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Maximizing natural ventilation by design in low-rise residential buildings using wind catchers in the hot arid climate of United Arab Emirates
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Maximizing natural ventilation by design in low-rise residential buildings using wind catchers in the hot arid climate of United Arab Emirates
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MAXIMIZING NATURAL VENTILATION BY DESIGN IN LOW RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS USING WIND CATCHERS IN THE HOT ARID CLIMATE OF UAE by Rashed Khalifa Al-Shaali A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree MASTER OF BUILDING SCIENCE August 2002 Copyright 2002 Rashed Khalifa Al-Shaali Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1414866 UMI UMI Microform 1414866 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA The Graduate School University Park LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90089-1695 This thesis, w ritten b y ‘S o s s W g g L T ^ . l r . S ' . V v « y A .v . Com m ittee, and approved b y a ll its m em bers, has been p resen ted to and accepted b y The Graduate School, in p a rtia l fulfillm ent o f requirem ents fo r th e degree o f U nder th e direction o f h. Thesis L^JLfiXUJL lean o f Graduate S tudies D ate ( THJESIS-CpMMI. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank Allah (God) for granting me patience that carried me through all the difficult times. Second, I would like to thank my father and mother, the most wonderful friends I have ever had and loved, for all the sacrifices, caring and guidance and for giving me such a wonderful sister and brothers. The list of people whom I want to thank is very long. However, I would like to value the following people for their indispensable help: Professor Pierre Koenig, my chief advisor, for his ultimate and important support, direction, encouragement and patience. Professor Marc Schiler, for his guidance, support and forbearance through out all the study period and for opening the doors of opportunities when I thought that all of them are closed. Professor Ralph L. Knowles, for his assistance, kindness and for always reminding me of the spiritual side of Architecture. Professor Murray Milne, for providing me with all the necessary computer documents and his immediate and positive responses to my questions. I would also like to especially thank my friend Ahmad A1 Awar for his incessant help, as well as Nasser Al-Shaali, Khalid A1 Hammadi, Zainab A. Al- Rustamani and Dr. D. E. Ordway for their assist and kindness. Last but not least, I would like to thank my wife Amal for her support and love that carried me smoothly through a lot of difficult time and for giving me the best gifts I have ever had, our children Khalifa and Reem. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents Acknowledgements List of Figures __________________________________________________________ v Abstract___________________________________________________________________ xv 1 UA E___________________________________________________________________1 1.1 Physical features____________________________________________________ 1 1.2 Climatic conditions__________________________________________________ 2 1.3 Housing _________________________________________________ 2 1.4 Social needs and demands___________________________________________ 3 1.5 Environmental and cultural issues____________________________________ 3 1.5.1 Vernacular architecture styles _______________________________________4 1.5.2 Environmental sense and consideration_______________________________ 4 1.6 Wind and wind catchers______________________________________________5 REFERENCES:____________________________________________________________ 6 2 Climatic Data and Analysis_______________________________________________7 2.1 Writing TMY2 Data Format___________________________________________7 2.1.1 What is TMY2 Data_______________________________________________ 7 2.1.2 TMY2 Data Form at_______________________________________________ 7 2.1.3 Calculating the Missing Data________________________________________ 8 2.1.3.1 Direct Beam Solar Radiation_____________________________________8 2.1.3.2 Total Horizontal (diffused) Solar Radiation_________________________ 9 2.1.3.3 Dew point outdoor air temperature_______________________________10 2.2 SCRAM_________________________________________________________ 10 2.2.1 What is SCRAM D ata____________________________________________10 2.2.2 SCRAM Data Format_____________________________________________11 2.3 Climatic Data Charts _____________________________________________ 13 2.3.1 City of Abu Dhabi 13 2.3.1.1 Temperature R ange___________________________________________ 13 2.3.1.2 Temperature + Relative Humidity________________________________18 2.3.1.3 Wind Velocity Range__________________________________________ 27 2.3.1.4 Bioclimatic Timetable_________________________________________ 32 2.3.1.5 Psychrometric Chart___________________________________________ 37 2.3.2 City of Al-Ain __________________________________________________ 42 2.3.2.1 Temperature R ange___________________________________________ 42 2.3.2.2 Temperature + Relative Humidity_______________________________ 45 2.3.2.3 Wind Velocity Range__________________________________________ 50 2.3.2.4 Bioclimatic Timetable_________________________________________ 53 2.3.2.5 Psychrometric Chart _______________________________________ 56 2.4 Wind Roses_____________ 59 2.4.1 City of Abu Dhabi ______________________________________________ 59 2.4.2 City of Al-Ain _____________________________________________ 68 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. REFERENCES: __________________________________________________________ 74 3 Wind and Ventilation___________________________________________________ 75 3.1 Wind Characteristics _______________________________________________75 3.1.1 Wind near the G round____________________________________________ 75 3.1.2 Wind in an Urban Environment_____________________________________77 3.1.3 Wind Flow _____________________________________________________ 77 3.2 Natural Ventilation for Thermal Comfort______________________________78 3.2.1 Removal of Excess Heat___________________________________________ 7 9 3.2.2 Cooling Effect over the Human B ody_______________________________ 79 3.2.3 Cooling the Structure __________________________________________ 80 REFERENCES:___________________________________________________________ 82 4 Historical Precedents __________________________________________83 4.1 Hot and Arid Zones_________________________________________________83 4.1.1 The Malqaf_____________________________________________________ 85 4.1.2 The Badgir (Barj eel)______________________________________________ 90 4.1.3 Wind Scoops____________________________________________________ 96 4.2 Design Examples o f Wind Catchers__________________________________98 4.2.1 Qatar University in Doha__________________________________________ 98 4.2.2 Concept drawings_______________________________________________ 101 REFERENCES:__________________________________________________________ 104 5 Setting the Variables___________________________________________________ 107 5.1 Hypothesis ___________________________________________________107 5.2 When to use Natural Ventilation____________________________________ 107 5.2.1 City of Abu D habi______________________________________________ 108 5.2.2 City of Al-Ain _________________________________________________ 125 5.3 Model Drawings and Testing Environment____________________________143 5.3.1 Helium Bubble Generator_________________________________________ 143 5.3.2 Drawings ____________________________________________________ 143 6 Wind Catcher with Different Sizes and Outlets____________________________ 150 6.1 1/3 Wind Catcher_________________________________________________ 151 6.1.1 Case 0 ________________________________________________________ 151 6.1.1.1 Speed 1___________ 152 6.1.1.2 Speed 2____________________________________________________ 158 6.1.1.3 Speed 3____________________________________________________ 161 6.1.2 Case 1 167 6.1.2.1 Speed 1____________________________________________________ 167 6.1.2.2 Speed 2____________________________________________________ 175 6.1.2.3 Speed 3____________________________________________________ 178 6.1.3 Case 2 186 6.1.3.1 Speed 1________ 187 6.1.3.2 Speed 2____________________________________________________ 193 6.1.3.3 Speed 3____________________________________________________ 198 6.1.4 Case 3 ________________________________________________________ 208 6.1.4.1 Speed 1________ 208 6.1.4.2 Speed 2 211 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1.4.3 Speed 3____________________________________________________ 216 6.2 1/2 Wind Catcher_________________________________________________ 223 6.2.1 Case 0 _________________________________________________________224 6.2.1.1 Speed 1____________________________________________________ 224 6.2.1.2 Speed 2____________________________________________________ 227 6.2.1.3 Speed 3____________________________________________________ 230 6.2.2 Case 1_________________________________________________________235 6.2.2.1 Speed 1____________________________________________________ 235 6.2.2.2 Speed 2____________________________________________________ 239 6.2.2.3 Speed 3____________________________________________________ 248 6.2.3 Case 2 _________________________________________________________252 6.2.3.1 Speed 1 252 6.2.3.2 Speed 2____________________________________________________ 256 6.2.3.3 Speed 3____________________________________________________ 259 6.2.4 Case 3 _________________________________________________________269 6.2.4.1 Speed 1____________________________________________________ 269 6.2.4.2 Speed 2____________________________________________________ 272 6.2.4.3 Speed 3____________________________________________________ 275 6.3 Full Length Wind Catcher_________________________________________ 281 6.3.1 Case 0 _________________________________________________________282 6.3.1.1 Speed 1____________________________________________________ 282 6.3.1.2 Speed 2____________________________________________________ 285 6.3.1.3 Speed 3____________________________________________________ 287 6.3.2 Case 1_________________________________________________________291 6.3.2.1 Speed 1____________________________________________________ 291 6.3.2.2 Speed 2____________________________________________________ 294 6.3.2.3 Speed 3____________________________________________________ 297 6.3.3 Case 2 _________________________________________________________301 6.3.3.1 Speed 1____________________________________________________ 302 6.3.3.2 Speed 2____________________________________________________ 305 6.3.3.3 Speed 3____________________________________________________ 309 6.3.4 Case 3 _________________________________________________________313 6.3.4.1 Speed 1____________________________________________________ 314 6.3.4.2 Speed 2____________________________________________________ 317 6.3.4.3 Speed 3 320 6.4 Additional Tests_________________________________________________ 325 6.4.1 Wind catcher with Smaller Opening________________________________ 325 6.4.2 Wind Catcher in the Middle of the Windward Fa<?ade__________________327 6.5 Suggestion _______________________________________________ 329 7 Future W ork_________________________________________________________ 331 8 Bibliography ________________________________________________332 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Figures Figure 1-1 United Arab Emirates M ap........................................................................................................ 1 Figure 2-1 Abu Dhabi 1991 Temperature Range..................................................................................... 13 Figure 2-2 Abu Dhabi 1992 Temperature Range..................................................................................... 14 Figure 2-3 Abu Dhabi 1993 Temperature Range..................................................................................... 14 Figure 2-4 Abu Dhabi 1994 Temperature Range..................................................................................... 15 Figure 2-5 Abu Dhabi 1995 Temperature Range..................................................................................... 15 Figure 2-6 Abu Dhabi 1996 Temperature Range..................................................................................... 16 Figure 2-7 Abu Dhabi 1997 Temperature Range..................................................................................... 16 Figure 2-8 Abu Dhabi 1998 Temperature Range..................................................................................... 17 Figure 2-9 Abu Dhabi 1999 Temperature Range..................................................................................... 17 Figure 2-10 Abu Dhabi 1991 Temperature + Relative Humidity............................................................ 18 Figure 2-11 Abu Dhabi 1992 Temperature + Relative Humidity............................................................ 19 Figure 2-12 Abu Dhabi 1993 Temperature + Relative Humidity............................................................20 Figure 2-13 Abu Dhabi 1994 Temperature + Relative Humidity............................................................21 Figure 2-14 Abu Dhabi 1995 Temperature + Relative Humidity............................................................22 Figure 2-15 Abu Dhabi 1996 Temperature + Relative Humidity............................................................23 Figure 2-16 Abu Dhabi 1997 Temperature + Relative Humidity............................................................24 Figure 2-17 Abu Dhabi 1998 Temperature + Relative Humidity............................................................25 Figure 2-18 Abu Dhabi 1999 Temperature + Relative Humidity............................................................26 Figure 2-19 Abu Dhabi 1991 Wind Velocity Range................................................................................27 Figure 2-20 Abu Dhabi 1992 Wind Velocity Range................................................................................28 Figure 2-21 Abu Dhabi 1993 Wind Velocity Range................................................................................28 Figure 2-22 Abu Dhabi 1994 Wind Velocity Range................................................................................29 Figure 2-23 Abu Dhabi 1995 Wind Velocity Range................................................................................29 Figure 2-24 Abu Dhabi 1996 Wind Velocity Range................................................................................30 Figure 2-25 Abu Dhabi 1997 Wind Velocity Range................................................................................30 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 2-26 Abu Dhabi 1998 Wind Velocity Range................................................................................31 Figure 2-27 Abu Dhabi 1999 Wind Velocity Range................................................................................31 Figure 2-28 Abu Dhabi 1991 Bioclimatic Timetable...............................................................................32 Figure 2-29 Abu Dhabi 1992 Bioclimatic Timetable...............................................................................33 Figure 2-30 Abu Dhabi 1993 Bioclimatic Timetable...............................................................................33 Figure 2-31 Abu Dhabi 1994 Bioclimatic Timetable...............................................................................34 Figure 2-32 Abu Dhabi 1995 Bioclimatic Timetable...............................................................................34 Figure 2-33 Abu Dhabi 1996 Bioclimatic Timetable...............................................................................35 Figure 2-34 Abu Dhabi 1997 Bioclimatic Timetable...............................................................................35 Figure 2-35 Abu Dhabi 1998 Bioclimatic Timetable...............................................................................36 Figure 2-36 Abu Dhabi 1999 Bioclimatic Timetable...............................................................................36 Figure 2-37 Abu Dhabi 1991 Psychrometric Chart..................................................................................37 Figure 2-38 Abu Dhabi 1992 Psychrometric Chart..................................................................................38 Figure 2-39 Abu Dhabi 1993 Psychrometric Chart..................................................................................38 Figure 2-40 Abu Dhabi 1994 Psychrometric Chart..................................................................................39 Figure 2-41 Abu Dhabi 1995 Psychrometric Chart..................................................................................39 Figure 2-42 Abu Dhabi 1996 Psychrometric Chart..................................................................................40 Figure 2-43 Abu Dhabi 1997 Psychrometric Chart..................................................................................40 Figure 2-44 Abu Dhabi 1998 Psychrometric Chart..................................................................................41 Figure 2-45 Abu Dhabi 1999 Psychrometric Chart..................................................................................41 Figure 2-46 Al-Ain 1995 Temperature Range.......................................................................................... 42 Figure 2-47 Al-Ain 1996 Temperature Range.......................................................................................... 43 Figure 2-48 Al-Ain 1997 Temperature Range.......................................................................................... 43 Figure 2-49 Al-Ain 1998 Temperature Range.......................................................................................... 44 Figure 2-50 Al-Ain 1999 Temperature Range.......................................................................................... 44 Figure 2-51 Al-Ain 1995 Temperature + Humidity.................................................................................45 Figure 2-52 Al-Ain 1996 Temperature + Humidity.................................................................................46 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 2-53 Al-Ain 1997 Temperature + Humidity.................................................................................47 Figure 2-54 Al-Ain 1998 Temperature + Humidity.................................................................................48 Figure 2-55 Al-Ain 1999 Temperature + Humidity.................................................................................49 Figure 2-56 Al-Ain 1995 Wind Velocity Range....................................................................................... 50 Figure 2-57 Al-Ain 1996 Wind Velocity Range....................................................................................... 51 Figure 2-58 Al-Ain 1997 Wind Velocity Range....................................................................................... 51 Figure 2-59 Al-Ain 1998 Wind Velocity Range....................................................................................... 52 Figure 2-60 Al-Ain 1999 Wind Velocity Range....................................................................................... 52 Figure 2-61 Al-Ain 1995 Bioclimatic Timetable...................................................................................... 53 Figure 2-62 Al-Ain 1996 Bioclimatic Timetable...................................................................................... 54 Figure 2-63 Al-Ain 1997 Bioclimatic Timetable...................................................................................... 54 Figure 2-64 Al-Ain 1998 Bioclimatic Timetable...................................................................................... 55 Figure 2-65 Al-Ain 1999 Bioclimatic Timetable...................................................................................... 55 Figure 2-66 Al-Ain 1995 Psychrometric Chart........................................................................................ 56 Figure 2-67 Al-Ain 1996 Psychrometric Chart........................................................................................ 57 Figure 2-68 Al-Ain 1997 Psychrometric Chart........................................................................................ 57 Figure 2-69 Al-Ain 1998 Psychrometric Chart........................................................................................ 58 Figure 2-70 Al-Ain 1999 Psychrometric Chart........................................................................................ 58 Figure 2-71 Abu Dhabi 1991 Wind Rose..................................................................................................59 Figure 2-72 Abu Dhabi 1992 Wind Rose..................................................................................................60 Figure 2-73 Abu Dhabi 1993 Wind Rose..................................................................................................61 Figure 2-74 Abu Dhabi 1994 Wind Rose..................................................................................................62 Figure 2-75 Abu Dhabi 1995 Wind Rose..................................................................................................63 Figure 2-76 Abu Dhabi 1997 Wind Rose..................................................................................................64 Figure 2-77 Abu Dhabi 1998 Wind Rose..................................................................................................65 Figure 2-78 Abu Dhabi 1999 Wind Rose..................................................................................................66 Figure 2-79 Abu Dhabi 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98 and 99 Wind Rose................................................ 67 viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 2-80 Al-Ain 1995 Wind Rose........................................................................................................ 68 Figure 2-81 Al-Ain 1996 Wind Rose........................................................................................................69 Figure 2-82 Al-Ain 1997 Wind Rose........................................................................................................70 Figure 2-83 Al-Ain 1998 Wind Rose........................................................................................................71 Figure 2-84 Al-Ain 1999 Wind Rose........................................................................................................ 72 Figure 2-85 Al-Ain 1995, 96, 97, 98 and 99 Wind Rose..........................................................................73 Figure 3-1 Typical Record of the Wind Velocity near the Ground ........................................................75 Figure 3-2 Wind Patterns (a) Constricted by Topography, (b) Above and Below Tall Buildings, (c) Around large Buildings.....................................................................................................................76 Figure 3-3 Effect of Terrain on Wind Velocity Profiles...........................................................................77 Figure 3-4 Wind Pressure around Building ..............................................................................................78 Figure 3-5 Wind Pressure Drives Cross Ventilation.................................................................................78 Figure 3-6 Heat Generated and lost (approximate) by a person at rest (rh fixed at 45%)......................80 Figure 3-7 Isocomfort Curve......................................................................................................................81 Figure 3-8 Isocomfort Curve Parametrized as a Function of the air velocity..........................................81 Figure 4-1 Wind Tower in the Middle East...............................................................................................83 Figure 4-2 Catching Efficiency for Different Wind Catcher Designs.....................................................84 Figure 4-3 Roof plan of the Fu'ad Riyad house in Cairo, showing the malqaf with sectional details ..85 Figure 4-4 Section of the Fu'ad Riyad house showing the malqaf...........................................................86 Figure 4-5 Section of a modern villa designed for Saudi Arabia showing the use of malqaf................86 Figure 4-6 Section through the hall of Muhib Ad-Din Ash-Shafi Al-Muwaqqi showing the malqaf and central location of the hall.........................................................................................................87 Figure 4-7 Arrows indicate the direction of airflow; arrow length corresponds to airspeed. The measurements where made on 2 April 1973 by scholars from the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. All wind and airspeeds are given in meters per second........87 Figure 4-8 Malqaf with wetted baffles and a wind-escape. Design by Hassan Fathy............................ 88 Figure 4-9 Details of the malqaf with wetted baffles................................................................................89 Figure 4-10 Barjeel details..........................................................................................................................90 Figure 4-11 Mohamed Sharif house, first floor........................................................................................ 91 ix Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 4-12 Wooden doors and opening....................................................................................................92 Figure 4-13 Interior view of the Wooden doors and openings................................................................ 92 Figure 4-14 Shaikh Saeed house (North Elevation).................................................................................93 Figure 4-15 Shaikh Saeed house (East Elevation)....................................................................................93 Figure 4-16 Shaikh Saeed house (Courtyard view)..................................................................................93 Figure 4-17 Traditional Square Barjeel.....................................................................................................94 Figure 4-18 Unusual cylindrical Barjeel....................................................................................................94 Figure 4-19 The Barjeel Closed to Block Undesirable W ind.................................................................. 95 Figure 4-20 A fort in the City of Ajman uses the Barjeel for Natural Ventilation.................................95 Figure 4-21 Wind scoop, Hyderabad, Sind, Pakistan...............................................................................96 Figure 4-22 Wind Scoops facing the prevaling w ind...............................................................................96 Figure 4-23 Scoops in Pakistan at different levels....................................................................................97 Figure 4-24 A picture from the roof..........................................................................................................98 Figure 4-25 Section/Elevation of Humanities Faculty Modules..............................................................98 Figure 4-26 An External Picture of the Wind Catchers............................................................................99 Figure 4-27 A picture from the courtyard..................................................................................................99 Figure 4-28 Qatar University (Phase 1), Kamal El-Kafrawi..................................................................100 Figure 4-29 Ariel View of Qatar University............................................................................................100 Figure 4-30 From above: Wind tower; monodirectional wind tower and scoop; multidirectional wind tower and scoop; combined wind tower and scoop.......................................................................101 Figure 4-31 Day and Night reverse wind directions............................................................................... 102 Figure 4-32 Concept Drawings for rotating wind scoops.......................................................................103 Figure 5-1 Hours to Block Natural Ventilation in Abu Dhabi............................................................... 108 Figure 5-2 January Wind Rose.................................................................................................................109 Figure 5-3 February Wind Rose...............................................................................................................110 Figure 5-4 March Wind Rose...................................................................................................................I l l Figure 5-5 April Wind Rose.....................................................................................................................112 Figure 5-6 May Wind Rose......................................................................................................................113 x Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 5-7 June from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose................................................................................ 114 Figure 5-8 June from 15pm until Midnight Wind Rose..........................................................................115 Figure 5-9 July from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose................................................................................. 116 Figure 5-10 July from 3pm to Midnight Wind Rose..............................................................................117 Figure 5-11 August from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose..........................................................................118 Figure 5-12 August from 2pm to Midnight Wind Rose..........................................................................119 Figure 5-13 September from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose....................................................................120 Figure 5-14 September from 2pm to Midnight Wind Rose....................................................................121 Figure 5-15 October Wind Rose...............................................................................................................122 Figure 5-16 November Wind Rose...........................................................................................................123 Figure 5-17 December Wind Rose.......................................................................................................... 124 Figure 5-18 Hours to Block Natural Ventilation in Al-Ain....................................................................125 Figure 5-19 January Wind Rose...............................................................................................................126 Figure 5-20 February Wind Rose.............................................................................................................127 Figure 5-21 March Wind Rose.................................................................................................................128 Figure 5-22 April Wind Rose...................................................................................................................129 Figure 5-23 May from Midnight to 8am Wind Rose.............................................................................. 130 Figure 5-24 May from 3pm to Midnight Wind Rose.............................................................................. 131 Figure 5-25 June from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose.............................................................................. 132 Figure 5-26 June from 5pm to Midnight Wind Rose..............................................................................133 Figure 5-27 July from Midnight to 7pm Wind Rose.............................................................................. 134 Figure 5-28 July from 5pm to Midnight Wind Rose.............................................................................. 135 Figure 5-29 August from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose..........................................................................136 Figure 5-30 August from 5pm to Midnight Wind Rose..........................................................................137 Figure 5-31 September from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose................................................................... 138 Figure 5-32 September from 4pm to Midnight Wind Rose................................................................... 139 Figure 5-33 October Wind Rose.............................................................................................................. 140 xi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 5-34 November Wind Rose.......................................................................................................... 141 Figure 5-35 December Wind Rose.......................................................................................................... 142 Figure 5-36 Helium Bubbles Generator...................................................................................................143 Figure 5-37 Side and Top View of the Model.........................................................................................144 Figure 5-38 1/3 Wind Catcher, Top View, Section and Front View.....................................................145 Figure 5-39 2/3 Wind Catcher, Top View, Section and Front View.....................................................146 Figure 5-40 Full Length Wind Catcher, Top View, Section and Front View....................................... 147 Figure 5-41 Leeward Elevation with different Apertures.......................................................................148 Figure 5-42 General Setup of the Experiments........................................................................................149 Figure 6-1 1/3 Wind Catcher Front Axonometric View.........................................................................151 Figure 6-2 Case 0 Back Axonometric View............................................................................................151 Figure 6-3 Bubble Speed 1.5 m /s.............................................................................................................152 Figure 6-4 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s........................................................................................................... 152 Figure 6-5 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s........................................................................................................... 153 Figure 6-6 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s........................................................................................................... 153 Figure 6-7 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s........................................................................................................... 154 Figure 6-8 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s........................................................................................................... 154 Figure 6-9 Six Frames Combined............................................................................................................ 155 Figure 6-10 Bubble Entering the Model..................................................................................................155 Figure 6-11 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s......................................................................................................... 156 Figure 6-12 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s......................................................................................................... 156 Figure 6-13 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s......................................................................................................... 157 Figure 6-14 Four Frames Combined........................................................................................................ 157 Figure 6-15 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s......................................................................................................... 158 Figure 6-16 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 158 Figure 6-17 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s......................................................................................................... 159 Figure 6-18 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 159 xii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-19 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 160 Figure 6-20 Five Frames Combined........................................................................................................ 160 Figure 6-21 Bubble Speed 2.29 m/s......................................................................................................... 161 Figure 6-22 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s......................................................................................................... 161 Figure 6-23 Two Frames Combined........................................................................................................ 162 Figure 6-24 Bubble Entering the Model.................................................................................................. 162 Figure 6-25 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s......................................................................................................... 163 Figure 6-26 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s......................................................................................................... 163 Figure 6-27 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s......................................................................................................... 164 Figure 6-28 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s......................................................................................................... 164 Figure 6-29 Five Frames Combined........................................................................................................ 165 Figure 6-30 Case 0 3D Drawing...............................................................................................................165 Figure 6-31 Case 0 Side View..................................................................................................................166 Figure 6-32 Speed Vs Location................................................................................................................166 Figure 6-33 Case 1 Back Axonometric View..........................................................................................167 Figure 6-34 Bubble Entering the Model..................................................................................................167 Figure 6-35 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 168 Figure 6-36 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s......................................................................................................... 168 Figure 6-37 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 169 Figure 6-38 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s......................................................................................................... 169 Figure 6-39 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 170 Figure 6-40 Six Frames Combined.......................................................................................................... 170 Figure 6-41 Bubble Entering the Model..................................................................................................171 Figure 6-42 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s......................................................................................................... 171 Figure 6-43 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s......................................................................................................... 172 Figure 6-44 Bubble Speed 0.38 m/s........................................................................................................ 172 Figure 6-45 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s......................................................................................................... 173 xiii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-46 Bubble Speed 0.38 m/s......................................................................................................... 173 Figure 6-47 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 174 Figure 6-48 Seven Frames Combined..................................................................................................... 174 Figure 6-49 Bubble Entering the Model..................................................................................................175 Figure 6-50 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s......................................................................................................... 175 Figure 6-51 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 176 Figure 6-52 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s......................................................................................................... 176 Figure 6-53 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s......................................................................................................... 177 Figure 6-54 Five Frames Combined........................................................................................................ 177 Figure 6-55 Bubble Entering the Model..................................................................................................178 Figure 6-56 Bubble Speed 2.10 m/s......................................................................................................... 178 Figure 6-57 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s......................................................................................................... 179 Figure 6-58 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s......................................................................................................... 179 Figure 6-59 Bubble Speed 0.38 m/s......................................................................................................... 180 Figure 6-60 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s......................................................................................................... 180 Figure 6-61 Six Frames Combined.......................................................................................................... 181 Figure 6-62 Bubble Entering the Model..................................................................................................181 Figure 6-63 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s......................................................................................................... 182 Figure 6-64 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s......................................................................................................... 182 Figure 6-65 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s......................................................................................................... 183 Figure 6-66 The Bubble Exiting from the Top Opening........................................................................183 Figure 6-67 Five Frames Combined........................................................................................................ 184 Figure 6-68 Case 1 3D Drawing...............................................................................................................184 Figure 6-69 Case 1 Side View..................................................................................................................185 Figure 6-70 Speed Vs Location................................................................................................................185 Figure 6-71 Case 2 Axonometric Back View..........................................................................................186 Figure 6-72 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s......................................................................................................... 187 xiv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-73 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s......................................................................................................... 187 Figure 6-74 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s......................................................................................................... 188 Figure 6-75 Bubble Speed 0.38 m/s......................................................................................................... 188 Figure 6-76 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s......................................................................................................... 189 Figure 6-77 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s......................................................................................................... 189 Figure 6-78 Bubble Speed 0.38 m/s......................................................................................................... 190 Figure 6-79 Eight Frames Combined....................................................................................................... 190 Figure 6-80 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s......................................................................................................... 191 Figure 6-81 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s......................................................................................................... 191 Figure 6-82 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s......................................................................................................... 192 Figure 6-83 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s......................................................................................................... 192 Figure 6-84 Five Frames Combined........................................................................................................ 193 Figure 6-85 Bubble Entering the Model..................................................................................................193 Figure 6-86 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 194 Figure 6-87 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 194 Figure 6-88 Bubble Speed 0.38 m/s......................................................................................................... 195 Figure 6-89 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s......................................................................................................... 195 Figure 6-90 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 196 Figure 6-91 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 196 Figure 6-92 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s......................................................................................................... 197 Figure 6-93 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s......................................................................................................... 197 Figure 6-94 Nine Frames Combined....................................................................................................... 198 Figure 6-95 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s......................................................................................................... 198 Figure 6-196 Bubble Speed 1.52 m /s....................................................................................................... 199 Figure 6-97 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s......................................................................................................... 199 Figure 6-98 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.........................................................................................................200 Figure 6-99 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.........................................................................................................200 xv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-100 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................201 Figure 6-101 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................201 Figure 6-102 Five Frames Combined......................................................................................................202 Figure 6-103 Bubble Entering the Model................................................................................................202 Figure 6-104 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................203 Figure 6-105 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................203 Figure 6-106 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s.......................................................................................................204 Figure 6-107 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................204 Figure 6-108 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................205 Figure 6-109 Five Frames Combined......................................................................................................205 Figure 6-110 Case 2 3D Drawing............................................................................................................ 206 Figure 6-111 Case 2 Side View............................................................................................................... 206 Figure 6-112 Speed Vs Location............................................................................................................. 207 Figure 6-113 Case 3 Axonometric Back View....................................................................................... 208 Figure 6-114 Bubble Entering the Model................................................................................................208 Figure 6-115 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................209 Figure 6-116 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................209 Figure 6-117 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................210 Figure 6-118 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................210 Figure 6-119 Five Frames Combined......................................................................................................211 Figure 6-120 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s.......................................................................................................211 Figure 6-121 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................212 Figure 6-122 Two Frames Combined......................................................................................................212 Figure 6-123 Bubble Entering the Model............................................................................................... 213 Figure 6-124 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s.......................................................................................................213 Figure 6-125 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................214 Figure 6-126 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................214 xvi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-127 Bubble Speed 0.38 m/s.......................................................................................................215 Figure 6-128 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................215 Figure 6-129 Five Frames Combined......................................................................................................216 Figure 6-130 Bubbles Entering the Model.............................................................................................. 216 Figure 6-131 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................217 Figure 6-132 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................217 Figure 6-133 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................218 Figure 6-134 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................218 Figure 6-135 Six Frames Combined........................................................................................................219 Figure 6-136 Case 3 3D Drawing............................................................................................................ 219 Figure 6-137 Case 3 Side View............................................................................................................... 220 Figure 6-138 Speed Vs Location............................................................................................................. 220 Figure 6-139 Speed Vs Cases.................................................................................................................. 221 Figure 6-140 Speed Vs Cases.................................................................................................................. 222 Figure 6-141 Speed Vs Cases.................................................................................................................. 222 Figure 6-1421/2 Wind Catcher Front Axonometric View..................................................................... 223 Figure 6-143 Case 0 Back Axonometric View....................................................................................... 224 Figure 6-144 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s.......................................................................................................224 Figure 6-145 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................225 Figure 6-146 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................225 Figure 6-147 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................226 Figure 6-148 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................226 Figure 6-149 Five Frames Combined......................................................................................................227 Figure 6-150 Bubble Entering the Model............................................................................................... 227 Figure 6-151 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................228 Figure 6-152 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................228 Figure 6-153 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................229 xvii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-154 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................229 Figure 6-155 Six Frames Combined........................................................................................................230 Figure 6-156 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................230 Figure 6-157 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................231 Figure 6-158 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................231 Figure 6-159 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................232 Figure 6-160 Four Frames Combined......................................................................................................232 Figure 6-161 Case 0 3D Drawing............................................................................................................ 233 Figure 6-162 Case 0 Side View............................................................................................................... 233 Figure 6-163 Speed Vs Location............................................................................................................. 234 Figure 6-164 Case 1 Axonometric Back View....................................................................................... 235 Figure 6-165 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................235 Figure 6-166 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s.......................................................................................................236 Figure 6-167 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................236 Figure 6-168 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s.......................................................................................................237 Figure 6-169 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s.......................................................................................................237 Figure 6-170 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................238 Figure 6-171 Seven Frames Combined...................................................................................................238 Figure 6-172 Bubble Entering the Model................................................................................................239 Figure 6-173 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................239 Figure 6-174 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................240 Figure 6-175 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................240 Figure 6-176 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................241 Figure 6-177 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s.......................................................................................................241 Figure 6-178 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................242 Figure 6-179 The Bubble Exiting from the Top Opening..................................................................... 242 Figure 6-180 Eight Frames Combined.....................................................................................................243 xviii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-181 The Bubble Entering the Model........................................................................................243 Figure 6-182 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................244 Figure 6-183 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................244 Figure 6-184 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................245 Figure 6-185 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................245 Figure 6-186 The Bubble Exiting from the Bottom Opening and other Bubbles following the same Path.................................................................................................................................................. 246 Figure 6-187 Some Bubbles Exit using the Bottom Opening and some Bubbles head Upwards 246 Figure 6-188 Bubbles headed Upward creating a Vortex...................................................................... 247 Figure 6-189 Nine Frames Combined.....................................................................................................247 Figure 6-190 Bubble Entering the Model............................................................................................... 248 Figure 6-191 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................248 Figure 6-192 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................249 Figure 6-193 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s.......................................................................................................249 Figure 6-194 Four Frames Combined......................................................................................................250 Figure 6-195 Case 1 3D Drawing............................................................................................................ 250 Figure 6-196 Case 1 Side View............................................................................................................... 251 Figure 6-197 Speed Vs Location............................................................................................................. 251 Figure 6-198 Case 2 Axonometric Back View........................................................................................ 252 Figure 6-199 Bubble Entering the Model.............................................................................................. 252 Figure 6-200 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................253 Figure 6-201 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................253 Figure 6-202 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................254 Figure 6-203 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................254 Figure 6-204 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................255 Figure 6-205 Six Frames Combined........................................................................................................255 Figure 6-206 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s.......................................................................................................256 Figure 6-207 Bubble Speed 2.29 m/s.......................................................................................................256 xix Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-208 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................257 Figure 6-209 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s.......................................................................................................257 Figure 6-210 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s.......................................................................................................258 Figure 6-211 Bubble Exiting from the Top Opening..............................................................................258 Figure 6-212 Six Frames Combined........................................................................................................ 259 Figure 6-213 Bubble Entering the Model................................................................................................259 Figure 6-214 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s.......................................................................................................260 Figure 6-215 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s.......................................................................................................260 Figure 6-216 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................261 Figure 6-217 The Bubble Exiting from the Opening............................................................................ 261 Figure 6-218 Five Frames Combined.................................................................................................... 262 Figure 6-219 Bubble Speed 2.10 m/s.......................................................................................................262 Figure 6-220 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................263 Figure 6-221 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................263 Figure 6-222 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................264 Figure 6-223 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s.......................................................................................................264 Figure 6-224 The Bubble Turns as it hits the near wall........................................................................ 265 Figure 6-225 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s..................................................................................................... 265 Figure 6-226Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s........................................................................................................266 Figure 6-227 Eight Frames Combined................................................................................................... 266 Figure 6-228 Case 2 3D Drawing............................................................................................................ 267 Figure 6-229 Case 2 Side View............................................................................................................... 267 Figure 6-230 Speed Vs Location............................................................................................................268 Figure 6-231 Case 3 Axonometric Back View......................................................................................269 Figure 6-232 The Bubble Entering the Model.......................................................................................269 Figure 6-233 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................270 Figure 6-234 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................270 XX Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-235 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s......................................................................................................271 Figure 6-236 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................271 Figure 6-237 Six Frames Combined........................................................................................................272 Figure 6-238 The Bubble Entering the Model........................................................................................ 272 Figure 6-239 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................273 Figure 6-240 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s......................................................................................................273 Figure 6-241 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s......................................................................................................274 Figure 6-242 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s.......................................................................................................274 Figure 6-243 Five Frames Combined......................................................................................................275 Figure 6-244 The Bubble Entering the Model........................................................................................ 275 Figure 6-245 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s......................................................................................................276 Figure 6-246 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s......................................................................................................276 Figure 6-247 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................277 Figure 6-248 The Bubble Exiting the Model.......................................................................................... 277 Figure 6-249 Six Frames Combined........................................................................................................278 Figure 6-250 Case 3 3D Drawing............................................................................................................ 278 Figure 6-251 Case 3 Side View............................................................................................................... 279 Figure 6-252 Speed Vs Location............................................................................................................. 279 Figure 6-253 Speed Vs Cases.................................................................................................................. 280 Figure 6-254 Speed Vs Cases.................................................................................................................. 280 Figure 6-255 Speed Vs Cases.................................................................................................................. 281 Figure 6-256Full Length Wind Catcher Front Axonometric V iew .......................................................281 Figure 6-257 Case 0 Axonometric Back View.......................................................................................282 Figure 6-258 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s..................................................................................................... 282 Figure 6-259 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s..................................................................................................... 283 Figure 6-260 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s..................................................................................................... 283 Figure 6-261 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s..................................................................................................... 284 xxi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-262 Five Frames Combined......................................................................................................284 Figure 6-263 The Bubble Entering the Model........................................................................................ 285 Figure 6-264 Bubble Speed 2.29 m/s......................................................................................................285 Figure 6-265 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s......................................................................................................286 Figure 6-266 The Bubble Exiting the Model.......................................................................................... 286 Figure 6-267 Five Frame Combined........................................................................................................287 Figure 6-268 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s.......................................................................................................287 Figure 6-269 Bubble Speed 2.48 m/s.......................................................................................................288 Figure 6-270 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................288 Figure 6-271 Three Frame Combined.....................................................................................................289 Figure 6-272 Case 0 3D Drawing............................................................................................................ 289 Figure 6-273 Case 0 Side View............................................................................................................... 290 Figure 6-274 Speed Vs Location............................................................................................................. 290 Figure 6-275 Case 1 Axonometric Back View.......................................................................................291 Figure 6-276 The Bubbles Entering the M odel......................................................................................291 Figure 6-277 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................292 Figure 6-278 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................292 Figure 6-279 Other Bubbles taking the same path with 1.14 m/s speed............................................... 293 Figure 6-280 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s......................................................................................................293 Figure 6-281 Five Frame Combined........................................................................................................294 Figure 6-282 The Bubble Entering the Model........................................................................................294 Figure 6-283 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................295 Figure 6-284 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................295 Figure 6-285 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................296 Figure 6-286 The Bubble Exiting from the Bottom Opening................................................................ 296 Figure 6-287 Five Frame Combined........................................................................................................297 Figure 6-288 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................297 xxii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-289 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................298 Figure 6-290 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................298 Figure 6-291 The Bubble Exiting from the Bottom Opening................................................................ 299 Figure 6-292 Six Frame Combined.........................................................................................................299 Figure 6-293 Case 1 3D Drawing........................ 300 Figure 6-294 Case 1 Side View............................................................................................................... 300 Figure 6-295 Speed Vs Location............................................................................................................. 301 Figure 6-296 Case 2 Axonometric Back View....................................................................................... 301 Figure 6-297 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s......................................................................................................302 Figure 6-298 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................302 Figure 6-299 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................303 Figure 6-300 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................303 Figure 6-301 The Bubble Exiting the Model.......................................................................................... 304 Figure 6-302 Five Frame Combined........................................................................................................304 Figure 6-303 The Bubbles Entering the M odel...................................................................................... 305 Figure 6-304 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s.......................................................................................................305 Figure 6-305 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s.......................................................................................................306 Figure 6-306 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s.......................................................................................................306 Figure 6-307 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s.......................................................................................................307 Figure 6-308 Other Bubbles taking a Different Path..............................................................................307 Figure 6-309 Bubbles Exiting the M odel................................................................................................308 Figure 6-310 Seven Frame Combined.....................................................................................................308 Figure 6-311 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................309 Figure 6-312 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................309 Figure 6-313 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................310 Figure 6-314 Bubbles heading for the Upper Part of the Model with an Average speed of 1.14 m/s 310 Figure 6-315 Bubbles Grouping together to E xit...................................................................................311 xxiii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-316 Six Frame Combined.........................................................................................................311 Figure 6-317 Case 2 3D Drawing...........................................................................................................312 Figure 6-318 Case 2 Side View.............................................................................................................. 312 Figure 6-319 Speed Vs Location............................................................................................................. 313 Figure 6-320 Case 3 Axonometric Back View....................................................................................... 313 Figure 6-321 Bubbles Entering the Model...............................................................................................314 Figure 6-322 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................314 Figure 6-323 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s.......................................................................................................315 Figure 6-324 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................315 Figure 6-325 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s.......................................................................................................316 Figure 6-326 The Bubble Exiting the Model.......................................................................................... 316 Figure 6-327 Six Frame Combined.........................................................................................................317 Figure 6-328 The Bubbles Entering the M odel...................................................................................... 317 Figure 6-329 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s.......................................................................................................318 Figure 6-330 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................318 Figure 6-331 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s.......................................................................................................319 Figure 6-332 Five Frame Combined........................................................................................................319 Figure 6-333 The Bubble Entering the Model........................................................................................ 320 Figure 6-334 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................320 Figure 6-335 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s.......................................................................................................321 Figure 6-336 Three Frame Combined.....................................................................................................321 Figure 6-337 Case 3 3D Drawing...........................................................................................................322 Figure 6-338 Case 3 Side View.............................................................................................................. 322 Figure 6-339 Speed Vs Location............................................................................................................. 323 Figure 6-340 Speed Vs Cases.................................................................................................................. 323 Figure 6-341 Speed Vs Cases.................................................................................................................. 324 Figure 6-342 Speed Vs Cases.................................................................................................................. 324 xxiv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-343 1/3 Wind Catcher with Smaller Intake Opening..............................................................325 Figure 6-344 Eighteen Frames Combined with Fan Speed No. 1...........................................................326 Figure 6-345 Six Frames Combined with Fan Speed No.2 ................................................................... 326 Figure 6-346 Six Frames Combined with Fan Speed No.3 ................................................................... 327 Figure 6-347 1/3 Wind Catcher in the Middle of the Windward Facade.............................................. 327 Figure 6-348 Front View..........................................................................................................................328 Figure 6-349 3D Drawing.........................................................................................................................328 Figure 7-1 Curved Wind Catcher............................................................................................................ 331 Figure 7-2 Openings on the Opposite W all............................................................................................ 331 xxv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Abstract This research studies natural ventilation in a residential building using different wind catcher sizes and exhausts to maintain a comfortable environment that would reduce energy consumption in a hot arid zone. All the simulated airflow tests were performed on a 1:48 scale model of a building 14’ wide, 28’ long and 10’ high. A wind catcher with three different sizes was built and tested. All three sizes had the same section but varying lengths, which represented 1/3, 1/2 and all of the windward fafade. The leeward facade was used as an exhaust in two general configurations: the first configuration used the entire facade as an outlet (10' X 14'), while the second used an opening of 4' X 14' placed at varying locations. A Helium Bubble Generator was used to investigate the air speed and pattern inside the model. The device produces neutrally buoyant bubbles filled with helium. The bubbles follow the airflow streamlines. The tests were recorded using a Digital camcorder. All the wind catcher sizes showed an acceptable air speed inside the model. The major distinction was in the plan exposure area, where it becomes narrower as smaller wind catcher is used. On the other hand, this type of wind catcher cannot provide sufficient airflow for cooling the ceiling. In addition, if the same exhaust was used with different fan speeds the air pattern will remain the same. xx v i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 UAE 1.1 Physical features Established on 2n d of December, 1971, the United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Qaiwain, Ras al-Khaimah and Fujairah. Comprising an area of 83,600 square kilometers, the country lies between latitudes 22°-26.5°N and longitudes 51°-56.5°E. It is bordered to the north by the Arabian Gulf, to the east by the Gulf of Oman and Sultanate of Oman, to the south by the Sultanate of Oman and Saudi Arabia, and to the west by Qatar and Saudi Arabia. The UAE has 700 kilometers of coastline, including 100 kilometers on the Gulf of Oman. Along the Arabian Gulf coast are offshore islands, coral reefs and salt marshes, whilst stretches of gravel plain and barren desert characterize the inland region.1 Figure 1-1 United Arab Emirates Map2 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1.2 Climatic conditions The UAE lies in the arid tropical zone extending across Asia and North Africa. Climatic conditions in the area are strongly influenced by the Indian Ocean. This explains why high temperatures in summer are always accompanied by high humidity along the coast. There are noticeable variations in climate between the coastal regions, the deserts of the interior and mountainous areas. Prevailing winds, which are influenced by the monsoons, vary between south or southeast, to west or north to northwest, depending upon the season and location. Average rainfall is low at less than 6.5 centimeters annually, more than half of which falls in December and January. 1 1.3 Housing In 1985 Government spending on housing stood at 20.1% of total government expenditure. By 1993 this had climbed to almost 30%. There has been a noticeable improvement in overall housing standards within the UAE. The Abu Dhabi Department of Social Services and Commercial Buildings had 504 buildings and villas under construction in Abu Dhabi and A1 Ain in mid 1995 and was studying 417 new projects. The Department has constructed 40,000 housing units since its inception in 1976. The Department's investments rose from Dh 79 million in 1976 to Dh 11 billion in 1993. All the Municipal authorities in the UAE have provided important housing schemes and government funding has been substantial. In addition a number of 2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. schemes funded by personal contributions have been undertaken. Among these is the scheme for construction of 2,000 houses for UAE nationals, financed by the * 5 President Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan A1 Nahyan. 1.4 Social needs and demands One of the major UAE Government projects is the Housing Ministry's building of neighborhoods for citizens. The Ministry established the project in fulfillment of a personal order from the president of the UAE. Natural ventilation and day-lighting is neglected in the design of these houses because of two main reasons: • The Energy (mainly electricity) is very cheap at 8.97 fils/kwh (0.02 US$) because of government support for the prices of Gas.4 • There is modest (almost none) awareness of environmental issues. Nearly all the new neighborhoods and houses ignored the cumulative knowledge that shaped the form and style of old houses. Old houses had a lot of respect for Natural Forces, mainly Sun and Wind, which underpinned two major traditional elements, the courtyards and cooling towers. 1.5 Environmental and cultural issues UAE is a unique case when it comes to the mix of ethnic groups living on its soil. According to CIA publications (1982), Citizens form only 19% of the population, Iranian and other Arabs 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates 8%. These percentages have been more or less sustained up to this year.5 3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The unbalanced structure of the population, along with relaxed environmental laws, caused setbacks in two major and notably related topics: 1.5.1 Vernacular architecture styles This style is drawing its last breath, mostly for aesthetic reasons, but more importantly because of no understanding of natural forces that was the key factor to building in that style. The deterioration of Vernacular styles is due mainly to the implementation of designs from other cultures that are not suitable for climatic conditions in the UAE, which gives rise to the second topic. 1.5.2 Environmental sense and consideration More than half of the population is transient, living in the UAE for a short period of time, which makes them less interested in environmental and power savings issues. This and slack laws make it the perfect combination to produce the following for a country with only 3 million inhabitants (Based on International Energy Agency (IEA) and (EIA) International Energy Annual 1999): • Total Energy Consumption (1999E): 1.9 Quadrillion Btu* (0.5% of world total energy consumption) • Energy-Related Carbon Emissions (1999E): 32.2 million Metric tons of carbon (0.5% of world total carbon emissions) • Per Capita Energy Consumption (1999E): 652.7 million Btu (vs. U.S. value of 355.8 million Btu) 4 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. • Per Capita Carbon Emissions (1999E): 11.2 metric tons of carbon (vs. U.S. value of 5.5 metric tons of carbon) • Renewable Energy Consumption (1998E): 0.71 Trillion Btu* (0% increase from 1997)6 1.6 Wind and wind catchers Through recent history, generally two groups of people lived in two very different divisions in UAE. These two dominions searched for possible survival methods; one colonized in the desert area and became cattle breeders (Bedouin), forcing them to move from an oasis to another looking for plants and water for them and their animals. The other group became fishermen and the sea became their major source of life, either by going into long fishing trips or traveling to other countries for trading purposes. Understanding the wind was a major survival tool for Bedouin as it was for fishermen. The Bedouin predicted the rare seasons of rain that was very much dictated by wind movement. They were also warned by the warm winds that dried their bodies of valuable and scarce water. The direction and time of wind was a matter of life and death for the fishermen and their starving families also. This very careful trial-and- error process gave a jump-start in building wind towers and orienting them in the right direction. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. REFERENCES: 1 United Arab Emirate. The official site for the Ministry of Information and Culture in the UAE. The Country. 29 Jan. 2002 <http ://www.uaeinteract.conVuaeintmain/yearbook/yrcountry/002country03.asp >. 2 The University of Texas library Online. United Arab Emirates Map. 15 Jan. 2002 <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/unitedarabemirates.jpg> 3 The Emirates Center For Strategic Studies and Research. Housing. 5 Jan. 2002 <http://www.ecssr.ac.ae/00uae.socialhousing.htm>. 4 United Arab Emirate. The official site for the Ministry of Information and Culture in the UAE. CMS Energy Signs Taweelah A2 Deal 3 Jun. 2002 <http://www.uaeinteract.com/uaeint_main/newsreport/19981004.htm>. 5 Central Intelligence Agency. United Arab Emirates. 20 Dec. 2001 <http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tc.html>. 6 Energy Information Administiration. United Arab Emirates. 22 Dec. 2001 <http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/uae.html>. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 Climatic Data and Analysis 2.1 Writing TMY2 Data Format 2.1.1 What is TMY2 Data The TMY2s (Typical Meteorological Year) are data sets of hourly values of solar radiation and meteorological elements for a 1-year period. Their intended use is for computer simulations of solar energy conversion systems and building systems to facilitate performance comparisons of different system types, configurations, and locations in the United States and its territories. Because they represent typical rather than extreme conditions, they are not suited for designing systems to meet the worst- case conditions occurring at a location. Yet, it can be a good tool for architects to 4 understand the weather they are trying to design for. 2.1.2 TMY2 Data Format CLIMATE CONSULTANT is a computer program. It only reads weather data if it is in the following format: MMDDHHBBBBBHHHHHTTTTKKKKWWWWCCZZZ MM Month 01 to 12 DD Day 01 to 31 HH Hour 01 to 24 BBBBB Direct Beam Solar Radiation in kilojoules per square meter HHHHH Total Horizontal Solar Radiation in kJ/sq m TTTT Dry-bulb outdoor air temperature in degrees C times 10 7 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. KKKK Dew point outdoor air temperature in degrees C times 10 WWWW Wind speed in meters per second times 10 CC Sky cover in tenths (00 to 10) ZZZ Wind direction in degrees from north Every line represents an hour, which will result in an 8760 lines of data that represent the TMY2 year. 2.1.3 Calculating the Missing Data The weather data I obtained from the United Arab Emirates was missing some major components such as: • Direct Beam Solar Radiation • Total Horizontal Solar Radiation • Dew point outdoor air temperature 2.1.3.1 Direct Beam Solar Radiation Direct radiation is rays that we get directly from the sun and is capable of casting shadow.2 The sun's radiation for a day is represented by a sine curve. The area under the curve is the sum of the direct beam radiation of the day which is the radiation data format I got from the UAE. In order to change it to an hourly data I did the following calculation: t2 , A = M tl J (sin 7 t t / A t) dt Where, A is Area under the curve M is the Maximum amplitude Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. tl *t2 is time of start and end of radiation, t is the time in hours with t = 0 representing midnight. A t is the overall time of sun-shine (t2-tl). From this equation and knowing the area under the curve (the sum of the direct beam radiation of the day) we can obtain M (Maximum amplitude) M = A / tl J t2 (sin % t / A t) dt = A * 7t/N * 2 Where, N is the number of sun exposure hours, which of course differ each day of the year. Therefore, I considered the 21st as a typical day for the month. After obtaining the Maximum amplitude we can get the amplitude at any given hour using the following equation: Y = M sin (7t t / A t) Y is the amplitude at any given hour. t is the time in hours with t = 0 representing midnight. A t is the overall time of the sun-shine (t2-tl). 2.1.3.2 Total Horizontal (diffused) Solar Radiation As solar radiation passes through the earth's atmosphere, part of the radiation is intercepted by dust particles and dry air while other parts may be absorbed by the ozone on the upper levels and by water vapor in the surface near the ground. The result would be a scattered radiation in all directions4, which is most noticed in a cloudy day, where all the direct beams of the sun are blocked by the clouds and there is no obvious or well-defined shadow. 9 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. We can obtain the total horizontal radiation from direct radiation using the following equation: Global horizontal Gh = Direct normal x Cos (zenith angle) + scattered radiation Also Gh= Direct normal x Sin (horizontal angle) + scattered radiation 2.1.3.3 Dew point outdoor air temperature Dewpoint calculated from Dry Bulb Temperature and Relative Humidity B = (In (RH / 100) + ((17.27 * T) / (237.3 + T))) /17.27 D = (237.3 * B) / (1 -B ) Where: T = Air Temperature (Dry Bulb) in Centigrade (C) degrees RH = Relative Humidity in percent(%) B = intermediate value (no units) D = Dewpoint in Centigrade (C) degrees5 2.2 SCRAM 2.2.1 What is SCRAM Data The SCRAM (MET 144) format is essentially a reduced version of the traditional CD-144 format. CD-144 refers to the "Card Deck 144 format". The SCRAM (MET 144) format consists of fewer weather variables. The file is composed of one record per hour, with all weather elements reported in a 28-column card image.6 10 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.2.2 SCRAM Data Format 1-5 Surface Station Number 6-7 Year 8-9 Month 10-11 Day 12-13 Hour 14-16 Ceiling Height (Hundreds of Feet) 17-18 Wind Direction (Tens of Degrees) 19-21 Wind Speed (Knots) 22-24 Dry Bulb Temperature (Degrees Fahrenheit) 25-26 Total Cloud Cover 27-28 Opaque Cloud Cover 5 Figure 2-1 Scram Data Format Surface Station Number - The WBAN number identifying the NWS surface observation station for which hourly meteorological data are input to the met processing program . Year, Month and Day of Record - Identifies the year, month and day during which the meteorological data were observed. Only the last two digits of the year are reported. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Hour - Identifies the hour of the meteorological data observation. Hour is based on the 24-hour clock and is recorded as 00 through 23. Times are Local Standard Time (LST) and are adjusted in PCRAMMET to the 01 - 24 clock in which hour 24 is the same as hour 00 of the next day . Ceiling Height - The height of the cloud base above local terrain and is coded in hundreds of fe e t. Wind Direction - The direction from which the wind is blowing, based on the 36 point compass, e.g. 09=East= l 8 ‘South, 27=West, 36=North, 00=Calm . Wind Speed - The wind speed measured in knots (00=Calm). Dry Bulb Temperature - The ambient temperature measured in whole degrees Fahrenheit. Cloud Cover - There are two cloud cover parameters, opaque cloud cover and total cloud cover in the SCRAM meteorological data files.5 12 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3 Climatic Data Charts 2.3.1 City of Abu Dhabi 2.3.1.1 Temperature Range The temperature range for Abu Dhabi can be plotted using Climate Consultant. (See Figures 2-2 through 2-10) In summary, the year can be classified into three main groups: • Group 1: The hottest months, May, June, July, August and September where the temperature mean value exceeded the comfort zone range. • Group 2: The Moderate months from November through March that showed moderate temperatures plotted around the human comfort zone. • Group 3: April and October, which were the transmission months to and from the hot 5 months mentioned in group 1. S t a t i o n : A b u D h a b i UAE ] ^ 9 9 1 L o n g i t u d e : 5 4 L a t i t u d e : 2 4 E l e v a t i o n : 2 7 LEGEND: R e c o r d H ig h _ 9 7 . 5 V. A v e . H ig h _ | M ean _ 1 A v e . Low _ I 2 . 5 V. _ | R e c o r d Low _ Note : T M Y data are lor a single Typical Meteorological ”3® Year <9760 hours), so will not exactly match 30 Year - 4 0 Average N O A A Data H O t « J a n F e b N a r A p r Mag J u n J u l A ug S e p O c t N ov D ec A n n u a l Figure 2-2 Abu Dhabi 1991 Temperature Range 13 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 120 110 100 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 20 lO O -10 Note : ~ Z 0 T M Y data a re for a sin g le Typical M eteorological " 3 0 Year C0?<50 h o u rs), so u ill not e x actly match 3Q Y ear-40 Average N O A A Data Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 L E G E N D: Record High_ 9 7 . 5 X Ave. High Mean Ave. Lou 2 . 5 X Record Lou 1 I o a o o 0 o o o 0 o : -'P-: • o -:: o ■ o o o u — B Station: AbuDhabi U A E 120 H O 100 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 20 10 O - I O Note : T M Y data a re for a sin g le Typical M eteorological — 3 0 Year C376G h o u rs), so u ill not e x actly match 30 Year >40 Average N O A A Data Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-3 Abu Dhabi 1992 Temperature Range Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 l e g e n d : Record High_ 9 7 . 5 V. Ave. High Mean Ave. Lou _ 2 . 5 V. _ Record Lou _ n a 0 Q 0 J 8 i _ u o Q 0 M M o o n o X J L U M l o m m ; ;0 ' ; : •: 9 ' • ’ • P'.'-i "B - 1 m r o o o o o o O1 " ! Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-4 Abu Dhabi 1993 Temperature Range 14 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 2 , 9 9 4 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 Record Hlgh _ Ave. High Mean Ave. Lou Note : T M Y d ata a re for a sin g le Typical M eteorological Year $9760 h o u rs), so u ill not ex actly match 30 Y ear-40 Average N O A A Oat a Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-5 Abu Dhabi 1994 Temperature Range Station: AbuDhabi U A E 2 9 9 5 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 LEGEND: Record High. 97 .5 V . Ave. High I Mean Ave. Lou _ 2.5 y . „ Record Lou _ Note : T M Y data a re for a sin g le Typical M eteorological - 3 0 Year (9760 h o u rs), so u ill not e x actly match 30 Year -40 Average N O A A Data Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-6 Abu Dhabi 1995 Temperature Range 15 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 2,9 9 6 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation! 27 LEGEND: Record H igh _ 97.5 X _ Ave. H igh _ Mean Ave. Lou 2.5 X Record Lou I Note : T M Y data a re for a sin g le Typical M eteorological Year (8760 h o u rs), so u ill not ex actly match 30 Year — 40 Average N O A A Data Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-7 Abu Dhabi 1996 Temperature Range Station: AbuDhabi UAE 2 9 9 7 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: LEGEND: Record H igh _ 97.5 * Ave. High Mean Ave. Lou 2 .5 y. Record Lou _ 1 1 Note : T M Y d ata a re for a sin g le Typical M eteorological — 30 Year (@760 h o u rs), so u ill not ex actly match 30 Year — 4Q Average N O A A Data Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-8 Abu Dhabi 1997 Temperature Range 16 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 2,9 9 B Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 LEGEND: Record High_ 0 97.5 'A Ave. High Mean Ave. Low 2 .5 V . Record Low N o te : T M Y data are for a single Typical M eteorological -30 Y ear < 07 6 0 hours), s o uill n o t exactly m a tc h 30 Y ear -40 A verag e N O A A O a ta Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-9 Abu Dhabi 1998 Temperature Range Station: AbuDhabi UAE 1 9 9 9 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 120 no 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 O -10 -20 LEGEND: Record High_ 97 .5 y . Ave. High Mean Ave. Low 2.5 'A Record Low _ I N o te : T M Y data are for a single Typical M eteorological ”30 Y ear < 0 7 6 0 hours), s o uill n o t exactly m a tc h 30 Y ear -40 A verag e N O A A D a ta Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Figure 2-10 Abu Dhabi 1999 Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperature Range 17 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3.1.2 Temperature + Relative Humidity A typical day for Abu Dhabi with dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity level can be plotted using Climate Consultant. (See figures 2-11 through 2-19) The same three temperature groups (discussed in section 2.3.1.1) can be noticed here also with a high humidity level all through the year with a RH difference that can reach 40% sometimes between day and night. S t a t i o n : A buD habi UAE 1 9 9 1 L o n g i tu d e : 5 4 L a t i t u d e : 2 4 E l e v a t i o n : R; ,4 > H ar too 80 G O 4 1 1 1 20 'iV ' -° Q V O'-o 40 20 looo$0 f < >• Ho y a m 3 .2 ? € > 20 84 O 4 8 18 IA 80 24 C > 4 8 13 IB 20 84 .,,„a 'OOo 'OQOi -'•'yl' 'v v I I I W i 0 0 ' y .......... .3 0 0 80 A C ; 40 80 o ! ! ! ! 0 o t s m * ■ ' < v i l p l ■ 0 * ..K A O 40 80 'DO, i”iy- p i m o too 80 80 40 20 1. 00 oo 80 40 80 o o o ' m m * ‘ ( ■ ■ o b SS| 0 O 4 8 18 1 4 80 84 O 4 8 1 8 18 80 84 O 4 # 18 1 8 80 84 'a n p e r a t u r e , " F : ooaoo R e l a t i v e Hun i d i tvs, X : C o n to r t Z o n e : Figure 2-11 Abu Dhabi 1991 Temperature + Relative Humidity 18 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: Al-Ain UAE 1 9 9 5 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 m O i r 6' 40 20 Feb Har T" I &00 ! .....? -----T —: ~ ~ 7 ......1 ...— r ---------- : — r—" I I o o 0| .0 (O > . : > U O o o , v r ' M , , £ ..onao»° 6r*'S«* t 40 80 40 20 1 .0 "' B i SO 40 20 O 4 8 12 IS 20 24 O 4 - B 1 2 I B 20 24 0 4 8 1 .2 16 20 24 Opr' Hag .................« 0 O ° ° r . ................................ .......................... ■ P - - r i i . ! > * * |........ } ....... i... : . 7 : > * [ 1 C ; i O ,. .. . ...r .. 60 40 20 ’ ° ” 0 t* N o O o, i * .............- a * * ' O (3 ' I 3 20 0 0 Q' 0 0 '■-OCX 0 ■ - 0 ° 1 2 1 :6 20 24 O 4 8 1 .2 16 20 24 O 4 8 12 1.6 20 24 1 0 0 f _ AOO 3 * 3 H P /I© 6 * 40 30 7°‘ 1 2n ~ 2f ’ Bsr a too so 0 60 • 0. . . . ■ • • 'O ',0^ 20 . . . . > ■ * < ' r—TT 1W » '»o0I 1 ?,. : 0 % O 4 8 12 I S 20 34 O 4 8 12 IS 20 24 Q 4 a 12 16 80 24 Dee tO O r Oct H op i i i i **>0 i r t 7.........\..........r i i * 1 InO^^n I : i 5 w la a«„s 4 ucs'' * * * ' I Q O O ljC i • i ■ ■ $ O^0( 4 * 20 ; 0O o 0" 2 * o - i 0 ,2 .0 ■ * 0 0 40 20 O 4 8 1 .2 1 .6 20 24 O 4 B 18 .1 6 20 24 O 4 B .1 .2 IS 20 84 Tenperature,' F : ooooo Relative Hunidity , ’ A : o o o o o Confort Zone : : C x'S , Figure 2-12 Abu Dhabi 1992 Temperature + Relative Humidity Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 1 9 9 3 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 -JJan Fes!:? lia r ' ™ f |..........|..........[..........{ .........]...........| iO O [.........!.........j......... i.........;.........I......... I t o n [.........1 .........;.........( T T 81 < * ■ > ~ ' I , , Q rK < « n < v • >‘oW2" i(, ' u" 6 , 00060°' ?"»CA 4-0 20 40 20 40 20 0 I' 0 ,- i . - o O 4 B I B I B 20 24 O 4 IB 20 24 O 4 8 ,1 .2 IS 20 24 xor °oQ 100 S O 40 20 20 24 8 4 8 .1 .2 10 80 24 Sep X k S i S U ? 40 80 o ^ | o 40 o 0 ! {> o o o A ....or O 0 : : 0 o 8 1 ...... | | . 1 ....... i O 4 8 12 IS 80 24 O 4 8 12 10 80 24 0 4 8 12 10 20 24 Oe 5 : Nay Dee lOO , oon U flU O «O y lOO 80 S O 40 20 O jf-ix^o ' > * * * < * # < * € - S O 40 20 4-0 20 T ' O 4 a 12 IS 20 24 0 4 8 12 IS 80 24 0 4 8 12 f.S 80 24 Tenperature, * F : ooooo Relat iue Hun id i ty , X : ^ o & o x Confort Figure 2-13 Abu Dhabi 1993 Temperature + Relative Humidity 20 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 1 . 9 9 4 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 Own 100{---- j 1 ---- i --- & a&o&a 4 0 a o — r- 1 j - 1 -0 0 p °?Q0 Feb H a?" } ;iO O ; ----- ; ----- 1 -----r--- j { i. 1 40 nooi S c a 4 8 . 4 '. aaw *.r 40 20 '< i - * a a a o 'o 't j « ‘ ’ \ ........... 0 ; i " :0 i .1 .0 ! 4 B .10 16 20 04 0 4 8 1.2 IS 20 24 O Opr Hay I af000{°0„ 1 .8 IS 20 24 .1.00 8 1 V J ' } 80 rM % 40 :coo ’ • ■ 60 40 80 ---- o o a 1 Q ’ •>0 0 < < : > . . . O o - . 1.00 Jun “0*0, S O 40 20 4 8 12 IS 20 24 0 4 8 12 IS 20 24 O 4 8 12 IS 20 24 iOO 80 Bi 40 20 j— r ^ f —r—i : i Q i ! i O n ft* * * . : mo of ! i r^ a. 0o$000^ I O O f > < & Q - ,D»“ too 8 3 40 20 w X O O f- S i , t ) P C W # - ' A Gif 4 0 | I... i o f — r I , .„t00s* f J - 4 8 .1 2 18 20 24 0 Oel. t.G 20 24 ,oo$l 80 80 80 40 40 20 80 24 O 4. B 12 IS 20 24 OOtoo'.. r »f 40 20 O Q O f i s ° \ = ! * .w >p K f < * n ij a tu re,"F :ooooo R elative H unidity,^: Contort Figure 2-14 Abu Dhabi 1994 Temperature + Relative Humidity 21 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1995 54 L a tit Eli Stat ion: 27 Mar 100 J L O 0 'W c ' v i> °QO g { i iiooy 40 40 20 20 20 O 4 a . 1.2 1.0 20 24 I f 60 40 20 20 io o 40 20 20 20 24 n 24 O 1.00 80 ' • 60 80 60 60 40 40 40 20 20 20 .1 8 .1 6 80 84 O .12 .1 6 20 2 4 18 24 O 4 B 4 la t i Hunidity,2 jooooo Figure 2-15 Abu Dhabi 1995 Temperature + Relative Humidity 22 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE X 9 9 6 Longitude! 54 Latitude! 24 Elevation: 27 100 r T " . Si Si 4 0.... **0' Oq4 ■ r v O - * □o-nsf^ f * tK ,r s4 30 40 20 O 4 8 .12 IS 20 24 O 4 S Opr & 0°0(P Q q j j .1 .0 .0 r eo so W s !$ * 0 SO ( • 1.00 1 4 1 ■ y nSain-, IS 20 24 O 4 8 .1 .8 .16 80 84 030$ . 1 ,Jun ^9?3*n.Q . ¥o U Q r 'l r r - r «or ? Q Q r O 4 8 12 oo°°8% 1 M SI 40 20 24 O 4 8 18 .16 20 84 J® od, O n V 'M O 0 € 40 20 i c So 40 20 O ofooo0 , V 0 4 a 1 .2 IS 20 24 O 4 Oc I : : ! .€ ' " S * 20 i e o I™***. 0 , 4 , , > 0 0 C ,< ° o ° o . 5.9 C lh n .. l : |S S S o 1 O o * > | 12 H ow Or, ^./.,.v.,.y.l..,.,.v.,v) 8 12 i.S 20 24 Dec floo& 0"-'-Tv- v-T'v’ vT > T T 80 O 4 8 .1 2 1.6 80 24 0 4 8 1 .8 18 20 84 0 4 8 .18 l.S 80 24 T enperature / F : ooooo R elative Huniditg , m A :o o o o v ;< Confort Zone: Figure 2-16 Abu Dhabi 1996 Temperature + Relative Humidity 23 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: flbuDhabi UAE 1 9 9 7 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 J.O O 40 00 { ' " r r i ? T F O O .s H a?" l.oo r r i -T " " — r i 100 i -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -? — - " “ t r~ ~r —i f - ,0 ^ 0 > « < ~ v< 3 f w C V v ( * . C - » ^,,1 n0 - - • j-• o 0 ^ o . , o . 40 20 40 ■ : > o° O 4 8 12 1 .0 80 24 O 4 8 1 2 1 .0 80 24 O 4 B .1 .8 IS 20 84 .,0 00 0*1 ftp r 5 f O o n 40 80 .l.C " l : i Hay ......™ . W . « , . . . . ft ; f °Q T Q o . °f°«oA 4 2 0 j - 4IJ 20 O 4 8 12 IS 20 24 O 4 O 12 IS 20 24 0 4 8 12 IS 80 24 oSn Ju 1 1D O (— * © n r ” " 'i - 100 r r u°0 H fO o A u-g aiisiae 40 20 iOf f'M S C 4C 80 °*l .u°°l —-p,7,s1- “I u r> c C . „°°T |* * °ia 00lr i 100! -----r 0 6 1 1 a 40 ■ : > < > ■ 20 00, 7 Oc 1 . j^ n r c r 4 O 4 a 1 .2 IS 20 24 O 4 B 1 2 I B 2 0 24 Hov D ec: 1.00 ao so 40 80 '0°°< IfW d ' : r O: 0 1 5 f o lOO H O S O 40 20 > E >w „ , o o o A , o ° 9 0 & t t 9 " c o CA O 4 O .1 .2 18 80 2 4 O 4 8 1 .8 .1 .8 80 84 O 4 B .12 l.S 20 84 Temperature j " F : ooooo Relat ive Humidity : o o o o o Comfort Zone : Figure 2-17 Abu Dhabi 1997 Temperature + Relative Humidity 24 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 1998 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 •il-ao Feb Her too* r 8 1 Q & O 0 "i 1 i r 500«»D-i> * or J g r i u t i c t a “ * t li 0 40 40 40 ae 20 o 4 e t a i s 2 0 2 4 a 4 a m m 20 2 4 o 4 s 1.2 .is 2 0 2 4 Apr .1.0 % 1.00 [ I I |: : ■ ; ’° 4 ~ ~ ” 6 < 60 40 a o 40 a o o 0 Q “ » 0< ta n # * * ’ ' ’ - f t '1 <3< a ' , 1 r j O : • • . i"! o°°4S»n |g g j, 80 |$?§^ 4 ™ , ! T i Q 4 T ' U'V! 40 20 ............P ....... | ............ ............ C ; ’ f.F> O 4 8 12 16 20 24 O 4 8 .1 .2 16 20 24 O 4 8 1.2 18 20 24 30*1 lOO i ” ! ' o?' S i 40 20 IOC € 40 O * 0 1 20 40 20 O c : I 3 5rarer* eo i i « 6i 4 1 . 20 e<i 1 - 4 4 8 - 12 .IS 20 24 O Hoe —j------- p ...~ - h--------1 -------T-------1 i o o r 0(P ii^0 0 ^On i l l : 2 . "■ l l l l 12 16 30 24 Dee i Im & M C Q o 60 40 20 60 40 20 . O 4 e .1 .2 I S 20 24 O 4 S 1 .2 .IS 20 24 O 4 & 1 2 .1 .6 20 24 T enperature / F ! ooaoo R elative Hun id i t , ' A :ooooo Confort Zone : Figure 2-18 Abu Dhabi 1998 Temperature + Relative Humidity 25 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1999 Longiti 54 Lat i Stat ion: El 27 .1.00 r 80 o s o « 40 40 40 20 20 20 1.00 80 .. .1.00 eo so 40 40 20 20 20 04 O 4 e 1 2 m 80 24 iOO lOO O o o $ 40 40 40 80 20 20 too 80 80 SO • 1 -'w © 4 - 0 .. eo eo 40 40 40 20 20 80 18 .15 20 24 O 4 B la t i Hunidity^X: > ! o Figure 2-19 Abu Dhabi 1999 Temperature + Relative Humidity 26 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3.1.3 Wind Velocity Range The wind velocity range for Abu Dhabi can be plotted using Climate Consultant. (See Figures 2-20 through 2-28) The wind low and high average velocities for all the years showed a very similar pattern that ranged from 2.5 to 15 mph. In addition, there was an irregular pattern of the record high speeds which is most probably caused by occasional storms. Station: AbuDhabi UAE ^ 9 9 1 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation 60 L E G E N DL Record High _ o Aue, High Mean _ ® Ave. Low _ Record Low _ 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 0 0 O 0 0 0 Q 0 o Q O 1 1 - ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ft-- Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Now Dec Annual Figure 2-20 Abu Dhabi 1991 Wind Velocity Range 27 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi U A E 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 1 9 9 2 Longitude: 54 Latitude; 24 Elevation: L E Q E N Dl _ Record High _ _ o Ave . High Mean Ave . Low _ l ll ll i Record Low _ _ 15 10 0 o a o O 0 ■ 0 ■ 0 0 0 Q _ ■ L ■ _ 1 ... .0 ... . . o .. J...o j ... a....L .° . . L o ..... 0 .. Q . 0 . a .. 0 ... 1 Q Station: AbuDhabi L E O E N D l Record High _ Ave. High _. Mean _ * Ave. Lou _ I Record Low _ Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-21 Abu Dhabi 1992 Wind Velocity Range UAE 1 9 9 3 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 lO 5 0 u 0 o 0 0 ■ m ■ _ _ 0 1 [WL t I Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-22 Abu Dhabi 1993 Wind Velocity Range 28 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi U A E 2 ,9 9 4 Longitude: 5 4 Latitude: 2 4 Elevation: 2 7 60 5 5 L E G E N DL Record High _ Ave. High _. Mean _ I Ave. Lou _ | Record Lou _ 5 0 4 5 4 0 3 5 3 0 2 5 20 1 5 lO 5 O o 0 0 D o 0 G o o D o ■ ■ ■ I O 1 1 - ... Q ... Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-23 Abu Dhabi 1994 Wind Velocity Range Station: AbuDhabi UAE 2 , 9 9 5 Longitude: 5 4 Latitude: 2 4 Elevation: 2 7 L E G E N D L . Record High _ | Ave. High __ Mean _ " Ave. Lou _ I Record Lou _ 6 0 5 5 5 0 4 5 4 0 3 5 3 0 2 5 20 1 5 lO 5 0 O a 0 a o 0 o o 0 o 0 o m _ J L ■ ■ ■ o 1 I ....a.... ... a...1 ...a...1 ....a....!...a_1 ....o...1 ... a— 1...a...1 ....a...L ...a...1 ... . a...1 __a_1 ....a...1 Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-24 Abu Dhabi 1995 Wind Velocity Range 29 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi L E G E N DL Record High _ Awe. High Mean _ * Ave. Low _ I Record Low _ UAE 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 9 9 6 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 o o o 0 0 o o H I ___a_ _ Jatrt ¥ _ ■ o ■ ■ ■ 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Now Dec Figure 2-25 Abu Dhabi 1996 Wind Velocity Range Station: AbuDhabi U A E 2,9 9 7 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation 60 L E G E N DL Record High _ o Ave. High Mean _ ® Awe. Low _ H Record Low _ _ 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 1 0 5 O — o 0 o 0 0 0 ■ O'"" ■ _ o o I 1 .... a..... ■ I B B | | | | | | | | I I I i l l l B B I | | l l | I I I Q. L jQ 1 Q [ fl I Q. [ J3 I Q 1 a L Q i CL L Q 1 CL. I Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Now Dec Annual Figure 2-26 Abu Dhabi 1997 Wind Velocity Range 30 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 2 , 9 9 8 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation 60 L E G E N DL Record High _ _ Ave. High _. Mean _ I Ave. Lou _ _ I Record Low _ _ 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 lO 5 O ----- ------ 0 □ G o D G 0 o u 0 _ ■ _ — ■ ■ o o D ■ ■■■■■■■MU Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Now Dec Annual Figure 2-27 Abu Dhabi 1998 Wind Velocity Range S tation: AbuDhabi U A E 2 9 9 9 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 L E G E N D L _ Record High _ Ave. High Mean _ * Ave. Lou _I Record Lou _ 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 o D o o o o o D o ■ ■ _ i ■ I I Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-28 Abu Dhabi 1999 Wind Velocity Range .0 1 .... Annua1 31 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3.1.4 Bioclimatic Timetable The bioclimatic timetable for Abu Dhabi can be plotted using Climate Consultant. (See Figures 2-29 through 2-37) According to the following charts, there are three categories of months: • 1st Category from October 15 through March 15: The day and night is in the comfortable temperature range. • 2n d Category from March 15 through June 15 and from September 15 through November 15: The nigh only is in the comfortable temperature range. • 3rd Category from June 15 through September 15: The overheated period lasts 24 hour. Station: AbuDhabi UAE X 9 X Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Eleuation! 27 li. 1 ...... ...... ■ ■■■ ....... Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-29 Abu Dhabi 1991 Bioclimatic Timetable 32 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE X y y 2 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: !... E G E N D : : HO T > 8 0 ° *f C O M F O R T A B LE ■ : 6 8 - 8 0 ° * F C O O L 3 2 - 6 7 ® * F m U * k% **t ■ f t mm a * ||jg i C O L D < 3 3 ® *F i S u n r i s t a / S u n s e t Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-30 Abu Dhabi 1992 Bioclimatic Timetable Station: AbuDhabi U A E X 9 9 3 Longitude! 54 LEGEND: i f : HOT > 8 0 * *F C O M F O R T A B LE ■ ; 6 8 - 8 0 * * F C O O L 3 2 - 6 7 ® * F C O LD < 3 3 * *F Hf S u n r i s e / S unss-e t i t I *............ «H U * 4 « m * $ W n m , # : ....... A * * * * * * I.■ » » . ■ « ! Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-31 Abu Dhabi 1993 Bioclimatic Timetable 33 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE X9 9 4 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 L E G E N D : M l HOT > 8 0 ° *F C O M F O R T A B LE ■ : 6 8 - 8 0 * * F C O O L 3 2 - 6 7 * * F C O LD < 3 3 ® *F 1S u n r i &- e /S u n s a t Mm 4 — < ■ 12 p .n Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-32 Abu Dhabi 1994 Bioclimatic Timetable Station: AbuDhabi U A E 2,9 9 5 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 LEGEND: H : H 0 T > 8 0 * *F C O M F O R T A B LE ■ ; 6 8 - 8 0 * * F C O O L 3 2 - 6 7 * * F C O LD < 3 3 * *F S u n r i s e / S u n s e t I a s a am I** JS B HI ....... i - < ---- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-33 Abu Dhabi 1995 Bioclimatic Timetable 34 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 1 § 9 6 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: L E O E N D : H : H U T > 8 0 ° *F ... ....... m m i W & M M iS S t t l i i # M * 4 4 4 saw s m W t#N C O LD < 3 3 * F g f r r t> « i » . » » ■ ■ ■ ....... 27 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-34 Abu Dhabi 1996 Bioclimatic Timetable 27 l e g e n d : g:HOT > 8 0 ° *F C O M F O R T A B LE ■ : 6 8 - 8 0 * * F C O O L 3 2 - 6 7 * * F C O LD < 3 3 ° *F H S u n r i s o / S u n s e t s* * + n * u ra tff* «UM. tftiM » d a - f e f c iU M m mx< «t Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-35 Abu Dhabi 1997 Bioclimatic Timetable 35 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 27 LEGEND; HSHOT >00® *F CO M FO R T A B L E | ; 6 8 - 8 0 ® * F C O O L 3 2 - 6 7 * * F C O LD < 3 3 ® *F 5 urs r i s e / S u n s s t 111 ...... . ....... ..... •thru lilll 1 1 1 --- ---- ■ --- IM itlll I W m M - . IIIII W V . « t < n l l i R W i m i m W M M f M k w s m m wmi t f f p s & i s s s s M i l l » *-m itn Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-36 Abu Dhabi 1998 Bioclimatic Timetable S tation: AbuDhabi U A E 2 , 9 9 9 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 0 27 LEGEND: H : hot >eo® C O M F O R T A B LE ■ ;68-80**F C O O L 3 2 — 6 7 * * F C O L D < 3 3 ® S u n r i s e / S u n s - e t P Illl ■ M W I. i t> 4 i t ....... I muU m lU xtH i Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-37 Abu Dhabi 1999 Bioclimatic Timetable 36 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3.1.5 Psychrometric Chart The Psychrometric chart for Abu Dhabi can be plotted using Climate Consultant. (See Figures 2-38 through 2-46) There is almost a 20'F difference in dry-bulb temperature between day and night. In summer, the change in absolute humidity values was greater than the other seasons while in winter only a change in relative humidity appeared with a constant absolute humidity value. The charts suggest that the effective strategy would be ventilation (zone 6) coupled with high mass and night ventilation (zone 7&8), all under sun shading (zone 5). Furthermore, there are some months (like July and August) that are too hot and humid for such strategies to work successfully S tation: AbuDhabi U A E 2 , 9 9 1 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 I E ffe ctiv e design strategies I Now reconnanding fo r: Annual X OF YR. ANALYSED: lOOX 1 Cowfort Conditions 2 In ternal Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Sun Shad: 6 U entilat: 7 High M as* 8 High M ass 9 H unidifit MET-BULB TEM PERATURE lO O REALATIUE HUMIDITY l O O V . 80 y . 60* 0.020 O.025 B S L U T N O W ANALYSING: Dec 31 0.015 E H 0.010 U M D 0.005 T Y 20 80 DEG. F O . OOO DRY-BULB TEM PERATURE Figure 2-38 Abu Dhabi 1991 Psychrometric Chart 37 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 1 9 9 2 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 E ffe ctiv e design strategies Nou recohnanding fo r: Annual 1 Confort Conditions 2 In ternal Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Sun Shading 6 U en tilation 7 High Hass 8 High Mass u / Night Uent. 9 H unidification N O N ANALYSING: Dec 31 X O F YR. analysed: io o x. REALATIUE HUMIDITY IOOX 80X 6Q X MET-BULB TEM PERATURE 40X 0.015 40 60 80 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F 0.000 Figure 2-39 Abu Dhabi 1992 Psychrometric Chart S tation: AbuDhabi U A E ^ 9 9 3 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 E ffe ctiv e design strategies Now reconnanding fo r: Annual 1 Confort Conditions 2 In tern al Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Sun Shading 6 U entilation 7 High Mass 8 High Mass w/ Night Uent. 9 H unidification N O N ANALYSING: Dec 31 X OF YR. analysed: io o x. REALATIUE HUMIDITY IOOX 80X 60X MET-BULB TEM PERATURE 40X DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F Figure 2-40 Abu Dhabi 1993 Psychrometric Chart 38 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 1 9 9 4 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 E ffe ctiv e design strategies Now reconnanding fo r: Annual 1 Confort Conditions 2 In tern al Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Sun Shading 6 U entilation 7 High Mass 8 High Mass w/ Night Uent. 9 H unidification N O H ANALYSING X O F YR. ANALYSED: IOOX. REALATIUE HUMIDITY IOOX SO X SO X MET-BULB TEM PERATURE 40X DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F Figure 2-41 Abu Dhabi 1994 Psychrometric Chart Station: AbuDhabi U A E 1 9 9 5 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 E ffective design strategies Now reconnanding fo r: Annual 1 Confort Conditions 2 In tern al Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Sun Shading 6 U entilation 7 High Mass 8 High Mass u / Night Uent. 9 H unidification N O H ANALYSING: Dec 31 X O F YR. ANALYSED: IOOX. REALATIUE HUMIDITY IOOX 80X G O X NET-BULB TEM PERATURE 4QX SL20X 0.025 0.015 0.010 40 60 80 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F Figure 2-42 Abu Dhabi 1995 Psychrometric Chart 0.000 39 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 1 9 9 6 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 E ffe ctiv e design strategies Nou reconnanding fo r: Annual 1 Confort Conditions 2 In ternal Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Sun Shading 6 U en tilation 7 High Mass 8 High Mass w/ Night Uent. 9 H unidification N O H ANALYSING: Dec 31 X OF YR. ANALYSED: IOOX. REALATIUE HUMIDITY IOOX 80X 60X HET-BULB TEM PERATURE 4QX O .015 0.005 0.000 E ffe ctiv e design strategies Now reconnanding fo r: Annual 1 Confort Conditions 2 In tern al Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Sun Shading 6 U en tilation 7 High Mass 8 High Mass u / Night Uent. 9 H unidification N O H ANALYSING: Dec 31 X O F YR. ANALYSED: IOOX. REALATIUE HUMIDITY IOOX 80X 60 X HET-BULB TEM PERATURE 4QX 5 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F Figure 2-43 Abu Dhabi 1996 Psychrometric Chart Station: AbuDhabi UAE 1 9 9 7 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 0.000 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F Figure 2-44 Abu Dhabi 1997 Psychrometric Chart 40 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: AbuDhabi UAE 1 9 9 3 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 E ffe ctiv e design strategies N o v # recoimand i ng f o r : Annua 1 1 Confort Conditions 2 In tern al Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Sun Shading 6 U en tilation 7 High Mass 8 High Mass w/ Night Uent. X O F YR. ANALYSED: IOOX. REALATIUE HUMIDITY IOOX SO X 60X 40X HET-BULB TEM PERATURE H unidification N O H ANALYSING: Dec 31 0.015 40 60 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, Figure 2-45 Abu Dhabi 1998 Psychrometric Chart Station: AbuDhabi U A E X 9 9 9 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 Effective design strategies Nov reconnanding for: Annual Confort Conditions Internal Gains Passive Solar Active Solar Conventional Heating Sun Shading Uent ila t ion High Mass High Mass w X Night Uent. lO Hunidification N O H ANALYSING: Dec 31 X O F YR. ANALYSED: IOOX. REALATIUE HUMIDITY IOOX 80X 60X M ET-BULB TE M P E R A TU R E 40X DRY-BULB TEM PERA TU R E, DEG. F ioo o •ooo Figure 2-46 Abu Dhabi 1999 Psychrometric Chart 41 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3.2 City of Al-Ain 2.3.2.1 Temperature Range The temperature range for Al-Ain can be plotted using Climate Consultant. (See Figures 2-47 through 2-52) In summary, the year can be classified into three main groups: • Group 1: The hottest months, May, June, July, August and September where the temperature mean value exceeded the comfort zone range. • Group 2: The Moderate months from November through March that showed moderate temperatures plotted around the human comfort zone. • Group 3: April and October, which were the transmission months to and from the hot 5 months mentioned in group 1. S tation: Al-Ain UAE 1 ,9 9 5 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 120 H O lOO 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 20 lO O -10 Note i ”2 0 T M Y data are for a single Typical Meteorological “3 0 Year (8760 hours), so will not e x a c tly match 30 Year - 4 0 Average N O A A Oata LEGEND: R e co r d H ig h _ 9 7 .5 V . _ A v e . H igh _ Mean _ A v e . Low _ 2 . 5 'A _ R ec o r d Low _ Q O ■ : '0 : - O •: O ' 1 O 0 •: • O r • • . d-; 0 O 0 0 m O ■ US ■ ■ '0'' • . -Q - . • 0 O O 0 J J a n F eb Mar Apr Mag Jun J u l Aug S ep O ct Nov D ec A nnual Figure 2-47 Al-Ain 1995 Temperature Range 42 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: Al-Ain UAE ^ Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 120 110 lOO 9 0 8 0 7 0 6 0 5 0 4 0 3 0 20 lO 1 I -io j Note : - 2 0 I T M Y data a re for a sin g le j j Typical M eteorological “ 3 0 I Year (S760 hours),, so u ill I not e x actly match 30 Y ear-40 I Average N O A A Data LEGEND: Record High_ 3 7 . 5 y. _ Ave. High _ Mean Ave. Lou 2.5 'A Record Lou B o 0 o 0 0 o n 0 0 ■ ----- o ----- ----- Q— o Q o o ", y o o 0 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-48 Al-Ain 1996 Temperature Range Station: Al-Ain UAE 2 ,9 9 7 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 LEGEND: Record H igh „ 97.5 'A Ave. High Mean Ave. Lou 2.5 'A Record Lou _ I I Note : T M Y d ata a re for a sin g le Typical M eteorological “30 Year (.B760 hours),, so u ill not e x actly match 30 Year -40 Average N O A A Data I Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-49 Al-Ain 1997 Temperature Range 43 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: Al-Ain UAE ^ , 9 9 8 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 R ec o r d Lou _ 0 0 -lO ] Note : ”-!U I T M Y data are for a single _ _ \ Typical Meteorological — 3 0 j I Year <8760 hours), so uill I not exactly match 30 Year — 4 0 ' ---------'---------'---------'---------'---------* ---------' ---------* ---------’ ---------* ---------* ---------'---------'---’ ---------- I Average N O A A Data Jan F eb lia r Apr May Jun J u l Aug S ep O ct Nov D ec A nnual Figure 2-50 Al-Ain 1998 Temperature Range S t a t i o n : A l-A in UAE L o n g itu d e : 5 5 L a t it u d e : 2 4 E l e v a t i o n : 2 6 2 R ec o rd Lou _ 0 O -lO Note : " ’‘au T M Y data are for a single ___ Typical Meteorological -3 0 Year C @ 7 6 Q hours), so uill not exactly match 30 Year — 4 0 ............... -.................. '......... -............ t................... L...-...-..... J ,......-...J --------- L .....— ... Average N O A A Data Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun J u l Aug S ep O ct Nov D ec A nnual Figure 2-51 Al-Ain 1999 Temperature Range 44 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3.2.2 Temperature + Relative Humidity A typical day for Al-Ain with dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity level can be plotted using Climate Consultant. (See figures 2-52 through 2-56) The same three temperature groups (discussed in section 2.3.2.1) can be noticed here also with a high humidity level (sometimes 80%) from November through May. On the contrary, the relative humidity percentages drop to 20% in April through October during the night and about 45% during the day. S t a t i o n : A l-A in UAE ] | _ 5 9 5 L o n g itu d e : 59 L a t i t u d e : 24 E l e v a t i o n : 262 O 4 * 2 1 6 2 8 2 4 0 4 8 1 2 1 8 2 0 2 4 O 4 < •> 1 8 1.0 2 0 8 4 .... 48 28 I I ty 4 S £ 2 .18 2 0 2 4 * °°o, 00 , m m f | 8 £ 3 O -< 3 . .... : -vcs T °n 4o 8 4 0 12. .14 8 0 S l « o o c ^ a ... 8 4 8 1 2 .SO 8 8 2 4 O 4 B 1 2 1 8 2 8 2 4 O 4 8 1 2 1.0 2 0 2 4 T e n p e r a tu r e , ' F : ooooo R e l a t i v e H unidity,V J:c'oc.^ C o n fo rt Z o n e : Figure 2-52 Al-Ain 1995 Temperature + Humidity Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: Al-Ain UAE 1 9 9 6 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 Jan Feb Har 1 .00 ;....... e 4 0 .... 20 °& Q) Q * t> C O Q Q Q - * , u*vdr 40 20 lOO 80 40 20 ass* ■ S if c H i i 4 8 .1 .2 1.0 20 24 0 4 8 .1 .2 1 .6 80 24 0 4 8 12 .1 .6 20 24 Opr 60 r 40 ( - no ! ■ j | 1 o te z z w & z ; w a ^ |p :;:v :v :; p Q Q C * 3 Q n °o O n fjO O i i 1 < 1 O < a£°S.™a„ “°D J °«i4 00’t : j ?c°<4 40 ao V ,0°^' '°00i 0o D ^ 20 O 4 S 3 12 16 20 24 O 4 B .1 .2 16 20 24 O 4 8 1 .2 16 20 24 qW “ O T O q (,ooi °00$ | j nD " ’ o, & o .u » r ‘V > o W Q *o„ is< p 40 20 100 80 SO 40 40 f \ 20 I < : >c° ,, A .b > o SO 40 20 o r Q i < > 2°"" 4 8 12 IS 80 24 Oe X , 4 8 12 16 80 24 O 4 8 12 IS 20 84 Hm? I ? * * c o * o 0Q O t3 Q o °d > 0 o ,« j j 'S S ^ v T v 8.> °f ..< : " C r iod'efffS ' ] m O O ® O n I ^ . * ® va * > a S 3 - « J > 40 80 x ri j i " 0 1 » .. 0 4 8 18 16 20 24 0 4 0 1 2 . IS 20 24 8 4 8 .1 .2 16 20 24 Tenperature, ' F : ooooo Relat ive Hunidity,X sooooo Confort Zone : V Figure 2-53 Al-Ain 1996 Temperature + Humidity 46 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: Al-Ain UAE 2 , 9 9 7 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 Jan F liar U 0 o t i> r .s o' 40 j - 2 0 r- ■ < ............• ! 1 0 0 r S I D ° 0j « 6 1 40 20 4 a .1 .2 .1 .6 20 Opr 12 1 .6 20 24 Hay -oO nO n ^fs ! «I 12 16 20 24 0* s t,0 SO fv 2 v !v f\v ^ - •a 4-0 j — ......I- - - - - 0oo<foo0 V .V .r.1 \ w m 4U 20 0 ° ’00(5 : O Cf too oa | :rrrfr?r-f^4 80 6 0 40 20 .............. = 3 0 o f ' ............ X1.„............................ : £F v : 1 D 0 c n i [ ° ° 5 ) ~~~ z z Z Z j o _ O 4 8 12 16 20 24 O 4 8 .1 2 .1 .8 20 24 O 4 8 .1 2 18 20 24 obWoq _ Q o P m p Q ^ no S ^ n « o a 6 T 100 r 7 „ o 1 € 4 0 r O O r D : Q 20 - * 40 20 100 r S O 40 20 O : T oo i DO ok. o O fl, ° O O O 4 e 12 16 20 24 O 4 8 12 1 6 20 24 O 4 8 12 1.6 20 24 net: M o * r Dee It oWfoon o °o 4 U f c * < * '•••'I < > o “O ao O 4 8 13 IS 20 34 O 4 II 1 .2 16 20 24 O 4 8 .1 2 IS 20 Tertperature j F:aoaoo Relative Hunidity//. ;ooooo Confort Zone: 7; Figure 2-54 Al-Ain 1997 Temperature + Humidity 47 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: Al-Ain UAE 1 9 9 8 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 Oar* Fct» Har lOO r- Bi*t noo^rcr0 40 «A * rr | ! I \0o®9Qo0 \ i tftA-/- rr*r^~ ,,,<gk < ,< Vwry^ .Q j£ L 0 # 7 j.£ ^ ^ ✓ Q O C s ^ 0 40 ■ 20 • vo.no Jafc&v* 40 20 0 4 0 .1 .2 16 20 24 0 4 0 12 .1 .0 20 24 0 4 B 12 .1 .0 20 24 Apr _ „ 8 a » & L .. . 1 .0 0 80 40 20 ;P x > : a a iv iv F X j0°0‘ y° % _ _ _1 . ...... w $ l 0 ° * ; C K .-l A Q o ... j } ? ? M i nO s Qaa° n Q D '^ O tirt 40 20 100 80 60 40 ?.Q q . O O O T I " O ( j °o Q © 8 12 10 20 24 O 4 O .16 20 24 0 4 8 .1 .2 16 20 t»oo* $ I ^ O O (S ° ^P o 0| . 1 0 0 r I f> O o ® oS^ltn U C 3 { b C o 00 40 20 — * * ' i - -- - -- -- u,- - - - - -l_ „ .— . . . . — 0 a * \ o o o • ::o 1 or-.- 40 c - * ‘ 1«°° . . a 20 " O ■ ( - . f...Sol‘ ,C o ,s . _ £ > , : 'U( 1 O 4 8 12 16 20 24 Oct noflfllton 12 m 20 24 & 4 e 18 16 20 84 Nov Dec O a 6 * $ . 20 . lOO °Pv^ S O .. — .j 80 , D ^ 20 I igOO ( P Q 0 ! l i g i l f l w i i l l p s i ofot 4 ^ o « . f 0 °0| 40 o > o o 1 ! O 4 B 12 16 20 24 O 4 0 12 16 20 84 O 4 B .1 .2 18 80 24 Temperature, * F : ooooo R elative Hunidity:ooo o c Confort Zone : Figure 2-55 Al-Ain 1998 Temperature + Humidity 48 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: A 1 —Ain UAE 1 9 9 9 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 •J a rs F s s S Har ieo < ... a 4 0 .... 20 1.00 eo so 40 40 20 20 24 O 4 a 12 .1 .0 20 24 Opr no°9«fffo a € 40 20 jS B o < 100 K 0i 1 .........I......of"......5 .......ris.........1 ..........1 100 io° T i K l 1 ..............I B ... i ° °«*of x ......: T °O O 0 60 S O - - - - - - - - - O s O ' 0° ' o 0 o1 00“ : O Q ’ ’ J O 4 B 12 IS 20 24 O 4 O .1 .2 .IS 20 24 O 4 8 ,1 .2 IS 80 24 no«flfta0 .a°W «Pon X O Q ? .....> MO r— ! D O q W ? i i i H 1 ; J j : : i j : a 2 5 40 20 nj f ! , 1DO } ------^33 H xx^j™ _p I- !o° I i °*< I ° O o 0 : ]____ _ ; V . ' o o 'o ... - 3 “ . 0 , 0 ° ^! .. 1 i i ° 0 ^ i :oo“ 40 :m o 0 O f - ' ’ v 0 O 4 a 12 16 20 24 0 4 8 12 16 80 24 O 4 0 12 18 20 84 Oct W a v Pec 1.00 ! 1 : .........|..........; .........? ..........|......... 1 0 0 1 iQ0°?OO.S 8 0 Oi* £ * 8 0 S O 60 — .......................................r~ ....... ...... 80 4 0 4 0 ...8 " ..... 4 0 o 8 0 8 0 ’ 1 I i 2 0 O 4 B 1 .2 IS 20 24 O 4 O .1 .2 IS 20 24 O 4 8 .1 .2 IS 20 24 Tenperature, * F : ooooo Relat ive Hunidity : o o o o o Confort Zone : ■ Figure 2-56 Al-Ain 1999 Temperature + Humidity 49 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3.2.3 Wind Velocity Range The wind velocity range for Al-Ain can be plotted using Climate Consultant. (See Figures 2-57 through 2-61) The wind low and high average velocities for all the years showed a very similar pattern that ranged from 2.5 to 18 mph. In addition, there was an irregular pattern of the record high speeds which is most probably caused by storms that is more frequently appearing in the city of Al-Ain. Station: Al-Ain UAE 1 9 9 5 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 60 L E G E N DL Record High _ Ave. High _. Mean _ • Aue. Lou _| Record Lou _ 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 lO 5 O o 0 u 0 o o 0 a 0 D 0 I Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-57 Al-Ain 1995 Wind Velocity Range 50 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: A1 LEGEND Record High Aue. High Mean Ave. Low Record Low Station: A1 (LEGEND | Record High Ave. High Mean Ave. Low Record Low -Ain UAE 19 9 6 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 60 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 lO 5 n 0 D o o o _ o O a i ■ Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Rug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-58 Al-Ain 1996 Wind Velocity Range -Ain UAE 1 9 9 V Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 60 20 15 lO 5 o 0 _____ 1 ° _____ 1 o o 1 o 0 ■ ■ ■ 1 _ M . ■ _ 1 ■ ■ 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 I I Q 1 ......0, I Q L a 1 Q . 1 .....0 .....1 . Q , 1 ......0......L .....Q.....1 ......0._ _1 S3 1 .....X L... Jan Feb Mar Apr Mag Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-59 Al-Ain 1997 Wind Velocity Range 51 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: A1 LEGEND Record High Ave. High Mean i Ave. Low Record Low I Station: A 1 LEGEND Record High Ave. High Mean Awe. Low Record Low -Ain UAE 2 , 9 9 8 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 60 30 25 20 15 lO 5 --------- o 0 0 n O o 0 I ' 0 o _ ■ JL „JL _ £ L . •Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun «Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-60 Al-Ain 1998 Wind Velocity Range 199 9 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 55 35 30 25 20 15 lO 5 o n o n o 1 1 1 o 1 l I Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Figure 2-61 Al-Ain 1999 Wind Velocity Range 52 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3.2.4 Bioclimatic Timetable The bioclimatic timetable for Al-Ain can be plotted using Climate Consultant. (See Figures 2-62 through 2-66) According to the following charts, there are three categories of months: • 1st Category from October 15 through March 15: The day and night is in the comfortable temperature range. • 2n d Category from March 15 through June 15 and from September 15 through November 15: The nigh only is in the comfortable temperature range. • 3rd Category from June 15 through September 15: The overheated period lasts 24 hour. Station: Al-Ain UAE 1 9 9 5 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 - - Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-62 Al-Ain 1995 Bioclimatic Timetable 53 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: Al-Ain L E G E N D: M i HOT > 0 0 * *F CO M FO RTABLE ■ 168-80**F COOL 3 2 — 6 7 ° * F COLD <33° *F W . S u n r i s e / S u n s e t Station: Al-Ain l e g e n d : H S H O T > 8 0 ° *F COM FO RTA BLE ■ :68™80**F COOL 32-67°* F CO LD <33°*F .il S u n r i s e / S u n s e t Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: ? z rr J . S M B M ..... Illl! m fm _ _ I P HUl !§ § » | B m m m . mm 262 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-63 Al-Ain 1996 Bioclimatic Timetable 1997 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: i (tyiiui n, * * ** * ** * ******** t * ww ~+ - M i t i i b t fM iii mmm ....... nu»< M B ' M H Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-64 Al-Ain 1997 Bioclimatic Timetable 54 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: Al-Ain L E O E N l> : nor >so° * f C O M F O R T A B LE ■ 1 6 8 - 8 0 * * F COOL. 3 2 - 6 7 * * F C O L D < 3 3 ° *F it! S' u n r i u n s e t j j \ Station: Al-Ain I I l e g e n d : N : h o t > « o * * f C O M F O R T A B LE ■ 1 6 8 - 8 0 * * F C O O L 3 2 - 6 7 * * F C O LD < 3 3 * *F S u n r i s - e /S u n s e t 1 9 9 8 MiMAi —1— » ■ > » < < > ....... p . n Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Now Dec Figure 2-65 Al-Ain 1998 Bioclimatic Timetable UAE 1 9 9 9 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: It M itiu m f f y T f l I Iff II n in 0 H m ....... 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 2-66 Al-Ain 1999 Bioclimatic Timetable 55 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.3.2.5 Psychrometric Chart The Psychrometric chart for Al-Ain can be plotted using Climate Consultant. (See Figures 2-67 through 2-71) There is almost a 25'F difference in dry-bulb temperature between day and night. In summer, the relative humidity values decreases although the absolute humidity value increases. The charts suggest that the effective strategy would be ventilation (zone 6) coupled with high mass and night ventilation (zone 7&8), all under sun shading (zone 5). Moreover, there are some days that are too hot and dry for such strategies to work successfully. Station: Al-Ain UAE 1 9 9 5 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 E ffe ctiv e design strategies N ow reconnanding fo r: Annual 1 Confort Conditions 2 In ternal Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Sun Shading 6 U entilation V High Mass 8 High Mass w/ Night Uent. 9 H unidification N O N ANALYSING: Dec 31 20 V, O F YR. ANALYSED: 100H. REALATIUE HUMIDITY 100X 80X SO X NET-BULB TEM PERATURE 40X 20 X 0.005 40 60 80 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F Figure 2-67 Al-Ain 1995 Psychrometric Chart too 56 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. tat ion: Al-Ain UAE ^ 9 9 6 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 E ffective design strategies N ow reconnanding for: Annual X Confort Conditions 2 In ternal Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Sun Shading 6 U entilation 7 High Hass 8 High Hass w/ Night Uent. 9 Hunidification N O N ANALYSING: Dec 31 'A O F YR. ANALYSED: 1O0X. REALATIUE HUMIDITY lOOH 80X 60X NET-BULB TEHPERATURE 20* 0.025 O .0X0 0.000 Station: Al-Ain U A E 40 60 " 80 lOO DRY-BULB TEHPERATURE, DEG. F Figure 2-68 Al-Ain 1996 Psychrometric Chart 2 9 9 7 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 E ffe ctiv e design strategies Now reconnanding fo r: Annual Confort Condit ions In ternal Gains Passive Solar Active Solar Sun Shading Uent ila t ion High Hass B High Hass w/ Night Uent. 9 H unidification X O F YR. ANALYSED: lOOX. REALATIUE HUHIDITY lOOX B O X 60 'A 80 O .025 MET-BULB TEHPERATURE N O M ANALYSING: Dec 31 0.0X0 40 60 “ 80 DRY-BULB TEHPERATURE, DEG. F 0.000 Figure 2-69 Al-Ain 1997 Psychrometric Chart 57 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station: Al-Ain UAE 1 9 9 8 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 E ffe ctiv e design strategies Now reconnanding fo r: Annual 1 Confort Conditions 2 In tern al Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Sun Shading 6 U en tilation 7 High Mass 8 High Mass w/ Might Uent. 9 H unidification X O F YR. ANALYSED: lOOX. REALATIUE HUMIDITY lOOX 80 X 60 X 40/ MET-BULB TEM PERATURE N O H ANALYSING: Dec 31 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.000 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F Figure 2-70 Al-Ain 1998 Psychrometric Chart Station: Al-Ain UAE 1 9 9 9 Longitude: 55 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 262 E ffe ctiv e design strategies Now reconnanding for: Annual 1 Confort Conditions 2 In tern al Gains 3 Passive Solar 4 Active Solar 5 Conventional Heating 6 Sun Shading 7 Uent ila t ion 8 High Mass 9 High Mass u S Night Uent. 10 H unidification N O H ANALYSING: Dec 31 * O F YR. ANALYSED: lOOX. REALATIUE HUMIDITY lOOX SO X 60X NET-BULB TEM PERATURE 40X 0.025 0.020 0.015 .010 60 80 DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE, DEG. F Figure 2-71 Al-Ain 1999 Psychrometric Chart 58 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.4 Wind Roses 2.4.1 City of Abu Dhabi The wind rose can be plotted using WR Plot. (See Figures 2-72 through 2-80) The prevailing wind for Abu Dhabi is northwest. However, there are some years that had two prevailing wind direction, northeast, south and southeast. Station #11111 - , Wind Speed 1.31% Jan 1 • Dec 31 Midnight ■ 11 PM Figure 2-72 Abu Dhabi 1991 Wind Rose 59 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT Station #11111 - , W in d S p eed (m /s ) H n OOy ulu- u l u - - - - - - - O O D -Q C D 1 am- Q D O t i l L I L L I - U U J D IS P L A Y W in d S p e e d U N I T mis C O M M E N T S A V G . W IN D S P E E D 2 .0 0 m /s C A L M W IN D S 0 .8 7 % O R IE N T A T IO N D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g f ro m ) P L O T Y E A R -D A T E -T IM E 1 9 9 2 J a n 1 - D e c 31 M id n ig h t • 11 PM WRPLOT View 15 by Lakes Envtmnmentat Software ■ wyfln.lekes-9nvlranimnlBl.com Figure 2-73 Abu Dhabi 1992 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S t a t i o n # 1 1 1 1 1 (m /s ) W in d S p e e d m /s 1 .9 6 m /s 1 .4 0 % D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g f ro m ) 1 9 9 3 J a n 1 - D e c 31 M id n ig h t - 11 PM WRPLOT View 3 ,5 by Lukas Environmental S o f tw a r e - myw.lekes-emlmnmBnlel.com Figure 2-74 Abu Dhabi 1993 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S t a t i o n # 1 1 1 1 1 W in d S peed (m /8 ) m /s W in d S p e e d 1 .5 3 % 2.0 1 m /s D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g f ro m ) 1 9 9 4 J a n 1 • D e c 31 M id n i g h t - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 ty Lakes Environmental Software - ■ m w .t e * 6 5 - e f l W n » i n i e n r s f .c o m Figure 2-75 Abu Dhabi 1994 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station #11111 - , W in d S peed (m /s ) H ,u ju u WV U L U -L iL U ' U U J-U L U L llU - L I L U I I I U L L J - L L L L I D IS P L A Y W in d S p e e d U N I T m /s C O M M E N T S A V G . W IN D S P E E D 1 .9 9 m /s C A L M W IN D S 1 .6 8 % O R IE N T A T IO N D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g f ro m ) P L O T Y E A R -D A T E -T IM E 1 9 9 5 J a n 1 - D e c 31 M id n ig h t • 11 PM WflPLOTVIew 3 .5 by Lak»a Environmental Sottwar* - w w w .f e * w - « m * i> n f t i« n t s f .e o m Figure 2-76 Abu Dhabi 1995 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S t a t i o n # 1 1 1 1 1 W in d S peed (m /s ) W in d S p e e d m /s m /s 2 .11% D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g f ro m ) 1 9 9 7 J a n 1 - D e c 31 M id n ig h t - 11 PM WRPLQT Vfow 3.5 by L akts f iT O lty n w tf S i1 Softwart • wmr.lok«s-miean/nanlal.com Figure 2-77 Abu Dhabi 1997 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S t a t i o n # 1 1 1 1 1 W in d S p eed (m /s ) W in d S p e e d m /s 1 .9 3 m /s 2 .4 0 % D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g from} 1 9 9 8 J a n 1 - D e c 31 M id n ig h t • 11 PM WRPLOT Vlar/3.S by Lakes Environmental S o /f w w o - www.lalias-anvlronmtnlel.com Figure 2-78 Abu Dhabi 1998 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT Station #11111 - , W in d S p eed (mis) D I S P L A Y W in d S p e e d A V G . W IN D S P E E D 1 .9 4 m /s O R IE N T A T IO N D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g f ro m ) U N I T m /s C A L M W IN D S 6 .0 6 % P L O T Y E A R -D A T E -T IM E 1 9 9 9 J a n 1 - D e c 31 M id n ig h t - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Figure 2-79 Abu Dhabi 1999 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT Station #11111 - , W in d S peed (m /e ) D I S P L A Y W in d S p e e d A V G . W IN D S P E E D 2 .1 6 m /s O R IE N T A T IO N D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g f ro m ) U N I T m /s C A L M W IN D S 2 .1 7 % P L O T Y E A R - D A T E - T I M E 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 9 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 7 J a n 1 - D e c 31 M id n ig h t - 11 P M WRPLOTVtew 3.5 by Lukas Envkonmenlel S o f tw a r e - w H W .Iak«s-»ni/tronm »n< at.com Figure 2-80 Abu Dhabi 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98 and 99 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.4.2 City of Al-Ain The wind rose can be plotted using WR Plot. (See Figures 2-80 through 2-86) The prevailing wind for Al-Ain is northwest. However, there are some years that had two prevailing wind direction, northeast, south and southeast. S t a ti o n # 2 2 2 2 2 - , W in d S p e e d (m /s ) I * ™ SNv am-mm Q D D -Q C n - - - - - - - am- am am- am D I S P L A Y W in d S p e e d U N I T m /s C O M M E N T S A V G . W I N O S P E E D 2 .1 0 m /s C A L M W I N D S 0 .6 3 % O R I E N T A T I O N D ire c tio n ( b lo w in g fro m ) P L O T Y E A R - D A T E - T I M E 199 5 J a n 1 • D e c 31 M id n ig h t - 11 PM WRPLOT Vbw 3.S by (.< * « E n v i r o n m e n t * ) S o ttwom ■ www.labea-tnvlmnmantiilcom Figure 2-81 Al-Ain 1995 Wind Rose 68 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S t a t i o n # 2 2 2 2 2 - , W in d S p eed (m /s ) W in d S p e e d m /e 2 .1 8 m /s 0 .4 5 % D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g fro m ) 1 9 9 6 J a n 1 • D e c 31 M id n ig h t • 11 P M WRPLOT View 3 .5 by Lakes Environmental Software - www.laltes-envtronmantal.com Figure 2-82 Al-Ain 1996 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT Station #22222 - , W in d S p eed (n V s ) D IS P L A Y W in d S p e e d A V G . W IN D S I 2 .0 2 m /s O R IE N T A T IO N D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g f ro m ) U N I T m /s C A L M W IN D S 1.22% P L O T Y E A R -D A T E -T IM E 1 9 9 7 J a n 1 - D e c 31 M id n ig h t - 11 PM WRPLOT W e w 3.5 by Lakes Emtronmente! S o f tw a r e - wHW.bket-envtromnental.com Figure 2-83 Al-Ain 1997 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S t a t i o n # 2 2 2 2 2 W in d S p eed (m /s ) m /s W in d S p e e d 0 .6 3 % 2 .1 5 m /s D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g f ro m ) J a n 1 ’ D e c 31 M id n ig h t - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.S by Lakes I i Environmental S o f tw a r e - www.t Figure 2-84 Al-Ain 1998 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station #22222 - , ' N O R T H 1 5 % S O U T H W in d S p eed (m /s ) > L U L U I S S N acn-men O C E -Q C D U IL 1 - L 1 L U D IS P L A Y W in d S p e e d U N I T m /e C O M M E N T S A V G . W IN D S P E E D 2 .1 2 m is C A L M W IN D S 1 7 .5 6 % O R IE N T A T IO N D ir e c tio n ( b l o v i n g f ro m ) P L O T Y E A R -D A T E -T IM E 1 9 9 9 J a n 1 • D e c 31 M id n ig h t - 11 PM WRPLOTVIew3 .3 byLekeeEmtronmentalSoftware - mnr.lalies.envlninmaplal.com Figure 2-85 Al-Ain 1999 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND R O S E PLOT Station #22222 • W ind S p e e d (m/s) am - Dam HDD- DIDO LLULI- LLLU Q0 0 - Qtn Q D D - Q O D DISPLAY Wind Speed AVG. WIND SPE E D 2.11 m/s ORIENTATION Direction (blowing from) UNIT m/s CALM WINDS 4.10% PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 19951996199719981999 Jan 1 - Dec 31 Midnight - 11 PM WRPLOT View 3 .5 by Lakes Environmental Software - www.lakes-envlranmental.com Figure 2-86 Al-Ain 1995, 96, 97, 98 and 99 Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. REFERENCES: 1 The Renewable Resource Data Center . TMY2 User's Manual. 5 Mar. 2002 <http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/tmy2/> 2 Kreider, Jan F, and Kreith, Frank. Solar Heating and Cooling: Engineering. Practical Design, and Economics. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere, 1975, pp 5. 3 Larson, Roland E., and Hostetler, Robert P. Calculus with analytical geometry. Toronto: Heath and Company, 1986, pp 278. 4 Threlkeld, James L., Thermal Environmental Engineering. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, 1970, pp 294. 5The University of Arizona. Dewpoint Formulas. 2 Jan. 2002 <http://ag.arizona.edu/azmet/dewpoint.html> 6 The Meteorological Resource Center. Met Data Guide. 4 Jan. 2002. <http://www.webmet.com/MetGuide/SCRAMSurface.html> 74 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 Wind and Ventilation 3.1 Wind Characteristics Wind is a key design factor for Architects. It can increase the occupant satisfaction level in a space and make them thermally comfortable. Therefore, understanding the nature of wind is crucial if the building is to be environmentally useful. 3.1.1 Wind near the Ground Wind is a very irregular phenomenon. In the lower layer of the atmosphere, various obstacles and objects as well as landforms and vegetation cause turbulence. Turbulence slow the speed of wind in general where obstacles change wind patterns inducing increasing velocity in some areas, while protects other areas.1 8 '* o o ~j§ 6 2 o o o CM o CD O 00 o o CM O CD Time (s) Figure 3-1 Typical Record of the Wind Velocity near the Ground 1 75 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Increased Velocity >; High Pressure low Pressure #= High Velocity ZZ Air Flow Through J t (Open Areas ELEVATION Increased velocity Low Pressure ■ ’ t'V S A r Increased Velocity PLAN Figure 3-2 Wind Patterns (a) Constricted by Topography, (b) Above and Below Tall Buildings, (c) Around large Buildings.2 76 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3.1.2 Wind in an Urban Environment The wind velocity in an urban environment is affected by the friction caused by numerous obstacles that increase the roughness of the ground. In an urban environment, a reduction of 20% to 30% in the average wind speed and an increase of 50% to 100% in the turbulence intensity are noticed when moving from the countryside in addition to the more frequent weak winds.3 P e rc e n t* ^ o i i**+ V M to « 4 VeWrty too Figure 3-3 Effect of Terrain on Wind Velocity Profiles4 3.1.3 Wind Flow Wind is a direct result of low and high pressure. The sun radiation heats the equatorial zone which raises the air causing low pressure that invites wind from other areas with higher pressure. Similarly, flow in a building is mainly introduced by the different pressures in and around the building. Wind flow is produced when an inlet is positioned in an area of positive pressures and outlets are placed in areas of negative pressures. The pressure differences between the inlet and outlets induce the air to move through a building.5 77 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 3-4 Wind Pressure around Building6 Figure 3-5 Wind Pressure Drives Cross Ventilation5 3.2 Natural Ventilation for Thermal Comfort Natural ventilation is the movement of air into and out of a space through openings intentionally provided for this purpose or it is simply the use of outside cool breezes when possible. The main purpose of natural ventilation is to provide fresh air and a cooling effect either by replacing the hot interior air or by the motion itself.7 78 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3.2.1 Removal of Excess Heat Heat is mainly gained in a space by solar radiation and conduction through the building envelope; it is also generated in the space by different means such as people, lights, mechanical and electrical systems. As the air temperature increases the air rises to the top of the space and increases the temperature of the ceiling, which radiates heat into the space. The removal of this excess heat can decrease the overall cooling load of the space and move the temperature more towards the comfort zone. 3.2.2 C ooling Effect over the H um an Body When the body core temperature increases the hypothalamus calls for changes in our blood distribution system. Because blood carries heat, the blood flow toward the skin increases which will result in an increase of the sweat glands and eventually evaporation. When the air molecules pass by the skin it absorbs heat and will decrease the temperature of the body. Once air and surface temperature approach the human body temperature (37 'C or 98.6 'F) evaporation becomes more important and most effective.8 79 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 500 5 0 0 Curve I. B o # h eat generated i 400 400 Curve 2. Body heat loss by ’ convection and radiation ® 300 300 Value ol ordinates: Cuive 2 + curve 3 = curve 1 a t any tem perature 200 200 Curve 3. Body heat toss by evaporation 1 0 0 100 1 0 0 Room te m p eratu re, T Figure 3-6 Heat Generated and lost (approximate) by a person at rest (rh fixed at 45%)8 3.2.3 Cooling the Structure The air movement over the different surfaces of the interior decreases the heat gain through convection and long-wave radiation. The faster the air velocity over the surface, the cooler it becomes. This happens mainly in a strategy termed nocturnal ventilation or night time flushing, when the day time ventilation is not possible due to the high day time temperatures of the region. Nocturnal ventilation used with high mass building envelope. The high mass envelope basically stores the heat during the day-time and delays the heat transfer to the interiors. When the night falls and the wall becomes ready to transfer heat into the space, wind is driven into the space in order to carry the heat outside the building. This process decreases the surface temperature of the interior and makes the space ready for the next day. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Air Velocity (m /s) Surface Tem perature PC) Figure 3-7 Isocomfort Curve9 32 30 o £ 28 I 26 I 24 0 .8 m .s 0.6 m /s O A tn/s -a^jnis 2 2 j ■ 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 S urface Tem perature {/'C) Figure 3-8 Isocomfort Curve Parametrized as a Function of the air velocity.9 Figures 3-7 and 3-8 show Isocomfort graphs with some of the possible combinations achieved with a ventilation strategy. All the points appearing on the Isocomfort curve has the same comfort conditions9 . Furthermore, the wind becomes less effective as the temperature reaches 33'C, which means that faster wind velocity is needed with higher temperatures. 81 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. REFERENCES: 1 Allard, Francis. Natural Ventilation in Buildings: A design handbook. London: James & James, 1998, pp 11. 2 Bradshaw, Vaughn. Building Control Systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1993, pp 71. 3 Allard, Francis. Natural Ventilation in Buildings: A design handbook. London: James & James, 1998, pp 22. 4 Brown, G. Z., and Dekay, Mark. Sun. Wind and light: Architectural Design Strategies. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2001, ppl7 5 "Wind Towers: Detail in Building". Battle McCarthy Consulting Engineers. 1999: 6, pp 17 6 "Wind Towers: Detail in Building". Battle McCarthy Consulting Engineers. 1999: 6 pp 16 7 Bradshaw, Vaughn. Building Control Systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1993, pp 246 8 Stein, Benjamin, and Reynolds, John S. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Building. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000, pp 39 9 Allard, Francis. Natural Ventilation in Buildings: A design handbook. London: James & James, 1998, pp 45 82 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 Historical Precedents 4.1 Hot and Arid Zones Before the industrial revolution, residents of hot arid zones were encouraged to figure out natural ways to cool their houses and keep them as comfortable as possible during hot days. In the Middle East, different approaches had been attempted by dwellers according to different cultural and climate conditions (besides material availability). Khorasan Meneh Persian Plateau ' A fg h a n ista n Iran Baghdad Badgir Iraq S a u d i A rabia Egypt Sind Wlndeeoop Gulf Badgir Figure 4-1 Wind Tower in the Middle East1 83 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 0 0 PAkifrtmi / IfwtirtM, Iranian, t-Gtdc-d * - 2 5 — ~ "i-------1 ------ --------r ......... f — "}■ ■ ---------------- I i O' 4 5 ' 4 0 ' '5 5 ' 160' W inM PiV e.«ti o n ( J e f r c .c .* fr o to norm al t o p rim ary lnle+) Figure 4-2 Catching Efficiency for Different Wind Catcher Designs2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.1.1 The M alqaf This wind catcher device is widely used in Egypt. It is mainly a scoop rising above the building to collect stronger and cooler prevailing wind. Wind is predominantly driven into large spaces below the Malqaf and then forced out through openings in the top of a central hall. In addition to the cooling effect over the body as a result of wind flow, it also removes excess heat that is generated from occupants. The disadvantages of the Malqaf are that it can only catch the wind from one direction and it would only have an effect over limited rooms when forced through the top of the central hall. D iv iw Figure 4-3 Roof plan of the Fu'ad Riyad house in Cairo, showing the malqaf with sectional details3 85 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dm I L J - 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 Figure 4-4 Section of the Fu'ad Riyad house showing the malqaf4. kccepiKin valo n l i l t 1 L_ . I 1-------1-------1 Figure 4-5 Section of a modem villa designed for Saudi Arabia showing the use of malqaf6 86 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 - 5 S H f f l i ) i Figure 4-6 Section through the hall of Muhib Ad-Din Ash-Shafi Al-Muwaqqi showing the malqaf and central location of the hall6 4,0 Figure 4-7 Arrows indicate the direction of airflow; arrow length corresponds to airspeed. The measurements where made on 2 April 1973 by scholars from the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. All wind and airspeeds are given in meters per second.7 87 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. In dryer conditions, Architect Hassan Fathy suggested wetted baffles which can help reduce the air temperature by evaporation. Air is mainly directed over a fountain or a basin of still water, to increase air humidity. He also mentioned that baffles can reduce air flow which can be overcome by increasing the size of the Malqaf and suspending the wetted matting in its interior.8 CO North westerly winds Figure 4-8 Malqaf with wetted baffles and a wind-escape. Design by Hassan Fathy! 88 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S im ple xtth a hit fo u n ta in A l t e r n a t i v e m ttlq tij Detail at B . w ire " mesh hum id w ood c h arco al A xionom etric d etail o f a baffle Figure 4-9 Details of the malqaf with wetted baffles 10 89 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.1.2 The Badgir (Barjeel) This type of wind catcher was developed in Iran around 900 AD1 '. It is principally a shaft that rises 3 meters above the building with two partitions placed diagonally with openings on all four sides. 1 SE C TIO N X .X ) l E l E V A T K W ) i . H I t u IPi-AH i P t A H A . A S Figure 4-10 Barjeel detailsl2 The Badgir (Barjeel) would work both as an intake and exhaust at the same time. Wind is sucked out by the negative pressure that is created in the leeward side of the tower. When there is no air movement in the region, stack effect would remove hot air that is generated inside the space below the Barjeel. The Barjeel is 90 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. mostly positioned in the comer of the building and directly over the place where people either gather or sleep. The room or space that is ventilated by the Barjeel is always being situated near the courtyard of the house and uses it as a major exhaust. The air that is channeled through the barjeel is transferred to other rooms through wooden doors or openings on the top of the room. These wooden doors will be closed if the wind reached uncomfortable velocities. (Figure 4-11 and 4-12) mxm toon MAAt*. Figure 4-11 Mohamed Sharif house, first floor 91 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 4-12 Wooden doors and opening1 4 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission ■ p i B I I I I H I I I Figure 4-14 Shaikh Saeed house (North Elevation)1 I Si m u 4BBB- - n HUM l l l l l l m m I B . . Figure 4-15 Shaikh Saeed house (East Elevation) Figure 4-16 Shaikh Saeed house (Courtyard view) 93 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with Figure 4-17 Traditional Square Baijeel Figure 4-18 Unusual cylindrical Barjeel 94 permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 4-19 The Barjeel Closed to Block Undesirable Wind1 7 Figure 4-20 A fort in the City of Ajman uses the Barjeel for Natural Ventilation1 8 95 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.1.3 Wind Scoops In high density cities multi-storey buildings are likely to appear which decreases the wind velocity near the ground. Windows wouldn't be efficient to provide the necessary air flow for cooling the inhabitants. The only way around this problem is to reach for the higher wind velocities by rising above the city skyline. That is exactly what happened in Hyderabad in Pakistan, where the wind scoops peak over the roofs of the buildings direct air into spaces below multi-storey houses. Subsequently, the windows act as an exhaust and guide the wind to the exterior. Figure 4-21 Wind scoop, Hyderabad, Sind, Pakistan1 9 Figure 4-22 Wind Scoops facing the prevailing wind2 0 96 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 4-23 Scoops in Pakistan at different levels2 1 97 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.2 Design Examples of Wind Catchers 4.2.1 Qatar University in Doha The university was built in the Arabian Gulf area, for this reason the design came in favor of natural ventilation. The wind catcher that rose above the octagonal shaped building was the dominating view from every side of the university. Besides the astonishing view from the courtyards that surrounds these beautiful traditional elements, the Barjeels give the impression of being guards protecting the adjacent spaces from harsh environment. Figure 4-24 A picture from the roof22 Figure 4-25 Section/Elevation of Humanities Faculty Modules2 3 98 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 4-27 A picture from the courtyard2 5 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission I Figure 4-28 Qatar University (Phase 1), Kamal El-Kafrawi *s?.SK v Figure 4-29 Ariel View of Qatar University 1 0 0 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 ^ 89 76 55 4.2.2 Concept drawings The effectiveness of the wind tower and wind catcher depends first and foremost on how much the device can make use of pressure differences created in and around the building. Furthermore, the microclimate of the region has to be examined with awareness of other factors that can influence the direction in which the wind blows from. For example, sites near the sea are subject to reverse wind direction from day to night as a result of differences in thermal inertia between land and water. Similarly, sites located in mountain areas would have the same changing direction of prevailing wind. Figure 4-30 From above: Wind tower; monodirectional wind tower and scoop; multidirectional wind tower and scoop; combined wind tower and scoop2 8 1 0 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. D a y »«M* s & Night B re ez e s V a i t e y - N i ^ h t Figure 4-31 Day and Night reverse wind directions2 ' 1 0 2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Therefore, designers suggested a new breed of wind scoops that can face the wind and maximize ventilation without any need of a mechanical system, yet, the new scoop needs a lot of structural balance low friction bearings and a good centre of gravity in order to rotate easily with weak low velocity wind.3 0 Figure 4-32 Concept Drawings for rotating wind scoops' Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. REFERENCES: 1 "Wind Towers: Detail in Building". Battle McCarthy Consulting Engineers. 1999: 6, pp25 2 Brown, G. Z., and Dekay, Mark. Sun. Wind and light: Architectural Design Strategies. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2001, pp 189 3 Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1986, pp 131 4 Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1986, pp 130 5 Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1986, pp 128 6 Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1986, pp 116 7 Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1986,pp 117 8 Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1986,pp59 9 Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1986, pp 124 10 Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1986, pp 125 11 Allard, Francis. Natural Ventilation in Buildings: A design handbook. London: James & James, 1998, pp237 104 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12 UAE. Dubai Municipality: the Historical Building Section. Elements of Traditional Architecture in Dubai. Dubai: Dubai Municipality, 2000, pp C-(l). 13 UAE. Dubai Municipality: the Historical Building Section. Elements of Traditional Architecture in Dubai. Dubai: Dubai Municipality, 2000, pp A-(8-l). 14 Forman, Werner, Phoenix Rising: The United Arab Emirates Past, present and future. London: The Harvill. 1996, pp 183. 15 Prakash Subbarao, Sheikh Saeed A1 Maktoum House. 12 Dec. 2001 <http://www.datadubai.com/saeedh.htm> 16 UAE. Dubai Municipality: the Historical Building Section. Elements of Traditional Architecture in Dubai. Dubai: Dubai Municipality, 2000, pp B -(l-l). 17 Forman, Werner, Phoenix Rising: The United Arab Emirates Past. Present and Future. London: The Harvill. 1996, pp 13. 18 Vine, Peter. UAE in Focus: A photographic history of the United Arab Emirates. London: Trident. 1998, pp 134. 19 "Wind Towers: Detail in Building". Battle McCarthy Consulting Engineers. 1999: 6, pp 26 20 "Wind Towers: Detail in Building". Battle McCarthy Consulting Engineers. 1999: 6, pp 27 21 Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1986,pp 114 22 Roger Williams University. Qatar University. 2 May. 2002 <http://faculty.rwu.edu/~huk/Kahncaseweb/University%20oP/o20Qatar/Ql.giT> 23 Brown, G . Z . , and Dekay, Mark. Sun. Wind and light: Architectural Design Strategies. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2001, pp 188. 24 Roger Williams University. Qatar University. 2 May. 2002 <http://faculty.rwu.edu/~huk/Kahncaseweb/University%20of%20Qatar/Q16a.gif> 25 Roger Williams University. Qatar University. 2 May. 2002 <http://faculty.rwu.edu/~huk/Kahncaseweb/University%20oP/o20Qatar/Q6p.gif> 105 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 26 Brown, G. Z., and Dekay, Mark. Sun. Wind and light: Architectural Design Strategies. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2001, pp 188 27 Roger Williams University. Qatar University. 2 May. 2002 <http://faculty.rwu.edu/~huk/Kahncaseweb/University%20of%20Qatar/Q14a.gif> 28 "Wind Towers: Detail in Building". Battle McCarthy Consulting Engineers. 1999: 6, pp 30 29 "Wind Towers: Detail in Building". Battle McCarthy Consulting Engineers. 1999: 6, pp 14 30 "Wind Towers: Detail in Building". Battle McCarthy Consulting Engineers. 1999: 6, pp 34 31 "Wind Towers: Detail in Building". Battle McCarthy Consulting Engineers. 1999: 6, pp 35 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5 Setting the Variables 5.1 Hypothesis Wind catchers can be adapted to provide comfort without overly constraining either development or design possibilities for new housing in hot-arid climates. 5.2 When to use Natural Ventilation As discussed in section 3.2.2, when the air temperature approaches human body temperature (37 'C or 98.6 'F), all the cooling effect is credited to evaporation. Furthermore, heat loss via convection and radiation decreases to a minimum and eventually becomes nil. In addition, if the temperature rises above 37 'C and the evaporation rate decreases, the human body will start gaining heat via convection from warmer air moving around the body. When air moves over a wet skin, it will without doubt give a cooling sensation even if the temperature was amazingly high. On the other hand, there was no scientific way to prove it. Accordingly, the human body temperature was used as a reference point for ventilation and the assumption that natural ventilation would be effective only when temperatures are lower than 37 'C was made for this thesis. Above that temperature, the human body could gain heat from wind. Year 1997 was chosen as a typical year for both cities to find the optimum orientation for the wind catcher; an orientation that will collect wind at the right times (below 37'C) in order to have a positive effect over the comfort zone. 107 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5.2.1 City of Abu Dhabi Station: AbuDhabi U A E 2997 Longitude: 54 Latitude: 24 Elevation: 27 J s s r j F i-'-h Y i't.t n— r — i im r~ 'T I : 1 7 60o c ? C { i ■ s i~ < f% ‘ ■ '" 0 0 0 * , T i — 7 i 4 0 ..........I.......... i........- 5 ";.......... f ........ 1 i 1 . 0 0 i Z M i 2 0 0 4 S S ? p j. * > « * « IT < s i, H i .... ..... o 4 o .u a ! < • > oo ; ? 4 o 4 a t;a Relative Hunidity,X;; Confort Zone:: Tenperature/ F:o o o p o Figure 5-1 Hours to Block Natural Ventilation in Abu Dhabi Hours to block wind would be as follows: June from 7:00 to 15:00 July from 7:00 to 15:00 August from 7:00 to 14:00 September from 7:00 to 14:00 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The prevailing wind for Abu Dhabi is northwest which is also the case in the afternoon period; however, the wind had almost a reverse direction from midnight through the early morning hours where the wind blows from the south, southeast and southwest. WIND ROSE PLOT S t a ti o n # 1 1 1 1 1 - , ' SOUTH DISPLAY W in d S p e e d UNIT m /s COMMENTS AVG. WIND SPEED 1 .6 4 m /s CALM WINDS 1 .4 8 % ORIENTATION D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g fro m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 19 9 7 J a n 1 • J a n 31 M id n ig h t - 11 PM 95 Environment*! Softwara Figure 5-2 January Wind Rose 109 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT Station #11111 • Wind Speed (m/s) 1 1 1 1 1 c c .c a ■ C.CC- CC.CD C.CC • C.CC - DISPLAY W in d S p e e d UNIT m / s COMMENTS AVG. WIND SPEED 2 .1 2 m / s CALM WINDS 1 .0 4 % jjfiiiil C.CC - C.CQ ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME D i r e c t i o n 1 9 9 7 ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) F e b 1 - F e b 2 9 M i d n i g h t - 11 P M WRPLOT V * k 3 .5 by Lake a Environmental Software - www.lakea-envmnmental.com Figure 5-3 February Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT Station #11111 - , Wind Speed (m/s) I > CC.CO I H C.CC • C C .C D c .c c • c .c c - DISPLAY W in d S p e e d UNIT m / s COMMENTS AVO. WIND SPEED 2 .2 4 m / s CALM WINDS 1 .2 1 % jf g p jl c c c - c c n ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME ( 1 1 D i r e c t i o n 1 9 9 7 ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) M a r 1 • M a r 31 M id n i g h t - 11 P M WHPLOT View 3.5 bytalcss Envffonmenlaf So/hvw® ■ wmrw.lakBa-envlronmentBl.com Figure 5-4 March Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Station #11111 - , r NORTH Wind Speed (m/s) H | > c tm DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS 1 “ c - c c x o W in d S p e e d m / s L . L L - L . L U AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS ■ 2 .0 0 m / s 1 .5 3 % ORIENTATION D ir e c tio n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 A p r 1 - A p r 3 0 M id n i g h t • 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Environmental Soltwan - wnw.l9kas~BmlronmenlBl.com Figure 5-5 April Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT Station #11111 • Wind Speed (m/s) : > CC.CO DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS ■ 9 C .C C -C C .C O W in d S p e e d m /s C .C C -C .C O AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS c .c c - 1 .7 7 m / s 0 .6 7 % | | W L c c - c . c n K 5 B c .c c - c .c o ORIENTATION D i r e c t i o n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TJME 1 9 9 7 M a y 1 - M a y 31 M id n i g h t - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.6 by Lakes Environmental Software - wmv.takes-emironmenlat.com Figure 5-6 May Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #11111 - ' SOUTH Wind Speed (m/s) > cc.cn DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS n W in d S p e e d m / s AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS I t c c ' “ D 1 .5 2 m /s 2 .5 0 % 1 1 C .CC • C .Cd ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 D i r e c t i o n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) 1 9 9 7 J u n 1 - J u n 3 0 M id n i g h t * 7 A M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Environmental Software ■ www.lakes-environmental.com Figure 5-7 June from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #11111 - Wind Speed (m/s) 1 > CC.CO DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS H H C.CC - CC.CO W in d S p e e d m /s c.cc - AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS c.cc - 1 .6 1 m / s 1 .8 5 % j j § | | C .C C -C .C D C.CC - C.CD ORIENTATION D ir e c tio n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 J u n 1 - J u n 3 0 3 P M - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lekea Environmental Software ■ m kss-enwroomsnlal.com Figure 5-8 June from 15pm until Midnight Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #11111 - Wind Speed (mis) m * c L m DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS ■ c c c - ccxD W in d S p e e d m /s L.LL-L.LU AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS ■ — 1 .6 1 m / s 2 .0 2 % 1: : : ORIENTATION D i r e c t i o n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-OATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 J u l 1 - J u l 31 M i d n i g h t - 7 A M WRPLOT View 3.5 Sy lakes EnvtconmantBlSoftware - wtw/.lakes-amlronmentBl.cxm Figure 5-9 July from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #11111 • Wind Speed (m/s) ■ DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS B H C .C C -C C .C O W in d S p e e d m /s L.LL - AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS C.CC * 1 .6 5 m / s 2 .8 7 % | § 1 | | C .CC -C .C C ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME m m c . c c - c . c d D ir e c tio n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) 1 9 9 7 J u U - J u l 31 3 P M - 1 1 P M WRPLOT View 3.6 by Lakes Environmental Software ■ wmv.lakes-anvironmenlal.com Figure 5-10 July from 3pm to Midnight Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #11111 ■ Wind Speed (m/s) I B B > c c .c n DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS g i l l C .CC -C C . CO W in d S p e e d m /s c.cc - AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS c.cc - 1 .3 4 m / s 3 .6 3 % f i l l i C.CC - C.CD B g | c.cc - c.co ORIENTATION D i r e c t i o n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 A u g 1 • A u g 31 M id n i g h t - 7 A M WRPLOT View 3.5 A y Lakes Environmental Software - w i *et-environmenlab Figure 5-11 August from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #11111 • Wind Speed (m/s) f § § | > cc.co DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS H H j C.CC-cc.co W in d S p e e d m /s c.cc - AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS c.cc • 1 .8 3 m / s 2 .2 6 % B h iffl c.cc - c.co ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME c.cc • c.co D ir e c tio n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) 1 9 9 7 A u g 1 - A u g 31 2 P M - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Environmental Software ■ www.lakea-envin Figure 5-12 August from 2pm to Midnight Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S tatio n #11111 - , r NORTH SOUTH Wind Speed (m/s) m H I > cc.co DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS SB c x c - c c .c n W in d S p e e d m /s c.cc - AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS c .c c -c .c o 1 .3 9 m / s 5 .8 3 % | | | | | c.cc • c.co W M c.cc • C.CD ORIENTATION D ir e c tio n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 S e p 1 - S e p 3 0 M i d n i g h t - 7 A M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Environmental Software ■ www.lakea-envimnmental.com Figure 5-13 September from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #11111 ■ Wind Speed (m/s) w m m > c c .c d DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS S B C .C C -C C .C d W in d S p e e d m / s c.cc - AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS c.cc - 1 .6 0 m / s 8 .3 3 % B i g C.CC • C.CD H H C.CC • C.CD ORIENTATION D i r e c t i o n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 S e p 1 • S e p 3 0 2 P M - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 byLahea Enwonmental Soltwere - nww.lal Figure 5-14 September from 2pm to Midnight Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #11111 - Wind Speed (mIs) j i l i j j > c c C O DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS fill C.CC - c c .c o W in d S p e e d m / s c .c c -c .c o AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS c.cc • 1 .7 8 m / s 4 .5 7 % W S s C .CC - C.CD BB c .c c • c .c o ORIENTATION D i r e c t i o n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 O c t 1 - O c t 31 M i d n i g h t - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.6 by Lakes Environmental Soltwam - mrw.lBkea-envimrmental com Figure 5-15 October Wind Rose 1 2 2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #11111 - Wind Speed (m/s) IBf > [ x i : n DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS ■ W in d S p e e d m /s L.LL-L.LU AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS ■ 1 .6 4 m / s 1 .9 4 % Nil C.CC-CXD ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME D ir e c tio n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) 1 9 9 7 N o v 1 - N o v 3 0 M i d n i g h t - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.S by Lakes Environmental Sotlwam - www.lakes-envlronmenlal.com Figure 5-16 November Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #11111 ■ Wind Speed (m/s) > c c .c n c x c - c c . c n c x c - c x o C .C C -C .C D C .C C -C .C Q c . c c - c . c n DISPLAY W in d S p e e d AVG. WIND SPEED 1 .6 3 m / s ORIENTATION D i r e c t i o n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) UNIT m /s CALM WINDS 2.02% PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 D e c 1 - D e c 31 M i d n i g h t • 1 1 P M WRPLOT W sw 3.5 by Lakas Environmental SoRware - www.lehet-environmanlol.oom Figure 5-17 December Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5.2.2 City of Al-Ain S t a t i o n : ftl-ftin UOE 1 9 9 7 L o n g itu d e : S5 L a t i t u d e : 24 E l e v a t i o n : S i f B O m 2 2 2 4 O 4 Ul Ill I-:'--'’ llglillll Siilfa 4 0 2 0 0 4 O 1 2 1 0 2 0 2 4 O 4 8 1 2 LB 2 0 2 4 O 4 < •> 1 2 L B 2 0 2 4 ! T e n p e r a tu r e , * F t eoooo R e l a t i v e Huniditv##^ Comfort Zone: I Figure 5-18 Hours to Block Natural Ventilation in Al-Ain Hours to block wind would be as follows: May from 8:00 to 15:00 June from 7:00 to 17:00 July from 7:00 to 17:00 August from 7:00 to 17:00 September from 7:00 to 14:00 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The prevailing wind for Al-Ain is northwest which is also the case in the afternoon period; however, the wind had almost a reverse direction from midnight through the early morning hours where the wind blows from the south, southeast and southwest and occasionally east. WIND ROSE PLOT S t a ti o n # 2 2 2 2 2 - Wind Speed (m/s) III > L L L U DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS ■ W in d S p e e d m /s L.LL-L.LU AVG. WIND SPEED calm w in d s 1 .8 2 m /s 0 .8 1 % i : : : r ORIENTATION D ir e c tio n ( b lo w in g f ro m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 J a n 1 - J a n 31 M id n ig h t - 11 PM WRPLOT 3.5 byLekas Ervkonmtnlal Softman - wwwM Figure 5-19 January Wind Rose 126 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S tatio n #22222 - , NORTH SOUTH Wind Speed (m/s) DISPLAY W in d S p e e d UNIT m /s COMMENTS AVG. WIND SPEED 2 .1 4 m / s CALM WINDS 0 .1 5 % ■ 1 C.CC-C.CD ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME B n D ir e c tio n 1 9 9 7 ■ | L . L L - L . L U ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) F e b 1 - F e b 2 9 M id n i g h t - 11 P M WFPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Environmental Software - www.laliei-envirDnmenlal.ixm Figure 5-20 February Wind Rose 127 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #22222 - Wind Speed (mIs) ! » [ [ .m DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS I B c .c c - re.c o W in d S p e e d m is L.LL-L.LU AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS cxc-cco 2 .3 0 m is 1 .6 1 % | i : : ORIENTATION D ir e c tio n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 M a r 1 - M a r 31 M i d n i g h t * 11 P M WRPLOT View 3-S by Lakes Environmental Software - www.lekes-emkonmenlel.mw Figure 5-21 March Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S ta tio n #22222 - , Wind Speed (m/s) | | | | | 1 > CC.CO DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS m m c x c - c c x o W in d S p e e d m / s c x c - cxd c x c - AVG. WIND SPEED 2 .1 9 m / s CALM WINDS 0 .5 6 % £ | CXC-CXD c x c - cxd ORIENTATION D ir e c tio n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 A p r 1 - A p r 3 0 M i d n i g h t - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.6 by Lakes Environmental Software - www.lekes-envltonmantal.com Figure 5-22 April Wind Rose 129 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #22222 • Wind Speed (m/s) 111> m :n DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS W in d S p e e d m / s L.LL-L.LU AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS 1 .9 1 m / s 1 .4 3 % ORIENTATION D ir e c tio n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 M a y 1 - M a y 31 M id n i g h t - 8 A M WRPLOT View 3.5 byLshaa Snvkonmenlal S o f tw a r e -i Figure 5-23 May from Midnight to 8am Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #22222 - Wind Speed (m/s) Hi > m i1 DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS ■ W in d S p e e d m /s L.LL-L.LU AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS m 1 .6 2 m /s 2 .1 5 % | M | C.CC-CXO ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME D ir e c tio n 1 9 9 7 ■ H c n : C C D ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) M a y 1 - M a y 31 3 P M - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Emuonmenlal SoKwate - www .tat Figure 5-24 May from 3pm to Midnight Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #22222 - Wind Speed (m/s) | | § > CC.CD E S S C.CC * CC.CD c .c c -c .c o c x c - c .c n DISPLAY W in d S p e e d UNIT m /s COMMENTS AVG. WIND SPEED 2 .1 4 m / s CALM WINDS 3 .3 3 % | | | | f | c.cc - c.co ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME ■ B D i r e c t i o n 1 9 9 7 ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) J u n 1 - J u n 3 0 M i d n i g h t - 7 A M WRPLOT View 3 .5 by Lakes Environmental Software ■ www.leMes-envlronmental.com Figure 5-25 June from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S tatio n # 2 2 2 2 2 - , ' NORTH Wind Speed (m/s) R I B > C L C 0 ■ ■ ■ c.cc - cc.co c.cc - c.cc - DISPLAY W in d S p e e d UNIT m / s COMMENTS AVG. WIND SPEED 1 .6 5 m / s CALM WINDS 1 .9 0 % f M S c.cc - c.ca ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME E b b D ir e c tio n 1 9 9 7 ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) J u n 1 - J u n 3 0 5 P M - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Environmental Software - wv/w.lakes-environmental.com Figure 5-26 June from 5pm to Midnight Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #22222 - Wind Speed (m/s) P l l f > CC.CO DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS C.CC - CC.CD W in d S p e e d m / s c . c c - AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS c . c c - c . c o 1 .7 1 m / s 2 .0 2 % 1 1 1 1 1 1 C.CC - C.CD ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME § ■ § § D i r e c t i o n 1 9 9 7 ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) J u l 1 - J u l 31 M i d n i g h t - 7 A M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Envmnmental Software ■ www.lakes-tnviionmenlal.coni Figure 5-27 July from Midnight to 7pm Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n # 2 2 2 2 2 - , ' n o r th s 25% 20% SOUTH Wind Speed (m/s) p H > CC.CD DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS H c .c c - cc.co W in d S p e e d m /s c .c c -c .c n AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS c.cc - 1 .4 3 m /s 3 .6 9 % j P P f c.cc • c.co ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME M D ir e c tio n 1 9 9 7 L.LL - L.LU ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) J u l 1 • J u l 31 5 P M * 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Environmental Software - www.taMes-environmental.com Figure 5-28 July from 5pm to Midnight Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S ta tio n #22222 - , r NORTH 20% ' 16% 12% SOUTH Wind Speed (m/s) DISPLAY W in d S p e e d UNIT m / s COMMENTS AVG. WIND SPEED 1 .5 9 m /s CALM WINDS 1 .6 1 % j i f l H C .C C -C .C D ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME D i r e c t i o n 1 9 9 7 f l a l L L L ' LLU ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) A u g 1 - A u g 31 M id n i g h t - 7 A M WRPLOT View 3 .6 by Lakes Environmental Software ■ w ww.l Figure 5-29 August from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S ta tio n #22222 - 1 SOUTH Wind Speed (mis) ■ E H 9 c.cc - cc.co c.cc • c.cc - DISPLAY W in d S p e e d UNIT m / s COMMENTS AVG. WIND SPEED 1 .6 7 m / s CALM WINDS 4 .1 5 % | | | | | C.CC-C.CD ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME gjgjgg D ir e c tio n 1 9 9 7 ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) A u g 1 - A u g 31 5 P M - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 bylakaa Environmental Software rw.takBs-anvironmanlel.m Figure 5-30 August from 5pm to Midnight Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tation #22222 - , - ' r NORTH ^ 30% % 2 4 % 18% 12% Wind Speed (m/s) DISPLAY W in d S p e e d UNIT m / s COMMENTS AVG. WIND SPEED 2 .0 7 m / s CALM WINDS 1 .6 7 % III C.CC-C.CO ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME (H D ir e c tio n 1 9 9 7 N f l f l LLL' LLU ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) S e p 1 - S e p 3 0 M i d n i g h t - 7 A M WRPLOT View 3.5 iy takes Environmental Software - y/mv.lates-environmentBl.axn Figure 5-31 September from Midnight to 7am Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #22222 - Wind Speed (m/s) DISPLAY W in d S p e e d UNIT m /s COMMENTS AVG. WIND SPEED 1 .6 4 m / s CALM WINDS 1 .2 5 % c .c i- c .c a ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME H D D ir e c tio n 1 9 9 7 ■ j LLL- L -LU ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) S e p 1 - S e p 3 0 4 P M - 11 P M WRPLOT Vbw 3.5 by LakBi Environmental S o f tw a r e •' Figure 5-32 September from 4pm to Midnight Wind Rose 139 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S tatio n #22222 - 1 SOUTH Wind Speed (m/s) I J > cc.cn DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS S B C .C C * cc.co W in d S p e e d m /s c.cc - AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS c.cc-c-ca 2 .0 4 m / s 0 .4 0 % jfjfjfiifj C.CC-C .C O ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME W M C.CC - C.CO D ir e c tio n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) 1 9 9 7 O c t 1 » O c t 31 M id n i g h t - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Environmental S o f tw a r e - www.lakes-environmental.com Figure 5-33 October Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S tatio n #22222 - , ' NORTH Wind Speed (m/s) ■ >CC-Ca DISPLAY UNIT COMMENTS ■ L CC -H X O W in d S p e e d m / s L.LL-L.LU AVG. WIND SPEED CALM WINDS ■ 1 .8 8 m / s 1 .5 3 % ORIENTATION D i r e c t i o n ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME 1 9 9 7 N o v 1 • N o v 3 0 M id n i g h t - 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 ty Lakes Environmental Software - www.tekee-envmnmentel.com Figure 5-34 November Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. WIND ROSE PLOT S ta tio n #22222 • Wind Speed (m/s) DISPLAY W in d S p e e d UNIT m / s COMMENTS AVG. WIND SPEED 1 .6 8 m / s CALM WINDS 2 .0 2 % H LCI-CX D ORIENTATION PLOT YEAR-DATE-TIME H M D ir e c tio n 1 9 9 7 H § § ( b l o w i n g f r o m ) D e c 1 • D e c 31 M i d n i g h t • 11 P M WRPLOT View 3.5 by Lakes Environmental Software - www.lakes-environmental.com Figure 5-35 December Wind Rose Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5.3 Model Drawings and Testing Environment 5.3.1 Helium Bubble Generator The Helium Bubble Generator is a device that produces neutrally buoyant bubbles filled with helium. The bubbles follow the air flow streamlines and rarely collide with objects. Additionally, the bubbles will follow laminar and turbulent airflows. Figure 5-36 Helium Bubble Generator 5.3.2 Drawings All the simulated airflow tests were preformed on a 1:48 scale model of a building 14’ wide, 28’ long and 10’ high. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Side View 1r k ' r ~ ~ n -------------------------------------2 8 ' --------------------------------------\ - 9 Top View | -------------------------------------------------------------------- D O ' --------------------------------------------------------------------\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 9 ' ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ' • Figure 5-37 Side and Top View of the Model A wind catcher with three different sizes was built and tested. All three sizes had the same section but varying lengths, which represented 1/3, 1/2 and all of the windward fa9ade. 144 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. >-— 8 '- 8 8 - - A ’ - Top View 10' -24' Section a-a | — 5 ' — | ------------10 '---------------1 Front View 10 ' - b " Figure 5-38 1/3 Wind Catcher, Top View, Section and Front View 145 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. - 8 ' - 8 ^ " ----------*--------------------------------------20' - 3=7'- Top View a,- 7 ' - 6 "N Section a-a " I 4' 6' Front View 4' 10'-6 • ---7 - 2"--- j J T 1 1 1 1 1 L Figure 5-39 2/3 Wind Catcher, Top View, Section and Front View 146 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Top View 15' r 5 'v--------- 2 4 / --------- 1 Section a-a ■ 1 5 Front View 10'-6 Figure 5-40 Full Length Wind Catcher, Top View, Section and Front View 147 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The leeward facade was used as an exhaust in two general configurations: the first configuration used the entire facade as an outlet (10' X 14'), while the second used an opening of 4' X 14' placed at varying locations. 1 :l4' 1 Full Opening (CASE 0) 2' X 2’ X 14' (CASE 1) Top Opening 4' X 14' (CASE 2) Bottom Opening 4' X 14' (CASE 3) Figure 5-41 Leeward Elevation with different Apertures 148 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Side View Fan Light Projector Model Bubble Output Table -3 -7 -d Top View Fan Bubble Output Model Light Projector i-njH Figure 5-42 General Setup of the Experiments 149 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6 Wind Catcher with Different Sizes and Outlets All the tests were performed with the wind blowing perpendicular to the wind catcher's fa9ade. Top View Wind Leeward Windward Wind Side View Figure 6-1 Model Position in respect to the Wind Catcher The tests were recorded using a digital camcorder with a 30 frame per second rate. The duration of each frame is 0.033 second. In short, every 1 inch in the picture represents 60 inch per second or 0.76 meters per seconds. The fan had three speeds, as follows: • Fan Speed 1 = 5 ft/s =1.5 m/s = 3.4 mph • Fan Speed 2 = 7.5 ft/s = 2.3 m/s = 5.1 mph • Fan Speed 3 = 10 ft/s = 3.1 m/s = 6.8 mph 150 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1 1/3 Wind Catcher Figure 6-2 1/3 Wind Catcher Front Axonometric View 6.1.1 Case 0 Figure 6-3 Case 0 Back Axonometric View Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1.1.1 Speed 1 Bubble 1 Figure 6-4 Bubble Speed 1.5 m/s Figure 6-5 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 152 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-7 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s 153 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-9 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 154 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-10 Six Frames Combined Bubble 2 Figure 6-11 Bubble Entering the Model 155 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-13 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s 156 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-15 Four Frames Combined 157 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1.1.2 Speed 2 Figure 6-16 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s Figure 6-17 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-19 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s 159 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-21 Five Frames Combined 160 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1.1.3 Speed 3 Bubble 1 Figure 6-22 Bubble Speed 2.29 m/s Figure 6-23 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 161 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-24 Two Frames Combined Bubble 2 Figure 6-25 Bubble Entering the Model 162 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-27 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s 163 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-29 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 164 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-30 Five Frames Combined Figure 6-31 Case 0 3D Drawing 165 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-32 Case 0 Side View Case 0 2.5 speed 1 B1 speed 1 B2 speed 2 x speed 3 B1 speed 3 B2 Figure 6-33 Speed Vs Location The general flow of the wind takes an almost direct path to the exit. However, there is some variation appearing at the top of the model where a region of positive pressure is forcing the wind into a loop. The air that is pushed to the wall opposite to the one adjacent to the wind catcher is taking a coil-like shape and ends up joining either the general flow towards the exhaust or enter the loop on the top of the model. 166 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1.2 Case 1 Figure 6-34 Case 1 Back Axonometric View 6.1.2.1 Speed 1 Bubble 1 Figure 6-35 Bubble Entering the Model 167 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-37 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s 168 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-39 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 169 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-41 Six Frames Combined 170 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Bubble 2 Figure 6-42 Bubble Entering the Model Figure 6-43 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s 171 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-45 Bubble Speed 0.38 m/s 172 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-47 Bubble Speed 0.38 m/s 173 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-49 Seven Frames Combined 174 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1.2.2 Speed 2 Figure 6-50 Bubble Entering the Model Figure 6-51 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 175 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-52 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s Figure 6-53 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 176 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-55 Five Frames Combined 177 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1.2.3 Speed 3 Bubble 1 Figure 6-56 Bubble Entering the Model Figure 6-57 Bubble Speed 2.10 m/s 178 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-59 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s 179 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-61 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s 180 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-62 Six Frames Combined Bubble 2 Figure 6-63 Bubble Entering the Model 181 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-65 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s 182 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-66 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Figure 6-67 The Bubble Exiting from the Top Opening 183 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-69 Case 1 3D Drawing 184 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-70 Case 1 Side View Case 1 2 .5 -r- £ 1 3 a < 0 0 .5 s p e e d 1 B1 s p e e d 1 B2 —a — s p e e d 2 -x s p e e d 3 B1 —* — s p e e d 3 B2 Figure 6-71 Speed Vs Location 185 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. In this case, most of the bubbles are using the bottom opening to exit but with some difficulty appearing in the form of turbulence. Less turbulence was observed as the airflow velocity was increased. Furthermore, an increase in velocity forced some of the airflow to sweep upwards against the back wall, using the top opening to exit. As for the speed of wind inside the model, the highest speed would be under the wind catcher which is in the first third. Nevertheless, the wind decelerates and reaccelerates throughout the model until it reaches the exhaust, where a speed higher than the one in the middle zone is noticed most of the time. For example, fan speed 2 in this case showed the highest speed for the exhaust. 6.1.3 Case 2 Figure 6-72 Case 2 Axonometric Back View 186 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1.3.1 Speed 1 Bubble 1 Figure 6-73 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Figure 6-74 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s 187 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-76 Bubble Speed 0.38 m/s 188 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-77 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s Figure 6-78 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s 189 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-80 Eight Frames Combined 190 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Bubble 2 Figure 6-81 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s Figure 6-82 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s 191 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-84 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s 192 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-85 Five Frames Combined 6.1.3.2 Speed 2 Figure 6-86 Bubble Entering the Model 193 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-88 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s 194 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-90 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s 195 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-92 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s 196 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-94 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 197 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-95 Nine Frames Combined 6.1.3.3 Speed 3 Bubble 1 Figure 6-96 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s 198 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-98 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s 199 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-100 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s 200 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-101 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s Figure 6-102 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 201 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-103 Five Frames Combined Bubble 2 Figure 6-104 Bubble Entering the Model 202 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-106 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 203 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-108 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s 204 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-110 Five Frames Combined 205 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. " W Figure 6-111 Case 2 3D Drawing Figure 6-112 Case 2 Side View 206 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Case 2 2.5 (0 £ ■o 4 > <D Q . ( 0 0 .5 —♦ — s p e e d 1 B1 ~~li— s p e e d 1 B 2 — &— s p e e d 2 — speed 3 B1 ae s p e e d 3 B 2 Figure 6-113 Speed Vs Location This is the best self adjusting solution observed in this prototype. Compared to other exhaust types tested, this configuration maintained the narrowest range with various airflow velocities near the exit. At slower speeds, the air takes a smoother path to the exit and as the speed increases, the air is slowed due to the sharper path angles. Using fan speed 1, the wind takes a smooth path that becomes smoother with fan speed 2. However, when using speed 3 the wind tends to go downward and starts to have sharper air flow patterns. 207 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.1.4 Case 3 Figure 6-114 Case 3 Axonometric Back View 6.1.4.1 Speed 1 Figure 6-115 Bubble Entering the Model 208 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-116 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s Figure 6-117 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 209 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-118 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s Figure 6-119 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-120 Five Frames Combined 6.1.4.2 Speed 2 Bubble 1 Figure 6-121 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s 211 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-123 Two Frames Combined 212 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Bubble 2 Figure 6-124 Bubble Entering the Model Figure 6-125 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s 213 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-126 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s Figure 6-127 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s 214 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-129 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s 215 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-130 Five Frames Combined 6.1.4.3 Speed 3 Figure 6-131 Bubbles Entering the Model 216 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-133 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 217 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-135 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 218 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-136 Six Frames Combined Figure 6-137 Case 3 3D Drawing 219 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-138 Case 3 Side View Case 3 2.5 £ ■ o Q . V > •X 0.5 4 5 3 1 2 s p e e d 1 — * — s p e e d 2 B1 —A— s p e e d 2 B2 — s p e e d 3 Figure 6-139 Speed Vs Location 220 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The velocity of the airflow is high compared with the other cases because the opening is in the natural airflow direction of the wind, hence that the opening is smaller than Case 0 which forces the wind to accelerate. Nevertheless, a bigger positive zone is created to the upper right comer of the creating a large number of vortexes. Theses vortices are acting against the smooth flow of wind as they become more affective with higher speeds. Moreover, this type of opening will be obstructed by furniture since the wind is taking a path closer to the ground but would be a very good alternative if body cooling was needed the most. S p e e d 1 2.5 2 0 Figure 6-140 Speed Vs Cases 221 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Speed 2 2.5 a ■o 0 ) 4 ) Q . W 0.5 - 4 - Case 0 Case 1 -A - Case 2 x Case 3 Figure 6-141 Speed Vs Cases Speed 3 2 .5 fi ■ o Q > V a to 0 .5 C a s e 0 C a s e 1 C a s e 2 •< C a s e 3 Figure 6-142 Speed Vs Cases 222 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. In case 1, the big air velocity differences occurred because air going through the bottom opening is much faster than the wind exiting through the top opening, while in case 2 the difference was because of the faster speed of wind in the first part of the model and the slowed down flow near the exhaust. Case 3 did not have a noticeably higher air velocity inside the model with higher fan speeds, which confirms the assumption that higher wind creates more turbulence inside the model which results in a slower air flow. 6.2 1/2 Wind Catcher Figure 6-1431/2 Wind Catcher Front Axonometric View 223 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.2.1 Case 0 Figure 6-144 Case 0 Back Axonometric View 6.2.1.1 Speed 1 Figure 6-145 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s 224 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-147 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 225 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-148 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Figure 6-149 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s 226 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-150 Five Frames Combined 6.2.1.2 Speed 2 Figure 6-151 Bubble Entering the Model 227 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-153 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s 228 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-155 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 229 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-156 Six Frames Combined 6.2.1.3 Speed 3 Figure 6-157 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-159 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 231 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-160 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Figure 6-161 Four Frames Combined 232 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-162 Case 0 3D Drawing Figure 6-163 Case 0 Side View Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Case 0 < / ) E s U a (O 0.6 0 .4 0.2 s p e e d 1 s p e e d 2 —A — s p e e d 3 Figure 6-164 Speed Vs Location The larger wind catcher is allowing a greater volume of air into the model. As a result, airflow is observed to follow a more linear path both in plan and section, forcing the wind to rise to the upper part of the opening. In fan speed 1 and 2, the air accelerates as it exits, while in fan speed 3 it is noticed that some kind of positive pressure is building up near the exhaust that results in a slower airflow. 234 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.2.2 Case 1 Figure 6-165 Case 1 Axonometric Back View 6.2.2.1 Speed 1 m m Figure 6-166 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s 235 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-167 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s Figure 6-168 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s 236 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-170 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s 237 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-172 Seven Frames Combined 238 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.2.22 Speed 2 Bubble 1 Figure 6-173 Bubble Entering the Model Figure 6-174 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s 239 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-176 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 240 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-177 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s Figure 6-178 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s 241 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-179 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s Figure 6-180 The Bubble Exiting from the Top Opening 242 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-181 Eight Frames Combined Bubble 2 Figure 6-182 The Bubble Entering the Model 243 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-184 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s 244 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-185 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s MM Figure 6-186 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 245 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-187 The Bubble Exiting from the Bottom Opening and other Bubbles following the same Path Figure 6-188 Some Bubbles Exit using the Bottom Opening and some Bubbles head Upwards 246 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-189 Bubbles headed Upward creating a Vortex Figure 6-190 Nine Frames Combined 247 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.2.23 Speed 3 Figure 6-191 Bubble Entering the Model Figure 6-192 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s 248 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-194 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s 249 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-195 Four Frames Combined Figure 6-196 Case 1 3D Drawing 250 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-197 Case 1 Side View C ase 1 2.5 ■L (0 Mr 0.5 speed 1 — M — speed 2 B1 speed 2 B2 — speed 3 Figure 6-198 Speed Vs Location 251 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The air pattern near the exhaust did not change at all compared with the smaller wind catcher. Nonetheless, the airflow velocity increased especially through the bottom opening and the coverage area expanded both in plan and section. 6.2.3 Case 2 Figure 6-199 Case 2 Axonometric Back View 6.2.3.1 Speed 1 Figure 6-200 Bubble Entering the Model 252 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-202 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s 253 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-203 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s Figure 6-204 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s 254 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-205 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Figure 6-206 Six Frames Combined 255 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.23.2 Speed 2 Figure 6-207 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s Figure 6-208 Bubble Speed 2.29 m/s 256 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-209 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Figure 6-210 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s 257 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-211 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s Figure 6-212 Bubble Exiting from the Top Opening 258 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-213 Six Frames Combined 6.2.3.3 Speed 3 Bubble 1 Figure 6-214 Bubble Entering the Model 259 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-216 Bubble Speed 1.91 m/s 260 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-217 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Figure 6-218 The Bubble Exiting from the Opening Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-219 Five Frames Combined Bubble 2 iiiililS! Figure 6-220 Bubble Speed 2.10 m/s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-222 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 263 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-223 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s i # * * Figure 6-224 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-225 The Bubble Turns as it hits the near wall Figure 6-226 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 265 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-227Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s Figure 6-228 Eight Frames Combined 266 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-229 Case 2 3D Drawing Figure 6-230 Case 2 Side View Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Case 2 2.5 2 1.5 X 1 0.5 0 speed 1 speed 2 — A — speed 3 B1 x speed 3 B2 Figure 6-231 Speed Vs Location This exhaust shows again that it is a better option, even with a larger wind catcher -although the air did not behave the same way as with the smaller wind catcher, particularly under the wind catcher. The wind is driven further to the exhaust as the speed increases unlike the smaller wind catcher where the wind is driven downward. Yet it is still a better alternative because the air flow covers the majority of the first bottom meter which is very effective for cooling the human body. 268 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.2.4 Case 3 Figure 6-232 Case 3 Axonometric Back View 6.2.4.1 Speed 1 Figure 6-233 The Bubble Entering the Model Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-234 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Figure 6-235 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-237 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s 271 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-238 Six Frames Combined 6.2.4.2 Speed 2 Figure 6-239 The Bubble Entering the Model 272 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-240 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Figure 6-241 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 273 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-243 Bubble Speed 0.76 m/s 274 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-244 Five Frames Combined 6.2.4.3 Speed 3 Figure 6-245 The Bubble Entering the Model Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-246 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s Figure 6-247 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-249 The Bubble Exiting the Model 277 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-250 Six Frames Combined Figure 6-251 Case 3 3D Drawing 278 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-252 Case 3 Side View Case 3 1.4 1.2 Q > a (0 0.4 0.2 s p e e d 1 H I — s p e e d 2 — speed 3 Figure 6-253 Speed Vs Location 279 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission An increase of the airflow velocity is observed again in this case in addition to a larger positive pressure zone in the top of the model. More turbulence is appearing with increased velocities as well as vortices in the back upper comer of the model. Speed 1 2.5 - r 0.5 Case 0 -•«- Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Figure 6-254 Speed Vs Cases Speed 2 2.5 2 1.5 a 1 0.5 0 Case 0 Case 1 Case 2 - - -v~ Case 3 Figure 6-255 Speed Vs Cases 280 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Speed 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Case 0 Case 1 -£r- Case 2 X Case 3 Figure 6-256 Speed Vs Cases Very similar to 1/3 wind catcher (section 6.4.1.3), Case 1 and 2 showed again a wide range in wind velocities. Case 3 with higher wind creates more turbulence inside the model which result in a slower air flow. 6.3 Full Length Wind Catcher Figure 6-257Full Length Wind Catcher Front Axonometric View 281 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.3.1 Case 0 Figure 6-258 Case 0 Axonometric Back View 6.3.1.1 Speed 1 Figure 6-259 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s 282 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-260 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s Wmm Figure 6-261 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-263 Five Frames Combined 284 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.3.1.2 Speed 2 Figure 6-264 The Bubble Entering the Model Figure 6-265 Bubble Speed 2.29 m/s 285 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-267 The Bubble Exiting the Model 286 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-268 Five Frame Combined 6.3.1.3 Speed 3 Figure 6-269 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s 287 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-270 Bubble Speed 2.48 m/s Figure 6-271 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 288 with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-272 Three Frame Combined Figure 6-273 Case 0 3D Drawing Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-274 Case 0 Side View Case 0 2.5 1.5 0.5 s p e e d 2 sp e e d 3 s p e e d 1 Figure 6-275 Speed Vs Location Due to the large opening in this configuration, a massive amount of air is blown inside the model. However, the positive pressure in the top of the model decreases in size as the airflow velocity increases. The vortex that is created under the wind catcher (bottom left comer) becomes larger and more obvious in comparison with smaller wind catchers. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.3.2 Case 1 Figure 6-276 Case 1 Axonometric Back View 6.3.2.1 Speed 1 Figure 6-277 The Bubbles Entering the Model 291 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-278 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s Figure 6-279 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-280 Other Bubbles taking the same path with 1.14 m/s speed Figure 6-281 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-282 Five Frame Combined 6.3.2.2 Speed 2 Figure 6-283 The Bubble Entering the Model 294 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-284 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s Figure 6-285 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s 295 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-286 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s Figure 6-287 The Bubble Exiting from the Bottom Opening 296 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-288 Five Frame Combined 6.3.2.3 Speed 3 Figure 6-289 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 297 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-291 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s 298 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-293 Six Frame Combined 299 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-294 Case 1 3D Drawing Figure 6-295 Case 1 Side View 300 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Case 1 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 peed 2 s p ee d 1 ~ ~i s p ee d 3 Figure 6-296 Speed Vs Location The pattern in this case appears to be identical to that observed using smaller wind catchers with this exhaust. However, this prototype covered all the floor area from wall to wall which did not happen with smaller prototypes. 6.3.3 Case 2 Figure 6-297 Case 2 Axonometric Back View 301 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.3.3.1 Speed 1 Figure 6-298 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s Figure 6-299 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 302 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-301 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-302 The Bubble Exiting the Model Figure 6-303 Five Frame Combined Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.3.3.2 Speed 2 Figure 6-304 The Bubbles Entering the Model Figure 6-305 Bubble Speed 1.33 m/s 305 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-306 Bubble Speed 1.71 m/s Figure 6-307 Bubble Speed 0.57 m/s 306 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-309 Other Bubbles taking a Different Path 307 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-310 Bubbles Exiting the Model Figure 6-311 Seven Frame Combined Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.3.3.3 Speed 3 Figure 6-312 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s Figure 6-313 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 309 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission Figure 6-315 Bubbles heading for the Upper Part of the Model with an Average speed of 1.14 m/s 310 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-317 Six Frame Combined 311 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-318 Case 2 3D Drawing Figure 6-319 Case 2 Side View 312 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Case 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 sp e e d 1 s p e e d 2 sp e e d 3 Figure 6-320 Speed Vs Location This case proves again that the pattern near the exit will not be affected by the size of the wind catcher even though the speed slightly increased. 6.3.4 Case 3 Figure 6-321 Case 3 Axonometric Back View 313 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-323 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 314 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-324 Bubble Speed 0.95 m/s Figure 6-325 Bubble Speed 1.14 m/s 315 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-327 The Bubble Exiting the Model 316 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-328 Six Frame Combined 6.3.4.2 Speed 2 Figure 6-329 The Bubbles Entering the Model 317 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-331 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 318 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-333 Five Frame Combined 319 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.3.4.3 Speed 3 Figure 6-334 The Bubble Entering the Model Figure 6-335 Bubble Speed 1.52 m/s 320 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-337 Three Frame Combined 321 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-338 Case 3 3D Drawing Figure 6-339 Case 3 Side View 322 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Case 3 2 .5 1 ■D 8 a in 0 .5 s p e e d 1 —M — s p e e d 2 — &— s p e e d 3 Figure 6-340 Speed Vs Location Speed 1 1.4 jo E ■o a > o > a c o 0.6 0.4 0.2 Case 0 Case 1 - f c - Case 2 -X— Case 3 Figure 6-341 Speed Vs Cases 323 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Speed 2 2.5 V ) E T 5 « • H i 0 ) a c o 0.5 Case 0 M l— Case 1 — & — Case 2 -x Case 3 Figure 6-342 Speed Vs Cases Speed 3 2.5 1 TJ ® ® a « 0.5 Case 0 Case 2 - x ~ Case 3 Case 1 Figure 6-343 Speed Vs Cases 324 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The velocities recorded in the model with fan speed 1 were in a close range. This means that with slower wind speed the exhaust does not have a lot of influence over the air velocity inside the model. In fan speed 2 and 3 a greater differences in velocities is noticed with a lot of similarity between case 1 and 2 with different fan speeds. 6.4 Additional Tests 6.4.1 W ind catcher with Sm aller Opening This experiment was performed using a smaller intake opening to test if it is possible to reduce the speed of the wind when it is undesirable. Top View 10' r 5 '-r • 4 Section a f — 5 '— t— 10'- Figure 6-344 1/3 Wind Catcher with Smaller Intake Opening 325 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-346 Six Frames Combined with Fan Speed No.2 326 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-347 Six Frames Combined with Fan Speed No.3 As noticed in the previous images, the wind will take a straight path until it collides with the bottom surface of the model, then move parallel to the floor surface to the exhaust. In addition, the bubbles are trying to travel up the wind catcher tower which creates a positive pressure at the bottom end of the tower. 6.4.2 Wind Catcher in the Middle of the Windward Facade This experiment was performed using the 1/3 wind catcher with the bigger opening but place between the comers of the windward facade. Figure 6-348 1/3 Wind Catcher in the Middle of the Windward Facade 327 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 6-349 Front View Figure 6-350 3D Drawing The wind clearly took the middle zone straight to the exit, while the side sectors were subject to slower airflow with more turbulence. 328 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6.5 Suggestion • As mentioned in section 4.2.2, the microclimate of the region has to be examined before starting the design process. • The longer the house in the direction of the prevailing wind, the more efficient the air flow becomes inside the building. • This type of wind catcher will be most efficient when the wind is perpendicular to the intake opening. • The wind catcher should face northwest to catch the prevailing wind for Abu Dhabi especially in the afternoon periods. • The prevailing wind for A1 Ain is northwest and south to southeast. The wind catcher should face northwest because the wind is blowing repeatedly from northwest in the afternoon period were ventilation is most needed. • The small size wind catcher is efficient enough if the designer does not need the whole floor area to be covered. • Areas like Abu Dhabi need a higher air change rate due to higher humidity levels during summer. In other words, the full length wind catcher is recommended. • The upper opening (case 2) is -in my opinion- the best exhaust, which can also be adapted to be used as an intake when wind is blowing from the other direction. This is mostly the case from midnight until the early morning hours. 329 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. • If the smaller wind catcher is to be used in a building, it is recommended to be on the west side of the house to reduce the heat generated from the afternoon sun over the west fa9ade. The air moves faster and spread wider over the wall adjacent to the wind catcher which would decrease the temperature of the west wall surface and the Mean Radiant Temperature. • This type of wind catcher would not be very effective for cooling the ceiling, so the house would be much better off with a second floor or a high ceiling with exhaust. Yet, the air that circulates in the upper part of the room will be sufficient enough to remove excess heat. 330 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7 Future Work For future studies, the same model may be used with the same 1/3 wind catcher but with a curved bottom rather than the 45 degree angle. This would help to find out if it is possible for the wind to have more efficient flow over the ceiling. In addition, the effect of openings on the wall opposite to the one adjacent to the wind catcher can be studied to eliminate the turbulence that builds up. Also it would be very useful to see how the 4 sided Barjeel (mentioned in section 4.1.2) would perform with various exhausts. Figure 7-1 Curved Wind Catcher Figure 7-2 Openings on the Opposite Wall 331 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8 Bibliography Allard, Francis. Natural Ventilation in Buildings: A design handbook. London: James & James, 1998 Bradshaw, Vaughn. Building Control Systems. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1993 Brown, G. Z., and Dekay, Mark. Sun. Wind and light: Architectural Design Strategies. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 2001 Fathy, Hassan. Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1986 Forman, Werner, Phoenix Rising: The United Arab Emirates Past, present and future. London: The Harvill. 1996 Kreider, Jan F, and Kreith, Frank. Solar Heating and Cooling: Engineering. Practical Design, and Economics. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere, 1975 Lakes Environmental. WRPLOT View software. 3 Jan. 2002 <http://www.lakes- environmental.com/lakewrpl.html> Larson, Roland E., and Hostetler, Robert P. Calculus with analytical geometry. Toronto: Heath and Company, 1986 Milne, Murray. Climate Consultant, University of California, Los Angeles, 1991. The Renewable Resource Data Center . TMY2 User's Manual. 5 Mar. 2002 <http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/tmy2/> Stein, Benjamin, and Reynolds, John S. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Building. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000 Threlkeld, James L., Thermal Environmental Engineering. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, 1970 UAE. Dubai Municipality: the Historical Building Section. Elements of Traditional Architecture in Dubai. Dubai: Dubai Municipality, 2000 Vine, Peter. UAE in Focus: A photographic history of the United Arab Emirates. London: Trident. 1998 "Wind Towers: Detail in Building". Battle McCarthy Consulting Engineers. 1999: 6 332 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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Creator
Al-Shaali, Rashed Khalifa
(author)
Core Title
Maximizing natural ventilation by design in low-rise residential buildings using wind catchers in the hot arid climate of United Arab Emirates
Degree
Master of Building Science / Master in Biomedical Sciences
Degree Program
Building Science
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University of Southern California
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University of Southern California. Libraries
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Architecture,OAI-PMH Harvest
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English
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Digitized by ProQuest
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https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c16-300280
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300280
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Al-Shaali, Rashed Khalifa
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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...
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