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Characteristics of Filipino social organizations in Los Angeles

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Characteristics of Filipino social organizations in Los Angeles

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Content CHARACTERISTICS OF FILIPINO SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS IN LOS ANGELES A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Sociology The University of Southern California In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Sociology by Mario Paguia Ave June 1956 UMI Number: EP65743 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertaiion ftjblish»ng UMI EP65743 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 «)0 '56 A This thesis^ w ritte n by .Marip__Pag]iia .Aye.................... under the guidance o f hlS....Faculty Committee, and approved by a ll its members, has been p re sented to and accepted by the F a cu lty of the G raduate School, in p a rtia l fu lfillm e n t of the requirements fo r the degree of APPROVE® H«nr J.OMriLJ» Dean D a te... Faculty Committee Chairman TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ................................. 1 Statement of the problem . . . . . . h Importance of the study.................... 5 j Survey of literature ....................... 6 Definitions of terms used.................. 7 Fraternal organization .................. 7 I Non-fraternal organization 8 I Method of procedure. .. .................. 8 Organization of the remainder of the thesis ........... 11 I II. SELECTED FILIPINO FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS IN LOS ANGELES............................. 13 Caballeros de Dimas-Alang, Incorporated. . 13 General description...................... 13 Objectives or purposes .................. 13 Membership............................... 15 Finances ........................ 16 Administrative s e t - u p .................. 18 Functions or social activities ..... 19 Gran Oriente Filipino, Incorporated. . . . 19 General description................... . 19 Objectives............................... 20 Ill CHAPTER PAGE Membership.................... 21 Finances........................................ 23 Administrative personnel ............... 2h Functions............. 25 Legionarios del Trabajo, Incorporated. . . 26 General description.................. 26 Objectives.......................... 26 Membership.............. .............. . 27 Finances . ........... ........ 29 Administrative set-up............. 30 Functions............................. 32 Summary................................... 32 III. SELECTED FILIPINO ASSOCIATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN LOS ANGELES......... 3^ Filipino Federation of America, Inc. . . . 3^ General description................. 3^ Objectives.......................... 3^ Membership 36 Finances............................. 37 Administration ................. 37 Functions........... 38 Filipino-Arnerican Citizens, Inc...... 38 General description.................... . 38 iv CHAPTER PAGE Objectives............................... 39 Membership............................... ^0 Finances........................ . . . Administrative body............. . . . Functions . • ^2 The Narvacan Association .................. ^2 General description...................... h2 Objectives............................... l^3 Membership.......................... ^3 Finances................................. Administration ........................... ^5 Functions................... ^5 Filipino Alumni Association ............. ^6 General description. . . . ............... ^6 Objectives . ^7 Membership............................... ^7 Finances................................. ^9 Administration........... ^9 Functions................................. 50 Pangasinan Association of Southern California, Incorporated ................ 52 General description. . ................ 52 Objectives............................... 52 V CHAPTER Membership ............................. Finances ............................... Administration ........................ Functions ............................. Summary................................. IV. THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS........... ................. The homogeneity of religious beliefs . . The "triangle" or "perfect square" concept of social philosophy .... The Fatherhood of God.................. The brotherhood of man ........ Service to humanity.................... The obligation and responsibility to country.......................... . Love and duty to country ............. Unity of social action for common cause General brotherhood policies ........... Internal policies for the brotherhood. External policies for the outside world General essential natures............... Similarities ........................... Differences............................. PAGE 5^ 55 55 56 57 59 59 59 60 62 64 65 65 65 67 67 68 68 68 68 L __ vi CHAPTER PAGE Summary................................... 69 V. THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE NON-FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS.............. 71 Common aspects similar to all non- fraternal organizations.................. 71 Amity, cordiality, good will........... 71 Christian fellowship .............. . . . 72 Mutual aid principle.................... 72 Educational and cultural pursuits. . . . 72 Obedience and respect for the law. . . . 73 Ideal citizenship........................ 73 An agency for cementing cordial relationships........................... 73 An agency for the expression of principles............................. 74 The cultivation of essential habits. . . 75 The children's welfare .................. 75 A workshop for leadership................ 75 Aspects of differences among the organizations............................. 76 Qualitative differences.................. 76 Physical differences..................... 76 General nature of the associational types. 77 vil CHAPTER PAGE Essential nature ........................ 77 Summary.................................... 77 VI. THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS TO NON-MEMBERS IN THE COMMUNITY............. 79 The active expression of Christian personality............................... 79 The Filipino community picnic.. 80 The blessing ceremony........... 80 The baptismal or christening party . . . 80 Wedding reception party.................. 8l Friday evening social hour ............. 81 Christmas Day party for all children . . 82 The orientation of the democratic ways of life............................. 82 The annual convention or conventions . . 83 The community annual dance ............. 85 Testimonial dinner and dance ........... 86 Reception and dance for Filipino graduates............................... 86 The college graduate reunion........... - 86 The responsibility, duty and obligation of a good citizen........................ 87 j CHAPTER Flag ceremony............................. Flag D a y ............. ................... MacArthur^s monument in Westlake Park. . Rizal Day................................. The Fourth of July celebration ......... Civic and patriotic activities ......... The true meaning of service to humanity. . The scholarship fund drive ............. Aid to veteran and family................ Petitions or resolutions for redress of grievances or social injustices. . . . The practice of charity for all. ......... Philippine fiesta for charities......... Book drive for Philippine schools. . . . The habitual activity of group life. . . . The Filipino Community election......... The annual alumni picnic ................ The Philippine Softball League of Southern California.................... The drive for membership ............. Summary................................... VII. ARE THESE SELECTED SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS DEMOCRATIC OR COMMUNISTIC IN NATURE? . . . viii PAGE 88 88 88 89 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 94 94 94 95 96 97 97 99 CHAPTER The basic concepts of democracy......... The Constitution of the United States. The basic concepts of Communism. .... The supremacy of the State ........... Presentation of the social facts .... The ways of democracy.................. Attitude toward the ways of Communism. Summary. . ............................. VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.................... Summary.................................... Conclusions............................... BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................... APPENDIX A. Over-all Characteristics of Filipino Social Organizations in Los Angeles APPENDIX B. General Characteristics of Filipino Social Organizations in Los Angeles (1950-1955) ................ APPENDIX C. Occupations of Members of Filipino Social Organizations in Los Angeles (1950-1955) ................ IX PAGE 99 99 100 100 101 101 106 113 115 115 118 119 124 125 126 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This thesis deals with the characteristics of the Filipino social organizations of Los Angeles. The basic foundations of these organizations are presented, includ ing their specific social philosophies, their definite group-thought patterns of objectives and purposes, and their daily activities and means of existence. These organizations are factors working for a democratic group living. In each of their constitutions, they pledge allegiance to, and support of, the Constitution of the United States. Most of the members are naturalized American citizens, and not a few of them are still in active service; some are serving in various capacities in the war industries of the United States. These people are liberty-loving. Jose Rizal, the I Father of the Filipinos, taught them to cherish, above everything else, justice, enlightenment, freedom, and human dignity. He still guides them, and will continue to inspire and sustain them, in their quest of these objectives, not for themselves alone, but all peoples in I a world that is slowly and painfully learning that peace is I inseparable from freedom and that both are indivisible,^ In the social heritage of the Filipino people, there are interwoven together fine fabrics of the basic human I j values— -the values of human, decency and human dignity, of ^ just and equal treatment, of freedom and independence, which p are, in general, characteristics of democratic nations. i This social heritage stresses the principles of I justice and mutual respect. In the councils of the United | jNations, Filipino leaders have consistently spoken in I ! ■ ! Ibehalf of human rights and fundamental freedoms, of con- | jstructive international cooperation, and of peace and i i I ! security for all peoples based upon justice and mutual ! : ^ I respect.^ i ! The Filipino people are loyal defenders of democratic j : ideals and principles. From the American tutelage of fifty Iyears* duration, the Filipinos have built up from within an {intrinsic national character based on the democratic prin ciples of justice, right, and loyalty to friends. General The Associated Filipino Press. Vol. XX, No. 1 (Los Angeles-San Diego-San Francisco-Seattle-Chicago-New York), February 15? 19^9? p. 2. 2 Ibid.. p. 15. 3 Lo g, cit. jDouglas MacArthur gave a profound meaning for this insep- : I ! I arable bond of friendship and loyalty when he urged the j I American Congress not to fail the Filipinos, as "in our I i k I I hour of need they did not fail us." j It is in character that the Filipino has no feeling j of sympathy toward Communism. In the first place. Communism i I I was outlawed as seditious in the Philippines while Manuel L: ! < I Quezon was the President of the Commonwealth.^ Secondly, I President Manuel Roxas, two years after his inauguration as ipresident, made a dramatic promise that the Philippines was ; I ■ ' Î ; ready to throw its forces behind America in the fight * I ^ I I against Communism. Thirdly, C. P. Romulo condemningly | I ! I warned that Communism does not elevate, but debases mankind J : ■ i I It does not recognize the individual; all is for the State, lit not only arrests human freedom, but it abolishes it, i 7 I enslaving both body and mind. Filipinos are devout I Christians, whereas Communism is essentially atheistic. ^ Bataan. Vol. IX, No. 8 (Washington, D. C.), November, 1951? p. 16. 5 Ibid.. p. 132. United States News and World Report. April 15, 1955, p. W . 7 Loc. cit. 1 It recognizes no divine authority, repudiates both faith i Q and the revealed moral code. Communism, therefore, has I no place in their hearts. I I I Against the basic cultural background described ! ! above, the fundamental problem which suggested this partie-! ! Î iular study was to investigate whether the influences of I I j anti-freedom, anti-democratic and anti-religious doctrines ! I have infiltrated into the daily group thinking and beliefs I of these Filipinos in Los Angeles. | ! I I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM j j The problem of this study was to present basic I I social facts about the Filipino social organizations repre-] ■ t ! !sented in this city. This study aims to answer the follow-| I ing questions; i I I 1 1. What are the natures of the selected Filipino I I i fraternal social organizations in Los Angeles? What is | ! their general over-all outlook on social life? What are 1 I their objectives and purposes? Is their membership composed I of men only, of women only, or of both sexes, and of mixed ! ■ I tribes of Filipinos residing in Los Angeles? What are I their main sources of support? How are they administered? ! And what are their functions or social activities? 8 Our Sunday Visitor. The Popular National Catholic I^cti^g Wee^^y,^Vol. XLIII, No. 5 (Huntington, Indiana), c 5) 2. What are the natures of the selected Filipino non-fraternal social organizations? What is their general over-all outlook on social life? What are their objectives and purposes? How are their memberships composed? What are their main sources of support? How are they adminis tered? And what are their functions or social activities? 3. What are the relationships among the fraternal organizations? 4. What are the relationships among the non- fraternal organizations? 5. What are the relationships of the members of social organizations to non-members in the community? 6. Are these selected social organizations demo cratic or communistic in nature? II. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY This is a critical period in world history, with all nations economically interdependent, yet pitted against one another in their cultures and interests. Traditions and beliefs are challenged, and the basic values of society are uncertain and insecure. Peoples are confronted with ideologies so conflicting that they become confused, bewildered, and do not know which way to turn. The contemporary social order is besét by disinte- grating forces from within and from without. In large area^ 6 of Europe and Asia, the recently existing social orders have been destroyed. The need is therefore imperative that all who value a democratic way of life become aware of the iforces of Communism within a peaceful society like the i United States. The identification and control of these forces are essential to the preservation of the democratic way of life.^ There are some groups which subscribe openly to the iCommunistic concepts, while others are less overt. Others : may profess democratic doctrines, yet practice Communism. ; This study aims to investigate the position taken by the Filipino social organizations in Los Angeles. I III. SURVEY OF LITERATURE i I i Several research studies have been written at the University of Southern California about the Filipinos in Los Angeles. Catapusan^^ portrays the Filipino vocational and avocational activities in Los Angeles. Berbano^^ takes ^ P. Stuart Chapin, "Editeras Introduction," Elliott and Merrill*s Social Disorganization (New York-London: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 19^1), p. vii. B. T. Catapusan, "The Filipino Occupational and Recreational Activities in Los Angeles," (unpublished I Master*s thesis. The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 19o4). . i M. P. Berbano, "The Social Status of the Filipinos in Los Angeles County," (unpublished Master*s thesis. The < Universl ty_„of_.Southern..Calif ornia,.._L.os.Ange2ee^^ - ' ' ' 71 12 ^ up the social status of the Filipinos ; Corpus analyzes the racial adjustment activities and the problems of the Filipino-American fellowship; Aquino^^ considers the group | ! I I life of the Filipino community in Los Angeles. While find-1 I I ; ings of these previous studies are sociologically signifi- I i I icant, this study is pursued from a different perspective. I I I IV. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED I ' : I Fraternal organization. This term refers to a type ! I of association which is characterized in general by rela- ' ■ ■ ! :tively close acquaintance, easy understanding, familiar | : cooperation, and friendly good will of persons associated, ! Î : i.e., promoting the welfare of each other as is common I between brothers. These organizations usually have secret j I ! I rituals, uniforms, ceremonies, symbols, with somewhat i ! i i democratic forms of government, and insurance protection jagainst accidents, sickness, poverty and death for the i l4 I members. 1 1 ? I S. F. Corpus, "An Analysis of the Racial Adjust ement Activities and Problems of the Filipino-American I Fellowship," (unpublished Master*s thesis. The University I of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1938). I 13 V. R. Aquino, "The Filipino Community in Los IAngeles," (unpublished Master*s thesis. The University of I Southern California, Los Angeles, 1952). i — \ j Henry P. Fairchild, Dictionary of Sociology (New j^York; Philosophical Library, 19^^)? P» 12^ I 8 I I Non-fraternal organization. This is a type of j association which differs in some respects from the frater- I nal organizations in the use of rituals, uniforms, ceremo- ! nies, secret codes, and other symbols of the Masonic order. I These organizations are formed voluntarily to serve particular purposes of the group concerned. V. METHOD OF PROCEDURE I 1 j The procedure used in this study was a combination ! of participant observation, personal interview, and library I research. Sources consulted included the constitutions, ! bulletins, pamphlets, magazines, books, newspapers, news- I ‘letters, and other relevant materials published by the I several organizations under observation. Personal inter- I views supplied first-hand information about the groups j studied. I The writer was a "participant-observer," with i I unbiased, open mind, in various social activities of these f I groups, including dances, banquets, baptismal parties, Î * jdinner parties, community picnics, college graduate recep- Itions, bridal showers, Sunday School worship, annual I conventions, and Filipino community elections; also in I I i various programs celebrating important national events such I I 9 ! jas Commonwealth celebration, Fourth of July, Rizal Day, j I Philippines Flag Day, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and | I I I New Year*s Eve celebrations. j I I I The social organizations studied were selected on I I the basis of information supplied by civic leaders and | ; 1 5 i , public officials, concerning such data, as follows: j (1) the growing popularity of the organization; (2) their : I continuous commendable social activities ; (3 ) their long i years of actively enduring existence; ( 4 ) their sizeable ; ; number of membership ; (5) their allegedly laudable works, ■ I I ! achievements, and influences in intergroup relations ; and ' i I(6) their outspoken valuable social services and contribu- I Itions to the Filipino community in particular, to the State ! i community life of California, and to the greater and broadeij : national life of the United States in general. I * 1 C T j I LDT Blue Book. Mayor Angelo Sanginetti*s Official ! ■Message to the Legionarios Del Trabajo in America, Inc. j I (Stockton, California, Summer 1 9 4 9 )? p. 13* "Souvenir Program Pamphlet," Mayor Fletcher Bow- iron* s Official Message to the Filipino Federation of Americaj line. (Los Angeles, California, December, 1 9 5 0 ) , p. 6. | j "Souvenir Program— Annual Conference," Caballeros I I de Dimas-Alang, Inc. (Los Angeles, California, January 1 9 5 1 ) I p. 4; Philippine Consul General Jose F. Impériales Message, i p . 3 • \ j "1949 Souvenir Program," Pangasinan Association of j I Southern California, Inc. , President P . De Vera*s Message, I j p. 2 , and J. S. Fernandezes Message, p. 4. I I "Gran Oriente Filipino Cable Masonico," Vol. VI 1 I(Manila, Philippines), July, August, September, 1949? p. 5* | I 10 1 I These selected social Filipino organizations were I classified into fraternal and non-fraternal groups, accord- ! ing to what appeared to be their group interests or motiva- I ■ tions, and each was described on the basis of its essential ! i I : I characteristics. The structures of both divisions were i I ' ; ' discussed in terms of specific headings such as general ! I description of their over-all outlook on societal life, I their objectives and purposes, their membership composition; I ' I their sources of finance, their administrative set-up, and | j their functions or social activities. | ! ! I The objectives, purposes, and social activities were j I i : scrutinized for their social significance for the members | i I I and to determine whether communistic influences were i I j I operative in them, and whether there was any evidence of | I political conspiracy or other ulterior motives. In other | ] i ! words, to determine whether the officers and members are I I staunch readers of Marxian doctrines; if there is any I attitude of disloyalty to serve in the Armed forces of, and i j to defend, the United States; if there is any intent to I engage in espionage for the purpose of revealing secret I I information of the United States and her defenses ; and if j there is any incident of subversiveness as to sabotage the I war efforts and industries of the United States. The Saturday Evening Post. April 16, 19^9? P* 19; October 21, 1950? P. 1 2 .___ ^ _ _ ; i j Persons interviewed for this study were men of I dignity, integrity, and responsibility in their respective i I groups and in the Filipino community. These are the prom- jinent men and the elite in Filipino society, 1. e., the | president, the vice-president, the secretary, the treasurer; the auditor, and the adviser, in the case of the non- ; fraternal group ; and the worshipful grand master, the grand ! master, the grand secretary, the grand treasurer, the grand | auditor, and the grand adviser, in the case of the fraternal association. ; Those interviewed were approached in an informal and : Ifriendly manner, so that they were free to talk with s' ! 'enthusiasm and without a suspicion that this study was ; i . I Iin process. ; I VI. ORGANIZATION OF THE REMAINDER ! I I OF THE THESIS I I i I This study is organized into eight chapters. Chapter I I deals with the introduction, the statement of the problem,! jimportance of the study, survey of literature, definitions i of terms used, method of procedure, and organization of the remainder of the thesis. Chapter II deals with the bases | jfor the selection of Filipino social organizations, and i ■discusses the nature of the Filipino fraternal organizations 12 embracing the general description of their over-all outlook toward societal life, their objectives and purposes, their I membership composition, their main sources of finance, I I their administration, and their functions or social activi-l j ties. Chapter III discusses the nature of Filipino non- I fraternal social organizations embracing the same I characteristics applied in Chapter II. Chapter IV deals with the relationships among the fraternal organizations. ! Chapter V discusses the relationships among the non- ; fraternal organizations. Chapter VI considers the ! I relationships of the members of social organizations to I I non-members in the community or the outside world. Chapter| I ! ! VII deals with the democratic or the communistic nature of ! I ' ■ the selected Filipino social organizations. And, finally, i i I I Chapter VIII presents the summary and conclusions. ! CHAPTER II I SELECTED FILIPINO FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS I I IN LOS ANGELES ' I I. CABALLEROS DE DIMAS-ALANG, INCORPORATED I General description. This Filipino fraternal organi-: I zation is composed of several lodges in California, in fact,; in other Pacific Coast states. The need for human brother- ; jhood under the Fatherhood of God was the principal reason ! I i jfor its foundation. Christian doctrines, the Bible of jvarious denominations, religious precepts.and principles | I serve as guides for ways of group-thinking and social j jactions. Strictly, this organization is non-political, I las well as non-commercial. ' I I This fraternity is dedicated to cherish above every- Ithing else the guiding principles of Mabini and Rizal. The ! I I I principles are fundamentally the love of country, the love I ' Iof justice, the love of human dignity and human decency, jthe love of freedom and equal opportunities for all in the Ipursuit of life and happiness. I I Objectives or purposes. The social objective is to foster the universal brotherhood of men. This Filipino brotherhood is the expression of the motive power under I God*s infallible guidance, with the intense emphasis on j patriotism and love of country. The following are the | I fraternal landmarks : j ; i I 1. Learn to value and to return an indebtedness. j I Know ye that the most sacred of all duties after your I ' duty to honor thy God, is your duty to your country. ! I 2. Help your Brother better than you would an ordinary person. ' ; 3. Be wise, honorable and brave in the service of i truth, justice, and righteousness. I 4. Respect womanhood. Every woman is a living j I image of your own mother. I ! j' i 5. Defend the oppressed. Save him who is in danger : I help the needy; give guidance to the blind; and comfort j Î the sad in heart. ; ! I j 6. Avoid indolence, vice, hambuggery, treachery, ■ I and boastfulness, because they all bring tribulations | ; to your soul and they take you away from God. | I j ! 7. Live according to your means. Mooching is a : disgrace and begging loses one*s self-respect. I I I 8. Give value to your time. Every minute that : I passes is a lost opportunity that shall never return. I 9* Respect and honor labor and the habit of saving,; I two fountain springs of contentment, progress and real | I happiness. j ; 10. Do your duty in a manner you believe to be j right and clean. Doing things merely to be seen of menj I does not enhance you in a^manner that properly satis- j i fies your own conscience. \ ^ Souvenir Program— Annual Conference. Caballeros de Dimas-Alang. Inc. (Los Angeles, California, January 15-20, 1951), p. 2. I 15 I Membership. This fraternity is composed of most of I the Philippine tribes, such as Tagalog, Visayan, Ilocano, | I I I Pangasinan, Pampango, Zambal, Bicol, Romblon, Igorot, and i ! I IMoro. Membership is strictly open to men only. | I I The wives and daughters of the married Brothers may | I organize themselves into a chapter, which becomes an auxil-i Iiary unit of the fraternal organization. This could be donq I i by applying for a charter to organize from the Grand Lodge , ! of the fraternity under consideration. | i Admission of men to membership is very meticulous, = I I I rigid and strict. An applicant must be recommended by a ! I ; ■ ■ I I Brother or group of Brothers in the fraternity. In this I I case, the applicant is judged on the bases of absolutely I clean personal life, of socially good and acceptable per- j ! I sonal character, and of no criminal records. s i I The ages of members range from eighteen to fifty | years old. The dialects are as numerous as the number of : I individual tribes composing the organization, because each i I tribe has his own particular dialect. But the official ilanguage used in their exclusive meetings is Tagalog, and I the medium of communication and understanding with the ( I general public is either the English or the Spanish I language. I I 16 ! i The occupations held by the members include a variety I of callings, such as houseman, elèvator operator, bell hop, I chauffeur, cook, busboy, dishwasher, waiter, bartender, I butler, farmer, barber, grocer, mechanic, electrician, | engineer, foreman, lawyer, physician, musician, fisherman, | i tailor, insurance agent, salesman, photographer, business- i j man, television technician, radio operator, post office I jemployee, office worker, real estate man, restaurant | I . : I operator, employment agency operator, student, and service-; 1 I I men (Army and Navy). ! i I [ The religious beliefs of the members indicate dif* | 1 I iferent denominational preferences. However, all of them I I I I believe in one common God, Who is the Supreme Creator of | ; ' Î I the Universe. In these denominational preferences, the ! • I I majority are Catholics; a few are Protestants, and some are| : I 1Aglipavanos. I I I Finances. This Filipino fraternity is operated as a I I non-profit organization. It maintains at all times the following funds : 1. General fund, which is built by receipts from initiation fees, charter fees, exaltation fees, monthly and! yearly dues, and assessments of members as provided for by ! I its constitution. 17 j 2. Social fund, which is created by receipts from I fines, dances, social benefits and affairs, and by receipts| I from banquets and entertainments. I I I i 3* Special benefit fund, which is to be used for anj iemergency case, is maintained by the money in the social | fund, which may be apportioned as to meet the emergent need I or needs. | I Mortuary fund, which is maintained by the I r I assessment of one dollar from every member, has the follow^: I ■ i Iing benefits : i I I i a. Six hundred dollars* allocation for casket ! I ! I and funeral expenses; j I I I b. Five hundred dollars for the beneficiary of | j the deceased; and j i i I c. The five hundred dollars goes into the ; general fund, if the deceased has no living survivor. i ; I Fees and assessments, which are the schedule of fees I ! ' I to be collected from the members, include the initiation I fees, exaltation fees, yearly assessment to supreme con- • j sistory, monthly dues, annual dues to chambers, organization I of triangle fees, organization of lodge fees, certificate I I or diploma fees, lodge charter fees, and mortuary fee per I case. : 18 i i I Administrative set^up. The organizational structure ' |of this fraternal brotherhood is composed of the following | offices: (1) the executive department ; (2) the supreme j consistory; (3) the grand assembly; (4-) the temple of the | sun; (5) the red chamber ; (6) the blue chamber; (7) the council of the ancients; (8) the chamber of the nobles; | (9) the circle of the truth ; and (10) the lodges. * The officers of this fraternity are composed of the grand master, two deputy grand masters, one grand secretary,, lone grand treasurer, one grand auditor, one assistant grand j I secretary, one assistant grand treasurer, one assistant j (grand auditor, one grand prosecutor, two assistant grand \ (prosecutors, one grand marshal, one grand instructor, one | I grand chaplain, one grand inside guard, one grand outside guard, one grand almoner, one grand master of ceremonies, one grand expert, one grand door guard, and the founder. These officers are elected or appointed to serve for a period of one year. The elective officers are the grand master and the two grand deputies, the grand secretary and assistant, the grand treasurer and assistant, the grand auditor and assistant, and the grand prosecutor and the two assistants. And the appointive officers are the grand j chaplain, the grand inside guard, the grand outside guard, | the grand almoner, the grand master of ceremonies, the i I grand expert, and the grand door guard. i r . I Functions or social activities. This fraternity j performs certain inherent as well as acquired functions or i ; I activities. The inherent functions are, namely, (a) to | I keep the continuous existence of the brotherhood as an | I I jon-going process; (b) to keep the band of brotherhood intact I ; ; together; (c) to maintain faithfully its continuous activity I in meeting the social, physical, moral, and spiritual well- 1 being of its members; (d) to keep close attention to the ; schedule meetings of the fraternity; (e) to elect officers ' yearly and to install them to their respective offices; and| (f) to initiate and indoctrinate new members into the fra- I ternity. The acquired activities are simply (a) to provide! and maintain a temple building for the fraternity; (b) to | provide and maintain homes for the aged members and their ; families; (c) to secure a farm or farms in which the unem- I I ployed brothers may find steady employment; and (d) to I I provide and maintain a general fund for the economic welfare and protection of all the brothers in the fraternity. II. GRAN ORIENTE FILIPINO, INCORPORATED General description. This is a Filipino fraternal organization which has many lodges scattered over Califor nia and the neighboring states in the Pacific Coast area. i 20 I I Founded essentially as a non-political and non-commercial | I organization, it believes in the ideas and principles of i I I I Masonry. The ideas at the center of Masphry are the exist-j lence of God, the immortality of man, the solidarity of the j ! I I race, the necessity for righteousness, the desire for know- | iledge, loyalty to the motherland, the desire for sociability, I and the ideas of service and relief for the distressed. I These are the psychological forces which give vitality to 1 I government, church and school, and animate the whole world | I of men. I I ? I ! I This Filipino fraternal brotherhood is, likewise, j (absorbed and obsessed with the belief in God, the belief in! I the immortality of man, the belief in the essential brother^ I • jhood of man, and the belief in the equality of, and justice I jfor all. I I I Objectives. Like the preceding one, this fraternity I has for its permanent social objective the attainment of a I ! (universal brotherhood of men under God. As the world is a | jcomposite of communities of ethnic races, great and small, I iits founder thought it wise to apply the concept of brother-| jhood to the group. This belief leads to the adoption of ! I the following principles as the guiding lights; I 1. Believe that God is eternal, j 2. Be friend of the wise men and obey their I teachings. 21 3. Do good because it is a pleasure and not merely because it is a duty. 4. Keep burning the Light of Wisdom. 5. War against vice. 6. Pay homage to the aged. 7. Instruct the young. 8. Honor your parents. 9. Cherish your wife. 10. Avoid insincere friendship. 11. Love your country and obey its laws. 12. Your friend shall be your second self. 13. Forget injuries and render good deeds. 14-. Study to know men and learn to know yourself better. p 15. Try to be just and love one another. Strictly conducted on the Masonic order, this bro therhood believes in the principles of laws, order, morals, citizenship, fear and love of God. Moreover, the Church is believed to be established by the Almighty God, and the fraternity by His Son. It is taught dependence on Him and love for one another.^ Membership. This Filipino fraternal brotherhood is constituted by representatives from the diverse tribal I groups in the Philippine archipelago, including the Tagalogj Visayan, Ilocano, Moro, Pangasinan, Pampango, Zambal, Bicolj Romblon, and Igorot. Although membership is restricted to men only, the wives and daughters may become affiliated Gran Oriente Filipino Cable Masonico. Vol. VI (Manila, Philippines; July-August-September, 19^9, Nos. 31» 32, and 33), p. 1^. ^ Ibid.. p. 2. I 22 ; I 1 ■with the organization by forming themselves into an auxil- I : Iiary unit, order or chapter. The admission of men for ' I : Imembership is based on their living a clean personal life, j j having a good, socially acceptable personal character, ■ ‘having no criminal records, and being staunch believers of ' God. The applicant has to be introduced, recommended or . ! vouched by a Brother or group of Brothers of the fraternity., I I I The ages of members in this Brotherhood range from j eighteen to fifty-five years old. The dialects spoken are ; I as many as the number of individual tribes constituting the ' i fraternity, inasmuch as each tribe speaks a local native j tongue of its own. ! The official language used in the exclusive meetings | is Tagalog and the medium of expression and communication ; with the general public is either the English or the i Spanish language. ' The occupations of members include a wide variety of ' callings: houseman, elevator operator, bell hop, chauffeur, ' cook, busboy, waiter, bartender, barber, farmer, grocer, ; mechanic, electrician, engineer, foreman, physician, musician, dentist, tailor, fisherman, insurance agent, I newspaper editor, photographer, businessman, radio and | television technician, postal employee, factory worker, ! movie industry employee, office worker, real estate man, j re staurant operator, student. and service men. __________ , ! 23 I i The religious beliefs of the members indicate dif- ; I ferent preferences of denominational affiliations. The I I majority are Catholics; a few are Protestants, and some i I I 1 are Aglipayanos. | I I ! Finances. This Filipino fraternity is operated as a! ; . I non-profit concern. For its maintenance at all times, the | following funds are created: | 1. General fund, which is built by receipts from Î ■ i I : I initiation fees, exaltation fees, monthly and yearly dues, ■ I ■ j I and assessments from members as stipulated in its constitu- 1 I I i tion. ! I • I I 2. Social fund, which is maintained by receipts I I ' i from fines, dances, social benefits and affairs, and from ■ i I ! all receipts deriving from banquets and social entertain- ^ : i I ments. I I 3* Special benefit fund, which is provided for all I emergency need or needs, and which is maintained by the I money in the social fund. I i The aforesaid funds are steadily supplied by the I following sources: (a) initiation fees; (b) exaltation fees; (c) yearly assessments ; (d) monthly and yearly dues ; : (e) organization fees; (f) certificate or diploma fees; (g) organization of lodges fees, and others. 2h I Administrative personnel. The governing power of I ! this fraternity is vested in the Grand Lodge, which has j I supreme Masonic jurisdiction over all the lodges. Its | I I (functions are divided into three departments, namely, | I " I I legislative, judicial, and executive. I j j ! The law-making power is vested in the Grand Lodge. i ! I As such, it has the inherent power and authority to make , I ' ! jnew laws, or to alter them, for the real benefit of this Î ancient fraternity. However, this legislative power is not ' i ■ I (without limitation, inasmuch as the Grand Lodge can only | |legislate laws or by-laws according to the fraternity*s (landmarks. | i ' I I The officers of this fraternity are composed of the I icommander-in-chief, the first lieutenant, second lieutenant,! i I ■grand orator minister of the state, grand chancellor, grand | 1 treasurer, grand engineer and architect, grand master of I I ■ ! (ceremonies, grand captain of the guard, grand hospitaller, I (grand standard bearer, grand sentinel, grand tyler, and I sovereign grand representative of the Supreme Council of I t he Philippines.^ I ^ "The Powers of a Grand Lodge," Gran Oriente Fili- bino Cable Masonico (Manila, Philippines; July-August- jSeptember, 19^9)> p. 8. I ... 25.1 ‘ I I The officers are elected or appointed annually. The | I I I elective officers are the commander-in-chief, the first | I j ilieutenant, second lieutenant, grand orator minister of the j I i i state, grand chancellor, grand treasurer, grand engineer I I I j and architect, and grand captain of the guard* j I The appointive officers are the grand chaplain, the ! I ■ ! I grand master of ceremonies, the grand hospitaller, the i grand standard bearer, the grand sentinel, the grand tyler, | and the sovereign grand representative, | I Functions. This fraternity has inherent and artifi- | I ; ;cial functions or activities to perform. As to inherent i i I j activities, the fraternity dedicates itself (a) to keep the| : ! I spirit of brotherhood and its coneommitant practices as an ’ I i ! on-going process ; (b) to maintain its continuous activity : : I in meeting the social, physical, moral, and spiritual well-; i I I being and standards of the brother members; (c) to keep the| ! j regular meetings of the organization; (d) to elect and | I I ! appoint new officers yearly and to install them to their ! . ■ I respective offices; and (e) to initiate as well as to I I indoctrinate new members into the fraternity. The regular functions are (a) to provide a temple ! Ibuilding for the brotherhood; (b) to provide and maintain I 1 homes for the aged and their families; (c) to procure a farm or farms in which the unemployed brothers may find ' ' " " " ' 26 steady employment; and (d) to provide and maintain a general fund for the economic welfare and protection of all the brothers in the fraternity. I III. LEGIONARIOS DEL TRABAJO, INCORPORATED I j I General description. This is another Filipino ! jfraternal organization with many lodges in California and I the neighboring states of the west coast. Incorporated I Iunder the laws of the State of California, this fraternity I is founded upon the principles of the Masonic theology Iwhich places God at the center of all things. Essentially Inon-commercial, as well as non-political social organiza- I j tion, the fraternity evokes its immutable life-breath and Inourishment from these principles: I God, the Great Architect and Master Builder of the Universe; God and Father of humanity, its solidarity and salvation; God the Maker of Heaven and earth and all in them, is, before whom silence is eloquence and wonder is worship ; and God*s love is the foundation of fraternity.5 I Objectives. Confiding absolute faith in God, and (believing in the universal brotherhood of men, this frater nity seeks the light of divine reason for guidance in jgroup-thinking and hopes to direct social action in search ^ Ibid.. Vol. VI, Nos. 28, 29, 30, Apri1-May-June, 19^9, p. 31 L 27 i lof collective peace, contentment, and happiness in inter- i I ' . I I personal and inter-group relations. Inasmuch as the | I fraternity is seeking to manifest its unselfish collective | ; , I i devotion and service to country and to humanity, the poten-| :tial initiative and leadership are marshaled towards the | ; production of practical achievements, which entail the " j j development of the natural resources of the country through; I ' I I creative and productive labor. j I The constitutional preamble of this fraternity I I defines its intention, as follows:. , j I I We, the members of the Legionarios del Traba.io in I America, Incorporated, in order to honor and glorify j I the First Architect of the Universe under whose Divine I I Guidance and protection we are living united, and in j I order to form an indivisible union; to promote social, | i economic and moral welfare of ourselves and posterity; j I and to secure the benefits of Liberty, Fraternity and | j Equality, do ordain and establish this Constitution j j and By-laws for the Legionarios del Traba.io in America, . Incorporated.b j Membership. As to membership, this fraternity is a i conglomeration of the general native inhabitants of the I Philippines, namely : Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Pam- ;pango, Bicol, Moro, Igorot, Zambal, Visayan and Romblon. I . IMembership is highly selective, and is restricted to men ^ The "Preamble" in the Constitution and By-laws of the Legionarios del Traba.io in America. Inc., adopted 1927, San Francisco, California. ; 28 only. The wives and daughters of married members may organize themselves into an order or a chap 1er as an auxil* iary unit. To qualify for admission to membership, the I ' ! I applicant must be recommended by a fraternal member or by j i ; I the officers of the fraternity and must have an absolutely j : clean, personal life, socially good and acceptable personal! I ' jcharacter, no criminal records, and be an ardent believer ; ! I I in God. I I As to ages of members, the minimum and maximum | I requirement is eighteen to fifty years old. The dialects j 1 include a variety of Philippine native tongues, but the j j I I official language used in their exclusive meetings is i I I I Tagalog, and the media of expression, understanding, and I I ' ! I communication with the general public are both the English I land the Spanish languages. I ! i The occupations of the members embrace domestic, ; I agricultural, technical, professional, business, fishery, | I and other pursuits. Among domestic pursuits, there are the { ! houseman, elevator operator, bell hop, cook, chauffeur or family driver, busboy, butler, bartender, porter, and dish washer. In the agricultural enterprise, there are the I farmer, tractor driver, farm foreman, and fruit picker. In j i the technical field, there are mechanic, electrician, I engineer, photographer, radio and television technician. 29 I jin the professional category, there are the lawyer, physi- j ician, dentist, and teacher, in the fishery Industry are j I the fisherman, cannery worker, and cannery foreman. In the I i I field of business, there are the grocer, salesman, insurance I agent, real estate man, employment agency operator, and restaurant proprietor. And for other pursuits, there are the postal employee, serviceman (Army and Navy), and the | student. ; I The religious beliefs are characterized by three j well-known denominational preferences ; ±, e., Catholics, j Iwho form the majority; the Protestants, who are second only | ! I Iin number or proportion to the Catholics; and the Aglipay- ( anos. who are the smallest minority. | ! ! ! i I Finances. Operated as a non-profit organization, I this Filipino brotherhood maintains at all times the follow-j I 7 I I ing funds : | i I I 1. General fund, which is built by receipts from ; I i I initiations, charter fees, exaltation fees, monthly and (yearly dues, and assessments of members as provided by its I I jconstitution. 1 I ' ' 2. Social fund, which is made of receipts from j i I ifines, dances, social benefits and affairs, and all receipts (deriving from banquets and entertainments. I ^ Ibid.. pp. 26-28. ’ 30 I I i 3» Special benefit fund, which is a reserve for an jurgent and emergent need or needs, and which is built by th^ I i jmoney from the social fund apportioned according to the j ! ^ i (demand or demands. I I Mortuary fund, which is made of one-dollar ; ! 'assessment from every member with accruing benefits of six Ihundred dollars* allocation for casket and funeral expenses | land five hundred dollars* beneficiary to the survivor of i I i Ithe deceased. i I I The aforesaid funds are maintained by the following | ! o i (schedule of fees and assessments: \ \ I I a. Initiation $25.00 | I b. Exaltation ........... 10.00 I (men........... 7.50 c. Yearly assessment to Supreme Consistory (indies 3.75 * d. Monthly dues - ................ (ladies..........•••• .50 . e. Annual dues to each Chamber ! (ladies. 2.50 I f. Organization of Trianglef®®^-;';;;;; 25.00 j g. Organization of lodge I vladies....... 2y.üu h. Certificate or diploma............... 5.00 i. Lodge-charter 25.00 | j. Mortuary fee per case ............. 1.00 j Administrative set-up. The organizational structure Iof this Filipino fraternal brotherhood is made of the 8 Ibid.. p. 4l. 31 ! different departments which include (1) the executive; ! I I I (2) the supreme consistory; (3) the grand assembly; (4) the j jtemple of the sun; (5) the red chamber; (6) the blue cham- | Iber; (7) the council of the ancients; (8) the chamber of I I : I the nobles; (9) the circle of the truth; and (10) the ' 9 ! lodges. I The officers who are to serve for a period of two years are elected by secret ballot, as well as appointed, ( during the General Assembly or Convention. The elective ; officers are the grand master and the two grand deputies, I I the grand secretary and the assistant, the grand treasurer land the assistant, the grand auditor and the assistant, and I Jthe grand prosecutor and the two assistants. Appointive officers are the grand chaplain, the grand inside guard, the grand outside guard, the grand almoner, the grand master of ceremonies, the grand expert, and the grand door guard. The executive, the legislative, the judicial, and their functions are vested in those departments to which the respective elective officers, with the aid of appointive I assistants, are delegated to exercise or to discharge the I duties, obligations, and responsibilities that each depart mental office entails. Loc. cit. ' ' ' 32l Functions. This fraternity has certain inherent, | regular social activities to perform* In general, these activities embrace the following: (1) to create a general | fund for the economic welfare, security, and protection of ; all members; (2) to provide and maintain a ready relief for | other lodges in case of need or needs ; (3) to provide a j I temple building and homes for the fraternity; (^) to | Ilegislate, amend or promulgate doctrines, laws or by-laws | for the different lodges of the fraternity; (5) to call for ; I a General Assembly or Convention every two years ; (6) to | initiate, elect, appoint, as well as install the new | i officers of the fraternity; (7) to provide for a band or ' floral tribute upon a death of a brother in the fraternity; | j (8) to administer the beneficiary benefit to the survivor j ! of the deceased; (9) to provide a farm or farms for the | I steady employment of the brothers who are unemployed; \ I j I(10) to aid the aged brothers and their families; and ; I (11) to administer, as well as to officiate in the granting! 1 of degrees for members deserving the merits of recognition and exaltation. ! ! I I Summary. For the sake of clarity and better under- ( i standing of the foregoing analysis, a summary of the main ! • I points follows : ! 33 I 1. The fraternal Filipino organizations under | I observations in this study are the Caballeros de Dimas- i ! I jAlang. Gran Oriente Filipino, and Legionarios del Traba.io. I I I I 2. The nature indicated in the general description, | i I I the objectives and purposes, the membership (which includes| ! . ■ ■ ' the ages, dialects, occupations, beliefs, and so on), the finances, the administrative set-up, and the functions or I I social activities are specified. i I 3. The revelation of facts brings forth a streak of I I (basic characteristics to which the belief in the Fatherhood j I ■ ■ ( !;of God, the brotherhood of men, the love of patriotism and | jof country, and the love of service to humanity are common 1 I - ■ ! ito these three fraternities. I ! ■ I 1 4. The basic ethnic character of a Filipino with his; [entirety as a social unit in society is here revealed: he j iis Godful; he is a lover of country and humanity; he is an i ! I ardent believer of universal brotherhood of men based on i I I ithe principles of justice, equality, and service ; and he is | ja profound believer of human dignity and decency based on I democratic ways and social values. CHAPTER III ; ■ SELECTED FILIPINO ASSOCIATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ' IN LOS ANGELES I ■ ■ I I I. FILIPINO FEDERATION OF AMERICA, INC. I I General description. This is a federation of I I Filipino farm laborers under the continuous leadership of I I its president and founder, Hilario Camino Moncado. With jmany branches scattered throughout the Pacific area, I including the Hawaiian Islands, the greater majority of them are mostly found here in the State of California. I Essentially voluntary as such a federation of unskilled I 'farm laborers is, their social group conscience and group ! thinking are perpetually seeking to contribute more richly i to the brotherhood of .their fellow man under the paternal- Iistic leadership of their president. This federation has also a women*s division for which activities are many and varied. Among these activi ties are the responsibility of maintaining the federation I homes, of supervising the welfare of their children, and I of conducting social and educational activities for the ! members and their families and children. Objectives. The federation has for its permanent social objective the perfection of the civic and the______ I 35 , I ipatriotic, as well as the moral and ethical, qualities of ithe individual members of the federation. These qualities ; jare, namely: friendliness, mutuality of understanding, love 1 land patriuLism, obedience and cooperation, and respect and I I I jloyalty to principles and to leaders. I ! The following are statements of the purposes through ; which the aforesaid social objective may entail an abiding ! I land binding group obedience and conformity: I ■ ! j 1. To cultivate friendly relations between Filipinosi I and Americans through mutual understanding, cooperation j i and respect. j I I j 2. To develop the true Christian Fellowship. | I ; j 3* To demonstrate individually and collectively a | I genuine spirit of humanitarianism by extending their | I moral, spiritual and material aid, and assistance to I I their fellow beings, most especially to the fellow | I members of the Federation. * I 4. To raise the moral and social conduct of each i member. i I I I 5. To foster the educational advancement of each j I member. I I i I 6. To support and respect the superiors and office- I holders of the Federation. ! ‘ I 7. To support and uphold the Constitution of the ; Federation, its by-laws, rules, and regulations. j 8. To serve in any capacity for the good and towards I the furtherance of the aims and objects of the Filipino I Federation of America, Inc. ! ! 9. To uphold and support the Constitution of the I United States of America, its laws, its institutions, and its democratic ideals and principles. 36 10. To promote, by precept and example, respect for the flag of the United States of America.! Membership. This federation is composed of Visayans,' j ! jTagalogs, and Ilocanos. Membership is open to all Filipino | I men and women. The women* s division is an auxiliary unit I i I ; or chapter of the federation. i I 2 ! i The Los Angeles branch of the federation has a , ! total membership of fifty active individuals. Out of this itotal, forty-five are males and five females. The minimum | ! I I I I age of members for both sexes is eighteen and the maximum I i I is fifty-five years old. i I The occupation of male members is predominantly 1 I I I farming, although there are a few doing domestic pursuits I ; and some in the aircraft and fish cannery industries. Of | : I I the female members, most of them are housewives and quite ja small proportion of them is occupying office or ^ secretarial position. ! Obtained from a Banquet Program Pamphlet, printed by the Filipino Federation of America, Inc., during its National Convention held at Alexandria Hotel, Los Angeles, California, December 27, 1950. ^ These data were obtained from an interview with I Mr. Carl Banguis, National Secretary of the Filipino ; Federation of America, Inc., summer of 19^9» 37 As to the religious beliefs of the members, they are distributed among the three obvious denominational Ipreferences: the majority are Catholics; a few are Pro- ! itestants ; and a very few are Aglipayanos. Finances. The basic sources of income are derived j from the scheduled fees and assessments stipulated in its | constitution. Such schedule includes the following; (1) initiation fees ; (2) yearly dues ; (3) monthly membership dues ; (^) organizational maintenance fees ; (5) organization ; I I jof branches fees ; and (6) assessments of members. ! I j I Administration. The government of this federation | I I I is vested in a national body composed of a president, vice- | (president, general secretary-treasurer, financial secretary,| I and organizational secretary. The organizational functions ! I are delegated to or distributed among the various depart- ; ! _ I ment secretaries: namely, membership secretary, organization I I I secretary, finance secretary, legal and publicity secretary,* I labor secretary, musical secretary, commerce secretary, j transportation secretary, education secretary, recreation | : secretary, and welfare secretary. | i I I The branches of the federation are managed and , !operated by the district managers with the aid of the i Imembers of the executive body such as the assistant district Lmairng<^U^e__secr_etaryL,_ the _and. J:he_audlbor.._____ i ! ' “ " 38 The offices of the major departments are elective, while the minor positions are appointive. i Functions. The social activities or functions of | i this federation are simply those which enliven the spirit ■ and moral vitality of the members, edifying in them those ! social virtues which give strength and unity to the organi-, zation. These functions include the annual convention; i founder*s day celebration; publication of books, magazines, and other informative materials regarding the activities, ! progress or welfare of the federation; Christmas party for I i I I the federation children; provision and maintenance of homes! I for the members and their families ; the promotion of social,* I physical, and recreational activities, such as basketball, ; ' volley ball, soft and hard baseballs, golf, tennis, and ( t * ! others; and the maintenance of the annual General Moncado ; i I ! open golf tournament. i j I II. FILIPINO-AMERICAN CITIZENS, INC. | ' i General description. This Filipino social organiza-, tion is founded chiefly on the principles of mutual aid I and protection of the rights and privileges of citizens I in a democratic society like the United States of America, i Its social purposes are to develop the physical, social. 39 moral, spiritual and commercial capacities of its members I in the Christian perspective of life. Objectives. This associational organization believes that Christian personality may be cultivated by I collective process of habituation or conditioning. The indoctrinating group objectives are as follows : 1. To relate all Filipinos in the Christian way of life. 2. To aid and support Filipino parents in making more effective their natural right and duty in the rearing of youth for physical, mental, social, spir itual and commercial efficiency. 3. To devise, provide, and pursue ways and means for aiding the Filipinos to keep abreast of the times by research, study, and discussion of events, and to that end, print, publish, and issue such educational literatures, periodicals, pamphlets, tracts, and books as may be helpful to them. 4-. To seek ways and means of making more effective the work for the Filipino students in the American institution of learning. 5. To foster an understanding of peoples of the world, and to bring a feeling of good will among nations. 6. To serve America and the Philippines in interpreting each to the other in the interest of both. 7. To encourage all Filipino-American citizens to register and go to the polls on election day and, without fear, to vote for the candidates of their choice. 8. To uphold the Constitution of the United Statesj j ^ 0 I I 9 * To do and perform every act and thing necessary,i I convenient, or needful to carry out the purposes afore-; I said: that it is an association which does not contem- J I plate pecuniary gain or profits to the members thereof.'^; I I I Membership. The membership to this organization is : i i I defined in three categories; namely, general, official, and; j i I honorary. Any person of Filipino descent who is a citizen j j I of the United States is considered a general member. The I {official member, who is the basic unit of its structure, is I . I ! a bona fide constituent of the organization. And the I I I jhonorary member is a Filipino who is not a citizen of the j I United States and a person of another race who is interested I i ! in the ideals and objectives of the organization. 1 ! j I Membership is open to both sexes, with ages ranging | 'from fifteen to fifty-five years old. Like the rest of I I the Filipino social organizations, it is also a composite I of different tribal units such as Tagalog, Ilocano, Zambal, i :Pangasinan, and Visayan. The official language used daily I as a medium of expression and understanding is the English [language. The Spanish tongue is employed occasionally. I The occupations held by the members are quite varied i I including the janitor, elevator operator, bell hop, porter, I cook, busboy, waiter, bartender, pantryman, farmer, grocer. ^ Constitution of the Filipino-American Citizens. Inc.. adopted on January 19, 19^9, Los Angeles, California. I I j chauffeur, office secretary, housewife, beauty parlor | I I I operator, insurance agent, restaurant operator, radio and | I ' I i television technician, jewelry man, mechanic, public ; I accountant, lawyer, serviceman, physician, and many others. | I As to their religious beliefs, the members believe I I . i I in God. Their denominational affinities are divided j between the Catholic and the Protestant denominations, of I i I I which the Catholics indicate the majority and the Protest- j I I I ants in lesser proportion. j I ■ j Finances. The sources of financial support and j * ! I sustenance are derived mainly from the stipulated schedule | I of fees of the organization. These fees are as follows: ! j I I (1) City charter membership fee of two dollars; (2) Voteras| I registration fee of one dollar; (3) Initiation fee of five I dollars; (^) National charter clearance fee of two dollars; land (5) Assessments of members. I ! I I Administrative body. The governing body of this I association is composed of city president, city vice- I president, city vice-president at large who is, and must I jbe, a woman, secretary-treasurer, city historian, city auditor, city chaplain, and a city sergeant-at-arms. All these officers are elected by the official and general members of the entire organization. The tenure of service for each of ficer i s one ye a r_,_________________________________ if2n i Functions. The functions of this association includej inherent as well as artificial activities. The inherent j I I {functions are : the keeping up of the organization faithfully ! i |as an on-going process, the calling of meetings, regular and I ! I special, the election and installation of new officers i annually, and the calling of national convention when I [pressing problems or needs present themselves. | i - I ! The artificial or acquired activities are those whicn ! {promote the growth and development of the social, moral, ; I ! ; physical, and mental well-being of each individual member. I : These activities are : social dances, annual picnic in which | iall forms of physical, educational, cultural or recreational I i {exercises and enjoyments are shared with wholesomely, annual- i ' ' ' - jbanquet and ball, beauty queen contest, coronation ceremony j land ball, and other forms of merry-making group social | [activities. i I I ! j I III. THE NARVACAN ASSOCIATION | I I ! . I I General description. This association is essentiall^j I tribal. The prime social objective is to preserve the com- ! I ' ' ■ mon bands of tradition and social custom characteristics in j ithe natives of the town of Narvacan, Philippines. Homoge- I ineous as it is in tribal loyalty and character, the {association is a non-political as well as a non-commercial I concern. ^3 i Objectives. For mutual aid and common protection, | this association has adopted the following objectives and I purposes : | 1. To promote the educational advancement of the j individual members. i I 2. To render financial assistance to any active ! member in dire need of such a help. i 3. To uphold the Constitution and By-laws of the ^ Narvacan Association. j 4. To support any movement for constructive civic I advancement of, for, and by the members of the associa tion. ' 5. To cultivate the social intercourse among the I members and inculcate the principles of justice, j loyalty, good will, and mutual understanding and | thereby promote, as well as enhance, the welfare and | happiness of each member. j 6. To support and uphold in reverence, and to | respect the Constitution of the United States and of I that of the State of California and the laws thereof; | to exercise social control on individual liberties ; | to conform to those laws and principles; and to respect i the rights of others. | 7. To worship and plead God to help us in our j purpose.^ ! Membership. This tribal organization has a total membership of thirty-five, of whom thirty are men and five are women. Membership is open to both sexes, but they must I be sons and daughters of the native town of Narvacan. L I Data here were obtained in an interview with the I President of the Narvacan Association, Mr. Pedro Cabarloc, on February 21, 19^9. i 4 4 ! I i I The range of ages for both sexes is eighteen to | I fifty years old. The occupations generally held by most I I i I of the members are farming; there are a few who are indus- i I trial or factory workers. The female members are usually i I I I housewives who are trying to keep the well-being and | welfare of the family with respect and dignity. | As to religious beliefs, the members believe in God,i I but their denominational affinities are divided between the! I Catholic and the Protestant, of which the Catholics | I ■ I I constitute the majority, while the Protestants are in I [ j I the minority. I i I ! Membership privilege is also considered as stipulated j • I ; in its constitution. A member who has been continuously j I ■ i ! active for a period of ten years is exempted from the i j annual dues and, at the same time, he may continue to I enjoy all the rights, privileges, and benefits accorded ; him by the association. I Finances. The main sources of financial support and I maintenance of the association are drawn from membership jdues, initiation fees, generous contributions from well- ! to-do members, annual dues, and assessments of members for I immediate, urgent or emergent needs of the association. ■ Inasmuch as it is a mutual aid organization, it has main tained a social insurance\fund, which is created for the I 4 5 i I purpose of meeting problems, such as the following; I I I 1. Marriage. The association donates outrightly | I the amount of twenty-five dollars to any member who is | i ' ! {getting married. ) j 2. Sickness and death. The association pays for thd ihospitalization of any member. He is insured from fifty- one to five hundred dollars. In case of death, the i association pays for the mortuary and funeral expenses. i I 3. Child-birth or christening. This association ' I ' i I donates twenty-five dollars for every child born to a ; I I jmember, and this pecuniary gift is usually offered to the | I parents concerned at the time of baptismal or christening j ! I of the child. I I Administration. The power of administration is | I ' I vested in the governing body which is composed of president] * vice-president, secretary, treasurer, sergeant-at-arms, auditor, and adviser. The officers of this association are elected to I their respective offices by popular vote, and they have to : serve for a period of one year. I I Functions. This tribal association has for its I social functions, to meet the inherent and the artificial I obligations and responsibilities. The natural functions j 46 are composed of the continuous maintenance of its existence, the calling of meetings, regular and special, the annual election and installation of new officers, the initiation of new members, and the adoption of internal, as well as external policies for the benefit of the inter-personal relations of the organization. The artificial or acquired social activities of the group are simply composed of get-together dinner parties, birthday parties, christening or baptismal parties, wedding or marriage receptions, baby shower parties, annual picnics, and social dances. IV. FILIPINO ALUMNI ASSOCIATION General description. This is an association of Filipino college graduates, sometimes regarded by the Filipino public as the group of "Filipino intellectuals" or the "intelligentsia" class, who are most interested in the perpetration of their continued educational and cultural advancements. This group is teeming with prin ciples for the individual members have spent their lives undergoing long years of training and acculturization in schools of higher learning. Collectively, it is their hope to transform their learnings into forms of influences through social interaction. This may be achieved, not as 47 I a political organization nor as a commercial concern, but I as a purely social organization. Objectives. The constitutional preamble, objectives. I and purposes of this association are clearly defined. | ^ ■ 5 I ■According to its preamble, the members of this organiza- ; I . I I tion are to use their influence to achieve equality for i j individual development without respect to sex, political j I or religious affiliation, or social distinction; to promote I I ! I the ideals of service and leadership ; and to secure for | I themselves and their posterity the blessings of justice, j ! I I brotherhood, and equality so that they may live and enjoy j the life of a free man. | As to its purposes, the association is to promote j critical or scientific thinking, and free interchange of I ideas as an essential to the development and maintenance j of a democracy through the continuing interpretation of the ideals of research, service, and leadership, and to trans late these ideals into a program of action appropriate to the needs of the people. Membership. This is a Filipino association of intellectuals whose membership is composed of both sexes I ^ The Constitution of the Filipino Alumni Associa- !tion, adopted June, 1949, Los Angeles, California. I 1 + 8 ^ ! ' I representing the three popularly known tribes of Filipinos,j j Although a melange of tribal components of Tagalog, Visayan j I and Ilocano, each one with a native tongue, the medium of | I expression, communication, and understanding is either | I I I Tagalog, English or Spanish. For the purposes of communi- j I cation with the general public, the English language is ' j the official language being employed throughout. At the time this organization was studied, it had a ! total membership of thirty-two active members,^ of which ' I twenty-seven were male and five were female members. | I The minimum and maximum ages of members in this I I association are twenty and fifty-five years old. | i I ' The categories of occupation held by the members j j in general indicate a greater proportion within the lines i I of domestic pursuits such as elevator operator, bell hop, j janitor, chauffeur, butler, cook, bartender, and waiter; toj a lesser degree, some are engaged in government positions as postal employees (mail carriers and clerks); and the smallest proportion are professionals,such as the physi- ' cian, dentist, lawyer, engineer, church pastor, school teacher, college professor, and musician. 6 The Filipino Alumni Association was studied in the spring of 1950. 49 The religious beliefs of the members vary in terms of denominational affinities. Although all the members believe in the existence of God, their denominational preferences are divided between the Catholic and the Protestant, with the former indicating a heavier majority than the latter. In spite of religious denominational differences, they are united in purpose and hope to cultivate and develop in themselves the Christian personality per se. wherever possible. Finances. The main sources of finance of this association are derived from the initiation fee of five dollars from every member, membership dues of two dollars, assessments of members, and sometimes from donations of generous socially-minded Filipino businessmen and friends who are deeply sympathetic with the needs or cause of the Filipino Alumni Association. Administration. The administrative set-up of this association is composed of the president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, historian, auditor, and marshal or sergeant-at-arms. In addition to the executive body, committee chair men are created to carry on the varied functions of the association. These chairmen, appointed by the president to 50 serve for a period of one year, are : membership chairman, program chairman, chairman on ethics, chairman on public relations and recruitments, and chairman on project and research. The basic or bona fide officers of the organization are elected by secret ballot to serve for one year. Functions. The inherent functions of this associa- !tion are to keep in a genuine homogenous spirit its : ^ continuous existence as an ever on-going social process of growth and development, as well as an agency for the utili- !zation and appreciation of personalities; to call all meetings, regular and special; to elect and to install annually the newly elected officers of the association ; to 'initiate and indoctrinate the new members in the ideas and principles of the organization. The artificial or acquired social activities are as follows; (1) the annual reception ball and dance, which is tendered to all Filipino college graduates during the month of June immediately after the commencement exercises of all colleges and universities in the City of Los Angeles; (2) the Filipino alumni picnic, which is also held on the same month of June for all Filipino college students in the city after the academic examinations are over, for the pur pose of providing a healthful relief, recreation, and 51 > relaxation for the academically tired bodies and minds; i (3) the Filipino alumni fund, which is provided and main- ; tained for the specific purpose of helping the members and i ! their children who may be unable to pursue their studies I because of financial difficulty; and (4) the Vanguard I ■ publication, which is the official organ or medium of j expression of the Filipino Alumni Association, i The sporadic or occasional social activities are as follows : (1) Filipino college graduates* reunion, which is an affair where all Filipino college graduates in the ; United States may participate in a reunion service program ' featuring a parade in caps and gowns, church service cere mony, and a banquet and literary program; (2) book drive for Philippine schools, which is simply a campaign for the collection of books which may be of use in the Philippine schools ; (3) send-off or departure party, which is tendered by the association to a member leaving for the Philippines, featured merely by the presentation of a gift to the departee and by the creation of an impromptu program of speeches of exhortations enriching the departee with the ideas, principles, and basic values of the American democratic ways of life ; (4) returnee*s reception dinner party, tendered in honor of a member coming back from the Philippines, with the purpose of getting first-hand data 52 on the economic, social, political, educational, and other conditions of the Philippine Republic; and (5) marriage and wedding reception, which is tendered to any member after I the wedlock ceremony, featuring merely the dinner and the presentation of wedding gifts. V. PANGASINAN ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, INC. General description. This association is founded solely on the principles of co-residence and mutual aid. I Incorporated in 1939 under the laws of the State of Cali- i fornia, the association has many specialized objectives, including the homogeneity of motivational urges in provid ing financial security and protection for its members, as well as working for the general welfare of their children and other Filipino children in this community, besides seeking to promote the various sports and cultural activi ties for the parents and their children, especially the young members of the association. Although strictly • organized as a non-political organization, it has no desire at all to be a gainfully profitable concern. Objectives. This association has for its serious social objective the establishment of a genuine brotherhood I type of unity for all the natives of Pangasinan Province, 53 who may be permanent residents in the City of Los Angeles. In order to make it a cohesive, adhesive, and unity-binding 1 organization, it sets forth statements of group intentions, as follows : 1. To foster, perpetuate, and enrich the sense of loyalty and patriotism to Pangasinan*s social heritage | such as customs, traditions, mores, or folkways. i 2. To develop and perpetrate, as well as to transmit; those ideal social habits and practices to Pangasinan*s j second generation of Filipinos. ! I 3. To foster the social, educational, and cultural ' qualities of its members, building in their individual personalities habits, attitudes, physical, as well as ' spiritual fitness. 4. To provide, promote, and maintain physical, social, and recreational activities for all the members ; and their children. 5. To provide for financial security and to insure protection for all its members. 6. To take active interest in promoting the general . welfare of their children. 7. To provide for a social center building in which hall the basic needs and common social problems of the group may find satisfactory and intelligent solutions. 8. To establish friendly attitude towards other groups, as well as to enhance a feeling of good will and mutual understanding with the other ethnic groups in the City. 9. To support and cooperate with any civic and patriotic movement or activity of the Filipino community as a whole.7 7 Data was obtained from interviews with the officers and active responsible members of the Pangasinan Association of Southern California, Inc., in the summer of 1949. 54 Membership. In the summer of 1949, this association had a total membership of 204 active members of both sexes;. out of this total number, 157 were male and 47 were female I members. As to its membership, which is a conglomeration I I of the diverse tribes inhabiting the Province of Pangasinan; ! they are no other than the well-known Zambals, Ilocanos, | I and the native Pangasinanes. ; The minimum and maximum ages of members for both ; sexes are eighteen and fifty-five years, respectively. Since tribal nomer is also the tribe*s dialect nomer, the , native tongues are as many as there are tribal units in itsi ,constituents. As to medium of expression, communication and I understanding with the general public, the English language is officially employed throughout. The occupations of the men members vary along domestic callings, and include the houseman, bell hop, elevator operator, waiter, cook, family driver, bartender, and butler. There are a few who are farmers, fishery workers and factory employees. Some are self-employed as the employment agency proprietor, restaurant operator, photographer, newspaper owner and publisher, jewelry and watch repairer, radio and television shop owner. The women members also hold a variety of occupations, such as the housewife, waitress, insurance agency employee, office secretary and factory worker. 55 Their religious belief is centered in a common God, although the denominational preferences are divided between the Catholic and the Protestant, with the Catholic affinity capturing the larger majority. Finances. The sources of finance of the organiza tion are derived from the membership fees, initiation fees, annual membership dues, and assessments of members in cases of emergent and urgent needs. Sometimes income is derived from the proceeds netted out of benefit dances, banquets and other social affairs. Administration. The inherent and acquired social functions of the association are administered by a body of officers who are elected by the entire membership to serve ! for a term period of one year. As an executive body, it is; i . composed of the president, vice-president, recording secre-j ! tary, correspondence secretary, treasurer, assistant ; * 8 1 treasurer, auditor, parliamentarian, marshal and adviser, j In addition, committee chairmen are appointed by theI president to carry out the various activities of the asso- j elation. These are the membership chairman, publicity chairman, social chairman, welfare chairman, and financial | chairman. i 1949 Souvenir Program of Pangasinan Association of Southern California. Inc., Twenty-Second Inaugural Banquet and Dance, Alexandria Hotel, Los Angeles, California. 56 Functions. The functions of this association are I simply those forms of activities which keep ever growing ^ the "collective conscience" of the group with its totality ! of beliefs and sentiments as a determinate system embodying 'the success or failure of its own collective life.^ These ! I forms of social functions include the constant revitaliza- !tion of their group interests, the election and installation : ' I 'of newly elected officersg) the initiation and indoctrination^ i - ' of its new members, the calling of meetings, regular and special, and the oneness of purpose to keep the principles of kinship and co-residence which give the innate solidarity to their organization. The acquired group activities of the association are merely those which enhance the physical, social, moral and mental soundness essential for survival as a more fitting member of society. These activities include an organized softball team which is maintained as well as competed with other teams in the Filipino community, a participation in any forensic competition which may be sponsored by the Filipino community, an annual children*s Christmas party, annual picnic, maintaining a general social fund for the security and protection of all members, and building a cen ter hall for the members and their children. ^ Joseph S. Roucek, Social Control (New York; D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1947), p. 66. 57 Summary. For valid observations of the associational type of Filipino social organizations in Los Angeles, an enumerative form of summation is here provided below. 1. Group interests are expressed in various ways by ! the Filipino social organizations, utilizing diverse prin- | ciples which include mutual aid and common defense, tribal ' iloyalty and patriotism, belief in God and Christian fellow-I I I : ship, preservation and protection of human freedom, rights, ; justice, and equality of opportunities in educational and ' cultural developments for all human capacities, service and ; cooperation, peace and harmony, and strength and unity I I based on territorial, co-residence, blood, or cultural kin-; ships, as well as consciousness of kind. 2. The structural pattern of organization expresses itself in two distinct forms; the simple and the highly complex. The simple exercises its power direct to its members, and the highly complex type is a delegated power the exercise of which is indirect to the rank and file of the members. 3. The social objectives all stemmed from the belief in God and the good which comes out of this dependence, guides group thinking and directs collective social actions. 4. The functions of group actions are directed toward the well-being of the individual members so that 58 ideal social objectives are transformed into social actions which may ensure specific forms of surviving behavioral group habits, attitudes, skills, and other enduring social values*. 1 5. Memberships are drawn from a common source of I I ethnic origin, territorial co-residence, or cultural back- > {grounds. The behaviorized democratic habits, attitudes, j I skills, and other permanent social values keep these social ; organizations poised through the changes of time. 6. The social activities divide themselves into two ways: the inherent or natural and the acquired or artifi- ;cial. The former have kept the organizational existence actively as a living unit, and the latter have maintained social activities of interaction which may be participated in and shared by the members and by other ethnic groups in the community of Los Angeles. CHAPTER IV I THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS This chapter delineates the basic social ideologies 'of the fraternal organizations. Factors of similarities as I well as of differences in terms of their group ideas and ! beliefs and of the group life principles and values are specified. The discussion which may now ensue is designed to reveal those fundamental concepts with their sociologi cal implications. I. THE HOMOGENEITY OF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS The "triangle" or "perfect square" concept of social philosophy. The absolute faith or belief in the existence of God leads to the ineyitable development of a "triangle" or "perfect square" symbolism which imply equality and perfection in all possible aspects of human relations. As man*s relations are ascribed to the powers of the super natural being,^ basic set of group beliefs, habits, ideas, attitudes, feelings, principles, and social values is built ^ Joseph S. Roucek, Social Control (New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 19^7), pp. 100-114. 60 from those ideals which may entail equality and perfection in conformity with the divine will or God*s idea of a har monious and peaceful society on earth. Under the divine influence, the individual and the jgroup become all alike— potential agents of socialization, dramatization, or appreciation of group objectives which are seeking permanent manifestations in social life. The Fatherhood of God. The landmarks of these fra- 1 ternal groups stemmed from the basic belief in the Father- p hood of God, Who is regarded the highest ultimate being; {Who causes in man the desire or need for perfection, dependence, love, salvation, and eternal life ; Who causes the postulates of morality, e. £., belief in ultimate justice, instinct for an absolute good, conscience, the categorical imperative,^ sense of duty, need of an objective foundation of morality; and so forth. God is conceived as the first cause and as the ultimate final cause of all things. He is pure act, ens realisum and summum bonum. p Dagert D. Runes, The Dictionary of Philosophy (New York; Philosophical Library Society, 19^277 P. 118. Loc. cit. (Note ; Categorical imperative admits the supreme absolute moral law of rational, self-determining beings, as distinguished from hypothetical or conditional imperatives which admit of exceptions.) 61 ; Moreover, God is conceived as a prime mover, first cause, : I I pure act to assume because there has to be an act for any- ' I thing to come into existence at all, as a necessary being ! I in which existence and essence are one, as set over against, contingent beings which may be or may not be, and as summit I of the hierarchy of beings. God is spirit ; God is love; | : I I God is goodwill and embraces in His loving providence all i 'animate nature from the insignificant sparrow to man him- I ,self. He is a benevolent and Ethical Being who feels a profound and providential concern for all creatures, i I especially for every human being. The tremendous impact of influence this concept has upon man*s thinking capacity concerning the final goal and purpose of man*s striving is held up before him as the only ideal that can completely satisfy the human heart and the ultimate end for which he is created in the perfection of divine personality. These fraternity groups are not without a well- integrated system of values which are not limited to the material and sensory aspects of the empirical world, but envisage, as the end values, those of the transcendental Frederick Eby and Charles Flynn Arrowood, The History and Philosophy of Education— Ancient and Medieyal (New York: Prentice Hall, Inc., 19^7), Chapter 13, pp. 579-627. 62 character of the "City of God," and which system is rooted I not only in their ideology and speech reactions but also in i 5 ■ jtheir general conduct. I The indispensability of a system of well-integrated i lvalues is ably expounded by Sorokin, who says; I Very different is the situation of those whose j I character is rooted primarily in the absolute, trans cendental, eternal verities of the kingdom of God. I Their end values, being immaterial, remain valid when ! all material values are threatened with destruction.^ i Since they do not regard pleasure, sensory happiness, or utility as of supreme importance, they are not tempted by such considerations in times of disaster, nor do they shrink from suffering as something essentially evil. And since they are swayed by the categorical imperative of God*s commandments, they cannot be induced to violate their lifelong principles in response to the exigencies of mundane emergencies. The brotherhood of man. This is another basic aspect qf social life that is observable in the group objectives of the fraternal organizations. The moral precept of "Love thy neighbor as thyself," is the governing inflexible law Pitirim A. Sorokin, Man and Society in Calamity. (New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, Inc., 19^677 Chapter 12, pp. 227-232. ^ Ibid.. p. 231. 63 ! of interaction between inter-personal as well as inter- I group relations. The above postulate is not devoid of evidence as {there are ample examples which may substantiate its actual I manifestation. One of these exhortations of the wise is : illustrated in the following : I It is self-evident that petty jealousies, bickerings, quarrels, suspicion, hatred, mistrust, etc., drive men I apart. The cement of brotherly love gives not only ! unity but strength and stability. Subduing our pas sions, practicing charity, shouldering responsibility, being tolerant and forgiving— these are some of the ways in which brotherly love may take permanent place in our hearts.7 ; Love per se is the core of the concept of brother- ihood to which fraternal organizations are seeking to harmonize human society with that of the eternal realm of verity. What is this love which causes man*s perilous eternal search? According to Dr. Bogardus, "Love is the scientific principle from which all other sociological con cepts are derived: the love which received the most perfect human expressions in the personality and life of Jesus, who came not for self-glory but to save people from hate and sin. 7 Gran Oriente Filipino Cable Masonico. Vol. VI, Nos. 28, 29, 30 (Manila, Philippines, April-May-June, 1949), p.3. o Emory S. Bogardus, The Development of Social Thought (New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1945), pp. l?2-l53. 64 This is the love that forgives, the love that loves your enemies, the love that fills people with compassion, and the love that is cosmopolitan,freely letting all people , feel its warming glow. Service to humanity. Concomitant with the aforesaid I principles is the categorical imperatiye of service to i j I humanity, a postulate which inheres in the brotherhood con-i cept itself and which is a complementary principle of the symbolic triangle idea. Thus, considering everything else being equal, this spells out the ways in Utopian society under the paternalistic guidance of the Almighty. What considerations have been formulated to this effect? The landmarks are heaped up with contractual obligations binding the members to live by them. Such binding obligations as "Help your brother more than you would an ordinary person."^ "Defend the oppressed; save him who is in danger; help the needy; give guidance to the blind ; and comfort the sad in heart.are sufficient manifold illustrations of the type of individual character these fraternal organizations are building for society. Alang, OP. cit. 10 ^ Souvenir Program Pamphlet. Caballeros de Dimas- Loc. cit. 65 II. THE OBLIGATION AND RESPONSIBILITY TO COUNTRY Love and duty to country. The civic and patriotic qualities which entail cohesion and adhesion of social units in group life do not escape appreciation and a sense ! of consideration. The members are taught to love their i country, to obey its laws, and to perform the duties and ' obligations of a good citizen. The binding contractual element which makes for their awareness of the sense of social responsibilities is expressed by this: "Know ye that the most sacred of all your duties after your duty to honor: thy God, is your duty to your country.Added to that is 12 its concomitant "Love your country and obey its laws." Unity of social action for common causes. The national cultural background of these groups has embedded in their individuality certain integrated social habits of response and conformity to civic and patriotic duties, to national holidays, and to national causes or emergencies. Habituated to feel obligated to these causes, they feel much concern to support any civic movement such as the Caballeros de Dimas-Alang. loc. cit. Cran Oriente Filipino. Inc., loc. cit. 66 school bond drive, the prevention of crimes and delinquency, the prevention of sickness and accidents, the care of the ; poor, the aged and the needy. I . : I The national aspect of their collective response is ! : also manifested toward observance of patriotic national I I holidays. For instance, they keep constant faith and loyalty by paying annual homage or tribute to their vener- ■ ated national hero during Rizal Day; they observe the I Philippine Flag Day, and celebrate jointly in spirit and I in heart the American-Filipino Independence Day (July the I j Fourth). ; The nationalistic aspect of their group behavior ' i response is reserved for national causes or emergencies. I In these cases of greater social concern, they pledge to ; stand united to fight against Communism, to defend and support the Constitution of the United States, to serve in the Armed Forces and war industries, and to support the United.States War Bond Drive. The international aspect of their group behavior response is also organized for the purpose of international cooperation. For instance, they have manifested material aid in the Philippine Fiesta Drive for Charities ; they pledge readiness to stand behind the United Nations organi zations, and to enlist in the drive toward the establish ment of a permanent world peace. 67 III. GENERAL BROTHERHOOD POLICIES ' I Internal policies for the brotherhood. Internal andj external policies are adopted for the solidarity and the : continuous survival of the group. For instance, each ! j fraternity group strives for the physical well-being of , ! the brother, for building in him the essential social I habits and attitudes of sincerity, truthfulness, modesty, ! kindness, tolerance, industry, justice, respect, obedience, 'loyalty and cooperation, and for indoctrinating other j social or humanistic virtues indispensable in the making ! I and living of an ideal democratic society. I I The privileges accorded to the brothers are also i : specifically defined. For instance, a brother has the ; right to the lodge; he has the right of educational access to the library of the lodge; he has the right to the free use of the athletic equipments and facilities ; he has the right of insurance against travel accidents; he is accorded the right of protection in matters relating to civil and industrial life ; he has the right of free employment ; and he is entitled to bonds procured for bail, attachments, and so forth. The security and protection elements of social solidarity are insured substantially. For instance, the group acquired land for farming purposes; temples are 68 built for the fraternity; and the homes are built and maintained for the brothers and their families. External policies for the outside world. The social solidarity of these groups are observed to a composite of internal and external policies. The internal policies are already discussed in the preceding paragraphs. The exter nal policies are no other than those moral and patriotic group considerations which may be exerted as necessary means to meet common causes or emergencies of a general nature. IV. GENERAL ESSENTIAL NATURES Similarities. The Filipino fraternal groups present in themselves certain aspect of similarities as well as differences. The observable aspect of similarities is indicated by the fact that these groups are neither political nor commercial organizations. They do not commit or indulge themselves in political activities nor in gain ing profit from ventures. They are purely social in all aspects. Differences. Qualitative and quantitative differ ences are always present in all forms of social entities. The points of differences gathered from the study of these particular groups are observed to be: (1) their own 69 unique group individualness, i. in their natural ! ; configuration of group action-reaction behavior, in the . number of lodges, and in the size of memberships; (2) in i the personalities of their leaders, in their capacities ; for leadership, in their emphasis and interpretations of objectives into group social actions, and in the quality ! I of their individual group followers; and (3) in the degree j ' i i and rate of their social group achievements. I I Summary. The study of the relationships among the 'fraternal groups discloses obviously the following valid observations : 1. These fraternities are self-sustaining and self-j governing bodies. They exist quite independently from each other, but indicate relationships among themselves in the homogeneity of their religious beliefs, in their obli gation and responsibility to country, in their general brotherhood policies, and in their general natures. 2. The system of values of these groups are not limited to the material and sensory aspects of the empirical world. These social values envisage those of transcenden tal character of the City of God which are rooted not only in their ideology and speech reaction but also in their general conduct. yo 3. These fraternities differ in both qualitative I and quantitative aspects. They differ from each other in I their own unique social group individualness, in the num- I ’ her of the lodges, and in the size of memberships. They I I differ also in the personalities of their leaders, in their capacities for leadership, and in their emphases and interpretations of objectives into social actions, and in the quality of their respective individual group followers. Finally, these fraternities differ from each other in the degree and amount of their services and social achievements. i i CHAPTER V THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE NON-FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS The basic aspects of the non-fraternal type of organizations under observation are discussed, dealing with the individual group objectives, social purposes, and social activities to disclose relationships among these various groups. Factors of similarities and of differences are delineated in the ensuing discussions. I. COMMON ASPECTS SIMILAR TO ALL NON-FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS Amity, cordiality, good will. These attitudes provide integrating factors in human relations. They promote social awareness and common interests. The non- fraternal groups considered are characterized by qualities of amity, cordiality, and good will which strengthen the cohesiveness in their inter-group relationship, i The significance of this principle is nevertheless i underrated inasmuch as these groups adopted it as the rule of social life in all phases of human relations. ^ Emory S. Bogardus, The New Social Research (Los Angeles, California : Miller, 192577 P* 212. 72 Christian fellowship. The hope of the world to establish an Utopian order of society is sealed in the personality of Jesus Christ, Who impeccably shows us the ! way to social life. The logic and reasonableness built r ; upon this type of personality has persisted through the I centuries with increasing appreciation. Christian per- I sonality is made the core of their group life to which I cordiality, amity, and good will may find a nurturing : ground. Mutual aid principle. Associative life, as humanly ' known, affords protection, security, strength, power and unity. The social experience gained from the application of this principle is not met without the cognitive realiza tion of these groups. In fact, they approve and adopt it as the responsible blinding principle of their group life. Educational and cultural pursuits. All these groups have indicated a profound admiration for educational or cultural advancements. The types of culture sought for by these groups are those which ensure the living of a good societal life, preferably the Christian culture, to which 2 they believe, the "Light of Wisdom" is kept burning. 2 Gran Oriente Filipino Cable Masonico. op. cit., p. 2. 73 The meaning of "Light" is made significant according: to its contextual cunnotation: "We uphold all that is a I I march and a struggle toward the Light. Light is virtue, manliness, intelligence, and liberty."-^ j ! Obedience and respect for the law. This attitude ' I is a fundamental requirement in social life. The fraternal! 1 i I groups considered emphasize obedience and respect for the ; I I j rules and regulations of their own organizations, and, : I beyond this, the legal rules of state and nation. j 1 I I Ideal citizenship. This goal has long been a major i i ' ! purpose of society and one to which these groups attach ■ i , much significance. The individual is the fundamental : unit of composition in an organization. He is the I potential dynamo for the means and ends of the entire j ; I whole society. The necessity for making him a good j I citizen is essential to the organic functioning of the » whole societal system. i An agency for cementing cordial relationships. These! groups are observed to render certain inter-group relations services. For instance, each of these groups acts as an I ^ Ibid., p. 3. 74 I agency for cementing the cordial relations between the I Americans and the Filipinos and other nationalities in Los , Angeles. Among the many important features in their ' objectives, the following are outstanding: "To serve ; America and the Philippines in interpreting each to the » other in the interest of both:and,"To foster an under- I ; standing of peoples of the world and to bring a feeling of ; ^ I good will among nations. An agency for the expression of principles. These groups are observed to function as benefactor, as well as protector of society^s permanent end values. As a benefac tor, each individual group acts as an agency for the expression of the principles of justice, of fairness and . fair play, and of equality of opportunities for all. The differences or inequalities of native capacities in humanity are recognized as inevitable, but no one should be deprived of the opportunities for livelihood on account of race, color, or religious creed. Along this line of thinking, these groups as a whole are observed to be persistently defiant against miscarriage of justice, or of injustices which tend to jeopardize the well-established principles of human relationships. ^ Constitution and By-Laws of the Filipino-American Citizens, Inc., adopted January, 19^9, Los Angeles. 75 The cultivation of essential habits. These groups as a whole, serve the function of cultivating essential individual habits, attitudes, and morale for the good of its own group and for society. Illustrative of the product I resulting from this type of function is the following : "We I were rude individuals and gradually by patience and obedi- j ence and through careful workmanship, our ways were I adjusted. The children's welfare. Most of the members com posing the associational organizations have families, who ; believe that the organized group can serve the function of promoting the children's welfare. With this opportunity, the parent-members deemed it their duty to see that their children may have all the opportunities to develop their native capacities under the guidance of the group. The group, therefore, is observed to be the moulder of the growing personality of a child in their midst. A workshop for leadership. The problems of leader ship and followership are met by each group without much difficulty. The organismic concept of growth seems to take care of the situation. The leaders may continue to rise above the crowd as the followers follow suit by the ^ Gran Oriente Filipino, op. cit.. p. 3. 76 ■process of subordination in accordance with the objective I patterns of group behavior. In other words, it is self- I ! ■explanatory that the group itself is a workshop for the I : training of leaders and followers of their own particular ; group. , II. ASPECTS OP DIFFERENCES AMONG THE ORGANIZATIONS I I I i Qualitative differences. Like individual persons, each group presents a variety of characteristic differences. Each has its own unique individual configuration and differs widely from each other in the personality of the leaders ; ,in the capacity for leadership, e., in the skill, experience, and aggressiveness; in the emphases and inter pretations of group objectives ; in the objectivity, aggreeableness, and cooperativeness of its own group followers ; and in the degree and rate of social progress and achievements, 1, e., one group acts fast or slow, or accomplishes more or less than the other in the attempt to achieve the desired results of group action. Physical differences. The associational groups indicate also a variety of physical differences which includes diversity in the use of the simple and highly complex type of organizational administration, in the pos session or acquisition of facilities and equipments for 77 offices, buildings or homes and land, in the size of the association, and in the number of membership. III. GENERAL NATURE OF THE ASSOCIATIONAL TYPES Essential nature. All these organizations, like the : fraternal types, have one common essential nature, which is, i they exist as purely social organizations with basic conceni for the achievement of their group objectives and social I purposes. They are non-political and non-commercial and have no desire to commit their respective group in any political or commercial activity. Summary. The valid observations which are intimately expressive of the purpose in view in the foregoing presen tations are given a descriptive summary below. 1. The associational organizations exist completely independent from each other. Somehow, they indicate con textual consciousness of kind in their basic well-integrated system of thoughts and end-values, such as the amity and cordiality of understanding, the ideology for Christian fellowship, the principle of the mutuality of protection and of the security of health and life, the necessity for educational or cultural advancement, the morality of obedience to and respect for the law, the cultivation of an ideal citizen, the effective use of the principle of 78 mutuality of understanding in international relations, the Ibenefactor and protector of the principles of justice, : ! fairness, and equality of opportunities in all aspects and phases of human livelihood, the moulder of habits, attitudes and morale, the promoter of the welfare of the children, 'and the workshop for the training of leaders and followers. , I 2. There are manifold qualitative and quantitative differences or inequalities found existing among these I organizations as there are found existing between two individual human beings. These are, namely, the natural unique individuality of its own being, the largeness or smallness of the association, the number or quantity of membership, the personality of the leaders, the capacity for leadership, taking into account the skill, experience, knowledge, and aggressiveness of the leaders, the emphases and interpretations into social actions, the quality of the followers as to objectivity, aggreeableness, and coopera tiveness, and the degree and rate of social progress and accomplishments. 3. All these associational organizations have one common essential characteristic, i. e., they are purely social. They have no political ambition or commitment whatsoever, and they are not commercial or profit-gaining concerns. CHAPTER VI j I i THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SOCIAL | ORGANIZATIONS TO NON-MEMBERS IN THE COMMUNITY | The basic ideologies and objectives expressed in the constitutions of all the organizations studied in this thesis are delineated. The main purpose is to I indicate the basic group values reflected in the lives ; I of the members and non-members in the Filipino community i of Los Angeles. i I I. THE ACTIVE EXPRESSION OF 1 CHRISTIAN PERSONALITY . : I i The members of the social organizations are expected: ; to give active expression to group values which realize I the ideals of a Christian personality. The non-members | : I , in the community join with them in their determined effort j I by merely subordinating their support toward the dramatiza-| i ' I tion, socialization, utilization, and appreciation of this ! basic social objective in group living. Î I ; The ultimate values, which may result from the : I I j active utilization and dramatization of this principle, | I are stressed in the ensuing description of the organized I social group activities. j 80 I The Filipino community picnic. This picnic is an ! I I annual social affair, usually held at Hazard Park. It is sponsored by the combined efforts of all the Filipino social I organizations in Los Angeles county. It takes place cus tomarily on Independence Day, an occasion which is cele brated with pompous preparations of Filipino dishes in | variety, and with entertainments of various sorts for the j free common enjoyment of all the Americans and Filipinos , and other ethnic groups. The blessing ceremony. It is a custom among the Catholic families to invite a priest to their home to bless a house, newly built or bought. At times, the blessing ceremony is followed by a house-warming party. Members of social organizations, their parents, relatives, friends, and acquaintances are all invited. Foods, drinks, card games, and other forms of entertainment that could be shared by all are prepared and organized for the common enjoyment of all present. The baptismal or christening party. This event occurs quite often. The child can be sponsored by either its parents or an organization. If sponsored by the parents and the godfather and godmother, the nature of the party is small. If it is sponsored by a group in the Filipino 81 community, then it is a hig social event. Elaborate I I : preparation of good foods, drinks, and dances may comprise i the major features of the occasion. Wedding reception party. A common practice among the members of the social organizations is to tender a dinner reception to a newly-wed member in the community. After I the dinner, the couple is presented with wedding gifts. Sometimes, the occasion turns into a dancing affair. Other social practices rendered in like manner are baby shower, birthday anniversary, and other similar occasions. >lhile I resorting to these practices, it is the honest belief of ; the Filipino people that good food, delicious drink, gifts : and warm hospitality can intensify the feeling of love and good will more than any other means of receptions or ,entertainments. FridaV evening social hour. Members of the Filipino Christian Fellowship and their friends from diverse social organizations get together every Friday night. Games are played, such as the Chinese checkers, pingpong, badminton, and dart shooting. After the games, the participants are asked to gather around and set themselves close to one another. The pastor of the church then leads the crowd in singing religious hymns or popular songs. This is followed 82 'by meditative prayer. Each participant may say a prayer of his or her own composition. The pastor concludes this evening of activity by praying for the whole group. Then, refreshments are served free immediately after, and the pastor again dismisses the group by blessing them all. Christmas Day party for all children. The Filipino I 1 ; Community has committed itself in the moral practice of ^ giving a Christmas Day party for all the Filipino and #her children. Each social organization may donate gifts or packages to the church and file them together with other presents brought by private individuals and families to the church social hall. These are later distributed to all the children present on Christmas Day. II. THE ORIENTATION OF THE DEMOCRATIC WAYS OF LIFE Democracy is the cardinal principle in which the life, culture, and civilization of our modern society is to be lived for. The members of the social organizations and the non-members have this basic objective sharply defined The Filipino Community is a composite of all the social organizations in the City of Los Angeles. It is the center of dramatization and of expression of all the social activities tendered by any of the social organizations. It functions as such and its life and power is completely dependent upon its component parts. 83 , i in their fraternal policy. They want to actualize it as an! established social habit in their interpersonal relations j with any ethnic group in the community of Los Angeles. | I The social activities which may enhance the perpet- ! uation of this social habit may be implied in the succeeding discussion. The annual convention or conventions. Conventions are held by the fraternal social organizations and, some- ! times, by the non-fraternal organizations. Thus are | gathered the representative members from many branches or j chapters scattered all over the nation. Such a convention | is conducted in the same manner as any other religious, educational, business or political convention. Each lodge in the fraternal organization, or branch in the associa tional group sends a delegate to the convention. The city I for this gallant social affair is usually decided by the j entire fraternity or by the entire association. A I 1 convention lasts ordinarily a minimum of three days, and ; I a maximum of one week. Many important matters are decided i 1 in this grand assembly. Projects which may yield the I ! greatest good for all the members and their families are * ! ; I well considered and acted on; new doctrines are formulated i and adopted ; and old ones are amended or cancelled when they fail to meet the common needs of all the members. i 84 After the business meetings of the convention, a series of social programs of activities and entertainments is rendered each day until the end of the convention. , High-ranking city, state, and federal government officials I are usually invited as guests of honor for every particular I occasion. i ! In one of these annual conventions, the Honorable ' Angelo Sanginetti, Mayor of Stockton, made this public statement : It is a distinct pleasure for me to bring official greetings to the Legionaries del Traba.io. The active interest your organization has shown in civic and community affairs has been such that you are deserving : of commendation. It is my hope that your organization and the Fili pino people will continually establish high ideals and be staunch defenders of the American Way of Life. Your aid has been valuable and will continue to be of value in the development of our City, County, State and Nation.^ The following year, on December 23rd through the 28th, 1950, the Filipino Federation of America, Inc. held a convention in Los Angeles. In this social gathering, the Honorable Fletcher Bowron, Mayor of Los Angeles, said; In a city of communities, such as Los Angeles is, it is important that mutual understanding and respect ought to dominate relations between Filipinos and ^ L-D-T Blue Book (Stockton. California : Legionarios del Traba.io of America, Inc., 1949;. 85 Americans, just as we know it does today. Los Angeles is proud of its Filipino community, and it is honored that your organization, which is dedicated to the development of true Christian fellowship, among other things, will make it possible for thousands of its mem-* bers to spend the Christmas season here as our guesls.-^ In the year 1951, the Caballeros de Dimas-Alang. Inc. held its convention in the City of Los Angeles. In this gigantic occasion, Eddie D. Wasan, the grand master of said fraternity, made a public statement at the convention,, on January 22, 1951, "that my fraternity is already in record U- that it is against Communism." At the same occasion, Ernest Roll, Deputy District Attorney, declared officially anc , i 5 " . . . that according to the ten commandments of the fraternity, it is free from Communism. The community annual dance. Events of this kind are sponsored by the combined efforts of all the social organ izations in the Filipino community. Tickets are issued and out of these tickets, three winning serial numbers are selected and awarded the first, second, and third prizes. The prize awards are sometimes a lady's wrist watch ^ Souvenir Program Pamphlet. Filipino Federation of America, opV cltT, p. b. ^ The Philippine Star Press. Vol. XXIII, No. 335 (Los Angeles, California: January 22, 1951), P« 1. ^ Loc. cit. 86 1 I for the first, an electric, automatic toaster for the ! I second, and a set of twenty-piece dishes for the third I ' ' prize. The proceeds netted out of this social affair goes into the Filipino Community Building Fund. Testimonial dinner and dance. This is a reception ! ; honoring any ranking government official or officials from ; the Philippines coming to the United States. Cn this I * occasion, the customary form of reception is simply dinner and dance, to which musical and literary programs are added for the common enjoyment and entertainment of both American , and Filipino audience, as well as participants from other ' ethnic groups in the City of Los Angeles. Reception and dance for Filipino graduates. This is an annual social activity rendered in honor of Filipino college or university graduates. Sometimes, banquet and dance are tendered for them. Invitations are sent out to the parents of the graduates as well as to the Filipino public and friends. The Filipino junior and senior high school graduates are also invited and special honor is accorded them, too. The college graduate reunion. This is an educa tional or cultural affair which is inaugurated once in a great while by the Filipino alumni group. All Filipino 87 graduates from different colleges and universities in the ! United States who are residing in Los Angeles may partiel- ' 6 ■ pate in this cultural activity. I The program of group activities, which is specially I I prepared for this grand occasion, is quite varied. The most spectacular of the activities is a parade of the graduates in their respective caps and gowns. This is followed by a religious service rendered for them, and by a reception-dinner given for them and their friends. The literary and musical programs include speeches, piano selections, vocal solos, community singing, and others, for the enjoyment and entertainment of both the members and the general public, rendering the finishing stroke to the day's well-enjoyed group activity. III. THE RESPONSIBILITY, DUTY AND OBLIGATION OF A GOOD CITIZEN The basic requirement of society, since time imme morial, is that every individual citizen should feel the moral responsibility, duty, and obligation of societary imposition necessary for the survival of societary life. The first initial consideration for this type of social affair was manifested in a gallant gathering which took place in the Filipino Christian Fellowship, Los Angeles, California, in the summer of 1949. " 88" The group social activities which are presented herewith and which are indulged in as effective, practical daily ; devotion by these groups, are to entail the moral sense of I civic duty and obligation. i I Flag ceremony. Filipinos consider it a most sacred civic and patriotic duty to pay homage or respect to the flag, which is a symbolic national triumph of the devotion of freedom and democracy. So every year, on the Fourth of July, or Independence Day, it is a national obligation of profound, patriotic significance to salute both the | American and Filipino flags in a joint flag ceremony j j arranged for this purpose on the steps at the main • entrance of the Los Angeles City Hall. I I Flag day. Every year, on August 13th, the Filipinos! : celebrate the day when the Filipino flag was raised in the , ! I air to symbolize the birth of a new nation. Its observance; i ' I consists simply of displaying flags in Filipino homes. j : Sometimes, a brief commemoration program of a literary | nature is prepared for the occasion. ^ i ! i The MacArthur monument in Westlake Park. The Fili- , ! pino Community of Los Angeles donated $160 to the City of j Los Angeles as a contribution to the construction of i I General Douglas MacArthur's monumental statue in what is 89 now called the MacArthur Park. Mike Padua, then president of the Filipino Community in Los Angeles, expressed the deep civic sentiment in the following statement : Every Filipino pays homage to General MacArthur. ' In our darkest hour during World War II, people in the Philippines were strengthened and encouraged to resist against aggression by General MacArthur's promise that ; he would return. He kept that promise, and liberated the Philippines. , I Every Filipino schoolboy is familiar with the lives ; of Washington and Lincoln and the high principles for which they stood. General MacArthur represents to all ! Asiatics (over half of the world's population) the high est form of those principles.7 Rizal Day. This is a national holiday of the Philippines which is endeared and celebrated by all the Filipinos wherever they may be. December 30th marks the death anniversary of Dr. Jose Rizal, a national hero and the "Father of the Filipinos," as George Washington is to the Americans. This is the day when he left for the living this remarkable thought : "It matters not what is death to me. I have sown the seeds and others are left to reap." Civic and patriotic services are dedicated to his memory on this day and the program of activities, especially arranged for the occasion, comprises usually of orations dealing with the life and work of Dr. Rizal, of declama tions immortalizing his poetical masterful genius entitled 7 Philippine Star Press. Vol. XXIV, No. 339, (Los Angeles, California, Wednesday, May 23, 1951). 90 "My Last Farewell" and of musical numbers, such as piano playing, vocal selections, and violin renditions featuring mainly Filipino talents. The Fourth of July celebration. This is the biggest holiday of all the national holidays of the Philippines, which is celebrated not without much painstaking, concerted efforts. Three months before the event, a campaign for beauty contest is conducted by the Filipino Community. One or more than one organization may present a beauty entry to compete for the honor of becoming the queen for the July Fourth celebrations, the day of national independence of both nations— the United States of America and the Philippines. Each beauty candidate works hard hand-in-hand with her respective campaign manager ; oftentimes, they go out to the neighboring counties and communities to canvass for votes from the Filipino colonies. Three days before the celebration, a grand social dance is conducted for all the beauty candidates to manifest their popularity. Each one competes with the other for the greatest number of votes by selling social boxes, and other forms of vote-getting techniques. Two days before July 4th, the votes are tabulated and at the close of the second day, the queen, who is the contestant getting the largest number of votes. 91 is proclaimed "Miss Philippines"; the candidate who comes out second is "Miss Luzon"; the third is "Miss Visayas" and the fourth, "Miss Mindanao". The queen and her three ' attendants reign during the entire celebration activities. o Civic and patriotic activities. The Filipino Federation of America, Inc., true to its moral civic devo- ! : ! tion, had subscribed millions of dollars* worth of United ! i i I States war bonds which helped finance America*s gigantic war efforts during World War II. In addition, this Federation also participates actively in community civic celebrations by contributing floats portraying Philippine sceneries and native costumes. IV. THE TRUE MEANING OF SERVICE TO HUMANITY As true admirers of human dignity and human decency, these people regard the service to humanity as inherent with human dignity and decency, and thus consider it as the only expression for the devotion of the spirit of faith, hope, and love for humanity on earth. The social activities which may entail the dramatiza tion and appreciation of this principle are presented below. ^ Souvenir Pamphlet Program. Filipino Federation of America, op. cit., p. 6. 92 The scholarship fund drive. This is a permanent project of the Filipino Alumni Association, which has for , its purpose the creation of a standing scholarship fund, ; to be used in helping any Filipino student unable to continue school because of inadequate means of financial I support. I I Aid to veteran and family. This is one of the ser- i vices that any of these social Filipino organizations may render to the members of the Filipino community. This practice is illustrated indisputably in the case of Lt. Daniel Dizon who was wounded in the Battle of Korea. He was transferred from the battle lines to the Letterman General Hospital in San Francisco. Through the request of the veteran*s wife, the Manila Post American Legion asked the War Department to transfer him to the Los Angeles Veterans* Hospital, which request was granted without much ado. Petitions or resolutions for redress of grievances or social injustices. Any of the Filipino social organiza tions may employ or exercise the right to petition for the protection of civil rights. This civil action was illus^ trated in the case of the Filipino Community of Imperial 93 Valley* A resolution protesting the miscarriage of justice was passed, and a request was made to the Honorable Elpidio Quirino, then President of the Philippines, to return iBenigno A. Pidlaoan to the San Francisco Philippine Con- o isulate General.^ I V. THE PRACTICE OF CHARITY FOR ALL I I I The principle of charity is inherent with Christian society, and democratic principles are postulates of the Christian doctrines. In order to be worthy of this moral devotion of group living, the ensuing social activities are hereon propagated. Philippine fiesta for charities. This is an affair which comes up once a year, like the Community Chest, the American Red Cross, and other similar drives. It is par ticipated by Americans, Filipinos, Mexicans, and other ethnic groups in the City of Los Angeles. It is mainly featured by serving varieties of Filipino dishes and by presenting a program of entertainments to general public. In this occasion, every Filipino wears the native costume. The proceeds realized from this project go into the ^ The Philippine Star Press (Los Angeles. California) May 23, 1 ^ . 94 campaign fund for the Philippine welfare and charitable agencies such as the Anti-Tuberculosis Society, the National Red Cross, and the Boy and Girl Scouts of the Philippines. Book drive for Philippine schools. T h i s is a project initiated by the Filipino Alumni Association for | the significant purpose of donating reference books for the Philippine Normal School. One benefit picnic was sponsored which netted the amount of $150. Twenty volumes of books ; from various branches of education were bought and shipped for the book shelves of the Philippine Normal School Library. VI. THE HABITUAL ACTIVITY OF GROUP LIFE The common natural activities of group life which are shared by both the member and non-member participants, as well as by the general public, are also given treatment herewith. The Fili.uino Community election. This is a petty political affair which is conducted in the same manner as any city, state or federal elections. Candidates for the different offices in the organization are nominated a week This movement was started by the Filipino Alumni Association of Southern California in the summer of 1949* 95 in advance. After the nominations and before the election day, community feeling is aroused by political rallies, campaign speeches, and other forms of political maneuvers launched by candidates of opposing parties. On the day of election, the polls are open from 7:00 A. M. to 7:00 P. M. Any Filipino resident of Los Angeles County may register and vote for the candidate of his choice by secret ballot, but with this only difference : a voter has to pay one dollar when he votes, and his money goes into the Building Fund of the Filipino Community. The annual alumni picnic. This is a specific group activity of the Filipino Alumni Association which is ren dered to its members, friends, families, and to the general public. This scheduled social activity takes place usually in the month of June shortly after the commencement exer cises are over. The main preparation for the picnic activity is usually a barbecued whole pig, served with other Filipino native delicacies. Group activities are also organized for the physical, mental, and spiritual recreation of all participants. These usually include volley ball, softball, sack race contest, swimming, hiking, bicycle riding, tennis tournament, horse back riding, pingpong tournament, and other games. 96 The Philippine Softball League of Southern Califor- 11 • nia. This is an athletic league which is composed of twelve Filipino softball teams in the County of Los Angeles ■Before World War II, this League was very active, with the member club teams constantly competing each other. Every I • Sunday during the summer months, the League conducted a ! double-header game at the Hazard Park. The club teams : played by round-robin, and at the end of the softball sea son, four outstanding club teams were chosen for the play off to determine the championship. The champion club team was accorded the honor of I engraving the name of the winning club team on the Elizalde Perpetual Trophy or Cup, donated to the Filipino Community of Los Angeles for the purpose of promoting the spirit of sportmanship and democracy in sports. The second and third prizes, consisting of trophies of smaller sizes, were donated to the Leage from the sporting goods stores and jewelry companies having the continuous courteous patronage of Filipinos. The Philippine Softball League of Southern Cali fornia is no longer active. However, the spirit and values inherent with this type of physical activity is actively carried on by the Filipino fraternal groups and by the big-size associational organizations. 97 The drive for membership. This is an activity open to all lodges in the fraternity, which stimulates competi tion among the different lodges of the same fraternity. ! I Any lodge getting the greatest number of new members is : awarded a prize. Prizes are also awarded to the members who are doing extraordinary things for the good of the fraternity. Trophies are the common forms of awards for | I this purpose. The presentation of prizes is always con- ' ducted by a gigantic community celebration which is open to the general public. Summary. The valid observations which seem to dis close the relationships between the members of the social organizations and the non-members in the community, are summarized. 1. There is obviously a common devotion for the active expression of Christian personality. This principle is actively dramatized and appreciated by the activities which may be shared and participated by both members and non-members. 2. There is an apparent common devotion for the effective expression of democratic principles in group life. Activities which entrench and implement the actualization of the social values of group life, are not devoid of their effective purpose to create desired end-resuits. 98 3. There is that realistic recognition of the basic responsibility, duty, and moral obligation of every good citizen. The moral obligation to cultivate law-abiding, industrious, and good citizens is not devoid of lack of serious consideration for what has been proven is worthy of high compliment. 4. There is that obviously realistic concept of service to humanity which is reduced to day-by-day social activity in the forms of charitable services. Charity is to stay with society for it is inseparable from the life of society itself. 5. There is also that realistic human satisfaction that a group life embedded in a well-integrated system of thoughts and values has the eternal verities of permanence and mutuality of understanding and relationship that can survive through conflict and threatening moral disorganiza tions without changing the basic core values of societal life. CHAPTER VII ARE THESE SELECTED SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS DEMOCRATIC OR COMMUNISTIC IN NATURE? I Consideration is given to the basic political ideolo gies, objectives, and practices of the two conflicting ! doctrines in this chapter. The idea is to divulge the basic i social and political philosophy of democracy as successfully exemplied by the United States and other democratic nations versus the basic social and political concepts of Communism as adopted by the Soviet Union. The results, which may determine whether these Fili pino social organizations are firmly established upon the basic principles and values of democracy, or upon the prin ciples and practices of Communism, provide the major theme in the ensuing discussions. I. THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF DEMOCRACY The Constitution of the United States.^ The basic political theory of democracy establishes the Constitution^ as the supreme law of the land. It holds that no man or set of men should rule the people. The idea here, therefore, ^ The World Book Encyclopedia.XVII. 19>+7, p. 8361. : 100 j is that the people have all the powers that they are the I sovereign, and that they create their own government. ! . ' The Constitution establishes also, above everything, I I the supremacy of the inalienable rights of man; it provides, I ' constitutional guarantee of these rights, recognizes the i . " ' j sacredness of private property, maintains the principle of ^ equality before the law, and ensures the security of human life and the popular sovereignty of the people. I I II. THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMMUNISM ! i I j The supremacy of the state. The Communistic theory ^ I establishes the state as the supreme law of the land. The I individual in this case is nothing but a means to achieve the ends of the state. ^ ■ The state being the power above the people, the ; Communistic doctrine establishes complete regimentation j ; of the individual life, decrees that the individual lives ! j I for the state, orders the abolition of private property, | and assumes government ownership of land and other factors * i or means of production. I These two contending social philosophies, with the , j I I delineation of their basic conflicting socio-political I I facts, are checked against the dynamics of the Filipino ! i social organizations in the City of Los Angeles. In other j : ' ^ " - ' - - I i jwords, the results delineated by this critical survey, ! I . ^ I provides the main criteria for this entire study. I I III. PRESENTATION OF THE SOCIAL FACTS ! I I i The Filipino social organizations are incorporated I under the laws of the United States and of that of the i State of California. Hence, it is assumed that these | social organizations were born and brought up in the I atmosphere of the spirit of democracy and, therefore, the j groups under observation should think and speak in terms | of its vocabulary. j i The ways of democracy. What have these organiza- j tions done to further the ways of democracy? The ‘ ^ ' i inalienable rights of man, which are immortalized by the | Bill of Rights, are expressly mentioned in the preamble | to the constitution of the Filipino Alumni Association. | Again, the Legionaries del Trabajo made a succinct I expression of entrenchment, glorification, and appreciation' 2 ! of this same principle in its constitutional preamble. These fundamental rights of man, which include free dom of religion, freedom of speech and freedom of the press^ 2 See early discussion of this work in Chapter II, pp. 26-27. [ ' " ' ' ' 102“ ' ' j are the core values which are giving the dynamics and , I I jvitality to the existence of these organizations. And the I ! concept of freedom engulfed by these fundamental rights is | I meant the "power of doing whatever does not injure the | i 1 . freedom of another." In the principle of the Constitutional guarantees, ; ! there are manifold succinct expressions of pledges and of supports such as, to uphold the Constitution of the United î States and to respect the rights of others. These have , been discussed in an early part of this work. j The social organizations abide in the Constitutional I guarantees of the government of the United States because ; ■ they were born and brought up with the idea that the | 4 Constitution provides a government of laws, not of men. ; I ! I The valid purpose of all these laws is to provide a society, ! within which all men can enjoy the largest feasible degree | 1 I ' of liberty and attain the fullest measure of happiness. j I The principle of security of the human life is | observable to be well established in their group objectives; and social purposes. For instance, they are observed to ■ ^ Emery Reeves, A Democratic Manifesto (New York: Random House, 1942), p. 131. ^ Dumas Malone, The Story of the Declaration of Independence (New York: Oxford University Press, 19547, : pp. 266-268. I 103 i 'have a realistic group awareness of the end-resuits of the I negative social habits of indolence, vice, humbuggery, I treachery, and boastfulness. They emphasize the value and i ' I jdignity of labor and the habit of saving, because these I j are the two springs of contentment, progress and real j I I happiness. In addition, this is the only way that one*s i I life may be lived free from disgrace and the inevitable I loss of self-respect. | I \ ; The principle of equality before the law is well , ! guarded in their social objectives. These groups believe r that by birth, all men are equal, not in ability or condi- I I tion, but in the possession of fundamental rights to which are included life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. ; j 'The most important of them all is the truth that men I I I jpossess these rights, not because of race, creed, or j I station or condition of life, but because they are \ ; ! 'human beings. Group consciousness and social conscience i I are made to realize this truth as the eternal answer to j j bigotry and intolerance of any and every sort in our j ! society. : The principle of the ownership of private property j ' I 'which entails human dignity and respect, has enjoyed an endurable guarantee in their group living. As these groups! believe in the right of the individual to own property, | ! 104- ' i ' they also believe that the means of production should be I I controlled by private individuals or groups instead of I I being controlled by the government. | ! In conformity with the socio-economic security : ! i ' principle, these groups have done what is stipulated in their group objectives. In the report of the grand dele- : gate to the general assembly in the year 1949, this is I noted : . . . we purchased a tract of land at Lathrope, California. This tract consists of 160 fertile acres i suitable for farming. It is now being occupied by ■ the Legionaries who employ several others, mostly ; Legionaries. to plant, cultivate and harvest the crop, j Quite often the farm is a happy picnic ground for our ' members and their friends generally with the indis pensable "kalding" prepared and barbecued deliciously in the delightful Filipino way. Thus a recreation ! center for the tired farmers and frail office workers ! is furnished. At the beginning there were no improve- , ments except an old shack hardly serviceable but to i the needy. There are five homes now and a community ; building which houses the bathrooms, restrooms and j wash rooms for each home, all modern according to ; present standards. ! We also bought a city lot (Î5Ô ft. x 151 ft.) in Stockton, for our $250.000.00 building project which we hope to start soon.5 J Moreover, democracy to them means basically the ' self-management and control of economic affairs and rela tionships by individuals and groups. Private property and j capitalism involve the regulation and control of economic affairs, and these controls should be exercised, not by the 5 T - D - L-D-T Blue Book, op. cit.. pp. 28-31. 105 state, but by the private individuals and groups. They : believe also that the obligation of government^ is to create conditions most conducive to individual freedom, e., to maintain order, protect property rights, enforce contracts, and guard against external invasion. In short, I government must function as an umpire, but never as a ! participant, in the game of wealth production. ! i The principle of popular sovereignty finds a staunch' defense in these social groups, for they believe that the sovereign powers must reside absolutely in the people. In their group activities, they have put this principle into active application by throwing the election of officers to the entire membership. For effective guidance of group thinking and action, they make it a compulsive social fact that the rule of the majority is the determining factor of their group life. With an unshakeable confidence, faith, and hope in the genuine and verile wisdom of American democracy, these Filipino social organizations believe that the government. ^ Louis Wasserman, Modern Political Philosophies (Philadelphia: The Bakiston Company, 194?), p. 38• Pitirim A. Sorokin, Man and Society in Calamity (New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., 194^), pp. 121-144. 106 which represents the State, is instituted for the verile intention of the well-being of man. Therefore, its just powers must essentially reside in the consent and for the concern of the people. Attitude toward the wavs of Communism. The complete regimentation of the individual life is looked upon by these organizations as the worst type of slavery that has ever come to a civilized world as the present. The idea is radically revolutionary to them, but it is nearly I I impossible for them to believe such a thing to happen in j such a world of advancing civilization, wherein there is much to expect of a freer atmosphere, to enjoy life than i to experience a despicable bondage. I i I The theory that the individual exists for the state | I is something they cannot understand, for all they have ‘ j known from time immemorial is that the state has been the ■ I instrument of man*s purposes and happiness. Furthermore, | I I I for the state to have the absolute power over individual | life is regarded extremely dangerous at any time. Hence, | ! j the idea is incompatible to the group thoughts and habits of these people. | I The abolition of private property is completely j I self-contradictory to their beliefs about the dignity of | ! I j man. These people maintain that human dignity and human 107 i decency may only thrive in a society where there is no ■ compulsion or regimentation of land ownership and other i 1 means of economic livelihood. | I Government ownership of land and other factors or | 'means of production is another socio-political aspect of I ' societary life which the groups consistently denounce. I I They cannot reconcile the concept of the state as the means | I of individual freedom, liberty, and happiness with the | i ' state as the owner of the land and other means of produc- ! tion. The state has absolutely no right whatever to I 1 function as owner of land and other factors of production, i because that is not the basic concept nor the original | j spirit to which the state owes its indispensable existence. Furthermore, they are not in favor of the limitation of j private property and wealth through conscription, requisi- tion, "nationalization," "socialization," and the like. These Filipino social organizations do not believe | ( ! I in the social and political philosophy which is basic in i Communism, according to which the individual life is completely regimented. They abhor the practice of a i , Communistic regime to prescribe what, when, and where the , individual should eat or drink, what he should wear, where he should live, and what he should read, say and believe. ; They dislike, as well, the State to decide what and how I j ■ " 108 I I much is to he produced, how the produce is to be distrib- iuted, by whom it is to be consumed and in what quantities, I I the scale of prices, the level of wages and of other ; renumerations, the place of work and the amount to be • performed, the kind of labor each citizen has to engage 7 ' I in, and so forth. t : ! In addition, a constant check was applied simulta- ; j I I neously on the daily thoughts, habits, attitudes, feelings,! I and activities of the individuals during the entire period of this study. The valid purpose was to detect as much j as possible those abnormal social conditions which may ! establish a definite clue to the problems treated herein. Has there been any element of pro-Communist j attitude and sympathy? | Such attitude and sympathy could not be detected, or: rather, are not manifestly observable in the group or the ; individual behavior of these people. Hence, the conclusion I is negative in this respect. ! Were there any gossip heard or belief spoken in ^ the glorification of a classless society? ' ! ^ Pitirim A. Sorokin, The Reconstruction of Humanity (Boston: The Beacon Press, 1948), pp. 31-37. I 109 : I ; Gossip or "grape-vine" communication has not been j I detected at all. The probability is high that such a , i : thing is not being practiced by these groups. i I j I Has there been any plan or move to commit , I conspirational politics? | The observation on this particular field seems to ' I i indicate a complete absence of such a conspiratorial move. , i These groups are not particularly inclined to political j activities and therefore, they cannot be thought of as I involved in conspiratorial politics for which they have ; j I I no interest. The assumption here is again negative. i I I I Has there been any propaganda or any one advocating | I a totalitarian dictatorship? Propaganda or any advocate i I ■ ' I in this respect is completely unheard of in these groups. i ! I Has there been any one campaigning or advocating i I I ' the "trust the Russians" propaganda? | ^ Such a thing is never heard of or mentioned in j the daily conversations of the individuals in these : groups. The probability is high that such a thing does ' not appeal to their group belief. 110^ Has there been any demonstration or any one who : has constantly agitated the anti-racial problem? There has been no evidence of such a demonstration. ' Anti-racial agitation has not been observable during the I course of this study. Hence, the report in this respect ; is negative. j Has there been any officer or member heard, reported ! or talked about, who is a staunch reader of Marxian doctrines? Evidence to the contrary has already been indicated in this study by the attitude and behavior of both officers ; and members of these social organizations. Any staunch reader of Marxian and other Communistic doctrines has not been detected so far in these groups. The answer to this question is negative. Has there been any attitude or act of disloyalty on the part of these members to serve in the Armed Forces and to serve the United States of America? So far, there has been no case of disloyalty observed in these groups. There seems to be an indication that many of the members of these organizations are making a life-career of the navy, the army, and the air force. Here again, the answer is negative. Ill ' Has there been any intent on the part of anyone to I engage in an espionage activity for the purpose of revealing information about the United States defenses? The observation on this particular problem seems to I fail to detect any evidence of such an espionage activity. i ■ ' ; Therefore, the probability of assuming such intent is not I ' I attempted by these groups is the report indicated. | Has there been any incident of subversiveness such as to sabotage the war efforts and defenses of the United 'States found reported and committed by any one of the mem bers or officers of these Filipino social organizations in the City of Los Angeles? Incident of subversiveness or any form of sabotage activity has not been reported, wherein any of the officers or members of these organizations is allegedly accused of committing such a crime. The observation during the course of this study has detected no evidence of such an occur rence. Henc^, the answer is negative to the question involved. The totality of group attitude and reaction of these Filipino social organizations against the threat of Com munism is succinctly stated by the editorial comments of, the Philippines Mail, an independent paper dedicated to bring closer together the Filipinos in America, which was 112 published on July 17, 1950. The editorial comments state, as follows : Let us all pray and work that war does not come— that is. World War III, But if war does come, let us pray and work that we win it. For if the Communists win, we will be reduced from free human beings to Com munist slaves. Better to die than be slaves ......... In fighting Communism we are fighting for God and the things He stands for. Communism is Godless. And more— it is against God. It is against religion. . . . Communism must be put down. We will be fighting for God. We will be fighting for morality, decency, and i for everything that we hold dear. Above all, we need unity, close, unbreakable unity. We need to close ranks. We need to move forward shoulder to shoulder. We must bring to bear our full weight on the Communist enemy. We must make him feel our power, our fire power, our terrible determination, and our granitic determination to break him and pul verize him. Communism is the most horrible monster the world has ever seen in all its thousands of years of history. It it is let loose in the world, then we shall go back to barbarism and be governed by the laws of the jungle. The church, whatever denomination it may be, must take a vanguard position in the fight against Communism because Communism is irréligion, pure and simple . . . . It must make it clear to them that are fighting for their soul, their existence, as sons and daughters of God, and their dearest ideals as human beings. In this fight, there is not an iota of selfishness or sordid ness. It is purely a fight for the highest ideals. It is a fight for Christianity. War is terrible. Destruction of human life is awful. Devastation of property is regretable. But there are times when we must do the unpleasant, the unwholesome and the distasteful. To face Communism in moral combat is one of those times. It will call for all manner of sacrifice on the part of everyone, rich and poor, young and old, man and woman. But the sacrifice is worth the candle. It is worth the price. It will be given by all, we are sure. It will save our civilization, our faith, our homes, our liberty, and our Christianity. i All Filipinos are ready and determined to fight j Communism and destroy all its evil works. • . . Let us show our resolve to destroy Communism and those | who sponsor it. . • .We have one objective— the | triumph of democracy, of civilization, of Christianity . . .8 | .Summary. On the basis of the foregoing discussions,j I these social organizations are observed to be essentially : democratic in nature. The social ideologies, the objec- ; tives and purposes, and the functions and social activities! i are decidedly implicit manifestations of democratic r I processes, principles, and values. i j These Filipino social organizations do not only , I : immortalize and adopt those end-values as the self- I governing forces of group life, of thinking and acting, ! but also, they serve fundamentally as the potential j i perpetrator of the growth and development of individual ^ I : ' personalities in terms of those self-same values and j I . ' processes for the collective welfare of society as a whole.I i j Communism is, to these sincere people, nothing but ; I a symbol of man*s extreme weakness and frustration, perpe- : trated by motives of his greed for power, self-glorifica- i tion, and egotistical wantonness for mundane achievements , of materialistic vanity. This type of socio-political ^ The Philippines Mail. Vol. XIX, No. 19 (Salinas, California, July 17, 1950), p. 2. r " . ^ ^ ~ ~ ' 11!+’' i iphilosophy has no definite empty space in which to breed I ! in the hearts and minds of these groups. I Furthermore, these social organizations are found definitely to ingraft this principle as a categorical imperative into their group life that the determining rule of the majority must always be the reliable valid testing determinant of societary life. CHAPTER VIII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS It was the purpose of this study to consider the characteristics of the Filipino social organizations in the City of Los Angeles. SUMMARY 1. These Filipino social organizations are of western origin, j 2. These organized social groups are here to stay I I as independent social units. They have established a well- I integrated system of social thoughts and social values based on the concepts of Christianity. These standards ; are to be integrated into organized and specific activities , for the training of individual habits, attitudes, and other social values essential to wholesome group living. 3. The fraternal type of organization is a great deal more institutionalized and much more reliable in the building of permanent individual social habits, attitudes, and values than the non-fraternal group. The fraternal groups are better able to help their aged fraternal members and their families; to render social services which may strengthen their faith, hope, and love for country and 116 humanity; to provide homes and farms on which these needy members may build up their happiness and security, thus maintaining human dignity and human decency. 4. The functions which are performed by these social organizations tend to become more specialized, inter-dependent and efficient, to meet the growing com plexity of society. Specialization is apparent in the general classes of functions which grow out of the elemen tary needs tending to crystallize into specific forms of physical maintenance, intellectual enlightenment, moral control, and of an aesthetic appreciation. 5. The fraternal organization, characterized by I relatively close acquaintance, easy understanding, familiar : cooperation, and friendly good will, promotes mutual wel- ; fare among the fraternal brothers. 6. The processes of super-ordination and subordina tion find a complete expression in individual leadership qualities and in an elementary type of social stratification. 7. All these social organizations are dedicated to cultivate a Christian personality. Christian doctrine, religious precepts and principles provide the basis of morality. 8. Each of these organizations aspires to maintain itself permanently, and to devote itself_to solving basic__ problems of group living, adjustment, survival, and so on, in conformity with expected social standards and values. 9. The influences of anti-freedom and anti democratic forces cannot infiltrate into the group life of these various social organizations for the following fundamental reasons ; a. Communistic doctrines are absolutely out lawed and their practices are condemned as seditious in ; the island country in which all or most of the Filipinos I I had formed their basic permanent social and cultural pat terns of habits, attitudes, and values of group life. b. Communism is regarded as a disease. The causes were investigated and thereby rectified. Moreover, the social conditions in which the ideas and beliefs of : Communism breed flourishingly are not found in the social environments of these various organizations in this City. c. Communism is Godless. It does not believe in God nor does it recognize the existence of God. The Filipinos are essentially Godful. Hence, Communism is condemned and utterly debased. 10. Above everything else, these Filipino social organizations in the City of Los Angeles are solidly united in a moral crusade to destroy Communism, and they work towards the triumph of democracy and of Christianity on earth. ^ 118 CONCLUSIONS The Filipino organizations studied, whether fraternal or non-fraternal, are democratic within the meanings of American democracy. They are an important means for training the members in ideals and standards expected in American citizenship. They provide for a better social integration into the community as a whole. They also aid the members in identifying themselves with basic national issues, such as the choice between the communistic versus democratic forms of society. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. BOOKS Bogardus, Emory S., The Development of Social Thought. New York*^London«Toronto : Longmans, Green and Company, 19^5. 555 pp. The New Research. Los Angeles; Miller, 1926. p. 212. Eby, Frederick and Charles Flynn Arrowood, The History and Philosophy of Education. Ancient and Medieval. New York: Prentice Hall, Inc., 19^7. Chapter XIII, pp. 579-627. Elliott, M. A. and F. E. Merrill, Social Disorganization. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 19^1. 10^5 pp. Fairchild, Henry P., Dictionary of Sociology. New York: Philosophical Library, 19^7. Pp. 66, 100-104. Lindeman, Eduard C., Social Discovery. New York: Republic Publishing Company, 1924. P. I9I. Lowie, Robert H., Social Organization. New York: Rhinehart| and Company Publishers, Inc., 1 9 ^ 9 . ^ 5 3 pp. I ■ Malone, Dumas, The Story of the Declaration of Independence] New York: Oxford University Press, 195^. Pp. 266-268. I Reeves, Emery, A Democratic Manifesto. New York: Random I House, 19^2. P. 131. I Roucek, Joseph S., Social Control. New York: D. Van j Nostrand Company, Inc., 19^7. Pp. 66, 100-11^. . Runes, Dagert D., The Dictionarv of Philosophy. New York : Philosophical Library Society, 19^2. P. 118. I Sorokin, Pitirim A., Man and Society in Calamity. New i York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1^6. Pp. 121-1^4-. 5 The Reconstruction of Humanity. Boston: The Beacon Press, 19^^. Pp. 31-37. Wasserman, Louis, Modern Political Philosophies. Phila delphia: The Bakiston Company, 19^7. P. 38. 121 B. PERIODICAL ARTICLES Bogardus, Emory S., "Leadership and Social Distance," Sociology and Social Rasearch, XII (November, 1927), lÿ3-7b. C. MAGAZINES Bataan Magazine. Vol. IX, No. 8. Washington, D. C., November, 1951. P. 16. |u. S. News and World Report. April 15, 1955. P. 85. Gran Oriente Filipino Cable Masonico. Vol VI. Manila, Philippines, July, August, September, 19^9. The Saturdav Evening Post. April 16, 19^9, p. 19, and October 21, 1950. P. 12. D. NEVfSPAPERS The Philippines Mail. Vol. XIX, No. 19. Salinas, Califor nia, July 17, 1950. The Philippine Star Press. Vol. XXIII, Nos. 335. Los Angeles, California, January 22, 1951; May 23, 1951. The Associated Filipino Press. Vol. XX, No."1. Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, Chicago, New York, February 15, 19^9. Pp. 2 and 15. Our Sunday Visitor. The Popular National Catholic Action Weekly, Vol. XLIII, No. 5, May 30, 195^. E. ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLES The World Book Encyclopedia. XVII, 19^7. P. 8360. ' F. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS | Aquino, V. R., "The Filipino Community in Los Angeles." Unpublished Master^s thesis. The University of Southern ; California, Los Angeles, 1952. j 122 Berbano, M. P., "The Social Status of the Filipinos in Los Angeles County." Unpublished Master®s thesis, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1931. Catapusan, B. T., "The Filipino Occupational and Recrea tional Activities in Los Angeles." Unpublished Master% thesis. The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 193^* Corpus, S. F., "An Analysis of the Racial Adjustment Activities and Problems of the Filipino-American Fellowship." Unpublished Master®s thesis, the Univer sity of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1938. G. CONSTITUTIONS AND OTHER PRINTED MATERIALS The Constitution and By-Laws of the Legionaries del Traba.io of America. Inc.. San Francisco, California, adopted 1927. The Constitution of the Filipino-American Citizens. Inc., Los Angeles, California, adopted January, 19^9* The Constitution of the Filipino Alumni Association. Los Angeles, California, June, 19^9# L-D-T Blue Book, printed by the Legionaries del Traba.io of America, Inc., Stockton, California, Summer, 19^9. Souvenir Program Pamphlet. Filipino Federation of America, Inc., Los Angeles, California, 1950. Souvenir Program Pamphlet. Annual Conference, Caballeros de Dimas-Alang. Inc.. Los Angeles, California, January, 1951. 19^9 Souvenir Program Pamphlet. Pangasinan Association of Southern California, Los Angeles. Vanguard. Vol. I, No. 2, Los Angeles, California: Filipino Alumni Association, September, 1950. _ J APPENDICES % M Q O. 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X X X X X X X X q.uuq. -seq -OJj X X X X X X X X OTIC X X X X X X X X 0 5 a OJOM X X X X qojo% X X X X [lOTqnDH X X X X looxa X X X X -pquiBZ X X X X X X oBuaai% X X X X X X X X X X Gueoon: X X X X X X H uafesrpv X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 bO W a Eh 0 0 O bO A <q 1 CO p 6 CM UN UN 1 o CM Un UN 1 CO 1 —1 CM V£> 1 CO 1 —1 O UN 1 CO 1 — 1 o UN 1 CO 1 —1 a 1 00 p X 0 CO 0 1 --1 a 0 A 1 1 1 1 1 1 UN UN CO UN UN o- 0 1 —1 S o CM 1 —1 IfN CO UN UN -J- UN \o 1 —1 o ro o- CM UN p 1 P E 0 0 A o 'a p P 0 t o S 1 —1 o CM 1 —i CM IfN PO IX a UN CM UN m CM m o CM g P X 0 N •H a 0 bO E O P 0 1 1 t o .5 Q 0 • a a a in M O E 0 bO p a P 0 0 P o Ü a 0 X - a g 0 a p P E A O *H E cd p • 0 a a a p in o - P O E ' " - ? 0 0 ap O 0 P E bCEH 0 P g . p a X a 0M E 0 a 0 0 a A P E II P « = d A P P P O P A § . a a •H a EP 0 t o 1 a P P A P P P P O •H A a O t o t o <q § a 0 > E 0 S •H a o P *H <3iX 0 § Ü P o AtO p in P <d P A ■s ap OP Wp in 0 <JjO §g i n x 0 a boo aco s . 185 0 bO O P to 0 ^ P w 0 0 bOP a 0 < £ j bO a to < £ | O P t o w o CO ' • ON O C \ J 0 o bOS ■a O 0 P bO 0 o à p P o A P ^ 0 E 4 - 5 0 a a a 0 o c s X ^ Ü to a 0 0 P E 0 pq bO a w 0 to 0 O bO p a ON W C\J o vD P o a s o p 0 X bO 0 Id E -q ^ 0 0 A i 0 U ) B H 0 P C A E 0 X A 6 w 0 a 'H A P in o P w g •H -P E s « I to 0 P E 0 X a p in # * E 0 P 1 g •a 0 in 0 X 0 w bO 0 a ^ 0 P s p c\j UN * o X M O C O g p p < N P I O PUN O O N o I — I C O I p o Un ^ O N p p p p p C O A A A A o o s C O < q A A C O A o A ^ S S p A C O g p p < 3 Î A O O jaqUTBj X X X X X X X equadiBO X X X X X X X iCjOqOBjî X X X X X X X X quepnqs X X X X X X X X j9qoB0,T, X X X X X X X œai^Ajas X X X X X X X X 5îJeiO X X X X X X X X 1 iqjoag X X X X X X X •dojd & » 2 v dîna X X X X X jdo *q s 9 U X X X X X X X X 0% ABI-X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X d% 0/d X X X X X X X X jdo opH X X X X X X X X qoGl Al X X X X X X X X 'Æpqd X X X X X X X X * U B n sap B g X X X X X X X X a dW *sui X X X X X X X G 'niAzpjrea X X X X X JopTBi X X X X X U B O L S tp y ; X X X X X X X 4 ^ U B T C rjs riH X X X X X X X X 0 U B p S f T s Æ ia X X X X X X X A jeXABq X X X X X X X X ' a uBmejoa X X X X X X X ü jeeup^ua X X X X X X X ütO T jqo aia X X X X X X X X ü O fü B L p a ï^ X X X X X X X X o jaoojif) X X X X X X X X jaqjB g X X X X X X X jamjBa X X X X X X X X j9-[q.na X X X X X X X X jB puaqjB g X X X X X X X X jaqxBM X X X X X X © L p B M q s r iQ X X X X X Aoqsna X X X X X 31000 X X X X X X X X « lœ jg n B L jO X X X X X X X X doq TT^ X X X X X X X X •i d o • A 0 T 3 ; X X X X X X X X U B tn a B n o H X X X X X X X X c g H P o p 0 0 N 3 P 0 a z ; 0 b O E o 0 O O am m b c a o a p # E 0 o 0P 1 — IS 1 —l < d 0 p 1 E 0 0 0 0 txûX 0 aa 0 a 0 o OP OP^Q 0 b O • a p o p p aA 0 o E 0 AcdP p; 0 •ONp p CM E G O 0COP*«~: amE 0 0 O E W0PP PbObO PO 0P 0OP 0 cdp^-Hd a p 0 G A 0 a o 0 § eJg p 0 A a ' p<< << p • PEhP A O ^ g4 i S'e < n 0 0 I N P • p p P P 0 p p p AOO w w <3Î g ü g E 0 s ü o w w q < ü 1 p p Aa p a p p p p A < < o C O a 0 0 Ç h p a o a p E w • o 0 ü « H bO o * H a 0 p 0 0 0 A < 0 126 w a G • H P î 0 W -§ W # w E O g g g a 0 w 0 X 0 p

Abstract (if available)

Abstract This thesis deals with the characteristics of the Filipino social organizations of Los Angeles. The basic foundations of these organizations are presented, including their specific social philosophies, their definite group-thought patterns of objectives and purposes, and their daily activities and means of existence.

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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses

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Asset Metadata

Creator Ave, Mario Paguia (author)

Core Title Characteristics of Filipino social organizations in Los Angeles

Degree Master of Arts

Degree Program Sociology

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag OAI-PMH Harvest,Social Sciences

Place Name California (states), Los Angeles (counties), USA (countries), Westlake Park (city or populated place)

Format application/pdf (imt), ix, 126 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. (aacr2)

Language English

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Advisor Nordskog, John E. (committee chair), McDonagh, Edward C. (committee member), Vincent, M.J. (committee member)

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-m32

Unique identifier UC11313905

Identifier EP65743.pdf (filename),usctheses-m40 (legacy collection record id),usctheses-c39-410623 (legacy record id),usctheses-m32 (legacy record id)

Legacy Identifier EP65743.pdf

Dmrecord 410623

Document Type Thesis

Format application/pdf (imt),ix, 126 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm. (aacr2)

Rights Ave, Mario Paguia

Type texts

Source University of Southern California (contributing entity), University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses (collection)

Access Conditions The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...

Repository Name University of Southern California Digital Library

Repository Location USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA