies two members to assist the toy-loan: they disinfect toys and issue them to children in the community* The Suva F.T.A. puts out a newsette once a month. The Suva p.T.A* sponsors a group of Gub Scouts, and they have sponsored two other groups. Campfire Giri$ and Bluebirds, but these groups are now inactive because the P.T.A. has been unable to find leaders for them* The F.T.A# meetings are followed by refreshments and a social-gct-together# The zimetinga include such eotivlties as disGUSsions, panels, speakers, and programs put on by the 4 1 eblldren* Room-motbers have parties onoe a month in the Live Oak F.T.A# A group of F*T*A. women who like to sing are called the Mother-singers: they put on a concert once a year* The Live Oak P#T.A# has study groups for those interested in parliameatary law, the history of the P.T*A., and child psychology# The P.T.A# groups have had speakers on sohoolhonds, health, juvenile delinquency and other sub jects* The sohoolhond election in the fall of 1947 was successful* The building program of the schools had not kept pace with the rapid growth of the population of Bell Gardens, m m the schools were badly overcrowded * and conflict with other groups* Each ?,T*A. in Bell Gardens sends a delegate to yontebello F.T.A* Oouncll# They also send delegates to the F*T*A* State Convention* The F*T#A* groups are represented on the Bell Gardens Oommunity Council* The by-laws of the P*T*A* groups state they they may cooperate with other groups interested in child welfare* A teaoher member of the Suva F.T.A# said some of the parents used to try to tell the school how it ought to be run, but that at present they are ready to let the teachers and administrative officers run it* A member of the Chamber of Commerce said the Suva and Live Oak P*T*A* groups really get things done, but the Col mar P*T*A* has had trouble because members quarrel and do not cooperate* ■ Two mombere of the Colmar F.'f#â* aald the eame thing about their 1%. mwmi3 OLHB Meeting8* The Elwaala Club of Bell Gardena meets at noon every Wednesday at the Weetmlnlstor Center (Presby terian Church)* The room la which the loach#one are held la rented* ginaneea* la. October, 1947, the Klwanla Club $700*00 la the treasury# Each member pays duea of $18#60 a year* * In order to be a member of the Klwaala Club a man must pay his dues and be elected to menA>ershlp by a two-thirds vote of the board of directors# Moreover, only two men from any one profession or line of business are per mitted to belong to this Elwanla Club* Officers and Comalttees# The board, of directors is made up of the sevea men who are elected to the position* Officers are elected In December for a term of one year* They take office in January* Tradltleasily the Vice- president Is elected President at the next election because one of the duties of the Vioe-presldsnt is that of learming the duties of the President* The Kiwenls Glub has the following offloera; president, past president, vlce-presl- û&ntp secretary, and treasurer# The president presides at meotings, the past president and vice-president help bln, the secretary keeps notes on what takes place at meetings and notifies mezobers of the time and place of meetings* The treasurer takes care of the financial affairs of the Club* The Kiwanis Club has the following committees: Achievement Report, Administration# Attendance# Business Standards# ClassIfioation and Membership# Club Meetings# Community Service# Finance# Community Council# Kiwanls Education# Public Relations# Support of Ohurehes# Underprivileged Children# Community Affairs# Y.M.C.A*# Teen Agera# Agri culture# Boys and Girls# Program# Inter-Club Relations# Laws and Regulations# Public Affairs# Sports# Vocational Guidance# Boy Scouts# Ladles Rights# Parade Float# Receptlpn# and Youth Service* * The history of the El wan is Club in Ball Gardens is brief* It was organized# receiving its charter# on November 6# 1946, The reason for its organization was that a nimber of businessmen felt that Bell Gardens needed mors than one service club (the Lions Club is the older service club)* A Jewish member of the El wan is Club said he joined it because fee thought they were more liberal from a racial and religious standpoint than were the Lions* In any event# the Elwanis Club has several Jewish members* The Lions Club is incorpora ted# ■Pur pose é . The purpose of the Klwauis Club's exist- ence Is stated la Its by-laiss; The objects of this club shall W: To give ' primacy to the bumaa and spiritual^ rather thah to the material values of life# To encourage the dally living of the Golden Rule In all human relationships* To promote the adoption and the applleatlon of higher social# business# and professional standards* To develop, by preoept and example# a more Intelligent# aggressive# and servioeable citizenship* To provide# through this club# a praotioal means to form endurii^ friendships# to render altruistic servloe, and to build a better oommunlty* To cooperate in oreatlog and maintaiaing that sound public opinion and high idealism which makes possible the increase of righteousness# justice# patriotism# and good will* Social activities* Although the Kiwania Club has many committees# they do not no# play as active a role as they may in the future because the Eiwanls Club is a new and rather sm*ill organization. The Kiwanis Club# along with other groups in Bell Gardens# has written letters to the county supervisor asking; for community improvements such as better lighting and better police protection, Membei»s are fined at meetings for various humorous reasons* These fines are used for charitable purposes* The jgliwmais Club is Interestsd In helping the youth of Bell Gardens# and at present the ^phasls Is put on the boy scout troop they sponsor. The main social activity for members is the luncheon le held every Wednesday* The Elwaale C%qb eleo has such eotlvltlee as bowling temme# damoea# and sport events* Usually the Club has a speaker aé part of the program at the meeting* This year a representative from the Montebello eohool board talked on the need for the eohool bonda* Gome#, times lunoheons are followed by movies* and oonfliot with other groupa# The Klwania Club baa a representative on the Community Council. The Bell Gardens Eiwanls Club Ws had several joint meetings with Kiwanie Clubs from other communities* III# m o m GIUB Meetings* The Lions Club of Bell Gardens meets at 7:16 every Monday evening in the Youth-Genter* The Youth- Center is a small building which is oimed by the Lions Club* The Lions Club built this building in Deoi^dber, 1944* Finances# The Lions Club members pay an initiation fee of ten dollars and dues of one dollar a month# In Septemb%ir, 1947* $600*00 was in the general fund# and #00 was in the fund fer the blind# Mmnbershio* The rules for membership in the Lions are similar to those in the Klwanls# A member must either live in Bell Gardens w be in business there* and only two 46 members are permitted from the same buslaeee or profeeaioa* M^%A>er@hlp 1$ aoquired^by Invitation only, Offioere and committeee# The board of directora oonaieté of the offloera and the fonr dlreotore* The Ward of dlreotore holds monthly meetings and takes onre of routine bualneae^ Offioere hold office for one year: they are elected in June and take office in July# The directors are also elected; Wo of them are eleeted for a two^year term and two for a one year tezm;# The Lions Glhb has the following offioera# preeident, first vioe-pre@ident* second vloe-preaidént# third viee-prealdent* aecretary* treasurer# talltwlster, liontamer. The president presidee at meetings and Is assisted by the vice-presidents* The secretary notifies members of meetings and keeps a record of what takes place at meetings# The treasurer takes care of the financial affairs of the Lions Olub* The tailtwister collects fines from mmnbers* and the llontamer takes care of the seating of members at meetings* ; The Llons^ Glob has the following committees: safety* health and welfare* community betterment* Vacation* civic Improvement* publicity* citizenship and patriotiam* boys and girls* sight conservation and blind, attendance* finance* membership* program* convention* constitution and by-laws* and Lion education* 4 7 Hi-8 tory» The Bell Gardena Lions Gluh was sponsor ad by the Lynwood Id^ow Gluh, A group of young merohaoté la Bell Gardena wanted a servie# oloh* so a mee&lfag was called end twenty men signed up and got a charter In 1940# Only three of the charter membera are still In this Lloma Olub* fumoee* The by-laws of the Bell Garden# Llbna Club state the purpose of the Club: The objects W this club are; 1* To form a body of men thoroughly representative of the business and professional interests of the city of Bell Gardens ; to unite Its member# In the closest bond# of good fellowship and to prtxnote a closer business and social union among them* 2* To encourage active participation In all things that have to do with commercial* civic* and iEzdustrlal bettez^ent, 3* To uphold the prinoiples of good government# 4# To assist in every honorable way in furthering the interests of its member# and toward bringing about a better understanding among men# 5* To teach that organization* cooperation* and reciprocity are better than rivalry* strife and destructive compe tition* 6# To encourage the application of the highest ethical standards in business* and endeavor* by the exchange of methods and ideas, to increase efflolenGy in all lines represented* Bqcial activities* Part of the fun of a Lions Club c^eting is the fining of members for various amusing reas ons* This money goes to charity* The Lions Club takes part in such eoamiunity services as keeping a disaster center with medicine and food during the war# They have a wheel chair that is given to those who need it* One of their main activities is sight conservation which Includes providing seelng-eya dogs for tW blind and glasses for the cblldren wfeq cannot afford to W y them* The Idons Gii^b sponsors m student speaking oonteat with a prize for the winner at both the Junior High School and the Bell Gardens Momentary Bchool* The Llooa Giuh got uniform# for the Junior High . School band* The Llona Giuh aponaora two boy aoout troopo* The Lion# Club built the Youth Center building so the varioua youth groups would have a plane to meet. However* the population growth In Bell Gar dene la auoh that a new and much larger youth center building is now needed* M@3ibera of the Lions Club take the Llon.tW smganine of the International Asaoolation of Lions Clubs* It is, issued once each month, A charter member told the writer that the Lions Club used to put on many dances* but the Lions Club is now composed mostly of older awmbers who do not care much for the more active types of entertainment, % # dinner and the fines are a part of every Lion meet lag, Dsually tickets are raffled off and the winners receive prizes. Often there are entertainers, such a# singers and artists* on the program* The Lions have had such speakers as the Congressman of the district* the Red Gross Director* and Lions frma other clubs* Bpesohes have been given on such subjects as lionlsm* the atom-bomb* incprpcrstion* and education around the world* The Lions Club has seen films on such subjects as Indian life* huntii% in Alaska* and Cooperation mm# oomflimt with other j^roups* . The LI w o Club furnished workers for the HW Cross aW Community Chest* The Lion# mloms with other orgmnizetlome oontrlhuted money for Wildlqg the toy-lo&a bulldli^ la the Bell Gmrdeme fmrk* Gàce a year the Llome and Monele have a garden party together: they also hold their Imstallatlons together* The Bell Oardems Llome Club exehamgea meetings omoe or twice a year with other LI one Gluhe* The Lions C%ub gave trees for the Bell Gardena Park* and they gave toys for the tpy^loan, T W Lions* Veterans of Foreign %ra* and the Aaerloan Legion cooperate each year In planning a Ohrletmae Party for the children of the cosmnmlty. The LI one Club aponeora a oo*wunlty carnival and parade eaoh year la June# Other groupe cooperate on this event* MeetlnRe# The Lionel# Club of Bell Gardens meets at 7:30 In the evening on the first and third Tuesdays of each month# The Roman's .Ciubhouee 1@ rented for the nga# Finanoea* Saeh member must pay am Initiation fee of three dollars and due# are one dollar each month. In October, 1947* the Lionels Club had #400*00 in the 5 0 treasury* In order to become a member of the Lionels Club one must pay the Initiation fee and d^ea, and be a wife or daughter of a member of the Li one Club* Offleere and committees# The board of directors oonsieta of the offlcere and the oommlttee chairmen# The directors meet once a month to take care of routine bnalneaa and plan meetings# Officers hold office for one year; they are elected at the last meeting In September and take office at the first meeting in October, The Lionels have the following officers; president, vice-president, secretary treasurer* llonel—tamer, tal 1 twlstor* and historian. The duties of officers are the same as those of officers In the Lions# The historian li^eps a record of the past events of the club# The Lionels have the following ooimlttees: flowers and decorations, entertainment, philanthropy* publicity, hospitality* meiaA^crahip* # At the time the Lionels were organized. the Lions were In their second year of existence* The Lions had a financial deficit and the men were losing Interest In the organlsatlim* according to the statement of one of the charter members of the Lionels# It was decided that an organization of Lionels was needed and they held 51 first meeting Ootober 25» IWl. Purpose# The I^lonels* pwpose Is to cooperate with the Llôas Im their ehmrltable and social aotlvitlea» end to provide for the relaxation and fellowship of the wive# of Moaa^ Social aotivltiea# The Dionele Giuh booght phono* graph records for people In the Corona hbapltal^ they gave toy# to the toy^^loan» they gave phonograph records for the children In the park» and they help needy people in the cozmtmity# The Lionel# play eocb games a# bingo and anagrams at their meetinga^ Only very rarely do they play carde# They have speaker# and movies from time to time* The Lionel# aerve aandwlches and tea at their meet^ inge# Each Lionel la the aeeret tpal of another Lionel) each year names are drawn and each person in the eecret pal of the person whose name she draws# The secret pal doe# nice things for this peraon and aigns the cards she sends *^yoor secret pal*" At the end of the year each person finds out #30 her secret pal was# on and ^nflict with other fgroDos * The Lionels have occasional joint meetings with the Lions 52 gs# The Clyde F* Hager Post 455 of the Amerloan Legion meets at 8:00 la the evening every %aday# % e first end third Mondays of eeoh month ere boslmess meetings» and other,Mondays are soolal meetings# Th# meeting plaoe, Legion is owned by the maabers of the Poet* Finances* Baeh mmaher pays an Initiation fee of one dollar and yearly dues of five dollars# The treasury eon** tained $1500*00 In October» 1W7# In order to heeome a member one must be a veteran hworably dlsaharged from the armed services from April 8* 1$17 through Bovejo&^er 11» 1918» or from December 7» 1941» through $epteW3sr 2» 1946» Inclusive* Although the Legion Is made up mostly of men» women who meet the above qualifications can join» and this Pest of the Legion has one wezsan member# Applications for meï^ership are aeeepted by a majority vote of the members present at a Legion meeting# Members must pay the Initiation fee» and they pay dues# Offlcsrs and eomalttees# The board of directors con» slats of six persons Including thro# offloers (commander» vlc@'*oomDmnder» and adjutant) and three executives» all of whom are elsotW by the members of the Legion Fost# Since this Legion foot is incorporated» It has a board of 5 3 directws a# well ae regular Leglom officers* Elections of officers and executives ere held In Jime each year» and they take office at the next meeting after their election# All officea are held for one year# The Legion In Bell Gerdeaa haa the following offioerai the poet commander who preaidea at meetloga mod. appoints the adjutant» the flrat vice^commaRdcr i;d&o aaalsta the commander ar^ la chairman of the memberahip committee» the aeoçnd vice^coismander Who la chairman of the housing and entertainment comaltteea» the sergeant of arms who keeps order and posts colors# the adjutant who keeps a record of meetings and takes care of all correapondenco# the finance officer who receives money and bille» the historian who keeps records of iBgportant events# the district dele^ gate who attends district aseetlngs of the Legion# the chaplain who gives the prayer at meetings and visits the sick» and the county counsel who is the local delegate to meetings of the L^lon county council* History* This Legion Boat originated as the Veteran *s Oluh in 1938# The Legion Boat was organised in 1939* fur nose# The purpose of the American Legion and the Legion Auxiliary are stated in exactly the same way in the of these two groups: For Ood and Country ## aeeoolate ourselves to- getber for the following purposes) To uphold and defend the Oometltutlon of the Baited Statea of Ameriooi to maimtalo law and order y to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent Amarleaniam; to preeérve the memories and Incident a of our aaeoolatlone In the Groat Ware; to Inouloate a eenee of individual obligation to oommunlty# State and Matlonj to ooobet the àutoeraoy of both the elaaeee and the maaaee; to make right the master of might; to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of Justice# Freedom and Democracy; to ooneecrate and sanctify our eomradeehlp hy our devotion to mutual holpfulnese# Social aotlvitiea* The by-laws state that the post shall he non^^politioal and must not disseminate partisan prInoiplea or pr(mote the emididacy of any person for puh-^ lie office* The Legion aponaore Wo baaehall teams: one for hoys and one for young men* Legion men are avallahle at all times in case of diaaeter (this was during the war). The Legion sponsors teen-age dances# The Legion# along with other groups» bought trees for the Sell Qerdena playgrounds Every year an important activity of the Legion is the pre paration of Christmas bmces for the needy in the community# The Legion has a representative on the Ocmmunlty Oouncii* Two members of the Legion who also belong to the Veterans of Foreign Wars said the Legion Is very commimlty-mlmded in contrast to the V*F,W* Another Legion member said many members who do not attend izmetlngs regularly feel a strong sense of duty and help out at Legion famotions when asked to do so* The Legion helped build the house for the toy-loan at the Bell Oardens Bark* The Legion hires an orchestra and sponsors a dance every Saturday night* Every Sunday afternoon the Legion sponsors a haaeball game# ; Docaalonally the Legion has à Speaker on some sub ject of oosmunlty latorost# and anyone In the oomsunlty is Invited to attend* Im 1947 the Legion heard a speech frcxn thé Congressman of the district and a speech on school bonds by a representative from the Montebello Bohool Board* A wide Variety of activities of the Legion Is shoim in the many subjects discussed at busljmss meetiz:kgs* The social meetings of the Legion tend to center around the game of poker which is also played by some members after business meetings are adjourned# In addition to poker# the other activities at social meetings are Informal conversation# smoking# drinking beer and coffee# and# oooasiozmlly# bingo is played* Coopération and co.afljet with other groups* The statement that Spaulding made about the Veteran^s Club In 1D38 would not hold true In 1947# At that time he said: That this group has as yet relatively little oonmamlty following was shown by the fact that practically no one besides their own members appeared at a well-advortlaed box supper given by the wives of 5 6 the members*^ The Legion coopérâtes with other groups of the cmmunlty In the earnlval and In the Ghrletmas party each year. The Legion and Auxiliary ocoaalonally have joint meetings* VI, AMmiOm LB^IOi; AimiLIARY Meetings* T W Glyde F* ^ager Bolt 465 of the Amerl- can Legion Auxiliary meets at 8:00 In the evenlug on the first and third Thursdays of eaoh month* The Auxiliary meets in the Legion Ball# Finances# Each member pays an initiation fee of one dollar# and the dues are threo dollars a year# The Auxili#^ ary had $800#00 In the, treasury In September# 1947* # In order to be a moWser one must be a wife# mother# sister# or daughter of a member of the Amerl- can Legion or of a veteran who would be able to be a member of the American Legion* An exoeptimi to the above statement vwuld be that of a wcmian who had served in the armed ser vices for the time apeolfied for,membership in the Legion» and who Wd reoelved an honorable dlsoharge: she would be 62 Oharles B* Spaulding# oit*. p* 262, able to join either the Wglon or the Auxiliary# Moreover# a member moet be at least eighteen years of age# Of course a member most pay her dues and Initiation fee* and committees* The Auxiliary has no committees* In addition to officers» three exécutives are elected by the members: the officers and executives together constltote the board of directors which plans meetings and takes care of regular business* The board of directors meets once a month In the homes of moK^ers of the board* The eleotlon of officers and executives Is held on the last Thursday of June# and the members elected are Installed at the next meeting* Offices and executive positions are held for one year* The Auxiliary has the followlog officers: the presi dent who presides at meetings, the past-presldent who was president the year before and helps the president# %e first vice-president who helps the president# the second vice- president who also helps the president# the secretary who keeps the record of important events of the Auxiliary# the sérgeant-at—arms who keeps order at meetings» and the marshall who assists the sergeant-at-arms* Blstory* The Auxiliary originated as the Ladles Vetermns Blub in 1938# and the Auxiliary was organised In 50 T W purpose of the Amclllery le the same, ae that of the Legion (aee p&ge 54)* Boole 1 .activities*- The Auxiliary by-law st.ite ' that the Awiliary ehall avoid political partl&anehlp* The Auxiliary contributes toys to the toy-loan# It bought traee for the Bell Gardens Bark, and it amkea a trip to the Santell hospital onee a month to take gifts to the patienta and take thlnga the patients have made to sell* The Auxiliary sells the articles the Bantell patients make and gives them the m<mey it gets for those articles* The Aimcillary oeoaslonally has speakers at its meetings* Once in awhile the mmmbers pat on a skit for entertainment at a meeting# but Auxiliary meetings tend to oonelst mostly of Weimesa rather than entertainment* Occasionally the Auxiliary has o&rd parties# bingo# and fashion shows* The Auxiliary has some kind of & party once a month* The Auxiliary has a custom whereby each member puts a penny In a box for each year of her age when she has a birthday* This money» generally supplemented by other contributions» is used to finance a trip which Auxiliary members take each year to Ghlaatown# or some other place interest# Oboneration and c oiaf lie.fe with other groups* The Auxiliary la represented on the Comaunlty Gonncll* The Awlllmry has bad oooaaional joint meetloga with the Woman^e Gluh and the V.?.#» Auxiliary and the Lionels* VII* (HAMBm OF oomMmom age* The Bell Gardena Chamber of Commerce meets at noon bn some Wednesday once each month* The Weetmlaieter Center dining room la rented for theae luhoheon meetlnga* The Chamber of Commerce leases a small building where It keeps Ita rooorda and conducts Its buslneaa. Finances# In June# 1947» the Chamber of Commerce Imd $1000*00 in the treasury* The Chamber of Commerce charges a minimum of $30*00 In does each year for a member running a business* Mmtbers #io do not have a business pay only twelve dollars each year* Membezpabin* Most members of the ChaW^er of Commerce are exeoutlvo members because they are In business either as owners or as operators* The other type of membership Is called associate member ship: the few members who do not o ^ nor operate a business have this type of men^ershlp* The reason dues are less for associate mesd^ers is that they do not receive the economic advantages of membership that executive members receive* Anyone who Is interested can be— come a member of the Chamber of Commerce If he pays his dues and Is accepted by the mambersbip committee* Of fleers and cmmlttees# The Bell Gardens Chamber of Commaree haa a board of dlreetora made up of twelve men in— eluding five offloera (president# first vloe-presldeat# eecond vloe-prealdeat# third vlee^prealdent» and treasurer) and aeven dlreetora* These twelve members of tbe board are elected: the four men receiving the highest vote hold the position for three years» the four men receiving the next highest vote hold office for two years# and the four men receiving the least votes hold office for only one year* Elections are held every year In June# The government of the Ghamher of Boirmerce Is vested In the board of directors * The directors elect their president# the vice-presidents# and the treasurer* The board meets twice each month to take care of routine busi ness# The board of directors hires a secretary to oondnot all official correspondence and keep an accurate record of the proceedings of the Ohamber Of Dmmeroe* The president appoints all committees and designates the chairmen of the cmmittees* The Ohamber of Bommeree has the following oomiltteesi by-laws# retail division# manufactureras division# meisbership# promotion and advertising» sonlng# youth recreation» finance# publicity# and civic Improvement* * The Ohamber of Commerce was incorporated May 9# 1936* However» this Chamber of Cmmerce almost 6 1 f olded up* In 1944 Welaessmen of the ooimmmlty revived the Chamber of Commerce* By October# 1946# the Chamber of Commerce bad thirty-five members# aad the ntmbor of mombere ime locreaaed elace thea* A membersblp drive wae made in mrch# 1947* Describing the origin ef the Chamber of Commercé# Spaulding quotes a meaner &e saying; the feed store really started It* We used to meet there and sit around on bales of hay* We selected the name because we could get more attention that way* You imow# when you write a letter and sign It# ^Chamber of Commence#" they think It must be something— Ilka the Los Angeles Chaag)er of Commerce* * * , It works* But anyone living In the area can join* At one time leye had the biggest Chamber of Commerce In the world* It really Is a civic betterment group* * * A member of the Chamber of Commerce said that the Chamber of Gocmerce got to the point where It was being run just for the benefit of a few# so he resigned from It* In 1944 he helped reoi^anlze the Chamber of Commerce and says the present Chamber of CcaaB&eroe Is run for the benefit of all members and for the benefit of the cmomunlty* Bpauld- Ijog describes this develoj^ent which ruined the old Chamber of Commerce: # * * * the Chamber of Ooamerce at first represented the whole ccmmunlty In Its dealings with outside Spaulding# op* clt** p* 232* 6 2 areas* Many people belonged to the Chamber of <km%merce# and several things were aooompllahed* # * sidewalks on a few bri%ea and streets and a few street signs plus the Investigation of proposals to seoure fire proteotlom# police proteotipo» sewers, trees for the parking strips# and other thliogs# As time has gone on, the Chamber has come to represent chiefly a relatively small group of business men and other Interested people from Old Bell Gardens *64 The purpose Is stated in the by-laws of the Chamber of Gomseroe: T m BmL omDma omMam op oommcE is organ ised for the purpose of advanoing the Commercial# Industrial# and Civic interests of the District known as BEIL OABDBNai for the purpose of discovering# correcting abuses; preventing or adjusting contro versies; to have a part as a representative of our District in the consideration and decision of Btate and National issues; and to be interested in a general way In all physical# iatelleotual# social# mwal and spiritual achievements of our Comunity* Social activities* Several members mentioned that im am unincorporated area such as Bell Cardens# the Chamber of Commerce is like a city govermnent: it has to take on many commumity problems and activities that would be loft to other organisations in an older incorporated city*. The Chamber of Cmmaercé is thé main contact which the people of Bell Gardens have with the county board of supervisors* Beveral members felt that the Chamber of Cosmeroe was mot what it should bet it should be a chamber of .commerce* - ^ Bpaulding# op* clt*. p# 242 exist log for tbs Wsinesaman^a interest in furthering Wei— aees opportunities* These members say that when one group tries to taokle too miny omnmunity problems, %t beoomes insffeotlve» and the businessman gets little in return for the money he puts into the Ohmmber of Commeroé* Other msb^ers felt that helping better the community helped business at the same time# The Chamber of Comm or oe has helped to gat curbs# sidewalks, street-lights# sigimls# and toning in Ball Gardens* The Chamber of Gommeroe was instrumental in getting the Bell Gardens Park* Baverai members of the Chamber of Gmmerca are very much interested in preventing juvenile delinquency and In building # youth center, Every^ one seems to agree that the old youth center building is much too small# az^ the idea of building something of which the comsunity would be proud has been discussed in both the %amber of Gozmaerce aW the Gommmlty Gouncil, The Ghaitber of G^xnmerce activities as related to the members consist of luncheons, discussions on various business and communlty problems, and speecbes on a wide variety of subjects, , The Ghamber of Cmmerce furthered business in 1947 by a well advertised dollar-day* Cooperation and conflict with other groups* The Chamber of Commerce has had a few joint meetings with 6 4 cbambera of commerce In other commuai ties# The Ohamber of Ooamerce cooperates with other groups in giving candy and other gifts to the children at the annual Chriotmaa party* Memhers of the Ghamber of Gommer ce convasaed the community collecting money for the Gommunlty Chest* There has been a conaiderable bit of conflict between the Ohamber of Oommerce and the Toxpayere Aaeociatlon* The Taxpayers want incorporation for Bell Gardena, and the Chamber of Commerce, while refualog to aay that incorpor ation might not eventually be deairable, haa taken the stand that Boll Gardena ia not yet ready for incorporation* In December, 194$, one maaber of the Chamber of Commerce gave $100*00 to fight inoorporatlon* Although uneucceeeful at that time# the Taxpayers have continued their fight for incorporation* In December# 1947» the Taxpayer a were circulating petitions and getting the eignaturee of property owners in favor of incorporation* A member of the ChaW>er of Commerce emitted that this proceaa of conflict has not been without its constructive aide: it forced the Chamber of Ccmneroe to be more civic minded and weaken the position of the Taxpayers by getting some of the improvements the Texpayere wanted to get by incorporating* V I I I * C O m U EITY o o m o iL Meetings* The Bell Oerdeme Community Council meets at 7:30 la the evening of the second Tuesday of each mohth* The meetlagpleoe is the library room In the Junior High Bohool* The Executive Board meets on the Thursday before the Tuesday meeting of each month* Finanoea* In May# 1947, the Community Council had $118*14 in the treaaury* O^amnnity Council duea are one dollar a year for an individual or an organisation* Memberahip* Repreaentatlvea of groups and indivlduale who are Interested may join the Coimunity Council# if they pay dues of one dollar a year* The following groups were listed as membera of the Ctmaunlty Council in May, 1947: Chur oh of Cod, Lutheran Church# Presbyterian Church# Hasarime Church, Junior High Colsmr ?*T*A*, Bell Cardens P*T*A*# Laguna P*T*A*» Live Oak f *T*A## Buva P*T*A*# American Legion# American I^egion Auxiliary, Veterans of Foreign Ware Auxiliary# Lions Club# Oddfellows Lodge# Lionels Club, Philanthropic Club# Woman?a Club# Girl Scouts, Chamber of CtmmierGe# and Red Cross* Officers and eommltteee* The Executive Board of the Community Council is made up of all officers and chairmen of commit Wes; the Executive Board prepares the agenda for each meetiag* Officers and ccmalttee chairmen are elected for te%v5s of one year; they are elected la June and take office la September* The Commualty Coumcll has the folloié- log off!cere and committee ohalrmea)^ the president who preeldee at meetings and appelate ocmmltteea and committee cbalrmea# the vlce-preeldeat who aeelste the president and acts as progreim chalrmin, the secretary who keeps a record of the meetings and carries on all correspondence, the treasurer who takes care of the finances# the publicity chalz%&aa# and the membership chairman# History* The original Gomnunlty Council was formed In 1937 and died In 1941* A member of the present Community Council who was also a mm#er of the old one said It died out because of quarreling among the membera# In April, 194% ( the defunct Coordinating Counoil# as the old Coaamunity Council was called# had twned over the money In its treasury to the present Community Council which takes its place# The present Coxamunity Council was organi&ed in 1945; The second meeting for the purpose of planning some sort of coordinated effort for the furtherance of a juvenile jgu^ogram for Bell Gardens will be held today# Thursday, 1:00 p#m# at the Bell Gardens Elementary School^ Invitations have been sent to those preaent at the meeting held last December and an effort has been made to include other organisations and all churches mot represented at that A third meeting was held on April 19» 1945; It is plamied that the next meeting will be one of organisation and a definite outline of objeottveo will ho announoed at that tlme*66 By-laws were drawn up at this meeting and tho present Community Council came Into being* Purnoae* Aooording to the by-laws the purpose of the Bell Gardena Community Council la as follows ; To j;womote coopérâtlom among all organizations interested in the welfare of children and youth and In making the ecmmunity a more wholesome place in which to live* To plan the study of resources, conditions, and needs affecting the welfare of children and youth and of the community itself# Social activities.#.- The Community Council sponsors the Christmas Party for the children of Bell Gardens* Most of the other groups in Bell Gardens cooperate in this event* In 1947» over 2,000 packages of gifts and candy were dis tributed to children at the Christmas Party* The Community Council also sponsors the Comiunity Fair, the first one being, held in Cctober, 1947* %t la planned to make the fair a yearly event* The Community Council sends delegates to meetings of the Federation of Community Cbunoils* Problems Hews item in the Bell Gardens Herald. March 2 2» Hews item In the Bell Oardems Bwald# March 2 9. 68 that eonbern various organizations are brought up and dis- ouaaed la the Oommalty Couacll, auoh aa the Red Croea drivq the arrangeinente needed for teen-age dàaoee, helping the Commuai ty Cheat drive, helplag eetabllah the toy-loan, the problem of a topping the dlaaemlaatloa of smutty oarda to ohlldrea at the Junior High School amd placing emphaala oa good literature lastead# and stopping the liconalng of more liquor aatabllahmenta la Bell aardena* The activities of the Community Council as related to the membera conelet mootly of dlecuaelon following the topics listed In the agenda, Cccaelonally a epcaker is given part of the meeting-time. Cooperation .and conflict with other groupa, The very reason for the existence of the Community Council la to provide for the cooperation of the various groups In Boll Cardano and make it possible for each group to know what the needs and functions of the other groups are* The Community Gounoil coordinates the work of the various groups so they can act together Intelligently and avoid uselesa duplication in programs* * TmpiYms# mormTY Aim immovRamr AssociATiom %a# The Bell Gardens Taxpayers, Property and iB^rovemcnt Aasociatlon meets in the home of its President* es Votings are held at 8:30 la the evealng om the second and fourth Thursday of each month* Financée* The Taxpayers Aaeoclatlon has only a few dollars In the treasury to cover the expense of sending postcards to announce mootings. Dues are one dollar a year for each memher# ^ Memhera pay dues of one dollar a year# and they must he adult residents of Wll Gardens who either own or rent & home. Officers committees# The Board of Directors of the Taxpayers consists of fifteen members » three of are officers (president# vice-president» and secretary- treasurer)* The government of the Taxpayers la Cixspletely in the hands of the board of directors* The members of the Association elect the hoard of directors, hut only memhers of the hoard of directors can vote on Issue# raised at meetings; however# members can take part in the dis- eussions# Officers and dlrectcra are elected for terms of one year; they are elected In June and take office Immed iately following their election* The president presides at meetings# signs meWbershlp cards and contracts of any kind# and appoints ccmsaittocs. The vice-president takes the place of the president in his absence* The sacretary-treasurer 7 0 takes care of all oorreapeadeaoe as well as fInanolal affaire of the Aaaoclablom* The taxpayers Aeeoclatloa had the following three oommltteee: oampalgm for Incorporation» survey for iàoorporatlon» and finance for Incorporation* The importance of Incorporation of Bell Gardens in this group?# program la Indicated by the fact that all three committees deal with It# Slatory* The Taxpayers Aeaoolatlon was organized in Hovm^er# 1945, and It was incorporated on January 10» 1947^ Purpose* The purpose of the Taxpayers Association is said to be civic improvement# which Includes a great variety of activities» the most important heing the attempt to Incorporate Bell Gardens as a city* Bocial ac11 vl 11 es * The Taxpayers have helped get many Important isq>rovcmenta such as getting better garbage dlsposial, getting rid of a dump that was near the residence area# and getting the water rate back to & reasonable price after It had been raised* The main activity# however» is getting the home-owners of Bell Gardens to sign the la- corporatioa petition# As the year 1947 came to a close, the Taxpayers were still circulating petitions# bût there mas no definite #lgn that Bell Gardens would be incorporated la the 7 1 near fuWre* The mectinge of the Taxpayers coaslat elmost oatirely of diecuesioh on cemrnunlty Improvemomt# and inoor^oratioh# The Association ocoaeionally has speakers * Some kind of refreehmente are oooaaionally aerred after meetings* Oooaeration and oonfliot with other z^roupa» The Taxpayers have been in conflict with the Ohamher of Oommeroe on the inoorpôration Issue# However, both of these groupa got together to defeat an attempt by Maywood to annex Boll Gardena# One member of the Taxpayers said there ims less oonfllot with the Chamber of Commerce than there used to be because the Chmnber of CosEserce was beginning to realize that Incorporation was needed# A member of the Cha%A>er of Commeroe and a member of the Gage Acres Aseoclatlon aald their objection to the Taxpayers was they were too politic ally ambitioua and expected to hold all the offices If Bell Gardena incorporated* Two members of the Taxpayers admitted thin» but aaid they were staying In to curb the politically amhitloue members. Another member of the Taxpayers eald hla objection to the group was that the members were too outspoken with those Wio dlaagreed with them on incorporation: they should be more diplomatie» The Taxpayers Aaeociation is represent- on the Oommnnity Council# ) X# GAGE ACRES IMPaCVmBm AGSOGIATIOH Gage Aorea la the moat recently settled part of Gardena; In fact, many of the bolldlnga are unflnlahed, Inatead of hiring their homes built# moat of the mem in Gage Aorea are building aa much of their homes by theme elves aa la poeelble to do# The homes are small# There le a neighborly spirit in Gage Acres that la lacking la many cities* Hearly anyone can tell you where somebody lives if he lives anywhere in Gage Acres* Meetings* The Gage Aores Improvement Assoolatlon met la the evsnlng at the homes of different memherB* Daring September, Ootober# and November of 1946 the Gage Acres Association met every Tuesday evening* After November It met onoe a month oh the first Tuesday# Ho meetings have been held slnoe Mar eh In 1947* Beeh family paid yearly dues of twenty^ five cents# Th# Assoelstlon bad only a few dollars In the treasury# # Most of the members of the Gage Acres Assoolatlon have ehlldren, so meetlogs were family affairs* Anyone who lived in. Gage Acres oould be a member* 7 3 Officers and eommltt###* The Gag© Acres Improvement AssociâtIon bas the following officers: a chairman #%o presides at meetings, a vioe-cbairman who assists the obalr- man, a seoretary ixdio keeps a record of meetings and takes care of correspondence, a treasurer who takes care of the fioaaoial affairs, and a sergeant of arms to keep order* Officers are elected once a year* The Gage Acres Association has three committees; toning, WB^ersblp, and refreshment* # The OG^e Acres Improvement Association originated on Beptemher 17, 1946* It was a primary group, being made up of naigbbors who lived in the same area* At the last meeting in March, 1947, the members agreed to call another meeting if anything turned up making it advisable to do so* The present state of the association is one of dormancy rather than death, but it probably will die ujcless something happens to revive it* The reason for its present inactivity is that most of the things its mmabere fought for have been achieved, and the other things have been shelved* Furnose* The purpose of the Gage Acres Association was to get needed improvements for the Gage Acres area* 5ociaX actlvitlea* The Gage Acres Association got an emergency phone put in because there were no phones in.Gaga Acres* The Association also got tb# fire department to put 7 4 regulation beads on the fire bydrante in Gage Aorea so it would be possible to make a quick oonneotion in ease of fire* The Association helped get a twenty-five mile zone on Gage Street, making It safer for obildrsn on the way to sohool# The Gage Aores Association has also asked for sewers, street lights, aldesmlks, and curbs* but as yet the Assooiati<m bas been unsuooessful in getting these things* The Association wrote a letter to the Gtate Health Depart ment protesting a dump near Gage Gtreet, and the dwp was cleaned up* The des 1rs to have mall delivered at their homes instead of on Gage Gtreet was the cause of the formation of the Gage Acres Aasoelation, end this was the first improvement the Association achieved* The Association reported that planes fly too low over the area to the proper authorities* The Gage Acres Association meetings consisted mostly of disouasion on how to get improvements# Oooasionally the Assoei&tion had a speaker on such subjects as zoning* fotluok dinners were a featwe of most a^etings* Meetings provided an opportunity for Informal conversation* The Association held a Halloween party for the children of. the ne ighborhood * Cooperation and eonfliot with other grows* The Chamber of Oomteroe helped the Gage Acres Assoeiation in getting the dump on Gage Street cleaned up* The G&ge Acree Association had one joint meeting with the Education Im provement Aeeoclatlon and with the Montebello School Board In March» 1947* The president of the Oage Acres Aeeoclatlon aald be was convinced that the achoola were doing a good job of educating the children and that moat of the people who attended the joint meeting were also comvlnoed of that fact* The président of the Gage Acres Aaaociatlon got the public health to get after the people la Gage Acres who had lived In tenta for a long time without trying to build their bomee, those who had lumber piles with rata under them, and those who bad dirty outhouse a* Some people were angry and thought they were being bossed, but most of the people agreed that this action initiated by the president of the Association was for the general welfare of the people* XI* EDGGATIOH m m O T m ^ T AS30GIATI0B Mpétinf^s * . The Education l)3:q>rovement Association met at 7:50 in the evening of the first and third Tuesday of each month* Meetings were held in the home of the president but no meetings have been held since June, 1947* Finances* The Association has no money in the treasury, and members pay no dues# 76 la 1 at ar ea tad in Improved educetion meif join the Aaeocl&tioa* Off leer 8 and committee## 9F!&e lagp-rljmipa <34&jLl jToz» ibt%r<Be officers^ hut at the preeeat time the only offieere are the president and the aecretary^treaewer (the third office la that of vice^'preeldent)# The Wucatloa Improvemant Asaociatioa #aa orgaaiBOd in Hovecaber^ 1947$ by aeveral people #io felt that the echoole wre graduating llllterateelè Purpose# The petitiom %hioh members of the Aseooia-# tlon circulated gives one a good Idea of the porpoae of the group: Whereas^ We oppose and heartily disapprove of this 8(h^alled ^Progressive** éducation because it is not progressive; Whereas, We are dissatisfied with the results of the currlculimj Whereas, The lavestl^ gâtions of our $tate Benato have already given additional support and credeace to our own convict^ ions in these matters) We, the undersigned Parent, and/or Cltlsens, and/or Taxpayers, do hereby petition you to make a defInlte and Immediate return to, instruction In reading, writing, arithmetic, and spelling, especially in the early elementary grades, to .the extant that results will be on a par with the proper age and grade level as Is gfmerally conceded as the proper norm for such fundamental training by proper authoritative sources# Social activities* The meet Inga of this group con^ sis t ed of discussion by members on education problems, and meetings were frequently followed by refreshments. The main 77 activity of this group been the olreuletlon of the above mentioned petition, and so far three hundred etgnatures have been signed to the petition# The preeident said some parents feared.to join this Association for fear the teaoh^ era would be unfair to their children* The prealdeat asked thé author if he were a spy sent from the schools or P*T#A# groups» In short, the Education ^sociatlon is In conflict with the schools and P*T*A* groups and is rather suspicious of strangers* Eowever, two members of the Aasociatlon who had been sending their children to public schools in Bell Oardans are now sending them to a private school mid report that their children are doing much better work now* Goooaration and eonfliet with other groups* The Bduoatlon Improvement Association had a joint meeting with the Montebello Board of Education and the Gage Acres Im-*' provement Association# The Education Association la in conflict with the schools and the P»T*A# groups because of its criticism Of them* XII* ODim The Bell Gardens Federated Woman*# Glub has meetings every Tuesday at noon* The Board of Directors meets once a month to plan meetings and take care of routine bueinees* The #cman*e Club o#ns the clubhouse in which the 7 8 Glub meets* Flimaoea* The Club own# the cl#W%ouse mad the laW DR which It la built* In Beptémber, 1947, the Club had $88*00 In the treasury* Kembers pay an Initiation fee of one dollar each, and due a of fifty cents eaeh month* Member# are women who are interested in the aotivitiee of the Olub and who pay their dues and Initiation fee#* Off!cere and oommltteea* The Board of Dlreotore of the Woman*a Olub ia made up of the offieera and c<«amltt0e ehairmen* The Glub has the following offloera: the preaident who prealdea at meeting# and appoints the parliamentarian and advisor am well a# the auditor obairman and the ways and means chairman, the first vico'^presldent who takes care of publicity, the second vice'^prealdent who takes care of membership, the recording secretary, the financial #ecretar;i^ the treasurer, the historian, the parliamentarian, end the adviaor who aaalata the president* The Weman^e Oiub ha# W o committee#: the auditor committee and the way# and meane comaittee* Officers are elected in March for a term of a year* * The Wo%mn*e Club waa organl&ed in 1953» Spaulding quot e a the atatement of a w<man #%o acid 7 9 The (Woioaâ*#) Club started out aa a $et^acquaint^ club when there were only fifty houses out here* That was In the spring of *35# Mr* Borg was in a little office across the street with one or two men* . next door and Mrs# called the first meeting at Mrs* house* WsTgot together and sewed and talked, and then we got to collecting things for people #10 heeded them# l*ve always done that all my life* * * * The club gave a Christmas party for all the children of the etxmmunlty In that building where the tire shop is now# * * # It seems as though people used to come out a lot better than they do now*67 A member of the Woman*# Club said it became federated with other Woman*# Clubs in 194B* Purpose* The purpose of the Club is to serve the women who belong as a social and philanthropic organisation* 3ooial aqtivitiee* The Woman*# Club contributes toys to the toy-loan, the Club contributes money to a cancer clinic, it tried to get guards to help the school children across the street, its mmabers have written letters to radio stations protesting against some of the horrible bed^ time stories, its meii^ers kmve protested to the local theatre against crime mo^m* The Woman*# Glub helps the poor in the ccmmunity and gives a dinner and program twice a year for the Rio Sondo Club of paralytic and blind people at the County Farm near Downey* $pauldlng, op* oit*» p* @3 1* 8 0 Bpauldlng s&ld the Woman Club provided none of the Intellectual features oimraoterletlc of Wtaaan*# Giube In 68 imany cmmunltles* This etatmmeat etlll hold# true* Ho#* ever eoveral member# said they were tired of doing nothing hut playing card# and would like to have speaker# and s tudy group# on such euhjecte as chlM psychology and nutrltloa* One member said that several times when they had a speaker very few members attended, ao It was ueelese to get speaks ere when all the member# wanted to do was play card#* Like the Lionels, the Wbman*# Club ha# the secret pal activity, The meeting# of the Woman*# Club consist of luncheons followed by card games* One member said most of the members were hard working women having little educatl(m, who desired recreation, not stWy* Gpoperation with other grquDS* The Woman*# Club worked with other group# In dbjeotlng to the establishment of liquor bar# and store#, getting bettor police and fire protection, and getting sewers^ T W Woman*# Giub helped the j^erican Legion In planning the Christmas Farty* An attempt was made to unite the Woman*# Club and the fhllan'* throplc Club Into one group, but neither group wanted to give up It# program and merge with the other group* 68 Char lea B» Gpauldlng, op* clt*, p# 2 4 8* 8 1 XIII* pgimwmopic aim Meetings, The Federated Philanthropie 01ub of Bell Gardena holds meetings in the homes of member a* Meetings are held the first and third Tuesdays of each month at nooa* Flnanees» In October, 1947, the Philanthropic Club had $103*00 la the treasury. Dues are one dollar a year for each me@A)or# ship, Any woman Interested la the activities the Philanthropie Club can join if she pays her dues* Off leers and oomnittaes# The Ibceoutlve Board Directors Is made up,of the officers and committee ehair^ men* The Philanthropic Club has tbs following officers: the president, the vice-president, the recording secretary who keeps the minutes of business meetings, the correepimd- Ing secretary who takas care of correspondence and notifies members of meetings, the hlstoriaa, and the auditor* The Olub has the following committee chairmen: the welfare chairman, the sewing chairman, the health chairman, and the sick chairman who sees to it that flowers are sent to sick members of the Olub* Officers are elected for terms of one year: they are elected in May and take office In June# Sistory# The Philanthropie Club was organized in July, 1943$ by a group of wosien #10 had been members of the Ladies Guild at the Preebytcrlan Chur eh# Borne kind of trouble caused these women to leave the Galld and form another group# Slz of the ten charter membere are still in the Philanthropie Club# le# The purpose of the PhllanthroplG Club is ooimunity. betterment and soolal actlvitles for meimbers# Social actiyities# The Philanthropic Club helps the toy-loan by buying dolls and toys for it* The Club does dewing and ocGaslonally raises money thro^h conductlng a bazzar and fruit sale* Buch a sale was conducted la December, 1947* The Philanthropic Club sent fifty baskets containing such articles as cards and shave-lotloas for t%ie tuberculosis patients In the hospital at Lancaster# Like the Lionels and the Woman*# Club, the Philan thropic Club has the secret pal aotivity# Thé activities of the masters of the Phllanthroplo Olub consist of luncheons followed by conversation and sewing* Cooperation and conflict with other groups* . The Philanthropic Club cooperated with other groups in buying trees for the Park and In preparing the Ohriatzsas Party for the children of Bell Gardens* The Club does a great deal sewing for the Balvatlon Army* I WMBSH OF poa men SBSaa AND ÏTOHBBB IN ATTEBDASC® ÎSS BïGHïSSH OaODPS S ' f ’ attsen» t —■ dmmc# atteâ# Bell Gardens Colmar P#T»A* I»agtma F*T*A# Live Oak f#T*A* Smra Igch P#T#A* American Legion Women*# Club Phllanthroplo Club 230 50 100 30 231 50 '92 30 57 5 45 5 227 55 90 48 280 100 110 75 609 50 200 45 30 2% ■ ■ 26, 18 45 30 33 18 "22 21 20 10 125 30 69 10 81 15 30 7 125 25 34 11 m 20 34 10 500 30 300 18 110 30 SO 5 12 8 12 5 50 20 35 6 26 i4 26 8 om?rm vi omRAormisTics or Tag mmams OF THE sEmcrm) ADDir SEcmwm (mows o? mLL o m œ m A total n%W)er of 216 different per eons were Inter viewed from the eighteen groups etudled; IW of these persona were men and 110 were women# M&ny of these persona belonged to more than one group in Bell Gardena, and some of them were motive member# of aeverml of the groupa studied and were interviewed several times# There were 44 persons (17 men and @7 women) who were Interviewed twice because they were active members of two of the groups studied# Seven persons (five men and two women) were interviewed three times because they were members of three of the groups studied# Four persons (one man and three women) were interviewed four times because tWy were members of four of the groups studied* Thus 65 persons were interviewed in more than one group* The total ouster of persons interviewed would have been 315, but 97 persons were not interviewed because they had moved or were never home #ien the author came to see them# All active members of the Laguna F#T,A*, the Chamber of Commerce, the Community Council, and the Wucatlon Im- provement Associat ion were Interviewed# Five member a of the Bell Cardens F#T*A* were mot located, five members of the 8 6 Colmar were not looated, eight members of the Live Oak P*T*A* were not located, six members of the Suva P*T»A* ware not located, one member of the junior High P*T#A, was : not located, elx members of the Klwanle Club were not looated, eleven membera .of the Llona Liub were mot located, two members of the Lionels Club were not located, eight members of the Legion were mot located, five members of the Legion Auxiliary were not located, twelve mesihers of the Tmxpayera Aaaociation were not located, eighteen mmsbers of the Gage Acres Associatlon were not located, seven members of the #0!tan*s Club wars imlocated, and three members of the Philanthropic Club were not located* Many group# have people listed as members #10 rarely or never attend meetings# members would be unable to answer questions regarding their activities in groups whose meetings they do not atteW# Therefore the attempt was made to interview active members only* In the case of gi^oups that kept no accmpat# attendance records, such as the ?*T.A* groups, the Legion Auxiliary, the Taxpayers Association, the Gage Acres Association, the Bduoatlon Im provement Associati<m, the ^oman*s Olub, and the Philanth ropic Glnb, the aecretsriss gave the writer a list of the names and addresses of members they considered to be active*, Most active members of the ?#T*A* groups bold offices or are chairmen of committees* As for the groups that kept attoadaaee records, these records were the basis for the selection of active members# Because scg&e groups held meetings more frequently than others, and because a ass groups have kept attendance re cords over a longer period of time than others, the number of attendances constituting active membership would vary from group to group# The basis for dctermlnli^ active membership was rather arbitrary In that a certain number of attendances was accepted as constituting active membership* Since the field work for th^a study was carried on during 1947, there were new members who came Into the groups after the study mas started and could not be Interviewed* The dynamlo nature of groups la such that new members enter and old members leave, so an interview of active membership must be made on the basis of the active membership at the time the interview is started# , Kiwanls Club members who had attended four or more meetings by December, 1947, were considered active members# Lions Club members who had attended four or more meetings by December, 1947, were considered active members# Lionels Club members who bad attended one or more meetings by December, 1947, were considered active meobers# Legion mmsbers who had attended four or more meetings by December, 1947, were considered active mmsbers# Chamber of ('ommeroe mcs&iers who had attended two or more meetings by September, 1947, were considered active mmsbere# Oommunlty C<5uacll m@#>er$ #10 bad attended two or more smetlngs, at lemet one of whlcb was In 1947, were considered active members (Community Council members were interviewed In June, 1947# 80 atteadances since May were not counLed In selecting active membersj* In the case of all groups except the Comaimlty Coimcll, attendances before 1947 were not cons id— ered In determining active mmaborshlp:# The reason for tbe exception in the case of the Goismunity Gouncil Is that It was the first group atWled and had not bad enough meetings In 1947 to provide an adequate basis for the determination of membership without Inoludins meetings in 1946* I* REAS0I3S mMBmS JOINED TBB m O W 8 The main reason members gave for joining groups was to help their children (79 members gave this reason)* Nine members wanted to know the teachers better, three wanted to make friends, three wanted to know the parents better {these were teacbors), two joined because the P.T*A* makes gpod public relations for the school, two wanted to know what is done in the schools, one wanted to ward off juvenile delinqnenoy, and one joined because the P#T*A* brings parents and teachers together* Ten Kiwanis members joined to do service that would help the cwmunity, five joined for fellowship reasons, one joined because he felt the Xiwania mia more liberal 8 8 racially and religiously than t&w Lions, one joined for business reasons, and one joined to help the youth of the ocmmnnlty» Ten Lions joined to do nervioe for the oommmilty, seven Joined for fellowship, three joined to help the youth, one joined to meet other huelneeemen, eW one joined for recreational reaeoae# Nine Lionels joined because their husbands were Lions and two joined because the organisation did good for the eoxmunlty# Ten Legion mmibers mentioned joimlng to help the veterans, tkn»ee transferred from other posts when they moved to Bell Gardens, one joined to help the community, and one joined to know what was going tm in the comnunity* Four Amclliary members joined because their husbands were in the legion, one joined to help the veterans, and one transferred frm* another Auxiliary unit* Eleven members of tW Chamber of Gesmerce joined to better the community, nine joined to help their businesses, two joined to know i^aat was going on in the community, one joined to get improvements in Gage Acres, one joined to meet other businessmea, and one joined in order to know the town better# Thirteen members joined the Community Council because they represent an organisation in Bell Gardena, six joined to help the community, three joined to prevent juvenile delinqusncy, two joined to know #aat is going on in the 8 9 comauDlty, and two joined to improve the leisure-time activities of the youth of the community# Five membere joined the Taxpayers Association to got Bell Gardens Incorporated# Four members joined to get community Improvements* All members of the Gage Acres Association said they joined for one reason: In order to get improvements for Gage Acres# One member of the Education Improvement Association joined to get better <^ucatlon for the children, and another member joined to get rid of pro gressive education* Eight members joined the Woman *s Club to make friends, one joined for community betterment, and one joined to avoid boredom* Two members of the Philanthropic Oiuh joined to better the ccmeunlty, one joined to help the poor, one joined to help the ohildr^ in the community# i%4 IN w m m T m A m o? ammiT TO MmBmG Thirty-two ?*T#A# members mentioned helping the Children In achool,^ seventeen mentioned knowing teachers better# sixteen mentioned understanding how the school teaches, and tl±rteen mentioned bringing the parent, teacher and child together In better understanding# Other benefits mentioned were teaohing leadership, civic betterment# teach ing cooperation with others, and helping the teachers by taking extra-curricular duties off their hands* Fourteen Elwmnls mentioned community service, seven mentioned fellowehip# five mentioned meeting fellow- bueineeemen to get ideas end make oomtaote, three mentioned reorentlon, and two mentioned Ite educational value# Thir teen membera of the Lions mentioned fellowship, thirteen also mentioned aervloe to the oommunity* Other benefits mentioned were educational value, helping the youth, re creational value, developing leadership ability, helping one^8 buslneea, knowing one*8 competitora, and increasing one^8 prestige in the community* Seven Lionels mentioned helping the cozamunity# six mentioned making friends# and one mentioned the prestige of memberehip* Ten members of the Legion mentioned the benefits for the veterans, five mentioned recreational benefits, and two mentioned helping the community* Three Auxiliary m^bere mentioned helping veterans as the nmlm benefit* i^ght Chamber of Commeroa member a mentioned community Improvamenta# five mentioned meeting follow busl— neeemen, five mentioned helping bualnese# and two mentioned learning about buaiaeaeee in the comaunlty* Four mmnbere of the Council mentioned helping provide for teen-ago recrealon, four mentioned uoderetanding what different groups do, three mentioned preventing delinquency, two mentioned improving the community, two mentloaed aooiabillty, and two mentioned 9 1 ■ Six members of the Taxpayers Association mentioned the benefit of Improvements in the commimlty, and. four mentioned the value of mrklng for Inoorporetlon# The members of the Oage Acres Association mentioned the .im- provients whloh the organisation brought about* .A member of the Educaticm Improveimnt Association thought the schools were Improving as a result of the Association's criticism* Four members of the W<man^s Club mentioned charity work in the commuaity; three mentioned recreational actlvitl' es» Three members of the Philanthropie Glub i^^ntloned helping the poor# one mentioned improving, the çommnlty, one mentioned meeting people# and one mentioned the benefit of le aiming ho# to cooperate with other people* III# ACTIVITim& W THE GRONfS miGH W m m s ENJOZm MOST Five members of the Kieanis Glub said they enjoyed activities related to youth the most# three said they enjoyed activities related to the scout troop most, and tw> members enjoyed helping underprivileged child%%n most* Seven Lions enjoyed youth aetivltiea most) two enjoyed im^# proving the community most# Five members of the Legion enjoyed baseball most and two enjoyed child welfare activlt- les most# Three mambera of the Chamber of Commerce enjoyed working for community improvementa most* Other activities mentioned were hearing speakers and the DoHar#Day Advertise* 9 2 ment s» four Community Oounoll members said they enjoyed ■ helping with youth aetlvltlee most) others mentioned speakers end child welfare# Two members of the Gage Acres Association said they enjoyed potluck siippers the most* Two members of the Woman *8 Club mentioned helping the poor and one mentioned pl&ylng cards# Three members of the Philanthropic Club mentioned sewing and one mentioned community service# IV# ACTIVITIES OF THE GROUPS WMlCa MEMBERS EMJOmD LEAST Members of the groups studied said little about the activities they enjoyed least# One Legion member listed drinking beer In this category and one mentioned district meetings of the Legion which, were too much under the thumb of one or two overly conservative men* One member of the Auxiliary said she liked participating In the drill team least# Three members of ti:^ Woman*a Club said they liked playing cards the least, which Is an Interesting fact because the Club does little but play cards# Evidently soiae members would like a greater variety of activities# V* SUGGESTima FOR imPROVEMENT *ihree mombers of the Golmar F#T#A* suggested that members stop •quarreling and try to get along together# Two P*T#A# members suggested that more study groups were needed# 9 3 Three member# of the Klwmile amid a community center for youth was imeded* Two menbers of the Lions mentioned this #8(80 need, end one member wanted more joint %i^etings wi with the Lionels# A member of the Lions said too many of the oommlttees do not fimotlon) this la probably true of many of the other groups also* One member of the Lionels wanted more joint meetings with the Lions# Three members of the Legion wanted to play new games Instead of just poker, and three m^bers wanted to shorten business meetings# One member wanted more joint meetings with the Auxiliary, and one member of the Auxiliary wanted more joint meetings with the Legion* Two members of the Ghm&ber of Coiamerce wmited a youth eenter, two wanted more community im^rovementone wanted more attention to be paid to business problems and less to improvements^ one member wanted an electric sign on Eastern and Firestone to direct Wsiness to Bell Gardena, and one member wanted more to be done to stop juvenile delinquency* Three membra of the community Council said a recreation center for youth was needed, one a aid Inc wporat 1 on was needed, and one wanted more emphasis on j;%peventl% juvenile delinquency* Six members of the Gage Acres .Association thought the organization should be revived instead of allowed to die* Four members said dewers were needed and four said street lights were needed* One member suggested that the group 9(4- should either reorganize or merge with the Taxpayer# Association* Two members of the Woman*# Club wanted- to have speakers, one member weatedL more educational activities, one member wanted new games instead of just cards, and one memb— w said more members were needed* One member of the Philan thropic Club said more members were needed* VI* RBsiDmom OF m m m s imsBviEWED Out of the total 106 members interviewed, 1Ô2 {106 women and ?6 men) live in Bell Gardens and thirty-four (four women and thirty men) live outside of Bell Gardens* Of those liviiig outside of Bell Gardens, seven live in Montebello, six in Los Angeles, four in Bell, four in- South Gate, three in Huntington Park, three in Whittier, two in Downey, one in OmBpton, one in Dudahy, one in Glendale, one in Lynwood, and one in Maywood* The raaidencas of the interviewed meitbcrs of the ei^iteen groups studied are shown from Map III through Map XX, pp*20^.-221. Except for the Junior High P*T*A*, the P*T*A* men&>ers of each school come from a particular area of the community because of the division of the community into various school districts* The Gage Acres ImprovmRont Association is very interesting in that the distribution of its o^mbership is limited to a small area in the north-east 9g section, of Bell Gardens (see Map XVîi, p* 218). Thus the Gage Acres Assoelatlon Is different from other groups In IkS )%>lative Isolation from ihem and in the fact that Its meW^era are all neighbors* The other groups tend to have members distributed throughout the community, rather than concentrated in any one area# VII* REASONB WHY Mmsms OF .TRB GROUPB BTUDIBD DO NOT HOLD OFFICES 13: M E GROOfa Members whc did not hold offices In the groups studied were asked '#iy they did not hold offices: were they too busy to have time to do so, did they lack Interest in holding an office, did they lack the opportunity to hold an office, did poor health keep them from holding an office, or had %oy held offices in the past and now felt It was someone el so* . a turn to hold office T The results of these questions appear on the table on the next page* The most common reaacm given for not holding an office was being too busy* VIII* THE M m m m w mmama or T m a m m a sTWim) WHOSE hAMm ARE s m m BY THE MmBERs iMTavimw Members of these groups were asked If they did not know the names of any q^bers of the group they belonged to, if they knew the names of a fern members. If they knew the OF iNTmviEwm mmmms o? T m AWLT %% Bm*L GARDmS WHO DO NCXT HOLD M OFFICE FOR ONE OF M E FOLLOWS ING R&ASON&t s-too busy te have time to do so, b-lack of In terest la holding an of flee, e—lack of opportimlty (have not , been aakad to hoM an office), d-poar health, e-have held an of floe and It 1$ now someone else*# turn* Name of social group a b 0 Û é Bell Gardens f #T*A# 0 0 0 0 - Colmar ?»T*A, 1 1 0 1 0 Laguna P*T* A* 2 0 # 0 0 I&ve oak P#T#A# % 0 0 1 0 Suva- 3 0 Q 0 0 Junior High f *T#A#, ■ 2 0 0 1 0 ElwmiS:- Club S 0 1 0 0 Llona Club 6 1 i& 1 1 Lionels Club 0 0 0 1 e Amerlomi Legion 3 1 1 1 jWærlosn Legion AuxHlary 1 0 Ô 0 0 Chamber of Commoree s 1 3 1 0 Commmlty Oounell 1% 0 7 0 0 Taxpayers Asaoelatlxm 2 2 1 - 0 0 Gg^e Acres iB^xrovemont Assn& 10 0 2 a 0 Education Improve^sient Aasn#^ 1 0 0 0 0 Woman*3 Club 2 0 a t 0 Philanthropic Club 0 0 0 0 1 97 names of most members. If they knew the names of nearly all members, or if they kww the names of all me«È)0rs# The results of these questions varied considerably from group to group, but there were only two members In all \ the groups who did not know the names of any members* Moat of the immbers of the Lions, Lionels,. .Legion# and Philan thropic groups knew all members by name* The results of these questions appear in Table 111, p# IX . Tm mmma o? i% m ca Gwu? m o A&sociATE WITH o m ANorma iN oTam oRoups Each member of the groups studied wm a#md the following questions : do you associate with no members of this group In other groups, do you associate with a few members of this group in other groups, do you associate with most members of this group in other groups, do you associate with nearly all mm#er.e of this grot^ la other groups, do you associate with all members of this group in other groups? The results of these questions are found in the table on page 99# Only one member associated with all the msmbers of the group he belwig to in other groups# MostT members either associated with no other members in other or else associated with a few members in other groups. 9 8 TABLE I I I w m m 0F iNTmviEWED mmmms op AWLT sEcULAR Gaoups iN BELL ÙARDENS WHO: rn^o iiot the name e of any members In the group they belong to, bfkoow tw nom#a of a f ew members (under go^}, e-know liié names of most maabere end over), d-know thé msmem of nearly all wmbers if5 ^ and over), e-kmce the name.a of all member## Name of social group a b ■ 0 4 # Bell Gardens P.T.A* 1. 5 7 a 1 Colmar F*T*4*. 1 4 4 5 3 Laguna f*T#A» # 1 5 1 0 Live oak P*T*A* C 4 S t 0 Suva 0 3 11 1 1 Junior Blgh Û 3 7 4 0 Klwanls Club u 0 9 6 9 Hons Club 0 1 6 5 16 Lionels Club 0 c 0 3 9 American Legion 0 2 5 4 10 American Legion Auxiliary 0 0 1 t 3 Chamber of Commerce # Î 12 ? 4 Commmity Coimcll # 1 8 12 6 Taxpayers Association # 1 9 1 0 Gage Acres Improvement Assn* 0 9 3 8 9 Bduoation Improvement Asmn* c 0 1 1 1 Woman*# Cluh 0 1 4 1 g Philanthropie Club 0 Ç # 0 6 T im a IV m m m a op mamms OF THE BELL GARDENS WHO: ,#*do mot mesoolmte group In other groupa that they also with a f ew members of the group Im e—assoolate with most member# of the _ CgO^ - t m d . over I, d-itseoelafce with nearly group in other groups (7g# mid over}# members of the group in other groups* any member s of the W, ■b-asaoelate (under 50#)$ roup in other groups #1% members of the b a # Beil Gardens ?.*.$-* A*. Colmar P*T*A# Laguna Live Oak P#T*A*- Suva ■F.»T*â* r High P*T#A# Amerioan Legion American Legion Auxiliary :e Acre a Woman*# Club A# an* Assn* 1 3 0 1 3 6 7 h 2 0 S 2 0 D 3 3 3 3 0 a 0 0 0 # # 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 # 0 I 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 # Six 0Jt the groups studied kept attendance r#corda* These groins- are the Kiwm%i# Club, the Lions Club, the Lionels, Club, the American Legion, the Chamber of Commerce# and the Ccmmmity Council* The attendance records show the number of meetings held and the number of persona present at each meeting In Tables V through X on pages 119-124. Tables M through XVI on pages 125-130. show the number of times each member attended meetings # The members of the Lions Club and .Elwards Club (see Tables XI mid .XXI,. pp«l25-6) have a better attendm%ce record than do the members of the other groups* This f act ia at least partly accounted for by thp fact that these two clubs emphasize attendance by giving honors to members with good attendance records* XI* SOCIAL GROUPS MAT INTmVIEWm m w m S OF THE GROUPS STUDIED m h o m TO IN am$L amDENs a m ouTsim OF BELL GAaomS Interviewed members of the groups studied were asked what social groups they belonged to In or outside of Bell Gardens# Tables XVII through XXXIV on pages 131-I 4.Ô show the social groups that the members of each group studied IDl belong to In Bell Gardens* and Tables XXXV throng JLXX.on pages li+9-66 ©bow the aoelal grm^e that the membera belong to outside of Bell Gardena* There la a oertain amount of polarleatlon of member# ■ship in some of the grot^a studied: that la# a large nimber of the same people that belong to one groi# also belong to mother gronp# Moat mmbers of the Laguna are also mambera of the Gage âerea Association# most tmwbep-^ of the «iunljoa» iîljgïi 3>*!r*jL* %>eClOG%g; ibo IStus (ZcNBBmanjLtgf <3oitEWBl]L* IbuaOLf ( O d T the members of the Kiwanls Club. are members of the Chamber of Comae roe# m û almost half of the iDembers of the lions Cl# are members of the Chamber of Commerce# The polarisation of membership in. the Laguna. ?:#T * A. and the Gage Acres Association is understandable because the Laguna S#loo1 district and the area from %hloh the Gage Acres Association draw their member# coincide# Bus!#’ nessmen tend to belong ’ to the GhWber of Commerce for business reasons# and they belong to either the Lions Club or the Xlwanls Club for recreational and fellowship reasons# Interviewed members of the groups studied belonged to the following churches in Bell Gardens: the Church of Christ# the Christian Church# the Church of God,# the CathO'-*^ .lie Church# the Sasarine Church# the Baptist Church# the 3ou.thorn Baptist. Church# the Presbyterian Church# the Four-*» %!versfty oi Southern i ik v â v e 1 0 2 square Church# the Latter-Day Saints . Church# the Episcopal. Church# the Lutheran Church# and Jehovah*a ■ witnesses# It la apparent that the members of the groups studied belong to a eonsiderable variety of churches# XII# T m m m m m w SOCIAL caoufs TO wmca immviEwm Mmaas o? T m oaocfs sTODim) Baom Tables .ICtll through -IMX on pages 167-IÔI1. show the number of social, groups to which Interviewed members of the groups studied belong# The number of social groups to which members of the groups studied belong ruzm from as low as one group for some members to as high as ten groups for a member of the Community Council# Most of the members of the gro%]p9 studied belonged to more thm% one gro%^* XIII# T m m m m m o? oppicBS ama m socisL m o w s BY Tam im?mvmmD MmsEBs oF aaows sTODiED Tables LXXI through LXXXVIII on pagesl8^-202 show the number of of flees that each member of the groiQ)@ studied holds* The number of offices held by members runs from none for some members to five for some .members# The Live Oak f.#T#A*# the Junior High F*.T*A* * the Community Council# end the Philanthroplc Club are groups Wiose members tend to hold more than one office# Half the members of the Ball Gardens ?*T#A# and the American Legion Auxiliary hold one of fi 00 in some group# mxû half of them hold more than one office# Moat of the member a of the other groups studied, hold 0ither one office or none» Thus the members of most of the groups .studied do hot hold a plurality of offices* The fact that- only active members were .Interviewed means that the social partiolpatIon of members as shown, in the number of groups to wMoh they belong# their regularity of attendance# and the number of offices they hold would have been less If the Inactive members had been Included In CHAPTm V I I smMAmr Aim GOHGLmioH orgaïiimation# function and social contrlbutl one the eighteen foimml adult secular social groups of Beil Gardens have been described In terms of their meetings# finances# membership# officers m.û commit tees# history# purposes# social activities# and cooperation and conflict with one another or with other groups# Within a few years Bell Gardens has grown from a small neighborhood area to a large suburb of the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area# The last foams el neighborhood organisa tion of any else* the Gage Acres Association* Is probably doomed to die out entirely in. the near future# It was .found that fermai groups In Bell Gardens started as in formal coteries and gradually took on more formal structure and more social activities# Some of the groups have died out altogether <md others have been completely reorganised# Many evidences were found of cooperation among the various social groups of Sell Gardens# especially In the plaiming of events and programs that is done through the Ccmmunity Council, The Education Improvement Association is in conflict with the schools and the ?#T#A# groups# but this small group is .largely the creation of one person# its president# and it is probably on its way to extinction* The 1 0 5 conflict between the Taxpayers Association and the Chamber of Commerce over incorporation la laeaenlng aomewhat-# al— though Incorporatloa la still an Issue In Bell Gardens* fhla study has Bimm that the social process of conflict has Its com true tiv© as well as i ts destructive side# Every one of the social groups studied makes some claim to serving the community as well as existing for the social and re ore atlonal Interests of its members* Members joined these groups to work for civic betterment as well as for relaxation and .sociability* Most members who did not hold offices In the groups said they were too busy: this not be the real reason# but it was the most frequent reason given# The Lions Club and Eiwanle Olub had the highest attendance record for their members# and this fact Is probably to be accounted for by the emphasis these groups put on good attendance records* Members of the Ghanber of Ocmmerce tend to be members of either the Lions Club or the Kiw&nis Clubg but members of the Lions Club do not tend to be menders of the Kiwanls Glub^ jppobably because the Lions and Kiwania ere too similar in their activities for one person to cars to join both of them* Most of the groups studied have been patterned large- ly after similar groups in other communities* however# the Gage Acres Association shows a considérable amount of origiz»* Al It y In its. orgard nation* la tM.s study It was found that although, the pa^t- Iclpant observation method of social research may not alone be adequate for the study of groqp beh&vlor# It is very valuable in supplementing, the interview method of research# The participant observation method Increases the accuracy of the study by making It possible for the investigator to check What he is told by what he observes# GELEorm BiBLiocm&mY A# Bogardim* Emory S*. Imtroduetlon to Social Reeearobi .A T^xt ■ànd Reference Study » Wherein ere Presented Varloua MethodB of Spolal. Research Im ^ Compact «. Coiwmient Form* ' Los Angel##: Suttonhous# Ltd#* pp* .. , .. A Sociology -trevised edition)* lew York; The Macmillan Company# 15%1* 56? pp# Coyle# Grace Juongweil# Sod al Froeess Ip Orecenl&ed __ Mew York; Richard R* Smith# .Inc.* # 1955^^45^%# ... # (editor)# Studies in Grouo Behavior* New York: ' Harper & .Brothers Fuhliahers# 19^7# ' 25^ pp# Hicks# Granville# Small Town# Hew York; The Macmillan Company# 27o pp# Lindeman# Eduard C*#. Social Placovery: An Approach the Study of Functional procSs » ' ’ '"law York : Republic' Fob# llshlng 'Company# 192h% ' 375 PP# Lundberg# George A* # Social Researoh: ^ Study In Methods of Gatherim: Data* ’ New York: Longmazw# ’ Green and ' Go*# 1#I2* ÇSé pp# Lynd# Robert S## and Helen Harrell Lynd# Middletown: Study in Coatemoorar v American Culture*. Hew York: Mar court* Brace and ' Company# 1929# ' ' 55# PP# ■ . , . . . Middletown in Transitions A Study .in Cultural Cditf 1 ic t% New York: Mar court# Brace and Compmny# McClenahan# Seaele Averne# The Chan-Rlim Urban Halkhborhoodi from Helghbor to Hl^-Dwelle rs A . Soc iolo^ilcal "Study* ' Lo# Angeles : ' University of ' Southern ' ■ Celi fornla#' 1929* % 0 pp « Perk# Robert E* # and Ernest #* Burgess# Introduction to- the Science of. Sociology* Chicago: Chicago University Fr«s3,- 1921% 1#0 pp. Smmll# Albion W## General. Sociolomr: ân Exposition of the Main Development, in Boeloiomioal Theory .from Soenoer ' to ' Ratxenhofer* Chloago: The diversity of Chicago frmaa#' 1 9 0 5 # 7 3 9 PP# Spykmsn# ileholas The Social Theory of Geozm. Stemel* Chicago: The University of Chicago Frass# 1925* W ? pp* Warner.# # . * Lloyd# and Paul S* hunt# The' Social ' Ljf[e of M Modern Oommuhltv# Bew Haven: TSeonlversit y frees#. withers# Carl (pseudonym: James West.).# Flatoville* • Mow York; Columbia Unlversl ty Frees#1955# 23Ô pp# Young# Kimball# to Introductory ' SoclolOKV*. Mew York: Aserioan Book Comp^% 1 .oiS pÿ* B* FAMpmara Anderson# A» H# # The Bur-al Community and the War : A Study of Ryder. North Dakota* Lincoln# liebraaka: United State# ' Department bf Agriculture# Bureau of Agrieultural Econ**^ omlcs# March# 19kS* 29 pp# ' Anderson# C# Arnold# and Bryce Ryan# War- Cam# to the .low^ Iowa State College# Amea# Iowa: Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station# low# Agricultural Ex- tension Service cooperating# January# I9l|.2* pp* 219-8#* Bell# Earl E.»# Culture .of j | . Contemoorarv Rural Commimitv: Sublette* Kansas* United Statea ' Department of Agri# culture# Bureau of Agricultural Economies. Septenhsr. 19l|.2. 113,-pp. Dahlke# E* Otto# A Idaho* Berkeley# . . . of Agriculture# Bureau of Agricultural Economica# May# I9k5* 35 P9* Kollmorgen# Walter M*# Culture .of .a Cont^moorarv Sural Cbmmunltv: .The 01<j Order Amish of Lancaster County* Fezms.vlvania* ' ' United States Department of Agriculture# cultural Economic e# September# 19%2:# Leonard# Olen# and 0* f * Loomis, ■ Culture of j t - Oomtomoorarv Bwal Commmmitv*. El Cerrito* • Hew ■ Hexioo* ■ ’ United States Department of Agrie^türê# Bureau of Agriou.ltural,. Boom- NovemWr# Longmore# T, Wilson# la taon* ârkmaaa : Bffeot of .War^ In .a MiBOisaipoi Del.ta Gcmmamltv* Little Hook# "jricimsas:** United States Department of Agrl oui tore# Bureau of Agrlcul tural Eeonomloa, June# 1945* 2? pp# Loomis# Charles F»# Social RelationshiDs and Institutions In Seven New Rural, (kxnmunities* Washington '.STuTiWït^d ' ' States Department of Agriculture; the Farm Seourity Administration and the Dureau of Agrlcultural Eoonomioa cooperating; Social Research Report No* XVIII# January# ' 1* 82 pp* Lyall, ' Lawrence B, # The Rural Community and the War: A Study of Beaver Crossing* Eeoraska* Lincoln, Nebraska: ' United States Department of Agriculture# Bureau of Agricultural MaoLeish# Kenneth# and Kimball Young# .Culture of a Contem porary Rural Community: Landsff* lie# Emm shire-# United States Department of Agri.culture#' Bureau of .Agricultur.al Economies# April# 19W* 117 pp» Mo## .Edward, Ô#. # and,Carl 0* Taylor# Culture of a Contempor ary ' Rural Community: .Irwin* Iowa*' 'imlted 'States Depart- meat of Agrieuttuire# lüreau of AgrleultTiral Economies# December # IpW^ 93 pp* Miederfrank# E* J»# The M&ssachusetts Hill Tornis .in Wartime* Upper Darby# Fetmsylvania: Thé United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics# Aprü* 28 pp* Wynne# Walter# Culture of ^ Contemporary Rural Community: Earmpiiy* Georgia*.' United States Dapsrtment oFagrd— culture* Bureau of Agricultural Economics* January# 1943* 58 pp. 11% Fairchild# Henry Fratt (editor), Dletlooary of Boelolamy, York: Philoaophleal Llhrar^ 19% » 3 % pp#... D» m m m i s m D MATmiAw Carey# Clifford Marion# ^Current Bract ice# in Group Work; Am •âmaiyeia of Structure# ■ Frooesa and Fimotlon in Selected Groups within eertalm Los Angelos Group Work Ageneies*^ Unpublished Doe tor ^s dissert at 1 on, The Umlversltj of Southeim Callfwiiia# Los Angeles, %pf$2# 305 PP* Spaulding# Charles B*, ®fhe Development of Crganl mat Ion and Disorganisation In the Social. Life of à Rapidly Growing Working—class Suburb within, a Metropolitan Dis trie t.»** Unpublished Boo tor*# die sert a tlon # the University of Southern California, Los Angeles# ' 1939# 380 pp* m* MEWSFA?mS Bell Gardens Herald, March 22, 1945*- Bell Gardens Herald# March 29# 1945# AFFENDIX A acmôULE m a eaouFs Following Is a lis t of questions that war© by presidents or s©erataries of the groups studied* . Ho dlreotlons were Included in the 1.1st of queatloms becmuse they were given imder the perm^nal direction of the writer* 1* Name of the group* 2# Furpose of the group*. 3* , Facilities (maetizighall# playground# etc*)* 4* Meetings: time, place# and frequency of meetings# ' 5* Meetingpl see : Is it rented, owned, or some other arrangement t 6* Finances and investments: how much money Is in the treasury, and how much does each member pay in dues? 7* Number of members In the group, 8* Attendmice; average attendance, variation in attendance from occasions of least attendance to occasions of greatest attendance* 9* limitât lone on membership: age, sex, dues, election, et% Officers and committees: list the names of those hold ing offices or on committees, list the names of the offices and committees, and list the duties of these positions* il# Mat nm&M oi those -on the board of dir©otors* 13# .History of the group* a* Origin of the group: date of origin, reason or emus# of origin* b# Important events in the group*© history# 13# Boelal functions as related to members and as rolats# to the oomnmnlty as found in the conat-itution and by-laws# 1 4* Social activities (carrying out social functions): a# As related to the community# ■ b* As related to the members of the group# 1 5# Interrelationships of the, group with other groups# ## Do they have joint meetings with other .groups t h# Are tWre cooperative midwtakli^s with other groups? c# Does this group have any conflicts with other groups? l6* How often are new officers elected and #zen? Following is a list of questions that were miawered by the members : Included In the under the personal of the author# 1* List social groups you belong to In Bell Gardens in order to he a social group It must be a group people who meet together, and in ord must have at least occasionally attended 2*. List social grotte you belong to outside of 3* List any office# you hold In any social 4* % y did you join this social group? 5* In what ways Is this groqp of 'benefit to 6# mat activities of this .group do you enjoy 7# mat activities of this group do you 6* #mt suggestions do you have regardin activities you would like to have done in 9# If you do not hold an office in this (Check the appropriate answer below): a* I am too busy to have time to do so* b# I am not interested in holding., an office Note ;# or é# No one has asked me,, so I have not had the opportxm- ity# 4# Boor health# e#. I have held office before and think someone else should have a turn# ■ f * Other# 10* Do you believe that the opportimlties for a member to hold an office in this group are adequate? 11# How maz^ members of this groqp do you know by name? (members are those who at least ooGasionally attend meetings)t a* Î do not toow the names of any meWaers# b# I know the names of a few (less than 5D$) members* o# 1 know the names of most members (50^ oi» moiTe)# 4# % know the names of nearly ^1 members (75^ or more), e* % know the names of all members* 12# How immy members of #ais group do you associate with In other groups? a# I do not associate with any mmabers cf this group in other groups* b* 1 associate with a few (less than 5%() members of this group In other groups# c* 1 associate with most member# i$0^ or mora) of this grrnap in o#ier groups* 4». I associa te with nearly all members (75$ or more) member# of this g^up la other groups# ## X asaoolato with all mmibers of this group in other groups* Do you. have anything else you would Ilk# to may? APPENDIX 0 TABLES AND MAPS CONTAINIZ^G DETAILED INFORMATION ON THE GROUPS STUDIED Table© V through X on page© 119-124 show the number of meetiîigs hold and the nomber of per son© present at each meeting of the six groups that keep attendance records.* Tables XI through XVI oh pages 125-130 show the number of times each member of the six groups that keep attendance re cords attended meetings»'. T&oles XVII through XXXIV on pages 1.31—148 show the social groups In Ball Gardens to which members of the eighth sen groups studied belong# Tables- XXXV through LI I., pages 149-166 show the social groups outside of Bell Gardens to which members of the eighteen groups studied belong.* Tables LIU through LXX on pages 167—184 show the number of social groups to which members of the eighteen groups studied belong# Tables LXXI through LXXXVIXX on pages 16.5-202 show the- nmsber of -offices held in social groups by the immbers of the elghtecm groups studied. Map II, page 2 0 3, shows meeting places of the social groups s tudied; Maps III through XX on pages 204-221 show the residences of the members of the eighteen groups studied* TABLE V Month Itzmber of person# mmoh (arch 194? May lA? No h 5 h 2 4 - . 3 5 k 4 18 18 Bewmber 194? TABLE VI AimaDANŒ AT OF TEE LimS Month Btm0er of BWber of and meeting# each meeting yew January %9kS 4 27 32 Fe1n?uwy IS%5 3 3P 31 mardi 19W April 190 k 29 30 Jun® 19# 2 33 20 17 Augusfc 190 , __ SppfceiSjea? 190 % 29 26 33 38 October 190 4 0 26 3% 36 Boirettber 190 4 29 33 20 28 Deeejaber 190 3 30 23 17 3mmeaey IP# 3 19 2 3 25 2 March 19# I 23 22 April 19# 4 m 26 17 20 M*y 19#, 3 # 25 16 August 19# I 23 23 23 30 32 October 19# 3 27 2# 26 Hov®3#er 1 9# S % 21 25 December 19# % 22 21 25 27 lauuary 190 # 23 2 3 21 2 6 February 190 4 23 20 21 20 march 1947 3 22 2% ,A^11 1947 4 22 2 3 may 1947 4 4 18 26 4 26 2 6 4 25 25 . , . . . 4 26 26 35 October 1947 3 38 25 31 November 194? 4 23 2 6 28 26 1 2 6 27 21 27 22 Awe 1945 4 29 32 26 ATTmDmum AT ■ot ■ persons preeent at X AÏIEBDAIGE at MEETIHGS op the AMESlCAtî ISGIO» lonth •O N©5r«sab®p 3 5 4 % A’ s r m o m m at îsetihos op ths chabbir m c m m a m January 190 1 ML February 190 X. (mttemdame# met recorded) Mareb 190 % April 190 2 33 19 May 190 1 3% June 190 X 18 July 190 X 23 August 190 1 22 September 19i |*7 X 21 OcWWr I9I 47 X (attendance met recorded) November iW:? I 32 124 TABIS X ATTÉSO M ea AT M SEÎIH 0S QP THE COMMUMITÏ m W m D Month mxkû year Ntmbar of meeting» held Number of persona present àt each meeting 1^5 September October November December Jamsry X9%6 March X%6 April X946 May 1946 June X9J 46 July 1946 September 1946 October 1946 November 1946 Deoember 1946 Februaa^, 1A7 March May June B#ptomber October November 194? December 1947 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 11 17 17 10 22 16 21 (attendance not T ABLE X I ATTBWANGE OP INTBAVIEWED CLUB AT KIWASIS ' m c m m m OP T m owB mmrims IN aABmm IN Mimber of times each member attended XI- w&als dub meeting» for December 1946 and for 194? Siwania Club members December 1946 1947 Total c d e f g h 1 i 1 m m o P q r s t u V w % k jj I I 0 0 0 I 1 0 1 0 E a c h l e t t e r s ta n d s f o r one m an ia name* ÎA S tE X I I AÎIBHDAHGE OF INTJSaVIBWBD «EMBESS W IMS BEU GARDENS EIONS ÛLSB AT EiONS CEOB MSBTIKGS IK X9k5* 19ii6 anâ I9U7 dW) mmmber# Mimbe# ôt times, emeh member attended Juloas C3ub meetings for each year 19# 19# a h 0 d e f S M 1 k 1 m n o P # r m t n V # X J z 39 30 27 Ô 0 Ù 0 a 0 0 # 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 I 29 27 25 27 12 17 23 0 12 I 0 0 0 0 0 Emeh letter s tende for one man*# mam.* TABES X I I I ATTEWJARCB OF ISTESVïSWiSD ïïmmBS OF THE BSIÆ GâSDESS hlQUMS GLOB AT LÎOSSLS MSETIHaa FROM JOLT TmOWH BSCiSKBES OF I9k7 Mvmhm^ of times e&oh her attended Lionels Glnb Lionels Glnb members meetings from July of lW{7 through Beoember of 19ii? A 9 B 9 G 9 B 9 E 9 P 9 0 @ m 6 I 6 j 6 % % 3 Eaoh letter stmids for one womm * s name, TABES X IV ATTBHBAHCB OF IHTBHVISÏJBB «mSBS OF THE BELL OAfmmS AMS8ICAH ISOIOH AT iMSEICAH LBOIOH IffiBTXJfOS FROM MAX THHCOOH DSCEaSBER OP 19# Amerlean Legion member# BmmWr of time# eaoh .member attended Amerl# i c a i t a&eetlay&B f rom. May through Dec# of Whl a 31 b 31 0 30 d 2@ # 25 £ 25 S 2% h 23 1 22 J 21 k 19 1 17 t'A n •lO 16 Q 12 m : P q y 1 r 6 # 5 t m 1 #meh letter stands for one man*# mam#* TABLE XV ATTBNDAHCB OF INTiSRVIEVSEO «MBEHS OF THE BELL GABBSKS CHAKBEH OF COMlSaCB AT CamBSR OF COSMKSCE MBÉTXMÔS IS Kimber of times each Chamber of Commerce member attended %am# members bar of Commerce me#t^ lag# In %9h7 m 8 h 7 Q 6 Û 6 # 6 £ 6 6 6 h 5 1 5 1 1 1 m 5 m 5 A f 0 P S q § r S a / * î T V D 1 a 3 % B r 3 3 e V 2 # a % 2 F 2 Eaeh amall letter a tends .for % man*a name; each eapltml letter atanda for■ # woman *s name# 130 TABLE X V I ATÎ'BNBAMGE OF ISTiïHVIBÏffiB IffiMBERS OF THE BELL OARDEaS COMSOHITY COUHCIL AT com O TiTX cœ iacxi. H£ra?ii*GS i i4 , 19# , 1 9 # anâ 19# Community Connell members Mumber of times e&eh ammber attended meetings of Oommmlty Connell' for each year 19# 19# 19# Total c » 0 b B .# F e 4 m 1 j K # 0 M f # h 0 i r J k 1 ° 2 0 0 0 1 3 3 % 0 1 # 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 11 10 ? ! 7 7 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 # 0 0 i 0 Bach small letter stands for man*a name; eaoii".capital letter stands for woman*# name# aWBSR op IH2SR?IE®BD MEîâB£B3 CT THÉ BELL QASBBMS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL P.T.A, WHO CLAIM MEMBSRSalf IM EACH OP FIFTEEN SOCIAL GROWS IW BELL aABOBMS Mma# of social MiW>er Bell QmrûmnB P*T*A# 16 jhanl(%r iilgpt 3 Senior High F ♦I'.*A# a . Community Cotmell a Church of Christ a Freabjterlsa Church 2 hive Oak 1 B’ our-aquara Chwch 1 hadie# Guild of Frcabyterl am Church 1 Dorcas Society of Church of Christ 1 Chat and Be# Club I Woman *a Helghhorhood Club 1 Mariners Club CFreshyterian Church) 1 • Bed Cross X laimayers 1 132 TABLE X V I l î HOMBEfl 0F IBTEBVIEraSD MESB®S OF THE 03LMAH ELMEHTARY SGHOCE.. F.T.A. WHO CLAIM MaSSRSHIF IN EACH' OF TOOHTESK SOCIAL GKOa?S m BELL O^BSHS BamS' of social group IfWber Colmar 17 Senior Blgh 6 Gommmity^ Coun-cil 1 Junior High F*T*A* 5 V # Wmflm Auxiliary a Baptist Church a W o m a n Club a Eed Cross 2 Oddfallows 1 Sabekah Friendship Club I ladies Guild ( Fresbyterlan Ghurob) X latter Day Saints Church. X Phil an thro pic Club . 1 taxpayers X TâBIE SIX IfOMBKg OF IHTBRVÎ331SEB œsSBEBS OF THB LAOOîJA ELSœMTARÏ SCHOOL F.T.A* WHO CLAIM MaSBSRSHIP IH EACH ■ OF SIX SOCIAL OaOOPS IM BELL OAHOBNS Bern# of sœlâl Bumbar Dagma f ? Gaga Aère a Improvement Association S Kplscapal Church a Bapti at Church 2 Chamber of Comma roe 2 Community Council 1. TABLE XX SOTBSR OF IMTEHVIBWSB ÎSassaS OF TEE LIVE QàR ELESSESTARX SCHOOL P,T,.A* m o CLAIM MMBEfiSHIF IK BACH OP FOGHTEBK SOCIAL ÜHOOFS IH BELL Q A R B B B S M m m cf meclal greup Somber Live Oak f A* 11 <3hurch Christ J Ckmmmlty Gounell t Womaa*# Glab 2 Junior f X Bell Gwdene 1 Jehovah *8 Wltneasea I Marinera Club {PreebyterIan Churhh) 1 Ladles Guild (JhpoahyWrlan Ghwch) 1 . Dorom# Boolety (Church of Gimlet) 1 Chat mid Be# Club 1 ABaarloan Legion Auxiliary 1 Lions'. Club ' , i $he Twelve 1 TABLE X X ï 3B OF IMTEaVIEWBD mMBERB OF M B SC¥A StBBlMTARX f;t«a, too etAïM Mmarnsme im kato w ssVBir .SOCIAL GROÜFS I» BEIL GAB0EHS. op matter Dey Balnts (%ureh $outbem l j . » a oitd) Red Cross Church [roXlgiou#) 3 1 1 1 % % X 1 X X TABE» X X IÏ BBKSSR ©F liarî®VISWBD M^BSSS W THB BTOIOB HIGS SCHOOL . . t«T,A» WHO CLAIM MI*&SÎ3HIF IH EACH OF TWBÏITÏ SOCIAL. ©ROWS IB jaSLL 0AHDEHS of eoclaX group # m b w Junior m # f là Goimol.i 5 d Colmar P#T* A* # V*P*W# Auxiliary 3 Bell Gardem^ 3 WoiBsn*# Club 2 Philanthropie Cl%d> 2 Choreh of God 1 (%woh 1 G h w ^ of %rlet 1 Preebyterla# GWmoh . 1 Pourequare Chwcdi 1 Suva f*T*A# 1 Live Oak 2*1.» A* i Chamber of Gommeree ■ 1 . Mothers G1W> 1 Bed Oroea 1 Ooammmlty Gbest 1 Lions . 1 T A B m m i l l m mAcm ammpB is miL m s K iw m iB C L C B m o OP m m m sooim S azae o f %lwsni8 American Legltm Letter Seliats Church Mlmlsterial AeeDcletloa Bed Gm m # Veterane of Foreign War# % X X .1 1. X. 138 TA m m m GROWS IS m m o S! Smae o f moolÆ group Sumber Lion#■ Club 28 Chember of ikmmerw 10 Community Ommoil 3 Amerioen Legion . 3 Vetereme cf Fore.ign Wara 2 Bed (k?oae 2 Community Oheet f i ? 4 g # » ÿ * A j f S f T f j l ^ 1 X sjcp School Bo-:ard ' # L : 1 Live Oêk P*rT*A* 1 Junior Bigh P#T»A* ,1 Oddfellow 1 Tâms xxy wxmm- 6Î3SÎB3RS GF THS'LIÛHBœ ïH o CLM .M M m m m s m p i s e a c h o f e ig h t J_ÿ Same ôf Auxiliary Council ,gh P*T*4# î 1 % % 1 . MOBïsa OF im sR vim m m m am m s op t h s SaSEEP XB EAOH OF SOCIAL OHQCPS IB BELL OASDmS American Legion Ccmmtmlty Council #» War# % % TABÏE X X V II !BER OF IIÎTERVIEL’ EO ŒMBERS OF THE AJÆHICAN LESION AÜXILIARY œO CLAIM MBMBBBSHIP IH EACH OF SIGHT SOCIAL GROWS IH BMI.L GAHCEHS Eame o f ■social. g.ro^ American Legion .Auxiliary 6 Live Oak f 1 Wommi * 8 0; lu b 1 Doroaa Society of Ghwdb of Christ 1 Church of -Ctolst 1 The Happy Twelve 1 Community Coimoil 1 Southei%t Church 1 1# TABLE X X V III mmm& op ihtbhviev^s) lammEns of tés cEA»sa op commehce WHO CLAIM ffiEMHESSaiF IS EAOH W MHETBES SOCIAL GHOOPS IS mLL OAROESS Ifeme of 80ci&% Humber Chamber of Commerce 30 Rlwaale Chib a Llona Club 7 Commmlty Council k American Legion 3 Veteran# of Foreign Ware 2 Latter Day Saint# Church . 2 Presbyterian Church 1 Episcopal Church 1 Baptist Church 1 Ministerial Association 1 Jimior High P*T*A* 1 Laguna f *T #A* 1 School Board 1 Lionels Club- 1 Cozomunlty Chest X G%e Acres Improvement Association 1 Brokers lAmcheon Group X Bio Hondo Rangez^ 1 ià -3 T A M E X X IX HUMBBB OF IDTEHVISÆE0 aSMBSSS OP THE COJ®OTKITY CWNCIL WHO GLABÎ aaiBSBSHIP lîJ BACH OP TaiBTY-THREB SOCIAL C-IÎO0PS IN œLL SAHDEHS Harnie of social group Number Gommmlty Council s Club 27 Colmar Jtmlor P*T.A* Red Cross 5 V#F*W, Auxiliary 3 Klwanls Club 3 Lions Club 3 Chamber of Commerce 3 Minis ter ial Asso cl at ion 3 3 Presbyterian Church Ladies Guild (PresbyteIan Churdb) 3 Live Oak ?*T#A. ■ 3 Lionels Club a Amerlcëoa Legion a Philanthropic Olub a Bell Gardens P»T*A* a Suva P#T#A* : a Bebekah Friendship Club 2 Southern Baptist Church a Baptist (Swroh X Nasarine Church 1 Church of Chris t 1 Christian Qiuroh 1 Lutheran Church 1 Chat and Sew Club 1 Band Mothers Club 1 Church of God 1 Community (&est * 1 Club 1 Athletic Associ ation X Am^ican Legion Au%ilia]?y 1 Oddfellows f 1 1# TABLB XXX BUaBSB OP INTERVIEWED MSSaSSiS OP TES TAXPAYERS, PROPERTY AiîD IMPROVEaSHT ASSOCIATiOH WHO CLAIM MEMœîRSîïlP IN EACH OP N IU E SO C IA I, GROWS IH ffiSLL OARDESS; Ham# o f Boolal group Humber Tazp&yers 11 Amerlomi Legion 3 OddfeHowa 2 Lion# Club 1 Kiwmis Club 1 Boll Gardens P.T&A* .1 Senior High P*T#A* 1 Colmar P*T*A* X Veterans of Foz%ign Wars 1 TABIÆ X X X I ÎÎOHBSS OP IfîTEaVÎBW E© È1BMB3HS OF THS GAGE ACRES liîpaO V E IS H T ASSOCIATION W H O CLAIM MEîdBBHSHIP ÏÎJ EACH OP EIGHT SOCIAL GROWS l ï t BELL GARDES# Marne of social groi^ Humber Gage Acres lisprovement Asaoelatlon 27 Kpiseopal Churdh 6 Legima P.T*A» 5 Baptl st Church 3 Latter Day Saints %urch a Chamber of Gommeree a Southern Baptist Chur oh 1 AK^rioan Leglcm 1 TABLE X X X II aUM m S OF INTERVIEW E» MEMBERS OP THE EDUCATION IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION W HO CLAIM M HIB5RSHIP IN EACH OF POUR SOCIAL GBOOPS IN BELL GARDENS Home of aoclal group llumber Education Improvemsmt Aaaoclatlon .3 Baptist Church 1 Latter Dty Saint# Church I Suva P*T.* A* 1 n m m u o f ih te s v ie w s o îbsembers o f th e w om a *s c lu b ®aO CLAIM MJStSBEBSHIP IH EACH OF FO0HTBEH SOCIAL GROUPS IH BELL GAHDSHS Name of social grougp Number Womfm*# Ciab 11 Coimaualty Council 3 V W * . Auxl 11 ary 3 Colmar 2 Live Oak 2 Baptist Church 2 Church, of (hr 1st 2 Chris ti an Church 1 Senior Blgh P*T*A# 1 Junior High P*T ,A* 1 American Ifoglon Auxiliary 1. The Happy Twelve 1 . Dorcas Society (Church, of Christ) 1 Rehekah .Friendship^ Club 1 148 TABLE XXXIV TOMBER OP IWTERVIEÏiSï) lEMHEHS OP THE PHILAÎITHBOPIC CLUB mo CLAIM MEHBSHSHIP IN EACH OP SEVEN SOCIAL GROUPS IH BELL GAHŒNS Name of social Number Phllaatbroplo Club 6 Community Council 2 Junior Elgb P.T#A* 2 Auzlllsry a Ladles Guild ( Preabyter 1 an Gburob) 2 Presbyterian Church 1, Colmar P#T*A# 1 Tk9 mMBSR OP IHTBRVIBWSD MEMBERS OP THE BELL GARDEBS ELSîBHTAHY SOÏÏOOL P.T.A. WHO GLAIM MEBBSaSHlP IK EACH OP EIGHT SOCIAL SHOOfS OUTSIDE OP BBU* GAB0ŒS (TEN MBîffiBHS BELOKO TO KO GROWS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS) Mam© of aoolal group Nwber Montebello Council 2 Montebello Teeober# Aaaociatlon 1 Madam Social Club 1 Montebello Methodist Church 1 Frineipals AssociâtIon (Montebello) 1 Downey Rebekah Lodge 1 Florence Eastern Star 1 Daughters of America 1 1 $ 0 TABLE XXXVI NUMBER OP INTSHVIS?.®» MBMBBRa OP THE CX3LMAH ELEMENTARY SCHOOL P.T»A* V f l i O CLAIM MEMBERSHIP IN EACH OP TWELVE SOCIAL GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS (SEVEN MSaBBRS BELONG TO HO GROUPS OUTSIim OP BELL GARDENS) Name of social group Number Montebello Council 3 Downey Habekah Dodge 2 Methodist Church {Himtiagton Park) 1 Methodist Church (Bell) 1 Reformed Clmrob 1 Montebello frl. nclpmls Asaooiatlon 1 Montebello Teachers Associâtlorn 1 Oddfe Hows C Whit tl or ) 1 Masonic Dodge 1 Rotary 1 Navy Mothers (Bell) 1 Sbel Juniors (Dos Angeles) 1 X $ 1 TABLE X X X V II îO TH S a OF IH TB H VISSED MBtlBEHS OP THE LASUWA SLSHBHTAHY SCHOOL P *T ,A . W H O CLAIM HSMBEBSJilP I I I EACH OF 3EVEET SO CIAL GHOBPS OOTSIOB OP BELL QAHDBI3S (THSSE MBMBBHS BELONG TO NO GHOOPS OXJTSIBB OP BELL GAHDBNS Berne of social group Bomber Christian CWroh (Dos Angeles ) 1 Metbodlst Church (%hlttler) 1 Montebello Teachers Association 1 Army Reserve 1 1 Alpha Toastffilstress Club 1 Qhlom 1 KDMBSa OP lîJTSRVISiSSD MEMBEHS OF THE LIVE OAK ELBSESTARY SGHOOI. P*T,A,, WHO CLAIM îEaffiEKSHIP IN EACH . OP pom SOCIAL GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS BELONG TO NO GROUPS OUTSIDE. OP BELL GA8DEÎ3S) Marn e o f social group Humber Baptist Church ( Hunting ton Park) 1 copal Ghuroh (MontêWllo) 1 Montebello Teachers Asaoclatl<m 1 Reserve Officers (Ifaval) 1 £ f ' TABLE XXXIX UaSîBER OF IHTSBVIBVæ» MSaBSHS OF THE SWA ELBIffiNTABÏ SCHOOL P,T.A^ WHO CLAIM MEMBBHSiap IN EACH OP HIKE SOCIAL GROUPS OOTSIDB OP BELL GARDENS (TWELVE B m s BELONG TO HO GROUPS OUTSIDE OF BELL GARDENS) Marne of social group Number Montebello Council 1 Montebello Teach era Assoolation 1 Cal If oral a Teacher a As so cl atl on 1 National Education Aaaoelatlon 1 Methodist Church (Iowa) 1 Methodist Church (Montebello) 1 Pentecostal Chur<d% (Dos Angeles) 1 Athletic Club 1 Masonic Lodge 1 TABLE XL NBMBER OP IIPTERVIEWED mMBERS OF TEE JONIOR mOB SOEOOD P#.T*A% m O CLAIM MEMBEBSmp IN EACH OF NINE SOCIAL GROOPS OBTSIDB OF BELL GARDENS (SEVm MEMBERS BELOm TO im OROUPS OBTSIDE OF BJ^L OABDEIfS) Name of social gMup Number Montebello ?*T.A* Council 3 Methodist Church {Huntington Park) 1 Montebello Teachers Association 1 Home Service (Welfare) 1 South-East Council (Welfare ) 1 Mmj Mothers {Bell} 1 Woman*a Republican Club (Lae Angeles} 1 Woman*8 Misslonarj Society (Church of Cod) 1 Woman in the Moose (Maywood) 1 15g TABLE X L I mmaER OF INTERVIEWm miMBERS OF T m EIWANIS CLUB WHO GLAIM MBMmasmP IN EACH OF Tm:HTY-SI% SOCIAL GHOUPS OUTSIDE OF BELL GARDENS (SIX MEMBERS BELONG TO NO GROWS OUT SIDE OF BELL GARDENS) Name of soeial group National Ûatoopathle Association California Ostéopathie Association Masonic. Lodge {Bell) Elks (Huntington Park) Masonic Lolge (Los Angeles) Elks (Lynnwood) Masonic Lodge (Ohio) American Legion (Whittier) American Legion (Lynnwood.} Moose (Maywood) Boose (Bell) Bsptist Church Church of Christ Jew! sh. Church Los Angeles Presbytery B$nai B*rlth (Huntington Park) Doctor*8 Social Group Hospital staff (Maywood) Reserve Officers College Fraternity Xnights of Columbus Gas Heating Institute South-East Council (Welfare} Zionist Chiropractor's Social Group Businessmen's Group a 2 a 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 6 TABLE X L II mmaSR of. IHTEHVIBiVE» MESSœs OF THE LI OKS CLUB MiO CLAIM MEJ©Ensnl? IK EACH OF TKEHTr-TVVO SOCIAL GROUPS OCT- SIDE OP BELL GAH0BU3 (TtilRTSBK aSMBSHS BELOKG TO HO GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS) Name of social group Number Montebello Teachers Associât ion 2 Bike (Lyimwood) 2 Bike (Himting ton Park) ' 2 Moose (MaywoocL) 2 Masonic Lodge (Los Ange lee) 1 Masonic Lodge {Minnesota) 1 Masonic Lodge (Ohio) 1 Christian Science Church (Bell) 1 Episcopal Church (Montebello) 1 Home Service (Welfare) 1 South-East Council (Welfare) 1 Chamber of Commerce (Los Angeles ) 1 Neighbor's Woodcraft (Maywood) 1 South-East Realty Board 1 Spa Country Club 1 Escrow Association 1 Hiking Group 1 Forest of America 1 Order of Sons of Italy 1 Franklin Society (Fraternity ) 1 Institute of Radio Engineers 1 Reserve Officers (Naval) 1 TABLE X L I I I HUMBER OP IHTBRVISn-ED MB&îBBHS OP THE LIOHBLS CWB WHO CLAIM MEMBiSBSHIT IH EACH OP SIX SOCIAL GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS {EIGHT KIKERS BHUQHO TO HO GROUPS OUTSIDE OF BELL OARDEHS} Name of social group Humber Downey High School 1 Downey Mothers Club 1 Downey Rehekah Lodge 1 Downey Christian Science Church I Bell ■Christian Science Church 1 Full Gospel Foundation (Long Beach) 1 HOHBES OF IHTBRVISWED MEMBERS OP TBE. AMERIGAK LBGIOK WHO CLAIM ilEHBEaSHIP IK BACH 0? KIHB. SOCIAL GROUPS OUTSIDE OF BELL GAHDEHS (PO0HTSBH MEMBERS BELOKQ TO KO GROUPS OUTSIDE OF BELL GARDEES) Name of social group Number Painter Union 1 National Writers Club 1 Order of Sons of Italy 1 Franklin Society (Fraternity) 1 Blks (Long Beach) 1 Moose (Bell) 1 Ironworker Union (A*F*L*) 1 Pocahontus 1 Redmen X 159 TABLE XLV TOMBER OF IHTfiaviEsk'SO MEMBBHS OP THE AMERICAM LBGIOH AUXILI ARY WÎQ CLAIM MmmmSHIP IH EACH OP KEVE SOCIAL GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDEHS (TaBES MEMBERS BELOKO TO KO GROUPS OUT SIDE OF BELL O M D m m ) Name of social group Number Women of the Moose (Maywood} 1 Downey Eebekah Lodge 1 Old and Hew Friend#. 1 fooahontus 1 0oXd Star Mothers (Bell) 1 1 6 0 TABLE X L V I TOMBER. OP INTERVIEWED MEMBERS OP THE CHAMBER OP COMMERCE m O CLAIM MEMBERSHIP IN EACH OP ÏHIRTY-PÛDR SOCIAL CROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL CARDENS (THIRTEEN MEMBERS BE LONG TO NO GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL CARDENS) Name of aoolal group Humber South-East €ouneil (Welfare) 2 Elks (Eos Angelos) 2 Masonic Lodge (Bell) 2 Masonic lodge (Los Angeles) 1 Moose (Bell) 1 Eagles (South Gate) 1 Eagles (Los Angeles) 1 Alpha Toastmistress Club (Huntington Park) 1 Montebello Teachers Association California Association of Chamber of 1 Commerce Managers 1 Business and Professional Woman's Club 1 Democratic State Committee 1 Neighbors of Wood craft 1 Montebello District School Board 1 Institute of Radio Engineers 1 Knights of Pythias 1 Optimist Civic Club 1 Shrlners 1 Home Builders 1 Cudahy P.T.A# 1 Grange (Fon tan a) 1 Hebekah Lodge (Fontana) 1 Woman's Club (Fontana) 1 B'nai B'rith 1 Los Angels s Realty Board 1 Home Hervice (Weifare) 1 Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce 1 Davies* Ministry (Church) 1 Methodis t Church 1 Christian Church (Huntington Park) 1 Catholic Church (South Gate) 1 Catholic Church (Los Any.eles) 1 Los Angeles Presbytery 1 161 TABLE X L V II HUMBSa OF lîlTfiaVIBWED MEMBEHS OP THE COiSSMOTlTY COUNCIL ®H0 CLAIM mmBERSaïf lU EACH OF THXHTÏ-FOUB SOCIAL 050UPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GAHDEHS (ELEVEN MjHâBEKS BELONG TO HO GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS Mam# of social group Number Montebello Teachera Assoelation 3 Downey Eebekah Lodge 2 Methodist Church a Masonic Lodge a South-East Council (Welfare) a national Education Association a California Teachers Association 2 Board Credit Union 1 Garden City Eastern Star 1 Los Angeles Eastern Star 1 Alpha Toaa tsilBtress Club 1 Rebakah Norwalk Lodge 1 Danish 81s terhood Lodge 1 Home Service (WelfareJ 1 Daughters of Ameri ca 1 Whittier Oddfellows 1 Democratic State Committee 1 Neighbors of Woodcraft 1 Business & Prefesslonal Women. 1 South Gate Toastmlstress Club 1 Chamber of Commerce Managers 1. Women's Republican Club 1 Women's Missionary Society (Church of God) 1 Elks 1 Fhi Delta Kappa 1 Havy Mothers 1 Progressive Education Association 1 Moos© 1 Co-oper a t1ve As so clat ion 1 Franklin Society 1 Order of Sons of Italy 1 Montebello P *T * A# Council 1 District Assembly R&zarine Church 1 Los Angeles Presbytery 1 aR OP IHTfiaVIBGED ME08ÎBS OP TtîS TAXPAYERS, PROPERTY AHD IJiPROVEKEHT ASSOClATIOl-I V7H0 CLAIM MESBER5HIP IH EACH OP SIX SOCIAL GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS (SEVEN MEMBERS BELONG TO IJO GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS Name of social group Number Moose {Maywood ) I Businessman's Grodp 1 Zionist 1 Jewish Church 1 National Writers Club 1 Maywood Union 1 TASLB XLIX aOMBSR OP IM’ EHVlBSfiD MEMBERS OP THE GAGE ACRES IMPROVEMEMT ASSOCIAT IDS WHO CLAIM t/EMBERSHIP IS EACH OP SEVEN SOCIAL GROUPS OUTSIDE OF m.L GARDENS (TSEOTÏ MEMBERS BELONG TO HO GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDEiîS) Naim of 80 dal group Number Christian Church (Los Angelas) 2 A»F.*L* Teamsters Union 1 Tiiirty-third Division (Army) 1 Moose (Maywood) 1 Pythian Society 1 Alpha Toaatmis tress Club 1 C*I*0. Union 1 1% TABLE L NUMBER OP IKTERVXEV/ED lÆEMBEHS OP THE EDUCATION IMPfiOVEMEMT ASSOCIATION WHO CLAIM MEMBERSHIP IN EACH OF T'KO SOCIAL GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS (ONE MEMBER BE LONGS TO NO GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS) Hame of social group Humber Hollywood Lutheran Qavæoïi 1 P,T . A. Council of Maywood Christian. School. 1 TABLE L I NUMBER OP IHÎïïaVIBiîBD MEMBERS OP THE WOMAN *B CLUB WHO CLAIM HEMBEH3HIP IN EACH OP THREE SOCIAL GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS (SEVEN ÎMiMBERS BELONG TO NO GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS) Marne of social' group Humber Downey Bebekeh Lodge 3 Mavy Mothers (Bell) 1 Eastern Star (Los Angeles) 1 l6 6 NOIÆBBfi OP INTKHVIEHED MEMBERS OF THE PHIiAiîîHROPIG CLUB WHO CLAIM MEMBERSHIP IK EACH OP FIVE SOCIAL GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS (THREE MEMBERS BELONG TO NO GROUPS OUTSIDE OP BELL GARDENS) Mama of social group Number Am ar an th | M ay wo od} 1 Eastern Star (South Dakota) 1 Montoballo f,T#A. Council 1 Methodist Chur ch 1 Catholic Church (Los Angeles) 1 TABIÆ L U I HUMBER OP SOCIAL GROUPS IN WHICH XNTSRVIEUBD MEMBISRS OP THE BELL GARDENS ELELEHTARY SCHOOL P .T .A . ARE MEMBERS Social groups’ in Ball Gardens Social groups outside of Ball Gardens Total social groups in Beil Gardens and .outside of Bell Gardens Number Number Number Number Number Number of of of of of of soei al members social members social members groups groups groups 1 9 0 10 1 T 2 2 1 2 2 k 2 2 1 3 1 5 3 3 1 k 2 5 1 6 3 TABIS L IV HUMBER OF SOCIAL GROUPS IN WHICH INTERVIEWED S5EMBEHS OP THE COLMAR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL P .T .A . ARE MEMBERS Social groupa in Beil Gardena Social groups outside of Bell Gardena Total social groups in Bell Gardens and outside of Bell Gardens Number of social groups Number of members Number Number of of social members groups lumber of social groups lumber of members 1 5 0 7 1 2 2 1 8 a 5 3 2 2 1 3 t 4 3 5 I 1 5 2 5 3 6 1 6 ? 3 1 1 6 9 TABLE LV m w a m of social gboofs ih whi©j iHiissviKtfBO members of LAO IOTA SLBMSaTABY SCHOOL P-T,A. ARE MB£©ERS Social group's In Bell Gardens Social groins outside of Bell Gardens Total social groups In Bell Gardens and outside of Bell Gardens Number of social groups Nmnber of members Number of social groins Number of members NiW)er of social groij^s Number of members 1 1 0 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 2 4 1 5 3 4 2 TOMBER OF SOCIAL GROUPS IH WHICH IHTERVIEWED MEîsîBERS OF THB LIVE OAK FLBMENTARY S02001 f ARB So cl ol In Bell Gardens Social groups outside of Bell Gardena Total social groups in .Bell Gwdens and outside of Bell Gardens Number of social groups Number of members Number Number of of social members groups Number Number of of social members groups 1 3 0 9 1 2 a ' I t 3 1 1 * r 2 * 3 * 3 5 j ? - 2 j U 5 3 TABLE L V II n m m u o f s o c ia l g ro u p s i s b h ic h is t s r v ie s e d usmsns OF TSS SUVA ELBHENÎARY SCHOOL P .T .A , ARE MEMBERS Social groups in Bell Gardens Social groups outside of Bell Gardens Total social groupe in Bell Gardens and outside of Bell Gardena Number of social groups Number of members Number of social groups Number of members NmË)#r Number of of social mBïïi>erB .groups 1 9 0 12 1 7 a 3 1 2 a 4 3 4 3 1 a 5 1 1 3 2 4 2 8 1 172 TA K .E m i l l TOMBEE OP SOCIAL GROUPS IH WHICH IHTBRymïED MEMBBRS OF THE JUNIOR H23H SCHOOL P.T,A, ARB MBERS Social groups In Bell Gardens Social groins outai de of Bell. Gardens Total social groups In Bell. Gardens and outside of Bell Gardens Number of aociaX groups Number of members NumA>er Humber of of sod al members groi:^# Number of social groips Number of m%abers 2 a 0 7 a a 3 k 1 4 3 1 k 3 2 2 k 3 5 4 3 1 5 5 6 1 6 ? 8 1 1 1 173 TABLE D IX HOTBEH OF SOCIAL GROUPS IK WHICH IHTEEVXESiSD MEMBERS OF THE KIWMIS GL03 ARE MEMBERS Social groups In Bell Gardens Social groups outside of Bell Gardens Total social grotpa in Bell Gardens and ■out she of Bell Gardens Number of social groTp# Number of manbere Number of social groups Number of members Number of social groips Husrijsi* of membora 1 a 0 6 1 2 2 10 1 11 • a 7 3 k 2 3 3 5 1 3 3 4 6 S 1. 5 1 5 2 . 7 1 6 1 mOMBm OP SOCIAL GROUPS IM WHICH imTKEVIBWBD MEM, mas OP TBB BIWS GMB ARB mmBBRS Social group# in Bell GardanS' Social groups- outaide of Bell Gardena Total aoelal groupa la Bell Gardens- and outside of Number of social group# Mumbm? of members Number Number of of aoei al members groi^a Number of social ^oupe Number of members 1 11 0 13 J L 5 2 10 1 9 2 12 3 6 2 2 3 % 5 1 3 3 4 1 h 5 6 8 1 3 2 1 175 TABLE L X I HUMBEa OP SOCIiX. GROUPS IK WHICH INTERVÎEV/B0 maXBERS OF THE LIONELS CLUB ABE MBÏÏÎBÎ2RS Social groups In Boll Gardens Social groups outside of Bell Gardens Total social groupe in Bell aardene and outaide of Bell Gardens Number of social groups Number of members Number of social groups Number of members Number of social gZPOUpS Number of meaabers 1 ? 0 a 1 5 2 1 1 3 2 X 3 4 3 1 3 h k 2 176 TABLE L X II HiaœER OP SOGEAI, GEOOPB IB WHICH IKTERVISïJBB MEMBERS OP THE ABSKICAÎJ LffiflOH ARE MESaEBS Social groiAp's lA Bell G.$rd.em# Social grotg>$ (MAtaldb <%r Bell Gardemm Total social aproape Im IkdUL Gardens and outside of Bell Gardens Bumber Number Numbw Nun&*er Number of of of of of of aooial meWaere eoeial mombera social members groi^e groups 1 1% 0 1 11 a l | . 1 5 a Î J . 3 2 2 2 3 k 4 1 5 2 177 TABLE L X I I I HTJKSER OP SOCIAL GSOUi^ IH WHICH IHTBRPIEWÎSD SiSHBERS OP THE AMEEICAW LEQIOH AUXILIARY ARB MUBERS Soolal groups In Bell Gar dens Social groups outside of ] S k > ] L ] L jOkaardena; Total social 3 L r t a S k e l L l L Gardens and outside of Bell Gardens Number Number 2*UlQ&>€%r #hüW%#)8%» Nimber Number of of of of of of Boelal members soolal members social members groi%>a grow 8 groups 1 3 0 3 1 1 a X 1 1 a 1 3 1 2 2 3 a 5 ■ 1 : u 1 $ 1 178 TABLE L X IV TOMBER OP SOCIAL GROWS IE m i CE I1ÎTSRVIEVVEB MBKasas OP THE GHAMBSH OF CGMaEHGE ARE ÎEHBBRS Social group# in Boll Gardens Social group# outside of Bell Gardena Total social j2pPOl%pw& :l]% Gardena end i c w j U b j a i L d e l O d T Bell Gardena Number Number Number Number Nuaber Number of of of of of of social member# eoeial member# social members groups groupa 1 9 0 13 1 6 2 11 1 8 2 7 3 k 2 3 3 6 k 3 3 2 2 s 2 k t g 4 5 2 6 1 7 1 8 3 179 TABIE LX7 HUHBBR OF SOCIAL GROUPS IH VfflXCH IHTBRVIEfiED MEiüüSas OP THE COffifflWITr COUHCIL ARE lamssHs :So<;i.eLl | § 3 ?cfu g)5 ; la L&SÜL3L <3NQJ»&(%QjS 23o<%lj&]L jgp*oig)8 4&Ktsld# (Ur iOeXZL GüürdkM%& Total soeill groups In Bell GarckuB) and outside, of ] G k ) ] L 3 . (ïanMckenas Number Number Number Number lluiaber Number of of of of of of social members social members social members groupa groups groups 2 k Ù 11 2 2 3 10 1 6 3 5 6 3 2 S 6 k 6 2 ’ ■ 1& Z ) . 4 6 X h 1 6 3 5 2 7 2 Q x' 8 3 9 1 10 1 180 TABLE L X V I NUMBER OP SOCIAL GROUPS IN WHICH IKTEaPISÏJED MSaBBHS OF THE TAXPAYERS, PHOPBHTY AND IHPSOVSMENT ASSOGIATIuN ARE îSSiffiERS Social group# In I&e&jL j3raa*clerwB jScHBlaül gppoiyas (ÿtitüsjLcle < 3 j T 3 3 4 ) ] L 3 . ( 3 r 4 a i * < l < a i i s i Total social j O p p o u f k B i i J O L j 3 k & ] L ] L Gardens and ( ) u 1 : s k l x a . e ( ) j r ! 3 < & ] L ] L Gbsumieiss Number Mumber Number Number Numbw Number of of of of of of social m^bera social members aodal members groups groups groups 1 2 a ? 1 1 2 7 1 3 a 5 3 a .3 1 3 k 5 X TABLE L X ¥ II TOMBER OF SOCIAL GROUPS IN WHICH XHTESVIESBB ÎJBSBERS OF T m GAGE ACRES I&iPSOVSJENT ASSOCIATION ABE MEHBERS Social group# in Bell Gardena 5»OG3L(t3L jBpPOdg»# ]3el]L GraupidkBna Total social aszMcnj&Mg 3 Li % BkelJL Gardens and jCHUdbi&jLcle i C k f 3 3 4 5 3 L 3 L (Kanhobsaa* Ntmaber of aoolal grow# of mambera Number of aoolal NwaA^er of membera Number of aoolal groups Number of members 1 13 0 20 1 10 2 10 1 6 2 11 3 a 2 1 3 3 k 2 4 5 1 2 i p j i B i a E : : i c K 3 f ] L : [ 3 : 33 3% ( X F " Z&OCILALl, (BSOIIJPSk 3jü lV33][<;a ] : ü % I ^ 5 2 % T f ] : 5 : V K E B : } a B o w B w z a a z ) C H P » ip a is j s c w j & A S D j E C } * ; i 3 g j p f t ( ) i N G 3 d 3 S 2 ; i e j a j 5 i 3 ^ ) ( 3 ] : j i 3 ! I 0 ] N J&&I 3 a i B % W [ E B S ! ü 3 Social groups ZSoclatl jgjpougyst Total social In outside of j g ] * o u 2 ) a * ij% ] B e ] L ] L Bell Gardens Bell Gardens (&jSI*Cl€KOUS ilKLd outside of Bell Gardens Number Number Number Number Number Number of of of of of of social members social members social members groups groups groups 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 TABLE L X IX TOMBER OF SOCIAL GROUPS IN WHICH INTERVIEWED MEMBERS OF THE WOMAN'S CLUB ARE MEMB12ÎS Social group# in Boll Gardens Social groups outside of Bell Gardens Total ’ soci al groups In Bell Gardens and outside of Bell Gardens Number Number Number ■Nusâ>0r Number Musâ>er Of of of of of of ■social members social members social members groups groups japropgta; 1 3 0 7 X 3 a 3 1 3 2 Z 3 1 a 1 3 2 4 1 5 1 5 2 6 a 6 1 ? 1 18k TABLE LXX m OP SOCIAL GHOÜPS IH WHICH IMERVIE0BD WmmRS OP THE PHILANTHHOPIC CLUB ARE jMEMBBRS Social groups In Bell Gardens 25ocjL&3. igppougpat outside of Bell Gardens Total social groups in Bell Gardens md outside of Bell Gardens Number of social groups Number of members Number of social groups Number of members Number of social grow# Number of members 1 1 0 3 2 X 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 k 3 1 3 1 5 2 TABLE LX X I SOMBER OP OFFICES HELD Î I Ï SOCIAL SHOOTS BY THE SIXTEBS IHTEHVIE’ ffiD MEMBERS OP THE BELL GARDENS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL F.T.A. Number of offices Number of members held by members holding each number of offices X 2 8 4 3 k 3 1 1 8 6 TABLE L X X II MTOBER ÛP OFFICES HELD IH SOCIAL GEOUPS BY THE SaVENTEES mTERVISCSED MEMBERS OP THE GOLma ELSttlSKTABY SCHOOL P.T.A. Number of offices held by members Number of members holding each number of offices 1 s 2 5 3 2 4 5 TABLE L X X III HUMBEH OP OFFICES HELD IN SOCIAL GROUPS BY THE SEVEN INTEHVIEiVED MEMBERS OP THE LAGUNA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL P .T .A * Number of offices held by members Number of members holding each number of offices 0 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 TABLE LX X IV NUMBER OP OFFICES HELD IH SOCIAL GROUPS BY THE ELEVEN INTSRVimVED MEMBERS OP THE LIVE OAK ELEMENTARY SCHOOL P.T.A, Nimber of office# Number of members held by member# holding each number of offices 1 2 4 3 3 2 k a 189 TABLE LXXV TOMBER OF OFFICES HBLÛ IK SOCI.AL GROWS BY THE SIXTEEN IWTERVXEWED MEMBERS OP S P B E : i S B T f j l 3 & L , S ; 5 B S 2 r 3 ? j l E l 3 r scmoL Number of office# Number of member# held by member# holding each number of offices 0 1 1 11 2 3 3 X 190 TABLE LX X V Ï NUMBER OP OFFICES HELD IB SOCIAL GROWS BY THE FOliKTSSH IBTERVIBWED MEMBERS OF THE JOBXOH HIGH SCHOOL P.T.A. Number of office# held by members NiW)er of members holding each number of offices 1 h 2 2 3 5 h 3 TABLE L X X V II èroSBEH OP OFFICES HEM) 1ST SOCIAL CROUPS BY THE TSSENTY-POUH ISTEHVIEi'ffiD ÎÎE3SBEHS OF THE KIWAHIS CLUB Number of offices Humber of members Held by members bolding eacb number of offices 0 6 1 2 2 3 2 5 1 192 TABLE L X X V X Il NUMSER OP OFFICES ifflLO IN SOCIAL GROOPS BÏ THE TWBNTY-ElGH-r INTERVIE WED MSriBERS OF THE LIONS CLUB Number of office# held by member# Number of member# . holding each, number of offices 0 6 I 15 2 5 3 a TOMBER ÛP OFFICES HELD IH SOCIAL GROUPS Bï THE TWELVE IHTSSVISWED MEMBERS OF THE LIONELS CLUB lïUQïbHBüT ( ) j L (xfMMceas Number of members held bj member# holding each number of offices 1 2 10 2 TABLE LXXX a QF OFFICES HELD IK SOCIAL GROOPS BY THE T<*E«TY»OME INTER VIEWED MSMSESS OP THE AMERICAN LEGION Number of offices Number of members held by members holding each number of offices 0 11 J L 3 y I IJÜCXI N C N Ü Ü 3 2 S R C k P Z S Ü S I a D Ij% 2 > < ) C ] : j L C , (r BOÜ fNS ; J B Ü T 9 ? 8 E : i3:I:& ] [ j d q f E & B n / I i S i & 2 a E > j W 3 3 I Ü ] 3 Î K & 8 k 0 8 ? g g ïlIS /U W B S R J L C jlB f jU â X Z IE O Îf AUXILIARy Number of offices Number of members held by members holding each number of offices 1 3 2 3 196 NUMBER OP OFFICES BEL» IN SOCIAL GROUPS BY THE TBIRTY INTSRVIEiïEO HEMBüRS OF THE CHAMBER OF COMilSRCE Number of office# held by members Number of members holding each number of offices 0 1 o 9 IS o c L 3 & a . k 1 S 1 197 TABLE L X X X III TOIffîEa OF CTFIGBS HELD IK SOCIAL GHODPS BY THE T»EKTY«SSVE« INTERVIEWED MEMBERS OP THE BELL Gi-sRDEHS GOmUNITY COOTCIL Number of offices Number of members held by members holding each number of offices 0 1 2 9 2 3 3 6 k 6 5 1 TABLE LXXXÏV NUMBER OP OFFICES HELD IK SOCIAL GROUPS BY THE ELEVEN INTERVIEWED MEMBERS QP THE TAXPAYERS, PROPERTY AMD IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION Number of offices Number of members beld by members bolding each number of offices 0 3 1 6 2 2 NUMBER OP OFFICES HELD IS SOCIAL GHOOPS BY THE TViEHTY-SEVEN INTKRVIS&ED MEMBERS OF THE GAGE ACRES IKPHOVEÎffîNT ASSOCIATION dumber of offices held by members Humber of members holding each number of offices 0 IS 1 . g 9 o 3 1 TABLE LXXXVI NUMBER OP OFFICES HELD IN SOCIAL GROUPS BY Tm THREE INTERVIEWED ffiMBLHS OF THE EDUCATtOH IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION Number of offices Number of members held by meabers holdl3% each number of offices 1 2 2 1 HÜJKBE8 OF OFFICES HBHJ IN SOCIAL G HOOPS BÏ THE ELEVEN IlITERVIEWED MEMBEHS OF THE WOMAN'S GLOB timber of offlees Bumber of members held by members holding each number of offices 0 1 5 k 2 ^ 1 4 1 Ï&BLE L X X X V III NUMBER OF QFP’ICES HELD IB SOCIAL GROUPS BY XHE S IX INTERVIEWED ÎISfiîBBHS OF THE PHILANTHROPIC CLUB Number of offices held by members Number of members holding each number of offices 0 X X 1 3 h d 2 2 0 3 MAP I I MAP C8P I8BUL i 3 B c r w f i ] K f ( ) a a i s z s r i : # # i P i j j i c f E s s < ) 3 f T a i s : ;3 0 ()]:jL i, ( ïR o u p s ; g r p ü i i i S k D 1* 2# 5# 4. 5. 6. 7* 8. 9. 10* 11. 12* 13* Colmar School Colmar P. T. A* jLdaasuaa iS ctio o l « » « » I*Q jsw % i« L I** 9^,, Ai* BdDoatlojd Improvement Aaeoclation (residence), Cba^nber of Commerce Building » I^8<glon ISialJL ][d&gsjLc)Bk j&nd 1 egg ion jlücx^lJLjLai'gr* Suva School *- Suva F* T, A* Taxpayers Association (residence). Presbyterian Church Chamber of Commerce and Kiwanis. Live Oak School Live Oak P* T. A, Junior High School Junior High School P. T* A. and Community Council. Youth Center Lions, Women^s Club Building -** Women's Club and Lionels* Bell Gardens School Bell Gardens P* T* A, ZOk. MAP I I I MAP OP BELL OARDfflS SSOWIKG RSSIDEKCES OP THE FÎFTESS IHTPRVIEWED MHiBiERS OP THE-BEIil. GARDENS ELSâajTâRY SCHOOL P.T.A. mO LIVE IH BELL GARDBKiS MAP I? MAP OF BBLL 0ARDENS SHOWIKS HESÎDBHCES OF THE SI.XTEEH IHTBRVIEWED MEfffllHS OP THE COLMAR ELEEEHTABY SCHOOL P. T. A. TOO LIVE IN RDE] 206 SAP V J.ÎAP OF BELL GARDENS SHOWIBG RE31DE1CES OP THE SIX IHTEHVJSWED HEKBERS OP THE lAGOTA ÎI.SÎEKTARY SCHOOL P.T.A. WHO LIVE IN BELL GARDENS MAP V I SHOWING RS OF THE LIVÎ MAP OP BELL GâEDBSS «CES OP THE TH< INTLRVIirWRD ïîSBïfflSÎS cLEHEHTARY SCHOOL P.T.A. WHO LIVE IN BELL GARDENS MAP VU MAP OP BBLL GARDSKS BBLL OAPvDEÎJS- MAP MAP OP BELL GARDEHS SHOWIHG RBSIDEHGBS OP SE THIRTEES IMTHÎVIEWED MSKBIRS OP THE JtJKIOK HIGH. SCHOOL P.T.A* VfflO LIVE IN BBLL GARDENS 210 MAP IX MAP OP BBLL GARDSTS SHOWING RESIDENCES OP THE THIBTEEII I Him VIEWED MESBiaS OP THE KIWASIS CLOB WHO LIVE IH BELL GARDENS 211 SAP X MAP OF BBLL GARDFHS SHOWING HESIDJafCBS OP TLB TBBim-ONE IIWfflVIEWBD MLMBmS OF THE LIONS CL’ JB WHO LIVE IK BBLL GARDKSS 212 MAP X I m P OF BELL GARDENS SHOWING RESIDEHGES OP THE ELEVEE IHTiRVIEWSD MEMBERS OP THE LIOHELS CLUB WIÎO LIVE IH BELL GARDENS mp XII MAP OF BEIL GARDENS MAP X I I I MAP OP 3BIL GARDENS SHOWING KESIDEHCBS OP THE SIX IHTIRVIEWBD iSHaSPSS OF THE AMERICAN DIGIOI) ADXILIART WHO LIVE IH BELL GARDEHS MAP X IV MAP OP BELL GARDEHS RESIDENCES OP THE EIQiaSES IKTKVIEWED MEEBERS OF THE CHAHBER OP COMMERCE WHO LIVE IN BELL GARDENS 216 MAP XV MAP OP BELL GARDSJS SHOV/IKG RESIOEHCES OP THE TWESTX-THREE IÎHEEVIETOD MEMBERS OP THE GOMBÜÜÏTY COOKGIL WBO LIVE XI? BELL GARDENS 217 SHOWING OP THE T MAP OP BELL GARDBH3 NCES OP THE ELEVEN lIüTEHyiEWED KSmms , PROPERTY AM) IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATIOH WHO LIVE IN BELL GARDENS 218 MAP X V II MAP OP m L L GARDENS SHOWING RESIDENCES OP THE TWEÎ3TÏ-SEVEN INTIHVIEW ED SEMBERS OP THE GAGS ACRES IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION W H O L IV E IN BELL GARDEBS 219 mp mill m p OP BBLL GARDEHS SHOWISQ RESIDENCES OP THE TUREE IKTERVIEWEO f.T E M B S ’ RS OP THE EDÜCATIOB lîgP R O m îS ÎÎT ASSOCIATION M O L IV E IB BELL ÔARDSKS 220 HâP X IX MâP OP B E Ii GÂHDE5S m UG RESIDBJOES OP THE EE3VEH IRTZAVIEWED MEMBBRI OP THE WOlîEH'S CDÜB W H O L IV E IH BELL GABDEKS 221 I-lâP XX MAP OP BELL GARDEBS SHOWBG RESIDÎSJCES OP THE FOOE lîffE R VIEWED HE.ÎBSÏS OP THE PHIDAIîKIROPIC CLUB W E O L IV E IH B IL L GAHDEH3 University of Southern Californie Ubmgÿ

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Asset Metadata

Creator Jordan, Robert Harley (author)

Core Title A comparative study of the organization, function and social contributions of selected adult secular groups as found in Bell Gardens in 1937-1938 and in 1946-1947

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Degree Master of Arts

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,Social Sciences

Format application/pdf (imt)

Language English

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c39-400496

Unique identifier UC11312909

Identifier EP65664.pdf (filename),usctheses-c39-400496 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier EP65664.pdf

Dmrecord 400496

Document Type Thesis

Format application/pdf (imt)

Rights Jordan, Robert Harley

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA