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Seismic design tool: Interactive Web-based program based on IBC 2000

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Seismic design tool: Interactive Web-based program based on IBC 2000

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Content INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript ha s been reproduced fro m the microfilm master. UMI fil m s the text directly fro m the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis an d dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, su bstandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not se n d UMI a complete manuscript and there are mi ss in g pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note wil l indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced b y sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and co ntinu ing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. 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SEISMIC D E S IG N TOOL: INTERACTIVE W E B - B A S E D P R O G R A M B A S E D ON IBC 2000 C op yrigh t 2001 b y Nazanin Zarkesh A Thesis Presented to the F A C U L T Y OF THE G R A D U A T E S C H O O L UNIVERSITY OF S O U T H E R N C A L IF O R N IA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree M A S T E R O F S C IE N C E (BUILDING SCIENCE) Aug ust 2001 Nazanin Zarkesh Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1409614 __ _ _ _ _ __ (g) UMI UMI Microform 14 0 9 61 4 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1 3 4 6 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA The Graduate School University Park LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 900891695 This thesi s, w ritte n b y U n d er the d ire c tio n o f h .e n r Thesi s C om m i ttee, and approved b y a ll its member s, has been presented to a n d accepted by The G raduate School , in p a rtia l fu lfillm e n t o f requirem ents fo r th e degree o f USC, School of Arch. D a t e 4 - I C ? US C O M M IT T E E Chairperson / Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgments There are many people I would like to thank for their encouragement and support in the completion of my thesis: Professor G. G. Schierte, for his time, enthusiasm, and e ffo rt It would have been very difficult to complete this thesis without his guidance. Members of my committee, Professor Marc Schiler and Professor Jeff Guh, for their valuable time and ideas, as well as Professor Patrick Dent, Information Technology Program. My parents, for the support and encouragement that they have extended throughout my studies. Farzad, my husband, friend and constant source of inspiration, who has always been understanding and supportive especially when I needed it the most Niloofar and Masoud's success and their constant encouragement motivated me to work hard. Thanks to Noushin and Nasim, for keeping my sprits high during the rough times. Finally, I would like to thank all my friends and fellow students, especially Nazneen, Sreemati Maili and Binny who put in a lot of time to help me through out my thesis. It was fun working with everyone in the Building Science lab. Thank you. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Acknowledgments................................................................ ii List of Figures...................................................................... vii List of Tables...................................................................... viii Abstract.................................................................................ix 1 Introduction...................................................................... 1 1.1 Hypothesis................................................................................................1 1.2 Problem Definition.................................................................................. 2 Part I: BACKGROUND STUDY............................................... 3 2 Earthquakes...................................................................... 3 2.1 Plate tectonics......................................................................................... 3 2.2 Faults........................................................................................................ 4 2.3 Seismic waves......................................................................................... 5 2.4 Magnitude................................................................................................. 6 2.5 Earthquake Effect on Buildings.............................................................. 7 2.5.1 Overturning.............................................................................................. 7 2.5.2 Shear....................................................................................................... 8 2.5.3 Bending................................................................................................... 1 0 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 Architectural Consideration............................................. 1 1 3.1 Building Configurations.......................................................................... 1 1 3.1.1 Regular Configuration................................................................................ 1 1 3.12 Horizontal irregularities............................................................................ 12 3.1.3 Vertical irregularities............................................................................... 13 3.2 Lateral Resisting Systems...................................................................... 15 3.2.1 Shear wall.............................................................................................. 15 3.2.2 Cantilever............................................................................................... 16 3.2.3 Moment-Resisting Frame...........................................................................1 6 3.2.4 Braced Frame...........................................................................................17 3.3 Common Resisting System for Different Types of Buildings................18 4 The 2000 International Building Code..............................20 4.1 Introduction............................................................................................20 4.2 Advantages of the International Building Code.....................................21 4.3 Comparison of IBC with previous Building codes............................... 22 4.3.1 UBC1994 22 4.3.2 UBC1997 22 4.3.3 IBC 2000 ................................................................................................. 23 4.4 Static Equivalent Seismic Design Method............................................ 23 4.4.1 Earthquake loads..................................................................................... 23 4.4.2 Earthquake Loads-Site Ground Motion( SRA Map)......................................23 4.4.3 Site Class................................................................................................ 24 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.4.4 Occupancy Importance factor.................................................................. 24 4.4.5 R-Factor (Response modification factor)................................................... 25 4.4.6 Seismic Base shear................................................................................ 28 4.4.7 Distribution of seismic forces per level......................................................28 4.4.8 Shear distribution per level...................................................................... 28 4.4.9 Overturning Moment............................................................................... 29 5 Existing Computer Tools...............................................30 5.1 LDG: Lateral Design Graph (Schierle ,1992,1994).............................. 30 5.2 ENERCALC, Multi-Story Seismic Force Distribution........................... 34 PART II: Seismic Design Tool............................................. 36 6 Introduction to Seismic Design Tool (SDT)..............36 7 Program Systems Research..........................................36 7.1 Study of Software Deployment............................................................ 37 7.1.1 Stand alone Software............................................................................. 37 7.1.2 W eb Based Programs............................................................................ 38 7.2 Study of Programming Language........................................................ 39 7.2.1 Visual Basic...........................................................................................39 7.2.2 JavaScript............................................................................................. 39 7.2.3 Java (Programming-language independent interface).................................4 1 7.3 Software and Languages used in SDT:...............................................42 7.4 Comparison of SDT with Existing Computer Tools............................. 42 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7.4.1 Strengths of LDG vs. SDT........................................................................42 7.4.2 Advantage of SDT vs. LDG......................................................................43 7.4.3 Strengths of ENERCALC vs. SDT............................................................. 43 7.4.4 Advantage of SDT vs. ENERCALC........................................................... 43 8 Input of SDT................................................................... 43 8.1 SDT-Main Page.....................................................................................43 8.2 SDT-Building Information.....................................................................45 8.3 Spectral Response Acceleration Maps............................................... 46 8.4 Site Class............................................................................................. 47 8.5 Occupancy Importance Factor............................................................49 8.6 Seismic Force Resisting Systems....................................................... 50 8.7 SDT Output........................................................................................... 5 1 9 Conclusion.....................................................................52 10 Bibliography................................................................... 54 1 1 Appendix....................................................................... 56 11.1 Programming code, JavaScript...........................................................56 11.2 Programming Code for drawing the graphs,Java............................... 93 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Figures Fig. 2-1: Tectonic Plate Map (Stevens Institute of Technology, 1999)................................ 3 Fig. 2-2: San Andreas Fault east of San Luis Obispo. (USGS, 1999)................................. 4 Fig. 2-3: Body waves (Louie, John N., 1996)...................................................................5 Fig. 2-4: Seismic wave and Earth interiors (Hamilton, 1996)............................................. 6 Fig. 2-5: Failure by overturning under lateral forces (Cowan, 1971, p. 55)...........................8 Fig. 2-6: X-Cracking in High-rise Building(Martin, 1996)....................................................9 Fig. 2-7: Shear in Column, Mexico City Earthquake (Martini, 1996)....................................9 Fig. 2-8: Bending Failure in Parking Structure, Northridge (Lockridge, et al, 1997).............10 Fig. 3-1: The Optimal Seismic Configuration (Naeim, 1989,p.143)................................... 12 Fig. 3-2: Comparison of force in L-shaped building and separated building (Naeim,1989,p.153)............................................................................................. 13 Fig. 3-3: Soft first story (FEMA, Nov 1988,p.26).............................................................14 Fig. 3-4: Simple rules for vertical frames in aseismic buildings (Dowrick, 1977, p.84)......... 14 Fig. 3-5: Simple rules for aseismic buildings (Dowrick, 1977, p. 82)................................ 15 Fig. 3-6: Shear walls (Schierle, 2001)........................................................................... 1 6 Fig. 3-7: Cantilever (Schierle, 2001)..............................................................................16 Fig. 3-8: Moment frames (Schierle, 2001)......................................................................1 7 Fig. 3-9: Types of braced frames (FEMA 154/ July, 1988, p. 13)......................................18 Fig. 3-10: Wood frame house ((FEMA 154/ July, 1988, p. 16)......................................... 1 9 Fig. 5-1: LDG main menu............................................................................................ 30 Fig. 5-2: LD G basic input............................................................................................. 3 1 Fig. 5-3: LDG table for force, shear and overturn moment.............................................. 3 1 Fig. 5-4: LD G seismic force graph................................................................................ 32 Fig. 5-5: LDG seismic shear graph............................................................................... 32 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Fig. 5-6: LDG seismic overturn moment graph............................................................... 33 Fig. 5-7: LDG shear wall graph.................................................................................... 33 Fig. 5-8: ENERCALC main menu................................................................................. 34 Fig. 5-9: ENERCALC input page.................................................................................. 35 Fig. 5-10: ENERCALC output page...............................................................................35 Fig. 8-1: SDT, main page............................................................................................ 44 Fig. 8-2: SDT, Building Information Input Page...............................................................45 Fig. 8-3: SDT, SRA Maps Input Page........................................................................... 46 Fig. 8-4: STD, Maximum considered earthquakes and design spectral acceleration map....47 Fig. 8-5: SDT, Site Class input page.............................................................................48 Fig. 8-6: SDT, Importance Factor input page................................................................. 49 Fig. 8-7: SDT, resisting system input page.................................................................... 50 Fig. 8-8: SDT-output....................................................................................................5 1 List of Tables Table 4-1: Site Class Definitions.................................................................................. 24 Table 4-2: Classification of buildings and other structures for importance factors (IBC 2000) ..........................................................................................................................25 Table 4-3: Design coefficients and factors for basic seismic-force-resisting systems (IBC 2000).................................................................................................................. 26 Table 4-4: Design coefficients and factors for basic seismic-force-resisting systems (IBC 2000)(continued)..................................................................................................27 VIII Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract The objective of this project is to create a Web Ba sed educational tool for the study of seismic design for architecture students. The teaching tool provides basic information about earthquakes and resisting structure systems and seismic design. Taking advantage of the web as a medium for education to supplement textbooks makes an interactive tool with graphs available to many users and interesting to student. The seismic design is based on the International Building Code (IBC) 2000. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 Introduction Safety is everything! Earthquakes are one of the most unpredictable natural calamities. They are the sources‘of various disastrous effects on the buildings. The presented thesis is devoted to developing a computer program, which facilitates the calculations of seismic design. With the aid of this program, it becomes possible for us ers to analyze and calculate various important factors of seismic design such as base shear, distribution per level of horizontal forces, shear, overturn moment and required shear walls a short time. The program works for different earthquake accelerations and complies with IBC 2000 (International Building Code). This seismic design tool facilitates teaching of seismic Design for all architecture students. The ultimate goal of architectural design is to produce tangible physical objects, which are robust and will withstand natural disasters like earthquakes. For architecture students to study about structural design, images, graphs and computer tools are more effective than textbooks alone. Appropriate learning in this new age, where almost every body works with computers; digital form for sharing and interchanging information is easy to use a nd accessible from all over the world. 1.1 Hypothesis It is possible to develop a web application tool for analysis of seismic forces on buildings in compliance with the International Building Code (IBC 2000). This tool should help teach the design of lateral forces to architecture students, to increase their understanding of about seismic design and its effect on various structure systems. 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1.2 Problem Definition The Study of seismic loads is essential for buildings located in seismic zones. It is good to know from the first stage o f design how to protect buildings against earthquakes. Hand calculation for lateral force design is very complex and time consuming. The computer tool of this thesis will facilitate the study of seismic design and its integration in the preliminary design. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Part I: BACKGROUND STUDY 2 Earthquakes 2.1 Plate tectonics The earth's surface is broken into to several large and many small moving plates. These plates, each about 50 miles thick, move relative to one another on average of a few inches a year. They move very slowly (2 cm to 10 cm per year), irregularly and at different directions. The tectonic plates, in worldwide distribution can be seen in Fig. 2-1. Differential movement of these plates built up stress at their interface. Release of stress results in earthquakes. There are many smaller plates, which are called sub-plates. From the movement of sub-plates smaller earthquake can be generated almost anywhere.(Naeim, 1989) Fig. 2-1: Tectonic Plate M ap (Stevens Institute of Technology, 1999) 3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.2 Faults Forces, which may build up for decades or centuries, at the interface between plates cause seismic faults. Over times after a lot of movement occurs, the sudden, violent release of stress will cause earthquakes. Faults may vary in length from a few meters to many kilometers. Also a fault is like a rip in the earth's crust and may be one to over one hundred miles deep. One example is the San Andreas Fault, which was brought dramatically to world attention on April 18, 1906, when sudden displacement along the fault produced the great Sa n Frandsco Earthquake (Fig. 2-2). Fig. 2-2: S a n Andreas Fault east o f San Luis Obispo. ( U S G S , 1999) In some cases, faults are the boundaries between adjacent tectonic plates and maybe hundreds o f miles long. Also there may be thousand of shorter faults parallel to, or branching out horn a main fault Generally, the longer the fault the bigger the earthquake it ca n generate also it is more deformed by differential displacement Fault displacements in an earthquake sometimes are entirely horizontal but sometimes, diagonal motions may occur too. 4 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3 Seismic waves Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. They are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs. When an earthquake occurs, ground vibrations are generated that travel as waves through the Earth's crust, just like sound waves travel in the air. There are two types of vibrations caused by earthquakes; surface waves and body waves. Surface waves travel slower than body waves. Body waves travel through the earth while Surface waves travel across the earth's surface. Two types of Body waves are primary (P) or compression waves and Secondary (S) or shear waves. (Fig. 2-3) Fig. 2-3: Body waves (Louie, John N., 1996) _ _ [ ____ Compressional or P Wave Travel Direction ► Shear or S Wave Particle Motion Compression (P) waves displace laterally and reach the surface and distant places first, while Shear (S) waves move in an up and down fashion and reach the earth's surface and distant places shortly after the Compression (P) waves. Compression (P) waves compress and open the matter they travel through, either rock or liquid, similar to sound waves. They 5 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. also have the ability to move twice as fast as Shear (S) waves. But Shear (S) waves are not able to travel through liquid (Fig.2-4). Seismic waves of all types are damped as they travel because of the inelastic properties o f some rocks and soils. Soil conditions and topography also affect seismic waves. Fig. 2-4: Seismic wave and Earth interiors (Hamilton, 1996) Earthquake 2.4 Magnitude To compare the magnitude of earthquakes worldwide, the most common measure is the Ri cht er Magni t ude, which is a numerical description of the maximum amplitude of ground movement measured by seismographs. This is a logarithmic value originally defined by Charles Richter of Caltech in 1935. One unit in the Richter scale implies a tenfold intensity increase. Earthquakes with magnitude of about 3.5 or less are usually too weak to be fe lt by people and are generally recorded only on local seismographs. Earthquakes with magnitude of 3.5 to 5.4 are often felt, but rarely cause damage. Events with magnitudes o f about 6 or more are strong enough to cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings. Great 6 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. earthquakes have magnitudes of 8.0 or higher. They can cause serious damage in areas several hundred kilometers across. O n an average, one earthquake of such size occurs somewhere in the world each year. The largest recorded earthquakes have had magnitudes in the 8.8 to 8.9 ranges. The Richter scale is not used to express damage. An earthquake in a densely populated area, which results in many deaths and considerable damage to buildings, may have the s a m e magnitude as a shock in a remote area that does nothing more than frighten the wildlife. H u m ans may not even feel the large-magnitude earthquakes that occur beneath the ocea ns . 2.5 Earthquake Effect on Buildings 2.5.1 Overturning A building could overturn during an earthquake. It most o f the time this happens when the building is too tall for its base (Fig. 2-5). There are two ways to solve this problem; one is to spread the building, horizontally instead of vertically. But this requires a lot of land and hence is an expensive solution. Another solution is to enlarge the base of the building to resist over turning. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Fig. 2-5: Failure by overturning under lateral forces (Cowan, 1971, p. 55) (a) Structure unnfe. (b) Structure mad e saf e by enl argi ng the basement . 2.5.2 Shear Shear failure occurs when the ground motion during an earthquake parallel to the wall exceeds the shear capacity of the wall. X-shaped cracks in walls or sliding at the b a s e are a sign of shear failure (Fig. 2-6). In-plane failures are caused by earthquake-induced shear forces, which exceed the strength o f the shear wall material. This deformation elongates one diagonal, including tension, and shortens the other, including compression perpendicular to the tension. Since masonry materials have much lower strength in tension than compression, shear wall failures are very common in masonry walls. Generally, a shear failure alone may not cause a building to collapse. Although a wall may have cracks present due to this type of failure, it usually still has enough strength to support the weight of the building. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Fig. 2-6: X-Cracking in High-rise Building (Martin, 1996) Fig. 2-7: Shear in Column, Mexico City Earthquake (Martini, 1996) -e }----------------- Figure 2-7 shows an example of shear damage in a column. Forces and deformed shape overlays added to link the phenomenon to its conventional theoretical depiction, and to explain the diagonal cracking. (Martini, 1996) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.5.3 Bending In general, survival of buildings during earthquakes depends on the ductility of the structure. The ductility dissipates energy through elastic and, inelastic deformations causing bending. Inelastic deformation results in permanent damage. Repair costs can be as significant as the replacement costs of a collapsed structure. To reinforce masonry or concrete columns against failures, prestressed jacketing can be installed. Prestressed jacketing is like wrapping a metal blanket around a column. This jacket strengthens concrete and masonry beams by holding them together and helps prevent ties to break columns from buckling and excessive bending. Figure 2-8 shows a partially collapsed parking structure on the campus at California State University in North ridge. The garage was of precast, post- tensioned construction. The center columns were crushed resulting in caving-in of the floors and extreme bending o f the external columns. (Lockridge, et al, 1997) Fig. 2-8: Bending Failure in Parking Structure, North ridge (Lockridge, et al, 1997) 1 0 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 Architectural Consideration 3.1 Building Configurations Building form is an important issue in earthquake performance and damage. It verifies the way that seismic forces are distributed throughout the building. The Force should pass from its point of origin through the whole building and finally to the ground. Configuration means the building size in vertical and horizontal directions. Also the term "configuration” refers to the geometry of the lateral load resisting system, since the placement of bracing, shear walls or moment resisting frames will affect the distribution of seismic forces ( F E M A 1988,p.37). Building wings of different orientation may have different stiffness and period of vibration. 3.1.1 Regular Configuration Buildings with simple, symmetric configurations usually have the best performance in earthquakes, because they allow the most even and balanced distribution of forces. It is important to note that symmetry on plan should be in both directions. Fi gur e 3- 1 shows t hree st ruct ures, empl oyi ng t hree t ypi cal al t ernat i ves fo r l ateral r esi st ance, th a t are set smi ca/ i y i deal s whi l e a t t he same t i m e pr ovi di ng a usef ul archi t ect ural conf i gurat i on. They a ll have t he at tri butes o f: • Low hei ght - t o- base ra ti o • Bal anced r esi st ance • Symmet r i cal pl an • Uni f or m sect i on and el evat i on • Short spans • D i rect l oad pat hs • Uni f or m fl o o r hei ght s • Ma x imu m t ensi onai r esi st ance ( due to l ocat i on o f shear w al l and br at i ngJQi at ei m ,1989,p.l44) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Fig. 3-1: The Optimal Seismic Configuration (Naeim, 1989,p. 143) SH E A R W AL L M O M E N T RESISTANT F R A M E B R A CE D FRAME 3.1.2 Horizontal irregularities The location of elevators, stairs or heavy elements that add more mass to part o f a building may change the center of mass of the building from the center of resistance that w ill cause torsion in earthquakes. • Re-entrant Comers: The re-entrant comer is when the plan shapes are derived from shapes like L, T, H or + . The problems they tend to produce are different rigidity in the building, along different axes resulting in a concentration of stress in the interface of wings (Fig.3-2). Also, because the center of mass to be different from the center of rigidity while causes torsion in earthquakes. In IBC 2000 the Re-entrant comer is when in plan configuration of a structure and its lateral resisting system contain re-entrant comers where both projections of the structure beyond a re-entrant comer are greater than 1 5 percent of the plan dimension of the structure in the given direction. 12 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ■ Diaphragm Discontinuity: This refers to diaphragms with discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those, which h a v e open areas greater than 50% of the gross diaphragm area. ■ The vertical force resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about the major a xe s of lateral resisting system.(IBC ,2000,p. 356) Fig. 3-2: Comparison of force in L-shaped building and separated building (Naeim,1989,p.l53) 3.1.3 Vertical irregularities The placement of mass, shear walls, bracing and moment resisting frames may develop asymmetry in the vertical direction, that c a n produce torsion in a building. ■ Soft story: Soft story is a term for buildings whose ground level or other stories are more flexible than the rest of the building so a stiffness discontinuity between floors tends to result. The result is that, instead of distributing horizontal forces equally among all floors, it will be concentrated in the weaker floor. This causes failure, sliding and collapse at that floor, and other stories may drop down. There are three kind of soft story buildings: 1. Buildings with tall and flexible columns in floors (Fig.3-3a). 1 3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2. With interrupted columns in a floor, a big opening or missing walls for parking (Rg.3-3b). 3. Buildings with heavy superstructure over slender frame (Fig. 3-3c). Fig. 3-3: Soft first story (FE MA , Nov 1988,p.26) l»rt nn:nn nn:nn; nii Shinn; nn nil ni wTim /iHrfc- (a) <b) (c) ■ M a s s Irregularities: When the difference in weight o f two adjacent stories is more than 1 5 0 percent it causes irregularities in the vertical direction. The d rift o f each story is different in earthquakes, so the building doesn't work as one and it may cause drifting in eac h story. This doesn't include a roof that is lighter than the floor below (IBC, 2000,p. 357). Fi g. 3-4: Simple rules for vertical frames in aseismic buildings (Dowrick, 1977, p.84) o o n’ t COMMENTS DO rtd u id in cy ol Avoid low rtd u d w c y ol cantilevers: no la il- sale mechanism Avoid changes ol slifiness with height. Problems with analysis and detailing Shear wall ‘Soli slorey demonstrate y vulnerable 1 4 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Excessive aspect ratio: Very slender buildings are susceptible to overturning hence more stresses in the outer columns. • Fig. 3-5: Simple rules for aseismic buildings (Dowrick, 1977, p. 82) ELEVATIONS DO DON'T COMMENTS b b Very slender buildings have excessive horizontal deflections Effects of facade setbacks cannot be predicted by normal code equivalent- static analyses 3.2 Lateral Resisting Systems The typical beam and column is not enough for buildings to resist lateral forces. They are good for vertical forces only. Four systems may be us ed to resist the lateral forces (earthquake). 3.2.1 Shear wall Walls acting to resist lateral loads are called shear walls. Buildings that use bearing walls to carry gravity loads typically use them as shear walls. These walls must be designed to resist both vertical and lateral loads. They resist lateral forces in shear that is a sliding force. Using this system gives greatest stiffness to the building but the least planning flexibility. S o they are good for apartments, hotel, etc that requires party walls. 1 5 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rg. 3-6: Shear walls (Schierie, 2001) 3.2.2 Cantilever This system works like a nail, which is inserted in the ground. Cantilever systems, resist lateral forces in bending. It can be designed that they resist the lateral load in every direction or just one direction. Using this system gives us greater flexibility than shear walls but less stability for overturn. To resist the overturn it needs a big footing. Fig. 3-7: Cantilever (Schierle, 2001) 3.2.3 Moment-Resisting Frame This system has rigid connection between beams and the columns, designed to resist the rotation of column relative to beam. But the beams and the columns themselves are flexible. The moment resisting joint between beam and column resists the lateral load. When lateral 1 6 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. forces act on the building, columns bend (as they are flexible) and transfer the load to beam. Sin ce the connection are rigid, b eam and column work together to resist lateral drift in bending. This system provides maximum planing flexibility. 3.2.4 Braced Frame In the braced frame system loads are resisted in compression and tension. Braced frames are used for long and narrow buildings because of their stiffness. Sometimes in steel buildings both braced frame and moment frames are used which may have moment frame in one direction and braced frame in other direction, or combined moment and braced fame in both directions. Braced frame may have diagonal bracing, V-bradng, X- bracing; with concentric or eccentric joints. Diagonal bracing, X bracing and eccentric bracing is shown in Fig. 3-9. Fig. 3-8: Moment flames (Schierie, 2001) 5 6 1 7 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rg. 3-9: Types of braced frames (FEMA154/ July, 1988, p. 13), . M fed 1 7 1 X II LSI !53 ‘ 171 153 SINGLE OIAGONAL EM EM EM EM DOUBLE DIAGONAL s e e i N T R i e j o i h i 7 / / / K-TRU88 ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME 3.3 Common Resisting System for Different Types of Buildings In wood frame buildings, plywood siding is typically used to resist lateral load. The plywood is nailed to walls are of 2 by 4 wood studs, vertically arranged 1 6 inches on center. Diagonal braces of wood or steel are used in older wood frame houses (Rg. 3-10). 1 8 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Fig. 3-10: Wood frame house ((FEMA 154/ July, 1988, p. 16) In modem steel buildings, various bracing configurations have been used to resist lateral forces, such as diagonal bracing, cross bracing and K bracing. Shear walls are sometimes used to resist the lateral loads in combination with moment frames. They should b e continuous reinforced concrete or C M U walls that may b e part of the elevator/service core, exterior or interior walls, interconnected to rest of the flame. 1 9 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 The 2000 International Building Code 4.1 Introduction The International Building Code (IBC) features time-tested safety concepts, updated means of lay out and interior finish requirements, comprehensive roof provisions, seismic engineering provisions, innovative construction technology, revised structural provisions, reorganized occupancy classifications and the latest industry standards in material design. It addresses design and installation of building systems with requirements that emphasize performance. The IBC is coordinated with all national U S codes and some International Codes. Development of the structural provisions of the IBC began in August 1 996 . An International C O d e Council (XCC) Drafting Structural Subcommittee of code official memb ers from Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA), International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) and The Southern Building Co de Congress International (S B C C X ), along with extensive input and assistance from construction materials industry representatives, developed the Working Draft o f the IBC published in M ay 1997. The structural provisions of the IBC Working Draft consisted of the content of the three model codes: B O C A , S B C C I and the Uniform Building Code (UBC). After a public review period, approved Public Comments were incorporated into the IBC First Draft published November 1997. Following a second public review period, an IC C Public Hearing was held in April 1998, to consider written change proposals on the IBC First D raft The changes approved by the IBC Structural C ode Development Subcommittee were 20 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. included in the IBC Final Draft published July 1998. Additional Public Comments were considered by the voting members of B O C A , IC BO and SBCQ attending the Joint Conference in September 1999. In the spring of 2000, the first edition o f the IBC was published. It is expected to eventually replace the three existing model codes: B O C A , S B C Q , and U B C . 4.2 Advantages of the International Building Code Building departments across the nation, from New York to California, Fort Worth to Honolulu, are moving quickly to review and adopt the 2000 International Building Code. S o m e of the advantages of the International Building Code for Architects and Engineers: ■ O n e set of consistent, comprehensive, correlated and contemporary building code regulations nationwide and to so m e extent international. • O n e set of design requirements for architects and engineers working nationally, tailored to meet the separate individual n e e d s of any given region. * Adoption of nationally recognized design standards for structural materials: concrete, masonry, steel and wood. ■ O n e earthquake code nationwide, based on the 1997 National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP). • New spectral response acceleration maps. • New seismic design category to replace the seismic zone as design trigger. • Ne w site geology and soil characteristics effect on earthquake ground motion. ■ N e w quality assurance programs for high seismic and high wind areas to be administered by registered design professionals. ■ O n e united voice for architect and engineers in the development of building code requirements through a national consensus process. 21 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.3 Comparison of IBC with previous Building codes For calculating buildings for seismic design, should have the information about the building a nd put them into the formulas, which is written in the Building codes. The seismic design h a s changed by every time that a new building code has been released. Here is the comparison between them: 4.3.1 UBC 1994 For the 1994 Uniform Building code the input parameters are as follows: ■ Width, length and height of building ■ Number of stories ■ Story height ■ De a d load per story ■ Seismic zone ■ Important factor ■ Site factor ■ Building Period Coefficient ■ Structure damping factor 4.3.2 UBC 1997 In addition to U B C 94 input, U B C 97 requires: ■ Distance from known earthquake source The Si t e Fact or o f U B C 94 was renamed Sei smi c Coef f i ci ent (soi \ profile) in U B C 97. The U B C 94 R w factor was renamed and redefined as R factor in U B C 97. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.3.3 IBC 2000 In addition to U B C 94 input, IBC requires: ■ M a p p e d spectral acceleration for short period ■ M a p p e d spectral acceleration for 1 second period The Si t e Fact or o f U B C 94 is renamed Si t eCt ass 'm IBC 2000. 4.4 Static Equivalent Seismic Design Method 4.4.1 Earthquake loads IBC earthquake requirements are based on the 1 997 N E H R P Provisions and some modifications from the Uniform Building Code. The Building Seismic Safety Council developed the N E H R P Provisions with funding by F E M A . The design methodology and the earthquake risk maps have been extensively revised versus prior editions of the N E H R P Provisions. The earthquake load effect is greatly influenced by the soil type at the building site. Specific requirements for seismkalty isolated structures have been added. A simplified structural analysis technique is permitted for certain buildings that do not exceed three stories. Provisions for based isolated structures have been added to the code text. 4.4.2 Earthquake Loads-Site Ground Motion( SRA Map) Ground motions and accelerations are represented by response spectra. Response spectra are the responses of an ideal single degree of freedom systems oscillating at different frequencies and periods with different degrees of damping. The spectral response acceleration is the maximum acceleration reached at a site with particular soil characteristics for a particular percent of damping over a particular period. The Mapped spectral 23 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. acceleration at short period (Ss), and at 1-second period (S I), shall be determined from maps. (IBC 2000, p.332) 4.4.3 Site Class The IBC defines six site classes based on soil shear wave velocity, standard penetration resistance or soil undrained shear strength which is shown in Table 4-1. For design purposes, the reference site for the map is to be taken as N E H R P site class B at a period of 1.0-second (S I) and at short period (Ss) less than 1.0 second. When the soil properties are not known, Site C la s s D shall be used unless the building official determines that Site C la s s E or F soil is likely to b e present at the site. Table 4-1: Site Class Definitions CLASS H L P W fU V U M C AVERAOC MSOPBITKS M TOP100 MaL AS P W SCCDON M1S.14 Sad atwar wave va to c« K V ,.flM ) H ands* oaneeadsn a h e J w n S l^ ie e ft A Hard nick v, > 5.000 N ot applicable N ot applicable B Rock 2.500 < v, < 5.000 N ot applicable N ot applicable C Very dense soil and soft rock 1.200 < v. < 2 .5 0 0 # > 5 0 X .> 2.000 D S tiff soil p rofile 600 < v .< 1.200 15< # < 5 0 1.000 < J .< 2,000 E S oft soil profile v. < 6 0 0 # < 15 s .< |,000 E - A n y p ro file w ith m ore than 10 feet o f so il having the fo llo w in g characterisncs: 1. P la sticity rode* P!> 20; 2. M oisture content w > 4054, and 3. U ndrained shear strencth 7, < 500 o s f F - A n y p ro file ca m m in g soils having one o r m ore o f the fo llo w in g characteristics; 1. S oils vulnerable to potential failure o r collapse under seism ic loading such as liq u e fiab le so ils, quick and highly sensitive clays, co lla p sib le w eakly cemented soils. 2. Peats and/or h ig h ly organic clays (H> 10 feet o f peat and/or h ig h ly organic clay where H « thickncsa o f so il) 3. V ery hig h p la a ticity days (H > 25 feet w ith p la s tic ity index P l> 75) 4 . Very th ic k soft/m edium s tiff clays (W > 120 ft) For SI: I foot - 304.8 mm. 1 squire foot * 0.0929 m2 , 1 pound per square fo o t■ 0.0479 kPa. 4.4.4 Occupancy Importance factor E ac h structure shall b e assigned a seismic use group and a corresponding occupancy importance factor (I) is indicated in Table 4-2. The b ase shear will be increased for essential facilities using this factor. 24 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table 4-2: Classification of buildings and other structures for importance factors (IBC 2000) a n to m > M T W i 0 0 OOCUMMCV M O M f if M C TO H I. i B o tfa p a d odar a nco a a o o p t e c M a C a *o n a D. in a d IV 100 1 . 0 u » ii B td d a ie a a d iib a a a a fi— b aiR aeaaa a a a ta a a a ll— d a ta a a a life ■ be n m o f b ita c iadadag. bM m* Kaaad an •B addapaadobcraaaaaaw feaeaO T baX O poopiacoapapR ia • D a ilia p a d n b ir w iw n w ib ih a a a a iy irtim l in iw daj actool or by-cae bcdiaaa w w t rip < rif)i p a ia a b ia M O • niiiliK — 1 wid a bae m n m w ib a e a a tiiy f r f u 500 farcoflcpa . . . . . - ■ ■ ■ - ■ • Haaib O R bcdidB vide a capably o f» or man iciidea R a s f a dm >■>■0 a a p ry o r— p a c y 1— a b c ililia i • iada aad daaaaioa bnbnoa • Aay obat ocoRaacy a * a o ocaaa la d f a r if a 5,000 • rn a n p iR a ta a a o a a . w ea ro a a a a a b rp iR H a 1 1 . a w e waacr aeaaaaot C aciktia a ad o bR p a M ica o liiybb lide iao iia cM a d a CatpoayM - - " ~ r ~ * -*•--------------------=- ) - n o m ii, mm o ea q a aiiba o fio eica re xpia aive a ataa a ca io b ed R p raa B d w p a b - B e if nlaaaed 125 1 . 1 1 . 1 5 m (b ilifa p aad a b a aw caaa ila ip ia H a ra a a n ilb ciB iB ia d a d ia b b R ■ K fa a a f a : -p— n mn jm ii a a a beddm ‘ | ' -------------- | 1 ------ | i n il • Deaipaaod ca o p a c y pnpaaaaaa. ooaaaaicadea. a d opaaba oeaas aad obar b id b iR a p ia d b e aaapaey anpoaa • f nn ir |» a a a a » a a in a aad o b a p a tlic a fte y bedjaa a qb a d a eaegacjr hacfc-«f b c d U a b r O a |D iy HI a a a a a • S a a a u caaaaao fipM y a n c w a a iili a d a h a l by Socaoa 307 w taa da qaaatxy o f d a a aa ria l caceob d a a a a p a a a a o f Tatic 307.7(2) • Aviaioo eoaaol lowaa. a ir a afllc coaaoi coaan aad aaapaey aacaft ioqoi •Boddiap aad o b a io u c fia a ta n a p critical aaooaoldabaafactioa • Obaa o a a a b c ilid a aqaaad a aaiaaia a a peaaaat far b e “ W *a io a IJ0 U 1 . 1 5 IV B oildiafi aad atber uncnaea daa lepracat a low hazard lo hoaae life in O w event o f fwlare tadudiof. b a not lim ited C O : •A p k a ltio il bdlidcs • Caa taio lemponry facilities • Miaor H om e la ctlitiB 100 0J 015* a. "C tfrto iy ’* is aquivata to "Sommc Use G re a te r t ilt pivpOM o f Sactioa 16102. b. to h u i-im piun tzpom with V >100 m flto per hour. fw shall be 0.77. 4.4.5 R-Factor (Response modification factor) For Resisting the basic lateral and vertical seismic force a seismic force resisting system shall be assigned an appropriate response modification factor(R). (Table 4-3) 25 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table 4-3: Design coefficients and factors for basic seismic-force-resisting systems (IBC 2000) SIM M ra n taa care* H M W IM M O I — 1 — N T lunoNi m q a t a a ra c a m M F M M M O M M a C in itM l __________________ w „ „ „ H i c a m o N t Vacvaa* V •m ocnoa M p u a in n a MCTQbC/ 6 « 0 c 0« I* t M f t w w s m A. Onriiavy sed b ra c e d Owe* (14)12211 4 2 3 '/! NL NL 160 160 160 E S a a M iM 6 » M « a a M e M vM b 16102.4 S '* 2V : 3 N L NL 160 160 160 C O iiH V iia fe m la m O a r td b 1910X3 4 » / > 2 V : 4 NL NL NP NP NP D. D ttM «bb cmam t e M b 1910X2 2‘h 2»/» 2 N L NP NP NP NP E <M M v N m emam M ar M U 14102.1 l'/ i 2V» IV: N L NP NP NP NP P . S B M in a ta (N M M « A n r« d b 21061.1.3 3 2Vt 3V: N L NL 160 160 100 G. h tm ia ii m 6 n d m m m v ik v w » U s 21061.1.4 y/i 2V5 2 > t* N L NL NP NT NP a 0>di—Y fM U M — —v M w M b 21061.1.2 2'ft 2'ti IV4 NL 1 6 0 NP NP NP L DwaiM M b w ib ti it ■ w fc 2106! IJ 2 2 V * iv 4 NL NP NP NP NP 1. (M iw v a k iiM M n d M rn K i 21061.1.t !•/* 2 '/: \*n NL NP NP NP NP L U g O M , mBt M l M arpi— U waal 230661/ 2211 6 3 4 N L NL 63 63 65 < M r—ae nab 2306.63 2 2 'ft 2 NL NL 33 NP NP L M O N F M iS n M i A . S M — neatly baced ftamo. n caH « M D a |. ccamammAcBtmm&mf t m M u (1 s > • 2 4 NL NL 160 160 100 R. S M flc c a w M ly bacad fianca. an— rcMba^ c a —Ktiaaa ■ coba— t/my Bub bats (13)1 7 2 4 NL NL 160 160 100 C S ia M I — d — ic a fly b o ttd h « n tl3 f 6 - 2 3 NL NL 160 160 100 D. (M m v M l c — hcaOv bacad h m (» 4 > 3 2 4’f j N L NL 160 100 100 E Saacbt M rib M c a K fd rM v w tia 1910X4 6 2 '/: 3 N L NL 160 160 100 F . rhiB m i labfim td i nairni B in u lli 1910X3 3 2% h 4V: N L NL NP NP NP G. Dabibd abb eaaoor M w M b 1910X2 3 2 '/: 2« /> NL NP NP NP NP a O iO m v pIm cea ov ae M ar w a H s I4 I0 X I 2 2 '/: 2 NP NP NP NP NP 1 . CM pM c crcmricaHy (n e ed ftw n (I4 P I 2 4 NL NL 160 160 too NL iOO NL NL NP 5 '/| NL t o o NL 160 M .: NL NL 1 0 0 160 160 2‘/ i NL NP NL NP NP *o b 2106 1 1.3 NL NL IOO 160 160 NL NL NP NL 1 6 0 NP NP I t D c a M pkaii > mmmn O w r M b 2106.1.1J NL 2V» NP NP 2 ' * NL NP N L 4 '/: NL 2V: NP 2 > / > NL NP N L S '/i NL N L NL N L NL NL 1 0 0 — d NL NL 160 1 0 0 NL NL N L NL NL N L N L NL NP NL NP NL NP N L NL N L NL NL NL NL 5'/. 1 6 0 IO O N L NP NL NL 1 0 0 160 160 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table 44 : Design coefficients and factors for basic seismic-fbrce-resisting systems (IBC 2000Xconbnued) A arO 1 D m I NL N L 2'/ : NL N L N L N L N L NL N L NL N L NL Vh NL N L N L N L N L NL N L NL N L N L NL N L NL N L N L NL 2 » / i NL N L N L NL NL NL NL N L N L NL NL N L N L N L NL 2Vj NL N L NL afcal N L NL NP N L N L NL N L N L M . N L NL NP NP N L N L n o IOO NP M B d N L N L 2V* 160 1 0 0 NP N L N L 1910.2.4 1 0 0 1 0 0 N L N L NP N L 140 NP NP N L N L NP NP NP NL N L 160 NP NP N L NL NP SEES* C O V flC B K o f — om nCTOR. V w u e i n pactom. c^ iT u m n o S a B p ^ ^ « H W N D S ^ a a m a K t^ m o K m m m m m e n a m n n * A ar ■ c 0 * C* 4" i . Shear w aU-tam c A n a n c aynon «•«*» m iin a ry lemfaaead caecm c i v n h 21.11 I9 I0 2 J S 'ft 2 '/i S N L NP NP NP NP A . C -k a m a d cofana m h m 2 '/j 2 2 'fc N L N L 3 S 35 15 B . S p n lM d n a m f iiM 2'/» 2 2 '/j N L N L NL NL N L C CWdnary Aaat m m m ft— (IIP PA 2 2 '/i N L N L NP NP NP D T w c a l ite h w r t em am ■ m m m f t— i 21.1* 2 'ft 2 IV i N L N L NL NL N L E. S tra ctn a l atcal ly tta a a m tp e d fta U y d tta ila i fa r AISC— ASD AISC— IA F D A lS I A ISC —IIS S 3 3 3 N L N L NP NP NP For St: I • 3 0 * 4 I -O M 79 K N tet a . tapa— ■■Afig a ia a i m ftknm . <, h w A —s— f c . OateNae boat, C* - . m l <LSm S m *m IA I7A 4.I faraAwv— t— ot eMA^ aAAa f t c * * * ja O fa a v te . t S a l M I4 I7 A 4 I 6 » M A * a y — to A la v « * • * * * r f i * *■ *« *■ ■ - C (M — ya m — faa a ta p en aA a 4« o kea *4A te aa faa a*c£ a ira — a i A a a c « S n a a ic (N a ip Q M ^n a a B m ir. ( T W a t a M K t a t t N « < n ^ f a » >( 4 « 7 k > d n i W ^ W N lb b w m l M « i * t a M « ^ a t a M l M k ( a k « a k » N i l S l a a r a w M i k Start oaAaary a t a a t fta o n aart k m rn U m m am a* ft— a me p n a ia N a angle a n y M A a p * a a la *N o f 60 km , a ta i A c m m jn a a a f fcW c m m m m c a m c N «T bated cart N a a m d A t rtnri Inart o f A t a o f A m an cscm i IS pnaaJaprr a*— N o t T la d n rt waifhaef A t a a M o fa a d a n w c iM a 35 f a t * — A tb a n d na M d u a o tf IS p n a A p s ag— 6m. i.S N d itA m ) a i w r i 6a— l i f t ' iu i< n b n lA tp a p » tln ^ r ttn S lfc n .» l— A td w rtlrtB rta fA tm ftk ftn a tm I naTAna tn a a c a * IS ft— itE » t» m tfc A . i AISC S m k PM I or Pm I I I Snam m N L ACC S a — c fa n n . k M m N 27 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.4.6 Seismic Base shear The total base shear (V) a building depends on the effective weight of the structure, The spectral response acceleration at short period and 1-second period, importance factor I, R Factor and the fundamental period of the building. V= Q W Where: V= B a s e shear C s = The seismic response coefficient W = The effective weight o f the structure, including the total dead load and 25 percent of live load for storage. 4.4.7 Distribution of seismic forces per level The lateral force F w at any level is computed as: F*= C y , V n Cv,= W„ hik / I W , hjk i = 1 Where: Fx= Seismic force at level x C m = Vertical distribution Factor V= B a s e shear as defined above W)and W, = Portion of total gravity load assigned to Level i or level x. 4.4.8 Shear distribution per level The seismic shear of any story, Vx is the is the sum of all seismic forces (Fx) at and above the level considered. Computed as: 28 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. n V„= I F , i= x Where: x= Subscript for level x F= Force at level i. 4.4.9 Overturning Moment Buildings must be designed to resist overturning. The overturning moments shall be determined as: n M*=t * £ Fj.( hj-hx) i= x Where: F ,= Seismic force at level i. h j and h* = Height from the base to level i or x respectively. t = The overturning moment reduction factor defined as follows: For the top 1 0 stories x is equal 1.0. For the 20th story from the top and all stories below that x= 0.8. And for all the remaining stories in between, t shall be determined by linear interpolation between 1.0 and 0.8. 29 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5 Existing Computer Tools 5.1 LOG: Lateral Design Graph (Schierie ,1992,1994) L O G is for lateral wind and seismic design, based on U B C 1994 formulas. It gives numeric tables and graphs with distribution per floor of force, shear, over turn moment and length of shear walls each way, for various materials. This program is Do s based and operated by the keyboard. From the main menu the user can choose U S or metric unit and then input the building, seismic and wind data. The user has four building form choices: Basic, Stack, Taper and Complicated. Depending on the user selection the layout of the input page will change. Basic input is for buildings with constant story areas, height and mass. Stack input is for buildings of variable levels. Taper input for buildings with tapered profile. Complex input is for buildings combining stacked and tapered conditions. For each input, there is a default number and range of numbers allowed. Fig. 5*1: L D G main men u 30 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rg. 5-2: L D G basic input b uidinb m m Lm ath........ Width.......... At m per floor . BuiIdlop hoipht. Nuaker of floors Doad load par fla Shear oall typo. SEISMIC zone . . Inportonce f«rtnp Site Factor. . . Period factor. . Structure factor HUB speed . . . Importance factor Exposures'gust factor f t f t ft Z I s c t R u nph I C n ft . ( 1 to 9 8 8) .......... 1 1 8 0 .8 8 1 .Cl to 9BB)..............I 98.881 .< 1 to 98888)....... C 5,888.881 5,888.88 .Cl to 1288)............I 188.881 188.88 .Ct to 188)................C 181 18 .Cl to 988).............. (188.881 188.88 .Cl to 7 ) ........... 1 6 Concrete! 6 Concrete .lI/'Z*/T£bP'3y'4»......................... I • » J 4 . d ^ i . 2 5 ).................. ri.*0i l.as .C 1^1.2^1.5^21..........................................11.S I 1.58 .(.a^.83/.B3S)...... [0.0201 8.838 .(4 to 1 2 ).......................................................C 4J _ - €70/80/90^108^110^120^130) . I 701 . < ! / '! . 1 5 ) .................................................f t . 881 .C B 4y»5....................... C CJ Mange of poeolhlo vala Rg. 5-3: L D G table for force, shear and overturn moment SEISMIC Load IS 231.3 8.8 8.8 9 288.2 231.3 2, 313.4 a 185.1 439.6 6. 788.9 7 161.9 624.6 12, 955.2 6 138.8 786.6 28. 828.8 5 115.7 925.4 38, 874.5 4 92.5 1, 841.8 48, 484.9 3 69.4 1. 133.6 51. 828.7 2 46.3 1, 283.8 63, 858.5 1 23.1 1. 249.2 76. 343.8 8 8.8 1. 272.4 89. 866.8 3 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Fig. 5-4: L D G seismic force graph Suvla SEISHIC FORCE dlstrIbutloa ouor buildloa halfht par flour a cki»> GIVEN: L iM.r W 9 R .R * H Z I & .« S I.S ct .« Ru 4 >t ■' ■ ■ • • • • ■ •• •• •• ^ • • ■ • • iit i ,* ! M M ! M Fig. 5-5: L D G seismic shear graph C IU D l: L IM.R' V S8 . 0* h 100 .0' PLIWfaf Z 4M I l.M 8 l.S Ct .0 2 H u 4 Saapla 8EI8HIC 8 M B H 8 d is trib o tio a 0 l u i U i heiaht per flo o r 32 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rg. 5-6: L D G seismic overturn moment graph GIVEN: L 180.0' U 58.8' H 100.0' DL18 I 1.00 S 1.5 Ct .02 Ru 4 Sauple SEISMIC OVERTURN NONENT distrib. over building height per 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 floor (kii Rg. 5-7: L D G shear wall graph SEISNIC SHEAR HALL distribution building height per floor 100_______________________ GIVEN: L 108.8 U 50.0' H 100.0' DLlOOpsi Ct .02 Ru 4 Concrete 33 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5.2 ENERCALC, Multi-Story Seismic Force Distribution E N E R C A L C Engineering Software provides structural engineering design and analysis software to the structural and architectural engineering community. E N E R C A L C , Multi Story Seismic Force Distribution program, provides analysis of lateral seismic forces on multi-story buildings according to 1994 and 1997 U B C lateral force formulas based on U S unit. (Enercalc.com). The E N E R C A L C main page gives the option to u s e U B C 94 or U B C 97. The page layout will change with the user selection. For both options the user can assign a description to each project. (Fig. 5-8) The input image takes every thing in one shot, which results in a confusing layout. (Fig. 5-9) The programmer fits every thing in one page, which maybe good for users who use the software every day and know all about seismic design and the layout by heart But for a student who wants to learn seismic design it would be better to go step-by-step trough the input needed for computation. Fig. 5-8: E N E R C A L C main menu Muf t i - St ory Sei smi c F o r c e s 34 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Fig. 5-9: E N E R C A L C input page HoraSawnic Factor E fe/W VM cH S m m cFador E v /O Fig. 5-10: E N E R C A L C output page Muf t i - St ory Sei smi c For c es 1 3 1 7 * 4 1 1 7 * ! 35 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission PART II: Seismic Design Tool 6 Introduction to Seismic Design Tool (SDT) SDT provides analysis of lateral seismic forces on multi-story buildings according to the IBC 2000 formulas. Also included is a section that will assist the user in determining the overall seismic factor. By entering building dimensions, number of stories, building dead load per story, and the resisting system (Ct) the building period is determined using the IBC formula 16-39. Fro m this value, and user selected Site Class, Importance factor (I), Response modification factor(R) and the design spectral response acceleration at short period (Ss) and 1 second period (S I); seismic response coefficient (Cs) is determined using the IBC formula 16-35, 16-36,16-37,16-39 and then the base shear is computed using 16-34. Force distribution factors for each level are determined using formula 16-42, and the base shear is applied to each level for the evaluation of story shears and overturning moments. Also, these forces are used along with formula 16-41 to determine the lateral forces at each level. For Story shear formula 16-43 and for overturn moment formula 16-45 is used. Any number of stories may be specified. 7 Program Systems Research Initial research is very important in order to find out the most efficient and useful method for writing the program. It provides a background for user requirements and the program composition thereby reducing errors during the latter stages of programming. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7.1 Study of Software Deployment There are primarily two types of software applications. E a c h has specific advantages and disadvantages and their use will depend on the type of application that the programmer wants to develop. 7.1.1 Stand alone Software Stand-alone software will perform on computer using the system. There are two ways to use these applications. First, they can come with a C D or zip or Floppy disk that requires minimal manual installation and the user should install it on the computer. Second they can be downloadable from the Internet, which means after downloading the necessary files, the application can be installed. In this case after downloading is done there is no need to be connected to the Internet Therefore for the sake o f system safety, stand-alone applications provide greater security. However, if any of these applications or hardware devices have anything to do with the programs that use on the internet, one takes the risk of leaving the doors wide open to viruses, which could never ever get into the computer system through those particular software applications. Another advantage of stand-alone software is that it is easier for users to record their inputs and outputs, which are easily accessible later on. Disadvantages o f stand-alone software: ■ The user is required to get the software on C D or zip or floppy. This means that the user needs to have the appropriate hardware on the machine as well, such as a C D - R O M drive. Otherwise the software is downloadable which means the user needs to have a fax modem or network adapter on the machine and also administrator a c ces s for downloading and installation. 37 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ■ If the user wants to work with different computers from different locations in the world, he should go through the process of installing the software every time, which is time consuming and results in user deciding to own and work on individual personal computers. 7.1.2 Web Based Programs Web based programs are accessible on the Internet and are web based. Advantages of web based programs: ■ Ea s y to Us e: There is no need to install, or download the program. The average user can dick on the U R L and start using it ■ Accessible from Anywhere: Users can access programs from virtually any computer with a browser and Internet connection. ■ Versatile Platform: C a n be customized for a variety of platforms. It is also as an excellent m ea n s for developers seeking to deliver customized database applications and templates to users. ■ Web based software have significant advantages over the traditional software: They can be easily annotated; they suffer minimal degradation over time and with use because it is not a tangible storage device like a C O which can get scratch or break; or floppy or zip disk which is prone to corruption. They can be widely distributed over the Internet, allowing students access to essential material outside the dass. 38 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7.2 Study off Programming Language 7.2.1 Visual Basic Visual Basic is an easy to learn programming language. It is much easier to learn than other languages, like Visual C++, Java; yet it is a powerful programming language. Visual Basic allows development of Windows based applications. Advantages of Visual Basic: ■ E a s y to learn. Tasks that may be difficult to program with other languages can be done in Visual Basic easily. It facilitates the conversion of programming inputs into graphic outputs such as drawings and charts, which is difficult to accomplish using a web-based language like JavaScript ■ B e c a us e Visual Basic is popular, there are many good resources (Books, Web sites, N e w s groups and more) that can help to learn the language. Use rs can find answers to programming problems more easily than for other programming languages. Disadvantages of Visual Basic: • Programs written in visual basic can not be web based; but only be a stand-alone, window based, application. 7.2.2 JavaScript JavaScript provides interactivity for web pages. It offers a simpler set of programming instructions that can be entered directly among the HTML formatting of web pages and code that can be easily accessed and modified. Before JavaScript, to create interactive forms (web pages with fields, buttons, and menus) required to write computer programs ("CGI" scripts) that resided on and ran from a web 39 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. server while JavaScript performs many form tasks without connecting to a web server as it is processing on the "client-side". JavaScript allows to create content that is dynamic, so that the code inside one web page can produce many different types of displays and features depending on the viewer's actions, including images that change when the mouse is moved over a graphic. While JavaScript is much simpler than Java, it is quite a step up from formatting HTML Advantages of JavaScript: ■ JavaScript provides interactivity for web pages without relying on server-side programming, which means pages can be interactive without connection to the Internet ■ Since the code is typed directly into your H T M L files, JavaScript software is as simple as notepad. ■ JavaScript code doesn't need compiling so it can be quickly tested and modified. ■ JavaScript functionality is built into most newer web browsers, so there is no extra software for the viewer to download or install. ■ Be c a us e o f its wide use, there are numerous reference sites for learning about JavaScript as well as many sites to download free code. Disadvantages of JavaScript: • JavaScript cannot draw: Bars, lines, pies, data tables, Area... To do so the user must use Ja va Applets. Some Java Applets are ready on the web; but to customize output regarding color, units, screen programmers must learn Java and write Java applets. ■ Although JavaScript is supported on the two major web browsers, there are a few differences that cause major problems. Sometimes the programmer should write some codes at the beginning of a web page to clarify weather the user is using Internet Explorer or Netscape, and each of them a different code. This mea ns some code w ill be 40 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. written twice for both IE and Netscape that is annoying and time consuming. During the programming the programmer should test the web page in both IE and Netscape to be sure every new addition works in both browsers. ■ The user can see the source code and copy it for his personal use which is not good for the programmer who has put so much time to develop that program. ■ Transferring arrays of data from JavaScript to Java is almost impossible, making it difficult to do graphics based on array data. This is a major weakness. 7.2.3 Java (Programming-language independent interface) Java is a complex programming environment that requires creating compiled software applications that can be inserted into a web page. The learning curve for Java is enormous at best (despite claims o f the expanding number o f software tools). Advantages of Java: ■ Relative platform independence: The ability to write code once and use it almost anywhere. Compiled code can move around a network. ■ Ja v a is open: Documentation and source code are available on the Internet for free. E n o ug h information is available that the entire Java system can be re-implemented. It is not tied down to a single vendor (e.g. S u n or Microsoft). Disadvantages of Java: • Co mpared to other programming languages Java is slow; but it has been improved a lot. ■ R u n s within a virtual machine. • Still being developed. • It is hard language to learn; requires some previous experience of programming in C++. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7.3 Software and Languages used in SDT: Considering the issues discussed above SD T was develop as a web based tool written in html and JavaScript As Java is hard to learn, especially for an architecture student who doesnt know C++ either, it was decided to use JavaScript Therefore in developing S D T , Macromedia Dreamweaver 4, JavaScript Macromedia Flash are used and users can use it through Netscape 4.5 or Internet Explorer 4.0 or higher version. Macromedia Dreamweaver version 4 makes hand-coding easier and it has a smart, coder friendly features which make it easier for the HTML-challenged to design dynamic page and table layouts. A favorite new tool in Dreamweaver 4 is the live JavaScript debugger. It lets the programmer set breakpoints in JavaScript within an HT ML page or J S file, then step though the code point by point in Netscape or Internet Explorer to find bugs more easily. In version 4, H T M L and JavaScript syntax is updated live, while typing, and to customize the syntax highlighting Preferences. Thus All the layouts and interface was done with Dreamweaver and the JavaScript coding has been added into it For storing all the inputs and having access to them without using a server the best solution was layers. Because of the interactive designs and different buttons all the inputs will store in the same html file and when the user change the input and submit it the output will be upload with the new input. Developing this program involved all the disadvantages described earlier. 7.4 Comparison of SDT with Existing Computer Tools 7.4.1 Strengths of LDG vs. SDT ■ L D G requires no, access to Internet while SDT requires access to Internet • L D G includes design for wind. 42 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ■ L D G indudes metric units and U S . • L D G indudes a comprehensive help file. 7.4.2 Advantage of SDT vs. LDG ■ L D G is Dos based, but S D T is a web base application. ■ SDT works with mouse and keyboard, which is more users friendly. ■ SDT is based on IBC 2000, code of the future. 7.4.3 Strengths of ENERCALC vs. SDT • E N E R C A L C requires no Internet access while SDT requires access to Internet 7.4.4 Advantage of SDT vs. ENERCALC ■ E N E R C A L C is based on U B C 94 & 97. ■ E N E R C A L C does not have graphs. ■ It is a downloadable program and has to be installed. • E N E R C A L C cost $1000 but SD T is free on the web. 8 Input of SDT The SDT site starts with an animated introduction page, which has been done in Macromedia Flash. If the user doesn't want to see i t there is skip button that will lead the user to next page. 8.1 SDT- Main Page SDT input page has two main sections: the navigation bar and the check box bar at the bottom of the page (Fig. 8-1). The image is a background image for my tool. It is called a 43 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. seismogram and shows you the recordings of an earthquake's seismic waves detected with a seismograph. The navigation bar has seven primary buttons, which lead the user to individual data pages to input the necessary information for a structure or to use the default values. The "Help” button gives an overview of the International Building C o d e 2000. Hg. 8-1: S O T , main page i m p o r t a n c e The "Checked Boxes" bar serves as a checklist for the user to ensure that all the necessary information has been inputted. Only when the checklist is complete will the user be able to receive an output. This helps the user to remember at what stage of data input he is at and the amount of information that is yet to be input. 44 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8.2 SDT-Building Information The Building input button leads the user to the Building information section, where the user needs to input the critical dimensions of the building footprint, height o f building from base to top, number of stories and dead load per floor. The area per floor will be calculated automatically when the user input the width and length o f the footprint; otherwise the user wants to enter it manually bec au se of some void or open area in the middle. The help button in this page leads the user to the help page about building Information. A l ert: it i s essent i al to subm i t t he ot tered dat a to r comput at i on o f t he out put Fig. 8-2: S D T , Building Information Input P a g e Im p o rtan ce 45 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8.3 Spectral Response Acceleration Maps " S R A Maps" input button directs the user to the page to input mapped spectral response acceleration factor depending on the location of the building. IBC has several maps for different locations in the United States and for every location there is two map: one amp with maximum considered earthquake ground motion for 1.0 second spectral response acceleration and the other one is for short period (0.2 second) spectral response acceleration. For design purpose the reference site condition for the map is to be taken a s site dass B . For other site classes there is a conversion factor depending on the site the user submits. The help button directs the user to the help page that gives the definition of mapp ed spectral response acceleration based on IBC A l ert : I t i s essent i al to subm i t t he page fo r comput at i on o f t he out put Fig. 8-3: SDT, S R A M a p s Input Pa g e ' _ _ _ _ “ _ ; “ _ ____ - F a < • » - i * 1 * ■ r * I r ’ p o r t r r r r p 46 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rg. 8-4 shows that if the user doesn't know the proper number of the mapped spectral response acceleration, he can dick on the given button and it will direct the user to the appropriate map using the Acrobat reader. In there the user can zo om in or out to find the location and the number and exit from there and enter the number to the text field. The default value is the number that represents the highest ground motion for the Los Angeles area. Fig. 8-4: S T D , Maximum considered earthquakes and design spectral acceleration map 8.4 Site Class The S/ t e C l a s s button directs the user to the page to select one of six choices for site classes based on soil profile based on IBC Table 1615.1.1. If the soil properties are not known, Site 47 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Cla ss D shall be used unless the building official determines that Site Class E or F soil is likely to be present at the site. The help button in this page directs the user to the help page that gives the definition Site Cla ss based on IBC. A l ert: I t i s essent i a! to subm i t t he page fo r comput at i on o f t he out put Fig. 8-5: S O T , Site Class input page Bu'lfl Mfj ^ ‘ -i SPA M/tps trnportanrp P V t.,r rv ; r pi_'T MF: p # D IStiff Soil PrOtite(^— * * * * * * m rntm m m . 48 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8.5 Occupancy Importance Factor The I mpor t ance Fact or input button directs the user to the page to select one of four choices of building occupancy from IBC Table 1604.5. When the user submits the data, a pop up confirmation message appears to inform the user of the Se ismic Importance Factor. The user can either accept it or cancel and go back to choose another category. The help button in this page directs the user to the help page that gives the definition of classification of building for importance factor based on IBC. A l ert : I t i s essent i al to subm i t t he page fo r comput at i on o f t he out put Fig. 8-6: S O T , Importance Factor input page S u ' i ' i m n 1 n I n M S i ’ P r i j r p i j r u p p _ U „ 49 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8.6 Seismic Force Resisting Systems T h e RFact or button directs the user to the page where the user must select the seismic force resisting system used in the building based on four categories from IBC Table 1617.6. B y submitting the data, a pop up confirmation message will appear which will inform the user of the R Factor and period coefficient values based on the resisting system that is been entered. The user can either accept it or cancel and go back to the page and choose another category. The help button in this page directs the user to the help page that gives the definition o f R Factor and resisting systems based on IBC. A l ert : I t i s essent i al to subm i t t he page fo r comput at i on o f t he out put Fig. 8-7: S O T , resisting system input page p . i . .... ..)■ <roa'v.r> N s.... - . s . 50 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8.7 SDT Output Clicking the Out put but t on after submitting all necessary inputs, SDT performs computation and a new window will be open. If the input is incomplete an alert message will pop up, requesting the missing information. Output will preview in a new window with the tables of result Clicking the Gr aphs button in this window will open another window with the graphs of result. The table shows the values of force, shear and overturning moment for each story and the graphs are the plot of those values (Fig. 8-8). The output pages can also be printed. At this stage if the user may change some values and compare the new out put with the old one, the output window should remain open. This way the new output w ill plot in the same window as the old output and the user can compare them or print the window. Fig. 8-8: SDT-output 5 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 9 Conclusion The S T D program targets the student user group. The ultimate goal of this program is to teach students about seismic design through an interactive medium. The tool uses L D G a s reference and is an updated version, using IBC 2000, which is the newest building code version. Therefore, people need to get used to working with IBC 2000 since it w ill b e replacing the previous codes. It was difficult to understand and apply the principles o f IBC to the program. The attempt was to eliminate, as far as possible, these same problems from occurring, for the users. In this program, the main purpose has been to introduce features that will encourage students to use it and learn more comprehensively about seismic design through interaction with ST D. They can enter various inputs and compare the output results. The user can compare several outputs without restarting the program or resetting the previous inputs. These outputs can be printed for better analysis. If the user enters incorrect inputs SDT will interactively inform him/her about the error. An attempt has be e n made to indude teaching features such as references to theory, but the main purpose of the program is to provide a user friendly and informative way for students to learn about seismic design. Several improvements can be made to SDT, which were not implemented due to time constraint and problems of compatibility between Java and JavaScript. One important improvement could be the indusion of different building profiles, such as different plan configuration, or a tool to draw a building. To indude shear wall lengths as provided by L D G would also greatly help students during the design process. To indude design for wind 52 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. would also b e a useful addition, so would be a module to design moment frames and braced frames for both wind and seismic forces. There has not been enough time to actually test this program on students to get feedback; but it is hoped that students who will take the relevant courses will test it next semester. Considering the difficulties using JavaScript for programming, the author of SDT does not recommend JavaScript as a programming language when graphic output is required. To conclude, this thesis helped tremendously in increasing knowledge about seismic design and IBC 2000, and was a great experience. It also provided an opportunity to learn several new programs to assist in the development of S D T . 53 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 10 Bibliography Ambrose, James and Vergun, Dimitry (1987) Desi gn fo r Lat eral F or c e s , John Wiley & Sons Ambrose, James and Vergun, Dimitry (1999) Desi gn fo r Ear t hquakes, John Wiley & Sons Ambrose, James and Vergun, Dimitry (1985) Sei smi c Desi gn o f Bui l di ngs, John Wiley 8t So ns , New York Arnold, Christopher and Reitherman, Robert (1982) Bui l di ng Conf i gur at i on and Sei smi c De s i g n, John Wiley 8i Ssons, Co wa n, Henry J. (1971), Archi t ect ural St r uct ur es, An I ntroduct i on to St ruct ural Mechani cs, American Elsevier publishing Company, Inc., New York Dowrick, DJ.(1977) Earthquake Resistant Design, John Wiley & Son s, New York F E M A 153/ November (1988), SE I S MI C C O N S ID E R A T IO N S : O F F I C E B U I L D I N G S , F E M A 153/ November 1988, Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington D.C. F E M A 154/July (1988), Rapi d Vi sual Sc r eeni ng o f Bui l di ngs fo r Pot ent i al Sei smi c Hazar ds: A h andbook , F E M A 154/ July 1988, Building Seismic Safety COundl, Washington D .C . Hamilton Calvin J. (1996) Ear t h' s i nt eri or & pl at e Tect oni cs [online]. Available from: http://www.naturalqas.orq/EARTHINT.HTM [Accessed 4/10/2001] IBC (2000), I nt ernat i onal Bui l di ng C o d e , International Code Council Lagorio, Henty (1990) Ear t hquakes, An Ar chi t ect s Gui de to Nonst r uct ur ai Sei smi c Hazar ds, John Wiley & S o n s Louie, John N . (1996), Sei smi c wanes [online]. Available from: http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/k)gie/ria<x/inn/5eismic-waves.html [Accessed4/10/2001] Lockridge, Patricia A. et al (1997) Geol ogi c Hazar ds sl i des, Ear t hquake Event s [online]. Availablefrom: http://www.nqdc.noaa.oov/seQ/imaoe/qeohazards v2/document/647018.htm [Accessed 4/12/2001] Martin, John A. & Associates (1996) Hi gh- r i se Bui l di ng Twi st ed i n Ear t hquake [online]. Available from: http://www.iohnmartin.com/eashow/647003 10.htm [Accessed 4/12/2001] Martini, Kirk (1996) D i g i ta l I m agi ng and t he W e b i n Teachi ng St r uct ur es [online]. Available from:http://www.arch.virqinia.edu/~km6e/tti/tti-summarv/part-2.html [Accessed 4/12/2001] Naeim, Farzad (1989), The sei sm i c Des i gn Ha n d b o o k , VNR, New York 54 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Schierie, G G (1992) "Gomputer Aided Seismic Design for Wind and Seismic Forces,” Comput er Suppor t ed desi gn i n Ar chi t ect ur e, A CA DI A Schierie, G G (1992) "Computer Aided Seismic Design,” Journal of Architectural and Planning Re sea rch, Locke Schierie, G G (1996) "Quality control in Seismic Design and Construction,” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, A C S E Schierie, G G (2000) Nor t hr i dge Ear t hquake Fi el d I nvest i gat i ons: S t at i st i cal Anal ysi s o f Wo o d f r a me Da ma g e , C U R E E Report W-02 Schierie, G G (2001) Cour s e wor k handout , University of Southern California, School of Architecture Ste vens Institute of Technology (1999) Cent er fo r I mpr oved Engi neer i ng and Sci ence Educ at i on [online]. Available from: http://kl2sdence.ati.stevenstech.edu/cuniculum/musicalplates/platemaD.htmirAccessed 4/10/2001] U S G S , S a n Andr eas Faul t , (1999), http://Pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/San Andreas.html. Last updated: 05.05.99[Accessed 4/10/2001] ( http://www.webreview.eom/2000/ll 17/webauthors/l l 1 7 00 l.shtm h fAccessed 4/10/2001] Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 11 Appendix 11.1 Programming code, JavaScript <htmi> <hea d> <tide>Seismic D e s ig n Tool</title> <met a http-equv=' Corrtent-Type' c ont ent =" t ext / ht ml; charset=i so-8859-l ’ > < scr ipt la n gu ag e = ■Ja va sc ript' > < ! — / / * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * // Seisinic Design Tool(SDT) //10/30/2000 last editted:4/17/2001 // University of Southern California, School of Architectrure, Master of Building Science // Copyright 2001 by the University of Southern California and Nazanin Zarkesh // All right reserved // Nazanin Zarkesh E-mail: Nazanin_z@hotmail.com // S D T is a Web B as ed educational tool for the study of seismic design // for architecture students. The teaching tool provides basic information // about earthquakes and resisting structure systems and seismic design. // The seismic design tool (SDT) is based on the International Building C ode (IBC)2000. / / * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * v ar bro ws = "u nk no wn " var ve rs v ar dom v ar doms t yle 56 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. v a r I fu n c t io n b ro w s er chec k (X if ( na v iga tor .a p p Ve r s ion .c h a rAt (0) > 3) { if ( n a v iga t o r. app Nam e = = " N e ts c a p e ") { d o m = "document"; d o ms t y t e = ” ; b r o w s = " N " } eis e if ( nawgat or .appVe r s ion.i nde xOf ( ’ MSIE" ) != -l) { d om = "document ail."; doms tyle =".sty 1e "; brow s = "IE"} else { b r o w s = "NC; d o m = "N C" } > eis e { d o m = " N C " } > //{fbr(var i=0;i<10 ; i ++Xdocument Mesh.put ( window. opener .I nt SeismicFor ce{ i],window. opener .n) } } fu n ct io n P lotO { Text = ’<ht ml ><head><t i t l e>Sei smi c Table</title><script language=* javaSaipt " >f unct ion j avaGeti tO{var t heNumber=document Mesh.Sei smi c[ l]; docur nent Mest i . Sei smic( l]=100} f unct ian passOffwtvar i =0; i <=wi ndow. opener. n ; i ++X<k>cument Mesh. put(wi ndow. opener. I ntSei smi cFbrce[i ], wi ndow. opener. n)}}<Vscri ptx\ / headxbody " bgQji or =" goid"><H2>FINAL RESULT</ H2><t abi e wi dth=*60%" bor der ="l " ceil spaang=’0 " cei l paddi ng="10" 0 O R D E R C O L O R = " #993300’ >' Text+= ’< trx td NO WRAPx b> Bui lding In fo <td NOWRAPx b> Se i s mic Input</bx/td><td NOWRAPxb>Seismi c O u tp u t\n ' Text += '< trx td N O W R A P > Le ngth : ' + L + ,< /D IV x /td > , Text += '<td N O W R A P > Imp o r t a n c e I : ' + I + '</td>' Text += '<td N O W R A P > Pe ri o d ; ' + ( Mat h. roundCT»100) ) / 100 + ’</td>’ Text += '</tr>\n' Text += 'c trx td N O W R A P > Wi dt h : ' + W + 'c /D IV x /td y Text += '<td N O W R A P > Sit e C la s s : ’ +Si teVal ue + '</td>' Text += '<td N O W R A P > Pe ri o d Factor: ' + ( Math. round(Ct*100))/ 100 + '</td>' Text += '</tr>\n' Text += '< trx td N O W R A P > Hei ght : ’ + h + ,</D IV x/td >, Text += '<td N O W R A P > St ru ct u re Rw:' + R + ’</td>' Text += '<td N O W R A P > B a s e S h e ar F a c t o r Cs:' + (Mat h. round( Cs*100) ) / 100 + '</td>' 5 7 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Text += '</tr>\n' Text += '< trx td N O W R A P > F kx xs : ’ + n + ,</DIV></td>, Text += ' <td N O W R A P > Sy st em Factor: ' + (Math. round(Ct*100))/ 100 + ’</td>’ Text += '<td N O W R A P > B a s e Shear: ' + (Math. round(V*100))/ 100 + ’</td>' Text += ’</tr>\n</tabte><hr>' Text +=' <H2>(XJTPl/r</H2></fbnt>’ Text +='< t abt e wi dtti =’60%’ border='l* c e Hs p a a n g = " 0 * ce M p a d d n g = *1 0‘ B0R0 e t COLOR= ’ *993300* > ' Text+= '<tr><td NOWRAP>Leve)</ tdxtd NOWRAPxb>FORCE(ki p)</ td><t d NOWRAP>SHEAR( ki p) </ t d><t d NOWRAP>MOMENT(l dp-ft)</ td></ tr>Vi l for 0 = n ; i>=0 ;i— ) { Text += 'c trx td NOWRAPxDI V AUGN=’C E N T E R " > ' + i + 'c /D IV x /M V Text += ' <td N O W R A P > ' +((Math. round(Sei smi cForce{i ]*l ()0))/ 100)+ ’</td>' Text += ' <td N O W R A P > ’ + ((Math.round(Shearftoor[i]*100»/100)+ '</td>' Text += ' <td N O W R A P > ' + ( ( Math. round(Overti j mMoment[i ]*100))/ 100)-i - '</td>' Text += '</tr>\n' } Text += 'c/tabtexform x/p xinp ut type=’bu tt o n ’ n a me = * F o rc e G r a p h * val ue=* G ra ph s * o n O ic k= *p as s O ;win d o w .o p ener .F o rc eF lo tO* xinput type=’b utt on" na me =’Pri n t " va) ue=' Pri nt * onai ck=* wi ndow. pnnt O* ><i nput t ype=*but t on* na me = * dose * val ue=*dose* onai cfc=*wi ndow. doseO*xappl et na me =M es h cod e= M es h7 .d a ss vwdth= 0 height^x/apptetx/fbnTix/bodyx/htrniy; v a r ne wwin= window.ope n( " ,"newwi n’,' hetght=400, wi dt h=600 ,l ef t =250,top=100, scr eenX=0, screenY=100, aiw ay s R ai s e d , s ta t u s = y e s ,me rKjb a r = y e s ,s cro( lb ars= y e s ,r e s iz at te= y e s " ) ne wwin.do c ume nt wr it e ( Te x t ) new w in .d oc um en t dose( ) > fun ct io n p a s s O {for(var i=0;i<n ;i++) {doc ume nt Mesh. put ( Set smkf br ce[ i ] , n) > > 58 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. fu nc ti o n javaG etQ {var theNumber= doc ume nt Mesh.Seismi cf l] d oc umen t Mesti . Sei smi cfl ] =300} var ForcelD f u nc tio n F o r c e P t o t O {Textl= 'chtm lxheadxtitioSeism ic Graphsc/titiexscript language="javaScr ipf >f unct i on j avaGeti t(Xvar t heNumber = doc ume nt Me s h.Seismic{ l] ; d ocument Me sh . Seismict l ] = 1 00 } f uncti on pass(){for(var i=0 ; i <=wi ndow.opener .n ; i++ X d o c u me n t Me s h .p u t ( w ind o w.op e n e r. S e is mic F ; orce{i],window.opener.n)}}<\/9aipt><\/headxbody o n L o a d = 'pa s s O ' bg Co tor=’goW" ><H2> F o rc e Graph</ H2>’ Textl+='<form xpxapplet n am e= M esh c o d e = Me s h 7 .d as s w* dt t i= 400 he ight =37 0 ><PARAM na me =He i ght val ue=’300*x/apptetx/p>' Textl+='</hrxinput t ype=' button" na m e = " re p a in t“ val ue=' Draw t he gr aph wit h n e w vaiue' on O idc= "pa ss O" >< input tYpe="button" name="dose' vakj e="dose' onaick=' wii Klow.ck>seO"></fbrm></bodyx/htinl >' ; F o r c e ID = w in d o w .o p e n (” ,"Fd rce Win ",, , hei ght=400, widt h=6 0 0 ,l ef t =300, t op=100, screenX=0, screenY=100, aiw aysRaised, st at u s =y es ,me nu ba r=y es,S C Tollb ars =y es,r esiz ab te =ye s*) / / For ceI D. doaj ment openO F or celD .do cum err t write(Textl) F b rc eI D .d o cu m en td os eO > f u nc tio n N ew W in (R ,S s, I) {neww in =w in d o w. o p en "hekj ht =400, width=400, a iw a y s Rais e d ') n e ww in .d o c u me n twri te (’<htm Jxheadx/headxbody b g Coi or = " goid" > < H2 > The RFactor=') n e wwin.do c u me n t wri t e (R+ ,<b^>,+, T he S hort Pe ri o d = ' +Ss+'</H2> <f onn> <input type=' button" name="Pri nf val ue="Pri nf onOick =* ne wwin.pr int O* xinput type=” but t on* n am e=" d o se" vai ue=' dose" o n Q ic k = " win d o w.do s e ( )" > </ fbrm> </ body> </html>') } // functi on d os eN ew W in do w O / / {i f(newwi nK // n e wwin .do s e O> in fu nc tio n M u it iO { L= d o cu m en tB u ild in g ln fb F o rm .L eng th .v al u e 59 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. W= document Buddingln foF om i.Width .va iue d o cu m e n tB u il cf in g In fb R )r m .A re a. va lu e =parseftoat(L)*par5ef toat(W) > fu nc ti o n C h e c k S R A O { var XX X= document M a pF or m .Te xt S s.v alu e var X X = document Ma p F o mi.Te x t S l.v a lu e if( XXX>200 || X X X < 5 || X X < S || XX>175) {alertf P L e a s e inp ut a number in the give n r ange*] } > func tion O u U a ye rO { if (C h e c k th is O ) { showia yerC OU TP UT ) > } fun ct io n Ch eckthisO { f or(var i=0;i<5 ;i++) { var Ne w= e v a lCd o c u me n L O O F .c h e d ([ i] .c h e d (e d ') if(!New) {var CH K = evai ( ' document OOf .check{ i ] . value' ) al ert CRI I t he in p u t f or ,+CHK+' . ' );retum fai se; br eak > } re t ur n tru e > fun ct io n I nputed(i ) { do cu m en t OO P.ch eck {i].ctT ed ced =tn je > fu nc tion I mp o rt a n c e O { var t h is F o r m= d o cu m en tl m p o rt an ce F o rm f or( var i =0;i <thi sform. I mportButton. l ength;i ++) { i f ( t hi sFomi. I mp or t But t on[i ]. che ck e d) { I =eval ( thi sFonn. I mportButton[i ]. val ue' ) if( confimnCImportance f act or = '+I) KInput edC3' ) ; Hi deAII CIi npor t anceFact or 2' ) ; bf eak> Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. > } } f unct i on Sho w S u bR F a ct o rO { i f ( RFact orf br ni. Rbut t on[ 0] .checked) { var obj ect = e v a l(c lo m+ 'Be arWa( IS y s t e m'+d o ms t y t e + '. v is ib t lit y = ’vi abt e“) } ei se if ( RFact or f bnn. Rbut t Dn[ l ] . checked) {var obj ect = e v a i( d o m -f 'B u ik fi n g F ra m eS ys te m ,-Klo( n s t y te+ ,. vi si bi l i t y=*vi si bl e") > e is e if ( RFa ct o r F o n n .Rb u t t o n [2] .c h e c k e d ) { var obj ect = ev al (d o m +' M o m en tR es is ti n g F ra m e,-KiOfn sty te+ ,.vt si bi l i t y=“ v ts ib le ”) } els e if (RF a c t o rF o rm .R b ut to n[ 3] .c h ec fc ed ) { var obj ect = e va i( d o m +' D u al S ys te m M o ment,+domst yt e+,.v isib« lity=‘vi sibt e") } else if (RFact or f or m. Rbut t on[ 4] . ched( ed) { var obj ect = eva l( dom+ 'CXj a i SystemInt e r me ( ii a t e'+domst yte+ ,.visib( l i t y = ’vte ibie’') > else if (R F ac t o rFo r m.R b u t ton [ 5 ] .c h e d c e d ) { var obj ect = e val ( dof n+, Pe ndulum,+domst yt e+' . vi si bi l i t y=, , visibte, ") > e ise { a t er t (' No R F A C t o r ') } > function R F A C T O R ( F o r m ) { i f ( Fomi. Rbut t on[ 0] .cii e cf c e cl) { f br(var i=0; i <document Bear f orm. BearBut t on. l engt h; i ++) { if Cdoa j ment Be ar For m.Be a r fi ut t onf i] . che ck ed) {R= e v a lCd o c u me n tB e a r F o rTn .Be a rBu tt o n [i ].va lu e ') bre ak > } 6 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. } else if (Form. Rbut t on[ l ] . checked) { forfvar i= 0 ; i< d o c u me n t Bu ildin g F o n n .Bu ildin g Bu t ton .le n g th; i- ) - « - ) { i f ( doainent Buikf ingFbnn. Bui ldlngBut t onp] .ct iect ad) { R=evaK'doaj ment Bui kJi ngf : of Tn. Bi Ji l di ng6ut t Dn{ i ] . val Li e') br eak > } } e ls e if ( For m. Rbut t on[ 2] . di ecked) { fbrfvar i =0; i <document M( xner t f br Tn. Moment But t on. l engt t i ; i ++) { if (d o c u me n tMo me n tF o r m.Mo m e n tBu tt o n [i] .c h e d (e d ) {R=e^Cdocument Moment f omi . Mornent But t Dr[ i ] . val ue' ) br eak > } > e ls e if ( Form. Rbut t on[ 3] . ct ecked) { for(var i=0; i <doaj ment Duai MFonn. Dual MBut t on. l engt t i ; i ++) { if(d oc u me n tDu a lMF o r T r. D iia lMB u tt D n [i] .c h e c k e d ) {R= e v a iCd o c u me n tO u a lMF b r m.D u a lMB u tt o n [i] .v a lu e ') br eak } > } else if ( For m. Rbut t on[ 4] .c h ec ke d ) { fbr(var i=0; i <ckxument DualI nt er mediat eHFor Tn.Dii alI nt ef Tnedi at eMBut t on.l engt t i;i++) { if( d o c u me n t CX jalInterme d ia t e MF o rm.Du a lI n t e n n e d iateMBu t t o n [ i] .c h e c k e d ) { R= e v a l Cc k x ume nt Dua lI nt e r me diat e MFo r m.Oua l I nt e r Tne di a t e MBii t t on [ i] .va lue < ) br ea k > > > else if ( Fbr m. Rbut t on[ 5] . ct i ecked) { for(var i= 0 ; i<doc ume nt PeduiumFomi. PedulumBut t on.l e ngt t i;i++ ) { if(do ajment P e d u lumF o rm.P e d u lumB u tt o n [ i] .c t ie c k e d ) {R=e v a lCd o c u me n tPe d u lun iFo r m.Pe d u lij mB u t ton [ i] .v a lue ') br eak Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. } > > etsef at ert f Pl ease c h o o s e t he RF a c to r 1 )} > var Site V a lu e fu n ct io n SteO { var fb rm =c to c u m en tS it eF om i for(var i =0; i <f orm. Si t ef i ut t on. l engt h ;i++) { if (f o r m.Sit e Bt J t t o n [ i] .c h e c k e d ) { SteVal ue= f br m. Si t e6ut t on[ i ] . val ue b re a k > > / / ai ertCYou c h o s e site C la s s '+ f or Tn. Site But t on[ i].va l ue +' .Pleas e c h e c k t he b o x b e iow for " Site Cla s s " ) > f u n c t io n St eCoef Q {Ss= ck x ume nt Ma pf or m.Te xt Ss. v aiue / 10 0 Sl= docume nt Ma pFbnn.Te xt Sl .value / 100 fbr(var i =0; i <Si t eShor t . leng th ;i++) {if (SteShort ( i ] ==Si t eVal ue) {// al ert(Si teShortfi]) i f(Ss<=0. 25) {Fa=Ssl Short[i ];break} //a le rtf Fa= ' +Fa) el s e i f(Ss<=0. 5) {Fa=Ss2Short [ i ] ; br eak> els e if(Ss<=0. 75) {Fa=Ss3Shoi t[i ];txeak> el s e if(Ss<=l) {Fa=Ss4Short [ i ] ; break} e ls e if(Ss>l) {Fa=Ss5Short [i ];break} / / al ert CFa= ’+Fa) else (alertfout of range' ) ) > } for(var i =0;i<SiteShort len g th ;i++) 63 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. {if (SiteShortfi]= =SiteValue) if(Sl<=0.1) {Fv=SslOne[i];break} / / at er t CFa= ’+Fa) el s e if(S l<=0.2) {Fv=Ss20oe{i ]; break} eiseif(Sl<=0.3) { Fv=Ss30nep] ; br eak> e ls e if(Sl<=0.4) {Fv=Ss40ne(i ];break} ei se{Fv=Ss50ne{i ];break} //atertfFv= ’+Fv) > } // alert(Sl +' Fv= ' +Fv) > var SiteShor t = new A r ra y O //site C la s s in the tabl e of 1615.1.2(1), S R A S is S pectral Resp on se A cce ler at ion at s hor t period var Ssl Short = ne w A rr a y O / / M a p p e d Spe c t r a l R e s po ns e A cce lera tion @ sho rt pe riod for Ss=<.25 var S s 2 S h o rt = new A r r a y O / / M a p p e d S p e c t r al R e s po ns e A cce ler at ion @ sho rt pe riod for Ss=0. 50 var S s 3 S h o rt = new A rr a y O / / M a p p e d Sp e ct r a l R e s p o n s e Ac cel era tio n @ sho rt perio d for Ss=0. 75 var Ss 4 S h o r t= n e w A rr a y O/ / M a p p e d Sp e c t r a l Re s p o n s e A cce lera tion @ short period for Ss = 1.00 var Ss 5 S h o rt = n e w A r ra y O // M a p p e d S p e c t ral R e s po ns e A cce lera tion @ sho rt period for Ss>=1.25 Si t e Shor t t O] = ' A'; SiteShort(l]= 'ff; Si t eShor t f 2] = ' C; Si teShort[3]= ' D' ; Si t eShort [ 4] = 'F; Si teShort(5]= 'F; SslShort(0]=' 0.8' ; SslShortfl]='1.0'; SslShortt2]=’1. 2' ; SslShortt3]=' 1.6' ; SslShor^K^S’; Ssl Shortt5]=’N ot e b' ; S s 2 S h o r t t 0 ] = ' 0 . 8 , ; 64 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ss2Shortfl]=' 1.0' ; Ss2Sholt^2]='l^,; Ss2Short [ 3] =,1. 4' ; Ss2Shortt4]='l.r; Ss2Stort(5]=,Note b '; Ss3Shortt0]=' 0^; Ss3Shorttl ]=,1. 0‘; Ss3Short[2]='l.l'; Ss3ShOf t t 3] =' 1. 2' ; Ss3Shortt4]=' 1. 2' ; S s 3 Shor t ! 5]=' Note b' ; Ss4Short t 0] =' 0. 8*; Ss4 S h o rt tl ]= '1 .0 ,; Ss4Short t 2] =,1. 0' ; Ss4Short[3]='l.r; Ss4Shortt4]=' 0. y; Ss4Short t 5] =’ N o te b' ; Ss5Short(0]=' 0J’; Ss5Shorttl ]=' 1.0‘; Ss5Shoftt2]=' 1. 0' ; Ss5Short t 3] =,1. 0* ; Ss SShor t ( 4 ] =, N ot e b '; S s 5 Shor t ! 5]=' Note b '; var Sit e On e = new A rr a y O // M a pp e d S p e c tr a l Res pon se Ac c e le ra tio n var Ssl One= new A r r a y O // M a pp e d S p ect ral Resp ons e Ac ce le ra tio n @ On e Secon d pe ri o d for Ss=<0.1 var Ss20ne= new Arr a y O/ / M a p p e d Sp ect ral R e sp ons e A cc ele rat ion @ On e S ec ond p e ri o d for Ss = 0.2 var Ss30ne= new A r ra y O // M a p p e d S p ec tra l Res pon se A c ce ler atio n @ One Seco nd p er io d for S s = 0 .3 var S s 4 0 ne=new A rr a y O // M a p p e d S pec tr al Resp on se Ac ce leratio n @ One Seco nd pe r iod for S s= 0. 4 var Ss50ne=new A r r a y O / / M a p p e d Sp ect ral R e spo ns e Acc ele ration @ On e Se co nd pe ri o d for Ss>=0. 5 Si t eOne[ 0] = 'A '; SiteOne(l]= 'V; Si t eOne[ 2] = ' C; Si t eOne{3] = ’ D 1 ; Si t eOne[ 4] = 'F; SiteOne{5] = 'F; Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S s lOn e C 0 ] = ’0. 8' ; Ssl OneCl ]=' 1. 0' ; SslOne[2]=' 1.7; S s lOn e C 3 ] = ,2. 4' ; Ssl One[4]=’3 . 5’; Ssl One{5]=,No te b'; Ss20ne{0]=' 0. 8' ; Ss2One[l ]=,1 .0l ; Ss20ne(2]=,1.6' ; Ss2One[ 3] =' 2. 0' ; Ss20nef4]=3. 2' ; Ss20ne{ 5] ='Not e b '; Ss30ne{ 0] ='0. 8* ; Ss3Onetl ]=,1. 0' ; Ss 3 0 n e C 2 ]= ,1.5' ; Ss30ne(3]=' 1. 8' ; Ss30ne[4]=3.8' ; Ss30ne{ 5] ='Not e b '; Ss40ne[0]=,0.8 *; Ss^Onefl^'l.O'; Ss40ne[2]=,1 . 4 ’ ; S s4 0 neC3]='1.6'; Ss40nef4]=' 2. 4' ; Ss40ne[5]=,Note b '; Ss50net0]=' 0. 8' ; SsSOnefU^l . O’; Ss50net2]=,1.3' ; Ss50neP]=,1. 5 ’; Ss5 0n eC 4 ]= 'N ot e b'; Ss50ne[ 5] ='Not e b' ; var S m s varSds var F a var S s f u n c ti o n S m s F (F a ) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. { Ss= document M ap Fo r m .Tex tS s.va lue/1 00 al ert ( Ss) Sms=Fa*Ss Sds=( 2/ 3) *Sms} varSml varSdl var F v fun ct io n Sml F( Fv) {var Sl =document MapFor m.Text Sl. value/ 100 Sml=Fv*Sl Sdl=(2/3)*Sm l} f u nct ion Sys tem CtO { v a r li st= dc xx ime r^RFactorForrn.sefect4 Q=li st .opt ions{ l ist set ect edI ndex] .value if(co n fi rm C Y o u h av e c h o s e n R = ' +R+' a nd Q= ' +Q)KHideAi l(’RFactorr);I nputed{, 4,) > } varL var w varCs var R varCt varT var V // B u i ld in g P e ri o d Co e f f ic ie n t // Peri od //Base shea r var W eightRoor var k var h var n vart / / The ove rtu rn in g Mom en t R e du ct ion F a c to r // A distribution e x p o n e t r el at ed to t he build ing p e r io d / / Hight of B u il di ng / / Number of stories functio n Cs F() {n= d o c u me n t Bu ildin g In f b F o rm.S t o r ie s .v a lu e // n is num b er of sto ries 1 = do cu m enL Bu ildin gIn fb Fo nn .Len gth .va lue W= do cum entB u ikf in g ln fo F O rm .W id th .va lu e v a r 0= docume nt Bu itdi n g In fb F or m .D ea d .v al ue /1 0 00 // D is D ea d lo ad per square feet // A is a r e a per f loor v ar A= d o cu m entB u ik fi n g ln fo F o rm J t r e a . va lu e Wei ghtFl oor(l ]=D*A 67 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. var Wei ght = D* A* n / / We ight is t ot al we ight of B uil din g h=doaj ment BukJi ngI nf 6For r n. Hei ght val ue / / h is He ight of B u il d in g fr o m B ase to high e s t point T=Ct*Math. pow(h, 0. 75) // atertd) // alert(T= ’+T) Ss= doc ume nt Ma p F o m i. T e x tSs .v a iu e /1 0 0 var S l= d o cu m e n t Mapf or m. TextSl . val ue/ 100 / / alertfSs= ,+SsV Sl= ' +S1) if (Ch e c fc th is O ) { Sms=F a*Ss Sds=( 2/ 3) * Sms Sml=Fv*Sl Sdl=(2/3)*Sml Cs = Sds / ( R/D var f br m=document SiteFonn // alertfR is ,+ R) if ( f br ni . at eBut t on[ 4] .checked || f br m. Srt eBut t or[ 5] . chect ed || Sl>=0.6) { Cs=(0.5*Sl/(R/I))} e ls e if (Cs<(0. 044*Sds*I)) {Cs=(0.044*Sds*I )} e ls e if (Cs>(Sdl/((R/I)*D)) {CS=(Sdl/((R/I)*T))> e ls e { Cs = Sd s /( R/D; // al er t ( Cs) > V =C s* W ei g h t // a ler t ( S it e Va l ue) // a le rtC Cs is ' +(Math. rourKKCs*100))/ 100+' a n d B a s e Shea r is ' -<-(Math. round( V*100))/ 100) / / aie rtC Ba s e Shear=' +V) C a tc u a tt e S e is m ic F o r c e O Plo tO > // arrays var Weight Roor =new Ana yO var Roor Hight =ne w Arra yO var BevFloor =new ArrayO 68 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. var Sesmkf or ce=new Arra yO var Int S e is mic R x c e = n e w Ar rayO var Shear Fk»r = n ew Arra yO var Ov er tu rn Mo m en t=n ew Arr ayO var Su m ofW h= new Arr ayO function G fc u a lte S e is m ic F o rc e O { n = d o c u me n tBu H d in g In ft )F o n n .S to r ie s .v a k je / / functi on calculateHtghtO far ( floor=0; fl oor<= n; floor++) { F k Do rHig h t[ f loo r] = h /n > / / functi on ca ka rlateWeightO We»ghtf k) or ( 0 ] = 0 f or ( f l oor = 1; fl oor<= n; floor++) {WetghtFtoorffl oor] =Wei gf i tfi oortl ] } //functi on ca fcu fateBevQ BevFkxx[ 0] =0 f or ( f l oor = 1 ; fl oor<= n; floor++) {BevHoortfl oor]=Bevfkxxtfl oor-l ]+FkxxHi ghttfl oor] > //function C a l c u a l t e S u m o f W h O if (T<=.5) {k=l> else if CT>=2. 5) {k=2> els e {k=(T+1.5)/2> S u mo fWh [0 ]= 0 f or ( f l oor= 1 ; f l oor <=n;fl oor++) {S umo(VVh[floor]=Suinofl Wh[fl oor- l ] +( Wej ght f l oor[ f kx3r] *Mat h. pow( BevFl oor[ f kx) r] lk)) > for (fl oor=0; floor<=n;floor++) { Se ismicf Or ce [ f 1oor ] =V* ( We j ght Fk) or [ f l oor ] * Mat t i. pow( ElevFloor [ f t oor ] > k ) ) /Sumof Wh[ n] I nt Set smt cFor ce[ f loa] =Mat h. r oun( l ( Set smkf or ce[ f loor] ) > She arFloo r[ n ] = 0 / / Calcualtes S h e a r in every st or y f or (floor=n-l; floor>-l;floor-) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. {Shearfk»r(ftoor]=Shearf)oor(fl oor+l ]+Sesmj cf:orce(floor+l] > // C a k u a tt e s S h e a r in every story f or ( fl oor=n; floor>-l;floor~) { if (fl ocr>n-10 & floor<=n) {t=l> el s e if (floor>=0 & fl oor<=n-20) {t=0.8> e ls e {t=(floor-n+60)/ 50> / / a» ertC floo r= ’+ f lo o r- t -' & t= '+ 1 ) T o t a l Mo me nt = 0 f or (k = n; k > f l oor ; k -) { mom ent_arm = E te v R o o r f n ] - EJevfkxx[k-l ] mome nt = S e is m ic f b r c e [ k ] * m o m ent_ ar m T ot a i Moment = Totai M o m en t + m om en t > O ve rt u rn Moment(fl oor]=t*Total M o m e n t > func tion MM_pr ek»dlmages0 { //v3.0 v ar d=d oc u m en t; if( d. i magesK if ( ! d. MM_p) d.MM_p=new A r ra yO ; v a r i, j=d.MM_p. lengt t i ,a= MM_ pr eloa dIma ges.ar gume nt s ; for(i=0; i <a.l engt h; i++) if (a[i ]. i ndexOf(*#")!=OK d.MM_p( i]=new I mage; d.MM_pO++]Jrc=a[i];» } func tion M M _nb Gr ou p( eve nt , grpN am e) { //v3.0 v ar i,i mg ,nb A rr,a rg s=M M _n bG rou p.ar gum ent s; if ( e v ent == "inif && ar g s .le n g t h > 2) { if ((img = MM_f lndObj ( ar gs[ 2] ) ) != null & & ! img. MM_i ni t ) { i mg.MMJ ni t = true; im g.MM_up = args[ 3] ; img .MM _ d n = img^r c; if ( ( nbAr r = d o cu m entf g rp N a m e] ) == nul l ) nbA rr = d o cu m en tf g rp N am e] = new A rrayO ; n b A n f n b Ar r .l e n g t h ] = img; for (i=4; i < ar gs. lengt h- 1; i+=2) if (( i mg = MM_fi ndObj ( args( i ] ) ) != null ) { if ( ! img.MM_ up) img .MM _up = im g.s rc; im g.src = img.MM.dn = args[i+l]; Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. nbArrf nbArr. l engt t i ] = im g ; }> > e ls e if ( event == " o v er* ) { d o cu m en tMM _n b O ve r = nb Ar r = new Ar r a yO; for (i= l; i < a r gs.l eng t h- 1; i+=3) if ((img = MM_f indObj(ar gs( i]) ) != null ) { if (!img. MM_ up) i m g. M M _ up = img .s rc ; im g .s rc = (im g. M M _d n & & argsp+2]) ? args[i+2]: args(i+l]; n b Arr [ nbAr r .l e ngt h] = i m g ; } } e ls e if ( event == 'out*) { f or (i=0; i < d o cu m en tMM _n b O ve r.l en g th ; i++) { img = d o cum en tMM _nb O ve r( i]; img.sr c = ( img. MM_ dn) ? im g .M M _ d n : img .MM_ u p ; } > e l s e if ( event == "d ow n" ) { if ( ( nbArr = d o c um ent fg rp N am e]) != nul l ) for (i=0; i < n b A r r .le n g t t i; i++) { i mg=nbArr(i ]; img .s rc = im g. M M _ up ; img .M M _ d n = 0; ) d o cu m e n tf g rp N am e] = n b A r r = new Ar r ayO; f or 0=2; i < a r gs .l e ngt h- 1 ; i+=2) if (Om g = MM_f indObj ( ar gs( i]) ) != nul l ) { if ( ! img.MM_up) im g .M M _ u p = img .s rc ; imgjrc = img.MM_dn = args(i+l]; nb Ar r ( nbAr r .l engt t i ] = i m g ; } } } / / - > </ scri pt> < s tyle t ype="t ext /css“> < !— .na z { f ont - f ami l y: Ar i al , Helvetica, sans- ser if; f bnt - si ze: 12pt ; fo n t- w e igh t : n o rmal ; colon #FFF FF F; text- deco ra tio n : n one } .i nput ( f ont - f amil y: Ar i al , He lvetic a, sans - s er i f ; f bnt - si ze: llp t; f o n t - we ig h t: nor ma l; c o lor: #FFf FFF} • Te xt 8 pt { f ont - f ami l y: Ari a l, H el ve ti ca , sans- ser if ; fbnt - si ze: lO p t; f ont - weight : nor ma l; c o lo r : #000000; t ext - deco ra tio n : n o n e } - > </ styl e> < s c r ipt l an g u ag e =* Ja va Sc rip t’> < !— < !— function M M _r ei o ad P ag e {in it ) { / / rel oads the win d o w if Na v 4 r e s i z e d if (init==true) wit h ( na v i ga t or ) {if ( ( appName==* Net scape” )&&( parseI nt ( appVersi on) ==4) ) { d oc um e n tM M _p g W =i n n er W id th ; d o c u me n t MM_ p g H= inn e r He ig h t; on r e s iz e = MM_ reloa d P a g e ; }} else if (in n e r Wid th != d o c u m e n tMM _ p g W || inn e rHe igh t ! = d o c u me n tMM_ p g H) l ocat i on. rel oad( ) ; > Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. M M _re lo ad Pa g e( tr u e) ; / / - > func tion M M _p re to ad Im ag es () { //v3.0 v ar d= doc ume nt ; i f ( d. i magesX i f(!d. MM_p) d. M M _p =n ew An ra yO ; var i , j =d.MM_p. lengt h, a=MMjxet oadlmages.ar gument s; fbr(i=0; i <a. l ength; i++) if ( a( i ] - i ndexOf ( ’ #’)!=OK d. MM_p(j ]=new Ima g e ; d. MM_pG++]. src=a[i ];}} } f u n ct io n M M _nbG roup(event, g r p Na me ) { //v 3. 0 var i.i m g ,nb A rr,a rgs =M M _nb Gr ou p.a rgumert s; if ( event == "inif & & a r gs. l engt t i > 2) { if ((i mg = MM_f i ndObj(ar gs[ 2] ) ) != null && ! img .MM_ in it ) { img .MMJ n it = tnie; i mg.MM. up = args[3]; im g.M M_ dn = im g .sr c; if (( nbAr r = doc ume nt [ gipNa me ] ) == nul l ) n b A r r = d o c u me n t fgr p Na me ] = new Arra yO ; n b A n f nb Ar r .l e ngt t i] = img; f or (i=4; i < a r gs.l engt h- 1; i+=2) if ((i mg = MM_f i ndObj ( args[ i ] ) ) != nul l ) { if (!img .MM _up ) i mg. MM.up = img.sr c ; im g.s rc = im g.MM_dn = args(i+l]; n b A n tn bArr. le n g th ] = img; >> > el se if ( event == “ ov er " ) { d ocu me nt MM _ nb O v e r = nbA rr = n e w A rr ay O ; for 0=1; i < ar gs.l engt h- 1 ; i+=3) if ((i mg = MM_f i ndObj ( ar gs( i]) ) != nul l ) { if (! im g .M M _u p ) img.MM_up = img .s rc ; im g.s rc = (im g.M M _dn & & args(i+2]) ? args(i+2]: argsp+1]; nb Arr [n bA rr. le n gt h] = img; > } e ls e if ( event == "out*) { for (i=0; i < d o a j me nt .MM_ nbOv e r . ! e ngt h ; i++) { im g = d o c u me n tMM_ n b O v e r[ i] ; i mg^rc = (i m g .MM _ d n ) ? img .M M _d n : im g.M M_ up; } > el se if ( event == ' down" ) { if (( nbAr r = d o cu m en t[ g rp N ame ]) != nul l ) f or (i=0; i < nbAr r . l e ngt t i; i++) { i mg=nbAr r ( i ] ; im g. sr c = img .MM_ u p ; im g .M M _ d n = 0; } doc ument(grpName] = nbA rr = new Arr a y O; f or (i=2; i < ar gs .l e ngt h- 1; i+=2) if ((i mg = MM_f indObXar gs [ i] ) ) != nul l ) { if (!img .MM _up ) im g.MM_up = img .s rc; i mg s r c = im g. M M _ dn = args(i+l]; nb Arr [n bA rr. le n gt h] = im g; > > > Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. fun ction MM_ preto ad Imag esO { //v 3.0 var d=d ocument; i f ( d. i magesK i f ( ! d. MM_p) d .MM _p =r te w Ar r a y O; var i, j=d.MM_ p.len g t h ,a = MM_ p r e loa d Ima g e s .a r g u me n t s ; for(i=0; i <a. l ength; i++) if(a[i].indexOf(*#*)!=OK d. MM_p[ f l =new Ima g e ; d. MM_pO++].src=a[i ];}} } fun ction M M _nb G ro up (ev ent , g r p N a m e ) { //v3.0 var i,i m g ,n b A rr ,arg s=M M _nb Gr ou p.ar gu me nt s; if ( e v e n t == ’ in if && ar gs. len g t h > 2) { if ( ( img = MM_f i ndObj ( ar gs( 2] ) ) != nu ll & & ! img .MM_ init ) { im g .MM _init = t rue; im g .MM _u p = ar gs[ 3] ; im g.M M_ dn = img .s rc ; if (( nbAr r = doc u me n t ( g r p Na me ] ) == null ) nbA rr = d o c u me n t( g r p N a m e ] = ne w Ar ra yO ; nbA rr[n b A rr. le ng th ] = i mg ; f or 0=4; i < ar gs. l engt h- 1; i+=2) if ( ( i mg = MMJi ndObj (args(i ])) != nul l ) { if (! img .MM_ u p ) img .MM _ u p = i mg ^ rc; i m g. s rc = img .MM _dn = args(i+l]; n b An fnbAr r .l e ngt ti ] = img ; >} > else if ( event == ’o v e r - ) { do cu me nt MM_ nbOver = n b A rr = n e w Arra yO ; f or (i= l; i < ar gs. l engt h- 1; i+=3) if ( ( img = MM_f indObXa r gs ( i ] ) ) != nul l ) { if (! im g .M M _ u p ) im g .MM _u p = img .s rc ; im g. s rc = (img .MM _d n && args(i+2]) ? args(i+2]: args(i+l]; nb Arr [n bA rr. le n gt h] = img ; > } el se if ( event == "out") { for (i=0; i < d o c u me n tMM _ n b O v e r .le n g th ; i++) { i m g = doc ume nt MM_ nbOv e r [ i ] ; i mg^r c = (i mg .MM _ d n ) ? im g.M M_d n : i m g. M M _ up ; } > else if ( event == "d ow n " ) { if ( ( n b Ar r = d o c u me n t fgr p Na me ] ) != n u ll) f or (i=0; i < n b Arr .l e ngt h ; i++) { i mg= nbAr r [ i] ; i mg^r c = img .M M _u p; i m g. M M _ dn = 0; > docu men t(grpN ame] = nbAr r = new Ar ra yO ; for 0=2; i < args.l engt h- 1; i+=2) if ((i mg = MMJindObXar gsp] ) ) != nul l ) { if (!i m g .M M _u p) img. M M _u p = img .s rc ; img ^r c = im g.MM_dn = args[i+l]; nbA rr[n b A rr. le ng th ] = img; > > > fun ction M M _preloadIm agesO { //v3.0 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. var d = d o c u me n t ; i f ( d.i ma ges K if( ! d. MM_p) d.MM_p=new A rr a y O; var i, j= d .MM_ p .len g t h ,a = MM_ p r e k > a d lma g e s .a r g u me n t s ; fbr(i=0; io.length; i++) if (a[i].i ndexOff,#*)!=0K d.MM_p( j]=new I mage; d. MM_pQ++] . src=a{i];}} } func t i on MM_ f indObj( n, d) { //v3.0 var p,i ,x; if(!d) d =do cu m ent ; if ( ( p=n. i ndexOf C?" ) ) >0&8i parent . f Tames.l engt h) { d=parent f rames( n. si j bst ri ng{p+l ) ] . document ; n=n. substri ng(0, p);} if(!(x=d[n])&&d.all) x=d. al l [n]; for (i=0; ! x&& <d. forms. length;i++) x=d. f t xmsp] [ n] ; for(i =0; ! x&&d. l ayers8i 8i i <d. i ayers. l engt t i ; i ++) x=MMJt odObKn, d. l ayef S( i ] . doaj ment ) ; r et ur n x; } func t ion M M _n bG ro u p( eve n t, grp N am e) { //v3.0 var i,i m g ,n b A rr, ar g s= M M _nb G n xj p .a rg u m e n ts ; if ( event == ’i nit* 8& a rg s Je ng th > 2) { if ((i mg = MM_f indObj ( ar gs( 2] ) ) != rail & & ! i mg. MM_i ni t ) { img. MMJni t = true; im g .M M _ u p = args[ 3] ; img .MM_ d n = img .s rc ; if ( (nbArr = d oc um en tf g rp N am e ]) == n u B ) nbAr r = docu men t[grp Na me] = n e w Ar ray O; nbAr r ( nbAr r .l e ngt h] = im g ; for (i=4; i < a r g s .l e n g th- 1 ; i+=2) if ((i mg = MM_f i ndObj ( args[ i ] ) ) != n ull) { if (! i mg.MM_up) im g .M M _ u p = i mg^ r c; img .s r c = im g.MM_dn = argsp+1] ; n bAr r [ nbAr r .l e ngt h ] = im g ; >} } else if ( event == ’over * ) { d o c u m e n tMM _ n b O v e r = n b A r r = new A n a yO; for (i= l; i < a r gs .l e ngt h- 1; i+=3) if ( ( i mg = MM_f i ndObj ( ar gs[ i ] ) ) != n ul l) { if ( ! img. MM_up) im g .M M _ u p = im g .sr c; img .s rc = (im g .M M _d n & & argsp+2]) ? args(i+2]: args[i+l]; nbAnf nbArr. l engt t i ] = im g ; > > else if ( event == ’out") { for (i=0; i < d o c u me n t MM.nb Ov e r .len g t h ; i++) { img = d o c u m e n t MM_ n b O v e r[ i] ; im g.sr c = ( img. MM_dn) ? im g.M M _d n : im g.MM _u p; } > e lse if ( event == ’dow n" ) { if ( (nbArr = do cum en t[ gr p N am e] ) != null ) for (1= 0; i < n b Arr .len g t t i; i++) { i mg=nbAr r [ i ] ; i mg.sr c = im g.MM_up; im g. M M _ dn = 0; } d o c u me n tt g r p N a m e ] = n b A rr = new Ar ra y O; for (i=2; i < ar gs . lengt h- 1 ; i+=2) if ( ( i mg = MM_f indObXar gs( i]) ) != n ull) { if ( ! img. MM_up) im g .M M _ u p = img .src; img .s r c = im g.MM_dn = argsf i +1] ; Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. nbAr r f nbAr r . l engt h] = img; >> } funct i on MM_ s wa p Img Re s t o r e O { //v3.0 var i , x, a=document MM_sr ; for(i =0;a8i&<a.length&&(x=a{i])&&x.oSrc;i++) x. sr c=x. oSr c; } funct i on MM. swapI mageO { //v 3 .0 var i , j =0, x, a=MM_swapI mage. argument s; document MM_sr =new Array; fbr(i=0;i<(a.lengtb-2);i+=3) if ((x=MM_fi ndObXa[i ]))!=nul l KdocumentMM_sitj ++]=x; i f(!x. oSrc) x. oSrc=x- src; xjrc=a[i+2];} > // - > </scri pt> <met a n a f ne =" ke ywor ds" cont ent=*Sei smi c, eart hquake, I BC> </ head> <body b g c o t o r = ’ #FFFFOr onUjad="MMj xek»dImagesOcon/ Bl dg2. gif ZIcorySte2. gif/I con/ Sei si ni c2. gi f,,lcon/R2.gif,lcon/Bkig3.gif,lcon/Si te3.gif 1 l con/ Sei smi c3. gi f> la)n/R3.gif,lcon/Map3.gif,lcon/M ap2.gif,lcon/Contact2.gif,lcon/output2.gif,1con/hei p3.gif ,lcon/help2.gif(lcon/output3.gif)“ > <soipt la ngu ag e = "jav a s c ri p t 1 ^ br o w s e r c h e c k O f unct i on Conf i r mat i on( Name) { c o n f ir mC Yo u r i nput h as been submi t t ed. Pl ease c h ec k the bo x bel ow for ” + Name+' V) } fu n c ti o n Focusl f) { document B u i I dj ngl nf PFor m. BI nf bBut t on. f ocusO } f u n c ti o n Fbcus20 { document Ma pf o r m.SRABut t on . f ocus O } f unct i on Focus3( ) { 75 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. document St eFor ni. St e Submit.focus ( ) > fun cti o n F o c u s 4 0 { document Imp o rt a nc e f or m.I mpor t Sub mi t fbc us O } func t i on F o c u s S O { document R F a c t o r f o rm.RSu b n i( t f o c u s ( ) > fun c t ion Hi de AI I ( lay e ma me ) { var object = evai ( dom+l aye ma me +doms t y t e+' . visib( li t y =’hidden" ) ; var obj ect = ev al (do cn+'MomentResjsdngFrame,+domst yl e+' . vi abt l i t y=’ht dden") ; var obj ect = e v a i( d o mV B e a r Wa itSy s te m * + d o ms ty le + '. v is ib iii ty = "h id d e n "* ); var obj ect = ev al( d o mV P e n d u tum'+ d o ms t y t e + ,. vt si bi l i t y=' hi dden' ") ; var obj ect = e v al( domV Dua ( S y s temI nt e r me dt e te'+doms tyle+ l.visib iH ty =" hi d d en '"); var obj ect = eva i( dom+'DualSystem Mo m ent* + d o m st y1 e+'.v is ib ili ty = "h id d en *" ); var obj ect = ev al (d o( n+' Bu ilding Fr am eS yst em ’+domst yt e+,.visiWity=' h( dden' " ) r et ur n f a ls e } f u n c ti o n s b o w ia y e r( la y e ma me ) { var obj ect = e va l(dom VS RAM ap l+doni st yl eV. vi si bi l i t y="hi dden"’ ) ; var obj ect = e v ai( domVSit e Oas sl,+domstyl eV. vi si bi l i ty=’hi d d en "' ) ; var obj ect = ev al(dom+' Buil dingInf bl ,+domst yt e+,. vi si btl i ty=,hi dden"); var obj ect = evai ( dOTVRFact or r +domst yl e+' . vi si bi l i t y="hi dden”) ; var obj ect = eval ( dom+' OUTPUr +domst yle+'. vi si bii ity=* hidden’') ; var obj ect = ev a)( do m +,Im p o r ta n c e F a c to r2 ,+domst y( e+,.vi si bt l i t y=, ,h id d e n , n ) ; var obj ect = e v a l( d o m+ ' Mo m e n tRe s is ting F r a me '+ d o ms ty le + '. v is ib ili ty = "h id d e n "* ); var obj ect = evaKdom+' Bear Wall Syst em' - Hl omst yle+' .vi sibil i ^ " h i d d e n * ") ; var obj ect = eval ( dom+ 'Pe ndulum'+doms t y t e+ '. visibil i t y =" hidde n* ') ; var obj ect = e v a l( d o m+ 'C)u a lS y s te mIn te ^ n e d ia te '+ d o m s ty (e + '. v ^ s ib ilr ty = ’hid de n’,); var obj ect = ev ai( d o m + 'Du a iS y s te mM ome n t* + d o ms ty ie + '. v is ib ili ty = " h id d e n ’'); var obj ect = e v a l( d o m+ 'Bu ilding F rame S y 5 tem'+d o mst y ie + '. v is ibili t y = 'hidd e n , n ); var obj ect = e v a l( dom+ lay e ma me + doms t y t e + * . visi bil r t y = ’v is ib le ’') Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. } fun c t ion H id e ia y e rs O { v a r o bj ec t = e v a (C d o m + , S R A M a p’+domst yl e+,. visiMr t y=’h» dden") ; v ar o b je c t = e^(dom+,Sr t eaassl '+<t omst yt e+\ vt si bi ) r t y=’h (dt le n ”) ; v ar o b je c t = e v a K c J o m + , But f dj ngI nf bl ,+ do r ns t y t e+ ,.v is iMr t y = " h )d( te n ”) ; v ar ob je c t = evaKdom+Tl Factor l,+do m st yt e- t- ,. v ts ib tl ity = ’hi dtl en") ; v ar o b je c t = ev a KdomVOt J TPUr - KJomst y t e+' . visib* t y =’htdden”) ; v ar abj ect = eval Cdom+l mportancefactor^+doni styte+' . vi sbi l ^' htdden") ; v ar o b je c t = e v a l(do m+ 'Mo me n tRe s « s tin g fr a me ,+d o m s ity te + ,. vj si bi (i ty=' htdden"); v a r o b je c t = ev a ( ( d o m+ , Be a rWa llSy s te n i,-t - { loms t y t e + '. v « s iMit y = ’hi dden"); v ar a bjec t = e v a l ( dof n+' Pe nduluf n' - Kl oms t y t e+,. vi si btl rty=' hi ddefi ' ' ); v ar ob je c t = eval( ( lom+'Dual Syst emI r Tt er medi at e' - Hl omst yt e+' . vsMi t y=' h* <l den' ’); v a r o b je c t = ev a l( d o m+ '[ Xia lSy s tEn iMo me n t ,- K) omst yt e+' .visbil it y=’Ndden"); v ar o b je c t = e v al(dom+, BuildingFr a me Sys t e m'+dof ns t y t e + '. vt sib* l i t y= 'Ndde n~); > f u n c t io n Sho wSu bLayer(layeniame) //Havent u s e t h is fun ct io n in the Prog ra m { v a r o b je c t = e va i(dom+ ' Mo me n t Re s isti n g F r a me '+ d o ms tyte+ '. v is ibili t y = ’hi dden' ’); v ar o b je c t = e v a i(< J o m + , B e a fWai iS ys te m ,+domst yt e+' . visibil it y=’ht dde n’ "); v a r o bj e c t = ev a i( d o m+ 'Pe n d u iu m'+d < x n s t y t e + ,.v is ibil it y = " hidde n'" ) ; v ar o b je c t = evai ( dom+' Dual Syst emI nt ermedi at e' +domst yl e+' . vi si bt l i t y^hi dden") ; v a r o b je c t = ev ai (d o m+ 'Du a lS y s te mM ome n t,+domst yt e+' . vi si b( l i t y='hi dden") ; v a r o b je c t = e v a Kd o m+ 'Bu iWin g F ra me S y s t e m '+ d o m s tyt e + '. v is ib ili t y : : " h id d e n '" ); v a r o b je c t = e va l(dom+layer name+domst yt e+' .visi bi li t y=“ v ^ s i b t e , ") > </ sa1pt> <di v kJ=’N a v B a r* s t y t e = " p o s it ion :ab s o lu te; wkf t h: 765px; het gh t: 50p x; z-i ndex:l; left: 2 6px; t op: 14 p x; visib ility: v is jbt e " > <tabl e bor der =" O ’ ce Hp adding="0* cei i spadng="0" w id th ^ ^ " he »g ht= ’49"> <tr> <td wjdth="r HOGHT="62">  </ t d> <td W jd th ="1 09“ HEIGHT:iS7><a href=“#" onaick="showi ayer f Bui l <l i ngI nf br ) ; Rxaj sl O; MM_nbGr oup( ,( J o w n ,, ' groupl' ,, Bui kj i ngI nfb' , Tcon/ Bl dg3. gi f, l )’ onMous e Over ="MM_nbGr oup( ' over 7Buil dingI nf oyi con/Bldg2. gif,",l ) '' onMo u se Ou t= ’ MM_nbGroup(, ou t,) " ><img na m e= " B ui ld in gI nf b" src=*I con/Bldgl .gi r bor der ="0" onLo ad=” wi dt h =" 1 09" hej ght="35"></a></td> <td wk f th= " 1 0 9 " HBGHT="62"><a href="#" o nQic k = " s h o wia y e r ( 'SRAMa p ') ;Fo a is2 0 ; MM_ n b Gn x ip( 'd o wn ,,' gn x jpr, 'SRAMa p s ,,,IcorVMap3.gff,l )“ 77 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. on M ou se O ve r= “ M M _ n b G r o u p C o v e r’/S R A M aps , ,'Icon/ Map2. gif,",l)" cx iMo us e O ut = "M M _ nb G ro u p Co ut , ), ></a></td> <t d wi dtti =*109* H E IGH T = ’62"> <a href="#* onai ck=*sh( Mt ayerCSt eaas5l , }; F o c u s3 0; M M _n b G ro u pCdo w nV g ro u p l,> , Si t eaas5,> TaNVSite3.gjf,l )* ofiMous eOv er=” MM _n bG rtxjp(’o v e r ,,'S rt B C la s s ,,' Icon/Site2.gif,",l)‘ o n M o u s e O u t= -MM_nbG rou p('ou t,)"><img name=* St edassr src=*Icon/Sitel.gir bor der =" a * onl oad=” widtti =’ 1 0 9 p hoght=’3 5’ > </a> </td> <t d wi dt t i =* 109" HE IGH T = ’62'> <a href=’ #* cx iO id c= 'showK ayer(TmportafXjeFactor2, ); F o a is 4 { ) ; MM_ n b Grou p ( ’cl o»vr' , ' grtxj pl , ,' I r npor t anc eFa ct Dr ', lcon/ Setsmic3. gif ,l) *; M M _s h o w H id eL a ye re (T ir> p o rt ance F a ct O f’,",'sho v» ')’ on M ou se( V er= *M M _n b G fo u p( ,o v e r' /I mp o rt a n c e F a c t Dr,,'IaxVSesr™ c2.gif,",l)' onMo us eO ut= ’MM_ n b Gn x jp ( 'ou t ‘)’ xim g n am e= *I m p o rt a n c e F a c to r * src= 'I con/ Set smi cl .g if border=*( T onLoad=" wi dt f i =’ 1 0 9 * height="35*x/ax/td> <t d widt h=’ 10 9" HBGHT=’6 2 "x a href=’#’ o n d ic k = * s h o w la y e rCR F a c to rl ’ );Rxu550;Sh o«v Sub RF acto rO;M M_ nb Grou pC do wn ,/gr oupl VRFact or ' > Toon/R3.gjr,l)* o n M o ts e O ve r= *MM _n b G ro u p C o ve r' /R F ac to r' ,lIa)n/R2. gir> "> l) ao n M o u s e O u t= , , M M _ n b G r a u p C o u t,)*><img n ame = ’RF ac to r* s r c = ’Icon/Rl.gir bor der ="0“ oo Lo a d = " " wkf t t i ="109” hejght="35'></ax/td> <t d wi dttl ="109' HEI GHT="62' ><A H R E F = ” #" onaick =" Hidet e y er s( ) ; Sr t e Q) ef ( ) ; Cs f :() ; MM_n bGnx j p( , down' , 'groupr, , OutPut',laxi/ou(put3.gif,l)’ on M ou s e O v e r= "M M _ n b G r o u p C o v e fJ ,'OutPut' /Iaxi/output2.grf,",l)' onMous eOut ='MM_ nbGr oup( '( XJ t ') '>< IMG N A M E = “ Ou tPu t* SRC^I con/outputl.gif B O R D E R = " 0 " on L o ad =” WI DTH="109" H H G H T = ’3 5 " > </ A> </td > <t d WIDTH= * 8 3 " HE IGHT = " 6 2 ’ > <A HREF=' . / f undament al . ht m( #I BC onak*=’M M _ n b G n x jp C d o w n ,/groupl’/ He)p, ,lcx)n/help3.gif,l)* onM ou s e CV e r= ’M M _ n b G ro u p (, over' ,' He)p' /Icon/he(p2.gif,",l)' on M ou seO ut ="M M _n bG nxjp C ou t') ’ TAR GE T = "_ b la nk ” > </tr> </ tabl e> </div> <di v j d=’Bui l dingInf bI* das s=" na z* styte=’p o s it k > n :a b s o lu te ; l eft:30px; t op: 75px; w idt h :7 6 5 p x ; he »g h t: 45 0 p x; z- i nde x : 2 ; ba ck g ro uf xJ -c ot o r: # 00 66 66 ; lay w -b a ck g ro o nd -c ot or :#006666; border lpx n o n e #000000; vi si bi l i t y: h i d d en *> <f t xm n ame= ’B ui ld in g In fb F br n i* o nS ubmit = ’retum H id eAII( ,Bui l di ngI nfbl ,)* > c k q u o te > <pxfont coi w=*#FFFFCC>Bui l di ng I nf o <pxb>Input t he B u il d in g i nfbnnation: < ta b le wi dt t i=" 364" bor der ="0" > <tr> <t d wi dt b=* 183* das s = ” na^><FOHT C OL O R= "#C C 990 0" >Plan input : </ td> <t d wri dth="17r da ss=* naz* >  </ td> </tr> <tr> 78 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. <td widt h=" 183’ dass=’n a z " >L en g th :&n b s p ;&n b s p ;&n b s p ;8 to b s p ;< /t d > <td wndth="171" dass=’naz*> ft</td > </tr> <tr> <td wi dt h=" 183" dass="naz"> Widt h: </td> <td wi dt h=" 171’ dass="naz"> ft </td> </tr> <tr> <td widt h=" 183" d a s s = " na z " > He » ght fr o m base t o to p :&n b s p ;&n b s p ; </td> <td wi dth=*17l* dass=*naz*> ft </td> </tr> <tr> <td widt h=" 183" dass="naz" >Ar ea pe r floor </td> <td widtti =*171* dass=*naz*> sq ft</td> </tr> <tr> <td wkf t h=* 183* dass="naz" >Number of Stories: </td> <td widt h=" 171" dass="naz"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td widt h=" 1 83 " dass="naz" >Dead L o a d p e r floor </td> <td v r idth= " 1 7 1 " dass="naz*> psf </td> </tr> </ tabl e>   < in p u t t y pe=" but t on" n ame= " B In fb B ut to n " v al u e= " S u bmit " onak*="I nput edO) ' ) ; Hi deAI I CBul d<ngI nf bl ' ) " Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. <a hr ef =". /f ondament al . ht ml #BI nf o" target=“ _blank"ximg sr c =" Icon/newhe)p.giT wi dt t i =“ 6 0" het ght =" 26" b o r de r = ’0"x/a> < /bk x f c quot e> </ f br m> </ di v> <( f i v i d=’Chec k* s ty te = " p o s iti o n :a b s o lu te ; wi dt h: 634px; h e* gh t: 35 p x; z-«xlex:8; left: 3 0px ; t op: 53 3p x; b ac kg ro un d -c o lo r #003333; lay e r- b a c k g r o u n d - c o lo r #003333; border lpx n o n e #000000* dass=” input*> c k q u o te > <fbrm ac b o n = ” n a me = * OOF " > Checked b o x e s h a s been r e c e iv e d successf ul l y: B u il d in g I nfo x * name= ’ch e c k " v a iue = * SR A Map *> SR AM ap <input t y pe=* checkbox* na m e = "c he c k " val ue="Si t e dass* > Site C la s s <input t y p e = " c h e c k b o x " na m e = "c he ck " va lue=" I mpor t a nce Fac to r" > Imp o rt a n ce Fa ct or R Fac tor </spanx/p> </ f br m> < /blo c k q u o t e > </ di v> < div jd=" Si te C Ja ss l" sty te ="p osit>on:absolute; wi dt h: 765px; h e igh t : 4 5 0 p x ; z-i ndex:3; left: 3 0 p x ; t op: 7 5 p x ; bac kg ro u n d -c o lo r #006666; lay er-b ack gro und -colo r: #006666; border lpx n on e #000000; vi sibil ity: h id d e n " > <fb rm n a me = " S it e For m* > <blockq uo te> <FONr C O L Q R = *# F F F F C C ‘xB >Site Oass</Bx/FO NTx/p> </ bkxkquot e> <ta b le wi dt h="83%" bor der = ’ l “ aH gn ="c en te r* b o rde r c o t o r = " # C C 9 9 0 0 " > <tr> <t d wi dth="16%* dass=" Naz " HQGHT="30">St e Cl ass</ td> <t d wi dt h="84%" da ss= "N az" HEI GHT="30"xB>Soi l Profile Name</ td> </tr> <tr> <t d wi dt h="16%" da s s = " Na z *> A </td> <t d wi dth="84%“ d as s= " N az "> H ar d rock</ td> 80 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. </tr> <tr> <t d wi dth=' 16%’ da ss=* Naz " > ci nput t ype=’radio" name=* St e6ut t on* v a lu e = " B“ > B </td> <t d wndth="84%’ d ass=‘N az “>Rod«/td> </tr> <tr> <t d widt h= " 16%" dass=* Naz* > * name=*St e6ut t on* vaJue=' C> C</td> <t d wi dt h=’84%* da s5 = ’Naz* >Very D e n s e Soil and S of t Rodc</ td> </tr> <tr d a s s = ’Na z * bgcot or =' #FFFFCC> <t d wkJth=’ 16 % " dass=*Naz*> D </ fbnt> </td> <td wkl tti =-84%" dass='Naz"xfont cokr=*#333333*>Stiff S oil Prof i l e<f bnt s iz e = " 2 ’ >( <f bnt si ze=' l*>wtien t he soil p ro p e r ti e s ar e not kno wn, u s e thi s site cla s s ) </fbnt> </td> </tr> <tr> <t d widt h=* 16%" da s s = " Na z " > <input type=‘rad io" n a me= ’Sit eB ut to n‘ val ue=‘ E ’ > E </td> <t d wi dt h=’84%‘ dass=' Naz‘ >Sof t S o il Profi l e</ td> </tr> <tr d a s s = " n a z "> <t d wi dt h=‘ 1 6 %’ > < inp u t t ype=' radi o" na me = " S t e But t on‘ val ue=’ F ‘ > F </td> <t d wi dth=' 84%’ >S oils whi ch sp ec ifi c g e o te c h n k a l invest igat ion and dynam ic si te re s po ns e a n al ys es shall b e pe rf o r me d .<FO N T SIZE="l“>(For mo re I nfo u s e IBC 2000, Ta b le 1615.1.1)</FONTx/td> </tr> </ tabl e>   <input t ype=’b u tt o n * na me =" Si t eSubmif val ue=' Submit" onQi ck="Si t eO; I nput ed( , 2 ') ; H id e A IICS it e C la s s l, )"> 81 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. <a hr ef =". / f undament al . ht ml #Si t eaass" t3rget=’_Wank"xi mg src="Iaxi/ newt>el p. gi r widt h= " 60" haght ="26" border="0"x/ax/p> </Wod cq uote > </ fbrm> </(fiv> <di v id=" I mpor t ancef act or 2' st y f e = " pos it ion:abs olute; wi dth : 765px; he ig h t: 45 0p x; z- i ndex: 4; le ft 30px; t op: 75px; ba ck gr oun d-c olor : 006666; lay e r -b a c k g round -c o lo n 006666; border lpx non e #000000; visi bi l i t y: hidde n* > < fbr m n ame="Impor t anceFomr o n S ubmit = * r e t um Hide AI I( 'I mpo r t a nc e Fa c t o r 2 ') “ > <f ont coi or=’ #FFFfCC> Impor t a nc e Factor</bx/fbntx/p> < tab le widt » i=’80%* bor der =’ l* a Hg n=’c e nter * dass="naz* BORDERC0t OR= '#Cr 9 9 00" > <tr B O R D E R C O L O R = “ #CC9900’ > <tdwj dth=*16%’ > <DI V AUG N =’C E N T E R " > Cat egory </DIV> </ td> < td vwd t h = " 8 4 %" > <DIV ALIGN="CEN7tR' xfbnt color =' #FFFFCXr >Nat ure of Occupancy</ Bx/ font></DI V> </ td> </tr> <tr 0 O R D E R C O L O R = "# C C 9 9 O O " > < td wk Jt h =’ 1 6 %" dass=’naz"> <DI V AL IGN= ’C E N TE R " > < input type=’ra d io ’ na me =Tmpor t But t on* value="l" checked> I:</fbntx/D IV > </ td> < td widt h=" 84%" dass="naz’ x fb n t col or="#H+H+">Bui l di ngs ex c e pt those li s te d in C at eg o ry 1 1 , 1 1 1 a nd IV </fbntx/td> </tr> <tr BORDE RCO LO R="# CC 9900'> < t d wi dt h="16%“ dass="naz"> <DI V AUGN ="CEN TER "> < inp u t t ype="r adi o“ name="Impor t But t on' vai ue="1. 25"> II: </fontx/D IV> </ td> < t d wi dt h=“ 84%" dass="naz"xfbnt c ol or = "#FF F F F P>Buil di n g s t hat r e p re se n t substantial haz ard s t o h u m an life in t he event of fai l ure, for ex ampl e: - C o ll eg e s wit h c a p a c it y of mor e t ha n 5 00 82 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. - Ele me n t a ry s c h o o ls wit h 25 0 - He alt h ca r e s with 5 0 or more</fbnt></ td> </tr> <tr B O R D E R C O L O R = ’# C C 9 9 0 0 "> <td wi dth=’ 16 % " da s s = * na z " > <DIV AL IGN=*CENTER*> <fbnt a*r=*#FFFFFP> * n a me = ’I mpor t But t o n" val ue=*1. 50*> m: </fbnt></DIV> </td> <td wi dth=*84%" dass=* naz*> Buikf ings de sig na te d as ess en ti a l faci l i ti es, for e x a mp le : - </fbnt><fbnt c ol or = " # FFF F FF> Hos p i t a ls - F i r e a n d police stat io n s - Pow e r gen era tio n s t at io n s - Av ia t ion co ntro l tower </td> </tr> <tr B O R D E R C O C O R = " #C C 9 9 0 0 *> <td wi dth=“ 1 6 %" da ss=* naz *> <DI V ALI GN=" CENTER"xf ont color =* #FFFFFF* > IV: </fbnt></DIV> </td> <td wi dth=’8 4 %" da ss = ’naz"><f ont c ot or = " # FF FFFF> Bu i l dings that re p re s e n t a lo w h a z a r d t o h u m a n l i fe in the event of failure.</fontx/td> </tr> </table> cp a Hg n = " r ight * > <a hr ef =". / f undament al . ht ml #I Fact or* target="_blank*ximg src=*I con/ newhel p. gi r widt h= " 6 0" hei ght ="26" border="0"x/a> </ form> </ blockquot e> </ di v> < d i v id=*RFactorl * st yl e=’pos itio n: abs olut e; wi dt h: 765px; h e ight : 4 5 0 px ; z- i ndex:5; l eft: 3 0 px ; to p : 73px ; backgro und -colo r: 006666; lay er -b a ck g ro un d -c o lo n 006666; bor der lpx n one #000000; visi bil it y: hidde n* das s =" n az * > Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. < f br m nam e= "RF ac tor Fo rr n" onSutxni t = “ ret ur n Hide AI I(' RFa c t or l , )"> < blo c k q u o te dass=* naz*> <t abt e wi dt h =" 6 55" b o rde r = " 0 " dass=' Text8pf hej ght ="143* > <tr> <t d ro ws pa n =" 2“ dass=“inpu t" wi dt h="358"> <pxbxFONrCOLOR=*#FFFFCC>Se! smi c- Fdrce- Resi st i ng System </FONTx/bxFO NT C O L O R = " # F F F F C C “ SEE="2">(R)</ FOtfT> </fbntxspan dass=’inpuf > ut to n" checked ondi ck=’Sh owS ut)LayerfBearW allSystem, )*> Be a n n g Wa l l S y s te m < input type=’radio " n a me = " Rb u t ton * val ue=* r adk) t xj t t on* ondick=*Show Sub taye rCB uild ing Fra me Sys tem,)*> B u il d in g F ra m e S y s te m <input type=’radio " na me = ’R b u tt o n" v a lue= * r adi ob ut t on* o n d kk =* S ho w Su bLa yer ('M om ent R esis ting Fra m e,)*> Mo me nt-resisting Fram e S ys tem s < input t y p e= *ra d k> * n a me = " R b u t ton * value= " r adiot x it tnn" ondi ck=’Sh ow Su bL aye r( 'Du alSy ste mM or nen f) "> Du a l S y s te m s wit h Spe ci a l M o m en t Fr a m e s <input t ype=’r a d k > * n ame= " R b u tto n " v a lue = " r a d io b u t t o n" on d ic k= *S h o w S u b ta y er C D u a lS ys te m In te rmed ia te , )” > D u a l S y s te m w ith I nt er mediat e M om ent F r a me s <input t y p e = " ra d io " n ame= " R b u tto n " v a lu e = " r a d iob u tt o n " ond ick= "S how SubL a yerC Pen du lum ')" I nv er t e d p e n d u lu m System</fbntx/p> </td> <t d WI DTH=" 2 87* he ight = " 6 7" BO RDERCOLOR="#993300* BG CO LO R=" #9 933 00" > <DI V AUGN=" RI GHT x fo n t col or ="#FFFFCC>Seiec t your sy s te m a c co rd in g y o u r RF ac to r T h e re s u lt is t he p e ri o d Coeff icient </BxFONT SI ZE="2">(Q) </DIV> < d iv al i gn=’righf> <s e le c t n a m e= " se le ct 4’ > <op tion va lue="0. 035">Moment resisting Frame of Steel </ opdon> <op tion v a l ue="0.030">Moment resisting Frame of r einfor ce d Co nc r e t e < /opti on> <option val ue=" 0 .030 " >Ec ce nt r icall y B r a c e d St eel </ opt km> <op tion val ue="0. 020" s e lec t e d>AI I O th e r syst ems</opti on> </ sel ect > </ di v> Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. </td> </tr> <tr> <t d hoght=’ 14" WI DTH="287"> <DI V AUGN=“ RI GHT"xFONT COL OR ="# FFF FC C> <S PA N C L AS S = " in p u t " x S P AN CL ASS = T e x t Bp t " > < F ONT COLOR="#FFI TOr > <INPUT TVP E= “ B U T T O N " N AM E = ’R S u b m it " VALUE="Submit" onak k=" RFACTOR( t his. f br m) ; Sys t emQ0 ’ > < S P A N C L A S S = "in p ut " >< S P A N aASS=Text8pt"xFONT C X X O R =" #F F FF C C " xS P A N C L A S S = ’in pu t" >< S P A N aASS=' Text 8pt "><FONTCOLOR="* FFFFCC> < SP AN C L A S S = "i n p u t" xSPAN OASS=Text8pt*><FONTCXXOR=' #FFFFCC> < S P A N CLASS= " i n p uf xSPAN aASS=Text8pt">< SP AN CLASS="Text 8pt " xFONT C O L O R = " #F F F F C C "> < S P A N CLASS="input" xSPAN aASS=Text8pt"><FOWT CO L O R = " # F F F F C C "> < SP AN C L A S S = "in pu t" xSPAN aASS=Text8pt"xFONT C O L O « = " # F F F F C C " x S P A N CLA S S = "in p u t"> < S P A N C L A S S = 'Te x t8p t '>< F OWT CO L O R= ’ #FFfFCC><A H R E F = " ./»u n d a me n t a l.ht n il# RF a c t Dr ' T A R G E T = ’_ bl a nk " > </A> < /F OWT > </ SPANx/SPANx/FONTx/SPAN> </SPANx/FONT> < /S P A N > </ F O M T > </S PA N > < /SP A N > </ SPA N > < / SP AN> </fONTx/SPANx/SPANx/rowrx/SPANx/SPANx/FONr></SPANx/SPANx/FONTx/SPANx/SPAN> </SPANx/SPAN> </DIV> </td> </tr> </ tabl e> </Woc kqu ote > </fbrm> </ div> <di v id=" Ba ckIm age " s tyt e = " p o s iti o n :a b s o lu te ; widt h: 76 6 px ; hei ght : 450px; z - i nde x: 0 ; l eft: 3 0 p x ; t op: 7 5 px ; v is ib ili ty : vi si b le ’ xim g s rc = " Ima g e /S e is mo .jpg " wi dt h=" 765" height="450"x/div> <div i d="OUTPUr st yie = " p o s ibo n :a b s o lut e ; w idt h: 7 6 5 p x ; hei ght : 450px; z- index: 7; left: 3 0 p x ; top: 7 5 px ; ba ck gr oun d- co lor: 006666; layer -ba ck gr oun d-co lor: 006666; border lpx non e #000000; v isibi l ity : h idd e n "> < fo rm n am e=" M yf b rm “ o n S u b mit = " re t u rn H jd eAII( 'C X JT P U r) "> <pxfbnt cot or =" #FFFFCC dass=’n az "> Ou t Put</ fbnt> & n bs p; <pxfont f ace="Ver dana, Ar ial, Helv et ic a, s an s- se rif " size="5" co lo r= " # F F FFF F " > U n d e r Co n s tru c tio n for M y Thesis</fontx/p>   85 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.   & nb sp; < input type=’s u b mit * na m e=" Sub m it2" val ue=* Done* > < /blo c k q u o t e > <a href=” . / f onda men t a l .ht ml#Ou t Put ” t arget=*_bl ank*></ax/p > </ f orm> </ div> <di v id =* B ea rWal lS y st em* s t y t e =" p os rtk xi :a b so lu te ; wi dt h: 381px; he ight : 3 00 px; z - i ndex: 9; left 83px ; t op: 2 1 6 p x ; b ac kg ro u n d -c o lo r # F F C C 6 6; lay e r- b a c k g r o u n d - c o lor #FF CC6 6 ; border lpx n o n e #000000; vi si bi l t t y: h id d en* dass=Text8pt*> <f o rm na me = “ Bear f or m* > < ta b le wi dt h=*375* border=*0*> <tr dass=Text8pt*> <td> B e a r in g Wal l System: < input type=’ ra d k > * na m e=* Be ar B ut to n * vai ue="4“> A . O rd in ar y s t e e l b r ac ed f r ame s B . S pec ial re in f o r c e d c o n c r e te shea r wall s C O rd in ar y r e inf o rce d co nc re te s h ea r wal l s 0. De ba ted pla in c o n c r e t e she a r wa l l s <input t ype="r a dio’ nam e=* B ea rB u tto n* val ue=’ 1.5"> E. O rd in ar y pl ain c o n c r e t e sh e a r wall s F. Sp ec ial re inf o rc e d m asonry sh ear wa l l s <input t ype=" radi o" n a me = * Be a r 8 u t t o n * val ue="3. 5"> G . I nt er mediat e r e inf or c e d m a s o n ry she ar wal l s H . O rdin ar y r e inf o rce d mas ona ry s he ar wal l s 1 . De ta ile d p la in ma son ry s he a r wa ll s <input type=’radio" na me=’ Bea r8u tton * val ue="1. 5"> J . Or d in ar y p lain m aso n ar y she a r wa ll s * n a me = * Be a r f i utt o n* val ue=” 6*> 86 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. K. L ig ht fr a me wa lls with sh e a r panel s- w o o d str uct ur al & n bs p; & nb sp; 8d ibsp ;& nbs p; &n bsp ;& nts p;p ane ls/sh ear s t e e l p a ne l s " n a me= ’Bea rU u tt o n " value="2" > L L ig h t fr ame w al ls wi t h sh e a r panel s- al l ot her mat er ials </td> </tr> </ tabl e> </ fbrm> </ di v> <d iv id ="M omentRes isting Fram e" styi e=“ po si ti o n :a b sc ilu te ; wid t h : 3 7 0 p x ; hei ght : 250px; z- i ndex: 9; l eft: 8 3 p x; t o p : 220px; b a c k g r o u n d -c o lo r #FFCC66; la y e r- b a c k g r o u n d -c o lo r: # F F C C6 6 ; border lpx no ne #000000; visib ili ty: h id d e n " dass=' naz"> <fb rm name=’M o m e n tF o rm " > < t abl e wi dt h=" 369* bor de r = " 0 " dass=Text8pt"> <tr> <td> 8dibsp;Mome nt - r es isb'ng Fra m e Systems:</spanxbr> " na m e= " M o m en tB ut to n " value="8* > A .Special s tee l mom en t f ra m es B.Sp ed al s te e l tru ss mom ent frames C Int er medi at e s t e e l moment frames 0. 0rdi nary s te e l moment fr ames E. S pe c ia l rein fo rc ed co nc re te mo me n t f r ames F . Int er mediat e r e in fo rc e d c o n c ret e m o m en t f r a me s G. O rd inar y rein fo rc ed con cre te mo me n t f r a mes H. Sp ec ial c o m po sit e moment frames 1 . Int er mediat e com po site m o m en t f r ames < input t y p e = " rad io " n am e= " M o m en tB ut to n " v alue =" 6 " > J. C o m p o si te par t i all y r e s t r a ine d mo me n t f r ames K . Or d in ar y co mpo site mom ent frames 87 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. L M a s o n r y wail framesc/p> </td> </tr> </ tabte> c/ fbrm> </div> <di v id= "B uild ingF ram eSy ste m" st yl e= "p os it>o n: abs oh ite; widt h: 722px; hei ght : 250px; z -i nde x : 9 ; l eft: 62px; t op: 2 2 2 p x ; b ac kg ro un d -c o lo r # F F C C 66 ; lay e r- b a c k g r o u n d - c o lor #F F C C 66; border lpx n o n e #000000; vi si bi l i t y: hidd e n *> c f br m na me="BuildingForm* > <tabi e w Wth = *7 2 0 " border=*0* he * ght =’228"> <tr dass=Text8pf > <t d widt h=’3 4 3 " hej ght =’249*> B u ild in g F ra me Syst me: < inp u t t ype="radio" n a me = " B u ildin g B utto n’ v a) ue=* 8"> A .St eel ec c e n tr ic a lly br a c e d f r ames ,mo m e nt & nb sp ;& nbs p;& nbs p;& nbs p;r es isb 'ng,c onn ec tion s at c o l u m n s a wa y f rom l ink s ci nput t y pe =" r a di o" name= " B ui ldin g Butto n" v a iue = " 7 " c h e c k e d > B . S tee l e c c e n t ri c a lly br a c e d fram es,n onm om en t & nb sp ;& nbs p;& nb sp ; & nbsp;&nbs p;resisting,connections at c o l u m n s a w a y fr o m l i nks < inp u t typ e= "r ad k> * name=' Buil ding But to n’ v a l ue = " 6 " > CS pe c ia l S te e l c o n c e n t r ic a lly brac ed fra m e s □ .Ord in a ry s t e e l c onc e ntrica ll y brac ed fra m es <inp u t t y pe=“ rad io " na m e= " B u ild in gB u tt o n " v a lue = " 6" > E . S p e c ia l re in fo rc ed c on cr et e s h e a r w a lls c input ty pe="radk>" n a m e= " B ui ld in gB ut to n " v a l ue = “ 5’ > F. Ordinary re in fb rc e d conc r e t e s h e a r wa ll s c input type=" radk>" na m e= " B ui ld in gB ut to n " v a iue =" 3 " > G . D e b a te d p la in c o n c re te shear w a lls c input ty p e= *r ad k> " na m e= " B ui ld in gB ut to n " v a l ue = " 2 " > H . Ordinary pla in c o n c re t e s hear w al ls cbr> ci nput t y pe="rad io" n ame= " B u ild in gB u tt o n " v a fue = " 8 " > I. C o m p o s it e e c c e n t r ic ally br a c e d fra m e s c i nput t y pe ="radio" name=’ Bui ldingButton’ v a lue =" 5 " > J . C o m p o s it e c o n c e n t r ic a lly b ra c e d f r a me s c i nput t y pe = " r a dio" na m e= " B u ild in gB u tt o n " v a lue = " 3 " > K . Ordinary composite br a c e d fr a me s c/span>c/p> c/td> 88 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. <t d wi d th =" 367" dass=Text8pt* heght =" 249" > <in p u t t ype ="r a dio" name=“ B u i king B u tto n " vai ue=*6. 5"> L C o m p o s it e st eel plat e shear wa lls <input t ype="r adi o’ name=’B u ikln gB ut to n" val ue="6*> M . S p e c ia l c o m p o s ite r ei nf or ced co n cr e te shea r&n bs p;wa its wi th & n b s p ;& n b sp;8 d ib sp;& n te p ;& n b sp ;s te el el ements <input t ype ="r a di o" n ame = " Bu ildin g 8 u tt o n ’ va/ ue="5"> N . O rdinary c o m p o s ite r einf or ced co ncr te shear walls wi t h & nb sp; & nb sp; & nbs p; &n bsp ;& nbs p;& nt sp; st ee l el ements cinpu t t ype="r adi o" name = * BuikingBut t o n* vai ue="5. 5"> O.S ped ai re inf o rc e d m as o n ry s he a r w al ls cinput t ype ="r a dio" nam e=" B u ild in gB u tt o n " vaiue=’4"> P. Int er mediat e r einf or c e d ma sonry sh e a r wall s c i nput t ype="r adk ) " n am e =* B u ild in gBut to n " val ue=*3*> Q. Or din ary r e in fo r c e d m as o n ry sh e a r w ai ls ci nput type=' radi o" name=’B ui ldi ng Bu tto n" val ue=*2. 5"> R. De tai led p la in mas on ry s he ar wa lls ci nput t y pe = *r a d k > * n a me = " B u ildin g B u tto n" vai ue="1. 5"> S. O rd inar y pla in m as o n ry s he a r w ai ls cinpu t type=’ra d k > * na m e= "B ui ld in gB u tt o n ’ vai ue="6. 5"> T. Li gh t fr ame wa il s wi t h shear paneis-w ood s tr uc tu ra l & nb sp; &n bsp ;& nbsp;   panel/sheet steel panels cinp u t t ype=“ r ad io " name=’Bu il di ng Bu tto n" vai ue="2. 5"> U . L igh t fr a me wa lls wit h shear pa n e ls - a ll o th er mater ials c/span>c/td> c/tr> c/ table> c/ form> c/div> c sp an dass=*Text 8pt ">c/ span> cdi v id= "DualS ystemMom ent” styl e=’positio n:ab so fute; wi dt h: 721px; hei ght : 19 1p x; z- index: 9; l eft: 56px; t op: 2 7 8 px ; ba ck ground-color: #FF C C 6 6 ; layer-bac kg roun d-c olo r: # F F CC6 6 ; border lpx none #000000; vi si bi l i ty: h id de n" > cf br m na me ="DualMForm" > c sp an dass=Text8pt">Dual S y s te m s wi t h S p e c i a l Mome nt F r a me s c t abl e widt h= " 7 2 6 " border ="0“ height =" 100’ > ctr dass=Text8pf> ctd wi dt h =" 3 6 5 " hei ght="150’ > cp dass=Text 8pt "> cspan dass=Text8pf > c inp u t t ype =" rad k>" na m e=" Ou alM Bu tt on " v a lue = " 8 ’ > 89 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A .St e e l e c ce n tr ic a lly br a c e d fram es,mom ent & nb sp ;& nbs p;& nb sp ;& nbs p;& nb sp; & nbs p;r esis ting > co nne ct ion s at c ol um ns a w a y from li n k s * n am e=“ Du a lM B u tto n " val ue=*7"> B . S t e e l ec ce n tr ic a lly br a c e d fr ame s,no nm om en t &n bs p;&n bs p;&n bsp ;&nb sp ;&nb sp; &nb sp;& nbs p;&n bs p;&n bs p;&n bs p;re sis ting con ne ctio ns, at c o lu m n s awa y fro m l inks * nam e=*D ualM But ton * val ue=“ 8“ > CSpec ial S t e e l conce ntric ally br ac e d f ra m e s O. O r d in a r y st e e l c onc en tric ally br ac ed f r a m e s * nam e= *Dua lMBu ttDn* val ue="8“> E . Sp ecial re in fb rc ed con cr ete sh ear wa lls F. O rdina ry rein fb rc ed co ncrete sh ea r wal l s </spanx/p> </td> <td wi dth=*351* da s s = " T e x t 8 p t * hei ght =’ 150"> G. Co mposite ec ce nt ric a lly b ra ce d f ram es ci nput type=" radk >" na me ="DualMB utton* val ue=’ 6"> H. Co mp os ite co ncentrically br ac e d f ram es ci nput type=* radi o* nam e=*DualM Button* val ue=*8’ > I. C om pos ite s tee l p la te sh ear wa lls ci nput typ e="radk>" na me ="D ua lM B utt on" val ue="8"> J . Sp ecial com po site reinfbrced con cr ete &n b s p; &nb sp ;&n bs p;& nbs p;& nb sp; &nb sp ;&n bs p;& nbs p;8 m bsp ;&n bsp ;s hea r&n bsp ;w alls with st e e l el e me n ts ci nput type= " r adio" na me ="D ua lM B u tt o n " val ue=*7"> K . O rdina ry co mp os ite rein fbrce d concrte  &nbs p;&n bsp ;&nb sp;&n bsp ;&n bsp ;&nb sp;& nb sp;&n bsp,& nb sp;& nbs p;shea r&n bsp ;walls wi t h st ee l el e me n ts ci nput t ype=“ rad io " na me ="D ua lM B utt on" val ue="7’ > LSpedal re in fb r c e d m a s o n r y shea r w alls ci nput t ype="ra dio " n am e= "D ua lMB utt on" val ue="6. 5"> M. Int ermedi at e reinfb rced m a s o n ry sh ear wal lsc/span>c/td> c/tr> c/table> c/ fbrm> c/div> Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. <di v id =" D u al S ys te m In te rm ed ia te " s t y ie= * pos it i on: abs olute; wkl t t i : 721px; hei ght : 1 7 0 px; z - in d e x : 9 ; l eft: 5 6 p x ; to p : 2 84px; bac kg ro u nd -c ol o r #FFCC66; la ye r- b ac k g ro un d -c o lo r: # F F C C G 6 ; bor der , lpx non e #000000; v i sibi l it y : h idd e n " > cf br m n a me = ’D u al Int erm edia teM Fb rm " > < sp an dass=Text fi pt"> Dual System with I nt e r mediat e Mom ent Frames: <t abl e w id th =” 726' b o r d e r = " 0 " hei ght ="100"> <tr d as=T ext8p f > <td widt h = " 3 6 5 " hej ght =’ 150*> <input t ype=’r a d k > * n a me = " Dua lI nt e r me d i a t e M B ut to n ’ val ue="6"> A . S p e c ia l S te el c o n c e nt r ica l l y b ra c e d fr a me s ci nput t ype=’radio" na me = " Du a lInt e rme d ia t e M But to n" val ue="5"> B. Or dinary st e e l c on cen tr ically b ra c e d fr a m e s ci nput t ype=’radk>' n a me = ’Dua l I nt e nne diat e M B ut to n’ val ue="6’ > C S p e c ia l rein fb rc ed con cre te s h ea r wa il s cinput t ype=* r adk) ’ n a me = *Dua lI nter me di a t e MBut t o n * vai ue=*5. 5"> D. Or dinary rein fb rc ed co nc re te shear walts cinput t ype=’r a d k > * na me = " Du a lI n t e rme d ia t e M Bu tto n’ val ue=*3*> E . Or dinary rein fb rce d ma son ry shear wa l ls ci nput t ype=* r adio* na m e= " D u al Int er mediat eM B ut to n" value=*5' > F. Int e r me diat e rein fb rc ed m as onr y s hear wa lls c/ span>c/ p> c/td> ctd wi dt h=* 351* dass=Text8pf hei ght=’ 1 5 0 ’ > < s p a n dass=Text8pf> ci nput t yp e=* rad k> * n a me = ’Du a H n t e ime d ia t e M B u t to n ’ val ue=*5’ > G . C o m p o s it e con cen trically braced framescbo ci nput t ype=’radi o" n a me = ’D u a lInte rme d ia te M B u tt o n " val ue=*4’ > H . Or dinary c om pos ite br ac ed framescbo cinput typ e="r ad io" n a me = " D u a lInte rme d ia te M B u tt o n " vai ue="5. 5"> I. Or din ary c o m po sit e rein fb rc e d c onc r e t e sh ea r  &nbs p;&n bs p;&n bs p;&n bs p;& nbs p;&n bs p;&n bs p;&n bsp ;wal ls wit h s te ll el ementscbo ci nput ty p e= " ra d io " n a m e = " D u a lIn te r me d ia te M B u tt o n " val ue="5. 5"> J. Sh ear wa ll - f r a me int er axt ive s y sy em wi t h &n bs p;& nbsp;  &nb sp;     ordinary reinfbrced concre te mome nt f r a me a n d &n bs p;& nbs p;        ordinary rein fbrced co ncrete sh e a r wall sc/ span>c/ td> c/tr> c/table> 9 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. </fbmi > </< Sv> «#v id =" P e n dulu m " s t y f e = " pos t k x i: a bs olut e ; width: 5 0 0 px ; he * ght : 12 1 px ; z -i n d e x :9 ; l eft: 83px; t op: 2 93 px ; b a ck g ro u n d- co lo r: #F F C C 66 ; la y e r- b ac k gr o un d- co lo r #FF CC 66; border lpx n o n e #000000; visi bi l i t y: h idd en" < f b r m n ame= " P edu lu m F o rn i“ > < t abl e wi dth="493* bor de r ="0 " h e igh t = " 1 0 0 " > <tr dass=Text8pt“> <td wi dth="487* hei ght ="90"> cb>ftnbsp;I nverted P e n d u l u m System ci nput t ype="r adio" na me = "P e du lu m Bu tto n’ val ue="2. 2’ > A . Ca nti leve r ed co lu m n systems ci nput t y p e = * r a dk >* na m e = "P e du iu m B ut to n’ val ue="2. 5"> B . Spe ci al st e el m om en t fram es ci nput t yp e= " ra d k> ” na m e= "P e d u lu m B utton " val ue="1. 25"> C Or dina r y st eel mo m en t framescbo ci nput type=’rad io’ name = ’P e d u lu m B u tt o n " val ue="2. 5’ > D. S p ec ia l reinf b rce d co nc ret e m o m e n t framescbo ci nput type=’r a d k > " n a m e = "P e du iu m B ut to n" val ue=*3"> E Struc t ur a l st e e l syste ms n o t s p e c ia ll y de t ail e d for seism ic r es ista nce c/span>c/p> c/td> c /to c/table> c/ form> c/div> cdi v id="SR AM ap" sty le = " p o s iti o n :a b s o lu te ; w idt h: 7 6 5 px ; hei ght : 450px; z -i n d e x :10 ; l eft: 30 px ; t op: 7 5 px ; ba c k gr ound- c olor #006666; layer-back ground-color: #006666; border lpx n o n e #000000; vi si bil ity: h idd en " dass="naz"xbo cf br m nam e= "M ap F o rm " method="post" act i on= " " > Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 11.2 Programming Code for drawing the graphs,Java / / 4/2/2001 late editted:4/15/2001 //University of Southern California, School of Architectrure, Master of Building Sc ie n ce //Copyright 2001 by the University of Southern California and Nazanin Zarkesh //A ll right reserved // Nazanin Zarkesh E-mail: Nazanin_z@hotmail.com // Pa ss ing the Data from javascript to java and creating the Graphs with Java Applet // For Seismic Design TOO I(SDT ) impor t java. applet*; impo r t java.awt*; impor t java. l ang. *; p ub lic c l a s s M e s h 7 e x te n d s A p p le t { / / D ed ar in g t w o v a r i a bles of typ e " i nt * (i nteger), i nt widt h=3 00 ; int He i ght =300; pu b li c i nt n=10; pu b lic int SetsmicO= n e w i nt[256]; pu b lic i nt xl=0; pub li c int yl=0; pu b li c i nt x2=0; pu b li c i nt y2=0; pu b lic int count =0; pu b lic i nt j=0; pu b li c intalpha=l; // T h is gets executed when t he a p p le t s t a r t s , pu b li c vo id i nit Q { Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. / / Make t he defaul t b a c k g r o u n d c o lo r black . setBackground( Co lor .b la ck ); > // This g et s ex ecuted w h enev er t he applet is as ked to redraw i tsel f. p u bl ic vo id pai nt ( G ra p h ic s g ) { / / Set t he c u r r e n t dr aw in g c o lo r to gr een. g .s e t Co ior( Gol orbl ue); / / D ra w t e n lines u s i n g a loop. / / W e dedar e a tem p or ary var i abl e, i, of t ype 'in f. / / N o te that "++i* is simply sh or tha nd for "i= i+ l’ for ( i nt i = 0; i < n+1; + + i) { / / The *drawl i ne* rout in e re q u ir e s 4 numbers: // the x an d y coord ina tes of t he s t ar t ing poi nt , / / and t he x a nd y coo rd inat es of t he e n d in g point , / / in that o r de r . Note that t he c a rt e s ian plane , // in t his ca s e, is up s id e do w n ( as it of t en is // in 2 D gr ap h ic s pro gr am m in g ): t he o ri g in is at t he // u p p e r left com er, t he x - a x i s increases to the r i ght , // and t he y - ax is in cr ea ses down ward . g .d r a w U n e ( i * 300 / n, 0, i * 300 / n , 300); g. dr awLi ne( 0, i * 30 0 / n, 300, i * He ight / n); > / / S e t t he c u rr en t dr aw ing c o lo r to whi t e. g^et Cokxt CO Ior .whit e); g. dr a wS t r ing( * 3 0 0 kip’,290,320); g.dr awSt r ing( ' 150 kip’, 140, 320); g .dra wS t r ing ( ’0 ki p’,2,320); / / S e t t he c u rr e n t draw ing co lo r to y e l low. g ^ e tCo lo r( C o lo r. yell ow) ; j=n; / / r esi ze t h e grap h that fits in 300 size appl et alpha = 3 00/Seismi c[n] ; f or ( i nt i = 0; i < n; ++i) { xl =Sei smtcO] *al pha; Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. yl=i*300/n; x2=Sei smicQ* l ] * al pha; y2=(i+l)*300/n; // D ra w t he sh ea r F o r c e g.drawUne(xl ,yl > x2, y2); g. fi l l Rect(0, j • Height/n,xl,3); g .d r a w S t ri n g C T o p Ftoor' , 305, 10); g . dr a wSt r ing( * Ground Fkxx' ,305,305); i- H i } g .s et C o (o r(Go io r.r ed); g .d r a w S tr in g C The gr i d a lon g X a x is i s 30 K i p *, 70, 335); g .d ra w S tr in g C The gr i d a long Y a x is re pr es en ts on e f loor ’,50, 350); } // F o r p a s s in g t h e A rra y fr o m Javas cript t o t his a p p le t pu b lic void put ( i nt F o rce , i nt s t or y) {Sei smic fc oun t] =Fo rc e ; n= s t or y ; count =count +l ; repa i nt Q; > Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Zarkesh, Nazanin (author)

Core Title Seismic design tool: Interactive Web-based program based on IBC 2000

Degree Master of Science

Degree Program Building Science

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Architecture,Education, Art,education, technology of,OAI-PMH Harvest

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c16-286654

Unique identifier UC11341955

Identifier 1409614.pdf (filename),usctheses-c16-286654 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 1409614-0.pdf

Dmrecord 286654

Document Type Thesis

Rights Zarkesh, Nazanin

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA