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California explorer: a multimedia Website exploring science in California's state and national parks
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1
California Explorer: A Multimedia Website Exploring Science in
California's State and National Parks
by
Susan M. Valot
_______________________________________________
A Thesis Presented to the
FACULTY OF USC GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF ARTS
(SPECIALIZED JOURNALISM)
May 2015
Copyright 2015 Susan M. Valot
2
Acknowledgements
"California Explorer" started as an idea and grew into a fun and
rewarding thesis project, but it never would have gotten off the
ground without help.
First, I would like to thank science journalism professor KC Cole for
being my thesis project chair and being a sounding board for different
ideas I had. Big ideas are great. But the best ideas are ones that you
can also accomplish. KC helped me do that.
I would also like to thank journalism professor Amara Aguilar and
spatial sciences professor Travis Longcore (an urban ecologist) for
sitting on my thesis committee. It is difficult to put together a thesis
committee for a project that spans so many specialties, so I am glad
Amara and Travis were willing to give a bit of their time and
knowledge. Journalism professor Peggy Bustamante also helped me
quite a bit, getting me through times of coding the website when I
wanted to bash my head against a desk in frustration.
3
A special thanks goes to Jessica Dutton of USC's Wrigley Institute on
Catalina Island. Her help was invaluable to this project.
Thank you to the researchers willing to let me trek along on their
outings and interview them. Without them, there would be no
"California Explorer."
The USC Master's in Specialized Journalism Class of 2015 has been
the most awesome group of women I've had the pleasure to work
with. Their stories and backgrounds have been an inspiration.
Without Thomas Campbell Jackson and Penny Jackson, who funded
the fellowship that allowed me to come to USC, I would not be in the
program. So I would especially like to thank them for their kindness
and generosity, which someday I hope to be able to pay forward.
Finally, I'd like to thank my family. They molded my fascination of
state and national parks. It's a passion that I hope to pass on to my
"California Explorer" audience, inspiring them to get out there and
visit the parks, enjoying the nature California has to offer.
4
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements 2
List of Figures 5
Abstract 7
1. Introduction 9
2. The Need 10
3. The Future 12
4. How the Project Was Put Together 16
5. How to Use "California Explorer" 18
6. Story Transcripts 32
6.1 Transcript: Nature in Your Backyard 32
6.2 Transcript: Baldwin Hills Bats 32
6.3 Transcript: Channel Islands Ocean Study 37
6.4 Transcript: Yosemite Rim Fire Recovery 39
6.5 Transcript: Researcher Studies Anza-Borrego Bees 41
6.6 Transcript: James Hung, In His Own Words 44
6.7 Transcript: Anza-Borrego Bighorn Sheep Capture 45
6.8 Transcript: Tour of Anza-Borrego Paleontology Lab 47
7. Conclusion 49
Bibliography 50
5
List of Figures
Figure 1: Screen shot of home page 19
Figure 2: Screen shot of middle of home page 19
Figure 3: Screen shot of middle of home page 20
Figure 4: Screen shot of part of home page with audio 22
Figure 5: Screen shot of carousel at bottom of home page 22
Figure 6: Screen shot of contact page 23
Figure 7: Screen shot of top of "Making Of" page 24
Figure 8: Screen shot of bottom of "Making Of" page 24
Figure 9: Screen shot of parks map page 25
Figure 10: Screen shot of "Parks List" page 26
Figure 11: Screen shot of top of Anza-Borrego page 27
Figure 12: Screen shot of Anza-Borrego gallery 27
Figure 13: Screen shot of Anza-Borrego gallery 28
Figure 14: Screen shot of top of Yosemite page 28
Figure 15: Screen shot of Yosemite gallery 29
Figure 16: Screen shot of top of Channel Islands page 29
Figure 17: Screen shot of Channel Islands gallery 30
Figure 18: Screen shot of Channel Islands gallery 30
6
Figure 19: Screen shot of top of Baldwin Hills Overlook page 31
Figure 20: Screen shot of Baldwin Hills Overlook gallery 31
Figure 21: Screen shot of Baldwin Hills Overlook gallery 32
7
Abstract
This thesis project, "California Explorer," is a multimedia website that
provides a scientific tour of California's state and national parks.
Through the site, you can "travel" to the parks via sound-rich audio
stories and compelling videos about scientific studies and other
scientific happenings going on in the parks. It's like having a park
ranger traveling with you. The site, which was coded by hand, also
includes photo galleries and a map of the featured parks.
"California Explorer" focuses on four parks: Anza-Borrego Desert
State Park, Baldwin Hills Scenic Overlook/Kenneth Hahn State
Recreation Area, Channel Islands National Park and Yosemite
National Park. I chose the parks based on both geography and
scientific studies happening there. I wanted at least one to be by air,
one by land and one by sea. The resulting stories include features
about bats and bees (air), bighorn sheep (land) and the ocean (sea).
I've long had an interest in national and state parks. Growing up, my
family took weeks-long road trips across the country in a camper,
8
often staying in national and state parks along the way. So I have
been exposed to the parks from an early age, visiting a majority of
national parks in the United States. Since I am getting my master's in
specialized journalism, focusing on science and technology, this
project was the perfect fit. It also allowed me to learn more about
web coding and practice shooting video and photos, in addition to
using radio skills I have cultivated over an 18-year public radio career.
"California Explorer" educates and provides context for visitors to the
parks. Often, park visitor centers contain static information that has
not changed in years. This website is dynamic, with the ability to
continue to add new content telling of current studies happening in
the parks today. "California Explorer" takes its audience beyond the
landscape and scenery, educating and entertaining along the way.
Essentially, it is a multi-media science-travel show that uses various
storytelling methods to weave together the puzzle pieces of
California's history, and its potential future.
9
1. Introduction
The road to Yosemite National Park in northern California curls
through the forest like a ribbon cascading off the side of a birthday
gift. Oaks, pines and the sliver of asphalt give way to a breathtaking
view: Half Dome, El Capitan and Bridalveil Falls. Mosey into the
park. Signs warn about keeping food locked away and out of sight
from bears. Flyers talk of deer mice that carry deadly Hantavirus.
The visitor's center posts permanent displays about wildlife and
geology.
There is a lot more current science going on in the park than the
displays let on. At any given time, researchers could be studying the
impact of wildfires on Yosemite's streams or venturing out into the
snow to study California's water supply or tracking bears using
webcams. This is the kind of information featured in "California
Explorer."
10
2. The Need
The sheer number of visitors to California's state and national parks
provides a huge potential audience for the website. According to a
statistical report by the agency in charge of California's state parks,
nearly 68-million people visited those parks in the 2011-2012 fiscal
year, the last year for which figures are available.
1
It is unclear how
many of those people were repeat visitors, this is still a healthy
potential market.
Those figures do not include the state's nine national parks, the most
of any state in the entire country. Of those parks, Yosemite is the
most popular, with about 4-million visitors each year.
2
The National
Park Service tracked 900,000 visitors to Sequoia National Park last
year.
3
1
California State Park System Statistical Report, 2012-2013 Fiscal Year,
2
National Park Service Public Use Statistics Office, Yosemite National Park
Summary of Visitor Use by Month and Year.
https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/Park%20Specific%20Reports/Summar
y%20of%20Visitor%20Use%20By%20Month%20and%20Year%20(1979%20-
%20Last%20Calendar%20Year)?Park=YOSE
3
National Park Service Public Use Statistics Office, Sequoia National Park
Summary of Visitor Use by Month and Year.
https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/Park%20Specific%20Reports/Annual
11
A Yosemite survey of visitors to the park in 2009, the last year those
statistics are available, found 92 percent of visitors gathered
information about the park before their visit.
4
"California Explorer"
fills a niche in this area, providing ongoing and current information
about the park's science for visitors.
The same survey found that a vast majority of visitors came to
Yosemite to view the scenery, take scenic drives and view wildlife.
5
All of these activities could be enhanced by "California Explorer,"
which essentially provides a scientific tour of that scenery and wildlife
with stories about them.
Probably the most important part of the Yosemite survey is how
visitors assessed their future trips to the park. Ninety-six percent
wanted to learn about the park on the future visit. And nearly half
wanted better trailside exhibits and self-guided tours to get that
4
Yosemite Visitor Services Project (VSP) Survey 2009, Page 20.
http://psu.uidaho.edu/files/vsp/reports/215_YOSE_rept.pdf
5
Ibid, Page 44.
12
information.
6
Nearly a quarter of those surveyed wanted that
information in electronic form, which is the form "California
Explorer" takes.
7
Specifically, park visitors said they wanted more
ranger-led programs and hikes, more information and education
about animals and podcasts or iPod tours.
8
"California Explorer" fills
this niche by providing current stories on what's happening in the
park today, rather than static displays that tell you what might have
happened in the park years ago. Yosemite receives a broad array of
visitors, so the survey could be representative of visitors to California
parks.
3. The Future
"California Explorer" can be taken a step further in the future if I
could find grant or private funding to create a smart phone or tablet
app to go with the website. Ideally, I would want to work with parks
to try to incorporate the app into the parks, whether through QR
codes that can be scanned to trigger a specific story at specific
locations or radio frequency identification devices (RFID) attached to
6
Ibid, Page 90.
7
Ibid, Page 90.
8
Ibid, Page 92.
13
kiosks in parks. These would trigger the app automatically to play
certain stories in specific locations, essentially using the app to
provide an automatic scientific tour of the park.
This could change the way people use California's state and national
parks. Unlike traditional kiosks in parks, which are always the same
and only include very basic information, the content on "California
Explorer" could continue to change and be built upon. So if you take
the app version to a park one year, you may hear stories about the
latest studies on bats and mountain lions, but the next year, you may
hear about what they have learned from the mountain lion studies
and how they have started to study wildflowers or weeds or whatever
in the park. So it becomes a dynamic tour of the science in the parks,
without needing a ranger by your side. Basically, it would bring the
parks into the 21st Century.
The most obvious grant source to build on a project like this is the
California State Parks Foundation, which grants awards of up to
about $10,000. Coincidentally, one of its park enrichment grants in
September 2014 was to the Point Lobos Foundation, to create a
14
mobile app to learn about the park.
9
Cal Humanities' California
Documentary Project Grant may also be appropriate for California
Explorer. The grant of up to $50,000 is for media projects that
"enhance our understanding of California and its cultures, peoples,
and histories."
10
"California Explorer" basically tells the natural
history of California through stories about modern studies.
In addition to grants, California Explorer could look to companies to
underwrite the app. The best fit would likely be companies with some
tie to science or travel, such as airlines, travel magazines or even Auto
Club.
Building a brand is key to grow a project like "California Explorer."
As the creator, I want to build trust and make it the go-to place for
learning the latest, coolest things about California's state and national
parks. Central to branding is making regular reporting trips to the
parks or relying on freelancers to bring in sound rich or visual rich
9
California State Park Foundation List of Park Enrichment Grant Awardees,
September 2014. http://www.calparks.org/whatwedo/grants/p-e-grant-
awardees.html
10
Cal Humanities California Documentary Project Grant Information Page.
Retrieved November 19, 2014. http://www.calhum.org/grants/california-
documentary-project-grant
15
material to keep feeding into the app, almost like a regular radio show
or podcast. If the website and app are not constantly being updated,
people won't find as much value in it and won't find a reason to keep
coming back. Stories must have high production standards and must
be accurate about the science, but relay the information about the
science in an understandable and interesting way.
One way to build the brand could be through interactives, such as web
chats with scientists, where people can call, Skype, Tweet or Facebook
in questions during live question and answer sessions about the
science. That could further be edited and in some way used in the
app.
"California Explorer" could also eventually have activities that get
people involved, making them feel like they are a part of the
"California Explorer" community. This could include an Instagram
scavenger hunt in the parks, related to science. It may be spotting
certain wildlife or flowers or whatever and posting to Instagram with
"California Explorer" swag for the winners, promoting the California
Explorer brand. These sorts of interactions will further the idea that
16
"California Explorer" is like having a park ranger with you and
emphasize the idea that it's not only a park ranger, but a fun park
ranger.
"California Explorer" in its thesis project form is hopefully just the
beginning. I hope that I will have the opportunity to grow the project
into something Californians and visitors to the state will find useful,
entertaining and enlightening.
4. How the Project Was Put Together
I started with a blank sheet of paper and only rudimentary knowledge
of html, a web coding language. Through a coding class at USC, I was
able to build on that knowledge base to create the "California
Explorer" website. The coding was the most difficult part of the
project, particularly the map, which was created from scratch using
Google Maps API, which I had to teach myself.
"California Explorer" sent me trekking to different parts of the state,
toting audio equipment, a camera and sometimes video equipment.
17
My reporting trips started in October of 2014, with a couple of trips to
Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. On an off-road outing with a native
bee researcher, which involved hiking and scrambling over rocks in a
remote part of the desert, my main microphone stopped working. I
had to switch to a backup microphone, which was not as sensitive at
picking up sounds. A few minutes later, the headphone jack on my
audio recorder broke off. During that trip, I had to improvise, much
like TV's "MacGyver," who was known for getting out of binds with
only duct tape and paper clips.
Another trip to the park to video the capture of endangered bighorn
sheep had to be delayed because of weather. That resulted in me
having two interviews/video gathering missions scheduled on
subsequent days in completely different parts of the state. So I
started Halloween morning in the hot desert of Anza-Borrego and 13
hours later was driving through the first major winter storm of the
season, on my way to Yosemite. The next morning, just 24 hours
after being in the desert, I was driving in Yosemite snowfall. The
storm made it so I could not go to streams in the 2013 Rim Fire burn
area because of the flash flood risk. So an interview that was
18
supposed to take place in the field had to take place in an office.
Problems like that are common in media projects. This thesis project
became a lesson in improvising to deal with problems that arose.
I tried to let the story dictate how it would be told. If I thought visuals
would be strong, I used video. If it seemed like it would make a better
radio story, I used audio. For all of the parks, I shot a variety of
photos for use in the photo gallery featured on each park page. In all,
the project includes interviews with eleven people, which resulted in
six audio pieces (totaling more than 23 minutes) and two video pieces
(totaling about 9 minutes.)
5. How to Use "California Explorer"
"California Explorer's" home page features scrolling text over photos I
took in the Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve in Lancaster,
California. (See screen shots below.)
19
Figure 1: Screen shot of top of home page
Figure 2: Screen shot of middle of home page
20
Figure 3: Screen shot of middle of home page
The text explains what the website is about. It also includes an audio
story about how you do not have to go to any park to see nature or
science because it is in your own backyard, no matter where you live.
A transcript of that audio story is included in this packet.
21
Figure 4: Part of home page with audio
At the bottom of the home page is a photo carousel with photos of the
various parks featured in the project. You can click on each photo to
go to the corresponding park page.
22
Figure 5: Screen shot of carousel at bottom of home page
Back at the top of the home page is the menu, which is also on the top
of every page in the "California Explorer" project. It features a logo
that I created in Photoshop, starting with a photo of a park sign. I
replaced the park name with the "California Explorer" name and used
the color palette of that park sign to coordinate the colors on the
website.
The menu has four options: Parks Map, Parks List, Making Of and
Contact. Below each is a little map icon that I programmed to stretch
out like it's opening when you hover the mouse over it.
23
The "Contact" page is a basic contact form, where users can send
ideas or comments to "California Explorer."
Figure 6: Screen shot of contact page
The "Making Of" page tells a little bit about what happened during
the making of the project and a little bit about myself, along with
some behind-the-scenes photos.
24
Figure 7: Screen shot of top of "Making Of" page
Figure 8: Screen shot of bottom of "Making Of" page
25
The "Parks List" and "Parks Map" pages are the two main pages to
maneuver through the site. The "Parks Map" page is a hand-coded
Google API map with the same map icons as the menu at the top of
the page. The map icons mark the locations of the parks featured in
"California Explorer." If you click on each, the title of the park and a
photo of the park pops up and allows you to click through to the park
page.
Figure 9: Screen shot of parks map page
The "Parks List" page lists each park and its location, with a photo
icon and text description for each. You can click on the park name in
the title or text or click on the photo to go to each park page.
26
Figure 10: Screen shot of "Parks List" page
Each park page has a similar template, but different photos and
features. The large photo at the top of each page features black dots
that you can click on to see various multimedia elements, such as
audio stories, video stories or an icon that links to a photo gallery.
That photo gallery is at the bottom of each page, with 12 photos. You
click on the smaller photos on the right to see a larger version on the
left. Each one has a caption. If you click through from left to right,
top to bottom, the captions tell the story of the park.
27
Figure 11: Screen shot of top of Anza-Borrego page
Figure 12: Screen shot of Anza-Borrego gallery
28
Figure 13: Screen shot of Anza-Borrego gallery
Figure 14: Screen shot of top of Yosemite page
29
Figure 15: Screen shot of Yosemite gallery
Figure 16: Screen shot of top of Channel Islands page
30
Figure 17: Screen shot of Channel Islands gallery
Figure 18: Screen shot of Channel Islands gallery
31
Figure 19: Screen shot of top of Baldwin Hills Scenic Overlook page
Figure 20: Screen shot of Baldwin Hills Scenic Overlook gallery
32
Figure 21: Screen shot of Baldwin Hills Scenic Overlook gallery
6. Story Transcripts
The transcripts of all of the audio and video stories found on the
"California Explorer" website are listed below.
6.1 Transcript: Nature in Your Backyard (audio)
SUSAN VALOT: When you think of "nature," you might think of the
thundering waterfalls at Yosemite or the explosion of wildflower color
each spring in a desert such as Anza-Borrego. Nature is someplace
you travel to, to get away, to go hiking, to kayak, or even to just
glimpse the stars. But nature has no boundaries. It's everywhere --
even in your backyard. John Hafernik is a biology professor at San
Francisco State University.
33
JOHN HAFERNIK: "Most of us think we live apart from nature, than
a part of nature. And our yards are part of nature; our urban areas
are part of nature. They are sometimes structured differently, have
different organisms in them, but you know, we don't live our lives as
human beings separated from human nature. We live embedded in
nature all the time."
VALOT: Stephanie Remington sees that embedding all the time. She
studies bats for a living -- both in open spaces like the Baldwin Hills
State Overlook and in places like freeway overpasses. She says if
people are aware they are a part of nature, they can make adjustments
in their own lives to help out the other animals and organisms that
live there, too.
STEPHANIE REMINGTON: "There is a lot you can see from
backyards and it would be wonderful for people to learn about them,
but what happens very often is what people move into -- usually
upscale communities, you know. There's the people who are moving
into a place where the backyard is a view or a viewscape. And so they
don't understand it when the view starts interacting with them."
VALOT: Remington says people on the urban interface with parks
and open space sometimes become upset when wildlife damages their
backyard, eats their dog food -- or even eats the cat. She says we need
to understand that we’re part of something larger -- and make
adjustments accordingly. But that urban interaction can be helpful,
too. Travis Longcore, an urban ecologist at the University of
Southern California, says there are all sorts of citizen science websites
now that let the public be part of science. He says inaturalist-dot-org
is one of the big ones.
TRAVIS LONGCORE: "Anybody can take a picture of whatever it is
and upload it, but then you have a picture. And then the sort of
community as a whole can see, 'Oh, somebody posted a butterfly. I
know about butterflies. Is that the right species?' And because you
can now have people with basically a computer in their pocket; they
take a picture; it records a location; it uploads it to the cloud..."
VALOT: ... and it gets citizen scientists involved, even from their own
backyards. San Francisco State University's John Hafernik points out
34
that citizen scientists aren't new. He says even famous scientists such
as Charles Darwin, who theorized about evolution, were actually
citizen scientists. He says there's a lot of value in the public taking
part in science today.
HAFERNIK: "They learn about science. They learn about how
science operates. They learn some really neat stuff. And they have
the potential to make really important contributions, as well, that can
change the direction of science in some areas."
VALOT: Hafernik deals with citizen science every day. He studies
bees infected by a parasitic fly that makes them act like zombies.
People scoop up dead bees, watch them for signs of infection and
upload their findings to zombee-watch-dot-org -- as in zom-beeee...
All nature in their own backyards.
For "California Explorer," I'm Susan Valot.
6.2 Transcript: Baldwin Hills Bats (audio)
SUSAN VALOT: Oil derricks bob up and down, like steady rocking
horses amid the rolling, barren dirt fields of Baldwin Hills, about
halfway between downtown Los Angeles and the Pacific Ocean.
Traffic streams by at freeway speeds down La Cienega Boulevard, a
gray ribbon through the Inglewood Oilfield. The oil-rig-dotted land
abuts the Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area and the Baldwin Hills
Scenic Overlook, both state parks. [NAT SOUND OF WALKING
UNDERNEATH HERE] That's where researcher Stephanie
Remington and a small crew of volunteers are counting bats.
STEPHANIE REMINGTON: "Did you get anything up there?"
VOLUNTEER: "Yeah, we actually saw two."
REMINGTON: "Yay! Where?"
VALOT: It's a quiet early October night at the hilly Kenneth Hahn
State Recreation Area. Despite a pond in the park, the bat sightings
on this night are few and far between. Of two groups surveying, only
one spotted anything. Even with handheld detectors that translate
ultrasonic bat calls into frequencies that humans can hear,
35
Remington's group has had no luck. She's puzzled why she hasn't
picked up or seen any bats.
REMINGTON: "To me it's eerie to be out at night in an area where
there's water and not get any bat detections. It's like -- think about
going g out and walking in the sun and not seeing in your shadow.
[laughs] It doesn't make sense. There's something wrong."
VALOT: Remington wonders if the bats aren't here because of
California's drought or if workers sprayed the area to kill off
mosquitos that might carry West Nile virus. No bugs means no food
for the bats, which can eat more than their body weight in insects in a
night. Remington is surveying the bats in this park as part of the
Baldwin Hills Biota Project. Travis Longcore, the USC urban
ecologist overseeing the study, says it's a tally of what animals are
here in the middle of the city.
TRAVIS LONGCORE: "One of the reasons bats are important is they
provide a service of eating insects for us. That's sort of a utilitarian
reason that bats are, you know, good. There's a practical reason also
for the agencies that manage these lands. Many bat species are
recognized as sensitive species and so we want to know what ones are
there, are they sensitive, where are their habitats, can they be
protected and enhanced and what not."
VALOT: Longcore says it used to be that ecologists mostly ignored
cities as potential places to study wildlife. But he says that changed in
the mid 1990s, when the National Science Foundation invested in two
long-term ecological studies in urban areas. He says that led the way
for additional wildlife research in cities.
LONGCORE: "We're not asking for there to be mountain lions and
grizzly bears in the city, but when you look at different scales of
biodiversity, cities are incredibly important because there are rare
habitats that are found in places that people like to live."
VALOT: That's why Stephanie Remington is out bat hunting in this
Baldwin Hills park.
36
NAT SOUND OF REMINGTON IN FIELD DURING BAT HUNT:
"I'm going to keep going this way. Oh, did you guys go around the
bowl?"
VALOT: Remington's known as the "Bat Lady of Orange County" for
her expertise in the flying mammals. She's interested in what she
calls the "urban edge."
REMINGTON: "I'm interested in the interaction of bats and people
because I think we're going to get to a point where we're either going
to be very happy that we made the effort as a society to protect bats or
we're going to be very sorry we didn't."
VALOT: The United States is home to 45 species of bats. Twenty-five
of those species live in California, though they tend to be fewer in
urban parks. The Baldwin Hills Conservancy and Baldwin Hills
Regional Conservation Authority surveyed the area about a decade
ago, but didn't include bats. So now, they want to know what kinds of
bats are here. And toward the end of the evening... finally... a
sighting.
NAT SOUND OF VOLUNTEER DURING BAT HUNT: "I saw
something fly, but it landed in the tree or it looked like it did. And it
was big..."
VALOT: The group notes the coordinates and the description,
which'll go into a database. Remington says these bats are important
in the larger ecological picture.
REMINGTON: "Because we have things going on with climate.
Things are getting warmer. We're getting species from other parts.
There are diseases coming in. We have antibiotic-resistant all kinds
of stuff. And so, we're going to have a problem, I think, if we don't
have good insect predators in our urban areas."
VALOT: Remington says bats often get a bad rap because what
people know about them often comes from campy vampire movies.
But what Remington learns about them in the park could eventually
write a new script... one that could help preserve the bug eaters into
their urban future.
37
NAT SOUND OF REMINGTON IN FIELD DURING BAT HUNT AS
GROUP PARTS WAYS: "Too-dah-roo. Good luck!"
VALOT: For "California Explorer," I'm Susan Valot.
6.3 Transcript: Channel Islands Ocean Study (audio)
OPEN WITH NAT SOUND OF SEA GULLS AT ANACAPA ISLAND
SUSAN VALOT: Western gulls flutter around the cliffs across from
the main dock at Anacapa Island, part of Channel Islands National
Park, eleven miles off the coast of Ventura County. The rhythmic
drone of the island's lighthouse punctuates the salty air every few
seconds. In the dark turquoise water, strands of kelp gently wave
along with the swells, like Rose Parade queens. From the dock, built
into the cliffside, Lydia Kapsenberg drops a large, black tube into the
ocean.
NAT SOUND OF LYDIA KAPSENBERG DROPPING TUBE INTO
WATER
VALOT: Kapsenberg, a researcher from the University of California
Santa Barbara, is testing the acidity -- or ph balance -- of the water, so
she can calibrate new sensors she and a partner are putting about 30
feet underwater here. It'll help them understand the impact of
climate change -- meaning more carbon -- on marine life in the park.
LYDIA KAPSENBERG: "The ocean acidifies because of carbon
dioxide. So as carbon dioxide is emitted by humans through fossil
fuel burning, the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves into the
surface layer of the ocean. And the way that that happens is actually
CO2 molecules and water molecules combine and form an acid. And
that causes the ph to go down."
VALOT: Kapsenberg has put sensors -- which weren't invented until
2010 -- into the water at two locations in Channel Islands National
Park, including in the kelp forest here off Anacapa Landing.
38
KAPSENBERG: "I'm interested in what will happen with animals as
the ocean absorbs CO2 and as it acidifies. And to do that, I take
animals into the lab and expose them to what we predict future ocean
conditions to be like and to understand how they respond."
VALOT: The monitoring gives them a snapshot of the ph-range
marine organisms experience. The acidity of the ocean can change
through the day or from season to season or place to place.
NAT SOUND OF KAPSENBERG AND MARK BITTER TAKING
WATER SAMPLE: "Ready? Yes." [CHUG CHUG OF WATER]
VALOT: Lab tech Mark Bitter helps Kapsenberg sample the ocean
water.
MARK BITTER: "And so I'm going to poison the sample because
there's obviously all these microbial critters in there that can respire
and photosynthesize and change the carbonate chemistry. So we
want to kill those as soon as we take it. So when we -- the delay, so
there's no change in carbonate chemistry between the time we take
the sample in to process it."
VALOT: That way, they can use the sample and the amount of carbon
in it at that point in time, to calibrate the new sensors in the kelp
forest, which comes right up to the cliff walls beneath the landing.
Kapsenberg and Bitter dive down with the sensors.
NAT SOUND OF SPLASH AS KAPSENBERG AND BITTER GET
INTO WATER WITH SENSORS
CROSSFADE TO NAT SOUND OF KAPSENBERG AND BITTER
BUBBLING UP AIR AS THEY ARE UNDER WATER
VALOT: After the sensors are installed, they'll track data about the
ph balance of the Pacific Ocean here, which Kapsenberg will use to
study the impact of marine organisms in the lab.
KAPSENBERG: "As the ph goes down, so as we experimentally add
carbon dioxide to the water, it's more difficult for animals to grow
shells -- shells and any hard part that's found in marine invertebrates.
39
So corrals, the structure of corrals becomes weaker and they grow
less. We've seen this a lot in sea urchin larvae and muscles."
VALOT: Kapsenberg will experiment in the lab at UC Santa Barbara
to see what sort of impact water acidification has on smaller
organisms. They deal with daily ph swings because plants in the
water absorb carbon dioxide from the ocean during the day through
photosynthesis. That means the water tends to be less acidic during
the day and more acidic at night.
KAPSENBERG: "Now that we know that there's a lot of this
variability in ph in coastal regions specifically, I want to know if that
matters. Like, does, is an exposure to variable ph conditions, does
that make you tougher for future conditions? Or are you already so
exhausted from dealing with that that you can't deal with the future
level?"
VALOT: Or do organisms exposed to different amounts of
acidification in the water evolve to deal with that? Kapsenberg's
project is part of a fellowship to study climate change in the national
parks. Her monitoring started in 2012 and feeds into a larger ph
monitoring project in the Santa Barbara area. Kapsenberg and other
researchers want to establish baseline data so scientists in the future
can better determine the long-term impact that climate change has on
the local ecology.
For "California Explorer," I'm Susan Valot.
6.4 Transcript: Yosemite Rim Fire Recovery (audio)
SUSAN VALOT: Flames as tall as high-rise buildings licked the sky as
the Rim Fire chewed through acre after acre in California's Stanislaus
National Forest in 2013. The wildfire crackled through more than
400 square miles, blackening a path right into Yosemite National
Park, leaving large swaths of moonscape behind. It took more than a
year for firefighters to officially declare the Rim Fire out. It'll take
even longer for the forest to recover. Just how does it bounce back?
That's what Sue Ellen Gleaves is studying. She's a researcher from
40
Cal State Stanislaus looking at something you don't normally think
about fire damaging...
NAT SOUND OF STREAM FLOWING IN YOSEMITE
VALOT: ... water. Gleaves spent weeks trekking into the burn area to
compare three types of streams: one in a severely burned area, one in
a slightly burned area and one not touched by the flames.
NAT SOUND OF SUE ELLEN GLEAVES SHOWING PHOTOS ON
LAPTOP: "This is Corral Creek, which was my severe burn. So you
can see some green starting to come back in, but it's all real low-
growing stuff. Everything else is pretty much gone."
VALOT: Gleaves shuffles through pictures of the burn areas on her
laptop, showing where she took water samples along the streams...
basically scooping water in a measured way and then sorting it.
SUE ELLEN GLEAVES: "What you do in the field is you pull out all
of the large pieces like the sticks and the leaves and the gravel and
that kind of thing. It's called elutriation. And then you get just your
little stuff and it's usually just your organic stuff. And you put that in
alcohol and take it back to the lab."
VALOT: That's where the real tedious work begins, putting the
mixture into petri dishes and using a microscope to pull out larvae to
see what kinds of bugs are in the water. Gleaves wants to know which
organisms are in each measured section of the streams in her study.
That'll let her know how healthy the streams are in the wake of the
fire dumping ash and charred wood into the water. She's looking for
families of micro-organisms. In areas where there's a lot of debris in
the water, Gleaves says you'll find what's known as "shredders."
GLEAVES: "And these are insects that can go in and really shred up
and pull out the nutrients out of the wood and the leaves and that
kind of thing. And what the shredders do is they break it down into
smaller bits and pieces and so that downstream from that, it will turn
into fine particulate organic matter. So it will be a lot smaller."
NAT SOUND OF STREAM
41
VALOT: It's called the River Continuum Concept. The stream is
almost like a conveyor belt in a factory, with organisms in each
section doing a specific job, especially after a wildfire. After the
shredders finish, the collectors and gathering-collectors downstream
take over, pulling the organic bits out of the water and sediment,
eating through them... and sending the even smaller bits downstream.
What's in the river tells Gleaves how the recovery processes are going.
So why does it even matter?
GLEAVES: "With global climate change and California being in
droughts, these kind of catastrophic fires are going to occur more
often. And so the more we know about them, the better we can
manage the areas."
VALOT: ... and use that snapshot in time to figure out what Mother
Nature needs -- IF she needs it -- to help get the recovery job done.
NAT SOUND OF CROW AND BIRDS IN YOSEMITE
VALOT: For "California Explorer," I'm Susan Valot.
6.5 Transcript: Researcher Studies Anza-Borrego Bees
(audio)
SUSAN VALOT: Dime-sized yellow flowers dot bushes here and there
in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, California's largest state park, a
couple of hours east of San Diego. The sun beats down. It's October
in the desert -- not the time of year known for colorful flora displays.
But James Hung, a native bee researcher from UC San Diego, is out
anyway, trekking through a remote, sandy canyon with a couple
fellow researchers.
NAT SOUND OF HIKING THROUGH THE DESERT SAND WITH
JAMES HUNG
VALOT: Hung walks along at a brisk pace, scrambling down boulders
and peaking into bushes. He stops suddenly, putting his hand up for
the group to stop. It's a bee. Maybe. Hung takes a swing with his
net.
42
NAT SOUND OF HUNG SWINGING NET
[swish!]
JAMES HUNG: "I got him."
FELLOW RESEARCHER: "Who'd you get?"
HUNG: "I don't know."
VALOT: Hung puts the bee in a little bottle, so he can take it back to
the lab and look at it to identify it under a microscope. It's all part of
the young researcher's project to survey native bees in San Diego
County.
HUNG: "You know, there's 20,000 species of bees in the world and
most people only know about the honeybee."
VALOT: But the bees Hung is on the hunt for are native. They don't
build hives like honeybees. Instead, the burrow in twigs, logs or even
in the ground. They don't make honey. They're kinda' anti-social.
And in some cases, they can be crazy colors, like metallic purple or
blue -- colors you'd be more apt to associate with a flashy dance club.
Bee expert John Hafernik of San Francisco State University says
native bees play a key role in what California looks like.
JOHN HAFERNIK: "The importance of native bees is they have a
really close association with our native flora, with our native plants
that populate our hillsides and forests and places like that. So they're
really important in pollinating those plants, allowing them to set seed
and survive and providing the important structure to the ecosystem,
the natural ecosystems that we all value in the West and in
California."
VALOT: But those ecosystems face the challenge of a growing
population that's taking over the bee's home range. Back in the
desert, bee researcher James Hung wants to know how fragmented
habitats affect native bees.
HUNG: "So basically, humans have moved into San Diego and cut up
coastal sage scrub habitat into smaller and smaller pieces and these
small pieces are more and more isolated from one another by houses,
parking lots and, you know, an urban infrastructure matrix."
43
VALOT: Parks like Anza-Borrego help to fill in those fragmented
gaps, providing a continuous area for native bees to live.
HUNG: "I'm at the stage where I have documented a pretty drastic
decline in bee diversity that results from habitat fragmentation, but I
haven't been able to yet document what effects that has on the plant
community, so that remains to be seen."
VALOT: So why can't honeybees fill that pollination gap? Hung says
they may be effective pollinators for some of California's native
plants.
HUNG: "If native bees are all driven out and all we have left are
honeybees, then only those plant species that are very well pollinated
by honeybees can reproduce and persist long-term in our
environment. And lots of the -- I guess the more special parts of our
plant communities that require native pollinators for reproduction
will just disappear from the landscape."
VALOT: To track native bees, Hung first needs to figure out what's
out there. And that means hiking and climbing and bouncing through
the desert in an off-road vehicle.
NAT SOUND OF RATTLING OF TRUCK WHILE DRIVING ON
BUMPY DIRT ROAD THROUGH THE DESERT
HUNG (OVER THE DIN): "I can see the road. Yay."
VALOT: Hung and his crew stop at a big bunch of goldenbush, a
native shrub that has vibrant yellow blooms into early fall. It's
buzzing with bees, a sort of desert oasis. Hung swings his net
repeatedly, almost like a fly fisherman whipping around his line on a
stream.
NAT SOUND OF BEES BUZZING AND HUNG SWINGING NET
HUNG (LOOKING AT FIND IN NET): "Do I need this many
Dieunomia. That's the question."
44
VALOT: Native bees -- like Dieunomia -- pollinate native plants.
Some are specialists, only going to specific native plants. So if the
plants disappear, so do the bees. And vice versa.
HUNG: "Bees do this really important job of pollinating native plant
species. So if you have a decrease in the number of species there are
when you fragment the habitat, you know, and cut off chunks of sage
scrub habitat and isolate it from other chunks, does this mean that
the pollination services that these bees will also be compromised
because the bee community is less diverse?"
VALOT: On this trek, Hung found a native bee that could be evidence
of diversity -- one that might be a new type of bee... or might be a very
common bee. He won't know until a colleague in another state takes
a closer look. It's the kind of buzz that keeps him coming back to
Anza Borrego. [NAT SOUND OF BEES BUZZING IN DESERT
UNDERNEATH HERE]
VALOT: For "California Explorer," I'm Susan Valot.
6.6 Transcript: James Hung, In His Own Words (audio)
NAT SOUND OF JAMES HUNG HIKING THROUGH DESERT
WITH OTHER RESEARCHERS
HUNG: "There's a few flowers on that one."
HUNG: "Well, native bees are native to our system so they have a co-
evolutionary history with the native plants here. Honey bees are not
effective pollinators for all of our native plants. They may be very
effective pollinators for some of our native plants. So you can easily
imagine a situation where if native bees are all driven out and all we
have left are honey bees, then only those plant species that are very
well pollinated by honey bees can reproduce and persist long-term in
our environment. And lots of the, I guess, the more special parts of
our plant communities that require native pollinators for
reproduction will just disappear from the landscape. So that's why
it's important for us to study this."
45
NAT SOUND OF HUNG SWINGING NET TO CATCH BEE
HUNG: "I got him."
FELLOW RESEARCHER: "What'd you get?"
HUNG: "I got him. I don't know who it is."
FELLOW RESEARCHER: "Anthophora?"
HUNG: "Yes."
NAT SOUND OF HUNG CONTINUING TO HIKE ON
HUNG: "Well, so right now we're at the stage where I have
documented a pretty drastic decline in bee diversity, which results
from habitat fragmentation. But I haven't been able to yet document
what effects that has on the plant community, so that remains to be
seen."
HUNG (TO FELLOW RESEARCHER): "Do you see any others
blooming, Henry? This can't be the only one. I hope it's not the only
one."
AUDIO FADES OUT
6.9 Transcript: Anza-Borrego Bighorn Sheep Capture
(video)
BLACK TITLE SCREEN WITH "CALIFORNIA EXPLORER" LOGO:
"Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
"Scientific Capture of Peninsular Bighorn Sheep"
[INTERVIEWS OVER B-ROLL OF SHEEP BEING MEASURED AND
CHECKED AT BASE CAMP AND OF HELICOPTERS FLYING WITH
THE SHEEP TO AND FROM THE BASE CAMP]
JANENE COLBY, CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND
WILDLIFE:
46
"Peninsular bighorn sheep were listed as an endangered species in
1998, just this segment of the population, not all desert bighorn
sheep, but just the ones that live in the peninsular ranges. And we
want to monitor the recovery. If they're going to recover, how they're
doing, if their numbers are increasing. And the most accurate to do
that is to radio collar or tag sheep.
We have a scientific method that if we can mark a certain number of
animals, we can go out every other year and we fly helicopters in
throughout the park and throughout their range and we count how
many sheep we see. And we count how many have radio collars on
and how many do not.
And so it's a method called "mark-resight." So it's a formula that we
come up with that looks at how many marked and how many
unmarked and it gives you an estimate of their population.
And in order to get a good estimate, we need to have between 25 and
35 of the population that's marked. And so that's what we're doing
here today is we're going out and we're flying with helicopters and
we're actually capturing them with the helicopter, with a net gun fired
from a helicopter. We're bringing them in to a base camp here,
putting radio collars on.
But we're also taking blood samples, so we're checking for disease,
and we take fecal pellet samples and we can look at how high of
parasite load that they have. So we can get a lot of information just by
collecting all types of tissue samples and blood samples and fecal
samples."
RANDY BOTTA, CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND
WILDLIFE:
"With DNA, we're just trying to track actually the progression of the
sheep over time, looking at lineages and the relatedness of different
sub-populations to each other.
In 1992, the population was estimated at about 238 animals. Our
latest survey effort was 2012 and we were up to about 950."
47
COLBY:
"And we're really interested in: Where are they moving? How big is
their range? Throughout the peninsular ranges, especially up north
around the Palm Springs area, we have a lot of urban areas and
they're pushing into sheep habitat: golf courses, housing
developments. And we want to be able to know where these sheep are
at, if roads, housing developments will impact them, and what are
their really core, important areas?
Ewes have their lambs in the same area every year and they have
certain areas that the ewes will all bring their young lambs and raise
them for the first three or four months. And we want to make sure
that those areas are not destroyed.
You know, wild areas -- state parks, national parks -- they're really a
depository for wildlife. And as the pressures of modern society -- we
keep pushing animals out and out and out -- it's really important that
we preserve and protect these areas like Anza-Borrego because it is
going to be the one place that these animals are going to do well."
END TITLE PAGE: BLACK WITH "CALIFORNIA EXPLORER"
LOGO
"Produced by: Susan Valot"
6.8 Transcript: Tour of Anza-Borrego Paleontology Lab
(video)
SUSAN VALOT (OVER VIDEO OF WALKING DOWN CORRIDOR):
The corridors of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park's paleontology lab
tell the story of the park.
LYNDON MURRAY, PALEONTOLOGIST AT ANZA BORREGO
(OPENING DRAWER AND SHOWING MARINE FOSSILS IN
COLLECTION AT LAB): "This is marine sediments are, go from
about six million to about 4 to 3 1/2 to 4 million years ago."
VALOT (OVER B-ROLL OF ANZA-BORREGO DESERT STATE
PARK): Six million years ago, this parched, sandy land was an ocean.
48
Now, its soft badlands are eroding away. Desert downpours bring
fossil finds. (B-ROLL OF FOSSILS)
JUDY SMITH, PALEONTOLOGY LAB VOLUNTEER: "The first thing
I found, my very first trip, was walking down a gully and a found a
horse tooth. It was really cool. (Off camera someone says, "That's
nice.") That was my first experience.
VALOT (OVER MORE B-ROLL FROM PARK AND LAB):
Paleontologists and volunteers keep their eyes peeled in the desert,
looking for fossils, which could be anything from (B-ROLL OF
MAMMOTH SCULPTURES) woolly mammoths that used to roam
here -- and still roam here, in the form of sculptures in the desert on
the border of the park -- to ancient tortoises and small gophers.
MURRAY (SHOWING FOSSIL): "You might be walking along and
you see something like that. And folks tend to, the more you do this,
the more things like this might jump out at you. So because it's
shape, it's color, it's texture. And when you, once you get a feel for
what bones in a certain area start to look like, they tend to have a
similar color and texture based on preservation, you know, the
chemistry of the soil that they're buried in and whether or not there's
water to alter them."
VALOT (OVER MORE B-ROLL): Workers piece all of this together in
the lab, one bone bit by one bone bit.
MURRAY: "We're putting together the story of how the, with all the
help of these fabulous geologists the last 20 years that have really put
together a great story for how physically this park came to be. The
more little bits of information that we have, the more we can tell,
'Okay, this is from climate,' or 'This was from competition,' or 'This
was from this mountain range rose up here and cut off the access,' or
there are any number of reasons for things to change. And climate
change is one of the things that goes on."
VALOT: In Anza Borrego Desert State Park, I'm Susan Valot for
California Explorer.
49
7. Conclusion
"California Explorer" reflects the diversity of science in California's
state and national parks, telling stories in a variety of multimedia
platforms. There is a need and a market for such a project to be used
in conjunction with the parks. It could change the way people
interact with California's parks by making visits more dynamic, with
current scientific information and stories.
"California Explorer" illustrates the state's natural history through
current studies, something that has not been done for all California
parks in one place before. I hope this project will be able to grow in
the future to include an app, as well as the addition of other parks,
but as with any project, that is dependent on funding.
50
Bibliography
Bitter, Mark, interview by Susan Valot, personal interview, Anacapa
Island, Channel Islands National Park, California, December 19,
2014.
Botta, Randy, interview by Susan Valot, personal interview, Anza-
Borrego Desert State Park, California, October 31, 2014.
Cal Humanities California Documentary Project Grant Information
Page. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
http://www.calhum.org/grants/california-documentary-project-
grant
California State Park Foundation List of Park Enrichment Grant
Awardees, September 2014.
http://www.calparks.org/whatwedo/grants/p-e-grant-awardees.html
California State Park System Statistical Report, 2012-2013 Fiscal
Year, California State Parks Planning Division - Statewide Planning
Unit, Page 7. http://www.parks.ca.gov/pages/795/files/11-
12%20statistical%20report%20internet.pdf
Colby, Janene, interview by Susan Valot, personal interview, Anza-
Borrego Desert State Park, California, October 31, 2014.
Gleaves, Sue Ellen, interview by Susan Valot, personal interview,
Sonora, California, November 1, 2014.
Hafernik, John, interview by Susan Valot, personal interview, Natural
History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California,
October 23, 2014.
Hung, James, interview by Susan Valot, personal interview, Anza-
Borrego Desert State Park, California, October 13, 2014.
Kapsenberg, Lydia, interview by Susan Valot, personal interview,
Anacapa Island, Channel Islands National Park, California, December
19, 2014.
51
Longcore, Travis, interview by Susan Valot, personal interview,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, December
8, 2014.
Murray, Lyndon, interview by Susan Valot, personal interview Anza-
Borrego Paleontology Lab, Borrego Springs, California, October 14,
2014.
National Park Service Public Use Statistics Office, Yosemite National
Park Summary of Visitor Use by Month and Year.
https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/Park%20Specific%20Repo
rts/Summary%20of%20Visitor%20Use%20By%20Month%20and%2
0Year%20(1979%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year)?Park=YOSE
Remington, Stephanie, interview by Susan Valot, personal interview,
Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area, Los Angeles, California,
October 4, 2014.
Smith, Judy, interview by Susan Valot, personal interview, Anza-
Borrego Paleontology Lab, Borrego Springs, California, October 14,
2014.
Yosemite Visitor Services Project (VSP) Survey 2009, Page 20.
http://psu.uidaho.edu/files/vsp/reports/215_YOSE_rept.pdf
Abstract (if available)
Abstract
This thesis project, ""California Explorer,"" is a multimedia website that provides a scientific tour of California's state and national parks. Through the site, you can ""travel"" to the parks via sound-rich audio stories and compelling videos about scientific studies and other scientific happenings going on in the parks. It's like having a park ranger traveling with you. The site, which was coded by hand, also includes photo galleries and a map of the featured parks. ""California Explorer"" focuses on four parks: Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, Baldwin Hills Scenic Overlook/Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area, Channel Islands National Park and Yosemite National Park.
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Room 201 changed him
Asset Metadata
Creator
Valot, Susan M.
(author)
Core Title
California explorer: a multimedia Website exploring science in California's state and national parks
School
Annenberg School for Communication
Degree
Master of Arts
Degree Program
Specialized Journalism
Publication Date
05/11/2015
Defense Date
04/16/2015
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
California,Ecology,environment,OAI-PMH Harvest,Parks,Science
Format
application/pdf
(imt)
Language
English
Contributor
Electronically uploaded by the author
(provenance)
Advisor
Cole, K. C. (
committee chair
), Aguilar, Amara (
committee member
), Longcore, Travis (
committee member
)
Creator Email
valot@usc.edu
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c3-568091
Unique identifier
UC11301995
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etd-ValotSusan-3443.pdf (filename),usctheses-c3-568091 (legacy record id)
Legacy Identifier
etd-ValotSusan-3443.pdf
Dmrecord
568091
Document Type
Thesis
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application/pdf (imt)
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Valot, Susan M.
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(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the a...
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Tags
environment