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Applying the theory of reasoned action to condom use: The effect of immediate consequences on intention-behavior consistency

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Applying the theory of reasoned action to condom use: The effect of immediate consequences on intention-behavior consistency

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Content INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. Hie quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, prim bleedthrough, substandard margins and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g^ maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. 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APPLYING THE THEORY OF REASONED ACTION TO CONDOM USE: THE EFFECT OF IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCES ON INTENTION-BEHAVIOR CONSISTENCY By Natalie Masson A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS (Clinical Psychology) May, 1997 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1384907 UMI Microform 1384907 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. A U rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UNIVERSITY O F SO U TH ER N CALIFORNIA THE GRADUATE SCHOO L UNIVERSITY RARK LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA SOOOT This thesis, •written by Natalie Masson under the direction of hSL— Thesis Committee, and approved by all its members, has been pre sented to and accepted by the Dean of The Graduate School, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts D m Date-=*2*£kz!liJ31L THESIS COMMITTEE Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This study challenges the utility the theory o f reasoned action for predicting behavior among those who intend condom use. It was hypothesized that intention- behavior consistency, which is necessary for TRA accuracy, may be less likely when immediate consequences of condom use are considered unpleasant; during a sexual encounter a prior condom-use intention may be reversed due to temporarily increased consideration of immediate consequences. To test this hypothesis, 56 undergraduates were administered two questionnaires: the first assessed cognition regarding condom use during their next expected sexual encounter; the second retrospectively assessed cognition and behavior occurring during the next encounter. Supporting the hypothesis, the results indicated that among condom intenders behavior was significantly predicted by prior evaluation of immediate consequences rather than by prior intention strength; temporary increase in consideration of immediate consequences was also indicated. Based on these findings, TRA accuracy may be improved by increased weighting of immediate consequence evaluations. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT_______________________________________________________ ii LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES_____________________________________________ v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................... 1 The Theory of Reasoned Action.................................................................. 1 Criticism of the TRA; Intention-Behavior Link............................................4 Proposed Explanation for Intention-Behavior Inconsistency......................... 6 CHAPTER 2: METHODS...............................................................................8 Overview of the Research Design................................................................ 9 Pilot Study................................................................................................. 9 Subjects....................................................................................................10 Procedure.................................................................................................1 1 Measures..................................................................................................1 1 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS................................................................................16 Analyses Testing the Theory of Reasoned Action....................................... 16 Analyses Testing Hypothesis 1..................................................................21 Analyses Testing Hypothesis 2 ..................................................................29 Analyses Testing Hypothesis 3 ..................................................................34 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION..........................................................................41 Limitations of the study............................................................................ 42 Implications for interventions....................................................................42 Implications for the theory of reasoned action............................................44 Implications for assessment methods......................................................... 45 Implications for research on other behaviors...............................................46 REFERENCES............................................................................................... 48 APPENDIX: QUESTIONNAIRES................................................................ 51 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Correlations Between Theory o f Reasoned Action Components Table 2. Hierarchical Regression of Theory of Reasoned Action Components on Intention Table 3. Hierarchical Regression of Theory of Reasoned Action Components on Behavior Table 4. Correlations Between Offline and Online Assessments of Theory of Reasoned Action Components Table 5. Hierarchical Regression of Intentions (Offline and Online) on Behavior Table 6. Progression from Initial Intentions to Actual Behavior Table 7. Correlations Between Offline and Online Assessments of Theory of Reasoned Action Components Table 8. Hierarchical Regression of Intentions (Offline and Online) on Behavior for those who intended offline to use a condom Table 9. Comparison of Offline and Online Importance Ratings Table 10. Offline Outcome Evaluations by Consistent versus Inconsistent Subjects Table 11. Hierarchical Regression of Theory of Reasoned Action Components on Behavior (among those who intend offline to use condoms) 17 19 20 22 23 26 27 28 31 36 39 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 . Theory of Reasoned Action 3 Figure 2. Theory of Reasoned Action Correlations 1 8 Figure 3. Progression from Offline Intention to Behavior 25 Figure 4. Comparison of Offline and Online Importance Ratings 32 Figure 5. Offline Outcome Evaluations by Consistent versus Inconsistent Subjects 37 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Until a vaccine or antidote is developed to fight Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) or the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HTV) 'which causes AIDS, behavior change remains die only means of reducing risk of HTV/AIDS infection (Merson, 1993). Condoms are currently considered die most effective protection against transmission of HIV during sexual intercourse, which is a primary mode of transmission. To encourage condom use, many safer sex programs focus on influencing people to decide that they want to use condoms. As with many health-protective behaviors, though, people may not always follow through with their prior intentions. The purpose of this research project is to investigate why people may fail to follow through with intentions to use condoms. This paper will first describe a research model commonly used to guide safer sex interventions. Within the framework of this model, an explanation will be proposed for the possible inconsistency between intentions to use condoms and actual behavior. Research designed to test this explanation will then be presented, followed by a discussion of the findings and their implications for future research and interventions. The Theory of Reasoned Action Health behavior researchers have been considering numerous strategies for influencing people to use condoms. Many questions have been raised in this process. For instance, do we need to provide more information about potential risks of unprotected sex? Create more favorable attitudes toward condoms? Increase the perception that condom use is the social norm? Improve communication between partners? The list of potertial ways to Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. encourage safer sex behaviors is lengthy. To guide and unify research aimed at answering these questions, Azjen and Fishbein’s (1980) theory of reasoned action (TRA) has been heavily employed. The TRA is a behavior prediction model which proposes that people make reasoned behavioral decisions based on their beliefs about the consequences of an action and their perceptions of social norms regarding the behavior. This model has been used extensively to predict a variety of health-related behaviors such as wearing seat belts (e.g., Thuen & Rise, 1994), smoking cigarettes (e.g., Marin, et al., 1990), drinking alcohol (e.g., Laflin, Moore & Weis, 1994), using birth control pills (e.g, Doll & Orth, 1993), and using condoms (e.g., Nucifbra, Gallois & Kashima, 1993). The first essential premise of the TRA is that if people intend to perform a given behavior they typically do perform that behavior. Using terms from die model, behavior is best predicted by intention to perform the behavior (Figure 1). Next, the theory proposes that people are more likely to intend to perform a behavior if they have a favorable attitude toward doing so and perceive that others would approve (i.e., intention is predicted by attitude and subjective norm). Finally, attitude and subjective norm can each be broken down into more specific beliefs. Attitudes are considered to be a composite of beliefs about the desirability of behavioral outcomes (behavioral beliefs) weighted together by the likelihood of each outcome (outcome evaluations). Similarly, subjective norm is composed of perceived opinions of significant reference groups (normative beliefs) weighted together by motivation to comply with each normative group. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 Behavior Intention Attitude Subjective Norm outcome evaluations Behavioral beliefs motivation to comply Normative beliefs Figure I. Theory o f Reasoned Action To generate information which can guide intervention efforts, the TRA is typically applied as follows. First, subjects fill out questionnaires assessing all the proposed predictors of behavior. Actual behavior is later reported in a follow-up assessment. Data can then be analyzed to determine which components are most influential in predicting behavior for foe population of interest. For example, for a particular group, condom use may be determined more by attitude than by subjective norm. Further analyses can then determine which specific beliefs differentiate between those who intend and those who do not intend to perform the behavior. Ultimately, this information can be used to guide interventions. It is presumed that behavior can be influenced through modification of beliefs via the pathways proposed by foe TRA (from beliefs to attitudes/norms to intentions to behavior). Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4 Criticism of the TRA: Intention-Behavior Link A recurring criticism of die TRA is that behavior may not consistently follow intention. If this is true, an intervention based on TRA principles may succeed in encouraging people to form intentions to use condoms, but fail to increase actual condom use. This is a crucial issue, since change in behavior, not intention, is the ultimate goal of an intervention. Research testing the strength o f the intention-behavior connection has produced a range of results. Azjen (1988) reviewed a sample of studies concerning behaviors such as using contraceptives, having an abortion and voting choice. He found a fairly high intention-behavior correlation ranging from .72 to .96. However, in a meta-analysis of a much larger body of literature (87 studies), Sheppard, Hartwick and Warshaw (1988) found that the average correlation between intentions and behavior was .53, indicating that intentions accounted for only 28% of the variance in behavior. Similarly, in research specifically investigating predictors of condom use, correlations have been found ranging from .52 (Boyd and Wandersman, 1991) to .89 (Warwick, Terry, and Gallois, 1993). The broad range of these findings indicates a possibility of theoretical problems with this portion of the model. Fishbem and Ajzen (1975) have described three factors that may weaken the intention-behavior link. First, if the initial intention assessed is not as specific as the behavior to be performed, an inconsistency may result. For example, a person’s general intention to use a condom may have only a weak relationship with his or her intention to use a condom with a regular partner. Second, unanticipated events may lead to a change in Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5 intentions prior to execution of the behavior. To reduce the likelihood of such measurement interference, Azjen (1988) suggests minimizing the time lapse between the assessment of intention and behavior. The third factor that may influence the intention-behavior link is the extent to which die behavior is under volitional control. The TRA is expected to apply only when behavior is under control of the person. For example, if one’s partner refuses to use a condom, condom use is no longer under that individual’s volitional control, and the TRA would not apply. While these explanations write off the intention-behavior inconsistency as merely a reflection of measurement error or special circumstances, recent findings suggest that change in intention (the second consideration indicated by Aqen and Fishbein) may occur frequently enough to warrant further attention, hi studying adolescents’ use of condoms, Moore, Rosenthal and Boldero (1993) assessed condom-use intentions at two different times: prior to the sexual encounter (questionnaire filled out at the research site) and at the beginning of the encounter (questionnaire filled out retrospectively, within 24 hours of the episode). The correlation between the two intention measures was only .27; thus many respondents’ intentions changed over time. Gold (1993) also found compelling evidence that intentions may change significantly between time of an initial assessment and the occurrence of a sexual encounter. Gay men whose last encounter involved unprotected intercourse with a casual partner were asked to recall their intentions prior to having sex. About 12% reported that they desired unprotected intercourse at the start of the evening. That percentage doubled to about 25% by the start of sex. Since all of this group did engage in unprotected intercourse, it is likely that nearly all held some intention to have unprotected Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. sex at the start of intercourse (the exception being those for which the behavior was not under volitional control). This high incidence of intention change suggests that die intention- behavior inconsistency issue may not be as superficial as Azjen and Fishbein propose. In their examination of major issues surrounding die safer sex applications of the TRA, Lewis and Kashima (1993) recommend further study of the intention stability issue. They point out that, if there are practical ways to distinguish between stable and unstable intentions, then factors may be identified that determine the stability of intentions. With such information available, interventions could then be devised to produce intentions that remain consistent and produce the intended behavior. Proposed Explanation for Intention-Behavior Inconsistency What, then, leads people to change their minds about using a condom? Clearly, the context in which one makes an initial decision to use a condom may differ substantially from the scenario that calls for the actual behavior. It then follows that the decisions made in each situation may differ as well. Referring to the context prior to an encounter as “offline” and that during the encounter as “online,” Gold (1993) draws attention to a potential difference between offline and online decision-making: immediate consequences of condom use may become more salient online than they were offline, due to their closer proximity. Along similar lines, Ainslie (1992) argues that most self-defeating behaviors can be attributed to a discounting of future rewards. He further states that “a tendency to prefer poorer, earlier goals over objectively better future goals is innate to all organisms.” Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7 Applying this premise, a change in intention could result if immediate consequences are valued as predominantly negative. Offline, die future benefits of using a condom (such preventing pregnancy and disease) may outweigh the short-term costs (such as reduced sensation and lack of spontaneity), thereby leading to an initial intention to use a condom. Online, however, future benefits may be discounted, and the negative immediate consequences may be considered more heavily. This reweighting of considerations could result in a decision to not use a condom. But not everyone who plans to use a condom changes their minds. Why do some people follow through with their original intentions? It is proposed here that, if one does not consider the immediate consequences of condom use to be extremely unpleasant, then the increased consideration of these consequences during online reasoning will probably not change a prior decision to use a condom. In other words, the more favorably immediate consequences are viewed, the less likely intentions will be to change. The processes that are proposed to account for intention-behavior inconsistency are summarized in the following hypotheses: 1. Intentions are not stable; they change from offline to online situations. If this is found, it is further proposed that online intentions predict behavior better than do offline intentions. 2. Immediate behavioral consequences are given more consideration (relative to future consequences) online than offline. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8 3. Appraisals of immediate consequences of condom use predict whether one follows through with an intention to use a condom. The more unfavorably immediate consequences of condom use are viewed, the more likely intentions are to change. Support for these hypotheses would have direct implications for safer sex interventions. The focus of this research on the attitudinal components of the TRA does not imply that the normative components of die model (or other factors outside the model) should be excluded from consideration for interventions. Variables such as normative beliefs may independently influence behavior or even interact with attitudes to afreet behavior. Such possibilities are worthy of investigation but will not be addressed by this research. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 9 CHAPTER 2: METHODS Overview of the Research Design This study was designed to track decision making from the initial formation of an intention to the actual implementation of a behavior. Subjects' condom-related thoughts were assessed initially in a classroom setting using questionnaires (offline assessment). Shortly after their next encounter, subjects answered a similar questionnaire, reporting the thoughts that were active at the time of the encounter (online assessment). Both questionnaires assessed the predictors of behavior proposed by the TRA. With assessments of thoughts active before and during an encounter, comparisons could then be made between offline and online cognitions. (See questionnaires in Appendix.) Pilot Study In order to assess attitudinal and normative beliefs as specified by the TRA, it is necessary to determine what factors are relevant to the population being considered-in this case, undergraduate college students. A pilot study was conducted to determine (1) primary factors considered in decisions about using condoms, (2) aspects considered important in a sexual interaction, and (3) significant others who influence condom-use decisions. In the first phase of the study, questionnaires were used to elicit items related to these issues. For instance, subjects were asked to “list as many outcomes of using a condom that you can think of.” Ten undergraduates participated in this phase of the study in exchange for credit in a psychology course. Seven normative reference groups were identified; these referents were then used to construct the normative belief assessment. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 10 Forty items were generated that represented factors that could be considered in condom use decisions and aspects of sex that could be considered enjoyable. A second phase o f the pilot study was conducted to determine which of the forty items were most relevant to condom use decision-making. A questionnaire was administered asking respondents to rate how much they considered each of the factors in deciding whether to use a condom. A five-point Likert scale ranging from ‘not at all’ to ‘a lot’ was provided. Thirty-eight items were found to be considered ‘moderately’ to ‘a lot,’ on average. These 38 items were used to construct the belief-based assessment of attitude. Forty undergraduates participated in this phase of die study. Subjects Subjects were USC undergraduate students enrolled in psychology courses and who earned extra credit course points by participating in this study. One hundred fourteen students completed the initial (offline) questionnaire; 88 (77%) were females and 26 (23%) were males. The average age was 20. Ninety-two percent of the respondents were heterosexual and 48% were in monogamous relationships. The ethnic breakdown was 33% Caucasian, 29% Asian, 18% Hispanic, 11% African-American, 2% Mid-Eastern, and 8% other. One hundred eight subjects (95%) returned the follow-up (online) questionnaire. Of those, 57 reported having engaged in a sexual encounter and completed the online assessment questionnaire. The remaining 51 participants reported that they had not been involved in a sexual encounter within the 30 days following the initial assessment, and Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 1 therefore, did not complete the questionnaire. Of those who did complete the online assessment, 46 (82%) were females and 10 (18%) were males. Procedure After signing a consent form, subjects filled out die offline assessment questionnaire. In a classroom setting (5-20 subjects in each group), subjects were allowed two hours to complete the questionnaire (most finished in 45-90 minutes). After completing the questionnaire, each subject received an envelope containing the online assessment questionnaire. Instructions on the envelope requested that they open die packet and complete the questionnaire within 24 hours after their next sexual encounter. (Subjects were not informed of the nature of the enclosed questionnaire.) If they did not engage in a sexual encounter within 30 days, they were to return the envelope indicating so. Subjects received partial credit for completing the offline questionnaire and full credit for returning the online questionnaire. To avoid creating incentives to engage in a sexual encounter or falsify that they had, full credit was received by all who returned the online questionnaire, regardless of reported involvement. To protect privacy and encourage honesty in responding, procedures were designed to maintain subjects’ anonymity. Measures Offline Assessment Prior to completing the offline measures, subjects were instructed in the questionnaire to imagine their next expected sexual encounter and answer all items regarding this encounter. To help make the expected scenario prominent and vivid in subjects’ minds, Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12 they were to write a brief account detailing the imagined situation. The remainder of the questionnaire assessed all the variables involved in the TRA (intention, attitude, subjective norm, etc.) and two additional variables— primary intention and importance ratings. Intention to use a condom. Intention to use a condom was assessed by a single item: “During this encounter, do you intend to have intercourse with a condom?” The response scale was a 7-point bipolar scale [‘no, definitely intend not to’ (-3) to ‘yes, definitely intend to’ (+3)]. Primary intention. This variable was assessed with the question, “Which do you most intend to do?” Choices were: (a) have intercourse with a condom, and (b) have intercourse without a condom. Attitude. A direct measure of attitude was obtained by means of a set of five semantic differential-type scales for the question, “Using a condom in this situation would be...”: Anchors for the five scales were: favorable-unfavorable, useful-useless, good-bad, exciting-dull and pleasant-unpleasant. Responses were indicated an a scale of -3 to +3, with higher scores assigned to the positive anchor. These scores are averaged to obtain the direct measure of attitude. Subjective Norm. One direct measure of subjective norm assessed the perceived degree of social pressure from significant others to perform the target behavior: “People who are important to you think you ... [‘definitely should not’(-3), to ‘definitely should’ (+3)]... use a condom.” Belief-Based Measure o f Attitude. The belief-based measure of attitude was determined from ratings of behavioral beliefs and outcome evaluations regarding the 38 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. salient factors determined in the pilot study. The behavioral belief question assessed the perceived likelihood of each consequence: “How likely is it that using a condom would affect each ofthe following things...” [‘certain not to affect this’ (0) to ‘certain to affect this’ (6)]. Outcome evaluations were assessed by asking respondents to, “Indicate the effect of using a condom during intercourse on each ofthe following things...” [‘extremely unpleasant’ (-3) to ‘extremely pleasant’ (+3)]. The products of the behavioral belief and outcome evaluation ratings are summed to produce the overall belief-based measure of attitude. Belief-Based Measure o f Subjective Norm. The belief-based measure of subjective norm is based on normative beliefs for significant others and motivation to comply with these others. Normative beliefs were assessed for the following seven reference groups: friends and peers, parents, brothers and sisters, medical professionals, previous sexual partners, current sexual partner, and the general public; for example, “Your friends and peers think you... [‘definitely should not’(-3), to ‘definitely should’ (+3)]... use a condom.” Motivation to comply was assessed for each group by asking, “How willing are you to do what the following people think you should do (regarding condom use)?” [‘ not at all willing’ (0) to ‘extremely willing’ (3)]. Importance Ratings. The importance of each of the 38 factors considered relevant to condom use was assessed with the question, “How important is each of the following things to you?” [‘not at all (0)’ to ‘extremely’ (+6)]. Reproduced with permission ofthe copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 14 Online assessment For the online assessment, subjects filled out a questionnaire shortly after their next sexual encounter. Questionnaire items assessed the same predictors of condom use as did the offline assessment, hi the online assessment, however, subjects were to recall the thoughts that were present at the time of die encounter and answer die questionnaire as they would have in the moment. To encourage vivid recollection of the experience, subjects were first instructed in the questionnaire to write a short account ofthe experience. The remainder of the questionnaire was identical to the offline assessment questionnaire (assessing TRA variables, importance ratings and primary intention), but with additional items assessing intention and behavior: Behavior. Three yes/no questions assessed behavior: “Did you have intercourse with a condom?” “Did you have intercourse without a condom?” and “Did you make out without having intercourse?” Some subjects indicated that they had engaged in intercourse without a condom and performed one of the other behaviors (intercourse with a condom or making out without having intercourse). These subjects were categorized as having had intercourse without a condom. Intention to use a condom. Intention to use a condom was assessed at two different times— shortly before the sexual encounter began (Time 1), and during the encounter (Time 2): “Some time before you started making out (prior to any sexual contact), did you intend to have intercourse with a condom?” and “While you were making out (just before you had intercourse— if you did have intercourse), did you intend to use a condom?” Responses were indicated on a 7-point scale: ‘no, definitely intended not to’ (-3) to ‘yes, definitely intended Reproduced with permission ofthe copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 15 to’ (+3). Except where otherwise specified, any mention of ‘online intention’ refers to intention at Time 2. Primary Intention. Primary intention before the encounter and during the encounter were assessed. The question was asked, “At this time, which did you most intend to do?” Choices were: (a) have intercourse with a condom, (b) have intercourse without a condom, and (c) not have intercourse. Variables based on offline and online data Intention-Behavior Consistency. Subjects were categorized as behaving either consistently or inconsistently with their offline intention. For example, if one intends offline to use a condom, then subsequent condom use would be consistent with this intention and intercourse without a condom would be considered inconsistent. Some individuals reported that they most intended to abstain from intercourse. Since abstinence is a safer sex strategy comparable to using condom, abstinence is viewed here as consistent with a prior intention to use a condom and inconsistent with a prior intention to have sex without a condom. Change o f Intention. The amount a subject’s intentions changed from the offline setting to the online setting was computed by subtracting online ‘intention to use a condom’ from offline ‘intention to use a condom’. Reproduced with permission ofthe copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 16 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS Analyses Testing the Theory of Reasoned Action Before the proposed hypotheses of this study were explored, analyses were performed to determine how well the data fit the model proposed by the TRA. Considering the offline and online data sets separately, correlations were computed to test the connection between belief-based and direct measures of attitude and subjective norm. Regression analyses were then performed to test the prediction of intention, followed by similar analyses to test the prediction of behavior. The TRA proposes that, for attitude and subjective norm, direct and belief-based measures are significantly correlated. Table 1 displays correlation matrices of TRA components from both the offline and online assessments (depicted graphically in Figure 2). The correlations between belief-based and direct measures of attitude and subjective norm were moderately strong and statistically significant in both the offline and online cases (offline attitude: r=.65; offline subjective norm: r=.76; online attitude: r=.64; online subjective norm, r=.70; p<001). According to die TRA, intention can be predicted from measures of attitude and subjective norm. Since the belief-based measures of attitude and subjective norm are considered to be components comprising the direct measures of these variables, the belief- based measures are not expected to predict variance in intention beyond that predicted by the direct measures. To test these associations, regression analyses on intention were performed with the direct measures of attitude and subjective norm entered in the first step and the Reproduced with permission ofthe copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 17 Table 1. Correlations Between Theory o f Reasoned Action Components A. Offline (prior to encounter) Behavior Intention Attitude Subj. norm B-B attitude Intention .6 6 *** (n=51) Attitude .65 *** (n=51) .73 *** (n=114) Subj. norm .30* (n=5I) .49 *** (n=I1 2) .61 *** (n=1 1 2 ) B-B attitude .52 *** (n=51) .53 *** (n=lll) .65 *** (n= lll) .54 *** (n=lll) B-B norm .57 *** (n=50) .65 *** (n=l 1 2) . 6 8 *** (n=l1 2 ) .76 *** (n=1 1 0 ) 5 9 *** (n=l 1 2 ) B. Online (during encounter) Behavior Intention Attitude Subj. norm B-B attitude Intention .84*** (n=51) Attitude .83 *** (n=40) .85 *** (n=40) Subj. norm .33* (n=40) .53 *** (n=40) .50** (n=40) B-B attitude .48** (n=40) .53 *** (n=40) 6 4 *** (n=40) .50** (n=40) B-B norm .60 *** (n=40) .63 *** (n=40) .61 *** (n=40) .70 *** (n=40) .45 ** (n=40) Corrleations predicted to be significant by the TRA are printed in bold-face. B-B refers to belief-based measures. *£<.05; **£<.01; ***£<001. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Behavioral beliefs1 .527.48 .657.64 .537.53 outcome evaluations r .657.83 .737.85 Attitude .667.84 .687.61 .597.45 Intention Behavior Normative beliefs 3 <497.53 Subjective Norm __ .307.33 765/763 .577.60 .767.70 motivation to com ply4 Arrows indicate pathways proposed by the theory of reaoned action. Numbers represent correlations: offline/online. Sample questions 1 "H ow likely is it that using a condom would affect.. .spontaneity ? " [certain not to affect — > certain to affect] 2 "Indicate the effect of using a condom on.. .spontaneity." [extremely unpleasant — > extremely pleasant] 3 "Your friends and peers ... think you ...[definitely should not — > definitely should]... use a condom." 4 "H ow willing are you to do what., vour friends and peers... think you should do?" [not at all willing --> extremely willing] 5 "Using a condom in this situation would be...[extremely bad — > extremely good]." 6 "People who are important to you think you [definitely should not — > definitely should] use a condom." 7 "Do you intend to have intercourse with a condom?" [definitely intend not to --> definitely intend to] 8 Follow-up assessment: "Did you use a condom?" [yes/no] Figure 2. Theory o f Reasoned Action Correlations 00 19 Table 2. Hierarchical Regression o f Theory o f Reasoned Action Components on Intention A. Offline (prior to encounter)________________________________ Step Variable Beta R 2 ch. (F ch) d£ (1) Attitude 0.56 *** .55(65.87) *** 2, 107 Subjective Norm -0.11 (2) B-B attitude 0.33 .04 (5.37) ** 4, 1 0 5 B-B sub. norm 0.33 ** B. Online (during encounter) Step Variable Beta R 2 ch. (Fch) d£ (1) Attitude 0.78 *** .74(53.16) *** 2,37 Subjective Norm 0.08 (2) B-B attitude -0.06 .01 (0.61) 4, 3 5 B-B sub. norm 0.12 B-B refers to belief-based measures. Beta coefficients computed alter all variables were entered into the equation. *£<.05; **£<.01; ***£<.001. belief-based measures in die second step (Table 2). In support of die model, the direct measures of attitude and subjective norm accounted significantly for variance in intention, in both die offline and online cases (offline, R2 ch=.55, p<.001; online, R2 ch=.74, p<.001). Contrary to the model, in the offline case, the belief-based measure of subjective norm accounted for small, but statistically significant additional amount of variance in intention (when entered along with belief-based attitude, which did not contribute significandy; R2 ch=.04, p<01). The remainder of the belief-based measures (offline belief-based attitude; online belief-based attitude and subjective norm) did not significantly contribute to die Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 20 Table 3. Hierarchical Regression o f Theory o f Reasoned Action Components on Behavior A. Offline (prior to encounter) Step Variable Beta R 2 ch. (Feb.) d£ (1) Intention 0.38 .46(31.59) *** 1,37 (2) Attitude 0.22 .04 (.26) 3,35 Subjective Norm -0.07 (3) B -B attitude 0.22 .04 (.27) 5,33 B-B sub. norm 0.11 B. Online (during encounter) Step Variable Beta R 2 ch. (Fch) d£ (1) Intention 0.08 * .65(69.41) *** 1,38 (2) Attitude 0.50 * * .09 (6.20) ** 3,36 Subjective Norm -0.30 * (3) B-B attitude -0.01 .03 (2.40) 5,34 B -B sub. norm 0.28 * B-B refers to belief-based measures. Beta coefficients computed after all variables were entered into the equation. *£<.05; **£<01; ***£<.001. prediction of intention directly, indicating that their effects were subsumed by direct measures of attitude and subjective norm, as suggested by the TRA. The TRA considers behavior to be directly predicted by intention to perform the behavior, with no direct contribution from the attitude and normative variables. Regression analyses were performed on behavior, with intention entered on the first step, followed by the direct measures of attitude and subjective norm on the second step and belief-based measures of attitude and norm on the third step (Table 3). In tire offline case, intentions significantly predicted behavior (R2 ch=46, p<001), and no further variance was Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 21 significantly accounted for by either the belief-based or direct measures of attitude and subjective norm. The online data also show a significant portion of variance accounted for by intention (Rz ch=.65, p< 001). However, a relatively small, but statistically significant contribution was also found from die direct measures of attitude and subjective norm (R2 ch=. 09, p< 01). According to these results, both the offline and online data fit die TRA model fairly well; results were comparable to findings from similar studies which have applied the TRA to prediction of condom use. There were a few slight aberrations from die theory in that some variables contributed directly to the prediction of intentions or behavior when the TRA predicted only an indirect contribution. But the primary associations proposed by the model were largely supported. Since the TRA is a well-established model, the good fit of these data to the model provides evidence of data validity. Analyses Testing Hypothesis 1 The first hypothesis in this study proposes that intentions are not stable, that they change from offline to online situations. If this is found, it is further proposed that online intention is a stronger predictor of behavior than offline intention. To explore these possibilities, a general comparison between offline and online assessments was conducted for all TRA components, followed by a test of the difference between offline and online intentions specifically. Next, the proposal that online intentions predict behavior better than offline intentions was tested. Further analyses were then performed focusing on a specific subset of the subjects— those who intended offline to use a condom. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 22 Table 4. Correlations Between Offline and Online Assessments o f Theory o f Reasoned Action Components variable r n intention 0.79* 5 1 attitude 0.75* 40 subj. norm 0.86* 39 B-B attitude 0.63 * 40 B-B subj. norm 0.92* 39 *£<■001 Comparison between offline and online assessments of TR A components To begin exploring the relationship between condom use cognitions prior to sex and those during a sexual interaction, offline and online data were compared directly. Table 4 lists correlations between offline and online assessments of the TRA components. Although these correlations are moderately strong (r ranging from .63 to .92, p<001), a fair portion of variance in some variables is left unexplained. For example, since offline intention accounted for 62% of the variance in online intention, 38% of the online variance is left unexplained. A t-test was performed to test the significance of the difference between offline intention (mean^O.75) and online intention (mean=0.18). This test showed a statistically significant difference between these two measures at the .05 level. These results indicate that offline and online intentions differ, thus supporting the first part of Hypothesis 1 . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 23 Table S. Hierarchical Regression o f Intentions (Offline and Online) on Behavior A. Offline intention entered first Step Variable_____________Beta________j?2 ch. (Fch)________d f (1) Offline intention 0.00 .44(38.27) * 1,49 (2) Online intention 0.84 * .26(41.05) * 2,48 B. Online intention entered first Step Variable Beta £ 2 ch.(Fch) df (1) Online intention 0.83 * .70(112.92)* 1,49 (2) Offline intention -0.03 .00 (.00) 2,48 Beta coefficients computed after all variables were entered into the equation. * £ < . 001. Comparison o f offline and online prediction o f behavior With evidence that offline and online intentions differ, it was that appropriate to test whether online intention predicts behavior better than offline intention. The correlations in Table 1 indicate that behavior is more consistent with online intention than offline intention (online: r=.84, p< 001; offline: r=.66, p<.001). To test whether online intention is a significantly stronger behavior predictor than offline intention, two sets of hierarchical regressions on behavior were performed. In the first analysis, offline intention was altered on the first step, followed by online intention on the second step; in the second analysis, this entry order was reversed (Table 5). These results show that, while controlling for offline intention (R2 ch=,44, p< 001), online intention contributed significantly to behavior prediction (R2 ch=.26, p< 001). Entering die intention variables in reverse order (Table 5b) shows that, with online intention accounting for a large portion o f variance in behavior (R2 ch=.70, p<.001), offline intention did not significantly predict additional variance Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 24 (R2 ch= 00, p>.05). Supporting die second part of Hypothesis 1, these findings indicate that online intention is a significantly stronger behavior predictor than offline intention, accounting for an additional 20% of the variance in behavior. Focusing on those who intended offline to use condoms Since this study is primarily concerned with the processes involved in following through with an initial intention to use a condom, additional analyses were conducted focusing on those whose primary intention offline was to use a condom during the next sexual encounter. Subjects were separated into two groups based on offline responses: those who primarily intended to use a condom during their next encounter (“intenders”) and those who primarily intended to have intercourse without a condom (“non-intenders”). These two groups could then be examined separately and compared to each other. Figure 3 draws attention to the progression of intentions culminating in a behavior for intenders (Figure 3a) and for non-intenders (Figure 3b). The leftmost bar in these charts represents the intention reported during the offline assessment. This bar simply reemphasizes that all subjects in the first group intended to use a condom and all in the second group intended to have intercourse without a condom. The next two bars represent intentions presort at two different points in time during the encounter: ‘ time 1’ is at the start of the sexual encounter and ‘ time 2’ is during the encounter, just before intercourse began. (Subjects reported that they most intended to either use a condom, abstain from intercourse, or have intercourse without a condom.) The last bar represents the actual behavior that was performed in the interaction. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 25 Figure 3. Progression from Offline Intendon to Behavior (a) Those Who Intended O ffline to Use a Condom ( n=35) 100% - 90% 80% - 70% - 60% - 50% - 40% • 30% - 20% - 10% - 0% - 35 Offline Intention 22 25 2 1 □ no condom □ abstain □ condom Online Intention (Time 1) Online Intention (Time 2) Behavior (b) Those who Intended O ffline to Have Intercourse without a Condom (n=2I) Offline Intention Online Intention (Time 1) Online Intention (Time 2) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% □ no condom □ abstain □ condom Behavior Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 26 Table 6, Progression from Initial Intentions to Actual Behavior (percentage o f respondents inconsistent with offline intention) % Inconsistent Offline Intention Online Intention Time 1 Online Intention Time 2 Behavior Condom 14% 17% 26% No condom 19% 10% 5% Table 6 summarizes these data, listing the percentage of respondents who were consistent or inconsistent with their offline intentions at each online point. (Abstinence is viewed here as consistent with a prior intention to use a condom and inconsistent with a prior intention to have sex without a condom.) It can be seen from the graphs and the table that, of the respondents who intended offline to use a condom, 9 (26%) behaved inconsistently with that intention, whereas, among die 21 respondents who intended originally intended to have intercourse without condom only 1 (5%) behaved inconsistently. Thus, final behavior was more inconsistent with offline intention among intenders than non- intenders. This finding suggested that intention-behavior consistency among intenders was worthy of examination. Comparison between offline and online assessments of TRA components: Intenders vs. Non-intenders To further compare intenders’ and non-intenders’ cognitive processes, offline-online correlations of TRA components were computed for each group (Table 7). For direct and belief-based measures of attitude and subjective norm, offline and online measures were significantly correlated (p<05) among intenders and non-intenders (with the exception of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 27 Table 7 . Correlations Between Offline and Online Assessments o f Theory o f Reasoned Action Components variable Intenders Non-Intenders r n r n intention 0.24 30 0.68 * * 2 1 attitude 0.42* 25 0.53 * 1 5 subjective norm 0.90 *** 24 0.78 * * 1 5 B-B attitude 0.57 ** 25 0.49 1 5 B-B subj. norm 0.82 *** 24 0.94 * * * 1 5 Intenders - those who intended offline to use a condom. Non-intenders - those who intended offline to have intercourse without a condom. *£<06; **£<01; ***£<.001. belief-based attitudes for non-intenders: r=.49, nearly significant with p=.062). Regarding intentions, however, the online-offline measures were significantly correlated for non- intenders (r=.68, p< 01), but not for intenders (r=.24, p=.19). These results suggest that, whereas both groups’ attitudes and subjective norms regarding condom use were consistent between the offline and online assessments, the groups differed regarding consistency of intention. Non-intenders reported consistent offline and online intentions, while intenders reported inconsistent offline and online intentions. To directly compare intenders and nonintenders on this dimension, change of intention (offline intention minus online intention) was computed. A t-test showed that the mean change of intention for intenders (.73) was significantly greater (p<05) than that for Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 28 Table 8. Hierarchical Regression o f Intentions (Offline and Online) on Behavior fo r those who intended offline to use a condom A. Offline intention entered first Step Variable Beta R z ch. (Fch) d£ (1) Offline intention 0.07 .06 (1.68) 1 , 28 (2) Online intention 0.68 * .43(22.71) * 2,27 B. Online intention enteredfirst Step Variable Beta F 2 ch. (Fch) d£ (1) Online intention 0.68 * .48(26.13) * 1,28 (2) Offline intention 0.07 .005 (.26) 2, 27 Beta coefficients computed after all variables were entered into the equation. * £ < . 001. non-intenders (.33). These results provide evidence that intentions are less consistent among intenders than non-intenders. Comparison of offline and online prediction of behavior among intenders Regression analyses were performed to directly test the intention-behavior association among intenders. Table 8 shows die results of a regression of intention on behavior, with offline intention oxtered on the first step, followed by online intention on the second step. This order is reversed for the second set of analyses. These results indicate that, for intenders, offline intentions do not significantly predict behavior. Online intentions, however, account for a significant portion of the variance in behavior (R2 ch=.43, p<001), even when the effects of offline intention are controlled. These results demonstrate Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. that Hypothesis 1, that online intention is a stronger behavior predictor than offline intention, is strongly supported when considering those who initially intended to use a condom. Comparing these results, which were based on intenders only, to the results of regressions based on all subjects (Table 5), it can be seen that offline intention played a much smaller role in predicting behavior for intenders than for the group as a whole: for all subjects together, offline intention accounted for 44% (p<001) of the variance in behavior, but for intenders considered separately, offline intention accounted for only 6% of die variance (non-significant at the .O S level). Taken together, these results indicate that offline intention predicted behavior much more consistently for those who intended to not use a condom than for those who did intend to use a condom. In summary, the hypothesis that intentions change from offline to online decision making, and furthermore, that online intentions are a better predictor of behavior, was supported in these analyses. This finding was especially prominent among those who initially intended to use a condom. With evidence that differences exist between offline and online decision-making, further analyses were conducted to explore the possible sources of these differences. Analyses Testing Hypothesis 2 The second hypothesis proposes a potential source of differences between offline and online decision-making. Categorizing the possible outcomes of condom use as either immediate consequences (e.g. affecting spontaneity, physical stimulation or intimacy) or future consequences (preventing pregnancy or transmission of sexually transmitted Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 30 diseases), it is proposed that immediate consequences are given more consideration, relative to future consequences, during online decision-making than offline. This could occur if, while online, future consequences decrease in importance or immediate consequences increase in importance. Either process would result in a greater relative consideration being given to immediate consequences online than offline. Table 9 shows die differences between subjects’ offline and online ratings of how important different aspects of a sexual encounter are to them. These aspects are categorized as either future consequences or immediate consequences. Within each category, items are listed in order of decreasing importance (based on offline responses). Numbers shown represent the means of responses across 56 subjects. The percent differences between offline and online ratings were computed based c m these means. T-tests were performed to determine the significance of the difference between offline and online ratings. Importance ratings of many concerns, both immediate and future, decreased significantly from offline to online. In other words, subjects’ ratings indicated that these aspects of the sexual encounter were less important during the encounter than they had been prior to the encounter. No ratings were found to increase significantly. These results are depicted graphically in Figures 4a and 4b. To test Hypothesis 2, it was necessary to determine whether there was a difference between the decrease in future and immediate importance ratings overall. The average response for future and immediate consequences is listed, boldfaced, at the top of each category in Table 9. These offline and online values were computed by first averaging each subject’s responses within each category of consequences (future and immediate). These Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 31 Table 9. Comparison o f Offline and Online Importance Ratings "During sex, how important to you is...?" offline online [Not at all (0) — > Extremely (4)J rating rating % difference Future consequences 3.8 3.1 -18% *** not giving your partner STDs 3.9 3.0 -23% *** not getting STDs 3.9 3.1 -21% *** not giving your partner HIV/AIDS 3.9 3.0 -23% *** not getting HIV/AIDS 3.9 3.1 -21% *** not getting pregnant (you or partner) 3.8 3.3 -14% ** being worry-free later 3.5 3.4 -4% Immediate consequences 3.0 2.8 -8% ••• feeling good about your partner 3.7 3.5 -7% ** feeling good about yourself 3.7 3.4 -8% ** trusting each other 3.7 3.3 -10% ** emotional attraction 3.7 3.3 -10% ** mutual enjoyment 3.6 3.6 0% intimacy 3.6 3.2 -11% *** emotional bonding 3.6 3.3 -8% * pleasing your partner 3.5 3.4 -3% passion 3.5 3.2 -8% ** loving each other 3.4 3.2 -7% * your partner's physical stimulation 3.4 3.4 1% being worry-free, relaxed at the moment 3.4 3.4 1% your partner’ s opinion of you 3.3 2.9 -13% *** staying monogamous 3.3 3.1 -5% your physical stimulation 3.3 3.3 1% man staying hard, erect 3.1 2.5 -19% ♦* feeling natural, skin-to-skin 3.0 2.7 -11% * not feeling embarrassed 3.0 2.3 -23% *** continuity, not having interruptions 3.0 2.5 -16% ** mood/atmosphere 3.0 2.9 -5% avoiding conflict with your partner 3.0 2.5 -18% *** feeling uninhibited 3.0 2.7 -8% your partner relieving his/her sexual tension 2.8 2.8 3% having enough lubrication 2.7 2.4 -11% * variety/creativity 2.6 2.2 -14% ** relieving your sexual tension 2.5 2.6 3% how long the man lasts 2.5 2.2 -14% * spontaneity 2.5 2.3 -6% avoiding unpleasant tastes/smells 2.3 1.8 -22% ** the excitement of taking risks 2.1 1.8 -17% * convenience 2.0 2.0 -2% messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1.6 1.5 -1% *£<.05; **£<.01; ***£<001. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 4 a . Comparison o f Offline a n d Online Importance Ratings 32 I § S’ I S i < 5 £ J r 1 § I * 3 5 « u 5 c § 1 □ □ I , L I 1 I J _ _ ^22222I2!S2S2E2E2EE£IE!EEi!EiIE2^2^S e n t T w M n > T T ? M T T H a H 7 7 M f f H T H u u 7 H H n n ? H u 7 M H i a ? t n T t i ‘ T ? ^ T u ? ^ f T i i J f 1 : ? : ; - ! / t r c - r n : ; ^ i E J H S H ’ t - ^ l 'M t ; > - : v U 'W t ''’ . V i { ! i M M ; i ^ ,i; ^ . H M : ; i '. ’ i a i V l l i i l l j i M i - : I' i . I f c j i i :«* ? < >»: * f • j ^; 1«• t. .: t11 r 1 j ♦ I f«I ■ • r ♦ ?; >; *»-«I •« I. <;: • i > 1: ♦: 1 i 1: ^ • •«)•,;! •. :n ; - ;it ,:;- . . . . r r r - . I t ! r i i i . l : n : n u i u r . . i : ••»,!: : u i : , : : i m t : M l;iH iH J ,i:i i;i: :i'- ; 1 ! J ' : i :> *» M t'ittV lJ'1 | J i *■ si*: iil- i M i r . . ; , " : * • • • i i i: : , : f s:: 1 ! JU * . ■ ! i T ; t i .' •: J;: 1:. r ‘ j < • i 1:: 1':.; ? f:.: ? M1: 111:.;; • -:.; : J - J 1 ~ |jT T « i» i» ljiii(:in .M » l'! .:;j'- tw w |,ii + noXjo uonndo sta y e d jnoX yBaxxn sqj ib pssnpj ‘ s a g - X u o M S u B q oo^eimu^s [GsnXqd sta y e d jnoX Bipo ipra3uuo| missed jaaysd JnoX 3uEra[d Smpuoq iBuorpuD Xoranyn yeaiXoftc iBtqiun ootpeijjB |cuopauB ja q jo tp e a d u p sn j) jpsjnoX jnoqs pooS Suipej jsaysd jnoX yioqe poo3 Satpej jfjei sag-XijOM 3upq (joayedjo noX) inetfisjd 3anp3 iou SQIV/AIH 8upp3 p a SaiV/MH jsaysd jnoX 3uuiS joa s < x iS 2 o f J P 3 »n «axs jsayed jnoX 3u ia j3 iou rfwn m ' n f s i n — < » n o cn fN o (*) i(|aaiai|X3 o » (0 ) n« » b iou SapBH 33treyodaq Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. H o w important t o y o u is Figure 4 b . Comparison o f Offline a n d Online Importance Ratings (continued) 33 2 .5 .£ □ □ C O 0 ) O C V O ’ c a C O K C U < 3 5 ,S X ” *r\ cn *n; r* «n — * < n — • (f) AJ3III3JJI3 o» (o) IP S ;b }0a 3tn)8H saaBjJodnn 3 3 U S I Q 3 A U O O S 5 J S U S u t q s i j o j m a B j p x o o q i s ip m s ; s 3 T S ^ i J08S83[cfain SinplO A B X jB U B iuods sisb j mnn sq)3ao[ ,v\oq ooisaoi [enxos jnoX SuLvoqsj Xjurp»D/XpuBA ootjeouqni qSnoae Suueq O O K IPI [BI1X3S Sausqai js aired JnoX poqqnpnun Suqsoj joinisdjnoX qji.w pignoo SuipioAe aeqdsoaqB/pooui suoridtuoun SuL\sq p a ‘ Xjinurjaoo possureqas 3m[33j p a up(s -o>up(s JwnreuSuipaj P3J3 ‘ pjsqSaiXcis ueai uo[p[nmps [eoisX qd jnoX snoureSououi 3inXrp v o o' Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. H o w im portant t o y o u i s • • • ? 34 values were then averaged across subjects. Both future and immediate consequence importance ratings decreased significantly (p< 001). Average future ratings decreased from 3.8 offline (range: 1.0 to 4.0) to 3.1 online (range: .17 to 4.0); average immediate consequence ratings increased from 3.0 offline (range: 2.28 to 3.66) to 2.8 online (range: 1.88 to 4.0). The decrease in ratings was significantly greater (p<05) for future consequences (18% decrease) than for immediate consequences (8% decrease). In support of Hypothesis 2, these results indicate that, while the importance of all consequences decreased from offline to online, future concerns decreased more than immediate concerns. The outcome of this shift may be that immediate concerns were given more relative weight ‘in the moment’ than they were given prior to die encounter. Analyses Testing Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 3 proposes that die more unfavorably one views die immediate consequences of condom use, the more likely one will behave inconsistently with a prior intention to use a condom. To test this hypothesis, subjects who initially intended to use a condom were divided into two groups: those whose behavior was consistent with their intention (used a condom or abstained) and those whose behavior was inconsistent (did not use a condom). These groups’ offline evaluations of immediate consequences of condom use were then compared. It was expected that those who behaved inconsistently would have rated immediate consequences as more undesirable than did those who behaved consistently. In addition, analyses were performed to test whether offline evaluations of immediate consequences predicted inconsistency between intention and behavior. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 35 In the offline assessment, 35 subjects reported that they intended to use a condom during their next encounter. O f these ‘intenders’, 26 followed through with their intention (by either using a condom or abstaining from intercourse if a condom was not available), and 9 behaved inconsistently with their offline intention (by engaging in intercourse without a condom). Table 10 compares consistent and inconsistent subjects’ beliefs, as assessed by the outcome evaluation question, “What is the effect of a condom on...?” Items are grouped into immediate and future consequences of a sexual interaction, and they are listed in decreasing order of between-group difference. Figures 5a and 5b display these data graphically. Since it was predicted that inconsistency would be characterized by lower ratings of outcome evaluations, one-tailed t-tests were performed to test the differences between the consistent and inconsistent groups. Fourteen of the 32 immediate consequences were rated significantly lower by the inconsistent group than by the consistent group. There were no significant differences found between groups for outcome evaluations of future consequences. These results provide support of Hypothesis 3 by showing that immediate consequences of condom use were viewed more negatively offline by those who did not follow through with their intention to use a condom compared to those who followed through and used a condom. Regression analyses were performed to test whether offline outcome evaluations of immediate consequences of condom use significantly predicted intention-behavior consistency among those who intended to use condoms. To determine which outcome evaluation items would best predict intention-behavior consistency, a stepwise variable selection procedure was used, and all 32 immediate outcome evaluation items were entered Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 36 Table 10. Offline Outcome Evaluations by Consistent vs. Inconsistent Subjects (including only those who intended offline to use a condom) "What is the effect of a condom on ...?" consistent inconsistent [extremely unpleasant (-3) -> extr. pleasant (3)] (n=26)_____ (n=9)______difference F uture consequences preventing pregnancy how worried you feel later protecting you from other STDs protecting you from HIV/AIDS protecting your partner from HTV/AIDS protecting your partner from other STDs Immediate consequences feeling natural, skin-to-skin your physical stimulation convenience mood/atmosphere continuity, not having interruptions trust of each other your partner's physical stimulation amount of variety/creativity release of sexual tension (for you) spontaneity how long the man lasts how uninhibited you feel mutual enjoyment tastes/smells how good you feel about your partner man staying hard, erect the excitement of taking risks how good you feel about yourself whether you both stay monogamous release of sexual tension (for your partner) emotional attraction intimacy having enough lubrication passion how worry-free, relaxed you are at the time emotional bonding love for each other embarrassment messiness (not having a mess to clean up) how much you please your partner amount of conflict with your partner _______your partner's opinion of you___________ *£<.05; **£<.01; ***£<.001. 2.71 2.44 0.27 2.27 2 .0 0 0.27 2.73 2.56 0.17 2.69 2.56 0.13 2.58 2.56 0 . 0 2 2.54 2.56 -0 . 0 2 0.35 -1.44 1.79 ** 0.54 -1 .1 1 1.65 *** 0.42 -1 .1 1 1.53 0.62 -0.89 1 .5 1 *** -0.08 -1.44 1.36 * 1.65 0.44 1 .2 1 * 0.54 -0.67 1 .2 1 *** 0.73 -0.44 1.17 * * 1.15 0 . 0 0 1.15 ** -0.23 -1.33 1 .1 0 * 1 .1 2 0 .1 1 1 .0 1 ** 0 . 8 8 - 0 .1 1 0.99 * 1.40 0.44 0.96 -0.04 -1 .0 0 0.96 1.62 0.67 0.95 0.69 - 0 . 2 2 0.91 * * 0.46 -0.44 0.90 1.77 0.89 0 . 8 8 0.85 0 . 0 0 0.85 0.96 0 .2 2 0.74 * 1.62 0.89 0.73 1 .0 0 0.33 0.67 0.31 -0.33 0.64 0.96 0.33 0.63 2.38 1.89 0.49 1.46 1 .0 0 0.46 1.46 1 .0 0 0.46 0.23 - 0 .1 1 0.34 1.27 1 .1 1 0.16 0.58 0.44 0.14 0.42 0.33 0.09 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 0 . 0 0 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure So. Offline Outcome Evaluations by Consistent vs. Inconsistent Subjects (considering those who intended offline to use a condom) 3.00 Future Consequences umne.diate Consequences 2.50 — □ consistent □ inconsistent S 2.00 -- o, 0.00 1 I a-o.5o 5— I "W hat is the effect of a condom on ... ?" Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Figure 5b. Offline Outcome Evaluations by Consistent vs. Inconsistent Subjects — continued (considering those who intended offline to use a condom) 3.00 immediate Consequences □ consistent E D inconsistent « 1.00 - - a o.oo 1 I I 5 " a II a * :s I j i l i i * a T3 ja 8 8 -0.50 t * ( f l *4 § ! * i "What is the effect of a condom on ... ?" UJ 00 39 Table 11. H ierarchical Regression o f Theory o f Reasoned A ction Components on Behavior (among those who intend offline to use condoms) Step Variable Beta ■ R ;ch. (fch) d f (1) Offline intention (2) Offline outcome evaluations: 0.06 .08 (2.85) 1,33 your physical stimulation how much you please your partner how long the man lasts tastes/smells your partner's physical stimulation feeling natural, skin-to-skin trust of each other -0.86 * * * 0.44 ** -0.30 0.36 * 0.37 0.44 * 0.33 .57(5.91) *** 8,26 Outcome evaluation assessed with question: "What is the effect of a condom on..." Beta coefficients computed after all variables were entered into the equation. *£<.05; **£<01; ***£<.001. into a regression equation on behavior. Using a significance cutoff of .05, seven items were selected: your physical stimulation; how much you please your partner; how long the man lasts; tastes/smells; your partner’s physical stimulation; feeling natural, skin-to-skin; and trust of each other. A regression analysis was then performed on behavior with offline intention entered on the first step and die seven offline outcome evaluations entered together on the second step (Table 11). The results show that, for those who initially intended to use a condom, behavior was not significantly predicted by offline intention (R2 ch=.08, Fch=2.85, p>.05), but was strongly predicted by offline evaluations of immediate consequences (Rz ch= 57, Fch=5.91, p<.001). Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The results of these analyses provide strong support for Hypothesis 3. It was first demonstrated that those who did not follow through with intentions to use condoms reported, during the offline assessment, more negative evaluations of several immediate consequences of condom use than did those who followed through. Next it was shown that offline evaluations of immediate consequences significantly predicted condom use among those who intended to use a condom. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 41 CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION This study was designed to examine differences between safer sex decision-making employed prior to and during a sexual encounter. Responses to questionnaires assessing cognitions present at each time indicated that both future and immediate consequences of a sexual interaction decreased in importance from offline to online situations. The importance of future consequences, however, decreased more than that o f immediate consequences, suggesting that immediate consequences were given more relative weight online than they were given offline. It was proposed in this study that such an adjustment in the weighting of consequences could lead to a revision of a prior intention to use a condom. It was reasoned that, if immediate consequences of condom use are viewed very negatively, then online, when immediate consequences are given more relative weight, the strong undesirability of these consequences could lead to a change of intention. The data from this study indicate that those who behaved inconsistently with their prior intentions evaluated immediate consequences of condom use significantly less favorably than did those who followed through and used a condom. Analyses also showed that, for those who initially intended to use a condom, offline evaluation of immediate consequences predicted behavior significantly, while offline intention did not. Therefore, the results of this study laid support to the proposal that failure to follow through with prior intentions may result from an overvaluing, in the moment, of undesirable immediate consequences. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 42 Limitations of the study Noteworthy limitations of this study include a small sample size with an underrepresentation of males and reliance on self-report data which could be biased toward socially-desirable responding, hi addition, a portion of die self-report data was collected retrospectively (after the sexual encounter) and could be affected by subjects’ not remembering accurately. Sample representativeness should also be considered when interpreting these findings Subjects were volunteers who signed up to participate in psychology experiments during the first half of a school semester. This self-selection procedure may have biased the sample. For example, since these individuals each took the initiative to sign up for extra credit work early in the semester, they may be generally more likely to follow through with intentions than those who signed up later in the semester or didn’ t sign up at all. Therefore, the findings regarding those who did not follow through with intentions may not be generalizable to all who foil to follow through. This subject selection bias also suggests that the rate of condom use follow-through found in this study (74%) may be an overestimate of the actual rate occurring in the general college population.. Implications for interventions The findings from this study may provide useful information for safer sex intervention programs. To begin with, the data indicate that a prior intention to use a condom is frequently not followed by actual condom use during subsequent encounters. In this study, 26% of those who intended to use a condom during their next encounter reported Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 43 having unprotected intercourse the next time they had sex. Therefore, it may be worthwhile for safer sex interventions to focus beyond merely encouraging people to form an initial intention to use a condom. Aiming to instill intentions that are more resilient to change may yield higher rates of actual condom use. These research findings also provide an initial indication of ways to increase the likelihood that people will follow through with safer sex intentions. It was found that those who did not follow through had rated the immediate consequences of condom use more negatively than did those who did follow through. It could be proposed then, that interventions could improve follow-through by influencing people to have less negative attitudes toward immediate consequences of condom use. The implicit assumption in such a proposal though, is that these immediate consequence attitudes cause mtention-behavior inconsistency. Since this research design was correlational (there was no manipulation of independent variables), that conclusion cannot be drawn from the findings of this study. This relationship could be further studied through a treatment-outcome study to determine the applicability of these findings to interventions. It should also be considered that, even if a causal relationship does exist between these factors (evaluation of immediate consequences determines follow-through with condom use intention), it cannot be assumed that direct manipulation of the independent variable (evaluation of immediate consequences of condom use) is feasible. There may be more deeply rooted factors, such as broader values and attitudes toward sex, that in turn determine how negatively one feels about the impact of a condom on a sexual experience. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 44 There is strong evidence from this study that safer sex decision making ‘in the moment’ differs from decision-making outside a sexual context. This suggests that interventions should focus on the processes active during a sexual interaction, when condom use actually takes place. Implications for the theory of reasoned action The TRA has been utilized extensively to gain insight to safer sex decision-making. This model is designed to focus on cognitions present prior to sex, based on the assumption that these cognitions remain the same during a sexual encounter. Little attention has been given to die consideration that cognitions present before sex may differ from those active during sex. Gold (1993), has pointed to this issue as a crucial weakness in applying the TRA to sexual behaviors. And Fishbein (1993) himself found merit in Gold’s argument, commenting that fee online-offline issue “strikes me as a potentially important distinction that deserves further consideration.” Gold has further commented on the lack of research regarding this issue: “Of course, the proposal that there are important differences between off-line and on-line AIDS-related cognitions remains, at the moment, no more than a plausible hypothesis. To date, there is no direct empirical evidence on fee matter.” The present research addresses these issues directly. Fishbein and Azjen (1975) originally suggested that circumstances beyond the scope of the model may contribute to some inconsistencies found in applications of fee TRA. But they did not expect that fee factors included in fee TRA may be inherently unstable. This study has identified variables within the model that may systematically change during an Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 45 encounter. Specifically, the findings indicate that immediate consequences of a behavior are given more consideration online than offline. This indication casts doubt on die TRA implication that one’s reasoning process does not change during sex. However, this problem does not render the TRA useless or invalid. Rather, it suggests that greater attention be given to characteristics of online cognitions. If it is believed that online and offline cognitions may differ for a given behavior, these differences should be studied and taken into consideration when interpreting findings based on the TRA. Another way to deal with this issue may be to apply the TRA to online rather than offline cognitions. A final consideration regarding application of the TRA is that support for the model should not be interpreted as evidence that the TRA factors (attitudes about condoms, perception of social norms, and intentions) are the only factors that contribute to the determination of behavior. Even in the online case, which yielded the greatest support for the TRA, it was found in this study that 23% of the variance in behavior was not accounted for by any of the predictors in the TRA. Therefore, other factors such as partner interaction and communication skills may be significant influences in safer sex behavior. Implications for assessment methods The intimate context of sexual behavior poses special challenges to researchers hoping to study cognitions present during condom use. Traditional online assessment methods such as interviewing, journaling, direct observation, and videotaping are not feasible in the realm of sexual behavior. This may explain why the bulk of safer sex research has relied on information from self-report questionnaires which assess people’s Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 46 thoughts outside a sexual context. This research, however, indicates that cognitions present during a sexual encounter may differ in significant ways from cognitions present outside the sexual context. If this is the case, research could benefit from developing effective ways to assess online cognitions. This study assessed online cognitions using a retrospective recall approach. Subjects were to fill out questionnaires soon after a sexual encounter, and answer all questions based on their recollection of thoughts present during die encounter. Obvious drawbacks to this approach are that subjects may not remember accurately and they may be motivated to report cognitions that appear consistent with their behavior during that encounter. Despite these limitations, there were indications that the data were valid. First, hypothesized trends were found among the data, and second, the data followed patterns proposed by the TRA. Implications for research on other behaviors Just as the TRA is a general model which can be applied to decision-making for various behaviors, the findings of this study may be extendible to other behaviors as well. These findings are likely applicable to other behaviors that appear to be subject to impulsive change of intention— smoking cessation, dieting, and procrastinating, for example. In all these cases, immediate consequences o f the initially-intended, healthier behavior may be seen as largely negative. With more consideration given to these undesirable immediate consequences in the moment— in the presence of the cigarette, the cheesecake, or the television set— one may have a change o f heart and foil to follow through with prior Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 47 intentions. While this study focused on condom use behavior, the principles investigated may be applicable to numerous other behaviors that require a small short-term sacrifice for greater future benefits. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 48 REFERENCES AinsIie>G. (1992). Picoeconoics: The strategic interaction of successive motivational states within the person. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes personality, and behavior Chicago: Dorsey Press. Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior NJ: Prentice-Hall. Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1989). The degree of intention formation as a moderator of the attitude-behavior relationship. Social Psychology Quarterly 52. 266-279. Boyd, B., & Wandersman, A. (1991). Predicting undergraduate condom use with the Fishbein & Ajzen and the Trianis attitude-behavior models: Implications for public health interventions. Journal o f Applied Social Psychology. 21. 1810-1830. Catania, J. A., Gibson, D. R , Chitwood, D. D., & Coates, T. J. (1990). Methodological problems in AIDS behavioral research: Influences on measurement error and participation bias in studies o f sexual behavior. Psychological Bulletin. 108. 339-362. Davidson, A. T., & Jaccard, J. J. (1975). Population psychology: A new look at an old problem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 31. 1073-1082. DiClemente, R J. & Peterson, J. L. (Eds.). (1994). Preventing AIDS: Theories and methods of behavioral interventions. New York and London: Plenum Press. Doll, J., & Orth, B. (1993). The Fishbein and Ajzen theory of reasoned action applied to contraceptive behavior: Model variants and meaningfulness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 23. 395-415. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief attitude, intention, and b ehavior An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 49 Fishbein, M , Middlestadt, S. T., & Hitchcock, P. J. (1994). Using information to change sexually transmitted disease-related behaviors: An analysis based on die theory of reasoned action. In R. J. DiClemente, & J. L. Peterson (Eds.), Preventing AIDS: Theories and methods o f behavioral interventions, (pp.61-78). New York and London: Plenum Press. Gold, R. S. (1993). On the need to mind the gap: On-line versus off-line cognitions underlying sexual risk-taking, hi D. J. Terry, C. Gallois, & M. McCamish (Eds ), The theory of reasoned action: Its application to AIDS-preventive behavior (pp. 227-252). New York: Pergamon Press. Laflin, M, T., Moore, H. S., Weis, D. L., & Hayes, B. E. (1994). Use of the theory of reasoned action to predict drug and alcohol use. International Journal of the Addictions. 29, 927-940. Lewis, V. J., & Kashima, Y. (1993). Applying the Theory of Reasoned Action to the Prediction of AID-Preventive Behaviour, hi D. J. Terry, C. Gallois, & M. McCamish (Eds.), The theory of reasoned action: Its application to ATDS-preventive behavior (pp. 29-46). New York: Pergamon Press. Marin, B. V., Marin, G., Perez, S. E., Otero, S. R., et al. (1990). Cultural differences in attitudes toward smoking: Developing messages using the theory of reasoned action. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 20. 478-493. Merson, M. H. (1993). Slowing the spread of H TV : Agenda for the 1990s. Science. 260. 1266-1268. Moore, S. M., Rosenthal, D. A., & Boldero, J. (1993). Predicting AIDS-preventive behaviour among adolescents. In D. J. Terry, C. Gallois, & M. McCamish (Eds.), The theory of reasoned action: hs application to ATPS-preventive behavior (pp. 65-80). New York: Pergamon Press. Nucifbra, J., Gallois, C., & Kashima, Y. (1993). Influences on condom use among undergraduates: Testing the theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour. In D. J. Terry, C. Gallois, & M. McCamish (Eds.), The theory of reasoned action: Its application to AIDS-preventive behavior (pp. 47-80). New York: Pergamon Press. Sheppard, B. H., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. T. (1988). A theory of reasoned action: A meta-analysis of past research with recommendations for modifications and future research. Journal of Consumer Research. 15. 325-343. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 50 Terry, D. J., Gallois, C., & McCamish, M. (Eds.)- (1993). The theory of reasoned action: Its application to AIDS-preventive behavior. New York: Pergamon Press. Thuen, F., & Rise, J. (1994). Young adolescents’ intention to use seat belts: The role of attitudinal and normative beliefs. Health Education Research. 9,215-223. Warwick, P., Terry, D., & Gallois, C. (1993). Extending the theory of reasoned action: The role of health beliefs. In D. J. Terry, C. Gallois, & M. McCamish (Eds.), The theory of reasoned action: Its application to AIDS-preventive behavior (pp. 65-80). New York: Pergamon Press. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 51 APPENDIX: QUESTIONNAIRES Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 52 Sexual Behavior Study General instructions: P lease read each question carefully and answer as accurately and honestly as possible. The questions are intended to a sse ss attitudes/behaviors in a straightforward way; they are not designed to trick or deceive you. Som e questions may appear redundant and you may feel like you're answering the sam e things over and over again. However, they are all slightly different and do generate important information for the study. So please take your time and answer each question. Thank you for your time and effort. Definitions of terms used: sexual intercourse or intercourse - penetrative sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal sex), with or without ejaculation. STD - sexually transmitted d isease (herpes, gonorrhea, etc.) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 53 Age: Gender □ Male □ Female Ethnicity (check the one(s) with which you most closely identify yourself). □ Asian, Pacific Islander □ Black □ Caucasian (non-Hispanic) □ Hispanic □ Mid-eastern □ Other ________________ Year in School: □ Freshman □ Junior □ Graduate □ Sophomore □ Senior Sexual preference-with which gender do you prefer to have sexual relationships? □ Exclusively female □ Primarily female □ Exclusively male □ Primarily male □ Both male and female, equally How many people are you currently sexually involved with (any level of physical sexual involvement not necessarily including intercourse)? ______ How many people are you currently sexually involved with, whom you have intercourse with? ______ Are you in a long-term monogamous relationship? □ yes □ no Are you married or single? □ married □ single The following questions ask about the number of times you've done certain things or the number of partners you've been with. While you are not expected to necessarily produce exact numbers, please do your best to roughly approximate. (For example, to estimate the number of times you've had intercourse in the past year, you may approximate that you had sex about twice a week for five months with one partner, so 2 times per week x 25 weeks makes 50 times.) Approximately how many different partners have you had sexual intercourse with total? ____ in the past year? ____ in the past 30 days? ____ 1-2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 54 Approximately how many partners have you had either oral sex or sexual intercourse with? total? ____ in the past year? ____ in the past 30 days? ____ Approximately how many times have you had sexual intercourse in the past year? ____ in the past 30 days? ____ Approximately how many times did you have intercourse without a condom in the past year? ____ in the past 30 days? ____ Sometimes people plan to use a condom but end up having intercourse without a condom anyway. Approximately how many times did this kind of “ slip-up’ happen to you in the past year? ____ in the past 30 days? ____ How many sexual encounters (not necessarily involving intercourse) have you had while under the influence of alcohol or drugs in the oast veart _______ On how many of these occasions did you have intercourse? _______ On how many of these occasions did you have intercourse without a condom? _______ What substances were you using (alcohol, marijuana, etc.)? How many sexual encounters (not necessarily involving intercourse) have you had while under the influence of alcohol or drugs in the oast 30 davs? On how many of these occasions did you have intercourse? On how many of these occasions did you have intercourse without a condom? What substances were you using (alcohol, marijuana, etc.)? 1-3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 55 Imagine the next time you and som eone else are making out and you both want to have sexual intercourse. (You both feel it’s the right time to have intercourse.) Think carefully about the details of this situation. Think about when this will most likely occur, who you will be with, and where you might be. Imagine what you'll be thinking about, how you will feet, how you may feel about your partner, etc. 1. Describe the details of this scenario as you think it will most likely happen. You may want to mention thoughts and feelings as well as circumstances of the situation. 2. During this incident, do you think you will (a) have intercourse using a condom, (b) have intercourse without a condom, or (c) not have intercourse? Please describe your thoughts about this. 1 -4 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 56 Important!! The remainder of this questionnaire will ask specific questions about your thoughts regarding the encounter vou iust described. When answering these questions, please keep this scenario in mind. Remember, these questions are not asking about your attitudes/thoughts about sexual encounters in generaI, but rather you should think specifically about this next time vou and someone else are making out and vou both desire sexual intercourse. I -5 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 57 Recall the scenario you just described... When do you think this will next occur? (check one) some time in the next week some time in the next month, but more than a week from now some time in the next year, but more than a month from now more than a year from now have no idea What type of partner do you think this will involve? long-term monogamous partner monogamous, but without long-term commitment someone you’ re casually dating someone you're not dating who you just got together with (chance encounter) have no idea How likely is it that you will be under the influence of alcohol or drugs? no chance or extremely unlikely somewhat unlikely somewhat likely very likely have no idea How much do you think your judgment will be affected by alcohol/drugs? very affected somewhat affected not at all affected have no idea How sexually aroused do you expect you will be during this encounter? much less aroused than usual for you somewhat less aroused than usual about as aroused as usual somewhat more aroused than usual much more aroused than usual have no idea During this encounter, how likely is it that... (circle one) very unlikely somewhat unlikely maybe, maybe not somewhat likely very likely ...it will be possible to use a condom? 1 2 3 4 5 ...a condom will be available? 1 2 3 4 5 ...your partner will be willing to use a condom? 1 2 3 4 5 l -6 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. (Intentions] 1. During this encounter, do you intend to.... (circle one) no, definitely intend not to strongly intend not to somewhat intend not to neutral somewhat intend to strongly intend to yes, definitely intend to ...have intercourse with a condom? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ...have intercourse without a condom? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ...not have intercourse* ? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Which do you most intend to do? (check one) have intercourse with a condom have intercourse without a condom ___not have intercourse If it is not possible to use a condom for some reason, do you intend to... (circle one) no, definitely intend not to strongly intend not to somewhat intend not to neutral somewhat intend to strongly intend to yes, definitely intend to ...have intercourse without a condom? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ...not have intercourse? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. If it is not possible to use a condom, which do you most intend to do? (check one) have intercourse without a condom not have intercourse * not having intercourse = doing anything except anal or vaginal intercourse; for example, you might engage in foreplay or oral sex without having sexual intercourse 1 -7 in 00 59 [consequence values] In the situation that you described, where you and som eone else are making out and you both desire sexual intercourse... How important is each of the following things to you? (circle a number) HOW IMPORTANT IS... not at all a little moderately quite a b it extremely 1. your physical stimulation 1 2 3 4 5 2. your partner's physical stimulation 1 2 3 4 5 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 3 4 5 4. spontaneity 1 2 3 4 5 5. continuity, not having interruptions 1 2 3 4 5 6. variety/creativity 1 2 3 4 5 7. relieving your sexual tension 1 2 3 4 5 8. your partner relieving his/her sexual tension 1 2 3 4 5 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skin 1 2 3 4 5 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1 2 3 4 5 11. passion 1 2 3 4 5 12. intimacy 1 2 3 4 5 13. emotional attraction 1 2 3 4 5 14. emotional bonding 1 2 3 4 5 15. loving each other 1 2 3 4 5 16. trusting each other 1 2 3 4 5 17. feeling good about yourself 1 2 3 4 5 18. feeling good about your partner 1 2 3 4 5 19. m utual enjoyment 1 2 3 4 5 1-8 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 60 HOW IMPORTANT IS... not at all a little moderately quite a b it extremely 20. feeling uninhibited 1 2 3 4 5 21. staying monogamous 1 2 3 4 5 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 3 4 5 23. pleasing your partner 1 2 3 4 5 24. avoiding conflict with your partner 1 2 3 4 5 25. your partner's opinion of you 1 2 3 4 5 26. not feeling embarrassed 1 2 3 4 5 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 3 4 5 28. how long the man lasts 1 2 3 4 5 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 3 4 5 30. convenience 1 2 3 4 5 31. avoiding unpleasant tastes/smells 1 2 3 4 5 32. not getting HIV/AIDS 1 2 3 4 5 33. not giving your partner H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 34. not getting other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 35. not giving your partner other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 36. not getting pregnant (you or partner) 1 2 3 4 5 37. being worry-free, relaxed at the moment 1 2 3 4 5 38. being worry-free later 1 2 3 4 5 1 -9 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Keep in mind the Interaction you described earlier. (likelihoods] Think about the person you will most likely be with. Indicate the likelihood of each of the following consequences happening during this encounter. (Circle a number) __________________________________________________________ you use a condom during intercourse, no chance very unlikely somewhat unlikely somewhat neutral lik ely very lik ely certain to happen how lik ely Is it that you w ill get H IV this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely Is it that you w ill give your partner H IV this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely is it that you w ill get other STDs this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely is it that you w ill give your partner other STDs this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely is it that you/your partner w ill get pregnant this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 you have intercourse without a condom, how likely is it that you w ill get H IV this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely is it that you w ill give your p artner H IV this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely is it that you w ill get other STDs this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely Is it that you w ill give your partner other STDs this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely is it that you/your p artner w ill get pregnant this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 you do not have intercourse, how likely is it that you w ill get H IV this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely Is it that you w ill give your p artner H IV this next time? 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 how lik ely is it that you w ill get other STDs this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how lik ely is it that you w ill give your p artner other STDs this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely Is I t that you/your p artn er w ill get pregnant this next time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 -10 62 Section 2 For all the questions in this section, keep in mind the sexual encounter you described in Section 1. The questions in this section ask about your thoughts and feelings about using a condom during this encounter. You may feel that the questions do not apply to your particular situation. It is expected that different people's answers will vary greatly depending on their specific circumstances. So please do your best to answer each question as you honestly would for your personal situation. There are no “ good” or “ bad” answers. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. (TRA attitudes] Recall the scenario you described earlier. Using a condom in this situation would be.... (circle one number on each line) extremely moderately somewhat somewhat moderately extremely unfavorable unfavorable unfavorable neutral favorable favorable favorable favorable/unfavorable 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 extremely useless moderately useless somewhat useless neutral somewhat useful moderately useful extremely useful useful/useless 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely bad moderately bad somewhat bad neutral somewhat good moderately good extremely good good/bad 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely dull moderately dull somewhat dull neutral somewhat exciting moderately exciting extremely exciting exciting/dull 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely unpleasant moderately unpleasant somewhat unpleasant neutral somewhat pleasant moderately pleasant extremely pleasant pleasant/unpleasant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. For the situation you described earlier... it r a . •m tu d r a p n d ) Indicate the effect of using a condom during intercourse on each of the following things? THE EFFECT OF A CONDOM ON... extrem ely unpleasant m oderately unpleasant som ew hat unpleasant neutral som ew hat pleasant m oderately pleasant extrem ely pleasant 1. your physical stimulation t 2 3 4 s 6 7 2. your partner's physical stimulation r 2 3 4 s 6 7 3. m ood/atm osphere r 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. spontaneity r 2 3 4 5 e 7 5. continuity, not having interruptions i 2 3 4 5 6 7 6. amount of variety/creativity t 2 3 4 5 e 7 7. release of sexual tension (for you) r 2 3 4 5 e 7 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) t 2 3 4 5 6 7 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skin t 2 3 4 S 6 7 10. m essin e ss (not having a m e ss to clean up) r 2 3 4 5 6 7 11. passion i 2 3 4 5 e 7 12. intimacy i 2 3 4 5 6 7 13. em otional attraction i 2 3 4 5 6 7 14. em otional bonding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15. love for each other r 2 3 4 5 6 7 16. trust of each other i 2 3 4 5 6 7 17. how good you feel about yourself t 2 3 4 5 6 7 18. how good you feel about your partner i 2 3 4 5 6 7 19. mutual enjoyment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE EFFECT OF A CONDOM ON... extremely unpleasant moderately unpleasant somewhat unpleasant neutral somewhat pleasant moderately pleasant extremely pleasant 20. how uninhibited you feel i 2 3 4 5 6 7 21. whether you both stay monogamous i 2 3 4 s 6 7 22. the excitement of taking risks i 2 3 4 5 e 7 23. how much you please your partner i 2 3 4 5 6 7 24. amount of conflict w ith your partner 2 3 4 5 6 7 25. your partner's opinion of you i 2 3 4 s 6 7 26. embarrassment i 2 3 4 5 6 7 27. man staying hard, erect 2 3 4 5 6 7 28. how long the man lasts i 2 3 4 5 6 7 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 30. convenience i 2 3 4 5 6 7 31. tastes/smells t 2 3 4 5 6 7 32. protecting you from H IV /A ID S i 2 3 4 5 6 7 33. protecting your partner from H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 34. protecting you from other STDs r 2 3 4 5 6 7 35. protecting your partner from other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 36. preventing pregnancy i 2 3 4 S 6 7 37. how worry-free, relaxed you are at the time t 2 3 4 5 6 7 38. how worried you feel later i 2 3 4 5 6 7 2-4 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. In the scenario you described earlier... [c o n d o m : lik e lih o o d ] Suppose that you use a condom during intercourse rather than having intercourse without a condom. How likely is it that using a condom would affect each of the following things? (circle a number) HOW LIKELY IS IT THAT USING A CONDOM WOULD AFFECT... certain not to affect this very unlikely somewhat unlikely maybe, maybe not somewhat likely very likely certain to affect this 1. your physical stimulation 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 2. your partners physical stimulation 1 2 3 4 s e 7 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 3 4 s a 7 4. spontaneity 1 2 3 4 s a 7 5. continuity, not having Interruptions 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 6. amount of variety/creativity 1 2 3 4 S a 7 7. release of sexual tension (for you) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 9. feeling natural, skln-to-skin 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 10. m essiness (not having a m ess to clean up) 1 2 3 4 S a 7 11. passion 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 12. Intimacy 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 13. emotional attraction 1 2 3 4 S a 7 14. emotional bonding 1 2 3 4 S a 7 15. love for each cither 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 16. trust of each other 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 17. how good you feel about yourself 1 2 3 4 S a 7 18. how good you feel about your partner i 2 3 4 5 a 7 2-5 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. HOW UKELY IS IT THAT USING A CONDOM WOULD AFFECT... certain n ot to affect this very unlikely somewhat unlikely m aybe, maybe not somewhat lik ely certain to very likely affect this 19. m utual enjoym ent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 20. how uninhibited you feel i 2 3 4 s 8 7 21. whether you both stay monogamous 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 23. how much you please your p artn er 1 2 3 4 s a 7 24. am ount of conflict w ith your p artner 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 25. your partner's opinion of you 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 26. embarrassment 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 28. how long the man lasts 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 30. convenience 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 31. tastes/smells 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 32. whether or net you get H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 33. whether or not you give your partner H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 34. whether or not you get other STDs 2 3 4 5 a 7 35. whether or not you give your p artner other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 a 7 36. whether or not you/your partner gets pregnant 2 3 4 5 a 7 37. how w orry-free, relaxed you are at the time 2 3 4 5 a 7 36. how w orried you feel later 2 3 4 5 a 7 2-6 O N ^ 1 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Regarding the scenario you described earlier... fra • n o r m s ) Complete the following sentences about what other people think you ought to do. (circle a number)________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____ definitely should not neutral definitely should 1. Your friends and peers think you.........use a condom. 1 2 3 5 6 7 2. Your parents think you use a condom. 1 2 3 5 6 7 3. Your brothers and sisters think you.........use a condom. 1 2 3 5 6 7 4. Medical professionals think you use a condom. 1 2 3 5 6 7 5. Previous sexual partners think you .. use a condom. 1 2 3 5 6 7 6. Your current sexual partner thinks you..........use a condom. 1 2 3 5 6 7 7. The general public thinks you.....use a condom. 1 2 3 5 6 7 8. People who are Im portant to you think you.....use a condom 1 2 3 5 6 7 How willing are you to do what the following people think you should do (regarding condom use)? (circle a number)__________________________________________________________________________ not at all somewhat moderately extremely _________________________________________________________willing willing willing w illing 1. Your friends and peers 1 2 3 2. Your parents 1 2 3 3. Your brothers and sisters 1 2 3 4. Medical professionals 1 2 3 5. Previous sexual partners 1 2 3 6. Your current sexual partner 1 2 3 7. The general public 1 2 3 8. People who are Im portant to you, in general 1 2 3 2-7 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Answer the following questions keeping in mind the situation you described earlier. (c o n d o m : im p a c t) Each of the following items is something that may or may not be affected by condom use. Suppose that this time you use a condom and it does affect this thing. Indicate what the effect would be. USING A CONDOM NEXT TIME MIGHT AFFECT... How much would usirta a condom affect this 7 not at all * a little moderately a lot In what wav (aood/bad) would using a condom affect this? In a good in a bad way way neutral 1. your physical stimulation 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 2. your partners physical stimulation 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 3. mood/atmosphere 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 4. spontaneity 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 5. continuity, not having interruptions 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 6. amount of variety/creativity 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 7. release of sexual tension (for you) 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skin 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 11. passion 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 12. intimacy 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 2-8 * Answer "not at all" only if you think there is no chance that using a condom will affect this thing. VO Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. USING A CONDOM NEXT TIME MIGHT AFFECT... 13. emotional attraction 14. emotional bonding 15. love for each other 16. trust of each other 17. how good you feel about yourself 18. how good you feel about your partner 19. mutual enjoyment 20. how uninhibited you feel 21. whether you both stay monogamous 22. the excitement of taking risks 23. how much you please your partner 24. amount of conflict w ith your partner 25. your partner's opinion of you 26. embarrassment 27. man staying hard, erect 2-9 How much would using a condom affect this ? not at all * a little moderately a lot In what wav foood/bad) would using a condom affect this? in a good in a bad way way neutral 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Answer "not at all" only it you think there is no chance that using a condom will affect this Ihing. USING A CONDOM NEXT TIME How much would usina a condom affect this ? In what wav faood/bad) would using a condom affect this? MIGHT AFFECT... not at all * a little moderately a lot in a good way in a bad way neutral 28. how long the man lasts 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 29. having enough lubrication 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 30. convenience 0 1 2 3 t 2 3 31. tastes/smells 0 1 2 3 t 2 3 32. whether or not you get H IV /A ID S 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 33. whether or not you give your partner H IV /A ID S 0 1 2 3 i 2 3 34. whether or not you get other STDs 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 35. whether or not you give your partner other STDs 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 36. whether or not you/your partner gets pregnant 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 37. how worry-free, relaxed you are at the lime 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 38. how worried you feel later 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 10 * Answer ''mu nl rill'' only If you think there Is no chance that using a condom will alloct this thing 72 [c consideration] Remember the scenario you described at the begining: you and someone else are making out and you both desire sexual intercourse. W hen deciding w hether or not to u se a condom in this situation, which of the following issues do you think about (even if only a little)? (Circle a number) DO YOU CONSIDER... don’ t consider this at all do consider this somewhat i. your physical stimulation 1 2 2. your partner's physical stim ulation 1 2 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 4. spontaneity 1 2 5. continuity, not having interruptions 1 2 6. variety/creativity 1 2 7. relieving your sexual tension 1 2 8. your partner relieving his/her sexual tension 1 2 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skin 1 2 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1 2 11. passion 1 2 12. intimacy 1 2 13. emotional attraction 1 2 14. emotional bonding 1 2 15. loving each other 1 2 16. trusting each other 1 2 17. feeling good about yourself 1 2 18. feeling good about your partner 1 2 2-11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 73 donl consider do consider this 0 0 YOU CONSIDER... this at all somewhat 19. mutual enjoyment 1 2 20. feeling uninhibited 1 2 21. staying monogamous 1 2 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 23. pleasing your partner 1 2 24. avoiding conflict with your partner 1 2 25. your partner's opinion of you 1 2 26. not feeling embarrassed 1 2 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 28. how long the man lasts 1 2 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 30. convenience 1 2 31. avoiding unpleasant tastes/smells 1 2 32. not getting HIV/AIDS 1 2 33. not giving your partner H IV /A ID S 1 2 34. not getting other STDs 1 2 35. not giving your partner other STDs 1 2 36. not getting pregnant (you or partner) 1 2 37. being worry-free, relaxed at the moment 1 2 38. being worry-free later 1 2 2-12 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 74 Section 3 For all the questions in this section, keep in mind the sexual encounter you described in Section 1. The questions in this section ask about your thoughts and feelings in the event that it is not possible to use a condom during this encounter. Again, you might find that these questions do not seem relevant to your situation. Please do your best to apply the questions to your situation, even if it seems somewhat unusual. This study is designed to consider individuals' specific circumstances, so don’ t be concerned about giving "correct” answers. Just concentrate on providing honest, accurate responses. / Data from this section were not analyzed for this study. v -----------------------------------------------------------j Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. [TRA attitudes) Thinking about the situation you described earlier... Suppose that using a condom is not possible for some reason. If this happens, you can either have intercourse without a condom or not have intercourse. Not having intercourse this time would be... (circle one number on each line) extremely moderately somewhat somewhat moderately extremely unfavorable unfavorable unfavorable neutral favorable favorable favorable favorable/unfavorable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely useless moderately useless somewhat useless neutral somewhat useful moderately useful extremely useful useful/useless 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely bad moderately bad somewhat bad neutral somewhat good moderately good extremely good good/bad 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely dull moderately dull somewhat dull neutral somewhat exciting moderately exciting extremely exciting exciting/dull 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely unpleasant moderately unpleasant somewhat unpleasant neutral somewhat pleasant moderately pleasant extremely pleasant pleasant/unpleasant 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 3 - 2 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thinking about the situation you described earlier... [ t r a • a ttitu d e s p r e d ) Suppose that using a condom is not possible for some reason. If this happens, you can either have intercourse without a condom or not have intercourse. What would the effect of not having Intercourse be for each of the following things this time? THE EFFECT OF NOT HAVING INTERCOURSE ON... extremely unpleasant moderately unpleasant somewhat unpleasant somewhat neutral pleasant moderately extremely pleasant pleasant 1. your physical stim ulation i 2 3 4 s 6 7 2. your partner's physical stim ulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 4. spontaneity i 2 3 4 5 6 7 5. continuity, not having Interruptions 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 6. amount of variety/creativity t 2 3 4 5 6 7 7. release of sexual tension (for you) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) i 2 3 4 5 6 7 9. feeling natural, skln-to-sktn t 2 3 4 S 6 7 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) i 2 3 4 5 6 7 11. passion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12. Intim acy i 2 3 4 5 6 7 13. emotional attraction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14. emotional bonding i 2 3 4 5 6 7 15. love for each other i 2 3 4 5 6 7 16. trust of each other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17. how good you feel about yourself i 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 - 3 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE EFFECT OF NOT HAVING extremely INTERCOURSE ON... unpleasant moderately unpleasant somewhat unpleasant somewhat neutral pleasant moderately pleasant extremely pleasant 18. how good you feel about your partner 1 2 3 4 s 8 7 19. m utual enjoyment i 2 3 4 s 6 7 20. how uninhibited you feel 1 2 3 4 s 6 7 21. whether you both stay monogamous i 2 3 4 S 6 7 22. the excitement of taking risks i 2 3 4 5 6 7 23. how much you please your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 24. amount of conflict with your partner i 2 3 4 5 6 7 25. your partner's opinion of you i 2 3 4 5 6 7 26. embarrassment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27. man staying hard, erect i 2 3 4 5 6 7 28. how long the man w ill last 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 29. having enough lubrication i 2 3 4 S 6 7 30. convenience 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 31. tastes/smells 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 32. protecting you from H IV /A ID S i 2 3 4 5 6 7 33. protecting your partner from H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 34. protecting you from other STDs i 2 3 4 5 6 7 35. protecting your partner from other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 36. preventing pregnancy i 2 3 4 S 6 7 37. how worry-free, relaxed you'll feel during Intercours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 38. how w orried you'd feel later i 2 3 4 5 6 7 3-4 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Thinking about the situation you described earlier... I n c iM h ood ] Suppose that using a condom is not possible for some reason. If this happens, you can either have intercourse without a condom or not have intercourse. How likely is it that there would be a difference between not having intercourse and having intercourse without a condom in terms of each of the following things? How likely is it that there would be a difference between not having intercourse and having intercourse without a condom, in terms of... definitely no difference very unlikely somewhat unlikely neutral somewhat likely very definitely a likely difference 1. your physical stimulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2. your partner's physical stimulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. spontaneity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5. continuity, not having interruptions 1 2 3 4 5 8 7 6. amount of variety/creativity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7. release of sexual tension (for you) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3-5 -a oo Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. How likely is it that there would be a difference between not having intercourse and having intercourse without a condom, in terms of... definitely no very somewhat somewhat very definitely a ______________________________________________difference unlikely unlikely neutral likely_____ likely difference 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11. passion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12. Intim acy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13. emotional attraction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14. emotional bonding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15. love for each other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16. trust of each other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17. how good you feel about yourself 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 18. how good you feel about your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19. mutual enjoyment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 20. how uninhibited you feel 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 21. whether you both stay monogamous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23. how much you please your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 24. amount of conflict with your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3-6 -4 VO Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. How likely Is it that there would be a difference between not having intercourse and having Intercourse without a condom, in terms of... definitely no difference very unlikely somewhat unlikely neutral somewhat likely very likely definitely a difference 25. your partner's opinion of you 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 26. embarrassment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 28. how long the man lasts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 30. convenience 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 31. tastes/smells 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 32. whether or not you get H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 33. whether or not you give your partner H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 34. whether or not you get other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 35. whether or not you give your partner other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 36. whether or not you/your partner gets pregnant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 37. how worry-free, relaxed you are at the time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 38. how worried you feel later 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 - 7 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Considering the situation you described earlier, imagine what would happen if it were not FRA - nom»i possible to u se a condom... Complete the following sentences about what other people think you ought to do this time. (circle a number) definitely should not neutral definitely should 1 . Your friends and peers think you.........have intercourse without a condom. i 2 3 4 5 6 7 2. Your parents think you......have intercourse without a condom. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3. Your brothers and sisters think you.........have intercourse without a condom. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. Medical professionals think you........have intercourse without a condom. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5. Previous sexual partners think you......have intercourse without a condom. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. Your current sexual partner thinks you.......... have intercourse w ithout a condom. 1 2 3 4 5 8 7 7. The general public thinks you.....have intercourse without a condom. i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. People who are im portant to you think you.....have Intercourse without a condom 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 How willing are you to do what the following people think you should do right now? (circle a number) not at all willing somewhat willing moderately willing extremely willing i. Your friends and peers 1 2 3 4 2. Your parents 1 2 3 4 3. Your brothers and sisters 1 2 3 4 4. Medical professionals t 2 3 4 5. Previous sexual partners 1 2 3 4 6. Your current sexual partner t 2 3 4 7. The general public 1 2 3 4 8. People who are im portant to you, in general 1 3 -8 2 3 4 o o Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. FOR NEXT TIME... ( " < = fm p » c ti Again, suppose that using a condom is not possible: so you can either have intercourse without a condom or not have intercourse. Each of the following items is something that may or may not be affected by not having Intercourse. Indicate the effect of not having Intercourse on each of these things. As compared to having intercourse without a condom, not havina Intercourse miaht affect.. How much would nof havina intercourse affect this ? In what wav ( aood or bad) would not having intercourse affect this? not at all * a little moderately a lot in a good in a bad way way neutral 1. your physical stimulation 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 2. your partner's physical stim ulation 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4. spontaneity 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 5. continuity, not having Interruptions 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 6. amount of variety/creativity 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 7. release of sexual tension (for you) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skin 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 11. passion 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 12. intimacy 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3 -9 * Answer “ not at a ll" only if you think there is no chance that using a condom w ill affect this thing. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. T 3 C D 3 As compared to having intercourse without a condom, not havina ° intercourse mlaht affect... n How much would not havina intercourse affect this ? In what wav t oood or bad) would not having intercourse affect this? not at all * a little moderately a lot In a good In a bad way way neutral E x 13. emotional attraction C D 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 o 14. emotional bonding 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 c q ' 15. love for each other 3" 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 § 16. trust of each other “5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 C D ^ 17. how good you feel about yourself 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3 . 18. how good you feel about your partner “T 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 C D ^ 19. m utual enjoyment r p 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 ■ o 3 20. how uninhibited you feel Q . 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 C 2- 21. whether you both stay monogamous o ' 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3 -o 22. the excitement of taking risks o 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 E r 23. how much you please your partner 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 ( . U ^ 24. amount of conflict w ith your partner 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 q 25. your partner's opinion of you c 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3 -1 0 * Answer "not at all" only If you think there Is no chance that using a condom will affect this thing. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. T 3 C D g As compared to having intercourse without a condom, not havlqg 2 intercourse miaht affect... n How much would not havina intercourse affect this ? In what wav I aood or bad! would not having intercourse affect this? not at all* a little moderately a lot In a good in a bad way way neutral E x 26. embarrassment C D 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 o 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 28. how long the man lasts 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 § 29. having enough lubrication ”5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 C D ^ 30. convenience 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 31. tastes/smells S’ 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 ^ 32. whether or not you get H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 ■ o o 33. whether or not you give your partner H IV /A ID S Q . 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 C 2- 34. whether or not you get other STDs o' 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 -o 36. whether or not you give your partner other STDs 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 c t 36. whether or not you/your partner gets pregnant 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 C D J 37. how worry-free, relaxed you are at the time 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 g' 38. how worried you feel later r~ 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3-11 * Answer "not at all" only If you think there Is no chance that using a condom will affect this thing. 2 85 [cna consideration] Remember the scenario you described at the beginning: you and som eone else are making out and you both desire sexual intercourse. Now suppose that it is not possible to use a condom in this situation. When deciding whether you will hold back from having intercourse or have intercourse without a condom, which of the following issues do you think about (even if only a little)? (Circle a number) DO YOU CONSIDER... dont consider do consider this this at all somewhat 1. your physical stimulation 1 2 2. your partner's physical stimulation 1 2 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 4. spontaneity 1 2 5. continuity, not having interruptions 1 2 6. variety/creativity 1 2 7. relieving your sexual tension 1 2 8. your partner relieving his/her sexual tension 1 2 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skin 1 2 10. messiness (not having a mess to dean up) 1 2 11. passion 1 2 12. intimacy 1 2 13. emotional attradion 1 2 14. emotional bonding 1 2 15. loving each other 1 2 16. trusting each other 1 2 17. feeling good about yourself 1 2 18. feeling good about your partner 1 2 3-12 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 0 0 YOU CONSIDER.. don't consider do consider this this at all somewhat 19. mutual enjoyment 1 2 20. feeling uninhibited 1 2 21. staying monogamous 1 2 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 23. pleasing your partner 1 2 24. avoiding conflict with your partner 1 2 25. your partner's opinion of you 1 2 26. not feeling embarrassed 1 2 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 28. how long the man lasts 1 2 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 30. convenience 1 2 31. avoiding unpleasant tastes/smells 1 2 32. not getting HIV/AIDS 1 2 33. not giving your partner H IV/AIDS 1 2 34. not getting other STDs 1 2 35. not giving your partner other STDs 1 2 36. not getting pregnant (you or partner) 1 2 37. being worry-free, relaxed at the moment 1 2 38. being worry-free later 1 2 3-13 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Take-home Questionnaire INSTRUCTIONS Do not open this envelope until iust after the next time either of the following happens: (a) You have sexual intercourse with someone. (Please do not consider any encounter in which you were forced against your will.) or (b) You make out with someone but you don't have intercourse, because it is not possible to use a condom for some reason, (i.e., you would have had intercourse if you could have used a condom.) After your next such encounter, open this envelope and answer the enclosed questionnaire some time within the next 24 hours. (The questionnaire should take less than 1 hour to fill out.) If such an encounter does not occur within the next 30 davs. open the envelope and complete the questionnaire then. Seal the envelope and turn it in at SGM 718. (You may slide it under the door.) Write your name and ID# on the sign-in sheet labeled “Experiment 95-54," which will be taped to the door. Note: You must return this bv December 8th to get full credit. Please record the following dates: Date of first questionnaire: Date take-home portion completed: Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Sexual Behavior Study Take-home Questionnaire General instructions: Please answer the questions honestly. Fill out Section 1 entirely. Then fill out either Section 2 or Section 3, as indicated on the last page of Section 1. Put all three sections back in the envelope when you are finished. Thank you for participating. Your time and effort are greatly appreciated. Definitions of terms used: sexual intercourse or intercourse - penetrative sexual intercourse (vaginal or anal sex), with or without ejaculation, no matter how bhef it was. STD - sexually transmitted disease (herpes, gonorrhea, etc.) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 89 Section 1 For this entire questionnaire, you will be asked questions about a previous sexual encounter. Answer the following questions to determine which encounter to refer to. 1. Think of the last time you and someone else were making out and you both wanted to have sexual intercourse. Did this happen some time after you filled out the first questionnaire? (check one) □ yes □ no If you answered "yes’ to this question, keep this sexual encounter in mind for the remainder of the questionnaire and skip to the next paoe. 2. Think back to the last time you had a ’slip-up’ where you were going to use a condom but ended up having intercourse without a condom. Do you remember the last time this happened to you? □ yes, remember at least somewhat clearly □ no, can hardly remember or it has never happened to me If you answered “ yes* to this question, keep this sexual encounter in mind for the remainder of the questionnaire and skip to the next page. 3. Think back to the last time you had intercourse with a condom, but had to resist a strong temptation to do it without a condom. Do you remember the last time this happened to you? □ yes, remember at least somewhat clearly a no, can hardly remember or it has never happened to me If you answered “ yes’ to this question, keep this sexual encounter in mind for the remainder of the questionnaire and skip to the next page. 4. Do you remember the last time you had sexual intercourse? □ yes, remember at least somewhat clearly □ no, can hardly remember or it has never happened to me If you answered “ yes’ to this question, keep this sexual encounter in mind for the remainder of the questionnaire and skip to the next paoe. 5. If you answered ‘no’ to all of the questions above, stop here. Thank you for participating! Please turn this questionnaire in, as instructed on the envelope. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 90 Recall the details of this encounter. Describe the circumstances of this situation. (Who were you with? When was it? etc.) What happened before you started making out? What were your thoughts and feelings at this time? What happened during this encounter? What were your thoughts and feelings at this time? What happened afterwards? What were your thoughts and feelings afterwards? Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 91 What thoughts did you have regarding condom use before, during and after this encounter? Did this incident occur some time after you filled out the initial questionnaire? (check one) □ yes □ no If yes, was it similar to the scenario you described in the first questionnaire? yes, very similar some things were different no, very different don’ t remember scenario from first questionnaire In what ways was it different, if at all? How well do you recall the details of this incident? □ not very well □ fairly well O very well How long ago did this incident occur?_______________________ What type of partner were you with? long-term monogamous partner monogamous, but without long-term commitment someone you're casually dating someone you’ re not dating, who you just got together with (chance encounter) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 92 Were you under the influence of drugs or alcohol at all? □ yes □ no If yes, what kind of substance(s)?_________ If yes, how much was your judgment affected? very affected somewhat affected not at all affected How sexually aroused were you during this encounter? much less aroused than usual for you somewhat less aroused than usual about as aroused as usual somewhat more aroused than usual much more aroused than usual Was it possible to use a condom during this encounter? □ yes □ no If no, why not? condom not available partner unwilling to use it other.___________________________ (please specify reason) Did you have intercourse with a condom? □ yes □ no Did vou have intercourse without a condom? □ yes □ no Did you make out without having intercourse? □ yes □ no The following statements refer to what you were thinking while you were making out. as far as whether to use a condom, not use a condom, or not have intercourse this time. How true is each statement? Regarding condom use... not at all true somewhat true very true 1 didn’t think much about it 1 did what 1 had decided to do previously. 1 2 3 1 didn't think much about it 1 did what 1 always do. 1 2 3 1 didn't think about it at all. I just did what 1 felt like doing. 1 2 3 1 weighed the consequences then decided what to do. 1 2 3 1 struggled with myself over what 1 should do. 1 2 3 1 regretted what 1 ended up doing. 1 2 3 Did being involved in this study affect your behavior at all? □ yes □ no If yes, in what way? Please be specific. 1-5 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. [Online • Intentions] 1. Some time before you started making out (prior to any sexual contact), did you intend to... (circle one) no, definitely strongly somewtiat Intended not to intended not to intended not to neutral somewhat intended to strongly intended to yes, definitely intended to (a) have intercourse with a condom? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (b) have intercourse without a condom? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (c) not have intercourse? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2. At this time, which did you most intend to do? (check one) have intercourse with a condom have intercourse without a condom not have intercourse 3. When you first started making out, did you intend to... (circle one) no, definitely strongly somewhat intended not to intended not to intended not to neutral somewhat intended to strongly intended to yes, definitely intended to (a) have intercourse with a condom? i 2 3 4 5 6 7 (b) have intercourse without a condom? i 2 3 4 5 6 7 (c) not have intercourse? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. At this time, which did you most intend to do? (check one) have intercourse with a condom have intercourse without a condom not have intercourse 1 - 6 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5. While you were making out (just before you had intercourse~if you did have intercourse), did you intend to...____________________________________ (circle one) no, definitely strongly som ew hat som ew hat strongly yes. definitely _________________________________________________ Intended not Intended not Intended not neutral Intended to Intended to Intended to (a) have intercourse with a condom? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (b) have intercourse without a condom? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (c) not have intercourse? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6. At this time, which did you most intend to do? (check one) have intercourse with a condom have intercourse without a condom not have intercourse 1 - 7 95 Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making o u t (If you had intercourse, recall the moments just before intercourse began.) How would you have answered th ese questions at that time? How important is each of the following things to you? (circle a number)_________________________________________________________ [consequence values] HOW IMPORTANT IS... quite not at all extremely 1. your physical stimulation 1 2 3 5 2. your partner's physical stimulation 1 2 3 5 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 3 5 4. spontaneity 1 2 3 5 5. continuity, not having interruptions 1 2 3 5 6. variety/creativity 1 2 3 5 7. relieving your sexual tension 1 2 3 5 8. your partner relieving his/her sexual tension 1 2 3 5 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skin 1 2 3 5 10. messiness (not having a mess to dean up) 1 2 3 5 11. passion 1 2 3 5 12. intimacy 1 2 3 5 13. emotional attraction 1 2 3 5 14. emotional bonding 1 2 3 5 15. loving each other 1 2 3 5 16. trusting each other 1 2 3 5 17. feeling good about yourself 1 2 3 5 18. feeling good about your partner 1 2 3 5 19. m utual enjoyment 1 2 3 5 1 -8 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 96 HOW IMPORTANT IS... not at ail a little moderately quite a bit extremely 20. feeling uninhibited 1 2 3 4 5 21. staying monogamous 1 2 3 4 5 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 3 4 5 23. pleasing your partner 1 2 3 4 5 24. avoiding conflict with your partner 1 2 3 4 5 25. your partner's opinion of you 1 2 3 4 5 26. not feeling embarrassed 1 2 3 4 5 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 3 4 5 28. how long the m an would last 1 2 3 4 5 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 3 4 5 30. convenience 1 2 3 4 5 31. avoiding unpleasant tastes/smells 1 2 3 4 5 32. not getting HIV/AIDS 1 2 3 4 5 33. not giving your partner H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 34. not getting other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 36. not giving your partner other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 36. not getting pregnant (you or partner) 1 2 3 4 5 37. being worry-free, relaxed at the moment 1 2 3 4 5 38. being worry-free later 1 2 3 4 5 1-9 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making out (Just before you started having intercourse, if you did have intercourse.) How would you have answered these questions at that time? Indicate the likelihood of each of the following consequences happening during this encounter. (Circle a number) [likelihoods] you use a condom during intercourse, very no chance unlikely somewhat unlikely somewhat neutral likely very likely certain to happen how likely Is it that you w ill get H IV this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely Is it that you w ill give your partner H IV this time? 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 how likely Is it that you w ill get other STDs this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely is it that you w ill give your partner other STDs this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely Is it that you/your partner w ill get pregnant this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 you have intercourse without a condom, how likely is I t that you w ill get H IV this time? t 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely is it that you w ill give your partner H IV this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely Is it that you w ill get other STDs this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely Is it that you w ill give your partner other STDs this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely Is it that you/your partner w ill get pregnant this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 you do not have intercourse, how likely is it that you w ill get H IV this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely is I t that you w ill give your partner H IV this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely is it that you w ill get other STDs this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely is I t that you w ill give your partner other STDs this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 how likely Is I t that you/your partner w ill get pregnant this time? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SO •*0 1-10 98 Important: The remainder o f this questionnaire will ask specific questions about your thoughts during the encounter vou iust described. Remember, these questions are ngt asking about your attitudes/thoughts about sexual encounters in general, but rather you should think specifically about this oast sexual encounter. Next, you will fill out either Section 2 or Section 3. Complete the following questions to determine which section you should fill out. A. In this situation, was it possible to use a condom? (check one) □ yes □ no B. Refer back to pages 1-6 and 1-7. Write down number you circled for 1 b. ______ Write down number you circled for 3 b .______ Write down number you circled for 5 b .______ Did you answer ‘7’ for all three items above? □ yes □ no • If you answered “no" to both A and B, fill in Section 3 only. • Otherwise, fill in Section 2 only. i • a Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Section 2 (Take home questionnaire) For all the questions in this section, keep in mind the sexual encounter you described in Section 1. The questions in this section ask about the thoughts and feelings you had about condoms during this encounter. If you did have sexual intercourse during this encounter, focus on your thoughts that were present shortly before you started having intercourse. If you did not have intercourse, think back to your thoughts when you were at the height of passion. Answer the questions the way you think you would have if you'd been asked at that time. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. (TRA attitudes] Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making out (Just before you started having intercourse, if you did have intercourse.) How would you have answered th ese questions at that time... Using a condom during intercourse this time would be... (circle one number on each Ine) extremely unfavorable moderately unfavorable somewhat unfavorable neutral somewhat favorable moderately favorable extremely favorable favorable/unfavorable 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely useless moderately useless somewhat useless neutral somewhat useful moderately useful extremely useful useful/useless 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely bad moderately bad somewhat bad neutral somewhat good moderately good extremely good good/bad 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely dull moderately dull somewhat dull neutral somewhat exciting moderately exciting extremely exciting exciting/dull 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely unpleasant moderately unpleasant somewhat unpleasant neutral somewhat pleasant moderately pleasant extremely pleasant pleasant/unpleasant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2-2 8 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. (TRA - attitudes pred] Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making out (Just before you started having intercourse, if you did have intercourse.) How would you have answered th ese questions at that time... What would the effect of using a condom be for each of the following things this time? THE EFFECT OF A CONDOM ON... extremely unpleasant moderately unpleasant somewhat unpleasant neutral somewhat pleasant moderately pleasant extremely pleasant 1. your physical stimulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2. your partner's physical stim ulation i 2 3 4 5 6 7 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. spontaneity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5. continuity, not having interruptions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6. amount of variety/creativity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7. release of sexual tension (for you) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9. feeling natural, skln-to-skin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11. passion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12. Intim acy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13. emotional attraction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14. emotional bonding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15. love for each other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16. trust of each other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17. how good you feel about yourself 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 18. how good you feel about your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 - 3 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE EFFECT OF A CONDOM ON... extremely unpleasant moderately unpleasant somewhat unpleasant somewhat neutral pleasant moderately pleasant extremely pleasant 19. m utual enjoyment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 20. how uninhibited you feel 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 21. whether you both stay monogamous i 2 3 4 5 6 7 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23. how much you please your partner i 2 3 4 5 6 7 24. amount of conflict w ith your partner i 2 3 4 5 6 7 25. your partner's opinion of you 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 26. embarrassment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 28. how long the man w ill last 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 30. convenience i 2 3 4 5 6 7 31. tastes/smells 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 32. protecting you from H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 33. protecting your partner from H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 34. protecting you from other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 35. protecting your partner from other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 36. preventing pregnancy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 37. how worry-free, relaxed you'll feel during intercours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 38. how worried you'd feel later 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2-4 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making out (Just before you started having intercourse, if you did have intercourse.) How would you have answered th ese questions at that time... How likely is it that using a condom would affect each of the following things this time? (circle a number) HOW LIKELY IS IT THAT USING A CONDOM WOULD AFFECT... certain not very to affect this unlikely somewhat unlikely maybe, maybe not somewhat likely very likely certain to affect this 1. your physical stim ulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2. your partner's physical stim ulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. spontaneity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5. continuity, not having interruptions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6. amount of variety/creativity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7. release of sexual tension (for you) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skln 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11. passion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12. Intim acy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13. emotional attraction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14. emotional bonding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15. love for each other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16. trust of each other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17. how good you feel about yourself 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2-5 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. HOW LIKELY IS IT THAT USING A CONDOM WOULD AFFECT... certain not to affect this very unlikely somewhat unlikely maybe, maybe not somewhat likely certain to very likely affect this 18. how good you feel about your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19. m utual enjoyment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 20. how uninhibited you feel 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 21. whether you both stay monogamous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23. how much you please your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 24. amount of conflict w ith your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 25. your partner's opinion of you 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 26. embarrassment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 28. how long the man lasts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 30. convenience 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 31. tastes/smells 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 32. whether or not you get H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 33. whether or not you give your partner H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 34. whether or not you get ether STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 35. whether or not you give your partner other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 36. whether or not you/your partner gets pregnant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 37. how worry-free, relaxed you are at the time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 38. how worried you feel later 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2-6 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making out (Just before you started having intercourse, if you did have intercourse.) How would you have answered th ese questions at that time... Complete the following sentences about what other people think you ought to do this time. (circle a number)____________________________________________________________________________________________________ definitely definitely ________________________________________________ should not_____________________ neutral should 1. Your friends and peers think you.........use a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 2. Your parents think you......use a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 3. Your brothers and sisters think you.........use a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 4. Medical professionals think you........use a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 5. Previous sexual partners think you.... use a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 6. Your current sexual partner thinks you..........use a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 7. The general public thinks you.....use a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 8. People who are Im portant to you think you.....use a condom 2 3 5 6 7 How willing are you to do what the following people think you should do right now? not at all somewhat moderately extremely willing w illing w illing w illing 1. Y our friends and peers 1 2 3 4 2. Your parents 1 2 3 4 3. Y our brothers and sisters 1 2 3 4 4. M edical professionals ^ 2 3 4 5. Previous sexual partners 1 2 3 4 6. Y our current sexual partner 1 2 3 4 7. The general public 1 2 3 4 8. People who are im portant to you, in general 1 2 3 4 2 - 7 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. (condom. Impact) Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making out (just before you started having intercourse, if you did have intercourse.) How would you have answered these questions at that time... Each of the following items is something that may or may not be affected by condom use. Suppose that this time you use a condom and it does affect this thing. Indicate what the effect would be. USING A CONDOM THIS TIME MIGHT AFFECT... How much would usina a condom affect this ? not at all * a little moderately a lot In what wav faood/badl would using a condom affect this? in a good In a bad way way neutral 1. your physical stimulation 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 2. your partner's physical stimulation 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 3. mood/atmosphere 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 4. spontaneity 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 S. continuity, not having Interruptions 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 6. amount of variety/creativity 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 7. release of sexual tension (for you) 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skin 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 11. passion 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 -8 * Answer “not at all" only if you think there is no chance that using a condom will affect this thing. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ■ O CD — i 3 | USING A CONDOM THIS TIME O MIGHT AFFECT... How much would usina a condom affect this ? In what wav faood/bad) would using a condom affect this? not at all * a little moderately a lot I n a good in a bad way way neutral 12. Intim acy 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 o -d 13. emotional attraction * < 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 3- 14. emotional bonding 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 < _ > | 15. love for each other < * P 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 —s 16. trust of each other T | 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 ^ 17. how good you feel about yourself CD 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 18. how good you feel about your partner T 5 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 o. 19. m utual enjoyment c 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 a 5 ' 20. how uninhibited you feel 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 g 21. whether you both stay monogamous 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 S 22. the excitement of taking risks CD 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 ^ 23. how much you please your partner 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 § 24. amount of conflict with your partner 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 ■ O 5 25. your partner's opinion of you q 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 $ 26. embarrassment o ' 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 - 9 * Answer "not at all" only if you think there is no chance that using a condom will affect this thing. o - 4 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. USING A CONDOM THIS TIME How much would usina a condom affect this ? In what wav faood/bad) would using a condom affect this? MIGHT AFFECT... not at all * a little moderately a lot in a good way in a bad way neutral 27. man staying hard, erect 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 28. how long the man lasts 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 29. having enough lubrication 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 30. convenience 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 31. tastes/smells 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 32. whether or not you get H IV /A ID S 0 1 2 3 i 2 3 33. whether or not you give your partner H IV /A ID S 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 34. whether or not you get other STOs 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 35. whether or not you give your partner other STOs 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 36. whether or not you/your partner gets pregnant 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 37. how worry-free, relaxed you are at the tim e 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 38. how worried you feel later 0 1 2 3 1 2 3 2-10 * Answer "not at all" only If you think there is no chance that using a condom will affect this thing. 109 (n c co n sid erab o n l While you were making out.. W hen deciding whether or not to u se a condom in this situation, which of the following issu es did you think about (even if only a little)? (Which of th ese did you think about while making out?) DIO YOU CONSIDER... didn't consider did consider this this at all somewhat 1. your physical stim ulation 1 2 2. your partner's physical stimulation 1 2 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 4. spontaneity 1 2 5. continuity, not having interruptions 1 2 6. variety/creativity 1 2 7. relieving your sexual tension 1 2 8. your partner relieving his/her sexual tension 1 2 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skin 1 2 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1 2 11. passion 1 2 12. intimacy 1 2 13. emotional attraction 1 2 14. emotional bonding 1 2 15. loving each other 1 2 16. trusting each other 1 2 17. feeling good about yourself 1 2 18. feeling good about your partner 1 2 2-11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 110 didn't consider did consider this DID YOU CONSIDER... this at all somewhat 19. mutual enjoyment 2 20. feeling uninhibited 2 21. staying monogamous 2 22. the excitement of taking risks 2 23. pleasing your partner 2 24. avoiding conflict with your partner 2 25. your partner's opinion of you 2 26. not feeling embarrassed 2 27. man staying hard, erect 2 28. how long the man lasts 2 29. having enough lubrication 2 30. convenience 2 31. avoiding unpleasant tastes/smells 2 32. not getting HIV/AIDS 2 33. not giving your partner H IV /A ID S 2 34. not getting other STDs 2 35. not giving your partner other STDs 2 36. not getting pregnant (you or partner) 2 37. being worry-free, relaxed at the moment 2 38. being worry-free later 2 2-12 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Ill Section 3 (Take home questionnaire) For all the questions in this section, keep in mind the sexual encounter you described in Section 1. The questions in this section ask about the thoughts and feelings you had during this encounter. If you did have sexual intercourse during this encounter, focus on your thoughts that w ere present shortly before you started having intercourse. If you did not have intercourse, think back to your thoughts w hen you w ere at the height of passion. Answer the questions the w ay you think you would have if you’d been asked at that time. Data from this section were not analyzed for this study. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. [TRA attitudes] Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making out (just before you started having intercourse, if you did have intercourse.) How would you have answered these questions at that time... Not having intercourse this time would be... (circle one number on each line) extremely moderately somewhat somewhat moderately extremely unfavorable unfavorable unfavorable neutral favorable favorable favorable favorable/unfavorable. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely useless moderately useless somewhat useless neutral somewhat useful moderately useful extremely useful useful/useless 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely bad moderately . bad somewhat bad neutral somewhat good moderately good extremely good good/bad 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 extremely dull moderately dull somewhat dull neutral somewhat exciting moderately exciting extremely exciting exciting/dull 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 extremely unpleasant moderately unpleasant somewhat unpleasant neutral somewhat pleasant moderately pleasant extremely pleasant pleasant/unpleasant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 - 2 S 3 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making out (just before you started having intercourse, if you did have intercourse.) How would you have answered these questions at that time... W hat would the effect of not having intercourse be for each of the following things this tim e? THE EFFECT OF NOT HAVING INTERCOURSE ON... extremely unpleasant moderately unpleasant somewhat unpleasant somewhat neutral pleasant moderately pleasant extremely pleasant 1. your physical stim ulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2. your partner's physical stim ulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. spontaneity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5. continuity, not having interruptions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6. amount of variety/creativity i 2 3 4 5 6 7 7. release of sexual tension (for you) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9. feeling natural, skln-to-skln 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11. passion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12. intim acy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13. emotional attraction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14. emotional bonding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15. love for each other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16. trust of each other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17. how good you feel about yourself 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 - 3 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE EFFECT OF NOT HAVING extremely moderately somewhat somewhat moderately extremely INTERCOURSE ON... unpleasant unpleasant unpleasant neutral pleasant pleasant pleasant 18. how good you feel about your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19. m utual enjoyment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 20. how uninhibited you feel 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 21. whether you both stay monogamous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23. how much you please your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 24. amount of conflict w ith your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 25. your partner's opinion of you 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 26. embarrassment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 28. how long the man w ill last 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 30. convenience 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 31. tastes/smells i 2 3 4 5 6 7 32. protecting you from H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 33. protecting your partner from H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 34. protecting you from other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 36. protecting your partner from other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 36. preventing pregnancy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 37. how worry-free, relaxed you'll feel during Intercours 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 38. how worried you'd feel later 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 -4 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. (nc likelihood] Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making out (|ust before you started having intercourse, if you did have intercourse.) How would you have answered these questions at that time... How likely is it that there would be a difference betw een not having Intercourse and having Intercourse without a condom this time In term s of each of the following things? How likely is it that there would be a difference between not having intercourse and having intercourse without a condom , in term s of... definitely no difference very unlikely somewhat unlikely neutral somewhat likely very likely definitely a difference 1. your physical stim ulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 2. your partner's physical stim ulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4. spontaneity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5. continuity, not having Interruptions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6. amount of variety/creativity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7. release of sexual tension (for you) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9. feeling natural, skln-to-skin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11. passion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 -5 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. (nc likelihood] How likely is it that there would be a difference between not having intercourse and having intercourse without a condom, in terms of... definitely no difference very unlikely somewhat unlikely neutral somewhat likely very likely definitely a difference 12. intimacy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13. emotional attraction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14. emotional bonding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15. love for each other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16. trust of each other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17. how good you feel about yourself 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 18. how good you feel about your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 19. m utual enjoyment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 20. how uninhibited you feel 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 21. whether you both stay monogamous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 23. how much you please your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 24. amount of conflict with your partner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 25. your partner's opinion of you 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 26. embarrassment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 - 6 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. (nc likelihood] How likely is it that there would be a difference between not having intercourse and having Intercourse without a condom, in terms of... definitely no difference very unlikely somewhat unlikely neutral somewhat likely very likely definitely a difference 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 28. how long the man lasts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 30. convenience 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 31. tastes/smells 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 32. whether or not you get H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 33. whether or not you give your partner H IW A ID S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 34. whether or not you get other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 36. whether or not you give your partner other STDs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 36. whether or not you/your partner gets pregnant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 37. how worry-free, relaxed you are at the tim e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 38. how worried you feel later 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 -7 Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making out (Just before you started having - n o r m s ] intercourse, if you did have intercourse.) How would you have answered th ese questions at that time... Complete the following sentences about what other people think you ought to do this time. (circle a number)__________________________________________________________________________________________ ________ definitely definitely should not____________ neutral should 1. Your friends and peers think you.........have intercourse without a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 2. Your parents think you have intercourse without a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 3. Your brothers and sisters think you.........have intercourse without a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 4. M edical professionals think you........have intercourse without a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 5. Previous sexual partners think you......have intercourse without a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 6. Your current sexual partner thinks you..........have intercourse without a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 7. The general public thinks you.....have intercourse without a condom. 2 3 5 6 7 8. People who are im portant to you think you.....have Intercourse without a condom 2 3 5 6 7 How willing are you to do what the following people think you should do right now? somewhat moderately extremely not at all w illing w illing_______w illing w illing 1. Your friends and peers 1 2 3 4 2. Your parents 1 2 3 4 3. Your brothers and sisters 1 2 3 4 4. M edical professionals 1 2 3 4 5. Previous sexual partners 1 2 3 4 6. Your current sexual partner 1 2 3 4 7. The general public 1 2 3 4 8. People who are im portant to you, in general 1 2 3 4 3 -8 o o Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. (nc: Impact] Think back to what you were thinking/feeling while you were making out (Just before you started having intercourse, if you did have intercourse.) How would you have answered th ese questions at that time... Each of the following items is something that may or may not be affected by not having Intercourse. Indicate the effect of not having Intercourse this time on each of these things. As compared to having intercourse without a condom, not havina intercourse miaht affect.. How much would not havina intercourse affect this ? In what wav ( aood or bad) would not having intercourse affect this? not at all * a little moderately a lot in a good in a bad way way neutral 1. your physical stimulation 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 2. your partner's physical stim ulation 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4. spontaneity 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 5. continuity, not having Interruptions 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 6. amount of variety/creativity 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 7. release of sexual tension (for you) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 8. release of sexual tension (for your partner) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 9. feeling natural, sldn-to-skin 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 11. passion 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3 - 9 * Answer "not at all" only if you think there is no chance that using a condom will affect this thing. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. T 3 CD 3 As compared to having intercourse <j>' without a condom, not having o' intercourse miaht affect.. How much would nof havina intercourse affect this ? In what wav ( aood or bad! would not having intercourse affect this? not at all * a little moderately a lot In a good in a bad way way neutral — h E ? 12. intim acy CD 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 o 13. emotional attraction ■ o 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 c o 14. emotional bonding 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 § 15. love for each other " 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 CD ^ 16. trust of each other 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3 . 17. how good you feel about yourself 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 CD ^ 18. how good you feel about your partner CD 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 ■ o 3 19. m utual enjoyment 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 c E r . 20. how uninhibited you feel 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 21. whether you both stay monogamous o 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 g; 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 C D ~ --- ^ 23. how much you please your partner 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 o 24. amount of conflict w ith your partner 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 ^ 25. your partner's opinion of you — i 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3 to 26. embarrassment o 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 o P 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3-10 * Answer "not at all" only If you think there is no chance that using a condom will affect this thing. Reproduced w ith permission o f th e copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. As compared to having intercourse without a condom, not havina intercourse might affect.. How much would not havina intercourse affect this ? not at all * a little moderately a lot In what wav ( aood or bad) would not having intercourse affect this? in a good in a bad way way neutral 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 28. how long the man lasts 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 30. convenience 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 31. tastes/smells 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 32. whether or not you get H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 33. whether or not you give your partner H IV /A ID S 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 34. whether or not you get other STOs 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 35. whether or not you give your partner other STDs 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 36. whether or not you/your partner gets pregnant 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 37. how worry-free, relaxed you are at the time 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 38. how worried you feel later 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 3-11 ’ Answer "not at all" only if you ihinK there is no chance that using a condom will affect this thing. 122 [cn consideration] While you were making out.. When deciding whether you would hold back from having intercourse or have intercourse without a condom, which of the following issues do you think about (even if only a little)? (Which of these did you think about while you were making out? (Circle a number) didn't consider did consider this DID YOU CONSIDER... this at all somewhat 1. your physical stimulation 1 2 2. your partner's physical stimulation 1 2 3. mood/atmosphere 1 2 4. spontaneity 1 2 5. continuity, not having interruptions 1 2 6. variety/creativity 1 2 7. relieving your sexual tension 1 2 8. your partner relieving his/her sexual tension 1 2 9. feeling natural, skin-to-skin 1 2 10. messiness (not having a mess to clean up) 1 2 11. passion 1 2 12. intimacy 1 2 13. emotional attraction 1 2 14. emotional bonding 1 2 15. loving each other 1 2 16. trusting each other 1 2 17. feeling good about yourself 1 2 18. feeling good about your partner 1 2 3-12 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 123 DID YOU CONSIDER... didn't consider did consider this this at all somewhat 19. m utual enjoyment 1 2 20. feeling uninhibited 1 2 21. staying monogamous 1 2 22. the excitement of taking risks 1 2 23. pleasing your partner 1 2 24. avoiding conflict with your partner 1 2 25. your partner's opinion of you 1 2 26. not feeling embarrassed 1 2 27. man staying hard, erect 1 2 28. how long the man lasts 1 2 29. having enough lubrication 1 2 30. convenience 1 2 31. avoiding unpleasant tastes/smells 1 2 32. not getting HIV/AIDS 1 2 33. not giving your partner H IV /A ID S 1 2 34. not getting other STDs 1 2 35. not giving your partner other STDs 1 2 36. not getting pregnant (you or partner) 1 2 37. being worry-free, relaxed at the moment 1 2 38. being worry-free later 1 2 3-13 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

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Asset Metadata

Creator Masson, Natalie (author)

Core Title Applying the theory of reasoned action to condom use: The effect of immediate consequences on intention-behavior consistency

School Graduate School

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Clinical Psychology

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag health sciences, public health,OAI-PMH Harvest,psychology, behavioral,psychology, cognitive

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Davison, Gerald C. (committee chair), [illegible] (committee member), Miller, Carol A. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c16-12432

Unique identifier UC11336989

Identifier 1384907.pdf (filename),usctheses-c16-12432 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier 1384907.pdf

Dmrecord 12432

Document Type Thesis

Rights Masson, Natalie

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA