Fauna of Emerald Bay, Santa Catalina Island, collected by aid of diving helmet

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Content F A IffiA O F B M B R A L P B A T SiNIA C A S A L IN A ISIA H D
C O I A S C X E O ) B7 AO O F T H F DITIFS H E L H B T
3
f l î ' ^
Â T hesis
Presented to the Department o f Zoology
Ih iv e r sity o f Sonthem C alifornia
In P a rtia l F nlf illm ent
o f the
Degree of Master o f A rts
By
Theodore Eeddiok
26, 1934
UMl Number: EP67078
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2 -2 ./é C
M aster
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Dean
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HiEPAOE
The '*Dlvlng Helmet" has become a p r a c tic a l n e c e ss ity in the c o lle c tin g
o f o ff-sh o re animal form s. This is particiiL arly true in Southern C a lifo rn ia ,
where each su ccessiv e year tends to increase the number of c o lle c to r s along
the beach.
To put to the t e s t the p r a c tic a b ility o f th is method of c o lle c tin g , to
secure su ita b le m aterial fo r classroom u se, and to o ffe r procedure and
d ir ec tio n s to others in te r e ste d in th is w oik, has been the c h ie f motive of
th is th esis* fo llo w in g the i n i t i a l procedures done in and about the shore
regions o f Laguna Beach and th e Isthmus.
This work has been couple ted in the department of Zoology, U n iversity of
Southern C a lifo rn ia , under the d ir e c tio n of Dr. P . M « Baldwin, who is a lso the
D irecto r o f the Marine S ta tio n and v i t a l l y In terested in a l l phases of marine
stu d ie s .
A ssociated w ith Dr. Baldwin and menbers o f the th e s is committee are
Dr. B. M. H arrison and Miss Catherine Beers; and to these i t i s proper to
acknowledge the many h e lp fu l su ggestion s and c r itic is m s in b ringing th is work
to i t s f in a l form.
The author w ish es to mention Miss Lena H iggins o f the Long Beach Junior
C ollege fo r her aid in id e n tify in g many o f the sp e c ie s . He is deeply grate
f u l to Mr. Harry P letch ar and Mr, E l li s Gates fo r the use of th e ir d ivin g
gear, when, w ith Edward P eer, he learned the rudiments of d ivin g a t Laguna
Beach, C a lifo rn ia ; to Raymond M. Crawford of Warren, Ohio, a sso cia ted w ith
him as c o lle c to r , and to Howard B. Gray of the P olytechnic High School fa c u lty .
Long Beach, C a lifo rn ia , fo r many of the photographs contained herein* and to
Mr, Royal A. L e tt o f Long Beach for the con stru ction o f the under-sea camera
boac and fo r h is many valuable su ggestion s on sub-sea photography. The k in d ly
I I
cooperation o f Mr. W . L. S c o fie ld , and the s t a f f o f Ihe S ta te F ish e r ie s
Laboratory on Terminal Isla n d , is deeply app reciated.
Personal thanks are due to D r. Baldwin fo r h is h e lp fu l su ggestion s and
k in d ly c r itic is m during the preparation o f th is t h e s is .
oom m T S I I I
C H A PT E R PA G E
m TRODUCTION
I R EV IEW O F LITmATURE.............................. ........................ 1
E a r lie s t Reference to D iving . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Early D iving B e ll (H a ile y 's) . . . . . . . 1
The C losed D ress D iving S u it . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The P ip e le ss D iving D ress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Heufeldt-Kuhnke D iving S h e ll . . . . . . . . 4
The Bathysphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
II SAU TA C A TA LIH A ISIARD.................................................... 6
H isto r ic a l and D escrip tiv e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
III T H E TECHDiqUB O F H E L M E T DIVING ............................. 9
Overcoming Body Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
R eliev in g the Pressure on the Sara . . . . . . 10
Technique of C o llec tin g and P reserving .# 11
IV T H E APPARATUS U SE D ....................... 13
The Helmet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
A ir Line ........... 14
The Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
M iscellaneous Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The D iving R a f t ...........................................................16
Depth-^Pressure Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
V A TYPICAL CO LLECTO R'S DIARY .......................... 21
VI SPECU0IS COLLECTED.......................................................... 30
Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Methods of preserving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
V ertebrates 37
17
711 8UB-0EA. P H O T O C B A P E Y ............ 40
V lil SU TTA R Y ....................... 42
IX ABBREVIATED LIST O F SPECIimTS T A K E N . . . . 46
X BIBLIOGEAHÏY ......................................................... 50
m TRO D m Tim
The n e c e s s ity fo r an adequate st^pply o f su ita b le m aterial fo r laboratory
T 3se to simplement the usual te x ts in B iology and Zoology has been recognized
sin ce the days o f Louis A g a ssiz. The ease w ith which th is m aterial can be se
cured has become in crea sin g ly d i f f i c u l t . The numerous beaches along the coast
of Southern C a lifo rn ia have, in la te y e a r s, been comm ercialized to such an
ex te n t th at i t i s alm ost izm ossible to c o lle c t among the rocks and in the tid e
p o o ls in the usual way. Then* to o , the population in th is se c tio n of the S ta te
has increased so r a p id ly , along w ith the increased in te r e s t in the animal l i f e
along the sea sh ore, that the a v a ila b le c o lle c tin g grounds are overrun# One
has only to observe the myriads of v is it o r s to the rocky and sandy shores on a
holiday or a Sunday to marvel th at there could p o ssib ly remain a s in g le shore
s p e c ie s . In view of th ese and other con sid eration s o f water p o llu tio n from
c i t i e s and o i l from commercial t r a f f i c , i t would seem reasonable to b e lie v e
th at the region known as the l i t t o r a l zone, and beyond to a depth of fo r ty f e è t ,
might thus be made an a v a ila b le c o lle c tin g ground by the aid o f the d ivin g
helm et. This p art of the shore i s e s p e c ia lly r ic h in m aterial su ita b le fo r
classroom u se.
By means o f the helm et th is v a st sto r e or m aterial becomes a v a ila b le w ith
the m in 1.m i3T n of time and e f f o r t . A fter the few fundamentals o f d ivin g are
m astered, any f a i r swimmer may fin d n ot only the more common forms but o ften
come igpon some of the le s s well-known sp ec ies that have had the p ro tec tio n o f
the w ater. Indeed on e's a b ilit y as a c o lle c to r in creases w ith each dive as
one becomes accustomed to ground -sw ells, presure and temperature changes, and
masters the technique of c o lle c t in g .
T h is, lik e a l l methods o f c o lle c tin g along the sea shore, depends to a
large ex ten t i^on the w eather. When the d iv in g is done from a r a f t , as i t
was in and around Emerald Bay, C atalina Isla n d , as here to be d escrib ed , l i t t l e
VI
was accozzplishdd in the open water in the afternoon because of the heavy
grou n d -sw ells. However, th is d if f ic u lt y can be overcome by use o f a b o a t,
such as the Anton Dchrn^ to make quick changes in lo c a tio n when the weather be
comes unfavorable.
This method of c o lle c t in g i s not confined to the fix e d forms o f animal
lif e # As one becomes used to the new environment^ the a b ilit y to spear f i s h i s
gradually m astered to the e x te n t th a t most of the common sp ecies are taken in
th is way. Bated traps made from fin e mesh wire could be s e t in many p laces and
many forms taken in t h is way.
1 . The Anton Ddhrn a gasolin e launch owned by the U n iversity of Southern
C a lifo r n ia , was used by the author in making three descents in the w aters o f
Santa Cruz Isla n d , June 1902.
1 .
C H A P T E R I
R E V IE W O P LITERATURE
EARLIEST R E FE R E N C E T O DIVING.
Deep-sea d ivin g i s alm ost as old as the recorded h isto r y o f the human
ra ce. Mention is made ih Homer's Iliad ^ as follow s:
"Then h e, lik e a d iv e r, f e l l from the well-wrought c a r, and h is
s p ir it le f t h is hones."
The a r t was f a ir ly w e ll known about 1000 years before the C h ristian Era#
2
Thucydides was the f i r s t to ch ron icle the enployment o f d iv ers during the
sie g e o f Syracuse, thus:
"The Athenians brought a ship o f ten thousand ta le n ts burden,
which had wooden towers and bulwarks ; and from th e ir boats they
t ie d cords to the stak es and wrenched and tore them up- or dived
and sawed them th r o u ^ underneath the w ater. ————— ——------
They were lik e a sunken r e e f, and a p i l o t , not seein g them, m i^ t
e a s ily catch h is sh ip i^on them. Even these were sawed o ff by men
who dived fo r h ir e ."
A r is to tle was the f i r s t to mention an appliance fo r a s s is t in g d iv in g . The
f ir s t d ivin g b e l l , c a lle d a c o licp h a , was used by Alexander the G reat. A sim ila r
contrivance i s h in ted a t by P lin y as w e ll as by Roger Bacon. An ea rly d ivin g
b e ll i s shown in P la te 1 .
The f i r s t engraving rep resen tin g a d iver wearing a tig h t f i t t i n g helm et, to
which was attached a long le a th e r pipe reaching to the su rfa ce, appeared in De
Re _ M ilita ir. by V egetius, (e d itio n o f 1611). G. A . B o r e lli, in 1679 invented
an apparatus enabling a man to go to a cer ta in depth# During th is time lea th er
was used alm ost e x c lu siv e ly in p e r fe ctin g su its#
1# Lang, Leaf and Mgyers. The I lia d of Homer. Macmillan & Co., Ltd. of
London. 1900. Book 16, 1. 742-45.
2 . Jow ett, Benjamin# Thucydides T ranslated in to E n g lish . Oxford Clarendon
P r e ss, 1900# p . 279-80.
0 .W alsh, W illiam 8# Handy Book of Curious Inform ation. J . B. L ipp in cott Co.
1913. p. 296.
4 . Ib id , p . 296.
PLATS 1 .
EARLY TYPE LIVING- BELL
□ r iin m w w sjj
F i g . 7.— S u g g e s te d se c tio n o f D iv in g D ell in v e n te d b y Dr. H a iley (of
C o m et fa m e), to w h ic h th e air w as tak en dow n in barrels.
CorLizi
2 .
John Lethbridge con trived such a s u it in 1715, which was used by him
w ith much su cc ess. The f i r s t crude atten p t a t a m etal head p iece was made by
K lein g ert o f B reslau ,^ in 1798. This was a coznbination o f %%tal attach ed to
a lea th er s u i t , as shown in P la te 2 .
Although the e a r lie s t record o f a mechanical appliance was mentioned by
A r is t o tle , the f ir s t p r a c tic a l d ivin g dress was p erfected by Augustus Siebe o f
2
London in 1819* This was modeled on the same p r in c ip le a s the d ivin g b e l l ,
and was e ff e c t iv e only in the upright p o s itio n . The c lo sed d r e ss, a combina
tio n o f helmet and d r e ss, fitte d w ith in le t and o u tle t v a lv e s , was invented by
Siebe in 1830, the p r in c ip le o f which i s employed in a l l clo sed s u its even to
th is day. The f i r s t p r a c tic a l commercial d ivin g s u it T im e patented in the
3
United S ta te s by Leonard Narcross o f D ix fie ld , Maine, in 1834.
Various improvements have been made in the c lo se d d ress s u it from time
to tim e, u n til the p resen t rubber-canvas s u it used in conjunction w ith the
copper helm et i s the conibination in most general use a t th is tim e. Although
the f le x ib le d iv in g dress has become the standard fo r ordinaxy marine salvage
work, i t is lim ite d in i t s fie ld due to the tremendous pressure encountered a t
great depths, which is transm itted to the body of the d iv er. The g r e a te st
depth recorded for th is type o f s u it was reached by a U. S . Navy d iv e r, in con
n ection w ith rescue work on a lo s t submarine near Honolulu, a t three hundred
4
and f if t y fe e t#
1 . Corbin, T. V/. The Romance o f Submarine Engineerin g . J . B. L ipp in cott
Co. 1913. p. 51-52.
2 . Walsh, W illiam 8 . Handy Book of Curious Inform ation. J . B. L ip p in cott
Co. 1913.
3 . Kane. Famous F ir s t F a cts. The H. Wilson Co. 1933, p . 182
4 . S c o tt, David. Seventy Fathoms De eu. Henry Holt & Co. p . 22.
PLATE S
EARLY COIZBINATION PRESS
(ê .
F i g . 4.—A n early Form of
D iving Apparatus.
C orL in
3 .
Many departures from th is type o f apparatus have been attem pted w ith
varying degrees of su cc ess, depending upon d iffe r e n t situ a tio n s to be met. The
d iv in g s h e ll, used by the Ita lia n s in salvaging the treasure from the sunken
steam ship E liz a b e th v ille ,^ was o f th is typ e, and i s perhaps b e st su ite d to work
a t th at depth where e x c e ssiv e pressure is encountered. Many adaptations have
been made in the use o f the d iv in g b e ll (see illu s t r a t io n P la te 1) as w e ll as
w ith the helmet fo r shallow water work. The p r in c ip le o f the d ivin g b e ll is
o fte n used by cameramen in the film in g o f undersea p ic tu r e s , as was the case
w ith the p ic tu r e , "The Water B abies," film ed by W illiam B. Brush Productions
2
a t C arysfort L ig h t, F lo rid a . However, the helmet remains the c h ie f aid in
c o lle c t in g immediately o ff-sh o r e .
5
Dr. W illiam Beebe, having achieved su ccess in helm et ex p lo ra tio n and c o l-
4 ,
lo o tin g in various p arts o f the w orld, p erfected the Bathysphere, (see P late
5) and in h is researches in and around Bermuda Islan d ,^ has made i t p o ssib le fo r
him to descend to a greater depth in the ocean than has ever before been achieved
by a human b ein g. This d ev ice, however, resem bles in p r in c ip le the N eu feld t-
Kuhnke d ivin g s h e ll shown in P la te 4 .
P rim itive sk in d ivin g (going down p r a c tic a lly naked) i s common in the
M editerranean sponge industry and in other parts of the world as w e ll. In th is
ty p e, the d iver goes down w ith a n et g ir d le d around h is w a ist, carrying a stone
attached to a rope. On a rriv in g on the bottom he tears as many sponges as he
can reach, p la ces them in the n et and sig n a ls to be hauled to the su rfa ce. This
1. Ib id , p. 26
2 . Royal A. L e tt, Photographer. Long Beach, C a lifo rn ia .
3 . Beebe, W . S . Beneath Tronic Seas, p . 3 4 -49.
4 . Beebe. A Round Trio to D aw Jones* Looker. N ational Geographic
Magazine. June, 1931.
5 . N ational Geographic Magazine. June 1931. p. 653-666.
PIPELESS LIVING SUIT
PLATS 3
/fy /’ frm tssiju 9C\
[ Mtisrs. Sitbe^ liorMUXn < tH ,i Co., Ltd.,
T h e S e l f -c o n t a i n e d D i v i n g D re ss
C o r b in
4 .
antiquated method i s o fte n conducted in water up to one hundred f e e t in depth*
Coral fis h in g is ca rried on by n a tiv e s in the most p rim itiv e fash ion
among the A to lls o f the P a c ific Ocean as w e ll as o f f the co a st o f F lorid a and
elsewhere* Skin d ivin g i s the p r e v a ilin g method used by the p ea rl fis h e r s in
the Indian Ocean.^ The most e f f ic ie n t diver in th is p a r ticu la r part o f the
world being the Arab, who uses a nose c li p , a large stone as a sin ker and works
s u c c e s sfu lly in water from seven to nine fathoms deep* Few d iv ers lo s e th e ir
liv e s in the pearl d ivin g operations around Thursday Islan d , in the South
P a c if ic , although the water i s o fte n one hundred and f i f t y deep and in fe ste d
w ith sharks.
Many d ev ices have been attem pted from time to time fea tu rin g the p r in c ip le
o f conpressing oxygen in a sm all storage tank or con tain er to be strapped to
the shoulders or the back of the f le x ib le s u it d iv e r s, (see P la te 3} or b u ilt
in to the apparatus as in the Neufeldt-Kuhnkle d ivin g s h e l l . Henry F leu ss of
3
W iltsh ire , England, experimented e x te n siv e ly in th is f ie ld w ith marked suc
cess* h is most notable work being done in connection w ith the flood ed Severn
4
Tunnel. The p ip e le s s d iv in g dress was f in a lly devised by F le u s s, Davis and
H ill.^ This d evise w sæ well adapted fo r use in flood ed mines and other p la ces
where i t would be d i f f i c u lt fo r the diver to drag the cumbersome a ir lin e .
In a d d itio n to the above, attem pts have been and are being made to ecp loy
chemioals which w ill lib e r a te oxygen and absorb the carbonic a cid g a s. Chlorate
1# D iving fo r p ea rls in the Indian Ocean. B e lla Sidney W olfe, N ational
Geographic Magazine, Feb. 1926.
2 . Dom ville-^Pife, Submarine EnarinaerinK o f Today, p . 86.
3 . D o m v ille-F ife, Submarine Engineering o f Today, p . 86.
4 . Op. c it . p. 90.
5. Op. c it . p. 96.
PLATE 4 .
TEE NEUPELLT-ÎEIEinCLE LIVING SHELL
Scott
5 .
Of potash, was fo r many years the only p r a c tic a l source o f oxygen. O x y lite, a
grayishfW hite powder, invented by a Frenchman,^ g iv es o ff oxygen v io le n tly
when i t comes in con tact w ith w ater. The p o s s ib ilit y o f th is chem ical, or a
sim ila r one, in a p ip e le s s helm et (P late 3) may be fa r reach in g, e s p e c ia lly in
the operation of lif e - s a v in g d evices and fo r use in shallow water and immediate
o ff-sh o re c o lle c tin g .
The salvage d ivers on the "A rtiglio" used an oxygon c y lin d e r , w ith chem ioals
to absorb the carbon d io x id e, working in depths in excess of four hundred f e e t .
2
However, they used a m odified Neufeldt-Euhnke d ivin g s h e ll.
E ^ erim en ts have been conducted in the United S ta te s in recen t years w ith
Helium gas in conjunction w ith oxygen in an attempt to prevent N itrogen p oison in g,
known a lso as "compression d isea e e," "caisson sick n ess," or "bends," as i t a f f e c t s
3
the rubber s u it d iver under more than one atmosphere.
"The cooperative experim ental work carried on by the Navy, Uhited
S ta te s P u b lic H ealth S e r v ic e , and the Bureau o f Mines, has shown
th a t by rep lacin g the n itrogen o f the a ir w ith helium and a lso
reducing the oxygen content below th at o f normal a i r , a sy n th etic
atmosphere can be made th at w i l l perm it decocpression in on e-th ird
to one-fourth the time required fo r a ir , and that the d e le te r io u s
e ff e c t s from n itrogen can be prevented."
In view o f what has already been accoizplished in th is d ir e c tio n , the c o l
le c to r of the near futu re w i l l be ab le to enlarge h is f i e l d fa r beyond anything
considered p r a c tic a l a t the p resen t tim e.
1 . D o m v ille-F ife, Submarine Engineering of Today, p. 207-8.
2 . S c o tt, Seventy Fathoms Dean. Henry H olt & Co. p . 22.
3 . .Helium Underseas. S c ie n t if ic American, p . 136: 129-30, Feb. 1927.
PLATE 5 .
THE BATHYSPHERE
National Geographic Magazine
On June 11, 1930, Dr * Beebe male a descent in the
Bathysphere, eight miles off the coast of Bermuda. At
this time he reached a depth of fourteen hundred and
twenty six feet. Dr. Beebe is planning further at
tempts with the Bathysphere in which he will try to
reach a depth of half a mile.
GHiPTSa II
8ÆTA GATALim ISLAND
H isto r ic a l and D escriptive^
Santa C atalina Isla n d , lo ca te d a t 33* 20* N», 118* 25* W., one o f the
Santa Barbara groip , is a part o f Los Angeles County» C a lifo r n ia . D iscovered
by C ab rillo in 1542, ha gave i t the name "V ictoria." The isla n d was c a lle d
"Pimogna" by the Indians who were a t a l l , in t e llig e n t , lig h t-sk in n e d , h o sp it
ab le tr ib e when f ir s t v is it e d by the Spaniards. The isla n d was la t e r visited by
Vascaino in 1620 on S t. Catherine*a day and he renamed i t '*Santa Catalina" in
her honor.
The isla n d l i e s in a northw est and sou theast d ir e c tio n and Emerald Bay, or
Johnson*8 Landing as i t i s o fte n c a lle d , i s n in eteen m iles south by 26^w est from
the San Pedro L ig h t. See map P la te 6 showing the r e la tio n o f the isla n d to the
co a st in c lo s e proxim ity to San Pedro.
I t is of volcan ic orogin , twenty m iles long and with an average w idth of
four m ile s. Being of v o lca n ic o r ig in , i t has in the main a very rugged, in
a c c e ssib le co a st except in a few crescen t shaped c o v es.
Emerald Bay as shown on the map P la te 7 , l i e s on the mainland sid e o f the
isla n d about four m iles above the isthm us. I t was f i r s t s e t t le d by a German,
John Benn, and h is w ife and an u n lettered s a ilo r by the name of Samuel P r e n tiss.
P re n tiss d ied in 1865. His grave lie s ju s t above the Scout campfire site and is
cared fo r every summer by th e Emerald Bay Boy S cou ts.
Johnson’ s Landing i s lo ca ted on a b e a u tifu l orescen t shaped bay, p rotected
by a rocky headland known as P ren tiss P o in t. A sunken r e e f about four hundred
feet o ff P re n tiss P oin t extends toward the South Headland (see map P la te 7)
term inating in a group of rock s, the larger of which i s known as Indian Eock.
The north end of th is r e e f is exposed a t low tide. The general depth of the
1 . V/illiam son, Mrs. M . Burton. H isto rica l S ociety of Southern C a lifo rn ia .
V ol. VI, p . 14 - 24.
M Y
i ^ r 9 r _ L P z r . - i ' x A z T T z b r ü î . i - i } i \
^nMcrt S 104'. 45 37
X X Ü M Ü Y t’t V t
1.18° 20
477
370
P L A T E - . 6
388
427
3 4 4
352
378
3 90
410
260
382
200
400
4 3 3
194 •. ••.. ' ,
Yiceiite*
Gpfl (2)cv 20 sec 185 ft
3 8 8 l62'4.onÉ
gnM
328
P t -
457
430
th a rt
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3 ^ ' ■ ■ x a w H i i T L t I
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7 .
oove is from eigh teen to tw en ty-five feet, except between the north end o f the
r e e f and P re n tiss P olh t where i t reaches a depth o f t h ir ty -fiv e f e e t . From the
h i l l s above, the cove looks as though i t were covered w ith a coat o f c le a r w hite
sand; a c tu a lly the flo o r o f the bay is composed o f a lig h t colored sandy sub
sta n ce , more or le s s cemented together by marine a c tio n . The general f lo o r o f the
bay str e tc h e s away in a le v e l sandy w a ste, barren o f a l l v is ib le l i f e except an
o ccasion al burrowing anemone. Where rocky masses extend from the flo o r o f the bay
as along the r e e f, or extend from the shore as a t P re n tiss P o in t, or a t A and B,
as shown in P la te 7 , there i s a w ealth o f animal sind p lan t l i f e . R eference to
some o f th ese forms with n otes on th e ir ecology w i l l be made a t the appropriate
tim e.
The Landing i t s e l f is sca rcely above the extreme high tid e lin e and i s
bordered by a gradual slo p in g beach o f coarse sand and g r a v e l. The parade ground
ju s t above the beach i s one hundred yards w ide, is trian gu lar in shape, the apex
o f which extends fo r three hundred yards towards the h i l l s to the w e st. A deep
dry wash outs the channel sid e o f the parade ground. During the sev era l sumners
the s it e has been in use by the Boy S co u ts, most o f the parade ground has been
clea red o f c a c tu s, which grows in large c lu s te r s alm ost everywhere on the isla n d .
The h i l l s r is e rather abruptly on e ith e r sid e of the parade ground as i t extends
back toward Silverm ine Canyon. B esides ca ctu s, a sp ecies of bur-grass i s sc a t
tered along the slo p e . C a lifo rn ia scrub oak (Quercus dumosa) dots the h ills id e
and lends a touch o f green to an otherw ise barren landscape. A sm all sp e c ie s o f
grasshopper i s f a ir ly abundant even in the dry hot days o f July and August.
West o f the can^ the land r is e s rather abriqptly, term inating in S ilv e r Peak,
which i s the h ig h est p o in t on th is end of the isla n d .
A few c a tt le eke out an e x isten ce during the h o t, dry days of sumoer. A
few h o rses, some apparently lacoed from ea tin g o f lo c a l legume, are a lso found
back o f the camp, and l i t e r a l l y thousands of g o a ts, descendents o f those brought
i f
I I I ^ --
Î t. J-V /k A ,
S , *-..r-> ■ >
'X i
J P l ^ ^ T E 7
> >
n
m
Exposed at
low tide.0
Map corrected by i)bX K Î i ' t e-U. S. C. & G. S.
^v*>Kf £ £ * r£ T -c/v -
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8 .
over by the e a r ly Spaniards, can be found in the higher reg io n s.
The sh o relin e o f the bey, extending from P oint A (P late 7) to w ith in 50
f e e t of P re n tiss P oin t, i s a smooth beach w ith a gradual slo p e . This part o f
the bay continues to slop e gradually u n t il the flo o r in t h is region i s p r a c tic a l
ly le v e l at a depth of tw enty feet. The inner sh orelin e along P ren tiss Point i s
strewn w ith large rooks and slop es gradually to a depth o f eig h teen f e e t . From
th e P oin t, extending toward the reef, the slope i s much steep er and the rocks
much la rg er, some of them weighing many to n s. Not far from th e Point where the
sandy flo o r o f the bay jo in s the rocks the deepest part o f the bay is reached,
a depth o f t h ir t y - f ic e feet.
CHAPTER I I I 9 .
T H E T EC H N IQ U E O F H E L M E T DIVING
D iv in g , lik e many other forms o f a c tivity , is a bit o u t-o f-th e-o r d in a iy
and imist be mastered gradually; in fact, one must take many tr ip s to the
bottom before he becomes su fficlen L tly accustomed to the new environment to
c o lle c t even the more common form s. As the technique i s m astered, a fte r suc
c e ss iv e attem p ts, one learn s to adapt h im self to the new co n d itio n s u n til
f in a lly many o f the d i f f i c u l t i e s , which a t f ir s t caused grave d iscom fort, are
now taken as a matter o f course.
Perhaps one o f the f ir s t th in gs to be mastered in th is form o f c o lle c tin g
i s to overcome the fe a r o f the water regard less o f i t s depth. Should one be
come panlky when the helm et i s p laced over h is head he should renain on the
su rfa ce, fo r there are many strange th in gs encountered w h ile c o lle c tin g among
the rock s, the seaweed or the k elp which w i l l make even the experienced c o lle c
to r f lin c h . One must e x e r c ise considerable care in g e ttin g in to and out of the
helm et, as the c o n str ic tio n around the neck is c lo s e - f it t in g and a bruised nose
or badly bruised lip s are the r e su lt of too much h aste and in p a tien ce.
A fter the technique of g e ttin g in to the helmet has been m astered, perhaps
the next hardest thing to lea rn is to be able to keep the f e e t down and the
head up; in other words, to remain e r e c t . The fa c t th a t a l l o f the w eight used
is on the helm et, which r e s ts on the shoulders (the helmet and lead w eights
weigh s ix ty -fo u r pounds), togeth er w ith the natural buoyancy o f the body in sea
w ater, makes i t very d i f f i c u lt to co n tro l the f e e t the f ir s t few tim es down.
One method i s to hook the toe o f the le f t fo o t around the descending lin e , and
by treadin g water w ith the r ig h t fo o t the natural buoyancy o f the f e e t can be
overcome. Another way, where no descending lin e is used (which should not be
attem pted by a novice ) i s to tread water w ith both feet w h ile going down.
Should the ears be s e n s itiv e to d iffe r e n c e s in p ressu re, th is method should not
1 0 .
be attempted, as there i s no way of stopping to r e lie v e the presanre n n til one i s
on the bottom, tinless o f oonrae i t can be done by sw allow ing. V ariations of
e ith e r o f the above are developed by the in d ivid u al as the fundatoentals are
m astered.
Perhaps the most p e r sista n t annoyance in th is form of c o lle c tin g is the
pain ezperienced in the ears as one descends, e s p e c ia lly a t thirty-< five or
fo r ty f e e t . This can u su a lly be overcome by descending slo w ly , by sw allow ing,
or by grasping the nose between the index and middle fin g e r s (th e hand may be
slip p ed up in to the helmet i f the head i s pushed back) and, w ith the mouth
c lo s e d , atten p t to blow the n o se. This causes the ears to crackle and r e lie v e s
the p ressu re. When once on the bottom one might e a s ily become l o s t should he
str a y from the descending l in e . Proper o r ie n ta tio n may again be e sta b lish e d
by look in g up through the top lig h t and fo llo w in g the course o f the a ir lin e to
the su rfa ce. The fa ce p la te repeatedly becomes foggy or clou dy, e s p e c ia lly i f
the day is waxm. This i s p a r tia lly due to the warm a ir from the surface and
p a r tly to the exhaled a ir str ik in g the co ld g la s s . This may be overcome to
some e x te n t by rubbing a th in coat o f g ly cerin e on the in sid e o f the face p la te
before going down. Another way, the usual one, is to d ip the helmet forward
u n t il the water covers the in sid e o f the g la s s , whereipon tdie g la ss immediately
c le a r s . The fa ce need not become wet during th is procedure i f the head is
h eld back.
I t i s d i f f i c u lt to fin d specimens the f i r s t few tim es down as the various
anim als in th e ir natu ral h a b ita t blend so thoroughly (natural p r o tec tiv e colora
tio n ) w ith the surroundings that they e a s ily escape n o tic e . Much time must be
spent on the bottom to know where to look fo r the specimens one i s tly in g to
fin d . The g r ea test range o f animal l i f e is found where the bottom i s strewn
w ith rock s, as these fu rn ish s h e lte r fo r the tim id forms as w e ll as a p o in t of
attachment fo r many animals and p la n ts.
11.
The c o lle c tin g p a il need was an ordinary galvanized liv e - h a it p a il se
cured lo c a lly . The p a il i s lowered near the descending lin e and when i t
str ik e s the bottom i s r a ise d three or four f e e t in order to c le a r the bottom a t
a l l tim es. The inner se c tio n of the p a il may be removed and ca rried along the
same as might be done on the su rfa ce. This inner se c tio n has a movable l i d
which may be c lo sed on any specimens th at might tzy to escap e, once they are
secured. I t a lso has a s t r ip o f heavy galvanized screen along the sid e making
i t p o ssib le to see the animals one has captured. D istan ces on the bottom are
s lig h t ly m s^nified and one must become accustomed to the judgment o f d istan ce
before much c o lle c tin g can be done. Should the head be turned sharply toward
the bottom the helmet w i l l f i l l w ith w ater, and i t is thus q u ite d i f f i c u lt to
see anything w ith in a radius of two f e e t of where one is stan ding. In order to
p ick anything from the bottom i t is necessary to squat w ith the knees in fro n t
and the f e e t behindf in other words, to s i t down on the f e e t w h ile holding the
body e r e c t. This is done in order to g e t as near the ob ject w ith the hands as
p o s s ib le . C o llectin g under these con d ition s is a t b e st rather awkward.
I f the wrecking bar is used to turn over rock s, the procedure recommended
i s as fo llo w s: Place the c o lle c tin g p a il to the sid e and fa r enough in fro n t
so i t cen be seen and reached e a s ily ; squat as c lo se to the sid e o f the rock as
p o s s ib le , hook the curve o f the wzreeking bar across and under the fa r sid e of
the rock and p u ll i t toward you. This i s done rather than in s e r t the bar under
the near sid e and l i f t , as the l i f t w i l l r a ise one o f f the bottom and away from
the specimens as they are uncovered. A cloud o f l i ^ t m aterial i s u su a lly
ra ised a s the rock is p u lled out of p o s itio n . Many of the a g ile forms w ill e s
cape under the cover o f t h is before the water c le a r s i f care i s not ex er cise d .
Much good m aterial i s lo s t in th is way even a fte r one has q u ite thoroughly
mastered th is form o f c o lle c t in g . Many of the fix e d forms are found attached to
the under sid e of the rock and may be removed and placed in the p a i l . The
1 2 .
wreoking bar or the abalone iron i s invaluable in securing such animals as are
unable to be removed w ith the hands. A p air o f canvas gloves w ill save much wear
and tea r on the hands but are awkward in handling m ny o f the sm aller and more
d e lic a te specim ens. D irectio n s mean nothing in th is new environment, and as one
regains h is f e e t he may turn and fo llo w the d ir e c tio n o f the a ir lin e to o rien t
him self in case the descending lin e i s n ot v i s i b l e , as was o ften the case during
the sunsner of 1932, when one hundred f e e t of hose were used.
The sig n a ls used are as fo llo w s: One jerk on the a ir lin e from e ith e r
d ir e c tio n means th a t a l l i s w e ll and should always be repeated by the one re
c e iv in g the sig n a l to show the sender th a t the sig n a l has been received and
understood. Two jerk s in d ic a tes more a ir lin e or more hose i s d esired and i s
u su a lly sen t to th e surface by the one below . Three jerk s is the sig n a l to
haul in the l in e , th at the diver is coming toward the descending lin e prepara
tory to coming up. Four jerk s i s an SOS and in d ica tes that something is wrong
w ith some part o f the gear and to come up immediately w ithout the helm et. In
case the person on the r a ft i s unable to see the d iv e r , freq u en tly 0 . E . sig n a ls
should be given and should always be answered.
When one is on the bottom and ready to come up the c o lle c tin g p a il is re
p laced in the outer p ortion and i s ra ised to the su rfa ce. The bar may be made
f a s t to the descending lin e in case i t is to be fu rth er used. I t is b e s t, how
ev e r , to take i t to the surface as the p o s s ib ilit y of becoming lo s t in case the
r a ft i s moved may be l i t t l e short o f calam ity. I f the bar is taken to th e sur
fa ce i t i s ca rried in the r ig h t hand, the l e f t being used in p u llin g one's s e l f
lip the descending l in e . When the surface is reached, whatever i s ca rried in
the r ig h t hand i s turned over to the tender and then the helm et is c a r e fu lly
removed in order th at the nose and lip s are not b ru ised .
1 3 .
C H A PT E R IV
T H E A PPARATUS U SE D
T H E H E L M E T
An o ld reg u la tio n deep-sea d ivin g helmet of tinned copper con stru ction
was used, as shown in the acconpanying fig u r e , P la te 8 . The c h ie f fea tu res of
the apparatus are app rop riately la b e le d fo r c la r it y . The inportant p arts in^
elude an in le t v a lv e , through which the a ir enters and to which the t a l l hose
i s attach ed . This valve prevents the a ir from escaping back through the a ir
l i n e . The fa ce p la te , or " b u ll' s eye" as i t is c a lle d , is lo ca ted in the fron t
m id -section o f the helm et. I t i s a removable c ir c u la r window four inches in
diam eter, and is f i t t e d w ith n on -sh atter g la s s . This window has no m etal guards,
as they would in te r fe r e to some exten t w ith v is io n , which a t b e st i s never as
c le a r as i t i s on the su rfa ce, even fo r short d ista n ce s. An oblong sid e lig h t
on e ith e r sid e o f the fa ce p la t e , and an oval top lig h t ju st above the fa ce
p la te provide what lig h t there i s . The o u tle t valve which i s used in connection
w ith the regular rubber d ivin g s u it has been se a led , a s i t i s not used in th is
type of woifc.
The helmet may be separated from the breast p la te or c o r s e le t, as i t i s
c a lle d , sin ce these p ie c e s are f i t t e d w ith in terlo ck in g thread s. A heavy lea th er
rin g serves as a w a te r-tig h t gasket when the two are clanped togeth er by a
quarter turn. The helmet and b reast p la te are u su ally made f a s t fo r th is type
of d iv in g , and used as a u n it when sthmerged. They are put on and removed in
one p iece by the tender. The a ir is punped in to the helmet and escapes a t e ith e r
sid e over the shoulder, fo rcin g the water le v e r s u f fic ie n tly low w ith in so as
not to in te r fe r e w ith v is io n . A ten-pound p ig o f lead is suspended on the fron t
and rear o f the c o r s e le t to overbalance the buoyancy of the d iv e r . The weighted
b e lt and lead shoes u su ally worn by d ivers are dispensed w ith . They would in -
8.
HELlvïET HOSE AKD DESCEHDIHG- WEIGHT
Outlet ——
valve ,
-Tail Hose
-Top light
-Side light
— Face plate
--Lead weight
--Air line
Descending
T/eight
Hote--The tail hose is attached to the intake valve
v/hich is on the h a c k side of the helmet.
1 4 .
cumber the diver in reaching the surface should he be forced to abandon the
helm et, which becomes n eoessaiy whenever any o f the surface apparatus f a i l s to
fu n ctio n .^ The a ir , on reaching the in sid e o f the helm et, i s divided three ways,
one part being carried down the fro n t o f the fa ce and relea sed about the le v e l of
the n ose. An a ir lin e ca rr ie s the r e s t of the a ir down e ith e r sid e and r e le a se s
i t about the middle of the helm et. The c h ie f c r itic is m d irected a t most o f the
"home made" helm ets which the w riter has in sp ected is th at they have had the a ir
come d ir e c tly in to the top o f the helm et.
T H E H O SE
The a ir lin e is the standard, w h ite, high p ressu re, f u l l flo a tin g , d ivin g
hose used by the p r o fe ssio n a l d iv e r . Two f i f l y - f o o t len gth s were used during
the summer of 1932. The metal connections are turned from s o lid b r a ss. Garden
h o se, though freq u en tly used for th is purpose, is not recommended because i t is
lia b le to k in k , cu ttin g o f f the siqpply of a ir- and should i t become sla c k , i t
w i l l s e t t l e to the f lo o r of the ocean and become fo u l or fo o l the d iv e r. E ith er
of the above might prove q u ite disagreeab le i f not dangerous.
T H E PO M P
The pump, a most n ecessa iy a s s e t , should be the l a s t word in d ep en d ab ility,
although th is is not always the c a se . While learning to dive o f f the coast a t
2
Laguna Beach, C a lifo rn ia , during the sunmer of 1931, the purp used was rather a
m ake-shift a f f a ir . I t co n siste d of two s in ^ e b arrel automobile pumps, connected
by a sin g le handle. The bases of the punps were secured to a block of wood. The
d ivin g a t th is time was done from a rowboat and freq u en tly the man a t the pump
was overbalanced by the v io le n c e o f th e ground s w e lls . This often n e c e ssita te d
1 . The w riter was forced to leave the helmet in 28 f e e t of water a t
Emerald Bay, July 5 , 1933, because of a jammed cy lin d er .
2 . In conpany w ith E l l i s G ates, Harry F letch er and Edward P eer, a l l of
Long Beach, C a lifo rn ia .
THREE GYLIHDER SCHRADER PUl .IP
Balance vih eels and handles removed.
PLATE 9 .
Attachment
of "balance
v/heel and
handle
Depth-pressnre-
gauge
— Water jacket
— Attachment
for air line
1 5 .
lea v in g the helmet and making fo r the su rface, which might prove dangerous
should one come xcp under the boat or r a f t . The pump used the p ast two seasons
a t Emerald Bay was the standard, heavy, three cy lin d er , deep-sea d iv in g pump
made by A. Schrader & Son o f Hew York.^ The punp, minus the oak c a se , i s shown
in the fig u r e , P la te 9. One advantage in u sin g a punp o f t h is type i s that the
gauge on the fro n t t e l l s the depth and the pressure whenever the punp is in u se.
Thus th e n e c e s s i^ for making soundings i s dispensed w ith and much time i s saved
fo r a ctu a l d iv in g . The depth and the pres sure may be ascertain ed by the tender
w h ile the c o lle c to r i s a c tu a lly on the bottom. The gauge is reproduced in the
fig u r e as shown in P la te 10. For convenience and fo r rapid conversion o f depth
to pressure w ith in the range o f fo r ty f e e t , the subjoined depth-pressure ta b le
i s v a lu a b le .
Time is r e a lly an important elem ent in th is form o f c o lle c t in g . The season
even in t h is la titu d e is short and many of the days are too co ld or too windy
fo r d iv in g . Then to o , i f sub-sea p ic tu r es are attem pted the optimum, time is
between 10:20 A. U U and 2:20 P . M .
M isoEL.4jÆ QiB_ m m
The r e s t of the gear c o n siste d of a heavy wool sw eater, or sweat s h ir t , fo r
warmth and fo r the p ro tectio n o f the sh ould ers. An old p air of pants to pro
te c t the le g s , a p a ir of woolen sock s, and heavy rubber-soled b a sk etb a ll shoes
complete the wearing app arel. In a d d itio n , a hunting k n if is u su ally strapped
on to the b e l t , more p sych ological than a ctu a l p r o tec tio n . The descending
w eight c o n sists of an eighteen-pound p ig o f lead to which i s attach ed one end
of a h a lf-in c h m anilla rope. This i s suspended over the sid e and i s tse d by the
d iver in going down and coming tip.
1. The pump, helmet and hose were secured second hand from Mr. Dan Boom,
a p r o fessio n a l d iver of Wilmington, C a lifo rn ia .
PLATE 1 0 .
SCHRADER DEPTH-PR ES SURE GAUGE
m m
This is a photo of the a.epth-pressure gauge which
is located on the upper front of the Schrader pump,
Figures on the inside circle indicate the water
pressure in puunds per square inch. Those on the
outer circle gives the depth in feet.
1 6 .
lîuinarous a ccesso ries are introduced as the techniqtie is mastered and the
n e c e ss ity for them becomes apparent. One of th e se , which, in creases the e f f i
cien cy of the oojQanunication between the diver and the atten d an t, is the "cellur-
lo id sla te " and lead p e n c il. This i s suspended on a cork f lo a t by means of a
w eight near the descending l in e , the surface end o f the lin e being attached to
the r a f t . A jerk on the lin e from e ith e r end in d ica tes that a message has been
w r itte n . Notes can thus be exchanged and much time saved. The c o lle c tin g p a il
used was a liv e - b a it p a il purchased lo c a lly , the inner part being removable and
having a t i g h t - f i t t i n g l i d . I t a lso had a heavy screened sid e and could be re
moved and ca rried about by the c o lle c to r , and specimens secured as they were
uncovered. A wrecking bar is a very valuable accesso ry . I t is invaluable in
turning over the larger rocks where much of the m aterial i s to be found. I t
a lso saves much wear and tear on the hands. An abalone iron made from the top
le a f of an automobile sp rin g, and to which a short lin e is attached fo r conven
ien ce, i s valuable in secu rin g many o f the forms which c lin g to the rock s. A
spear may a lso be used e f f e c t iv e ly once the a r t of using i t under water is
m astered. A fifty -^ o u n d lard tub was kept on the r a ft in to which specimens were
placed as they were brought up from the bottom. The o i l used in the cylin d ers
and to o i l the pump m s a combination of n ea tsfo o t and o liv e o i l , equal p a rts.
Castor o i l may also be used.^ Regular machine or motor o i l should not be used
as the fumes w ill sick en the one in the helm et.
T H E BAFT
The r a ft used (see P la te 11) during the p ast two summers was made of
heavy tim bers, a 12" x 12" b a se, secured in the main from an o ld "movie dump" a t
1 . The Standard O il Company of C a lifo rn ia puts out an o i l known on the
market as "O aloil," which is made e s p e c ia lly fo r th is type of work.
PLATE 11
Tl-rs i r / I l T G RAFT IIC OPERATION
$
1 7 .
the Isthmus. This b ase, 9* x 1 6 ', was decked over w ith tw o-inch planking.^ The
r a ft was p u lled over to the p lace where c o lle c tin g was to be done and there
anchored from each end by anchors made from fiv e -g a llo n cans f i l l e d w ith concrete
and through which p ie c e s o f bed iron had been th ru st a t rig h t a n g le s. The r a ft
was moved d a ily from P re n tiss P oin t (see map, P la te 7) toward the r e e f in the
d ir e c tio n of Indian Hock.
TECHNiam nnTJ.R fyprK ra
Twice a day the c o lle c tin g tub was taken to the improvised shore labora
tory where the m aterial was so r te d . The sm aller, more f r a g ile fom æ were
p laced in ind ivid u al c o lle c tin g b o ttle s and preserved in 70^ a lc o h o l. Some of
the more d e lic a te forms were hardened in 25^, then 50^ e th y l a lco h o l before
p la cin g them in the 70^ so lu tio n . The b o ttle s fo r the most p art c o n siste d o f
eiqpty B est Pood salad ja r s , quarter p in t, h a lf p in t, and quart s iz e s having
been taken over from the mainland. The large specimens were in je cte d where th at
was deemed n ecessary. A large SOco in je c tio n syringe was used fo r th is purpose.
The larger specimens were preserved in a 4^ form alin so lu tio n in a lard tub
and packed fo r shipment to the sch ool laboratory where the so rtin g and c la s s if y
ing were done.
Denatured a lco h o l was used in fix in g the specim ens. I t is n ot recomnended
a s a p reserv a tiv e, however, because o f the w hite p r e c ip ita te which forms when
v/ater is added. Many of the b r it t le s t a r s were p laced in tap water to g et them
to r e la x . They were then k i l l e d in a 1^ form alin so lu tio n and la te r placed in
one of the preservin g s o lu tio n s .
Both surface and sub-surface motion p ic tu r e s were taken during the course
of the summer. A 16mm Sim plex Eastman motion p ictu re camera was used. The
p ic tu r es taken of the l i f e on the bottom were lo s t in the Science B uilding in the
1 . Planking was furnished by Mr. P. H. H ill, Santa Monica, C a lif ., STq>t.
of the Emerald Bay Scout Canp.
18.
f ir e follow in g tlie eartkqimke of March. 10, 1933. The in str u c tio n s on the use
of the motion p ictu re camera under w ater, as given by Mr. Royal A. L ett of
Long Beach, C a lifo rn ia , w i l l be found in the cliapter on photography.
1 9 .
DSPTH-PHESSnRE TABLE
Depth-pressure ta b le based on formula .44 x deoth^ i s used to determine
144
the pressure in deep-sea salvage wozk.
1 fo o t « . . . .4 4 lb . per sq. inch
2 f e e t • .89
It It It ft
3
M
. . . . 1 . 3 3
II It If ft
4
tt
# # * 1.78
It tt It It
5
1 1
• • • 2.08
It It It It
6
tt
. . . 2.67
t t tt It It
7
t t
*. # 3 .1 1
t t It It ft
8
tt
* # * 3 .5 6
tt It It ft
9
tt
. . . 4.00
It tt It ft
10
It
4 .4 4
ft It tt ft
11
tt
4.89
ft It It II
12
tt
. . . 5.33 M
It t t ft
IZ
tt
#. . 5.78
t t It tt It
14
tt
• • .
6.22
tt tt It It
15
ft
. . . 6.67
tt It It ft
16
t t
. . . 7 .11
It It It It
17
t t
* . . 7.56
t t It tt It
18
tt
. . . 8.00
t t It tt It
19
M
• . • 8.44
tt It ft ft
20
tt
. # . 8.89
tt tt If ft
21
It
. . . 9.33
t t II ft It
22
tt
. • . 9.78
tt If tt It
23
t t
• • 10.22
It It If ti
24
It
. . 10.67
It It II It
1 . The above formula i s used by Merritt-Chapm>an-Scott, Marine
Salvage E ngineers, San Pedro, C a lifo rn ia .
2 0 .
25 f e e t . • 11.11 lb s . per sq. inch
26
tt
. . 11.56
It tt It tt
27
tt
. . 12.00
tt It It It
28
tt
• . 12.44
ft It It It
29
tt
• . 12.89
t t It It It
30
tt
• . 13.33
tt ft tt tt
31
tt
. . 13.78
tt II tt It
52
tt
. . 14.22
tt tt t t tt
33
tt
• • 14.67
tt tt It tt
34
t t
« . 15.11
tt tt It It
35
t t
15.56
It t t tt tt
36
t t
. . 16.00
tt tt It If
37
tt
# . 16.44
ft It tt tt
38
tt
. . 16.89
t t tt It It
39
tt
* . 17.33
I t It tt tt
40
t t
# • 17.78
tt It tt It
41
tt
. . 18.22
II It II It
42
I t
. . 18.67
It tt tt It
45
tt
. . 19.11
t t tt ft It
44
t t
. • 19.56
t t tt It It
45
tt
. . 20.00
It tt t t It
46
tt
. . 20.44
tt It It It
47 »* . # # 20.89
tt tt It It
48
tt
# . 21.33
If It II n
F o rty -eig h t f e e t i s conàiëered the p oin t o f sa tu ra tio n . I t i s dangerous
to go beyond th is depth w ithout decompress in g .
2 1 .
C H A P T E R V
A TYPICAL C O LLECTO R'S DIARY^
"July 1. Reddick a r r iv e s , bringing punp, helm et and general
equipment. I was absent whan he arrived as I had taken a hike in
quest o f snakes. I was glad to see him fo r I knew no one in canp
and l i f e was rather monotonous w ith no equipment and no one to
work w ith . "
"July 2 . W e took the pump down to the end o f the wharf where we
could a tta ch the hose and helmet fo r a t r i a l to t e s t the apparatus.
W e manned the pump and Reddick put on the helmet and went o ff the
wharf in to about nine f e e t o f w ater. A fter a few minutes he came up
and i t was ny turn to don the heavy helmet fo r zqy f i r s t experience
in th is so r t o f d iv in g . I d id n 't f e e l very com fortable as I descended
the ladder in to the w ater. I reached the bottom and found n y se lf in
the most p ec u lia r s itu a tio n I had ever been in . I seemed to want to
f l o a t , so I d id n 't try to walk fo r a w h ile . However, I soon gained
confidence and found I could g et around but w ith great d if f ic u lt y ,
owing to the buoyancy of the helm et. I walked out to the end of the
l i f e lin e but could not determine what d ir e c tio n I should return. I
walked in what I th o u ^ t was the rig h t d ir e c tio n when ny helmet came
out o f the w ater. I had walked toward shore and in to shallow w ater.
I walked back in to the water and had no d if f ic u lt y in reaching the
ladd er, coming up im mediately and w ithout fu rth er tro u b le. I t was a
great exp erien ce. I had been down ten minutes in nine f e e t of w ater.
"July 5 . Our operations could not go on u n til we had something on
which to f lo a t our d ivin g pun^. Owing to the f a c t th a t th is part of
the apparatus was q u ite heavy, w eighing approximately 600 pounds w ith
the two 100-pound f l y w h eels, th is had to be very su b sta n tia l. W e
decided th at our su re st way was to con stru ct a r a f t , but our a v a ila b le
m aterials were very sca rce. W e did manage to fin d a few large timbers
12" X 12" which we sawed and used as a frame. Having a large flo a t
donated to us fo r th is work, we placed i t in the cen ter and began to
con stru ct our framework. W e encountered a great many o b sta c le s, such as
in S u ff 1 c ie iït planking, few sp ikes and other th in gs th a t made con
str u c tio n very alow. Some of these thin gs we were able to salvage a t
the Isthmus, others we had to w ait fo r . W e want through a l l of the
m aterial a t the camp searching fo r the thin gs we needed. Emerald Bay
lack s a great many of those thin gs which are found in modern c iv i l iz a
tio n .
"July 4 -7 . C onstruction of r a f t , adding m aterials a s they come in .
At la s t we n a ile d on our la s t plahft and w aited fo r the tid e to
f lo a t i t p ea cefu lly in the w ater, the heavy punp seeming to a ff e c t i t
l i t t l e . At l a s t , a fte r much delay we were ready to s ta r t our r ea l work,
using the d ivin g apparatus fo r the purpose of c o lle c t in g marine sp ec i
mens.
1 . The diary o f Mr. Raymond Crawford is used to supplement the one lo s t by
the w riter in the f ir e fo llo w in g the earthquake of îi^rch 10, 1933.
2 2 .
"July 8 . W e p u lled the r a ft out toward the weat sid e of the bay,
and having secured punpers we sta rted to work, Reddick going down
f ir s t # A fter 15 minutes he came up, te e th ch a tterin g w ith the c o ld .
I knew ny- turn was n ext. Hot w ithout strange foreboding did I put
on the wet sw eatsh irt and make ready to submerge Into 20 f e e t o f
w ater. I was wearing an old p a ir of knickers which were of l i t t l e
value so I l e f t them on over m y bathing trunks. I went over the s id e ,
adju sted ny l i f e lin e under l e f t arm and rehearsed ny s ig n a ls . The
heavy helmet was placed over ny head on ny shoulders- the punps were
manned. I could hear the h is s as each of the three cy lin d ers pushed
i t s load o f fr e sh a ir through the three openings in the top and sid es
o f the helm et. A ll was ready- I took a la s t g lin p se of the ob jects on
the surface and then p u lle d n y s e lf down the descending l in e . Almost
immediately I f e l t the a ir in creasin g on ny ear drums, ju s t as one does
when he goes down a h i l l r a p id ly . As I f e l t the added pressure 1
swallowed and r e l i e f was immediate. P resen tly I was on the bottom. If
I had any fe a r s when I sta rted down, they disappeared as I gazed about
me. Everywhere were f is h of variou s s iz e s and c o lo r s- great p lan ts
reached n ea rly to th& su rfa ce. Spiney sea urchins were in every crev ice
o f the rock s, w h ile slu g g ish sea cuctW^ere move slow ly about. F ish
swam la z ily about, peering in to the helmet th ro u ^ ny fa ce p la t e . Truly
I was in a new w orld, one ra rely observed by man. I dimly r e c a lle d a
Beebe making a statem ent sim ila r to t h i s , *I w i l l study f i s h not as man
to book, but as man to fis h .*
"I explored fo r a w hile and then gave the ascending s ig n a l. I caught
hold of the ascending lin e smd came to the surface w ithout d i f f i c u lt y .
Without r e a liz in g the p assin g time I had been down 20 m inutes. I b e lie v e
I am the f i r s t man to walk on the bottom in k n ick ers.
"July 9 . Bad weather co n d itio n s - no d ivin g todayi W e made a f i e l d
tr ip today a t low tid e and c o lle c te d a few specimens such as sea hares
and C a lifo rn ia wavey to p s.
"July 10. Each of us went down tw ice. I tr ie d to spear some f i s h
but w ithout su cc ess. I gathered a few b r it t le s t a r s and some sea hares.
W e a lso secured a few long-sp in ed sea urch in s. I s t i l l have some
d if f ic u lt y in walkings seem too buoyant. The second time down Reddick
placed a s ix -fo o t lo g chain around the helmet so I had no fu rth er
d if f ic u lt y In walking from la ck of w eigh t. I was down tw ice; once 20
minutes a t 22 f e e t and again 23 minutes a t 22 f e e t .
"July 11. I went down once. I am becoming accustomed to handling
n y s e lf on the bottom. Walk w ith ease and freedom. W e are now looking
for rarer specim ens. I fin d the most d esirab le m aterial to be found
under the rocks, so I use a wrecking bar to turn over the large ones.
L ife abounds under the ston es; the larger th e stone the b e tte r the
specim ens. Owing to the fa c t th at under water stones weigh l e s s , a
stone of tremendous s iz e may be turned over. This opened the f i e l d
to newer v a r ie tie s of s t a r f is h , e s p e c ia lly b r it t le s t a r s , of which we
found a great many.
On th is descent we went down deeper than usual - 35 f e e t . The
bottom here (out on the r ee f on the w est sid e o f the bay) was q u ite
the most wonderful I have seen . Great v a lle y s seem to lead through
great mountains of rock, looking ju st lik e mountains on the su rfa ce.
F ish swam m a jestic a lly through them, taking only a mild in te r e s t in
2 3 .
me as I walked down these great v a lle y s on the sea bottom. The ground
sw ells to ss the p la n ts to and fro ju s t as the wind blows the shrubs on
land.
The water is ic y c o ld , but I fin d ny endurance is good, fo r I have
been down 25 m inutes. One descent today - 25 minutes a t 35 f e e t .
"July 13. Sona of the boys discovered a young octopus under the
p ie r th is morning, so I made a surface dive and secured i t . I was in
8 f e e t o f w ater, which was an easy d iv e , but v i s i b i l i t y is very poor
when there is nothing over on e's e y e s, so i t is not an easy f e a t to
p ick a liv in g o b ject o ff th e bottom.
I made two regular dives th is morning. F ir st; procured four
b r it t le s t a r s , two sea cucumbers, and one abalone. Second; hermit
crab s, two s t a r f is h , and sev era l sea urchins of various s iz e s .
During these op eration s, company arrived - the camp doctor and a
young lady v is it o r a t camp. Upon in v ita tio n , both went down fo r a
few m inutes, proving the p r a c tic a b ility of the apparatus fo r both
men and women stu d en ts.
Furthermore the seas were running so heavy and the ground sw e lls
were so bad w hile we were on the bottom that we decided i t would be
im practical to continue before tomorrow morning. W e took our day's
specimens ashore and there c a r e fu lly preserved them.
"P. M . July 15. Weather c le a r s . I went down once t h is afternoon
fo r 23 m inutes. I attempted to spear some f is h w hile on the bottom
by a new method I thought would work i f properly enployed. Knowing
that f i s h were q u ite fond of abalone meat, I tie d some to a rock and
l e t i t sin k to the bottom ju s t below where we were working. The f i s h
seemed to enjoy the b a it but the b ig ones were wary and did not g et
c lo s e en ou ^ to permit m e to spear them. The fa c t th a t the spear was
fa rth er away from the f is h than i t seemed to be was very d isco n certin g ,
fo r a lth o u ^ the spear seemed to alm ost touch the f i s h i t wa# r e a lly so
fa r away that the f i s h would in variab ly move before the thrust could
reach home and u su a lly the spear would come ju s t c lo se enough to knock
o ff a few s c a le s . I was attem pting to secure some gian t sheephead,
probably w eighing 25 or 30 pounds, but w ithout su ccess fo r reasons
sta te d above. However, I did con trive to secure one very p retty
G aribaldi perch and one e e l of about 18 in ch es. The e e l are very
ravenous feed ers and are l i t t l e a fr a id , consequently I had l i t t l e
trouble in spearing th is one# Each time a f is h i s speared i t n e c e s s i
ta te s coming to the surface to have i t removed. Other slow moving
anim als, such as s ta r fis h , m ollusks, and the lik e , are placed in a
gathering bag suspended on a rope from the r a f t . This i s afterwards
drawn to the su rface, the specimens removed and placed in a wooden
p a il on top o f the r a ft.
A fter each o f us was down once we were thoroughly c h ille d , and
c a lle d i t a day.
"July 14. A. M . W e sta r te d to work th is morning a t approximately
nine o 'c lo c k . This morning we used fo r the f i r s t time 100 f e e t of
l i f e lin e in stead of 50 f e e t which we had been using p rev io u sly . V /e
a lso added a new t a i l hose to the helm et. W e made an atten p t to use
both helm ets a t the same t lg e , but we found the use of both a t the
same time to be im p ractical, owing to the fa c t th at i t was necessary
to keep both the same le v e l always or one helmet would receiv e the
24
greater p ortion of the a ir .
"With the long hose exp loration was much more s a tis fa c to r y , fo r the
range a t one descent was more than doubled. The water th is morning is
more p leasan t than u su a l, probably owing to the warm day. The sea is
smooth and the ground sw e lls very to le r a b le .
"The d ivin g is much b e tte r than any time b efo re. I discovered a
new type of sea urchin which we had not seen in th is lo c a lit y before;
the sh ort spined type. A ll v is ib le sea urchins were of the long
spined v a r ie ty . I found th ese under large aton es. I a lso found fozms
of s ta r fis h which we had not p rev io u sly seen in c o lle c tin g .
" B r ittle sta r s are very numerous under rocks o f such s iz e as about
30 pounds or larger; the larger the rock the la rg er the s t a r f is h and
the greater the v a r ie ty o f l i f e . Under some of these large numbers of
hermit crabs would be found. They would crawl away rapidly looking
very much as though the ston es them selves were moving by some in v is i
b le fo r c e . I was q u ite t h r ille d a t one time th is morning. I succeeded
in tu rn ii^ over a rock w eighing no le s s than 150 pounds and saw two
octo p i under i t which I grabbed w ith l i t t l e h e s ita tio n . They were so
slip p ery and both obtained such grip s on ny w r ist th at one got away.
I went w ith great haste to the descending lin e w ith the other one, gave
the sig n a l to come tq), and climbed to the r a ft where I gave i t to a
member of th e crew. I t was an in te r e stin g eap erien ce, but the octop i
were sm all (about 12 to 15 inches a c r o ss).
"P. M # Reddick and I scheduled to take scou ts on a nature study
h ik e. (I am not v e iy e n th u s ia s tic ). Later - Hike la ste d u n til about
3 :3 0 . I t w asn't so bad a fte r a l l . I went down tw ice th is afternoon
but secured nothing of inportance. F ir s t: 25 minutes in 25 f e e t of
w ater. Second: 20 minutes in 25 f e e t of w ater.
"This evening I went fis h in g on the r a ft a t 7:20 - I t was rather
e x c itin g . I caught three sharks, w eighing from 3 to 6 pounds. Not
id e n tifie d y e t . P ecu liar looking f i s h . I caught 3 others: one c a lic o
bass; a sm all e e l and a sm all octopus. Quit at 10:40.
"July 15. This morning very co o l; we g e t a la t e s ta r t fo r d iv in g .
Took the camp h e a lth examination a t nine o 'c lo c k . Passed a l l r ig h t.
"Started to dive a t 9:50. W e move the r a ft out in the bay about
75 f e e t . I reconnoitered f i r s t in the g la ss bottom boat to fin d the
b e st look in g p la ces fo r specim ens. I went down f i r s t a t 10- 25 A. M .
As I sta r ted away from the r a ft I n o ticed an old sto v e . I took zzy
wrecking bar and p u llin g on one s id e , turned i t over. Great masses
o f sooty m aterial seemed to escape from the wrecked stove which
seemed quite n atu ral b u t, being in q u is itiv e , I reached down and put
ny hands in to the mass when, much to ny su rp rise , i t turned out to
be a sea hare of enormous dimensions - by fa r the la r g e st I had ever
seen . I took one back to th e gathering bag. I returned to the stove
and secured another, cariyin g i t in ny l e f t arm p r e c ise ly as a fo o t
b a ll player carried a fo o t b a ll. Anyone would indeed be amazed to see
% person on the ocean bottom lean in g forward and tr a v e lin g w ith gian t
str id e s one uses under water carrying an animal nearly as large and
shaped lik e a f o o t b a ll. When I had fin is h e d I had four of these huge
m ollusks, each one w eighing between 10 and 12 pounds. To m e i t was
a r ic h fin d .
"In ny second forenoon t r ip , time was so lim ited that I could do
l i t t l e . I secured an abalone, and turning over a large stone secured
2 5 .
a b r it t le s t a r and another v a r ie ty w ith great nWbere of fea th e r y -lik e
p ro jectio n s on i t s rays. M y time sig n a l comes from the l i f e lin e ; i t
is the end o f morning a c t i v i t i e s , for we cannot affo rd to miss lunch.
Working in the cold water tends to give an in d ivid u al a very keen
a p p e tite .
"P. M. Took the r a ft out northwest o f the p oin t th is sifternoon.
Moved three tim es tryin g to secure a good lo c a tio n . Reddick went down a t
the f i r s t p o s itio n . W e moved ahead and I went down. A very rocky bottom.
I moved sev era l stones but found nothing unusual. Saw an octopus but
could not get i t . Down 23 m inutes.
"Change p o s itio n . Reddick secured a good s ta r fis h and a sn a il f i s h
of some kind o f which I do not know the name. I went down and secured
v eiy l i t t l e a fte r scouring the whole v ic in it y . Found a n ice s ta r f is h
and saw a sand dab b u t, having lo s t ny sp ear, was unable to get i t .
Here was a great under-water scen e. The bottom resembled a meadow
w ith tu fts of e e l grass growing, o n ce-in -a-w h ile se% weeds would be
growing above on e's head. Then ju s t beyond th is was the d e se r t. A
d esert alm ost p r e c ise ly lik e our Mojave D e se r t, except that i t was under
30 f e e t o f w ater. One se e s a p lan t once in a w h ile , a lso a few t in cans
ju st as they are seen in the r ea l d e se r t. The sim ila r ity is very s tr ik
in g . I fin d upon coming to the surface that I have been 29 minutes on
the bottom, the lo n g est sin g le period I have been down so fa r .
"Went down three tim es today.
"F irst: 22 minutes at a depth o f 28 f e e t .
"Second: 10 minutes a t a depth of 26 f e e t .
"Third: 29 minutes a t a depth of 30 f e e t .
"July 16. Attempted to take some s t i l l p ictu res th is morning but
w ithout su cc ess. W e wanted to use the g la ss bottom to take a p ictu re
of a person in d iv in g r ig . I went down and Reddick tr ie d to arrange
the blanket over the g la ss-b o z in the g la ss bottom b oat, but decided
th a t the l i n t from the blanket would a ff e c t the clearn ess o f the
p ic tu r e . I was down alm ost 18 minutes in 20 f e e t of water w hile these
attem pts were being made. 1 turned over great numbers o f ston es but
saw nothing of in te r e s t except b r it t le s t a r s which we had in p len ty
now. ¥/e then moved down the coast toward the Isthmus where Reddick
want down, but the rocks sloped a t such an angle and the stones were
so large th at he thought i t im practical to work th e re , so a fte r se
curing a large keyhole lin p e t he came to the su rfa ce.
"P . M . July 16. V /e went down to Howland's (C atalina Boys' Camp)
and made arrangements to recover an anchor f o r them in return fo r a
fr e ig h t b i l l they had paid fo r us amounting to about $ 1 .5 0 . They
towed the r a ft on down to where the anchor could be rea d ily seen .
A fter the r a ft had been tie d to a mooring, Reddick went down and re
covered the anchor in about f iv e m inutes. I t weighed only 50 pounds
so he had no trouble in bringing i t to the su rfa ce. W e earned our
money e a s ily . At th is same time Reddick found an e x c e lle n t sk eleto n
of a shark, th e head and fiv e or s ix v erteb rae.
" W e then put on a l i t t l e d ivin g e x h ib itio n fo r the boys a t the
canp. W e anchored in about 10 f e e t of water where I went down and
26,
walked under the water u n til ny helmet came couple te ly out o f the
water on th e shore s id e . I could look th r o n g the fa ce p la te and
see the people a l l about on the sh ore, even the punpers who were
fu rn ish in g the lif e - g iv in g oxygen. I walked back in to the water
u n til I disappeared from s ig h t, then explored for a w h ile and came
to th e su rface.
"Then we put on another l i t t l e stu n t fo r the boys. I put on the
helm et and went out about 10 f e e t from the r a f t . Then Reddick made
a surface dive from the r a f t , coming down and catchin g m e around the
le g s . When he had done th is I turned around, todk o ff the helmet
and handed i t to him and he placed i t on h is own head, thus making
a complete change uhder the w ater. I came to th e surface w hile
Reddick continued walking on the bottom. I t was the f i r s t time we
had tr ie d t h is and i t worked p e r fe c tly , much to the amazement of
everyone about. - - - - - -
"Then we moved the r a ft to the fa r sid e of the bay (toward our
camp) where Reddick went down and explored fo r sev era l minutes but
announced th at he had found nothing of izrportan ce. W e moved the
r a ft about 50 yards farth er along the shore lin e and I went down.
- - - - - I went out about 30 f e e t where I found n y se lf on a high
ledge w ith the d esert below . The ledge was about 10 f e e t high , so
I looked for a p lace le s s steep to go down which I soon found. I
went down to t h is f lo o r . Here was a strange p la c e . I t was the
g r e a te st depth I had been - 40 f e e t I found la t e r when I returned
to th e su rfa ce. - - - - - - - More in te r e stin g was the very large
number of f i s h a l l about ms. I found I was in a great school of
some sp ecies o f sm all f is h (about 5 inches long) w ith a blue body
and a yellow caudal f in.They were so numerous about m e th at I
could not see any great d istan ce on account o f them. Other f i s h
were a lso there in great numbers, large ones and sm all ones, a l l
somewhat in te r e ste d in what was being donw but not seeming to care
in p girticu lar. I t was a sig h t I could not r e a d ily fo r g e t. ^Shile
I was wandering around a t th at depth (on the d esert) I found a very
large s ta r fis h which, I should sa y , measured 16 inches from tip to
t ip . I t was so large th at i t wouèd not f i t in to our 50-pound c o l
le c tin g tub. Finding i t d i f f i c u lt to carry i t in ny hands, as I
had other uses fo r them, I placed i t on the fro n t of ny sweater
where i t stuck w ithout fu rth er a tte n tio n on ny p a r t. I also got two
large C a lifo rn ia wavey tops which w ere, I should sa y , 4 % - or 5 inches
across the b ase. - - - - - I f in a lly s ig n a lle d th at I was coming ip
and when I reached the top I had been down 28 m inutes, the greater
p ortion o f the time a t a depth of 40 f e e t . - - - - -
"This evening the U. S . C. c o lle c tin g b o a t, the Anton Dohrn came
in under the command of Skipper Grumbles bringing new equipment and
the photographer, Mr. L ett from Long Beach, w ith film and a l l . W e
are in sore need of form alin so I hope there i s p len ty on board fo r
any a d d itio n a l m aterial we may g e t. - - - The r a ft was p u lled ip
and anchored in Emerald Bay.
"July 17. - - - - - W e went out to the r a ft a t 9 % 25 A. M . and
2 7 .
tr ie d to r ig up both hairnets^ but found the use o f both a t present
im p raotical. Mr. L e tt, the photographer, went down to take some
p ic tu r es o f Reddick coming down the descending l i n e , but he got no
a ir and had to come up. I t seems the helm ets must be a t about the
same depth or a l l the a ir goes to the helmet nearer the su rfa ce.
Then L ett went down w ith the camera to take a few p ic tu r es of the
ocean bottom, but the camera bos leaked and he had to come ip and
try to rep air i t . I might exp lain that the camera was intended to
work in a water tig h t box, even to the extend o f winding w hile s t i l l
in th e box. L ett attem pted to f i x i t but i t continued to leak some,
although not enough to prevent i t s u se.
"In the afternoon we tr ie d to use the camera again . Reddick went
down and walked arouhd doing some c o lle c tin g w hile I tr ie d to work
the camera, but i t refu sed to fu n ctio n and he came up and todk i t
to camp to see i f he could f i x i t iq>. I spent the r e s t o f the day
f ish in g fo r e e l . I d id not make a descent today.
"July 18. Went around the p oin t to Parson's Beach, p u llin g the
r a ft w ith the motor dory. Got there about 10*30 A. M. Perhaps
three m iles and a h a lf from camp. The water deep in most p laces
but we f in a lly put in to a l i t t l e cove in water about 25 f e e t deep.
Reddick went down and secured a b e a u tifu l l i t t l e red s ta r f is h . I
fo llo w ed , the r a ft having been moved some 70 f e e t along the c l i f f .
Water seenad unusually cold but I surveyed the large rocks and the
great c l i f f a t one sid e fo r new specimens but found nothing of im
portance. Abalone were q u ite large and q u ite numerous in th is bay.
I walked seaward to the end o f the l i f e lin e (using about 50 fe a t
now) in to water about 35 f e e t deep. I t was the c o ld e s t water I had
been in up to t h is time - too cold to endure fo r any len gth of tim e.
A fter looking c a r e fu lly through the seaweed fo r new m aterial and
fin d in g none, I was given the time sig n a l and came up. I had been
down 15 minutes and had experienced th at much w in te r . Some of the
seaweed (kelp) reached to the su rfa ce.
"Nasty ground sw e lls began to kick up and so a fte r "lîarty" had
made a descent we put in to shore and a fte r b u ild in g a f ir e had
lunch. But th is time th e sw ells were so bad and the a ir so co ld
fu rth er operations were considered in p r a c tic a l. When th e dory came
a fte r us in the evening we were able to load the boat only a fte r
considerable d if f ic u lt y . The sw ells were running so high that we
had to leave the r a ft anchored there fo r the n ig h t. - - - - -
"July 19. Reddick and George leave at 5:00 A. M. in the dory
1 . An ex tra helmet and se c tio n of hose was ren ted from Mr. Tom
Owens, San Pedro, C a lifo r n ia .
2 . One hundred f e e t o f dcenes on the bottom were shot a t th is time
but were lo s t in the Science B u ildin g a t P olytech nic High School when i t
burned fo llo w in g the earthquake of March 10, 1933.
2 8,
for P arson's and g et back w ith the r a ft in time fo r b rea k fa st. Had
a t o u ^ time on the way back as the sw ells were s t i l l very heavy.
I worked a l l forenoon tryin g to g e t the movie camera to work. Took
a few f e e t of Reddick going to the r a f t , unloading helmet and hose.
Nothing e ls e done to speak of before lunch.
"In the afternoon I went out and snapped a few f e e t o f Reddick going
down, pucp in op eration , e t c . F e lt th a t the camera might work under
water so went down in about 16 f e e t of water and tr ie d to take some
p ictu res but the camera jammed and the experiment la s te d only fiv e
m inutes.
"I went down again and sta r ted to gather specimens which we needed.
Turned over a number of ston es of large s iz e and was rewarded by fin d
ing a great number of in te r e s tin g anim als. Had not worked long u n til
I turned over a large stone under which I was d elig h ted to fin d an
octopus, the p u rsu it of thuese animals being p a r tic u la r ly p le a sin g to
me. The water came rp over ny fa ce p la te so I could not see fo r an
in s ta n t, but I f in a lly saw i t making fo r a large sto n e . I made a grab
for i t and got i t in both ny hands as i t was v eiy slip p e r y . I sig n a l
led that I was coming up and took i t to the r a ft where i t was properly
cared f o r . I went down again and saw some f i s h b u sily engaged ea tin g
something on a rock. When I got there I saw a great mass of what
seemed to be newly hatched larvae o f some s o r t. They were very numerous,
some going in to the water and some c lin g in g to the mass. I p u lle d o ff
two handfuls and took them to the gathering p a i l , and then went back
and got as many more as I could in ny two hands. They were on the
bottom of one of the large rocks I had turned. They were v e iy in te r e s t
ing but very m inute, being only about o n e -six tee n th of an inch lon g .
They seemed to be some kind of a b ag-lik e a f f a ir . W e did not then know
what they w ere, but I suspected they might be larvae e e l as I chased the
la r g e st e e l from under the rock I had ever seen . (W e found la te r th at
these were young o c to p i).
"I saw a great number of hermit crabbs under some sto n e s. - - - - - -
I c o lle c te d some strange looking sta iT ish and got another g ian t key
hole 1 in p et. - - - - I had been down nearly 33 m inuteâ, - the lon gest
time I had been down y e t . The depth was 22 f e e t .
"W e moved the r a ft 160 f e e t o ff P re n tiss P oint where Reddick went
down and secured a hairy s t a r f is h , some eggs (look lik e sea urchin
Qggs) , some abalone, e t c . I went down in the same p lace and c o lle c te d
some b r it t le s t a r s , a red s ta r fis h and a blue s t a r f is h . - - - - - I
chased another octopim but could not g e t down low e n o u ^ on account
of the rocks and the fa c t th a t th is water ran in to the helmet when I
tr ie d to stoop over. - - - - - W e quit a t 4:30 P. M., took our equip
ment to camp and prepared to care for our specim ens.
"July 20. Water rough and the a ir co ld so we do not go down to
day at a l l .
"July 21. Unable to g e t a crew to man the pump in the moming
u n t il a fte r 11 o 'c lo c k . Scouts are a l l busy p assin g th e ir t e s t s .
Reddick went down once and I went down once fo r about 15 minutes in
20 f e e t of water (lo ca ted in th e B ay). In the P. M. we moved the
r a ft fa rth sr out from the p o in t. - - - - I speared a good siz e d sand-
dab which was a very in te r e s tin g f is h to observe. They are the same
2 9 .
to the ocean d esert th at the horn toad is to the land d e se r t. The
a ir was very c o ld , a co ld wind blowing and the w ater, of cou rse,
co ld as usual so we were ^ a d to stop operations a t 5:00 P. M . The
evening is s t i l l cold -w in try, i t seems to me.
"July 22. In the forenoon we moved the r a ft out in the bay near
the covered reef* No d iv in g done before 11 o 'c lo c k . I was down once
for 15 minutes a t 20 f e e t . Procured nothing new.
"P. M * Was down fo r SO minutes a t a depth o f 24 f e e t . Secured
sev era l s ta r fis h of various v a r ie t ie s . I t is a cold aftern oon . Took
some p ic tu r es of the apparatus.
"July 25. A. M . W e moved the r a ft c lo se r to Indian Head Islan d .
I went down once fo r 25 m inutes. Captured two octop i under large
stones* I fin d the sport of catchin g them trery in te r e s tin g . - - -
I was about 90 f e e t from the r a ft when I discovered the second one
in a large abalone sh e ll* - - - - In the afternoon I went down and
loosened the anchor. I got one new specimen, a C a lifo rn ia cowrie*
- - - - A lso secured two more sea hares*
"July 24. A. M. Reddick and I paddle down to Howland's to see i f
Grumbles i s coining over w ith the Anton Dorn today. I went down once
th is moming about 80 yards o f f Indian Head. I t was a b e a u tifu l
bottom, d esert on one sid e and mountainous rooks on the oth er. - - -
Was fortu n ate in secu fin g two more liv in g C aliforn ia cowries* They
were under a large sto n e. I then made a large c ir c le on the d esert
a t the end ofimy l i f e l in e . Seein g a sand-dab ju st ahead of m e I
p u lled down the spear (the spear flo a t s above ny head attach ed to a
thong around my w r is t. In th is p o s itio n i t is not in the way) and
e a s ily speared i t . - - - - R eceivin g ny th ird time s ig n a l, I placed
the specimens in the c o lle c tin g p a il and gave the sig n a l that I was
coming to the su rfa ce. I had been down S3 minutes a t a depth of
24 f e e t .
"July 24. - - - - Afterv?ard I went out to the r a ft and made a
d escen t, when I found a four-armed s t a r fis h o f the (?) v a r ie ty .^
Coming back toward the r a ft I l i f t e d an abalone s h e ll from which an
octopus escaped, but I caught i t before i t got away. On taking a
few more step s I saw another a tten p tin g to g e t away but I c a u ^ t
i t a ls o . I experienced some d if f ic u lt y in clim bing the descending
lin e w ith them but succeeded in g e ttin g both on board. - - - - -
This was m y la s t descent to the bottom, ending one of the most
marvelous experiences I have ever had.
"July 25. M y d ivin g operations are complete so Reddick and I
scout around the bay in the g la ss bottom boat looking over the
fa m ilia r haunts where we so o ften v is it e d w hile we were on the flo o r
o f the sea . I am to leave th is P. M. so go back to pack. Reddick
w i l l im rain in canp to continue helmet c o lle c tin g for several days."
1 . This was la te r found to be Linckia colujtbiae.
3 0 .
C H A P T E R VI
SPEC IM B U S C O L L E C T E D
IN V ER TE BR A T ES
Sand sow bug (L i^ d a occid en tal is ) Dana. Secured from the rocks at P r e n tiss
P o in t. These isopods were found in numbers among the rocks and a t low tid e
in the gravel along the beach. According to Johnson and Snook, "Seashore
Animals of the P a c ific Coast," p. 292, they are the most conspicuous o f the
isopods found along th is se c tio n o f the C a lifo rn ia c o a st. Specimens were pre
served in 70^ e th y l a lc o h o l.
S tr ic e d shore crab (Pachygrausus crass lues ) R andall. Pound along the rocks a t
P ren tiss P oint as w e ll as a t "A" and "B" on P la te 7 . Some were taken from the
water where they had dropped w hile tr y in g to escap e. They varied g rea tly in
s iz e , from one to four centim eters across the carapace ; and in color from a
lig h t to a dark pu rp le. Specimens were preserved in 4/2 Formalin and in 70^
a lc o h o l.
Purple crab (R andallia ornata) R an dall. Secured at low tid e along the beach.
Specimens taken had a p ecu lia r in fla te d appearance and were q u ite uniform in
s iz e , being four and one h a lf centim eters in breadth. Formalin was used as a
p r e ser v a tiv e.
Southern k elp crab (B cialtua n u t t a ll i i ) R andall. Only two specimens were taken
during the summer, - they were washed on to the beach along w ith some p ie c e s o f
k e lp . The specimens were preserved in 70^ a lc o h o l.
The moss crab(Loxorhvnchus orisu atu s) Stinq>aon. Several sm all specimens were
taken from under the rocks a t depths ranging from 12 to 30 f e e t . This sp ecies
cannot be said to be p le n t if u l. They have a h ab it o f scurrying for cover when
the p ro tectin g rock was removed. Perhaps many escaped n o tic e in th is way w h ile
the water was f i l l e d w ith flo a tin g p a r tic le s d islod ged when the rock was moved.
31*
The liampy crab (Xanthiaa ta y lo r i) Stinçaon* Three specimens were found under
a large rook o f f P re n tiss P oint a t a depth of 12 fe e t# They are very r e tir in g
and seek the s h e lte r o f p ro tectin g rooks once they are distu rb ed .
(Cvoloxanthous novemdentatua ) Lookington. One specimen was secured from under a
large rock ju s t o f f P re n tiss Point a t a depth o f 18 fe e t*
Giant k ev -h o le-1 imnet (Megathura cragrolata) Sowerby# Three specimens were se
cured# One in th e deeper water o f f P ren tiss P o in t, one on the base of the sub
merged r e e f, and one on a large rock ju s t south of Indian Head Rock# A ll were
found a t a depth of 25 feet# Specimens were preserved in Formalin a fte r the
fo o t had been in je c te d a t sev era l p oin ts w ith the preservative#
The dwarf crab (P ella tumida) Lookington# Two specimens of th is sp ecies were
found under a large rock o ff P re n tiss Point in 18 f e e t of water# Under d ivin g
c o n d itio n s, th is crab is very d if f i c u lt to fin d both because o f i t s sm all s iz e
and because o f the f a c t th a t i t i s covered w ith algae# This perhaps accounts
fo r the fa c t th at but two specimens were taken# According to Johnson and Snook,
O p# c it# p. 369, th is sp ecies w ill d e lib e r a te ly decorate i t s e l f w ith seaweed#
The f i l e s h e ll (lim a dahiscens) Conrad# The f r a i l w hite s h e ll and the long
orange co lo red , thread lik e te n ta c le s are a str ik in g con trast to the somber
browns o f the flo o r of the bay# I t i s a rare sig h t indeed to see the rhythmatic
opening and c lo sin g of the valves as the ^ ecim en t r ie s to escape when the pro
te c tin g rook has been removed# Two specimens were taken# They were preserved in
70^ a lco h o l and soon l o s t th e ir bright colors#
Sea cucumber (Stichonua ca lifo rn io u s 1 Stimpson# Several sm all specimens were
taken from among the rocks a t 18 f e e t o f water# One contracted specimen was
three centim eters long# The larger ones were everywhere to be found on the flo o r
og the bay p a r tic u la r ly near the rocks and e’ gen on the sandy flo o r in c lo se
proxim ity to the rocks# By c lo s e ly watching one a t work on the bottom one can
32#
see the siphon open and the l i t t l e cloud of sand that is r a ised as the water i s
forced out# Although large specimens were found in abundance the sm aller ones
seemed to be d i f f i c u lt to find# They are vezy u n sa tisfa cto ry as preserved
m aterial as they have the habit of e v ic tin g the v isc e r a when handled# The sm all
ones seemed much e a sie r to preserve than the l a r ^ ones in th is respect# An
attem pt was made to preserve large ones in both form alin and alcoh ol but w ithout
success# However, the sm all specimens were placed in each of the above preserva
tiv e s w ith su c c e ss, the c h ie f d if f ic u lt y encountered w ith the sm all ones being
the tendency to contract#
Long snined sea urchin (Strongvlocentrotus fran oiscanus) A. Agassiz# A very conM
mon sp ecies in the w aters around C atalina Islan d wherever rocks are in evidence#
In the many descents made by tie author in the w aters around Laguna Beach th is
sp ecies was never encountered#
Purple sea urchin (Strongylooentrotus purpuratus) Stimpson# This sp ec ies was
found on th e large rocks near the base of the submerged r e e f, marked xxxx. on
P lata 7# On one of the large rocks a t ”B * * on P lata 7 they were so numerous as
to alm ost com pletely cover the rock# At low tid e th is rdck was 18 f e e t below the
surface# So numerous were they in th is p a r ticu la r lo c a tio n th a t nine o f them
were picked up in one hand# They seemed to be m igrating toward the reef as many
of them were found on th e sandy flo o r of the bay several f e e t from the submerged
rocks# When preserved in 70^ a lc o h o l, specimens lo s t much o f th e ir purple color#
A fter several years of c o lle c t in g in the w aters o f Southern C a lifo m ia the author
has found th a t 70^ a lco h o l is a more la s tin g p reservative than 4^ form alin but
th at co lo rs are more lia b le to fade in the a lco h o l than in the formal in solu tion *
B r ittle s ta r (Ophioulocus esmarki) lyman# Numerous specimens of th is sp ecies were
taken e sp e c ia lly in the rocks adjacent to P ren tiss Point# Sometimes as many as
h a lf a dozen were secured under the same rock# They seek cover quickly as soon
33#
as they are l e f t uncovered# P lacin g them d ir e c tly in the preserving f lu id was
very u n sa tisfa cto ry as tliey would always cu rl up the aims# Near tlie end of the
c o lle c tin g season i t was found that by p la cin g them in tap water fo r a time they
would r e la x and could then be preserved#
B r ittle s t a r (O phiothrix sn icu la ta ) Le Conte# This sp ec ies was common under the
ston es near the P oin t as w ell as along the reef#
S eroen t-star (O nhiooteris n a n illo s a ) Lyman# The arms o f th is sp ecies have
narrow dark bands around them# The arms seem to be rather s o ft as many o f the
specimens taken were damaged to such an extend that they were of no value#
The banded se ro e n t-sta r (Obhionereis annulata) Le Conte# These b r it t le sta r s
were found under the rocks near the P oint in water varying in depth from 6 to 20
fe e t# The arms seeiiied to be e s p e c ia lly b r it t le on t h is sp ecies#
The "8nak(^)Skin" b r it t le s t a r (Oohioderma -panamensis) Lutken# This was one o f the
la r g e st sp ecies taken# Specimens were secured under rocks in the deeper water
o ff the Point# Individual specimens were v eiy a c tiv e , were dark in color and the
arms tapered gradually from near th e cen ter toward the end#
fLiM ATria columbiae iGrav# This i s one o f the most in te r e stin g o f the specimens
taken because of the v a r ia b ilit y of the number of rays and the v a r ia tio n in the
s iz e of the in d ivid u al rays# S ix specimens were taken, only two of which had a
cou p lets s e t o f arms, and the number of arns varied from th r ee , in two of the
specim ens, to s ix , in the larger ones secured#
The ochre s ta r fis h (P isa ste r ochracaus) Brandt# Several sm all specimens of th is
sp ecies were taken from under the rock near the P o in t. Larger in d ivid u als were
found on the rocks in the deeper water along the sh eltered sid e of the reef#
The s o f t s t a r f is h (Astrom etis s e r tu life r a ) Xanthus# T his sp ecies was quite
conmon under the larger rocks# I t was very d i f f i c u lt to preserve because o f the
tendency of the arms to tear o ff# When pèaced in the c o lle c tin g tub th is farm
would u sually become flabby and more or le s s form&ess#
3 4 .
The red s ta r fis h (Aatgr i,^ min ia ta ) Brandt. But one specimen of th is sp ecies
was secured. I t is a very str ik in g in appearance, being reddish^orange in color
and the d isc extending out between the arms g iv in g them a short stubby appearance.
The sea hare (Tethvs c a lifo r n ie n ) Cooper. S everal sm all specimens were secured
during the summer. Three ex cep tio n a lly large ones were found in an old stove
which had been discarded near the P o in t in about 20 f e e t of w ater. They were
about the s iz e of an ordinary fo o t b a ll. These specimens were so large that i t
was considered im practical to try to preserve them and they were returned to the
bay.
The nut-brown cowry (O.voraea sr>adicea) Swains on. Three large in d ivid u als were
found during the summer. T his sp ecies is not common in the w aters of Emerald
Bay. The specimens th a t were taken were found in water about 18 f e e t deep. In
preparing the in d ivid u al cow ries they were b o ile d in tap water and the inner
part of th e s h e ll was removed by means o f a bent w ire.
The large coffee-b ean s h e ll (T rivia solan d ri) Gray. One specimen o f th is sp ecies
was found under a large rock c lo s e inshore near P re n tiss P o in t. They blend so
p e r fe c tly w ith th e ir surroundings th at many were perhaps uncovered during the
course of the summer but went unnoticed.
The C a lifo rn ia coffee-b ean s h e ll (T rivia c a l i f arniana)Gray. One specimen of th is
sp ecies was taken during the c o lle c t in g . I t is q u ite sim ila r to the one mentioned
above but much sm aller in s i z e .
(P lab eli^i„n^ Cooper, Two specimens of th is b e a u tifu l v io le t colored
molluak were secured during the summer. I t is indeed a n ev er-to -b e-fo rg o tten
sig h t to come across one of them in th e ir n ative environm ent. The orange-red
rhinophores and b r illia n t orange colored ce rata con trast s tr ik in g ly w ith the
v io le t purple of the body. When extended, the len g th o f the body was eig h t
cen tim eters. This was the most b e a u tifu l and seemingly f r a g ile of a l l the
3 5 .
specimens secured. The p ity of i t i s th at when preserved in 70^ a lco h o l the
specimens alm ost couple te ly lo s t th e ir b r illia n t c o lo r s .
Hermit crab (P aguristes ulre.vi) Schm itt. Several specimens were taken from
p r a c tic a lly every roclsy lo c a tio n . They were also taken a t p r a c tic a lly a l l depths,
being more numerous from 12 to 20 f e e t .
Ootonus (Polvpi^ ? T i^ im açu iatu s ) V e r r ill. Many in d ivid u als of th is sp ecies were
taken during th e summer. Their fa v o tite hid in g place was under a large f l a t
rock. They blend w ith th e ir surroundings so p e r fe c tly th at they were q u ite lik e ly
to be overlooked u n til one became accustomed to fin d in g them. Contrary to popu
la r b e lie f they are very cowardly and w i l l escape rap id ly through th e water i f
they are not approached w ith c a re. When captured they w i l l wrap th e ir te n ta c le s
around the hand and arm and try to s l i p out of one's graps. The su ctio n d isc s
g iv e a stic k y sen sa tio n when they are ap p lied to th e bare sk in . However, they
are e a s ily removed when one comes to the surface w ith them. I f placed in an
open con tain er w h ile on the bottom they w i l l u su ally escape i f p o s s ib le . An
in te r e s tin g featu re discovered concerning the octopus was the p lace and the
method o f d ep o sitin g th e ir eg g s. The eggs are attach ed to the under sid e of a
rock in the form of long c lu ste r s (P late 1 2 ). The young, when hatched, are three
m illim eters lon g, and even a t th is stage the e i ^ t te n ta c le s nay be seen under
low m agn ification . The su ctio n d is c s are a lso v is ib le on these specim ens. See
P la te 13. Several sta g es of eggs were taken as w e ll as three d iffe r e n t stages
of young.
The sh e lte r of the p ro tectin g rock is apparently w e ll chosen as they are im
m ediately preyed upon by variou s sp e c ie s o f f is h once they are d istu rb ed . During
the summer of 1932 a number o f recen tly hatched octop i were taken, a few of
which wens preserved in B ouin's so lu tio n a fte r having been hardened in 50^
a lc o h o l. V/hile c o lle c tin g in 1932 sev era l egg d ep o sits were discovered as w e ll
PLATE I S .
A CLUSTER OP OCTOPI EGGS X 8 .
- P o in t o f
a t t a c h m e n t
3 6 .
as a quantity o f the r ec en tly hatched young. These were preserved in 70^
a lc o h o l.
Black abalone (H a lio tia cra ch a ro d ii) Leach. In dividuals of th is sp ecies were
common e s p e c ia lly in the rocky a r ea s. They were most numerous, however, in the
rocky recesses not p la in ly v is ib le from the su rfa ce. Signs in exposed p laces on
the rocks in d icated th at they had been removed by a long handled spear, a p ra ctice
which i s more or le s s general in the sh eltered waters around C atalina Islan d .
The corrugated abalone (H a lio tis corrugata) Gray, Two sm all in d iv id u a ls of th is
sp ec ies were taken. They were lo s t along w ith the r e s t o f the specimens in the
earthquake o f March 10, 1933.
The C a lifo rn ia wavev ton (Pomaulax undosum) Woods R ogers, "The S h e ll Book," p .
211 thus l i s t s th is sp e c ie s . However, Johnson and Snook, ^Seashore Animals of
the P a c ific Coast", p . 546, c a ll i t by the name of A straea undo sa Wood. This
sp ecies is common in the submerged rocky areas æid large specimens were taken.
Some as la rg e as f iv e inches aerross the base were found. They w ere, in some
c a s e s , found fa r tp on the v e r tic a l sid e of large rock s, in d ica tin g that they
were ab le to firm ly grasp the su rfa c e. However, when disturbed even s l i ^ t l y
they would immediately drop to the bottom.
PLATE 13,
RECEITTLY ILA.TCHSL OCTOPI ( P o l y p u s L l m a o u l a t u s )
X 25
Two s t a g e s o f y o u n g o c t o p i . T h e o n e a t t h e r i g h t
r e c e n t l y h a t c h e d . , ITote t h e w e l l d e v e l o p e d s u c t i o n
d i s k on t h e t e n t a c l e s .
3 7 .
V E R TE BR A TE S
Many o f the verteb rates taken during the course o f the summer were secured
by means of the sp ear, w h ile many others were taken by hook and lin e# The fo llo w
ing f i s h were secured in and around the area covered by the d ivin g operations:
Garibsadi. neroh. (Rvpsypo-ps rubicundus) Girard. This sp ec ies was common in every
s itu a tio n where the d ivin g was done among the rocks and seaweed. The sm aller
specimens were b r illia n t ly colored deep orange w ith many b rig h t blue sp ots sc a t
tered th rou ^ ou t the an terior h a lf o f th e in d iv id u a l. The old er specimens were
orange colored th r o u ^ o u t. This sp ec ies was one of the e a s ie s t to take w ith the
spear as they were rath er in q u is itiv e and would return to browse among the sea
weed i f n o t injured in th e f i r s t attem pt to take them. Specimens were taken only
o cca sio n a lly w ith hook and l in e , the b a it used being a p iece of abalone meat.
According to the Handbook of Common Commercial and G am e F ish es o f C a lifo r n ia , F ish
B u lle tin No. 28. by L ion el A. Walford, the catch o f th is f i s h is of s lig h t com
m ercial importance and is taken only o cca sio n a lly by amateur fisherm en.
Moray e*^l, f m o r d a at;) Garman. A s l y , untrustworthy looking animal which
i s u su ally seen , i f seen a t a l l during the daytime, w ith i t s head th rust out from
under a rock, mouth open and wicked te e th in both upper and lower jaw qu ite in
evid en ce. These were not taken with the spear but were secured w ith hook and lin e
They were a t a l l tim es a s limey animal and wïien once captured they become a writhf-
ing mass from which i t i s hard to r e tr ie v e a hodk, f o r they u su a lly swallow the
b a ited hook, and then seek cover under the rock s.
P a c ific mackeral. (Pneronato-phorus ianonicus diegoj F ish B u lle tin No. 28. S p eci
mens were taken on hook and lin e during ea rly morning fish in g and la t e in the
evening. At tim es they seemed more p le n t if u l than a t o th e rs, apparently seeking
the p ro tec tio n of the cove from larger sp e c ie s .
Scul-pin, (SQqrpaana g u tta ta ) Jordan. Because o f i t s c o lo r a tio n and the structure
of i t s f in s th is is r e a lly a form idable looking animal when seen in any h a b ita t.
3 8 .
The f in s are f i t t e d w ith inany sp ines and w i l l p rick and in fe c t the hands u n less
care i s ex ercised in handling them. These f i s h were o f medium s iz e , u su a lly s ix
to ten inches in len g th , and were frequ en tly taken w ith the spear because of th e ir
h ab it of in d ifferen ce to the man in the helm et. They were a lso taken on hook and
lin e .
Sand dab. (Ortho-psetta sordida) Jordan. These curious looking f i s h were found
on the sandy waste bordering the rooky reg io n s. They blended so p e r fe c tly in
c o lo r a tio n w ith th e ir surroundings, and the fa c t th a t they would remain motion
le s s u n til c lo s e ly approached, made them very d i f f i c u lt to fin d the early part of
the summer. This sp ecies never appeared to be p le n tif u l and when disturbed would
seem to s l i p along over the sandy f lo o r o f the bay fo r a few f e e t and then s e t t l e
in to a depression o f th e bottom , i t being very d i f f i c u l t to see them even when in
motion u n less one happened to be look in g rig h t a t them. According to W alford,
B u lle tin No. 28, these are an important fr e sh f i s h in the markets o f C a lifo rn ia .
The Qual-e.ve or button nerch, (G ir e lla n ig r ic a n s) Walford^ B u lle tin No. 28.
Three specimens # sre taken w ith the sp ear. They averaged e i ^ t inches in len g th ,
were o liv e green in color and had a w hite sp ot on each sid e o f the back. They
seem to go in sm all sch ools and are u su ally found sev era l f e e t from th e bottom .
K elu b a ss. (Paralabrax cla th ra tu s) Jordan, p. 328; B u lle tin No. 28, p. 91.
Several of th is sp ecies were taken North o f the r ee f as w e ll as around Indian
Head HoCk. They were a m ottled greenish-gray f i s h about tw elve inches lon g,
found among the k elp or dense seaweed.
The C a lifo rn ia f ly in g f i s h . (Ovuselurus c a lifo r n ic u s ) Jordan, p . 213; B u lle tin
No. 28, p. 52. These f i s h were abundant in the cove on sev era l even in gs. A
rather unique method was d evised fo r secu rin g specim ens. A Coleman la tern was
taken down to the dock and w h ile one man fla sh ed the lan tern toward the water
the other man stood in fr o n t of him w ith a b a seb a ll b at and knocked the fly in g
3 9 .
f i s h down as they soared toward the lig h t . Thirteen were taken in t h is way in
one even in g.
Qohiufl zebra. G ilb e r t. Jordan and Sverman, F ish es of North and Middle America,
1898, V ol. 3 , p . 2226. One specimen only was secured during the operations a t
Emerald Bay. I t was secured in an o ld abalone s h e ll in 18 f e e t o f w ater. A
very b e a u tifu l f i s h , cherry red in co lo r w ith narrow purple s tr ip e s running round
the body. The p ity is th a t the specimen lo s t most o f the b r illia n t c o lo r when
placed in 70^ a lco h o l p r e se r v a tiv e . The specimen was 38 m m . long#
4 0 .
OHAPTSR 7 1 1
PHDTOGRAPHBTG IM DBR-pA^
"Photographic con d ition s beneath the surface are d eceivin g even
to the experienced, and th erefore frequent f a ilu r e s should not
be d iscou raging. However, a c a r e fu l study of the lim itin g condi
tio n s o f the immediate working f i e l d w i l l bring g r a tify in g r e s u lts
and paying fo o ta g e.
**While the lig h t a t the average working depth o f about twelve f e e t
in good c le a r water would seem subdued, i t has a very strong photo
graphic v a lu e . This is probably due to the p assin g o f the h igh ly
a c tin ic lig h t by the water above, which is not true in apparently
sim ila r co n d itio n s above the surface where clouds or dust a c t to
retard the lig h t .
"The above i s borne out by the f a c t th a t the b e st photographic
lig h t below the surface is when the sun is high and that the lig h t
f a l l s o f f rap idly as the angle is in creased , so th at the middle of
the day i s the b e st time fo r under-sea photography.
"The easy p o r ta b ility of the 16 nm. motion p ictu re machine has made
p o ssib le the takin g of under-sea l i f e w ith v eiy simple equipment
and the s iz e and conpactness of the SIM PLEX P O G K E T T B renders i t
id ea l fo r our purpose. A fter a l l , i t i s the more intim ate view s
of sea l i f e th at are d esirab le fo r our purpose and the extreme
p o r ta b ility enables us to approach our su bject w ith ease and rap i
dity#
"The w a te r -tig h t case i s sin p le to operate, having a l l co n tro ls ex
tended to th e ou tsid e except the diaphragn s e t t in g . This i s not so
necessary as the change o f lig h t is n o t rapid and th e f i e l d o f v is io n
is con fin ed to a very sm all area thus rendering frequent lig h t a d ju st
ments unnecessary. Determine the proper diaphragm s e ttin g before
c lo s in g the case and the e n tir e f i f t y f e e t o f film in the magazine can
be used before i t should become necessary to change the se ttin g under
average c o n d itio n s.
"The use o f any good scale or meter w ill determine the proper diaphragm
s e ttin g by a imply taking a reading a t the surface and then su b tractin g
the proper percentage o f retard , which should be predeterm ined by
a ctu a l t e s t . The t e s t should of course be made fo r the middle of the
day and then bear in mind th at th e lig h t f a l l s o ff rap idly below the
surface when the sun is a t an angle o f 30 degrees from the m eridian.
Without a t e s t the s e ttin g should be about 40^ retard a t a depth o f ten
f e e t in reasonably c le a r water w ith a lig h t sand bottom."
1. The above in str u c tio n s were furnish ed the author by l/Ir. Royal A. L ett
o f Long Beach, C a lifo rn ia , who con stru cted the under-sea camera box used during
the c o lle c t in g . P ictu res taken w ith the equipment were lo s t in the earthquake
and are thus not a v a ila b le a t th is time.
41,
"Thus, a film w ith a speed value of 22 Scheiner sc a le or 972
H & D sc a le c a llin g fo r a stop of f . 16 a t the su rface, would
c a ll fo r f . 11 on the bottom, providing the film is panchromatic#
But i t must be remembered that working c lo s e to shore where high
c l i f f s a f f e c t the r e fle c te d lig h t w i l l reqtiire a la rg er opening
as w i l l working among large rocks or t a l l v e g e ta tio n . As there i s
a tendency toward green below the su rface in most sea water the
lig h te r Z . f i l t e r s are not necessary fo r good r e s u lts and the use
of e ith e r o f them would require a ca re fu l study of the immediate
situ a tio n ."
L U E I 4.
o o t& g e p o r t
' c . r t i n g l e v e r
^ ^ i y i n g
r > " o^'et
iï% -= 1 - le'r^ r
\ * r n I ,-' T r;
i. J - mLJ — 1 — tV 0
' " 1
i ■ - 1
m - cr
u' -" " T i:
16
P i l e "^Idte
4 2 .
C H A P T E R 7 III
SD M IA R Y
The prelim inary work th at was necessary before th is th e s is was sta r ted con
s is t e d in the s e le c tio n o f su ita b le d ivin g gear which required much tim e, as a
large number o f salvage establishm ents in Los A n geles, Wilmington, and San Pedro
d is t r ic t were v is it e d before the proper combination was secured. Diving was
attem pted a t several d iffe r e n t p la c e s , notably; Laguna Beach, Santa Cruz Isla n d ,
Fisherman*a Cove a t C atalina Isla n d , and a t Emerald Bay before Emerald Bay was
f in a lly chosen. The choice of Emerald Bay was made because of the f a c t th at i t
is in a c c e ssib le to the general p u b lic , the character of the water - i t being
c le a r a t a l l times and not too deep fo r th is type of work - the k in d ly a s s is
tance given by the Emerald Bay Boy Scout Gamp, and the f a c t th a t the Anton D ohm ,
the c o lle c tin g boat o f the l& iiversity o f Southern C a lifo r n ia , could be secured
in tra n sferrin g equipment and su p p lies to the base and from th e base to the
mainland.
To insure the su ccess of a p r o jec t o f th is kind a l l of the necessary sup
p lie s for the establishm ent o f a f i e l d laboratory were tran sferred to the isla n d .
An agreement v©.s reached w ith Mr. F . R. H ill, S ip erv iso r of the Scout Canp, fo r
the use of m aterials to con stru ct a d iv in g r a f t , which was done by the author
w ith the a ssista n c e o f Mr. Raymond Crawford, co-worker in the project# The
m aterials fo r the r a ft were salvaged from discarded motion p ictu re s e ts a t
Emerald Bay and the Isthmus. The se rv ic es o f Scouts were a lso secured to a s s i s t
in the work on the r a f t , notably th e running o f the a ir punp, rowing manpower,
and m aterials to and from the r a ft#
During the summer of 1932 most o f the d iv in g was done by the author or by
Mr. Crawford who had never used a helmet before coming to Emerald Bay, but who
developed in to an e x c e lle n t c o lle c to r during idie f i r s t few weeks. B esides c o l-
4 3 .
le c tîn g , many experiments were conducted to t e s t out the dependability o f the
gear under d iffe r e n t c o n d itio n s, such as the changing of the helm et w ith an
other person w h ile on th e bottom , c o lle c tin g along the bottom as the r a ft is
being towed to a new lo c a tio n , w r itin g messages on the c e llu lo id s la t e , e t c . ,
e t c . A lso during th is summer a g ir l who happened to be v i s i t in g a t camp went
down in the helm et, ju s t south of Indian Head HoCk in 25 f e e t o f water and was
down f iv e m inutes w ithout the s l i ^ t e s t i l l e f f e c t , and th is was her f i r s t
d escen t.
In view of the fa c t th a t the o r ig in a l n o te s, as w e ll as the m aterial c o l
le c te d during the summer of 1932, were l o s t in the f i r e which destroyed the
Scien ce b u ild in g a t P olytech n ic High School in Long Beach fo llo w in g the earth
quake o f March 10, 1953, an attem pt was made during the fo llo w in g summer to
rep lace i f p o ssib le the m aterial l o s t . An agreement was made w ith Mr. H ill
whereby the camp y^a to be used as during the previous summer. The author be
came a member of the canp s t a f f and the d ivin g gear was used as the camp l i f e -
savin g device in stead of grappling hooks. A ctual c o lle c t in g during th is summer
was lim ited because of th e lack o f time and due to the f a c t th at the author d id
p r a c tic a lly a l l o f the c o lle c tin g a t th is tim e. During th is period i t was de
cided by the Senior S ta ff th a t any boy who q u a lifie d in swimming could go down
in the helm et. The r a ft was moved inshore where the w ater was about 18 f e e t
deep and every day fo r ten days the boys from oajzp used the gear. In th at time
more than 100 boys went down to the bottom and returned w ithout a sin g le mishap.
Only two o f those who q u a lifie d fo r swimming were unable to reach the bottom,
because o f s e n s itiv e e a r s.
One of the d u ties assign ed to the author as a member of the s t a f f was to
examine candidates fo r the Scout m erit badge in Zoology. Some of the necessary
requirements for th is badge were n ot a v a ila b le a t Emerald Bs^y, and as one of the
4 4 .
s u b s titu te s , each candidate was required to c o lle c t s ix d iffe r e n t animals from
the bottom o f the bay, usin g the helm et. Among the boys who tr ie d fo r th is
badge was a b lin d boy from one o f the S en ior High Schools in Los A ngeles. He^
was the f i r s t to q u a lify fo r th is phase of the work. The boys who used the gear
as a reward fo r th e ir p ro ficien cy in swimming as w e ll as those who q u a lifie d fo r
the badge in Zoology were a l l of jun ior and se n io r h i ^ school age. This would
in d ica te th a t danger from th is type o f c o lle c tin g , fo r th e average c o lle g e stu d en t,
under proper su p ervision , to be very remote.
In con clu sion , i t might be sta ted th at th is is not the f i r s t time th is form
o f c o lle c tin g has been su c c e s sfu lly ca rried on. The fo llo w in g experiment was
conducted by J . P . W . Pearson a t the U n iversity of Miami, F lo rid a , and is d e-
2
scrib ed in part as fo llo w s:
"Students, in the general zoology and f i e l d zoology c la s s e s o f the
U n iversity of Miami were recen tly introduced to what the w riter
b e lie v e s is an e n tir e ly new fea tu re in u n iv er sity teach in g, when
they were given an opportunity to en ter the waters o f the A tla n tic
Ocean cla d in bathing s u its and d ivin g helmets to study the animals
liv in g th ere.
"T h i r t h r e e stu ie n ts were taken on the *see-bottom -boat* w ith a
movable ^ a s s window, making regu lar tr ip s to the marine gardens
beyond Biscany Bay, near S o ld ie r Key, about f i f t e e n m iles south of
Miami. - - - - - The helm et is e a s ily handled and so sim ple to
operate th at th ir te e n stu dents were able to descend to the ocean
flo o r in twenty f e e t o f water and walk about, studying c o r a ls ,
sponges, echinoderms and f is h e s . No student had used th ese helm ets
before and sev era l were unable to swim, but not the s lig h t e s t d i f f i
c u lty was encountered in carrying out the experim ent.
1 . W illiam 0 'B rian, b lin d sin ce the age of th ree, and h is brother who was
a lso a t camp during the summer, were k ille d by th e ir mother sh o rtly a fte r re
turning home in August.
2 . Pearson, J . F. W., Experiment Carried on a t Miami U n iv ersity . Science
n. s . 68: 85-6. J l . 27, 1928.
3 . The M iller-Dunn Company, "Divinghood. "
4 5 .
"Sharks and barracuda abound in the waters about the F lorid a K eys,
but they were apparently kept o ff by the strangeness o f the appari
tio n s that con stan tly bubbled great bubbles of a ir to the surface
as they sta lk ed about among the c o r a ls, sponges and seafan s."
An a r t ic le appearing in 1900, '*Diving fo r Z oological Specimens," which,
by the way, was carried on a t Avalon, C atalina Islan d , by C. F . Holder,^
comments in part as fo llo w s;
The r e s u lt o f two days* work demonstrated the value of
th is method o f c o lle c tin g specim ens, as in using the dredle many of
the d e lic a te forms were in ju red . - - - - These experiments as pre
v io u sly suggested prove beyond q u estion the value o f the diver in
work of th is k in d , as the ground covered was a v e r ita b le fo r e s t of
m acrocysts, in which groups of rocks were sc a tter ed , making work
w ith a dredge im possible."
P la te l'ç shows a grotç> of students from P olytechnic High S ch ool, Long
Beach. Many of them are students in the c la s s in General Zoology who went
helmet c o lle c tin g w ith the author during the f a l l sem ester of 1933. These
students had no previous experience in th is form of c o lle c tin g and became en
th u sia stic about the helmet c o lle c tin g a fte r the f i r s t d escen t.
1 . H older, 0 . F . D iving fo r Z oological Specimens, S c i. Amer. 82-395,
June 1900.
A GROUP OF EIGU SCECOL I'SLI.IJiS
COLLECTORS
PLATE 1 7 .
f.
4 6 .
C H A P T E R IX
ABBREVIATED LIST O P T H E
F A U N A O F E M B E L A L D BAY, SAN TA C A TA LIN A ISLAND
C O L L E C T E D BY AID O F TH E DIVING H B M C B T
INVSRTBBBATas
Sand sow bug, (Ligyda o co id en ta lia ). Speoimena were secured from the rocks a t
A and B as w e ll as a t P re n tiss Point#
S trin ed shore crab. (Pachygra-psus crass i c e s ) . These specimens were a lso secured
a t P re n tiss P o in t and a t A and B.
Purple crabp (R andallia orn a ta ). Found in the sand and gravel a t low tid e along
the beach#
Southern k elp crab, (E pjaltus nut t a l l i l l # Found among p ie c e s of kelp washed upon
the beach#
The moss crab. (Loxorhvnchus c r is p a tu s )# Specimens were secured from under the
rooks a t a l l depths.
The lumpy crab^ (Xanthias ta v lo r i)# Found under the la rg e rocks o f f P re n tiss
P o in t.
(Gvcloxanthooa novemdentatus ) . Apparently not common in t h is region a t th is time
o f the year as but one specimen was secured during the operations#
Giant k ey -h o le-lim p et, (Megathura crem olata)# Large specimens not common and
found in deep w ater.
The dwarf crab. (P e lla tum ida). A sm all r e tir in g sp ec ies d i f f i c u lt to fin d be
cause o f i t s small s iz e and also because i t i s u su ally covered w ith red algae
which makes i t blend alm ost p e r fe c tly w ith i t s surroundings.
The f i l e s h e ll. (Lima d e h isc e n s). Found under rocks on the bottom . I t is a rea l
t h r i l l to fin d one of th ese as they are very b e a u tifu l w ith th e ir d e lic a te w hite
s h e ll and the long orange, th rea d -lik e te n ta c le s .
Sea cuouniber. (Sticho-pus c a l i f o r n ic u s). Large specimens not r e s tr ic te d to any one
4 7 .
lo c a lit y . The email ones were taken under the rocks.
Long-aplned sea urchin, (Strongylocentrotua fra n o isca n u s). Common among the
rocky s itu a tio n s .
B r ittle sta r ^ (OuhioTalocua esm arki). Specimens very common under the rocks o ff
P r e n tiss P o in t.
B r it t le s t a r . (O uhiothrix s o io u la ta ). A common sp ec ies under the ston es near the
P oint as w e ll as along the r e e f.
S e r u e n t-sta r , (O uhiouterls -p a u illo sa ). A fr a g ile form found under the rocks near
the Po in t .
The handed serp en t-star^ (Quhionereia an»m latal. Specimens o f t h is sp ec ies were
a lso very f r a g ile .
The "snafce-skin" b r it t le s t a r . lOuhioderroa uanam ensis). A v eiy la r g e , a c tiv e
s p e c ie s .
(Linckia oolum biae). A vezy in te r e s tin g , a lth o u ^ not common, sp e c ie s .
The ochre sta rfish ^ (P isa ste r ochraoeus). Small specimens were taken near
P re n tiss P oin t and larger ones were secured along the r e e f.
Thai aof t - s t a r f is h , (A strom etis s e r t u lif e r a l. Common under the rocks near the
P o in t. D if f ic u lt to preserve because i t tea rs so e a s ily .
The red s ta r f is h , (A sterina m in ia ta ). Rare in the C atalina region worked. A
b e a u tifu l sig h t in i t s n atu ral environment.
The sea hare. (Tathvs c a lifo r n ic a ) . Not abundant in the w aters of Emerald Bay.
The nut-brown cowrv. (Gvpraea su a d icea ). A b e a u tifu l foirm when viewed in the
natural environment w ith the mantle fo ld ed back over the s h e ll.
The large coffee-b ean s h e l l , (T rivia so la n d r i). I f th is sp ec ies is common in the
region o f Emerald Bay they are not rea d ily secured in th is form of c o lle c tin g be
cause of the d if f ic u lt y of se ein g tiiam in th e ir natural h a b ita t.
The C a lifo rn ia coffee-b ean s h e l l . (T rivia c a lifo r n la n a j. A rare specimen in c o l
le c tin g due to i t s s iz e and c o lo r .
4 3 .
(P la b ellln a io d ia e a ). A b e a u tifu l, fr a g ile molluak which lo s e s most of i t s co lo r
when preserved.
H ie m i t o ia b , (P aguristes u lr e v i} . A common sig h t when a rock is turned to see
them scurry fo r s h e lte r . Specimens were secured from every rocky s itu a tio n .
Octopus. (Polypua bim aculatus ). A common sp ecies found under the rocks where they
seem to hide during the day. Many c lu ste r s of eggs were taken as w e ll as large
numbers o f recen tly hatched young. See P la te s 14 and 15.
Bladc abalone. (H a lio tis c ra c h e r o d ii). Large specimens of th is sp ec ies were
common among the rocks a t a l l depths.
The corrugated abalone. (H a lio tis corru gata). Hot common in and around Emerald
Bay a t the depths from which the c o lle c tio n s were made.
The C a lifo rn ia wavev to n . (Pomaulax undosum). Large specimens were found among
the rocks a t a l l depths.
Purple sea urchin, ( Strongylooentrotus purpurotus). Com m on only in a few
s itu a tio n s such as A# and B#
4 9 .
V E R TE BR A TES
G aribaldi perch. (Evpavpops ) . This sp ec ies rather common among the rock s. Often
found feed in g on red algae and other seaweed.
Moray e e l , (Gtymnothorax mordax). Not r e a d ily seen w hile c o lle c tin g during the day
because o f th e ir h ab it of keeping under cover. The only animal encountered w hile
on the bottom o f which the author had any fe a r .
P a c ific m a ^ .er^ lf (JPneumathophorus japonicus d i e ^ ) . Specimens of th is s p e c ie s ,
a lth o u ^ f a ir ly common, always kep t th e ir d ista n ce .
SculpiUp (Scorpaena g u tta ta ). Common among rocks and seaweed, which i t c lo s e ly
resem bles in c o lo r a tio n . I t can, on occa sio n , assume a most f r ig h tfu l a ttitu d e
which was found to be m ostly b lu f f .
Sand dab. (O rthopsetta so rd id a ). Pound on the sandy str e tc h e s of the flo o r of
the bay where they blend so p e r fe c tly w ith th e ir surrouhdings th at they go im p-
n o ticed u n t il they are fo rced to move.
The opal-eve or button perch. (G ir e lla n ig r ic a n s ). Small schools o f th is sp ecies
were encountered sev era l f e e t from the bottom, both in the rooky and sandy areas.
Kelp b a ss. (Paralabrax claldiratufl ) . Specimens u su ally found among the k elp and
seaweed.
The C a lifo rn ia f ly in g f i s h . (Cypselurus c a lifo r n io u s ). This sp ec ies was taken
only a t n ig h t.
Qoblus zebra. A very b e a u tifu l ch eriy -red f i s h w ith narrow purple s tr ip e s runnp-
ing around the body. Considered by the author to be the r a re st specimen secured
during the e n tir e c o lle c tin g p erio d .
5 0 .
GHàPOm X
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Creator Reddick, Theodore (author)

Core Title Fauna of Emerald Bay, Santa Catalina Island, collected by aid of diving helmet

Contributor Digitized by ProQuest (provenance)

Degree Master of Arts

Publisher University of Southern California (original), University of Southern California. Libraries (digital)

Tag Biological Sciences,OAI-PMH Harvest

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Language English

Permanent Link (DOI) https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c39-252078

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