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The unattached Negro woman on relief: A study of fifty unattached Negro women on relief in the Compton district office of the State Relief Administration of California in Los Angeles
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The unattached Negro woman on relief: A study of fifty unattached Negro women on relief in the Compton district office of the State Relief Administration of California in Los Angeles
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THE m A T T A Q m B H EG RO W O M A H Q H RELIEF X STUDY Œ F I F T Y Um TTA OEm EEGRO W C B D S H OH BELIEF m THE CQICFTCJH DIETRIGT OFFICE OF THE STATE RELIEF ALMHTISTRATXOM: O F CALIFORNIA IN LOS ANGELES A THeais Fresented ta the Facility of the Gradizate SchaaX at Sacial WarF The UaiTeratty at Saatherix Califormla lit Fairtiai FtfLfiH m em t af the Reqairaaen ts far tîm Degree îfeater af Scieaiee in Sacial W a r F h y Evelyn Kaiser June 19S9 UMI Number; EP66104 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. D ' ! S S @ r t « t i o n R ib lis M n g UMI EP66104 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 This thesis, written under the direction of the candidate’s Faculty Committee and approved by all its members, has been presented to and ac cepted by the Faculty of the School of Social W ork in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SOCIAL WORK Dean Date...iir. Faculty Com m ittee Chairman T P l BIM o f c o i t t e s t s CHAPTER PAGE I . IHTROPÜCTIOH . . . m 1 Im p o rta n ce o f th e s tu d y . . . . . . . . 1 S ta te m e n t o f th e p r o b le m . . . . . . . . Z P u rp o se o f th e s tu d y . . . . . . . . . Z D e f i n i t i o n s o f term s u sed . . . . . . . . 4 S co p e o f s tu d y and m ethod o f p r o c ed u r e . . . 9 O r g a n iz a tio n o f th e r e m a in d e r _ o f the t h e s i s . 11 I X . SOME ASPECTS OP THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE NEGRO IN THE UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 I I I . ANADYSIS OF Fli'TY CASE HISTORIES STUDIED . . . 32 P e r s o n a l d a ta . . . . . . . . . . ..................... . 52 Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 S t a t e o f h i r t h . . . . . . . . . . . 34 F a m ily back grou n d . . . . . . . . . 34 M a r ita l s t a t u s . . . . . . . . . . . 44 C i t i z e n s h i p and n a t i v i t y . . . . . . 50 R e s id e n c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 E d u c a tio n . . . . . . . . . . . 57 H o u sin g and n e ig h b o rh o o d en v iro n m en t . . . 63 M o b ilit y . . . . . . . . . . . 68 H e a lt h ................................. 69 Em ploym ent . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 i i i CHAPTER PAGE R e s o u r c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 I n d e b te d n e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 R e l i g i o n 86 R e l a t i v e s . . . . . . . 88 R e l i e f h i s t o r y .. .. .. ... .. 8 9 L os A n g e le s S o c i a l S e r v ic e E xch an ge . . . 96 r r . ANALYSIS OF FIFTY H O M E INTERVIEWS . . . . . . 99 Community . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 R e l i e f .................................................................................. 109 Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 E d u c a tio n • • 119 Mode o f l i v i n g and econ om ic a t t i t u d e s . . . . 123 Re 1 a c tiv e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Y . A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE UNATTACHED COLORED W O M A N ON BELIEF AND HER WHITE SISTER . . . . 134, V I . CONCLUSIONS .................................................. 145 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . » . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 APPENDIX A ................................ 156 APPENDIX B ..................... 162 LIST OF TABLES TABLE Î . N egro P r o g r e s s in S e v e n ty Y e a r s , 1 8 6 6 -1 9 3 6 I I . Age G rou ping R e la te d to S o c i a l S t a t u s . . # I I I # S t a t e o f B i r t h b y Age G roups # # . . • • . IV . M a r ita l S t a t u s o f P a r e n ts V . L o c a tio n and O w nership or R e n ta l o f P a r e n ta l V I . . V I I . V I I I . IX . X . X I . X X I. X I I I . X IV . XV. X V I. X V II. O c c u p a tio n o f F a th e r and Incom e in P a r e n t a l Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . O c c u p a tio n o f M other . . . . . . . . Age and R ea so n f o r L e a v in g P a r e n t a l Home P r e s e n t M a r ita l S t a t u s ................................... . D u r a tio n o f M a r it a l U n ion b y Y ea rs . . . . D u r a tio n o f M a r ita l U n ion b y Age Groups . . D u r a tio n o f M a r ita l U n ion b y C i v i l M a r ita l S t a t u s C a u ses o f M a r ita l D is r u p t io n M ig r a tio n - - S t a t e s o f R e s id e n c e l u s t P r io r to C a l i f o r n i a A r r iv a l .. .. .. . .. M ig r a tio n to L o s A n g e le s b y Y ear G rou p in gs Mean Y ear o f M ig r a tio n to L os A n g e le s by Age G roups R e a so n s f o r Coming to C a l i f o r n ia # # * PAGE 28 33 35 36 37 39 4 2 43 45 45 47 48 49 52 54 55 56 Y TABLE PAGE X V III . E d u c a tio n a l A c h ie v e m e n ts b y Age G roups . . . 59 X IX . Age a t L e a v in g and R ea so n f o r L e a v in g S ch o o L . 60 XX. V o c a t io n a l T r a in in g by Age G roups . . . . . . 62 X X I. Type o f H o u sin g . . .. . . . . . . . 66 X X II. R en t P aym en ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 X X I I I . D ia g n o s e s and C o m p la in ts b y Age G roups • • . 71 XXTV. M ost F r e (iu e n t C o m p la in ts b y Age G roups • • • 72 XXV. Summary o f C o m p la in t D i s t r i b u t i o n b y Age G roups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 XXVI. U su a l O c c u p a tio n ............ ...................... 77 X X V II. A verage Number o f Y ears E m ployed by Age G roups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 X X V III. Em ploym ent F r e q u e n c y on Work R e l i e f P r o j e c t s . 80 XXIX. D u r a tio n o f W orks P r o g r e s s A d m in is tr a tio n Em ploym ent b y Age Groups . . . . . . . . . 82 XXX. F in a n c ia l A s s e t s . . . . . . . . . . 83 XXXI. I n d e b te d n e s s .............................. 85 X X X II. R e l i g i o u s B e l i e f s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 X X X III. R e l a t i v e s o f C a se s U tu d ied . . . . . . . . 90 XXXIV. R e l i e f H is t o r y by M onths and Age G roups . . 91 XXXV. F r e q u e n c y o f C ase C lo s in g s ........................... 92 XXXVI. R e a so n s f o r C ase C lo s in g s b y Age G roups . . 94 XXXVII. L os A n g e le s S o c i a l S e r v ic e E xch an ge :s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 TA3IÆ 3QQCVIII. XXXIX. XXXX. XXXXI. XXXXII. XX X X III. x x x x r v . x x x x v . x x x x r i . XXXXVII. XXXXVIII. R e a so n s G iv en f o r N eig h b o rh o o d A f f i n i t y . R e a so n s G iv en Why C a l i f o r n i a Has More O p p o r t u n it ie s f o r th e N egro Than th e S o u th e r n S t a t e s E f f o r t s Made to S ta y Away from R e l i e f * . R e a so n s f o r F i r s t R e l i e f A p p lic a t io n . . C a u ses f o r P r e s e n t Need o f R e l i e f . . . C au ses fo r P r e s e n t Unem ploym ent . . . . • T ypes o f P r e fe r r e d Em ploym ent ..................... S c h o o l C o u r se s in W hich I n t e r e s t e d . . . S p e c i f i c H avin g O b j e c t iv e s ............................... O c c u p a tio n s o f B e s t G ir l F r ie n d s . # . . P la n s and H opes f o r th e F u tu r e . . . . . VI PAGE 101 107 109 110 112 1 1 4 116 121 125 129 132 CHAPTER I INTRODXICTraN r . IMPORTAECE OF THE STUDY The r o l e o f th e N egro woman h a s b een one o f h i s t o r i c a l n o t e . She h a s b e e n a w age e a r n e r on a la r g e s c a l e lo n g e r th a n th e women o f o th e r g r o u p s and w i t h in h e r f a m ily th e n e c e s s i t y h a s b e e n more c o m p e llin g . A c c o r d in g to th e 1 9 3 0 C en su s r e p o r t , th e N egro women c o n s t i t u t e 9 . 7 p e r c e n t o f th e wcmaan p o p u la t io n o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s t e n y e a r s o f age and o v e r , b u t a r e 1 7 .1 p e r c e n t o f th e em p loyed women. T h ir ty - e i g h t and n i n e - t e n t h s p er c e n t o f N egro women a r e em p loyed i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s a s com pared w ith 2 0 .5 p e r c e n t o f w h ite wom en.^ W h ile t h e y h a v e ran k ed h ig h in th e number o f w age e a r n e r s , t h e i r e a r n in g s h a v e b e e n on th e lo w e s t l e v e l , and th e y h ave b u lk e d l a r g e s t among th e unem ployed when w ork becam e s c a r c e . T oday t h e u n a tta c h e d unem ployed e m p lo y a b le N egro woman l i v i n g a lo n e and d e p e n d en t on h e r own e f f o r t s t o s u r v iv e in th e c o n ^ le x c o m p e t it iv e w o r ld o f w h ic h sh e i s a p a r t , o f f e r s a p r o b le m o f no s m a ll c o n c e r n . F o r th e m o st p a r t sh e i s h e r e u n eq u ip p ed f o r m odern in d u s t r y due t o l a c k o f a d e q u a te ^ U n ite d S t a t e s C en su s r e p o r t f o r 1930 2 e d u c a t io n a l and v o c a t io n a l t r a i n in g o p p o r tu n ity i n h er e a r l i e r y e a r s c a u se d b y r a c e d i s c r im i n a t i o n and lo w f a m ily incom e* H er p r o b le m h a s a s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t and s o c i a l im p o r ta n c e * She i s a member o f a group w h ich i s c h a r a c t e r i s e d b y i t s c o n s p ic u o u s c u l t u r a l r e t a r d a t i o n . The m a sse s o f th e N e g r o e s a r e u n ed u ca ted and a h ig h p e r c e n ta g e i l l i t e r a t e . The s i c k n e s s and d e a th r a t e s a r e h ig h and th e h e a l t h s ta n d a r d s a r e lo w . The p e r c e n ta g e o f econ om ic I n e f f i c i e n c y i s h ig h , 2 and th e sta n d a r d s o f l i v i n g a re i n f e r i o r . I I . STATEMENT OF THE PRCBLEM W ith g r e a t e r unem ploym ent p o t e n t i a l i t y , l e s s r e h a b i l i t a t i v e p o s s i b i l i t y , and r e s t r i c t e d c u l t u r a l and s o c i a l o p p o r t u n it y , th e u n a tta c h e d unem ployed em p lo y a b le N egro woman i s c h a r a c t e r iz e d by a t t i t u d e s , i n t e r e s t s , b e h a v io r p a t t e r n s , m o r e s, and e n v ir o n m e n ta l f a c t o r s w h ich p r e s e n t a p r o b le m o f stu d y to th e s o c i a l w orker in h i s e n d e a v o r to f i n d a p o s s i b l e b a s i s f o r s o c i a l th e r a p y and reh a b i l i t a t i o n . I I I . FURPOSE OF THE STUDY T h is in q u ir y h a s a fo u r f o l d p u rp o se t To p r e s e n t an o b j e c t i v e p i c t u r e o f t h e u n a tta c h e d N egro woman on r e l i e f a s 2 R u s s e l l H . K u r tz , e d i t o r ; S o c i a l Work Y ear B o o k . (New Y orkt R u s s e l Sage F o u n d a tio n , 1 9 3 9 ) , p . 2 7 1 . 3 r e v e a le d In a sa m p lin g o f th e e a s e lo a d o f t h e S t a t e B e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n i n th e Compton d i s t r i c t o f f i c e ^ o f L os A n g e le s C o u n ty ; to i n t e r p r e t and a n a ly z e th e f i n d i n g s s o t h a t th o u g h t may h e i n i t i a t e d tow ard a b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e p ro b lem s Etnd o f th e a b i l i t i e s o f t h e s e women, and t o fo r m u la te p la n s f o r a p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n o f th e p r o b lem , w ith s u g g e s t io n s f o r f u r t h e r s tu d y ; t o d e te r m in e th e s o c i a l good t h a t i s p o t e n t i a l l y in h e r e n t in t h e s e women; and to s t im u la t e p r o f e s s i o n a l i n t e r e s t i n a p ro b lem w h ic h h a s n o t b e e n g iv e n a l l th e a t t e n t i o n i t w a r r a n ts* I t w as w it h th e th o u g h t o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a f a c t u a l ^The C o t t o n d i s t r i c t o f th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is tr a tio n o f C a l i f o r n ia in L o s A n g e le s C ou n ty b e g in s a t th e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f La B r ea A venue and J e f f e r s o n B o u le v a r d ; th e n c e e a s t e r l y a lo n g J e f f e r s o n B o u le v a r d to th e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f J e f f e r s o n B o u le v a r d and A lam eda S t r e e t ; th e n c e n o r t h e r ly a lo n g A lam eda S t r e e t to 2 5 th S t r e e t ; th e n c e e a s t e r l y a lo n g 2 5 th S t r e e t and f o l l o w i n g th e V ernon C i t y L im its i n a l l i t s v a r io u s c o u r s e s to In d ia n a S t r e e t ; th e n c e s o u t h e r ly a lo n g In d ia n a S t r e e t to th e L os A n g e le s R iv e r ; th e n c e s o u t h e a s t e r l y a lo n g th e L os A n g e le s R iv e r and f o l lo w in g same in a l l i t s v a r io u s c o u r s e s t o th e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f th e L os A n g e le s R iv e r and F ir e s t o n e B o u le v a rd t o A lam eda S t r e e t ; th e n c e w e s t e r l y a lo n g F ir e s t o n e B o u le v a rd t o A lam eda S t r e e t ; th e n c e n o r t h e r ly a lo n g A lam eda S t r e e t to th e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f A lam eda S t r e e t and M a n ch ester Avenue ; th e n c e w e s t e r l y a lo n g M a n ch ester A venue t o th e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f M a n ch ester A venue and F ir e s t o n e B o u le v a r d ; th e n c e c o n t in u in g w e s t e r l y a lo n g F ir e s t o n e B o u le v a r d t o th e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f F ir e s t o n e B o u le v a r d and C e n tr a l A ven u e; th e n c e n o r th on C e n tr a l A venue to th e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f C e n tr a l A venue and S la u s o n B o u le v a r d ; th e n c e in a w e s t e r ly d i r e c t i o n a lo n g S la u s o n B o u le v a r d t o th e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f S la u s o n B o u le v a r d and La B rea A venue ; th e n c e n o r t h e r ly a lo n g La B r ea A venue f o l lo w in g same in a l l i t s v a r io u s c o u r s e s to th e p o in t o f b e g in n in g ( i n t e r s e c t i o n o f La B r ea A venue and J e f f e r s o n B o u le v a r d ) . 4 b a s i s f o r c o n s t r u c t iv e p la n n in g fo r th e f u t u r e in r e g a r d to th e u n a tta c h e d N egro woman t h a t t h i s s tu d y w as u n d e r ta k e n . I t i s no p a r t o f th e ta s k to s e e k a s o l u t i o n o f th e p r o b le m , b u t , r a t h e r , to p r e s e n t b r i e f l y a minimum b od y o f f a c t u a l in fo r m a tio n e s s e n t i a l to i n t e l l e c t u a l d i s c u s s i o n and u n d er s t a n d in g o f th e N egro woman. r r . DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED B e fo r e em barking on th e m ajor bod y o f t h i s in q u ir y l e t u s d e f i n e c e r t a i n te r m s , to be u sed i n t h i s s t u d y , f o r th e p u r p o se o f c l a r i f i c a t i o n . U n a tta c h e d . In t h i s stu d y th e word u n a tta c h e d h a s b e e n u sed t o p e r t a i n t o th e * a d u lt-w o m a n -o n e -p e r so n f a m i l i e s ." I t d e n o te s a woman o v er tw e n ty -o n e y e a r s o f a g e who i s l i v i n g a l o n e , a p a r t from a l l h e r r e l a t i v e s , w ith no r e f e r e n c e t o h e r p a s t or p r e s e n t m a r it a l s t a t u s , be i t s i n g l e , s e p a r a t e d , d e s e r t e d , d iv o r c e d , or w id o w ed . N e g r o . The w ord s "Negro" and " c o lo r e d p e r so n " a r e u sed in t e r c h a n g e a b ly th r o u g h o u t t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . B an jam in B r a w le y , in h i s b o o k , A S h o r t H is t o r y o f th e A m erican N e g ro ., s a y s : "Die word N egro i s th e I t a l i a n , S p a n is h , and P o r tu g u e s e form o f th e L a t in a d j e c t i v e " n ig e r ," m ean in g " b la c k ." As commonly u s e d , th e word i s made to a p p ly to any and a l l o f th e b la c k and d a r k brown r a c e s o f A f r i c a . Such a u sa g e i s n o t s t r i c t l y c o r r e c t , th e term h a v in g b o th a n arrow er and w id e r s i g n i f i c a n c e th a n t h i s w ou ld im p ly . In A f r ic a th e N e g r o e s o ccu p y o n ly a r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll p a r t o f th e c o n t in e n t w h ile o u t s id e o f A f r ic a , in th e i s l a n d s o f th e P a c i f i c O cean, th e r e i s a brand o f th e N i g r i t i a n r a c e o f p e o p le o n ly l e s s im p o r ta n t th a n t h e m ain b r a n c h o f N e g r o e s in A f r ic a * ^ A c c o r d in g to Funk and W a g n a ll*s New S tan d ard D ic t io n a r y o f th e E n g li s h L anguage "A N egro i s a b la c k man, e s p e c i a l l y o f A f r ic a n b lo o d , and p a r t i c u l a r l y one b e lo n g in g to th e s t o c k o f S e n eg a m b ia , U pper G u in e a , and th e Sudan; a p e r s o n who h a s i n h i s v e in s o n e - s i x t e e n t h o r more o f A f r ic a n b lo o d . The N e g r o e s c h i e f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e a d a rk -b ro w n t o b la c k c o l o r , an abnorm al le n g t h o f arm , p r o j e c t i o n o f th e ja w s , a s h o r t f l a t n o s e , t h i c k and e v e r te d l i p s , a f u l l b la c k e y e , a t h ic k s k u l l , s m a ll c r a n ia l c a p a c i t y , and e a r l y c lo s u r e o f th e c r a n i a l s u t u r e s W hite : The term w h ite i n t h i s s tu d y h a s b e e n u sed to d e n o te an y member o f th e C a u c a sia n r a c e . Funk and W agn all s a y s t h a t a C a u c a s ia n i s "A member o f th e w h it e d i v i s i o n or b ra n ch o f th e human s p e c i e s ; one o f th e X a n th o c h r o ie or m e la n c h r o ie g r o u p s , in c lu d in g n e a r ly a l l E u r o p e a n s, b o th S e m itic and A ry a n ." E m p lo y a b le : I n t h i s in q u ir y th e d e f i n i t i o n o f th e e x p r e s s io n " em p lo y a b le* a s d e f in e d b y th e C a l i f o r n ia S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is tr a tio n h a s b e e n a c c e p t e d . ^ B en jam in G . B raw l e y , A S h o r t H i s to r y o f th e A m erican N egro (New Y ork: The M a cm illa n Company, 1 9 2 4 ) , p . 1 . ^ I s a a c K . F u n k , E d i t o r , New S tan d ard D ic t io n a r y o f th e E n g lis h L anguage (New York : Funk and W agn all a Company, 1 9 3 8 ) , p . 1 6 6 1 . ® I b i d . . p . 4 2 4 . DEFINITION OF "EMPLOYABLE PERSON" A p e r s o n w i l l i n g and a b le to p erfo rm norm al em ploym ent w hen a v a ila b le ,w h o i s e ig h t e e n y e a r s o f a g e or o v e r , a b l e - b o d ie d , m e n t a lly f i t , and n o t p r e v e n te d fro m a c c e p t in g w ork b y f a m ily r e s p o n s i b i l i t y s h a l l b e deemed e m p lo y a b le . Tlie d e t e r m in a t io n o f e m p lo y a b ilit y o f an a p p lic a n t f o r r e l i e f i s th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n . Norm al Em ploym ent Norm al em ploym ent a s u se d ab ove s h a l l be d e f in e d t o mean em ploym ent in p r iv a t e in d u s t r y or b y a n y p o l i t i c a l s u b d i v is io n o f govern m en t b u t n o t p r o j e c t em ploym ent r e q u ir in g a lo w e r sta n d a r d o f e m p lo y a b ilit y th a n WPA. 1 . W illin g n e s s to A c c e p t Em ploym ent The r e p o r t o f C a l i f o r n i a H ta te Em ploym ent S e r v ic e w it h r e s p e c t to a c l i e n t e s a c c e p ta n c e o r r e f u s a l to a c c e p t em ploym ent o f f e r e d b y t h a t S e r v ic e sh o u ld be su b m itte d t o th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n . The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f th e CSSS s h a l l b e deem ed to c o v e r th e o c c u p a t io n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f th e c l i e n t , th e a d eq u a cy o f th e wage o f f e r e d , th e r e a s o n a b le n e s s o f th e term s o f em p lo y m en t, and i n g e n e r a l th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f a p la c e m e n t or em ploym ent s e r v i c e . The S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n s h a l l be c o n c e r n e d w it h an y o th e r f a c t o r s r e l a t i n g to a b i l i t y t o - a c c e p t em ploym ent and make f i n a l de te r m in â t io n . 2 . P h y s i c a l C o n d itio n - " A b le -b o d ie d * An a b le - b o d ie d p e r s o n i s one c a p a b le o f p erfo rm in g r e g u l a r l y w ork w h ic h w ould make him s e l f - s u p p o r t in g . The p r i n c ip a l m eans o f d e te r m in in g t h i s s t a t u s i s a p h y s i c a l e x a m in a tio n b y a p h y s i c i a n . H ow ever, i n a d d i t io n t o th e physicaJL d e t e r m in a t io n t h e r e s h a l l a ls o b e ta k e n i n t o a c c o u n t th e c l i e n t e s a g e ,p r e v io u s t r a i n in g and e x p e r i e n c e , m e n ta l and e m o tio n a l c o n d it io n and f a m ily r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . I n c o n s id e r in g t r a i n in g and e x p e r ie n c e , th e a b s e n c e o f a work h i s t o r y s h a l l n o t b e a b a r to uneinploym ent r e l i e f , b u t in th e a b se n c e o f su c h w ork h i s t o r y c a r e f u l c o n s id e r a t io n s h a l l be g iv e n to tb e p r o b a b i l i t y o f s u c h a p e r so n b eco m in g s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g i n norm al em p loym en t. M en ta l and E m o tio n a l C o n d itio n A p e r s o n i s n o t e l i g i b l e f o r unem ploym ent r e l i e f a s th e e m p lo y a b le h ead o f th e h o u s e h o ld , who i s u n a b le to s e c u r e or r e t a i n norm al em ploym ent due t o h a b it u a l i n t o x i c a t i o n , th e u se o f n a r c o t i c s , o r e m o tio n a l i n s t a b i l i t y a s d e te r m in e d b y a s o c i a l h i s t o r y w h ich may I n c lu d e em ploym ent r e c o r d , a r r e s t r e c o r d , and a m e d ic a l a n d /o r p s y c h i a t r i c exam in ation ." ^ The B u reau o f I n d ig e n t R e l i e f ( E .I .R .) i s a d i v i s i o n o f th e D ep artm en t o f C h a r it ie s o f L os A n g e le s C o u n ty . I t i s a p u b lic r e l i e f a g e n c y in L o s A n g e le s C ounty e s t a b l i s h e d by la w and m a in ta in e d b y t a x a t io n to te n d e r f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e to • u n em p lo y a b les" and t h e i r f a m i l i e s i n t h e i r own home and to a d m in is t e r A id t o D ep en d en t C h ild r e n , B lin d S t a t e A id , and Old Age A s s is t a n c e a s p r o v id e d f o r th r o u g h th e F e d e r a l S o c i a l S e c u r it y A c t . The S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is tr a tio n (S .R .A .J i s a p u b lic r e l i e f a g e n c y o f th e S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a e s t a b l i s h e d b y la w ( t h e S t a t e Unem ploym ent A c t o f 1 934} to r e l i e v e by f i n a n c i a l or work a s s i s t a n c e i n d iv i d u a l s who a r e s u f f e r i n g from p r i v a t i o n s and p o v e r ty c a u se d b y u n em p loym en t. The Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n (W .P .A .) i s a 7 B o c la l S e r v ic e D i v i s i o n M anual. S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n o f C a l i f o r n ia (S an F r a n c is c o : S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n , 1 9 3 8 } , p . 3 . e n a t i o n a l work r e l i e f program e s t a b l i s h e d b y la w t o p r o v id e w ork f o r a l l unem ployed e m p lo y a b le p e r s o n s on r e l i e f * A c c o r d in g to th e S o c i a l S e r v ic e D i v i s i o n M anual o f th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n , th e Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t i o n i s a " F e d e r a l a g e n c y c r e a te d b y e x e c u t iv e o r d e r o f th e P r e s id e n t under th e a u t h o r it y o f th e em ergen cy R e l i e f A ct o f 1935 a s a p u b lic w ork s o r g a n iz a t io n to g i v e em ploym ent p r im a r ily t o p e r s o n s i n n eed o f and e l i g i b l e f o r r e l ie f * " ® R e l i e f a s u sed in t h i s d e f i n i t i o n i s c o n s tr u e d to mean t h a t a d m in is te r e d b y th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is tr a tio n * The Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is tr a tio n h a s n e v e r su c c e e d e d i n f u l f i l l i n g i t s o r i g i n a l p u rp o se o f p r o v id in g work f o r a l l unem ployed e m p lo y a b le p e r s o n s on r e l i e f * C i v i l W orks A d m in is t r a t io n (C.W .A*) w as a n a t i o n a l w ork r e l i e f program e s t a b l i s h e d in 1933 to g i v e w ork t o unem ployed p e r s o n s . F i f t y p er c e n t o f th e q u o ta w as t o come fro m r e l i e f r o l l s and f i f t y p er c e n t from th e unem ployed who w ere n o t on r e l i e f . The D os A n g e le s S o c i a l S e r v ic e E xchange (L .A *S .S *1I*) i s a c e n t r a l c le a r i n g h o u se f o r a l l ap p roved s o c i a l w e lf a r e a g e n c i e s , p u b lic and p r i v a t e , in L os A n g e le s C ou n ty w ith th e e x c e p t io n o f P a sa d en a and G le n d a le . I t i s o p e r a te d under th e S o c i a l S e r v ic e D i v i s i o n M anual. S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a tio n o f C a l i f o r n i a (S a n F r a n c is c o s S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n , 1 9 3 8 ) , C h ap ter I I I , p . 1 . d i r e c t i o n o f th e C o u n c il o f S o c i a l A g e n c ie s and su p p o r te d h y p r i v a t e and p u b lic f u n d s . IV . SCOPE OF STUDY AND M ETH OD OF PROCEDURE In o r d e r t o make an a d e q u a te a n a l y s i s o f t h i s in q u ir y i t w as fou n d n e c e s s a r y to l i m i t th e s tu d y o f th e c a s e p r o b le m s t o an a r e a p r e s e n t in g a r e a l i s t i c c r o s s s e c t i o n o f th e l i f e o f th e u n a tta c h e d N egro woman, y e t a t th e same tim e n o t t o c r e a t e t o o c o m p lex a p i c t u r e f o r th e r e a d e r . The a c t u a l a n a l y s i s o f th e p ro b lem i s b a sed upon a r e v ie w o f th e c a s e h i s t o r i e s o f f i f t y a c t i v e r e l i e f c a s e s and su b se q u e n t home in t e r v ie w s f o r a l l f i f t y c a s e s . T h ese f i f t y u n a tta c h e d N egro women w ere r e c e i v i n g r e l i e f in th e Compton D i s t r i c t o f th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is tr a tio n in th e C ounty o f L os A n g e le s , S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a d u r in g D ecem b er, 1 9 5 8 . P e r m is s io n t o make t h i s s tu d y was s e c u r e d from th e D i s t r i c t S u p e r v is o r o f th e Compton O f f ic e and fro m th e m ain o f f i c e o f th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is tr a tio n in L os A n g e le s C o u n ty . The c a s e s o f t h e s e women w ere s e l e c t e d a t random from th e " C olored F i l e s " w h ic h p r im a r ily c o v e r th e C e n tr a l A venue d i s t r i c t and su r r o u n d in g a r e a s C a s e s o f u n a tta c h e d N eg ro women l i v i n g w it h r e l a t i v e s w ere d e l e t e d . The C e n tr a l A venue d i s t r i c t i s a p a r t o f th e Compton d i s t r i c t w h ich h a s a lr e a d y b e e n d e s c r ib e d in f o o t n o t e on p age 3 . 10 One sc h e d u le ^ ^ was p r e p a r ed f o r u se i n r e v ie w in g th e c a s e h i s t o r i e s s t u d ie d and a q u e s tio n n a ir e ^ ^ w as made f o r th e home i n t e r v i e w s . The s o c i a l c a s e r e c o r d s w ere f i r s t th o r o u g h ly rea d and th e n e c e s s a r y in fo r m a tio n se c u r e d was n o te d on th e r e s e a r c h s c h e d u le under th e f o l lo w in g d i v i s i o n s : f a m ily b a ck g ro u n d , r e l i e f h i s t o r y , L os A n g e le s S o c i a l S e r v ic e E xch an ge r e p o r t s , m a r it a l s t a t u s , h o u s in g , r e s i d e n c e , h e a l t h , e d u c a t io n and v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g , p r iv a t e em ploym ent h i s t o r y , em ploym ent on w ork r e l i e f p r o j e c t s , r e s o u r c e s , in d e b t e d n e s s , c i t i z e n s h i p , r e c r e a t i o n , r e l i g i o n , c lu b a f f i l i a t i o n , f r i e n d s , r e l a t i v e s , and p e r s o n a l a t t i t u d e s . P e r s o n a l home in t e r v ie w s w ere h e ld b y th e i n v e s t i g a t o r w ith e a c h woman f o r th e p u r p o se o f s e c u r in g a d d i t io n a l f a c t u a l m a t e r ia l w h ich was n o t fou n d i n th e s o c i a l c a s e r e c o r d s and t o s e c u r e i n s i g h t i n t o th e s o c i a l a t t i t u d e s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and p e r s o n a l su r r o u n d in g s o f t h e s e wom en. The i n v e s t i g a t o r in tr o d u c e d h e r s e l f to t h e s e c l i e n t s a s a U n iv e r s i t y o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n ia s tu d e n t who w as m aking a s p e c i a l s tu d y on th e u n a tta c h e d N egro women on r e l i e f . T h rou ghou t th e i n t e r v i e w s an a tte m p t w as made t o f o l l o w th e b e s t s o c i a l w ork t e c h n iq u e s and an e f f o r t made t o p u t th e i n d iv i d u a l a t e a s e and t o g a in r a p p o r t . The q u e s t io n n a ir e f o r th e home i n t e r v ie w was u sed m e r e ly a s a S e e A p p en d ix A . Hee A p p en d ix B . 11 g u id e f o r th e i n t e r v i e w . The d a t a s e c u r e d b y th e s c h e d u le and q u e s t io n n a ir e w e re s u b s e q u e n tly s e p a r a t e l y t a b u l a t e d . The s c h e d u le d a t a Were b ro k en down i n t o age g r o u p in g s f o r c o m p a r a tiv e p u r p o s e s and w ere t r e a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y in t h i s s t u d y . The d a ta se c u r e d from th e q u e s t io n n a ir e s w ere p r im a r ily u sed a s d i s c u s s i o n m a t e r i a l . The s o c i a l c a se r e c o r d s and p e r s o n a l home in t e r v ie w s a re th e p rim a ry s o u r c e m a t e r i a ls i n t h i s s t u d y . B o o k s, p e r i o d i c a l s , p u b l i c a t i o n s , and n ew sp ap er a r t i c l e s w ere u sed a s se c o n d a r y s o u r c e s in o r d e r t o s e c u r e e n lig h te n m e n t a s to th e N egro in A m erica to d a y w ith s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o th e N egro woman. T . ORGANIZATION OF THE REMAINDER O F THE THESIS C h ap ter I h a s p r e s e n te d th e im p o rta n ce o f th e s t u d y , th e s ta te m e n t o f th e p r o b le m , th e p u rp o se o f th e s t u d y , d e f i n i t i o n s o f term s f r e q u e n t l y u sed i n th e i n q u ir y , th e sc o p e o f th e s tu d y and m ethod o f p r o c e d u r e . C h ap ter I I g i v e s a p i c t u r e o f some o f th e a s p e c t s o f th e p r e s e n t s t a t u s o f th e N egro i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s . C h ap ter I I I a n a ly z e s th e f i n d i n g s o f th e c a s e h i s t o r i e s s t u d i e d . C h ap ter IV i s an a n a l y s i s o f th e home in t e r v ie w s t h a t w ere made w it h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e to th e a t t i t u d e s o f t h e s e women. C h ap ter V i s a c o m p a r a tiv e s tu d y o f th e u n a tta c h e d c o lo r e d woman on r e l i e f and h e r u n a tta c h e d w h ite s i s t e r on r e l i e f . C h ap ter V I c o v e r s a 12 aummary o f th e f i n d i n g s , c o n c lu s io n s and s u g g e s t io n s f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y . CHAPTER I I SOM E ASPECTS O P THE PRESENT STATUS < M THE HÈGRO IN THE tjiriT ^'ST A T E S No i n c id e n t i n our h i s t o r y i s a s l u c i d and u n q u e s tio n a b le a s th e N e g ro * s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n th e b u i ld in g and d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s . H ow ever, a lth o u g h e a s i l y c o n fir m e d , th e c o n t r ib u t io n o f th e N egro to th e econ om ic and c u l t u r a l p r o g r e s s o f A m erica i s n o t u n i v e r s a l l y a c c e p t e d . The N egro h a s b e e n an e s s e n t i a l f a c t o r i n e v e r y m ajor i n d u s t r i a l c r i s i s J u s t a s he h a s b e e n i n e v e r y m ajor m i l i t a r y c r i s i s . H is la b o r i n f a c t o r y and f i e l d h a s b e e n a s dynam ic and u n f a i l i n g a s h i s la b o r i n war h a s b e e n h e r o ic and l o y a l . P r e s e n t d a y N egro l i f e and r e l a t i o n s a r e c o n d it io n e d b y p a s t and p r e s e n t p h y s i c a l and s o c i a l e n v ir o n m e n ta l f a c t o r s . A s e x p r e s s e d b y G eorge E . H ayn es in h i s a r t i c l e on th e " N egroes" th e r e a r e fo u r f a c t o r s in v o lv e d : W h ite p e o p le g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e th e m s e lv e s s u p e r io r and N e g r o e s i n f e r i o r ; N e g r o e s a r e s e g r e g a t e d i n sh op and f a c t o r y , i n t h e a t e r and h o s p i t a l , i n c h u r c h and s c h o o l , i n n e ig h b o r h o o d and com m u nity; th e d i f f e r e n t i a l i n r a c e or c o l o r i n c r e a s e s th e h a n d ic a p s o f th e N eg ro grou p i n a l l a r e a s o f s o c i a l l i f e ; and th e r e s u l t i n g s o c i a l a t t i t u d e s may b e t o l e r a n t , f r i e n d l y , and c o o p e r a t i v e , or th e y may be sh o t th r o u g h w it h m is u n d e r s ta n d in g , p r e j u d i c e , s u s p i c i o n , and f e a r . S o c i a l w ork a g e n c i e s , t h e n , f a c e th e p r o b le m s o f th e s o c i o - r a c i a l s t r u c t u r e a s w e l l a s th e tr e a tm e n t o f th e N egro c l i e n t s . ^ ^ G eorge Edmond H a y n e s, " N e g r o e s" . S o c i a l Work Y ear B o o k , (New Y ork: R u s s e l l S age F o u n d a tio n , 1 9 3 9 ), p . 2 7 0 . 14 The N egro p ro b lem to d a y i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s i s p r im a r ily a la b o r p r o b le m . I f i t w ere n o t f o r th e f a c t t h a t th e economiG s t a t u s o f th e N egro i s so e n ta n g le d w ith o th e r s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l f a c t o r s t h e r e w ou ld be no r e a s o n t o c o n s id e r th e eco n o m ic s t a t u s o f th e A m erican N egro a s an y d i f f e r e n t fro m th e r e s t o f th e p o p u l a t i o n . T h ese o th e r f a c t o r s a r e th e u n iq u e h i s t o r i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p o f N e g r o e s t o th e p r o g r e s s o f A m erican in d u s t r y and l i f e ; th e in e s c a p a b le r e s t r i c t i o n o f t h e i r c u l t u r a l and eco n o m ic g ro w th b y th e v e r y i n s t i t u t i o n s w h ic h t h e y h e lp e d t o c r e a t e ; and th e i n t e n s e n e e d , i n th e p r e s e n t tim e o f econ om ic d i s t r e s s , to make a s w i f t a d ju s tm e n t, a s a c o n s p ic u o u s m i n o r it y , to a c o n fu s e d and c o m p lic a te d eco n o m ic s t r u c t u r e , i f th e y a r e t o s u r v iv e in i t . The f a c t s ta n d s o u t c l e a r l y t h a t th e N egro w o rk in g p o p u la t io n , a lth o u g h l a r g e r in p r o p o r t io n t o i t s f u l l number th a n i s tr u e o f an y o th e r g r o u p , h a s a l s o e x p e r ie n c e d v a s t l y g r e a t e r econ om ic c h a n g e s w i t h i n i t s e l f . The p e r io d o f ou r g r e a t e s t n a t i o n a l e x p a n s io n w it n e s s e d , a t th e same t im e , ev en g r e a t e r r e a d ju s tm e n t s f o r th e N e g r o e s , b o th e c o n o m ic a lly and s o c i a l l y . T here h a s b e e n a r a p id u r b a n iz a t io n o f th e g e n e r a l p o p u la t io n , b u t f o r th e N egro t h i s ch an ge h a s b e e n a t a more r a p id p a c e and a c c o m p lish e d w i t h i n a b r i e f e r p e r io d and under g r e a t e r p r e s s u r e . T here h a s b e e n a c c e le r a t e d n a t io n a l i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o v e r th e p a s t f i f t y y e a r s , b u t th e 15 i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f N e g r o e s , w h ich b eg a n l e s s th a n tw e n ty y e a r s a g o , h a s b e e n m ore p r e c i p i t o u s in i t s c h a r a c te r and l e s s c e r t a i n i n i t s g o a l s . Em ploym ent h a s b e e n co m p a rtm en ta l i z e d and th e r e h a s b e e n a f u r t h e r c o n f u s io n o f th e f a c t o r o f s k i l l w it h t h e f a c t o f r a c e . B road program s o f eco n o m ic im p r o v em e n ts, w h e th e r p r iv a t e o r o f f i c i a l , w h ic h a r e w e l l c o n c e iv e d and w e l l i n t e n t i o n e d , seem e n t i r e l y j u s t i f i e d i n a ss u m in g th e N egro w o r k e rs a s p a r t o f t h e t o t a l p i c t u r e and r e q u ir in g no s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t io n . What i s commonly o v e r lo o k e d i s th e f a c t o r o f t r a d i t i o n w h ic h to o o f t e n h e s i t a t e s t o in c lu d e t h e s e w o r k e r s w i t h i n th e p r a c t i c a l sc o p e o f p o l i c y and p rogram , or f a i l s e n t i r e l y t o c o n c e iv e t h e p o l i c y a s in t e n d in g t o in c lu d e them . I t rem a in s t h a t t h e s e program s r e v e a l c o n s p ic u o u s u n e v e n n e ss in reg a rd t o t h e N egro p o p u la t io n w h ic h i n 1 9 3 0 t o t a l e d n e a r ly tw e lv e m i l l i o n . ^ N u m e r ic a lly th e N egro h a s in c r e a s e d 50 p e r c e n t s i n c e 1 8 9 0 . I n 1930 th e N egro p o p u la t io n w as 1 1 ,8 9 1 ,1 4 3 .® Drop or t i o n a t e l y th e N egro d e c r e a s e d from 1 1 .9 p er c e n t o f th e t o t a l p o p u la t io n i n 1 8 9 0 t o 9 .7 p e r c e n t in 1 9 3 0 . N e g r o e s i n r u r a l a r e a s in c r e a s e d 1 1 .5 p e r c e n t b e tw e e n 1890 and 1 9 3 0 . 2 Edward B yron R e u t e r , The A m erican R ace P ro b lem , (New Y ork: Thomas Y . C r o w e ll Company, 1938) , p . 3 1 . 3 STerl R» E p p se , The N e g r o , T o o .in A m erican R i s t o r y . (C h ic a g o : N a t io n a l E d u c a tio n a l P u b lia h ir ^ Company, 1 9 3 8 ) , p . 4 1 2 . 16 In u rb an a r e a s th e y in c r e a s e d 2 5 0 .7 p e r c e n t d u r in g th e same p e r io d o f t im e . P e r c e n t a g e s o f N e g r o e s in c i t i e s o f o v e r 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 h ave in c r e a s e d w h ile i n r e l a t i o n p e r c e n t a g e s o f N e g r o e s i n r u r a l c o m m u n ities h a v e d e c r e a s e d . The p r o p o r t io n o f N e g r o e s l i v i n g i n th e n o r th e r n s t a t e s in c r e a s e d 10 p e r c e n t b e tw e e n 1 910 and 1 9 3 0 . B etw een 1 8 9 0 and 1930 p e r c e n ta g e s o f N e g r o e s in a g e g r o u p s b e lo w tw e n ty h ave d e c r e a s e d and th o s e ab o v e tw e n ty h a v e in c r e a s e d .^ From th e b e g in n in g o f th e unem ploym ent p e r io d , th e N e g r o e s h a v e shown a la r g e r p e r c e n ta g e o f unem ploym ent th a n w h i t e s , b u t a s th e d e p r e s s io n c o n tin u e d th e p e r c e n ta g e b y w h ic h th e N egro r a t i o e x c e e d e d t h a t o f th e w h ite ten d ed t o narrow s l i g h t l y . N e v e r t h e le s s in 1930 th e p e r c e n ta g e o f N e g r o e s s t i l l u n e a g lo y e d was p r o p o r t io n a t e ly tw ic e a s h ig h a s th e p o s s i b l e e m p lo y a b le w h ite p o p u la t io n . N egro unem ploym ent i n urban a r e a s , a lth o u g h ir r e g u la r and u n c e r t a in , h a s b e e n l a r g e l y in u n s k i l l e d i n d u s t r i a l work and i n d o m e s tic and p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e . In 1930 a b o u t 3 6 .7 p e r c e n t o f th e N e g r o e s i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s , te n or more y e a r s o f age and g a i n f u l l y em p loyed w ere i n a g r i c u l t u r e , 2 8 .6 p e r c e n t in d o m e s tic and p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e , and 3 0 .6 p e r c e n t in m a n u fa c tu r in g , m in in g , t r a d e , and t r a n s p o r t a t io n . The rem a in d er w ere i n p r o f e s s i o n a l and p u b lic s e r v i c e and ^ C h a r le s S . J o h n so n , The E conom ie S t a t u s o f N e g r o e s , ( N a s h v i l l e : F i s k U n iv e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 3 3 ) , p p . 3 - 4 l 17 m is e e lla n e o u s p u r s u i t s . T hrough th e a u s p i c e s o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s Em ploym ent S e r v i c e , a N egro f i e l d r e p r e s e n t a t iv e g i v e s c o u n s e l and a d v ic e t o th e d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s on N egro em ploym ent p r o b le m s . T h is r e p r e s e n t a t iv e a l s o h e l p s in b u i ld in g i n t o th e s t a t e s y s te m s a c a p a b le N egro p e r s o n n e l, and g a t h e r s f a c t u a l m a t e r ia l fro m w h ic h c o n c lu s io n s may b e d raw n . The U n ite d S t a t e s D ep artm en t o f E d u c a tio n h a s a s p e c i a l i s t on e d u c a tio n among th e N e g r o e s , and h a s p u b lis h e d a r e p o r t o f a two y e a r s u r v e y o f v o c a t i o n a l e d u c a t io n and g u id a n c e o f N e g r o e s i n a b o u t two hund red c o m m u n ities o f t h i r t y - t h r e e s t a t e s and th e D i s t r i c t o f C o lu m b ia . T h is s tu d y o f 2 7 ,9 8 4 N egro h ig h s c h o o l p u p i l s and 2 0 ,2 6 0 g r a d u a t e s and fo rm er s t u d e n t s w as p a id f o r fr o m f e d e r a l r e l i e f fu n d s and em ployed f i v e hundred N e g r o e s . An o c c u p a t io n a l summary made b y t h e C a l i f o r n i a Srtate D ep artm en t o f E d u c a tio n o f N egro m a le s , t e n y e a r s o ld and o v e r in C a l i f o r n ia r e v e a l s th e f o l lo w in g o c c u p a t io n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e 2 5 ,6 4 7 N egro m a le s i n C a lif o r n ia .® Number 3 , p . 8 . 1 . U n s k ille d 7 7 7 3 30X 2 . S e m i - s k i l l e d 8 880 35^ 3 . S k i l l e d 3 0 1 4 12^ 4 . C l e r i c a l 4 2 6 2% 5 . P r o f e s s i o n a l 1 0 4 2 4^ 6 . No o c c u p a tio n 4 5 1 2 17^ ^ G len n E . H o o v e r , and G eorge C . Mann, I S U n s lc ille d o c c u p a tio n s w ere c o n s id e r e d a s t h o s e r e q u ir in g l i t t l e o r no t e c h n iq u e . S e m i - s k i l le d in c lu d e s th o s e t h a t r e q u ir e a te c h n iq u e t h a t can be le a r n e d i n a s h o r t p e r io d o f t im e . S k i l l e d o c c u p a tio n s w ere g e n e r a l l y r e c o g n is e d a s t r a d e s . C l e r i c a l p o s i t i o n s in c lu d e d a l l o f f i c e w o rk ers* R e t a i l d e a l e r s , m u s ic ia n s , c le r g y m e n , p h y s ic ia n s and s u r g e o n s . In su r a n c e a g e n t s , and o f f i c e r s and t e a c h e r s w ere c l a s s i f i e d a s p r o f e s s i o n a l A s i m i la r summary o f th e t o t a l (1 5 ,3 2 5 ) K egro f e m a le s , f i f t e e n y e a r s o ld and o v e r i n C a l i f o r n i a in 1930 r e v e a l s th e f o l lo w in g f i g u r e s t 1 . S e r v a n t s 1 0 8 6 2 ^1% 2# Group S e r v ic e s 8 0 5 3 . I n d u s t r i a l 2 1 2 4 . C l e r i c a l 9 4 5 . Fo o c c u p a tio n s 3 3 5 2 21^ I n th e above c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , group s e r v i c e in c lu d e s " th e o c c u p a t io n s en gaged i n b y women who s e l l t h e i r s e r v i c e s t o a members o f th e F eg r o g r o u p " . I n th e m ain F e g r o e s a r e u n s k i ll e d w o r k e r s . I t w as in th e f i e l d s o f a g r ic u l t u r e and p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e t h a t un em p loy m ent s t r u c k m ost s h a r p ly and m ost q u i c k l y . I t i s a l s o in th e o c c u p a t io n s in t h e s e f i e l d s t h a t reem p loym en t i s g o in g fo rw a rd m ost s lo w ly tow ard r e c o v e r y . D u rin g 1 9 3 2 t o 1 9 3 8 ^ t o l d . , p . 9 . 19 a l a r g e r p r o p o r t io n o f F e g r o e s w ere on r e l i e f th an t h e i r p r o p o r t io n o f th e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . A lth o u g h in fo r m a tio n i s n o t c o m p le te , p u b lic s o c i a l work among F e g r o e a h a s g r e a t l y in c r e a s e d w it h th e e x p a n s io n o f p u b lic w e lfa r e a g e n c ie s un der th e s t im u lu s o f f e d e r a l f u n d s . The F e d e r a l E m ergency R e l i e f A d m in is tr a tio n program p r o v id e d f o r two t y p e s o f r e l i e f , w ork r e l i e f and d i r e c t r e l i e f . The l a t t e r w as g i v e n t o t h o s e who w ere unem ployed and i n d e s t i t u t e c ir c u m s t a n c e s . Work r e l i e f w as t h a t ty p e o f a s s i s t a n c e g r a n te d i n th e fo rm o f w ork f o r th e u n em p lo y ed . W h ile th e t o t a l number o f p e o p le in A m erica on r e l i e f in 1935 w as a b o u t 1 8 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 , th e number o f N e g r o e s on f e l i e f w as 3 ,0 3 0 ,0 0 0 . T h is i n d i c a t e s t h a t 2 5 .5 p e r c e n t o f th e N egro p o p u la t io n w as on r e l i e f a s com pared w it h 1 5 .5 p e r c e n t f o r th e o th e r p o r t io n s o f our p o p u la tio n .* ^ One r e a s o n f o r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s t h a t N e g r o e s a r e l a r g e l y c o n c e n tr a t e d i n th e eco n o m ic g r o u p s su c h as u n s k i ll e d la b o r and d o m e s tic s e r v i c e w o r k e r s w h ic h h a v e c o n t r ib u t e d h e a v i l y to th e r o l l s o f u n em p loym en t. O ther r e a s o n s f o r t h i s c o n d it io n a r e r a c i a l d i s c r im i n a t i o n s in l a y o f f s and r e em p loym en t, th e N egro b e in g th e f i r s t " fir e d " and th e l a s t " h ir e d " j th e d is p la c e m e n t o f N egro w o r k e rs b y w h it e s ; th e c ro w d in g o f him o u t o f th e ch eap la b o r f i e l d ; i n d u s t r i a l 7 M erl R . E p p s e , The N e g r o , T oo, in A m erican H i s t o r y , (C h ic a g o s N a t io n a l E d u c a tio n a l P u b lis h in g Gompany, 1 9 3 8 ) , p . 3 3 4 . 20 c o lo r b a n s , and c o l o r b a n s in o r g a n iz e d l a b o r ; and th e t e c h n o l o g i c a l d is p la c e m e n t o f a l l w o r k e r s . W ith r e f e r e n c e to t h i s d i s c u s s i o n G eorge B . H aynes s a y s : T enure f o r th e N egro h a s b e e n l e s s s e c u r e a n d .w a g e s f r e q u e n t l y lo w e r b e c a u s e o f d i f f e r e n t i a l s b a se d upon r a c e or c o l o r . R e c e n t c h a n g e s in la b o r u n io n p o l i c i e s on N egro m em bership have n o t rem oved th e d a n g e r o f th e s e w o r k e r s b e in g " fr o z e n " i n a m a r g in a l Job s t a t u s b e c a u s e o f la c k o f o p p o r t u n it y f o r a p p r e n t ic e s h ip , i n d u s t r i a l t r a i n in g , v o c a t i o n a l g u id a n c e , and c h a n c e s o f p r o m o tio n . N egro w o r k e rs s e c u r e re-em p lo y m en t l e s s e a s i l y th a n w h ite w o r k e r s . R a c ia l d i s c r im i n a t i o n in in d u s t r y i s so p r e v a le n t t h a t i t s w id e sp r e a d e x i s t en ce i s n o te d b y a l l c o m p ete n t o b s e r v e r s and r e p e a t e d ly f e l t b y N egro w o r k e r s . T housands o f N egro te n a n t and sh a r e c ro p p e r f a m i l i e s a f t e r g e n e r a t io n s o f e x p l o i t a t i o n have b e e n s e p a r a te d from s u b s is t e n c e on th e la n d , h ow ever m ea g er, and h ave in c r e a s e d th e dem ands f o r p r i v a t e and p u b lic a id .® D ep en d en cy among N e g r o e s r e f l e c t s th e im p a ct o f lo w in c o m e , s i c k n e s s , and f a m ily b reak d ow n . One s o u th e r n s t a t e co m m issio n p r o p o se d i n 1 9 3 8 t h a t th e s t a t e r s Old Age S e c u r it y la w p r o v id e d i f f e r e n t am ou n ts t o b e p a id w h it e s and N e g r o e s who a r e e l i g i b l e . C h ild - c a r in g i n s t i t u t i o n s , p u b lic and p r i v a t e , s t i l l draw c o lo r l i n e s . The N e g r o * 8 sta n d a r d o f l i v i n g h a s b een a f f e c t e d tr e m e n d o u sly b y h i s unem ploym ent and f o r c e d r e s i d e n t i a l s e g r e g a t i o n . T h is i s r e v e a le d i n c o n g e s te d h o u s in g , d i s s i p a t i o n o f s a v i n g s , l o s s o f h om es, o f f u r n i t u r e , in s u r a n c e ^ G eorge Bdmond H a y n e s, " N egroes" S o c i a l Work Y ear B ook , (New Y ork: R u s s e l l Sage F ou n d ation ,^ 1 9 39) , p 7 27lT. 21 and c l o t h e s . Some o f th e f a m i l i e s l i v i n g n e a r th e s n h - s l s t e n c e l e v e l may h a v e drawn a g r a in o f p r o f i t from t h i s e x t r e m it y h y h a v in g s o c i a l w e lf a r e a g e n c ie s d e te r m in in g t h e i r d i e t more s c i e n t i f i c a l l y * T h is i s , h o w ev e r, o f sm a ll s i g n i f i c a n c e when th e g r e a t e r p r o b le m o f m a ln u t r it io n in th e v a s t b u lk o f t h e i r f a m i l i e s i s c o n s id e r e d * h a c k o f p o l i c e , f i r e , and s a n i t a r y f a c i l i t i e s h ave in c r e a s e d th e h o u sin g h a n d ic a p s o f th e N eg ro n e ig h b o r h o o d . The u n d e s ir a b le e f f e c t s upon fa m ily u n it y and m o ra le h a v e b e e n in d ic a t e d b y th e i n c l u s i o n o f r e l a t i v e s and lo d g e r s in th e f a m i ly g r o u p ; th e n e c e s s i t y o f s e n d in g c h ild r e n t o r e l a t i v e s and f r i e n d s ; i n c r e a s e s in d e s e r t i o n s and J u v e n ile d e lin q u e n c y ; and a r e l a x a t i o n o f w ork h a b i t s , t o g e t h e r w ith a l o s s o f th e s p i r i t to c a r r y on th e d e te r m in e d s t r u g g l e w h ic h th e c o m p e t it iv e l i f e o f our c i t i e s r e q u i r e s . The N eg ro d e a th r a t e i s a lm o s t tw ic e a s h ig h as t h a t o f th e w h i t e s T h i s d e p lo r a b le f a c t i s du e to unw holesom e l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s . N e g r o e s h a v e , h o w ev e r, shown s i g n s o f im provem ent i n th e l a s t d e c a d e , b e c a u s e th e w h it e s have made m e d ic a l c a r e and h o s p i t a l s more a c c e s s i b l e t o N e g r o e s . T h ere a r e o n ly te n N egro h o s p i t a l s in th e U n ite d S t a t e s ap p roved b y th e A m erican M e d ic a l A s s o c i a t i o n . H ow ever, many w h ite M erl R . B p p s e , The N e g r o . T o o , in A m erican H i s t o r y , (C h ic a g o : N a t io n a l E d u c a tio n a l P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 3 8 } , p . 3 5 4 . 22 h o s p i t a l s a r e now a llo w in g N egro d o c t o r s to s e r v e on t h e i r s t a f f s . Tde sp a n o f l i f e f o r th e N egro i s s t i l l t e n y e a r s l e s s th a n t h a t o f th e w h i t e s I n d i s c u s s i n g th e N egro h e a l t h p ro b lem s M r. H aynes s t a t e s : R a c ia l im m unity or s u s c e p t i b i l i t y to d i s e a s e h a s n o t y e t b e e n d e te r m in e d . A u t h o r it i e s h o ld t h a t w here among th e N e g r o e s , a s among many o t h e r s , th e r e i s g r e a t d e s t i t u t i o n , ig n o r a n c e , and l i t t l e or no m e d ic a l c a r e , th e r e i s much s y p h i l i s and t u b e r c u l o s i s . U n h e a lth y l i v i n g and w o rk in g c o n d i t i o n s augm ented b y r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , l e s s p r o v i s i o n o f h o s p i t a l s , c l i n i c s , d o c t o r s , and n u r s e s ; th e e x c l u s io n o f N egro d o c t o r s and n u r s e s from h o s p i t a l s t a f f s , a r e l a t i v e l y in a d e q u a te number o f b e d s f o r N egro tu b e r c u lo u s p a t i e n t s , in a d e q u a c y o f p u b lic h e a l t h n u r s in g , and a lo w eco n o m ic s t a t u s in c r e a s e th e h e a l t h h a z a r d s f o r N e g r o e s . Of th e 4 4 5 ,8 6 7 m e n t a lly i l l p a t i e n t s b e in g c a r e d f o r i n 631 h o s p i t a l s and o th e r i n s t i t u t i o n s in th e U n ite d S t a t e s i n 1 9 3 7 , o n ly 3 2 ,1 8 6 w ere N e g r o e s T h ere a r e a t p r e s e n t in th e U n ite d S t a t e s f o r t y - f o u r N egro in s u r a n c e c o m p a n ie s, t w e n t y - e ig h t o f w h ic h a r e members o f th e N a t io n a l N egro I n s u r a n c e A s s o c i a t i o n . The an n u al r e p o r t o f th e a s s o c i a t i o n showed t h a t i t s member com p an ies had an a n n u a l incom e o f $ 1 5 ,0 6 1 ,3 4 7 .7 2 and em p loy 8 ,1 5 0 p e r s o n s . T h ese co m p a n ies had $ 2 8 8 ,9 6 3 ,0 7 0 .0 0 w o r th o f in s u r a n c e i n f o r c e on 1 ,6 4 3 ,1 2 5 p o l i c i e s . F rom a l l r e p o r t s , th e in s u r a n c e b u s i n e s s i s th e l a r g e s t b u s in e s s among N e g r o e s The A t la n t a l i f e In su r a n c e Company, th e N o r th C a r o lin a I b i d . . p . 3 5 6 . H a y n e s, p p . c i t . . p . 271 23 M u tu al l i f e I n su r a n c e Company, th e U n iv e r s a l l i f e In su r a n c e Company, th e G o ld en S t a t e l i f e I n s u r a n c e Company, and th e Supreme l i b e r t y l i f e In su r a n c e Company a r e among th e l a r g e s t and b e s t known c o n p a n ie s . U te r e w ere f o r t y - e i g h t N egro b a n k s a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e d e p r e s s i o n . O nly t w e n t y - t h r e e h ave s u r v iv e d . T h ese t w e n t y - t h r e e b a n k s h a v e a n a c c u m u la te d c a p i t a l o f # 2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 f. w it h r e s o u r c e s o f # 1 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 , and th e volum e o f t h e i r b u s i n e s s e x c e e d s $ 5 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 y e a r l y . A c c o r d in g to th e 1930 c e n s u s , 7 0 ,0 0 0 r e t a i l s t o r e s w ere owned and o p e r a te d b y N e g r o e s . They d id an a n n u a l b u s in e s s o f # 1 0 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 , e m p lo y in g 2 8 ,2 4 3 p r o p r ie t o r s and f ir m members and 1 2 ,5 6 1 f u l l tim e e m p lo y e e s w it h a t o t a l p a y r o l l o f # 8 ,5 2 8 ,3 0 6 . T h ese r e t a i l b u s i n e s s e s in c lu d e d f o o d s , g e n e r a l s t o r e s , g e n e r a l m e r c h a n d is e , r e s t a u r a n t s , h a ir d r e s s i n g p a r l o r s and many o th e r t y p e s o f b u s i n e s s . The Ben F r a n k lin S to r e o f C h ica g o i s one o f th e l a r g e s t d ep a rtm en t s t o r e s i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s owned b y N e g r o e s . In s p i t e o f th e d e p r e s s i o n , on th e b a s i s o f t a x r e t u r n s , th e N e g r o e s i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s i n 1 9 3 6 owned some 2 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 a c r e s o f la n d , w h ic h i s t h e e q u iv a le n t t o 3 1 ,0 0 0 sq u a re m i l e s . T h i s a r e a i s a b o u t e q u a l t o th e f i v e New E n glan d M erl R . E p p s e , The N e g r o . T o o , i n A m erican H i s t o r y . (C h ic a g o : N a t io n a l E d u c a tio n a l P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 3 8 J , p 354 . 24 s t a t e s . New H a m p sh ire, V erm on t, M a s a a c h a s e tta , C o n n e c t ic u t , and Rhode Is la n d .^ ® The N egro h a s c o n t r ib u t e d a p e c u l ia r s p i r i t u a l q u a l i t y t o A m erican l i f e . I t c o n s i s t s o f a J o y o u s n e s s , a t r o p i c a l lo v e o f l i v i n g , and an i n t e n s e s e n s i t i v e n e s s t o s p i r i t u a l v a l u e s . The P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s , e s p e c i a l l y th e M e th o d is t and B a p t i s t , h a v e b e e n th e c h i e f c h u r c h e s to r e c e i v e th e N egro ; and i n t h e s e c h u r c h e s th e N egro h a s n o t b e e n a p a s s i v e c o n v e r t b u t h a s ta k e n an a c t i v e p a r t , a ssu m in g l a r g e l y th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r h i s own c h u r c h o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The N egro c h u r c h c a n t r u t h f u l l y b e c a l l e d th e f i r s t d i s t i n c t i v e l y N egro A m erican s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n . T here a r e 4 2 ,5 8 5 c h u r c h o r g a n iz a t io n s w it h 5 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0 m em bers, ow ning # 2 1 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 w o r th o f p r o p e r ty and sp e n d in g # 4 3 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 a y e a r f o r m is s io n a r y w o rk , p h ila n t h r o p y , c h u r c h e s , s c h o o ls and h o s p i t a l s . B e c a u se o f in a d e q u a c y in p r o v is io n and a v a i l a b i l i t y o f p a r k s , p la y g r o u n d s , p o o l s , m useum s, and o th e r p u b lic and p r i v a t e f a c i l i t i e s , t h e r e h a s c o n t in u o u s ly e x i s t e d a la c k o f w h olesom e r e c r e a t i o n among th e N e g r o e s . C om m ercial p r o v i s i o n f o r su c h a c t i v i t y i s m eager and o f t e n p a n d e r s to v i c e . The N eg ro c h u r c h p rogram s p r o v id e in a d e q u a t e ly , i f a t a l l , f o r M onroe N . W ork, e d i t o r , N egro Y ear B o o k . (A labam a: N egro Y ear Book P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 3 7 ) , p . 1 . 25 e u l t u r a l u se o f l e i s u r e . F a ilu r e o f p u b lic a u t h o r i t i e s t o p r o v id e a d e q u a te s a n i t a r y and o th e r f a c i l i t i e s i n N egro n e ig h b o r h o o d s p r o d u c e s many s o c i a l p r o b le m s . L ack o f e n fo r c e m e n t o f su c h la w s a s th o s e a f f e c t i n g j u v e n i l e em p lo y m e n t, s c h o o l a t t e n d a n c e , p r o t e c t i o n a g a in s t mob v i o l e n c e , and o th e r l a w l e s s n e s s f r e q u e n t l y sh a p e s th e com m unity s i t u a t i o n s and s o c i a l p ro b lem s o f t h e N e g r o . In r e c e n t y e a r s th e g e n e r a l p u b lic h a s becom e aw are o f t h e s e in a d e q u a c ie s and th e r e s u l t in g e o n s e q u e n c is and g e n e r a l c o n s t r u c t iv e Im provem ents h ave b e e n s t a r t e d . In e d u c a t io n an d th e a r t s , t h e N egro i s a t t a i n i n g g r e a t e r r e c o g n i t i o n . B ook s b y and a b o u t th e N e g r o e s a r e i n c r e a s i n g in number and p o p u la r it y a s a r e p la y s b y N egro a u th o r s and N egro c a s t s . T here i s an i n c r e a s i n g a p p r e c ia t io n o f N egro m u s ic . In th e a r t s , th e N egro te n d s more and m ore to im it a t e t h e a c h ie v e m e n ts o f t h e w h i t e . T h ere a r e o v e r 100 N e g r o e s l i s t e d in Who*8 Who i n A m erica f o r 1936 to 1 9 3 7 . In th e l i s t o f "A m erican Men o f S c ie n c e ," t h e r e a r e th e nam es o f t w e lv e N e g r o e s . T w en ty-tw o N e g r o e s h a v e r e c e iv e d t h e S p in g a r n A ch iev em en t award f o r d i s t i n g u i s h e d s e r v i c e s in c e 1 9 1 B . The Earmon award h a s b een g iv e n t o many N e g r o e s f o r t h e i r a c h ie v e m e n ts in l i t e r a t u r e , a r t , s c i e n c e , e d u c a t io n , r e l i g i o n and r a c e r e l a t i o n s . One hu ndred and f i f t y - f i v e N e g r o e s h a v e b e e n e l e c t e d to th e P h i B e ta Kappa h o n o r a r y s c h o l a s t i c f r a t e r n i t y . From 1 878 26 t o 1 9 3 8 more th a n 150 N e g r o e s h a v e ea rn ed th e d e g r e e o f d o c to r o f p h ilo s o p h y . . In 1930 more th a n 4 ,0 0 0 p a t e n t s w ere h e ld h y N e g r o e s in th e U n ite d S t a t e s . T h ere w ere o v e r 1 0 ,0 0 0 p r o f e s s i o n a l N egro m u s ic ia n s , 4 ,5 0 0 N egro p h y s i c ia n s and s u r g e o n s , 5 ,7 2 8 t r a in e d n u r s e s , 2 ,1 4 6 d e n t i s t s , 2 5 ,0 3 4 c le r g y m e n , 1 ,9 3 8 s o c i a l w o r k e r s , 430 a r t i s t s , 361 c h e m is t s , and 3 5 1 t e c h n i c a l e n g i n e e r s . I n th e t h e a t r e s and m o v ie s , th e m u sic o f th e N egro h a s l i f t e d him t o t h e h i g h e s t p i n n a c l e . No one can q u e s t io n th e w ork o f B e r t W illia m s a s a c o m e d ia n , t h a t o f " B ill" R o b in so n a s a d a n c e r , t h a t o f P a u l R o b e s o n , C la r e n c e M use, S t e p in P e t c h i t , and L o u is e B e a v e r s a s a c t o r s or t h a t o f M arian A n d erson a s a s i n g e r i K ily a r d R o b in so n , P a u l W illia m s and D a v id W i l l i s to n a r e nam es t h a t w i l l n e v e r b e f o r g o t t e n in th e f i e l d o f a r c h i t e c t u r e and la n d s c a p in g . The j a z z o r c h e s t r a h a s b e e n p o p u la r iz e d ev ery w h ere on th e e a r t h b y th e m u sic o f Jam es R e e c e E u r o p e , Cab C a llo w a y , Duke E l l i n g t o n , Jim m ie L u n c efo r d and N o b le S i s s l e . T h ere a r e more s c h o o l s o f a l l k in d s f o r N e g r o e s to d a y th a n e v e r b e f o r e . T housands a r e g r a d u a te d on v a r io u s l e v e l s e a c h y e a r . The e d u c a te d a r e h o ld in g r e s p o n s ib l e p la c e s th r o u g h o u t A m e r ic a . Today t h e N egro c a n s e c u r e a l i b e r a l . M erl R . E p p se , The N e g r o . T oo, i n A m erican H is t o r y . (C h ic a g o : N a t io n a l E d u c a tio n a l P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 3 8 ) , p . 4 1 2 . 27 t e c h n i c a l , p r o f e s s i o n a l or s c i e n t i f i c e d u c a t io n , i f he o n ly d e s i r e s i t and w o rk s f o r i t . The S o u th h a s a lm o s t im p o v e r ish e d i t s e l f b y s u p p o r t in g s e p a r a te s c h o o l s f o r th e N e g r o . I r r e s p e c t i v e o f a l l t h e s e r e c e n t a d v a n c e s , th e N egro i s s t i l l r e t a r d e d and h i s o p p o r t u n i t i e s much more l i m i t e d th a n th e w h i t e s . I f one w as to c o n s id e r w hat h a s hap pened to th e N egro s i n c e th e d e p r e s s io n th e f a c t s w o u ld ■i n d i c a t e , a t l e a s t from an econ om ic s t a n d p o in t , th a t th e N egro had l o s t much o f th e g a in s o f p r e v io u s y e a r s . I t i s o n ly b y a lo n g tim e ra n g e t h a t th e p r o g r e s s o f th e N eg ro group in A m erica can be m o st a c c u r a t e ly m e a su r e d . T a b le I , on th e f o l lo w in g p age i n d i c a t e s th e s t a t u s o f th e N egro in 1 9 3 6 and h i s m a t e r ia l g a in s o v e r a s e v e n t y y e a r p e r io d i In summing up th e p r e s e n t s t a t u s o f th e N egro in A m e r ic a , i t i s s u f f i c i e n t to q u o te "Some F a c t s f o r Thought" e 3 ^ r e s s e d b y E p p se : In 1 9 3 7 , N e g r o e s p o s s e s s e d p r o p e r ty v a lu e d a t two b i l l i o n d o l l a r s . They owned 2 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 a c r e s o f la n d In 1 9 3 0 , t h e r e w ere 8 8 2 ,8 5 0 N egro farm o p e r a t o r s . In 1 9 3 0 , 1 8 1 ,0 1 6 w ere ow n ers or p a r t ow ners o f l a n d . In 1 9 3 0 , th e farm p r o p e r ty o f N egroes^ w as w o rth $ 3 5 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . In 1 9 3 0 , N e g r o e s p rod u ced 32^ o f th e S o u th * s c o t t o n , 2 5 ^ o f i t s sw ee t p o t a t o e s , 19^ o f i t s to b a c c o and 16^ o f i t s c o r n . I n 1 9 3 0 , N e g r o e s c o n d u c te d o v e r 7 0 ,0 0 0 r e t a i l s t o r e s w itn s a l e s o v e r $ 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 a y e a r . I n 1 9 3 0 , th e N egro P o p u la tio n w as 1 1 ,8 9 1 ,1 4 3 . 28 M I to o > M to C O H to I I S' H 03 03 tîï I I g C Q < t > 5 g o > H to to C O rH O O O O O O O O O O cn O C O OO- O to to to o i> G O o § oT o o o o o o o o o o o o O Q P O to C O 0 - o O- C O o 8 t o C v T o o o o o o o o O O r4 O oTo oTo H 03 O O 8 » d fd m < D CO CQ ( D C jû 'd o o > o •H o a o § o W a ta -p o d Q » d ( d o d suo o < D O p, C O < a î o r a M § 5 d d Q ) r * « ross o to o o o o C O C O o o o o 0 - 0 ^ 0 0 O 't f O C O Q to ^ O ^ 0 > o 03 rH to to o o o o o o m o o o o o C O o o o o <DiOO<D g ^ g g 03 to rH to to O to o o o o rH rH O O O O O to O O O O rH o o to o IN CQ C D (D Q -P U (0 w u O 0 ) U P M y p G c O < D P O p C Ô U O ( D d b , fd 5 § d ^ p o « 5 to d E4 O P a p H d o o o » d ^ d o P 03 03 C o p p d iH o d a OM O o C Q U 0 > U o 4 4 Q > u p p p P 44 I i to O 8 a g to o o o § a < D o S) < D a U a I a § . - " H Q > js; > > 1 1^ P rd d P W « d a d P d s§ a a p ê o o o o p Q O O O O to o O O O cT to O o O to to O £ > P to ^ oTco' o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o to o to o o Q to O O to 03 o to 03 O O O Q O O O O O O O r* o o o o c Tp o o O to o to to a •• a a Xi a o a U u d bO^ o o tl p m u o a d S 4 o a P r O P S a a ■ 3 O 03 C Q P d m - 2* Ü §3 a I £ I d d a fd «d d d d p d d d O 03 C Q > a m Û o P p ■ § fh a a *d d p o d M * m a ÎH a S d •§ m a H 0 1 S o m S % < D % s & is to p b O d p ■s p p " d Pi 29 Of t h a t num ber, t h e r e w e r e : 351 t e c h n i c a l e n g in e e r s 361 c h e m is ts 430 p h o tc g r a p h e r a 1 ,9 3 8 a o e i a l w b rk era 1 ,2 4 7 la w y e r s 2 ,1 4 6 d e n t i s t s 3 ,8 0 5 p h y s i c ia n s and s u r g e o n s 4 ,1 3 0 a c t o r s 5 ,7 2 8 t r a in e d n u r s e s 1 0 ,5 8 3 m u s ic ia n s 2 5 ,0 3 4 c le r g y m e n 5 4 ,6 8 3 t e a c h e r s The d e a th r a t e o f N e g r o e s d e c r e a s e d from 2 4 * 2 t o 1 6 * 5 p e r th o u s a n d . The l i f e sp an w as in c r e a s e d fro m 41 y e a r s t o 46 y e a r s * I l l i t e r a c y d e c r e a s e d fro m 9 0 ^ i n 1 8 6 5 t o 16^ in 1930* In 1 9 3 0 , 2 ,4 7 7 ,3 1 1 c h ild r e n a tte n d e d s c h o o l , 2 2 .0 0 0 N e g r o e s w ere in c o l l e g e , and more th an 2 0 .0 0 0 had won d e g r e e s . I n 1 9 3 0 , o f th e 8 8 2 ,8 5 0 N egro farm o p e r a t o r s , 7 0 0 ,9 1 1 w ere l a n d l e s s r e n t e r s and t e n a n t s . O nly one i n two hu nd red N egro fa r m e r s had a te le p h o n e and one i n th r e e h u nd red had w a te r and l i g h t in t h e i r h o m e s. More th a n t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f th e N egro fa rm h o u s e s w ere v a lu e d a t l e s s th a n $ 5 0 0 . In 1 9 2 9 , th e N egro fa r m e r p rod u ced f o o d - s t u f f v a lu e d a t # 6 4 3 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . In 1 9 3 0 , t h e r e w ere 1 ,9 5 4 ,1 3 7 w h it e farm t e n a n t s . I n 1 9 3 0 , th e r e w ere 2 ,8 0 3 ,7 5 6 N egro f a m i l i e s i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s and 2 ,0 5 0 ,2 1 7 o r 73 p e r c e n t w ere l i v i n g i n r e n te d h o u s e s . I n 1 9 2 7 , t h e N egro d e a t h r a t e w as 1 7 .5 p er th o u s a n d , and th e w h ite d e a th r a t e w as 1 0 .8 p e r th o u s a n d . I n 1 9 2 7 , t h e N egro d e a t h r a t e w as 62 p e r c e n t h ig h e r th a n t h a t o f th e w h i t e s . In 1 9 3 0 , o v e r 1 ,5 7 6 ,2 0 5 N e g r o e s w ere i n d o m e s tic s e r v i c e . I n 1 9 3 0 , m oney s p e n t f o r w h ite c h ild r e n a v e r a g e d # 4 4 .3 1 p e r c h i l d i n th e S o u th , and f o r th e N egro c h i l d , # 1 2 .5 7 . In 1 9 3 0 , N e g r o e s c o n d u c te d more th a n 7 0 ,0 0 0 b u s i n e s s e s . T h ere w ere 21 N eg ro in s u r a n c e co m p a n ie s w it h # 1 8 ,4 4 5 ,7 9 8 i n a s s e t s and $ 2 6 0 ,1 7 4 ,4 6 7 w o r th o f in s u r a n c e i n f o r c e , w it h more th a n 8 ,0 0 0 p e o p le w o r k in g w it h th e m . I n 1 9 3 1 , th e r e w ere o n ly 2 3 N egro h a n k s l e f t o f 30 t h e 51 i n 1 9 2 9 . I n 1 9 3 0 , o n ly 68 p e r c e n t o f t h e N egro c h ild r e n a tte n d e d s c h o o l , a g g r e g a t in g 2 ,2 8 9 ,3 8 9 p u p i l s . In 1 9 3 5 , th e r e w ere more th an 1 3 2 N egro d o c t o r s o f p h ilo s o p h y . I n 1 9 3 0 , th e r e w ere 135 N egro members o f P h i B e ta K app a. In f i f t e e n y e a r s , N e g r o e s o f th e S o u th c o n t r i b u te d # 4 ,6 8 3 ,0 0 0 to th e b u ild in g o f B o sen w a ld s c h o o l s . I n 1 9 3 0 , N e g r o e s had 4 2 ,5 8 5 c h u r c h e s w it h 5 ,2 0 3 ,4 8 7 members and 3 6 ,0 0 0 Sunday s c h o o ls w it h 2 ,1 4 4 ,0 0 0 p u p i l s . The B a p t i s t s had 2 2 ,0 9 0 c h u r c h e s w it h 3 ,1 9 6 ,6 2 3 m em bers. N egro c h u r c h p r o p e r ty w as v a lu e d a t $ 1 6 8 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . O nly 6 4 5 ,0 0 0 N e g r o e s b e lo n g e d to w h ite c h u r c h e s . O li v e t B a p t i s t C h urch, C h ic a g o , w it h 1 0 ,0 0 0 members i s th e l a r g e s t P r o t e s t a n t c o n g r e g a tio n i n th e w o r ld . In 1 9 3 7 , A rth u r W. M it c h e ll w as a member o f th e H ouse o f R e p r e s e n t a t iv e s from I l l i n o i s . W illia m H a s t ie w as a p p o in te d F e d e r a l Judge to th e V ir g in I s l a n d s . In 1 9 3 6 , J e s s e Owens won th r e e f i r s t p l a c e s in th e O lym pic gam es in G erm any. I n 1 9 3 6 , 1 9 3 7 , and 1 9 3 8 , J o e L o u is s t a r t l e d e v e r y o n e b y h i s b o x in g a b i l i t y , and won t h e h e a v y - w e ig h t ch a m p io n sh ip o f th e w o r ld . In 1 9 3 7 , Duke E l l i n g t o n had w r i t t e n o v e r 100 s o n g s . I n 1 9 3 7 , P r e s id e n t W illia m J . H a le f i n i s h e d h i s t w e n t y - f i f t h y e a r a s p r e s id e n t o f th e A g r i c u lt u r a l and I n d u s t r i a l C o l l e g e , N a s h v i l l e . I t i s v a lu e d a t m ore th an $ 3 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 w it h an e n r o llm e n t o f n e a r ly 2 ,0 0 0 .1 6 T here r em a in s no d o u b t t h a t th e N egro i s an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f th e p h y s i c a l , e c o n o m ic , s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l makeup o f A m e r ic a . The N egro p r o b le m s a r e th e w h ite m an*s p ro b lem s The tr e n d o f th e tim e s show s t h a t A m erica i s e a r n e s t l y M erl R . E p p se , The N e g r o . T oo, in A m erican H i s t o r y . (C h ic a g o : N a t io n a l E d u c a tio n a l P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 3 8 ) , p . 4 1 2 — 4 1 4 . 31 d e s ir o u s t h a t a l l i t s c i t i z e n s h e e n l ig h t e n e d . The F e d e r a l govern m en t h a s t r i e d t o d i s t r i b u t e i t s a s s i s t a n c e e q u i t a b l y . S o c i a l c a s e work i s d o in g much t o b r in g th e p r e s e n t c o n d it io n o f th e N e g r o e s t o l i g h t and h e lp t o s o l v e t h e i r p r o b le m s . In th e p a s t few y e a r s , s e n tim e n t h a s changed g r e a t l y to r e c o g n iz e th e good t h a t th e N egro h a s done a s a w h o le , r a t h e r th a n t o e m p h a size th e w rong t h a t a fe w h ave d o n e . I t i s hoped t h a t t h i s c h a p te r h a s e n lig h t e n e d th e r e a d e r a s t o th e s o c i a l good t h a t i s p o t e n t i a l l y in h e r e n t in th e N egro r a c e . CHAPTER I I I ANALYSIS cm FIFTY CASE HISTORIES STUDIED B y th e v e r y n a tu r e o f h e r s t a t u s , th e " u n a tta c h e d N egro" woman p r e s e n t s a p r o b le m . F i r s t , i s th e f a c t o f b e in g u n a tta c h e d — s e p a r a te d from an y im m ed iate f a m ily t i e s . S e c o n d , i s th e f a c t t h a t sh e i s a N e g ro — a member o f a m in o r it y r a c i a l grou p w h ic h h a s s u f f e r e d g r e a t l y in th e p a s t fro m r a c i a l d i s c r im i n a t i o n and i s s t i l l f e e l i n g th e i n f l i c t i o n s W ith t h e s e odds a g a i n s t h e r a t th e s t a r t , l e t u s g a t h e r some p e r s o n a l d a t a and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e g a r d in g t h e s e women under s t u d y to d e te r m in e w h at a s s e t s or l i a b i l i t i e s sh e h a s a c q u ir e d e i t h e r b y h e r i t a g e , s e l f - e f f o r t s , o r in th e norm al c o u r s e o f t im e . To w hat e x t e n t w i l l . t h e s e f a c t o r s a s s i s t h e r to w a r d s or b a r h e r from th e ro a d t o r e h a b i l i t a t i o n ? PERSONAL DATA A ge a s an unem ploym ent f a c t o r can n o t be d is c a r d e d l i g h t l y . I t i s th e r e a s o n why many p e o p le in in d u s t r y a r e c o n s t a n t l y b e in g d is p la c e d f o r y o u n g er w o r k e r s . W ith i n c r e a s in g a g e o f t e n com es i l l h e a l t h and l o s s o f e n e r g y , th u s r e s u l t i n g i n l e s s e f f i c i e n c y on th e j o b . Of th e f i f t y women s t u d ie d th e a g e ra n g e w as fro m t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s t o s i x t y - 33 f o u r y e a r s o f a g e . TABLE I I AGE GROUPING RELATED TO SOCIAL iSTATUS A ge g ro u p - U ln g le S e p a r a te d or ' d e s e r t e d - * * D iv o r c e d Widowed T o t a l 2 5 -2 9 1 2 - ' - . 3 3 0 -3 4 2 2 2 6 3 5 -3 9 2 4 3 9 4 0 - 4 4 2 2 2 4 10 4 5 -4 9 2 2 4 5 0 -5 4 4 3 4 11 5 5 -5 9 1 I 1 3 6 0 -6 4 1 1 2 4 T o t a l s 6 17 9 18 50 From th e a b o v e t a b l e i t i s n o te d t h a t in t h i s grou p o f f i f t y women on r e l i e f t h o s e from f i f t y to f i f t y - f o u r y e a r s o f a g e w ere l e a s t a b le to m a in ta in t h e m s e lv e s . The g ro u p from f o r t y t o f o r t y - f o u r y e a r s o f a g e came i n a c l o s e se co n d » The grou p i n th e t w e n t ie s t i e d w it h th e womenT®tween th e a g e s o f f i f t y - f i v e to f i f t y - n i n e a s r e p r e s e n t in g th e s m a l l e s t number i n t h i s g ro u p on r e l i e f . The mean age f o r a l l th e women was f o r t y - t h r e e y e a r s . Of t h e s e f i f t y women, s i x w ere s i n g l e , h a v in g n e v e r b e e n m a r r ie d . T h e ir mean a g e w as 4 0 .8 y e a r s . S e v e n te e n o f th e women w ere c l a s s i f i e d a s s e p a r a te d o r d e s e r t e d and had a mean a g e o f 4 1 .5 y e a r s . The mean age f o r th e grou p o f n in e d iv o r c e d women i s 4 7 .3 y e a r s and f o r th e e ig h t e e n w idow ed women, 4 6 .4 y e a r s . F o r th e e n t i r e e x -m a r r ie d group o f women 34 th e mean a g e w as 4 4 .7 y e a r s w h ich w as 3 .9 y e a r s h ig h e r th an th e mean a g e f o r th e s i n g l e wom en. H ere i s a f a c t o r to th e s i n g l e woman * s a d v a n ta g e i n h e r e f f o r t t o r e t u r n to in d u s t r y . S t a t e o f B ir t h The p l a c e s o f b i r t h w e re s c a t t e r e d and w ere fou n d in t h i r t e e n s t a t e s o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s w it h one in C an ada. Borne o f th e women had s p e n t th e g r e a t e r p o r t io n o f t h e i r l i v e s in th e s t a t e w here th e y w ere b o r n ; o t h e r s m ig r a te d w it h t h e i r f a m i l i e s a t a v e r y e a r l y a g e . As T a b le I I I , on th e f o l lo w in g p a g e , i n d i c a t e s , 78 p e r c e n t o f th e women w ere b o rn in th e S o u th w ith T e x a s a s th e s t a t e w h ere th e l a r g e s t number o f women i n t h i s s tu d y w ere b o r n . The m id d le w e s t c la im e d 18 p e r c e n t . T here w as one C an ad ian b o rn woman and one n a t iv e C a l i f o r n ia n who made up th e r e m a in in g 4 p e r c e n t . T w enty p e r c e n t o f th e women w ere b orn in L o u is ia n a . F a m ily B ackground The f a m ily b a ck g ro u n d s o f t h e s e women a lth o u g h th e y d i f f e r e d i n d i v i d u a l l y , w ere s i m i la r in many r e s p e c t s . The f a c t t h a t m ost o f them had come fro m th e S o u th , had gon e th r o u g h and w it n e s s e d s i m i la r h a r d s h ip s and a c h ie v e m e n ts o f t h e i r own r a c e , h a s had a d i r e c t b e a r in g on t h e i r p r e s e n t a t t i t u d e s , s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s , and eco n o m ic c ir c u m s t a n c e s . A l l f i f t y women w ere a b le to sp ea k E n g l i s h , some more f l u e n t l y th a n o t h e r s . S i x w ere a b le to sp e a k S p a n is h . T hree o f t h e women le a r n e d S p a n is h d u r in g a p e r io d o f tim e when 35 H H M i Ç Q § S a I m ë I < 0 •p g H * to 6 to m lO ui (A lO ci to 9 âtA g a a ; «I % à à O) C i ui C i 5 a m % Q) +5 c 6 -P C Q C 3 5 1 0 HCOOHiH'^ lO iH ' rH C D rH W tO C Q rH rH rH rH O lO 051 — I O C Q O^CQ C Q rH rH tO C Q rH «H rH rH rH rH O rH I — 1 O 60 rH O rH rH I — l I — I iH C Q C Q O C Q iH H O O lO C Q iH iH rH rH rH O rH rH O c6 •p C Q (D 5 8 r H C 6 c 6 c d c â S C Q O «H C Q « d p «H to f4 d C P b û d P d t a p csS^^ÎHPocioaSfcû # C | ^ o o d M X U PÎ4rH^O«H.Q)«H »diHWOO o C Q <D c6 rH ^ •d o i « a o d rd C Q « O ê c6 5 § 1 h tO % rH rH cd •H g O «H «H 60 r H rH T $ * O O i tO 60 P tQO C Q " 3 36 t h e y had l i v e d in A r iz o n a . One woman to o k i t up in n ig h t s c h o o l . A n o th er a c q u ir e d th e la n g u a g e w h ile w o rk in g a s a s a l e s g i r l in a m ixed r a c i a l d i s t r i c t . The s i x t h woman le a r n e d S p a n is h w h ile em ployed in d o m e s tic s e r v i c e in th e P h i li p p i n e I s 1 and s . J u s t a s t h e s e women w ere o f v a r io u s m a tr im o n ia l s t a t u s , so vwas: th e m a r it a l s t a t u s o f t h e i r p a r e n t s . TABLE IT MARITAL STATUS OF PAREHTS C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Number o f Women P er C ent M a rried 2 3 4 6 S e p a r a te d o r d e s e r t e d 11 2 2 D iv o r c e d 3 6 Widowed 1 2 24 S i n g le 1 2 T o t a l 50 F o r t y - s i x p e r c e n t o f t h i s g ro u p came fro m a norm al p a r e n t a l hom e, h a v in g th e a d v a n ta g e o f b o th a f a t h e r * s and m o th e r * s g u id a n c e . In th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f th e ab ove t a b l e "m arried" i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e p a r e n ts l i v e d t o g e t h e r u n t i l th e g i r l w a s m a rr ied or u n t i l th e tim e sh e had r e a c h e d h e r t w e n t y - f i r s t b i r t h d a y . The o th e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n d e s i g n a t e s a m a r it a l b r e a k in th e p a r e n t a l home d u r in g th e c h i l d ’ s m in o r ity ^ a lth o u g h f i g u r e s a r e n o t d e f i n i t e on t h i s p o i n t . 37 th e m a r it a l b r e a k u s u a l l y o c c u r r e d w h ile th e c h i l d w as v e r y y o u n g , th u s d e p r iv in g h e r o f one p a r e n t d u r in g th e g r e a t e r p a r t o f h e r c h ild h o o d . One woman w as an i l l e g i t i m a t e c h i l d . T h ree o f th e women w ere r e a r e d by r e l a t i v e s due t o th e i n a b i l i t y o f t h e i r m o th e r s , a f t e r a m a r it a l b r e a k , t o p r o v id e f o r th em . One woman w as r e a r e d i n a f o s t e r C a u c a sia n home a f t e r th e a g e o f s i x when b o th h e r p a r e n t s d i e d . She w orked i n s e r v i c e in t h i s f a m i ly f o r a p e r io d o f t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s , n e v e r b e in g g iv e n th e o p p o r t u n it y t o s e e k b e t t e r work or l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s . She w as p e r m itte d t o a t t e n d s c h o o l v e r y I r r e g u l a r l y and o n ly c o m p le te d th e t h ir d g r a d e . T w en ty-tw o o f th e women s p e n t t h e i r c h ild h o o d in a c o u n tr y e n v ir o n m e n t. S e v e n te e n l i v e d in a s m a ll com m unity to w n , w h ile th e r e m a in in g e le v e n w ere r e a r e d in t h e c i t y . TASLE T LOCATION AND OWNERSHIP O R RENTAL OF PARENTAL H O M E P a r e n t a l Rome O w nership C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Owned R en ted T o ta l C it y 4 7 11 Community 8 9 17 C ou n try 17 5 22 T o ta l 29 21 50 The p a r e n ts o f 58 p e r c e n t o f th e women a t one tim e w ere home o w n e r s. M ost o f th e hom es h o w e v e r , w ere o f sm a ll 38 v a lu e and w ere l o a t i n th e d e p r e s s i o n . F o r ty -tw o p e r c e n t o f th e p a r e n t s w ere r e n t e r s . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te t h a t th e N egro h a s had i n th e p a s t a d e f i n i t e d e s i r e and a im f o r home o w n e r sh ip w h ich i s a l s o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e p r e s e n t g e n e r a t i o n . The f a m i l i e s o f none o f th e women w ere r e c i p i e n t s o f r e l i e f w h ile t h e s e women l i v e d i n t h e i r p a r e n t a l hom e. The common a n sw e rs t o su c h a q u e s t io n w as " R e lie f w as n e v e r h e a r d o f i n t h o s e d a y s" and "It was a d is g r a c e to he on r e l i e f a t t h a t tim é " . The p a r e n t s o f two o f th e women a p p lie d f o r r e l i e f d u r in g th e l a t e r y e a r s o f t h e i r l i v e s . The o c c u p a t io n s o f th e p a r e n ts had a d i r e c t h e a r in g on th e incom e and sta n d a r d o f l i v i n g o f a g iv e n f a m i l y . I t m ust he ta k e n i n t o a c c o u n t t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s d i f f e r a s to t h e i r c o n c e p tio n o f an a v e r a g e incom e and t h i s i n tu r n i s a f f e c t e d h y su c h f a c t o r s a s mode o f l i v i n g , e n v ir o n m e n t, and s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s . T a b le ITI, on t h e .f o l l o w i n g p a g e , show s th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n th e o c c u p a tio n o f th e f a t h e r and th e incom e in th e p a r e n t a l home a s s t a t e d b y t h e s e wom en. I n d e te r m in in g th e amount o f incom e we m ust a l s o ta k e i n t o c o n s id e r a t io n t h a t th e f a t h e r * s incom e w as in many in s t a n c e s su p p lem en ted a t one tim e or a n o th e r b y e a r n in g s o f th e m o th e r . In o th e r c a s e s , d u e t o a m a r it a l b r e a k , th e f a t h e r * s incom e i n th e home te r m in a t e d , and th e f a m ily was m a in ta in e d s o l e l y b y th e m o th er* s e a r n in g s . 39 TABLE ¥ 1 OCCUPATION OF FATHER AND INCOME IN PARENTAL H O M E O c c u p a tio n o f Incom e i n P a r e n t a l Home f a t h e r B elo w A v era g e A verage A bove A v era g e T o t a l R a ilr o a d w ork er 1 1 B a r b e r 2 1 5 Farm er 14 2 1 17 P l a s t e r 2 1 3 L a b o r e r 4 3 1 8 T ruck d r i v e r 1 1 J a n i t o r 2 2 4 S to n e m ason 1 1 Cook 1 1 2 P r e a c h e r 2 2 P l a n t a t i o n O v e r se e r 1 1 M a sseu r 1 1 C a r p e n te r 3 3 C o tto n sa m p le r 1 1 In s u r a n c e A g en t 1 1 Unknown 1 1 T o t a la 2 7 19 50 40 When t h e s e w ere in a d e q u a te , th e c h ild r e n w ere r e q u ir e d t o le a v e s c h o o l a t an e a r l y a g e e i t h e r to a s s i s t w it h th e w ork on th e fa rm o r t o s e e k em ploym ent e ls e w h e r e ^ From T a b le V I we ca n r e a d i l y s e e t h a t th e o c c u p a t io n o f th e f a t h e r s o f 34 p e r c e n t o f th e c a s e s was fa r m in g , t h a t o n ly 4 p e r c e n t d e r iv e d an a v e r a g e incom e from t h i s e n d e a v o r , and th a t o n ly 2 p er c e n t had an incom e w h ic h in s u r e d a c o m fo r ta b le s ta n d a r d o f l i v i n g . None o f t h e s e women h a v e e v e r l i v e d in w hat m ig h t be term ed lu x u r y . L abor or m anual w ork w as th e o c c u p a t io n o f 16 p e r c e n t o f th e f a t h e r s . The r e m a in in g v o c a t io n s w ere s c a t t e r e d w it h in th e f i e l d s o f r a il r o a d w o r k e r , b a r b e r , p l a s t e r e r , tr u c k d r i v e r . J a n i t o r , s to n e m ason , c o o k , p r e a c h e r , p l a n t a t i o n o v e r s e e r , m a ss e u r , c a r p e n t e r , c o t t o n sa m p ler and in s u r a n c e a g e n t . One woman, who w as an i l l e g i t i m a t e c h i l d , n e v e r knew h e r f a t h e r and h i s tr a d e w as n o t known t o h e r . Of th e t o t a l women 54 p e r c e n t r e p o r te d a s t r u g g l e f o r eco n o m ic e x i s t e n c e i n t h e i r p a r e n t a l d w e l l in g , w h ile 38 p e r c e n t a d v is e d o f an a v e r a g e econ om ic s t a t u s d u r in g c h ild h o o d w h ic h p r o v id e d s u f f i c i e n t l y f o r a l l n e c e s s i t i e s . The fa rm e r group o f t e n w en t w it h o u t a d e q u a te fo o d and c l o t h i n g . T h ree o f th e women s a id t h a t th e r e w as many a d ay when t h e y w en t t o s c h o o l w ith o u t fo o d b u t w ere d e te r m in e d to g e t a s much e d u c a t io n a s p o s s i b l e . E ig h t p e r c e n t o f th e women came fro m "above a v e r a g e " hom es w here th e y w ere n e v e r in w ant and a l l r e a s o n a b le c r a v in g s w ere s a t i s f i e d . 4JL A s r e v e a le d b y th e c a s e h i s t o r i e s s t u d i e d , and a s show n I n T a b le ¥ 1 1 , th e m o th e r s o f t w e n t y - s i x o f th e c a s e s w e r e h o u s e w iv e s , and w ere n e v e r g a i n f u l l y em p loyed in p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y d u r in g t h e i r m a r r ie d l i f e . E le v e n w orked a s d o m e s t i c s . T h ree w orked a s s e a m s t r e s s e s and th r e e a s c o o k s . Two w e re n u r s e s w h ile th e v o c a t i o n s o f c l e r k , t e a c h e r and la u n d r e s s c la im e d one p e r s o n e a c h . From t h e s e f i g u r e s i t i s s e e n t h a t a lm o s t h a l f o f th e women w ere d e p r iv e d o f t h e i r m o th e rs * f u l l tim e c a r e and s u p e r v i s i o n . One woman l i v e d w it h h e r p a t e r n a l g ra n d m o th er fro m i n f a n c y , when h e r f a t h e r d e s e r t e d , u n t i l sh e w as t w e lv e y e a r s o f a g e . She th e n r e tu r n e d t o l i v e w it h h e r m oth er who w as em p loyed f u l l t im e , th u s l e a v i n g th e g i r l a t th e a g e o f tw e lv e to c a r e f o r h e r s e l f and th e h o u se u n t i l h e r m oth er w ou ld r e tu r n home a t e ig h t o * c lo c k e a c h n i g h t . The t a s k o f c a r in g f o r th e h o u s e and y o u n g e r b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s w h ile h e r p a r e n t s w orked w as t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f 18 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e women w h ile th e y w e re b e tw e e n th e a g e s o f e le v e n t o s i x t e e n . F o r m o st o f th e women c h ild h o o d w as n o t j o y o u s , b u t w as f i l l e d w it h h ard w ork and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w h ic h w ere a c c e p te d c o u r a g e o u s ly , w ith o u t q u e s t io n , and w it h an o p t i m i s t i c p h ilo s o p h y o f b e in g g la d j u s t t o b e a l i v e . F o r s e v e r a l i n d i v i d u a l r e a s o n s t h e s e women l e f t t h e i r p a r e n t a l hom es a t v a r io u s a g e s a s i n d ic a t e d i n t h e 42 liffiLE TXI OCCUPATION OP M OTHER O c c u p a tio n o f M other Number o f Women H o u se w ife 2 8 S e a m s tr e s s 3 D o m e stic 11 C le r k 1 Cook 3 N u rse 2 T e a ch er 1 L a u n d r e ss 1 T o ta l 50 su c ce ed i ng t a b la î 43 m B U ! ACm A m KSASOH FOR ElATIHG PAREKXAL H O M S R e a so n f o r l e a v i n g p a r e n t a l home 6 - 10 I l ls 16- 20 2 1 — 25 2 6 - 30 3 1 - 35 T o t a ls L a s t p a r e n t d ie d 2 3 1 6 S t e p - f a t h e r 1 1 2 To s e e k engployment 1 Z 6 Z 1 12 To g e t m a r r ie d 3 1 # 4 26 To come to C a l i f o r n i a 1 2 3 To e s t a b l i s h own home 1 1 T o t a l s 1 7 30 10 1 1 50 S i x t y p er c e n t o f th e women l e f t th e home o f t h e i r p a r e n t s b e tw e e n th e a g e s o f s i x t e e n t o tw e n ty , w it h f o r t y - two p e r c e n t o f t h e s e l e a v i n g to g e t m a rr ied * R in e t y - f o u r p e r c e n t r e l in q u i s h e d t h e i r c h ild h o o d home b e tw e en th e a g e s o f e le v e n to t w e n t y - f iv e * One woman w as p la c e d in a C a u c a sia n home a t th e a g e o f te n t o e a r n h e r own m a in te n a n c e * One p e r s o n c o n tin u e d t o l i v e w it h h e r hu sband on h e r p a r e n ts* fa rm u n t i l h e r hu sb and d e c id e d to farm f o r h im s e lf * T w elve women l e f t home t o s e e k em ploym ent o u t s id e o f t h e i r own com m unity or t o a c c e p t a j o b i n s e r v i c e r e q u ir in g them t o rem a in on th e p r e m is e s* T w elve p er c e n t o f t h e s e women d id n o t a c t u a l l y le a v e home b u t t h e i r home w as **no lo n g e r home** when t h e i r se c o n d p a r e n t d ie d and t h e y fo u n d th e m s e lv e s 4 4 l i t e r a l l y a lo n e In th e w o r ld w it h th e n eed o f s e e k in g w ays and m eans t o e a r n t h e ir own l i v i n g . S i x p e r c e n t o f th e women came d i r e c t l y t o C a l i f o r n i a , one f o r h e a l t h r e a s o n s , a n o th e r came w it h th e i n t e n t i o n o f m akin g h e r home w it h a m a r r ie d s i b l i n g , and th e t h ir d came t o C a l i f o r n i a on a tem p o ra ry v i s i t , s e c u r e d em p loym en t, and rem ain ed h e r e p e r m a n e n tly . Two women c o u ld no lo n g e r t o l e r a t e c o n s t a n t a rg u m en ts w it h t h e i r . s t e p f a t h e r s . W e can t r u l y s a y t h a t f o r many th e d a t e o f l e a v i n g t h e i r p a r e n t a l hom e, w h eth er f o r one r e a s o n or a n o t h e r , marked th e b e g in n in g o f t h e i r * * u n a tta ch ed n ess* * • M a r it a l S t a t u s I t i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y th e f a c t t h a t u n a tta c h e d women on r e l i e f a r e s i n g l e . The term u n a tta c h e d i s u sed t o in c lu d e a l s o t h a t g rou p o f women who h a v e s e v e r e d , w i l l f u l l y or r e l u c t a n t l y , t h e i r r e l a t i v e t i e s , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e i r p r e s e n t m a r it a l s t a t u s . O nly s i x o f th e f i f t y women s t u d ie d r e p o r te d th e m s e lv e s t o be s i n g l e , t h a t i s , n e v e r h a v in g b een l e g a l l y m a r r ie d . E ig h t e e n w ere w id o w s. S e v e n te e n o f th e women r e p o r t e d t h a t th e y w ere s e p a r a te d from t h e i r sp o u se o r t h a t t h e y had b e e n d e s e r t e d by t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e h u s b a n d s . F in e o f th e women c o n te n d e d t h a t th e y were l e g a l l y d iv o r c e d from t h e i r l a s t h u s b a n d s , h o w ev er t h i s had b e e n v e r i f i e d b y th e a g e n c y i n o n ly two o f th e c a s e s . T a b le IX show s 4 5 t h e p r e s e n t m a r it a l s t a t u s o f th e f i f t y women s t u d ie d TABIM IX m m a m r m a r ita l st a t u s C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Fumber o f Wcnaen - É ercen tstg e S i n g le S 1 2 S e p a r a te d and D e s e r t e d 17 34 D iv o r c e d 9 I S Widowed 1 8 36 T o t a l 50 An I n t e r e s t i n g f a c t o r i s t h a t e a c h o f th e s e women a s s e r t e d t h a t th e w h e r e a b o u ts o f h e r husband w as unknown t o h e r .. A r e c ip r o c a l r e l a t i o n w ith a g e i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e d i v o r c e e s w ere th e o l d e s t in th e g r o u p w ith a mean a g e o f 4 7 .3 y e a r s . The n e x t o l d e s t group w ere th e w idow s w it h a mean a g e o f 4 6 .4 y e a r s . The s i n g l e women w ere th e y o u n g e s t w it h an a v e r a g e a g e f o r t h e group b e in g 4 0 .3 y e a r s . The s e p a r a te d and d e s e r t e d women a v e r a g e d 4 5 .5 y e a r s o f a g e . TASLS X BURATIOF OF MARITAL IMICM BY YEARS D u r a tio n b y Y e a r s Humber o f Women L e s s th a n 1 2 1 - 5 11 6 -1 0 11 1 1 -1 5 13 1 6 -2 0 2 2 1 -2 5 2 2 6 -3 0 1 3 1 -3 5 1 3 6 -4 0 1 T o ta l . ___ 4 4 4 6 T w e n t y - s ix p e r c e n t o f th e women l i v e d w it h t h e i r h u sb a n d s fro m e le v e n t o f i f t e e n y e a r s , w h ile th e m a r it a l u n io n o f 4 4 p e r c e n t l a s t e d from one to te n y e a r s w i t h ZZ p e r c e n t fr o m one t o f i v e y e a r s and 2 2 p e r c e n t fro m s i x t o te n y e a r s . One m a r it a l u n io n l a s t e d t h i r t y - s i x y e a r s and a n o th e r t h i r t y - o n e y e a r s , b o t h te r m in a tin g due t o th e d e a th o f th e h u sb a n d . The m a r r ia g e o f two o f th e women l a s t e d l e s s th a n one y e a r , one f o r t h r e e m onth s and th e o th e r f o r te n m onth s* S i x women had n e v e r b e e n m a rried and t h e r e f o r e a re n o t in c lu d e d in T a b le X .. T a b le % i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e women b e tw e en th e a g e s o f f i f t y - f i v e and f i f t y - n i n e y e a r s o f a g e rem ain ed m a rr ied f o r th e l o n g e s t p e r io d o f t im e , w it h a mean le n g t h o f m a r it a l u n io n a s b e in g t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s . The g ro u p fro m s i x t y to s i x t y - f o u r y e a r s o f age c o n tin u e d t h e i r m a r it a l u n io n f o r a mean l e n g t h o f tim e o f 2 4 .5 y e a r s . The m a rr ia g e o f th e y o u n g e s t g r o u p , b e tw e e n th e a g e s o f t w e n t y - f iv e and t w e n ty - n i n e , w ere o f s h o r t e s t d u r a t io n , t h a t i s , an a v e r a g e o f fo u r y e a r s . T a b le X I i n d i c a t e s a tr e n d o f an in c r e a s e in th e d u r a t io n o f th e m a r it a l u n io n w it h th e in c r e a s e i n th e a g e group o f th e w om en. The mean d u r a tio n o f m a r it a l u n io n f o r th e e n t i r e g ro u p a c c o r d in g to m a tr im o n ia l s t a t u s g r o u p in g s w ere fo u n d to be a s shown in T a b le X I I , on p age 4 8 . 47 TABLE X I DURATIOF OF MARITAL ÜFION BY AGE GROUPS A ge grou p ■^■^erage y e a r s m a rried 2 5 -2 9 4 .0 3 0 -3 4 8 .2 3 5 -3 9 7*7 4 0 - 4 4 7 .3 4 5 -4 9 1 2 .5 5 0 -5 4 1 3 .5 5 5 -5 9 2 5 .0 6 0 -6 4 2 4 .5 T o t a l 1 2 .8 4 8 TABLE X I I DURATlO F OF MARITAL UFIOF BY CIVIL MARITAL STATUS C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Mean d u r a t io n o f m a r it a l u n io n b y y e a r s S e p a r a te d and D e s e r te d 7 .7 D iv o r c e d 1 3 .6 W idows 1 2 .5 E n t ir e Group 1 2 .8 The mean d u r a t io n o f th e d iv o r c e d women*s m a r it a l u n io n was th e l o n g e s t w h ile th e u n io n s o f th e s e p a r a te d and d e s e r t e d women w ere th e s h o r t e s t # I n d i s c u s s i n g th e c a u s e s f o r th e m a r it a l h r e a k s in th e l i v e s o f t h e s e women we m ust r e a l i s e t h e r e a r e a lw a y s two s i d e s to e a c h s t o r y . W e a r e h e r e a b le t o g i v e o n ly th e women*s v e r s i o n a s to why h e r m a rr ia g e te r m in a te d and t h i s i s i l l u s t r a t e d b y T a b le X I I I # As shown i n T a b le X I I I , i t a p p e a r s t h a t th e d e a th o f th e woman*s m ate was th e c h i e f s i n g l e c a u se o f th e t e r m in a t io n o f th e m a r it a l u n io n s , t h i s r e a s o n b e in g g iv e n b y 30 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l women s t u d i e d . I n f i d e l i t y w as r e p o r te d a s th e n e x t m ost f r e q u e n t r e a s o n . The women a lw a y s I n d ic a te d t h a t th e u n f a i t h f u l n e s s was on th e p a r t o f th e man# T h ere w ere 14 p e r c e n t o f th e women in t h i s c a te g o r y # T w elve p e r c e n t o f th e women a s s e r t e d t h a t th e h u sb a n d * s f a i l u r e t o p r o v id e was th e c a u s e . -One woman l i v e d w it h a man f o r t h i r t e e n y e a r s , o n ly t o f i n d o u t t h a t he had b e e n m a rr ied p r e v i o u s l y 49 TABm X I I I CAUSES OF MARITAL DISRUPTION C a u ses Number o f women A lc o h o lis m 4 C r u e lt y 2 F a i l u r e t o P r o v id e 6 Man s e n te n c e d t o San Q u e n tin 1 Woman d e s e r t e d man to come to C a l i f o r n i a 1 E con om ic c o n d i t i o n s 1 M utual a g reem en t 1 M ari t a l In c ompat ib i l i t y 3 I n f i d e l i t y 7 Man n o t l e g a l l y d iv o r c e d from fo rm er w if e 1 D e a th o f m ate 15 Unknown 2 ÿ o t a l ^ ‘ 4 4 go and n e v e r d i v o r c e d . A s th e m an*s fo rm er w if e r e f u s e d to c o n s e n t t o a d i v o r c e , and i t was a g a i n s t th e woman’ s r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f to l i v e i n common la w r e l a t i o n s h i p , t h i s c o u p le * s a f f i n i t y te r m in a t e d . A c c o r d in g to two o f th e women, t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e h u sb a n d s had l e f t th e home one d a y , n e v e r r e t u r n e d , and n e v e r c o r r e sp o n d e d w it h t h e i r w i v e s . The women a s s e r t e d t h a t th e y l i v e d v e r y h a p p ily w it h t h e i r h u sb a n d s and no argum ent or m is u n d e r s ta n d in g had p r e c lu d e d t h e i r s p o u s e ’ s d e p a r tu r e * C i t i g e n s h i n and N a t i v i t y F o r t y - n in e o f th e v/omen s t u d ie d w ere c i t i z e n s o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s b y v i r t u e o f b i r t h . One woman was a C an ad ian b y b i r t h and becam e a c i t i z e n o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s when sh e m a rr ied an A m erican c i t i z e n p r io r to Septem b er 2 2 , 1 9 2 2 and s i n c e h a s c o n t in u o u s ly l i v e d i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s * R e s id e n c e In th e h i s t o r y o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s , m ig r a tio n o f p e o p le from one s e c t i o n o f th e c o u n tr y to a n o th e r h a s b een a p ro m in en t phenom enon a t a l l t im e s . The m ig r a t io n o f th e N egro h a s made up an im p o r ta n t p h a se o f t h i s p e r p e t u a l f l u x o f i n h a b i t a n t s , f o r m ig r a t io n o f N e g r o e s i s a l s o no new ph en om en on. M ig r a tio n o f N e g r o e s w i t h i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s h a s b e e n a c o n t in u o u s , n o t a s p o r a d ic phenom enon, f o r , l i k e th e w h ite p o p u l a t i o n , th e c o lo r e d p e o p le h a v e c o n s t a n t l y so u g h t new hom es and b e t t e r l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s . A t th e 51 c l o s e o f e v e r y c e n s u s p e r io d , s t a t i s t i c s o f th e b i r t h - p l a c e and r e s id e n c e o f N e g r o e s have in d ic a t e d a s t e a d y movement o f c o lo r e d p e o p le from one s e c t i o n to a n o th e r w it h in th e S o u th , from th e S o u th t o th e N orth and W est, and from r u r a l a r e a s t o urban a r e a s . A s i g n i f i c a n t f e a t u r e o f th e N egro m ovem ents h a s b e e n the te n d e n c y to c o n c e n tr a t e in urban c e n t e r s and i n th e l a r g e s t c i t i e s . T a b le XIV, on th e f o l lo w in g p a g e , i n d i c a t e s from w h ich s t a t e s th e women i n t h i s s tu d y had m ig ra ted to Gal i f o r n i a * F i f t y p er c e n t o f th e women m ig ra ted from the S o u th w it h 24 p er c e n t coming from Texas* Twelve per c e n t came from L o u is ia n a . T w enty-tw o p er c e n t came from th e M iddle W est w it h one p e r so n coming from I l l i n o i s , I n d ia n a , Iow a, M ic h ig a n , and M is s o u r i r e s p e c t i v e l y . Two women came from ea ch o f the f o l l o w i n g s t a t e s t K a n sa s, O hio, and Oklahoma. One woman came from O regon . Three p e o p le came from th e E a s t ; one from New J e r s e y and two from New Y ork. Twenty p er c e n t o f th e women m ig r a te d t o C a l i f o r n ia from o th e r W estern s t a t e s ; 8 p e r c e n t from C o lo r a d o , 6 p er c e n t from A r iz o n a , and 2 p er c e n t ea ch from Montana and U ta h . O nly one o f th e f i f t y was a n a t i v e born C a l i f o r n i a n . The women a s a w h ole had n o t b e e n r e s i d e n t s o f C a l i f o r n i a f o r a p e r io d e x c e e d in g s e v e n t e e n y e a r s . 58 TABLE X IV MIGRATION STATES OP RESIDENCE JUST PRIOR TO CALIFORNIA ARRIVAL Names o f S t a t e s Number o f women - - - P e r c e n ta g e S ou th 50 A rk an sas 2 4 F lo r id a 1 2 G eo r g ia 2 4 K entucky 1 2 L o u is ia n a 6 12 M i s s i s s i p p i 1 2 T exas 12 24 M iddle West I l l i n o i s 1 22 2 I n d ia n a 1 2 Iow a 1 2 K ansas 2 4 M ich ig a n 1 2 M is s o u r i 1 2 Ohio 2 4 Oklahoma 2 4 N orth O regon 1 2 2 E a st New J e r s e y 1 6 2 New York 2 4 West A r iz o n a 3 20 6 C a l i f o r n i a 1 2 C olorado 4 8 Montana 1 2 U tah 1 2 T o ta l 50 53 T ab le XV, on th e f o l lo w in g p a g e , shows th a t o n ly one woman had l i v e d in C a l i f o r n i a h er e n t i r e l i f e . S i x o f th e f i f t y women r e p o r te d t h a t th e y h ave l i v e d in Los A n g e le s f o r tw e n ty y e a r s or m ore. The l a r g e s t number, 34 p er c e n t m ig ra ted to th e c i t y b etw een th e y e a r s 1921 to 1 9 2 5 . From . 1926 to 1 9 3 0 , 32 p er c e n t a r r i v e d . F o u r - f i f t h s o f th e women r e s id e d h e r e p r io r to 1 9 3 0 . F o r t y - f o u r women were l e g a l r e s i d e n t s o f th e County o f L os A n g e le s , S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n ia ; ^ s i x were t e c h n i c a l n o n - r e s i d e n t s I n t h i s group o f women th e r e were no s t a t e h o m eless* ^ The mean y e a r o f m ig r a tio n f o r the e n t i r e group was 1 9 2 5 .1 , w it h an a v era ge le n g t h o f tim e in Los A n g e le s as 1 2 .7 y e a r s . The mean y e a r o f a r r i v a l a c c o r d in g to th e age g r o u p in g s i s shown i n T ab le XVI on page 5 5 . I t must n o t b e o v e r lo o k e d t h a t , b a s i c a l l y , b eh in d N egro m ovem ents, a s b eh in d th o s e o f any p e o p le , th e r e m ust e x i s t a d is c o n te n tm e n t w ith c o n d i t i o n s i n th e p r e s e n t A p e r s o n i s a l e g a l r e s i d e n t o f th e County o f Los A n g e le s , S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a when he h as r e s id e d in s a id C ounty c o n t in u o u s ly f o r a t l e a s t th e p a s t tw e lv e m onths In d ep en d en t o f any r e l i e f . 2 A t e c h n i c a l n o n - r e s id e n t i s a p e r so n who h a s l i v e d i n th e S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a sfc l e a s t one f u l l y e a r b u t h as n ev er m a in ta in e d h i m s e l f in d ep en d e n t o f r e l i e f f o r a c o n tin u o u s th r e e y e a r p e r i o d . 3 A s t a t e h o m e le ss i s a p e r so n who d o es n o t have c o u n ty r e s i d e n c e in any c o u n ty in th e s t a t e . 54 I § g I s I 3 a s s C Î Î M -a O E 4 to 00 to to 0> O ) r4 r ~ i < J > C T » rH rH < Q a 1 k t o G O 03 to C H O G > •H rH rH H (d o 1 iH lO 03 03 •H o> O pH rH H C t i t> 1 t o O rH 03 § < T i (D rH rH « M O 1 1 — ! lO < D 1 — I iH •P G) O 0 3 rH rH O to O OrH O r H iH M to O O 0 > G > M H (D 3 S' to to 0-0 ^ H to ^ H M I— i 03 O) r-f r4 to to to rH iH H i H O J C Q lO C J tO rH i H 03 r-i O O i o •sjt o 03 t f O to I C to to I t I 1 1 I 1 1 l O 6 l O Q l O o L O o 0 3 to l O to to O O lO O rH H 03 C O to H l O o iH H 03 O O pH 03 H 03 O Q +) iH S 3 oS <D 4 -> O o E-i (D A < 55 TABLE XVI MEAN YEAR OF MIGRATION TO LOS ANGELES BY AGE GROUPS Age group Mean y e a r A verage number o f y e a r s i n C a l i f o r n i a 2 5 -2 9 1 9 1 7 .2 2 0 .8 3 0 -3 4 1 9 2 7 .3 1 0 .7 3 5 -3 9 1 9 2 5 .0 1 3 .0 4 0 - 4 4 1 9 2 6 .5 1 1 .5 4 5 -4 9 1 9 2 6 .9 1 1 .1 5 0 -5 4 1 9 2 6 .0 1 2 .0 5 4 -5 9 1 9 2 3 .0 1 5 .0 6 0 - 6 4 1 9 2 1 .7 1 6 .3 56 l o c a l i t y and th e p ro m ise o f a m e lio r a t io n i n some o th e r r e g i o n . The r e a s o n s f o r d is c o n te n tm e n t are v a r ie d and a c c u m u la tiv e u n t i l th e d e s i r e t o tr y e lse w h e r e becom es p r e d o m in a n t, e s p e c i a l l y th e d e s i r e to s e e what th e G olden W est h a s to o f f e r in the form o f econom ic and s o c i a l b e tte r m e n t* Of th e f i f t y women s t u d ie d , th e r e a s o n s fo r coming to ”Sunny C a l i f o r n i a ” w ere s e v e r a l t TABLE XVII REASONS FOR COMING TO CALIFORNIA R ea so n Number o f women F or b e t t e r em ploym ent o p p o r tu n ity 11 To J o in r e l a t i v e s 11 F or b e t t e r s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s 2 H e a lth 3 To g e t m arried 1 To v i s i t 6 W ith em p loyer 3 For b e t t e r e d u c a t io n a l o p p o r tu n ity 2 J u s t wanted to s e e C a l i f o r n i a 10 C a l i f o r n i a n a t i v e born 1 T o t a l 50 T h ir ty -tw o p er c e n t o f th e women came to Los A n g e le s e i t h e r f o r b e t t e r employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s , to l i v e in th e same town w it h o th e r r e l a t i v e s who had m ig ra ted to th e W est a t an e a r l i e r d a t e , or J u s t to see C a lif o r n ia * The l a t t e r 57 r e a s o n was in s p ir e d a f t e r r e a d in g and h e a r in g v e r b a l l y ab ou t ”G lam orous C a l i f o r n i a ” and the v a r ie d o p p o r t u n i t i e s w h ich i t s open g a t e o f f e r e d . The N egro f e l t th a t he had a s much r i g h t to f a v o r a b le c l i m a t i c c o n d it io n s co u p led w it h b e t t e r work o p p o r t u n i t i e s a s th e w h ite p e r so n s so he d e c id e d to a tte m p t a new e x p e r i e n c e . The chamber o f commerce o f any c i t y must r e a l i z e t h a t when i t a d v e r t i s e s i t s c i t y and s t a t e f a v o r a b ly to th e g e n e r a l p u b lic e v e r y w h e r e , t h a t b o th the r i c h and the poor w i l l be e q u a lly a t t r a c t e d to i t s r e g io n by th e a d v a n ta g es th u s o f f e r e d . Of th e group 4 p er c e n t so u g h t b e t t e r s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s and 4 p er c e n t b e t t e r e d u c a t io n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s . Three women came w ith t h e i r e m p lo y e r s , when t h e i r employment te r m in a te d , w h ile in C a l i f o r n i a , th e y c o n c e n tr a te d t h e i r e f f o r t s toward s e c u r in g f u r t h e r work in the W est where th e y had made new s o c i a l c o n t a c t s . B ecau se o f th e l e n g t h o f t h e i r a b se n c e from t h e i r p la c e o f form er r e s i d e n c e , t h e i r v a r io u s t i e s had a lr e a d y b e e n s e v e r e d to a g r e a t e x t e n t . One woman came to Los A n g e le s to J o in h e r f i a n c e who had p r e v io u s l y come to the c i t y and had se c u r e d work h e r e . E d u c a tio n The fo rm a l e d u c a tio n o f th e N egro, e s p e c i a l l y in th e B o u th , h a s b e e n l i m i t e d . The e a r l i e s t and m ost im p o rta n t so u r c e o f e d u c a tio n o f th e N egro s l a v e s was the c o n t a c t and 58 a s s o c i a t i o n w it h th e w h ite p e o p le w h ich r e s u l t e d from the m e n ia l s t a t u s o f th e N e g r o . The p u b lic s c h o o ls f o r N eg ro es have had a slo w g r o w th . They have how ever red uced in a rem ark able way th e fo rm a l f i g u r e s o f i l l i t e r a c y o f th e r a c e . The e f f o r t to s t o p the m ig r a tio n o f N eg ro es from th e S ou th l e d t o somewhat more l i b e r a l e d u c a tio n a l a p p r o p r ia t io n s and to a r a c i a l l y more eq^uitable d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f u n d s . B e s id e the f a c t o f r e s t r i c t e d e d u c a t io n a l f a c i l i t i e s f o r th e N e g r o e s , law s c h o o l a tte n d a n c e e s p e c i a l l y in the S o u th , i s p a r t l y due to th e n o n -e n fo r c e m e n t o f th e com p u lsory a tte n d a n c e la w s , and th e lo w incom e homes from w h ich a la r g e p o r t io n o f t h e s e women com e. T ab le XVXII, on th e f o l l o w i n g p a g e , shows th e com p leted y e a r s o f e d u c a t io n a l a c h ie v e m e n ts by age g r o u p s . The l a r g e s t number o f th e women (18 p er c e n t) a tte n d e d s c h o o l f o r e i g h t y e a r s . One woman com p leted a fo u r y e a r c o l l e g e c o u r se in a C a l i f o r n i a u n i v e r s i t y and had h e r e le m e n ta r y t e a c h in g c r e d e n t i a l . Two women co m p leted a th r e e y e a r norm al s c h o o l c o u r s e , w h ile two l e f t s c h o o l a t th e c o m p le tio n o f t h e i r sophomore y e a r i n c o l l e g e . One woman had no fo r m a l s c h o o lin g and was I l l i t e r a t e . One p e r so n went to s c h o o l f o r o n ly one y e a r . T ab le X V III i n d i c a t e s th e y e a r s o f s c h o o l a tte n d a n c e and d o e s n o t i n a l l i n s t a n c e s i n d i c a t e th e g r a d e a t t a i n e d . Many o f t h e s e women o f t e n inform ed w ork ers t h a t ”where I w ent to s c h o o l , th e r e were no grades**. TABLE X V III EDITCÂTIOFAL ACHIEVEMENTS BY AGE GROUPS 59 T ea rs o f 2 5 - 3 0 - 3 5 - 4 0 - 4 5 - 5 0 - 5 5 - 6 0 - T o t a ls e d u c a t io n 29 34 39 4 4 49 54 59 64 -- 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 2 4 2 1 3 5 1 1 1 1 4 6 1 1 1 3 7 1 2 1 1 5 8 1 2 3 1 1 1 9 9 1 2 1 1 5 10 1 1 2 11 1 1 2 12 1 1 13 1 1 2 14 2 1 3 15 1 1 2 16 1 1 T o t a ls 3 6 9 10 4 11 3 4 50 Mean e d u c a t io n 1 0 .3 8 . 8 6 . 6 8 . 5 4 . 5 7 .6 1 0 .0 6 .2 7 .7 60 There was o n ly one h ig h s c h o o l g ra d u a te b e s id e th e e ig h t who had some c o l l e g e t r a i n i n g . The mean e d u c a tio n f o r th e e n t i r e group was T .7 y e a r s Tile y o u n g e s t age group ( t w e n t y - f i v e t o t w e n t y - s in e ) had a h ig h e r d e g r e e o f e d u c a tio n w it h a mean o f 1 0 .3 y e a r s . The group from f o r t y - f i v e to f o r t y - n i n e y e a r s had th e l e a s t amount o f s c h o o lin g w it h an a v e r a g e o f 4 .5 y e a r s . There i s an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t th e youn ger women had r e c e iv e d a s l i g h t l y h ig h e r maximum o f g e n e r a l e d u c a t io n than th e o ld e r o n e s . T h is i s to be e x p e c te d w it h th e i n c r e a s e o f e d u c a tio n a l f a c i l i t i e s in r e c e n t y e a r s . T a b le XIX w i l l se r v e a s a g u id e to an a n a l y s i s o f th e r e a s o n s and a t w hat a g e s th e s e women l e f t s c h o o l . TABLE XIX AGE AT LEAVING AND REASON FOR LEAVING SCHOOL Heason for A ge in years leaving school " I Ô ' 1 1 1 2 l 3 1 4 1E l6 l 7 l a 19 20 21' "22" 2 3 " Total To go t o work Z 1 5 3 5 3 1 1 1 22 To g e t m a rried 2 1 3:^ 1 2 2 11 To come t o C a l i f o r n i a 1 1 F i n a n c i a l 1 1 2 1 5 To s t a y a t home 1 1 1 3 To l e a r n a tr a d e 1 1 2 C om pleted c o u r s e 2 1 1 4 ”J u s t q u i t ” ____________________ 1 ^ T o t a l s 3 0 1 1 8 5 11 6 3 6 3 1 0 1 49 61 To go to work w as th e m ost f r e q u e n t r e a so n f o r l e a v i n g s c h o o l . F o r t y - f o u r p er c e n t were c l a s s i f i e d in t h i s group* These women had to se e k t h e i r own means o f l i v l i - hood and t h i s u s u a l l y happened beLween th e a g e s o f f o u r t e e n and s i x t e e n . The mean age how ever f o r t h i s group was 1 5 .0 y e a r s . The secon d m ost fr e q u e n t r e a s o n f o r l e a v i n g s c h o o l was to g e t m a r r ie d . T w enty-tw o p er c e n t f e l l i n t h i s u n it w it h a mean age o f 1 7 .0 y e a r s . F iv e women l e f t s c h o o l b e c a u se o f f i n a n c i a l r e a s o n s i th r e e t o s t a y a t home t o a s s i s t t h e i r m o th e rs i n c a r in g f o r th e h ou se and s m a lle r c h i ld r e n ; fo u r had co m p leted t h e i r a n t i c ip a t e d c o u r s e s and g r a d u a te d . One l e f t f o r C a l i f o r n i a a t th e age o f ten b eca u se o f h e a l t h r e a s o n s and n ev er e n r o ll e d i n s c h o o l a g a i n . Two l e f t p u b lic s c h o o l t o a t t e n d a tr a d e s c h o o l . One woman d i d n ' t l i k e s c h o o l and ”j u s t q u i t . ” As p r e v i o u s l y n o t e d , one in th e group n e v e r a t te n d e d s c h o o l . Of th e f i f t y women o n ly e le v e n (22 p er c e n t) in c lu d in g th e c o l l e g e g r a d u a te s r e c e i v e d a d d i t io n a l v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g . T a b le XX, on th e f o l lo w in g p a g e , i l l u s t r a t e s th e a d d i t io n a l v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n in g b y a g e g r o u p s . There are th r e e who r e c e iv e d t r a i n i n g a s b e a u ty c u l t u r i s t s , one a s c h ir o p r a c t o r , two a s d r e s s d e s i g n e r s , one a s l i b r a r i a n , one a s v o c a l i s t , one a s s te n o g r a p h e r , and two a s t e a c h e r s . S e v e r a l o f th e women were a t th e tim e o f T A B C L E XX VOCATIONAL TRAINING BY AGE GROUPO 62 Type o f Age Sroiip v o c a t i o n a l 25— t r a i n i n g ____ .29 .. 3 0 - 34 3 5 - 39 4 0 - 44 4 5 - 49 5 0 - 54 5 5 - 59 6 0 - 64 T o t a ls B e a u ty C u ltu r e 1 1 1. 3 C h ir o p r a c t ic 1 1 D e s ig n in g 1 1 2 L ib r a r ia n 1 1 V o c a l i s t I S te n o g r aphe r 1 1 T ea ch er 1 1 2 None 2 4 8 7 4 S 2 4 399 T o t a ls 3 6 9 10 4 11 3 4 50 63 th e c u r r e n t s t u d y a t t e n d in g n ig h t s c h o o l . Some were ta k in g g e n e r a l e le m e n ta r y s u b j e c t s , w h ile o t h e r s w ere a tte m p tin g to l e a r n t r a d e s . None o f t h e s e women had made any o u ts ta n d in g s u c c e s s i n h e r v o c a t i o n . H ou sin g and H eighb or hood E n v ir onrnent F or th e p u rp ose o f t h i s s tu d y , th e women s e l e c t e d r e s i d e d f o r th e m ost p a r t , in the v i c i n i t y o f C e n tr a l Avenue w h ich i s w it h i n th e b o u n d a r ie s o f th e Compton d i s t r i c t ^ o f th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n . T h is s e c t i o n o f Los A n g e le s i s u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d to as b e in g th e Los A n g e le s Negro c o lo n y . I t l i t e r a l l y c o n s t i t u t e s a c i t y w it h in a c i t y w it h C e n tr a l Avenue a s i t s m ain t h o r o u g h f a r e . Gardner B rad ford d e s c r i b e s t h i s d i s t r i c t a s a l o c a l i t y where : The o c c a s io n a l w h ite man i s c o n s p ic u o u s ly ou t o f p l a c e . C e n tr a l Avenue i t s e l f i s a th o r o u g h fa r e o f c o n t r a s t . There a r e N eg ro es who s h u f f l e , N eg ro es who p r a n c e ; some lo o k l i k e am iab le sc a re cr o w s» o t h e r s l i k e f a s h i o n p l a t e s . E v e r y o n e 's humming a t u n e . One and a l l , t h e y a r e t a k in g l i f e a s th e y f i n d i t , n o t w it h o r i e n t a l a p a th y or C au casian c o m p la in t, b u t w it h _ a c h e e r f u l a c c e p ta n c e th a t b e sp e a k s i n t e r n a l s u n s h in e . J . Max Bond in h i s D o c to r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n . The N egro i n Los A n g e le s , r e f e r s to the C e n tr a l Avenue Community a s th e m ain N egro community i n Los A n g e le s . ^ The C e n tr a l Avenue d i s t r i c t i s a p a r t o f th e Compton d i s t r i c t w h ich h a s a lr e a d y b een d e s c r ib e d in f o o t n o t e on p a g e 3 . ^ Gardner B r a d fo r d , ”Our Gay B la c k Way” , Los A n g e le s Tim es Suhday M a g a zin e , p . 5 , June 1 8 , 1 9 3 3 . 64 I t h a s a p o p u la t io n o f 2 7 ,0 0 0 N e g r o e s; and w i t h i n i t s b o u n d a r ie s i s fou n d a maze o f c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n s . H ere many newcom ers fro m s m a ll com m u n ities in th e S ou th - p a r t i c u l a r l y from T e x a s, L o u is ia n a , A r k a n sa s , G e o r g ia , and Alabama - have s e t t l e d ; m ost o f th e b u s i n e s s and p r o f e s s i o n a l men o f th e r a c e have t h e i r o f f i c e s i n and a re r e s i d e n t s o f t h i s la r g e comm unity; h e r e are found th e b u s i n e s s c o n c e r n s o f N eg ro es l i v i n g i n o th e r co m m u n ities; and h e r e r e s i d e s s t i l l a la r g e num ber*of th e f i r s t f a m i l i e s o f Los A n g e le s . In th e C e n tr a l Avenue com m unity, p o v e r ty and p r o s p e r i t y e x i s t s i d e b y s i d e . e v e r y hand c o n s e r v a t iv e o ld f a m i l i e s a r e su rrou n d ed by p e o p le o f a lo w e r l e v e l o f c u l t u r e , t h a t i s , i f a c l o s e l y k n i t f a m ily g r o u p , community p a r t i c i p a t i o n , and th e o w n ersh ip o f p r o p e r ty are o v e r t r e f l e c t i o n s o f c u l t u r e . In t h i s community th e t r a d i t i o n s a re v a r i e d . F a m il i e s who l i v e w it h in t h i s t e r r i t o r y are in a c o n s t a n t s t a t e o f f l u x , w i t h th e e x c e p t io n o f th e o ld s e t t l e r s and r e c e n t home o w n ers. A lth o u g h some f a m i l i e s r e p r e s e n t w e l l o r g a n iz e d u n i t s , g e n e r a l l a c k o f c o n t r o l o f i t s members r e s u l t s i n extrem e d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n o f th e f a m ily and the n e ig h b o r h o o d . In t h i s a r e a e x i s t s a g r e a t amount o f unemployment w it h a l a r g e per c e n t o f th e p o p u la t io n d ep en d en t upon a s s i s t a n c e from r e l i e f a g e n c i e s . The b r e a d w in n er s a r e , f o r th e m ost p a r t , u n s k i l l e d . The m ain problem s h e r e a r e u n e m p lo y i^ n t, p o v e r t y , p r o s t i t u t i o n , f a m ily d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n , j u v e n i l e d e lin q u e n c y , and d e s e r t i o n . A m idst t h i s s o c i a l and econ om ic d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n l i v e th e f i f t y u n a tta ch ed women i n a v a r i e t y o f h o u sin g s t r u c t u r e s w i t h fr e q u e n t o v e r c r o w d in g . A s shown in T a b le X X I, tw e n ty -tw o women (4 4 p e r c e n t) ^ J . Ifeix Bond, ”The N egro in L os A n g e l e s .” D o c t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n , (The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 3 6 ) , 1 4 4 7 I b i d . . p . 1 5 4 . 65 l i v e d in s i n g l e d w e l l i n g s ; te n o f • whom r e p o r te d t o he l i v i n g a l o n e . Three s t a t e d t h a t t h e y had one m ale roomer h u t i n s i s t e d th a t th e r e e x i s t e d no r e l a t i o n s h i p o f any k in d b e tw een th e men and t h e m s e lv e s . S i x had from two to th r e e room ers [m ale and fe m a le ) to a s s i s t in p a y in g e x c e s s r e n t . One r e c o r d in d ic a t e d t h a t a p o l i c e o f f i c e r i n the d i s t r i c t had in form ed th e s o c i a l w orker t h a t one o f th e women was d e f i n i t e l y o p e r a tin g a h o u se o f p r o s t i t u t i o n . The h ou se i t s e l f g i v e s t h i s im p r e s s io n . I t i s s i t u a t e d o f f th e s t r e e t and h a s an a l l e y e n t r a n c e . One e n t e r s th e h o u se d i r e c t l y i n t o th e f r o n t room . A l l d o o rs le a d in g to o th e r rooms a re a lw a y s c l o s e d . A c co r d in g to the c a s e h i s t o r y , w henever th e woman l e a v e s th e f r o n t room to g e t so m eth in g sh e w is h e s to show th e w o r k e r , sh e i s a lw a y s c a r e f u l in c l o s i n g a l l th e d o o r s when sh e l e a v e s th e f r o n t room and when she r e t u r n s . Three o f th e women l i v e d w it h c o - t e n a n t s i n order to sh a re h o u sin g e x p e n s e s . T hese c o - t e n a n t s were u s u a l l y em ployed i n d o m e stic s e r v i c e and were a t home o n ly one d ay p er w e ek . The m o b i l i t y o f t h e s e c o - t e n a n t s i s v e r y g r e a t , and one w onders how t h e s e women m eet t h e i r e x c e s s ren t® d u rin g th e d e p a r tu r e o f one c o - t e n a n t u n t i l th e s e c u r in g o f a n o th e r . o E x c e s s r e n t i s th e r e n t a l d e f i c i e n c y b etw een th e maximum amount o f r e n t a llo w e d to an u n a tta ch ed woman l i v i n g a lo n e b y th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is tr a tio n on a b u d g e ta r y b a s i s and th e amount o f r e n t a c t u a l l y p a id by th e c l i e n t . 66 w h ic h i s so m e tim e s a s lo n g a s s e v e r a l m on th s. T hese h o u s e s v a r ie d i n th e number o f room s from one t o s e v e n . S i x women o f th e t o t a l group o c c u p ie d one room each i n room ing h o u se s w it h th e use o f th e ”comm unity K it c h e n and p a r lo r ” . S e v e n te e n o c c u p ie d rooms i n p r iv a t e homes w ith th e p r i v i l e g e o f u s in g th e e n t i r e h o u s e . Two l i v e d in apartm ent h o u s e s , w h ile one c a l l e d h e r h o t e l room on C e n tr a l Avenue h e r hom e. Two r e s id e d i n f o u r - f a m il y f l a t s . One woman owned h e r own home w h ic h w as s t i l l encum bered in th e amount o f # 1 ,2 0 0 . to th e Home Owners Loan C o r p o r a tio n . Her i n t e r e s t and p r i n c i p a l p aym ents w ere $ 5 .0 0 p e r month e a c h . TABLE XXI TYBE (W HOUSING Type o f h o u s in g Number o f women A partm ent 2 F l a t 2 H ouse ( s i n g l e d w e l l in g s ) 22 Room i n p r iv a t e home 17 Rooming h o u se 6 H o te l 1 T o ta l 50 67 The mean r e n t a l f or t h e s e women w as # 1 1 .7 3 per m onth. A lth o u g h th e b u d g e ta r y r e n t a llo w a n c e o f th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n i s # 1 0 .0 0 m on th ly f o r u n a tta c h e d women, th e a c t u a l r e n t paym ents made by t h e s e women, d e d u c tin g c o n t r i b u t io n s f o r I r e n t'b y room ers and c o - t e n a n t s a re I n d ic a te d in th e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . TABLE X3CIX RENT PAYMENTS R en t Paym ents p er Month Number o f Women $ 8 2 9 2 10 17 11 3 12 7 13 5 14 4 15 6 16 0 17 1 18 2 B u y in g home 1 T o t a l 50 The g r e a t e s t fr e q u e n c y l i e s in th e # 1 0 .0 0 p e r month r e n t a l s . F i f t y - s i x p er c e n t o f th e women were m e e tin g , in one way or a n o t h e r , e x c e s s r e n t a l s r a n g in g from # 1 .0 0 to $ 8 .0 0 m o n th ly . F o rty ^ tw o p er c e n t p a id r e n t a l s w it h in th e 68 ■budgetary a llo w a n c e f o r t h i s it e m . The s t r u c t u r e and f u r n is h in g s o f th e s e homes v a r ie d from d i l a p i d a t e d t o w hat m ight h e c a l l e d c o m fo r ta b le and m odern. The e x tr em e s w ere e v i d e n t . The f u r n i s h i n g s o f one woman *s home c o u ld w e l l h av e been th e f u r n is h in g s o f a B e v e r ly B i l l s hom e. The woman s a id t h a t th e f u r n i t u r e was owned b y a f r i e n d who was em ployed in d o m e s tic s e r v i c e . The woman was p e r m itte d t o l i v e i n the h ou se a t a nom in al r e n t a l so t h a t sh e c o u ld c a r e f o r the f u r n it u r e as th e f r ie n d was a t home o n ly once a w eek . F iv e women owned t h e i r own f r i d g i d a i r e s u s u a l l y a c q u ir e d w h ile t h e y w ere em ployed on th e Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a tio n work r e l i e f p r o j e c t s . Se*veral owned t h e i r own f u r n i t u r e w h ich d i f f e r e d a s to p h y s i c a l c h a r a c te r and a d e q u a c y . M o b i li t y Much h a s b e e n h eard a b o u t th e m o b i l i t y o f B egro f o l k s , o f u n a tta c h e d women, and o f r e l i e f r e c i p i e n t s . These women showed an a v e r a g e o f one move i n e v e r y 9 .2 m o n th s. One woman l i v e d e i g h t e e n y e a r s i n h er p r e s e n t h ou se w h ile a n o th e r woman moved th r e e t im e s i n a p e r io d o f two and one h a l f m o n th s. In g e n e r a l , t h e s e women w ere r e l u c t a n t t o move and u s u a l l y w ere a b le to g i v e v a l i d r e a s o n s f o r e a c h c h a n g e . T h eir main r e a s o n f o r m oving was ch ea p er r e n t . T h is was o f t e n a c c o m p lish e d b y m oving i n w it h f r i e n d s or a c o - t e n a n t . O th e rs moved b e c a u se o f u n s a t i s f a c t o r y n e ig h b o r s and c o n s t a n t 69 d i s t u r b a n c e s fro m t h i s s o u r c e a t n i g h t s . S t i l l o th e r s moved i n an e f f o r t t o se e k b e t t e r h o u sin g c o n d i t i o n s . HEAItTK H e a lth i s fu n d a m en ta l t o th e g e n e r a l w e lfa r e o f a l l p e o p l e , in c lu d in g th e u n a tta c h e d Negro woman. Im provem ents i n h e a l t h c o n d i t i o n s to compare f a v o r a b ly w i t h th a t o f th e w h ite r a c e , w ould a t one s t r o k e w ip e ou t many p h y s ic a l a ilm e n t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e N e g r o , im prove h i s econom ic s t a t u s and s t im u la t e h i s in n a t e a b i l i t i e s . These are th e s o c i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s o f th e f a c t s o f th e u n a tta c h e d N egro woman * s h e a l t h . The prob lem o f h e a l t h i s s o c l o s e l y a l l i e d t o th e econ om ic s t a t u s o f th e u n a tta c h e d c o lo r e d w om en,, a s w e l l a s any o th e r group o f p e o p l e , t h a t i t s im p ortan ce can n o t b e f o r g o t t e n . A worker*^s c h i e f a s s e t i s h i s a b i l i t y to work c o n t in u o u s ly and e f f e c t i v e l y . I l l h e a l t h f o r th e s e u n a tta c h e d women i n many i n s t a n c e s h a s m eant l o s s o f w a g e s , th u s a more i n t e n s e p o v e r t y w it h i t s c o n se q u e n c e s o f g r e a t e r econom ic e x p l o i t a t i o n , lo w e r l i v i n g s ta n d a r d s , and f i n a l l y , h e r a p p l i c a t i o n f o r r e l i e f . I f h er h e a l t h d o e s n o t im prove we f i n d h e r becom ing a c h r o n ic r e l i e f r e c i p i e n t . The d ia g n o s e s l i s t e d i n th e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e com p rised f i r s t , m e d ic a l r e p o r t s found i n th e c a s e r e c o r d s and s e c o n d , th e c o m p la in t s made by th e women t o th e c a s e w o r k e r s . Some 70 o f th e c o m p la iïita l i s t e d a r e a ilm e n t s w h ic h appear a f t e r m id d le age w h ile o t h e r s may occu r a t an y tim e in th e l i f e o f th e i n d i v i d u a l . Some a re o f a tem porary n a tu r e w h ile o t h e r s are perm anent and c h r o n i c . A dequate m e d ic a l c a r e , d u r in g th e e a r l y s t a g e s o f th e i l l n e s s , w ould h ave p r e v e n te d some o f th e d i s a h i l t t i e s w h ic h w ere found e x i s t i n g i n t h e s e women. T a b le X X III, on th e f o l lo w in g p a g e , shows th e d ia g n o s e s and c o m p la in ts h y age g r o u p s . There a r e t h i r t y - t h r e e ty p e s o f c o m p la in ts l i s t e d f o r f o r t y - s i x o f th e women. F our women in th e group r e p o r te d no c o m p la in t s . B ackache appeared to he th e m ost common a i l m ent w it h 24 p er c e n t o f th e women c la im in g t h i s d i s a b i l i t y . Ten o f th e women (2 0 p er c e n t) had tr o u b le w it h t h e i r t e e t h . N ine s u f f e r e d fro m a r t h r i t i s , w h ile e i g h t (1 6 p e r c e n t) had a v e n e r e a l d i s e a s e . The above c o m p la in ts w ere th e m ost f r e q u e n t among t h i s group o f women and v a r ie d i n r e g a r d to th e age g r o u p in g s a s shown in T ab le XXIT on p age 7 2 . T ab le X X III a l s o r e v e a l s t h a t th e group from t h i r t y - f i v e to t h i r t y - n i n e r e p o r te d th e l a r g e s t number o f c o m p la in t s , w h ile th e group from f i f t y to f i f t y - f o u r y e a r s f o llo w e d w it h th e seco n d l a r g e s t number o f c o m p l a in t s . The you n ger women had th e l e a s t number o f c o m p la in ts and thu s can be c o n s id e r e d t o be th e h e a l t h i e s t o f th e g r o u p . The m id d le aged women had more c o m p la in ts th a n th e women o f th e o th e r age g r o u p in g s . TABXa X X III BIAGKQSBS AND COMPLAINTS BY AGE GBOÜPS 71 Age Group C om plaint 2 5 - 30 — 3 5 - 4 0 - 4 6 - 5 0 - 5 5 - 6 0 - T o ta l 29 34 39 44 49 ' 54 59 64 Group Anem ia 1 1 A r t h r i t i s 1 1 2 2 1 ■ 1 1 9 As thma 1 1 B ackache 4 3 5 12 B r e a th in g 1 1 d i f f l e u l t y C h est P a in s 1 1 Coughs 1 • 1 D ia b e t e s 1 1 D i z z i n e s s 1 1 Ear T rou b le 1 2 3 Eye T rou b le 3 2 1 1 7 F o o t A ilm en t 3 1 2 1 7 G a s t r i t i s 1 1 G ynocol o g i c a l 1 2 1 1 5 D is o r d e r s Hay F e v e r 1 1 H eadache 1 2 2 1 1 7 H ea r t 1 3 1 2 2 2 11 Hemor r ho id s 1 1 H igh B lood ■ 2 1 1 3 3 1 11 P r e s s u r e K id ney A ilm en t 3 1 1 1 1 7 Low B lo o d 2 2 P r e s s u r e M enopause 1 1 1 1 4 N e r v o u sn e ss 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 11 N e u r i t i s 1 3 1 5 O b e s it y 1 1 1 1 1 5 P a s t S u r g e r y 1 1 1 2 5 Rheum atism 2 1 1 4 Stom ach T rou b le 2 1 2 5 T e e th 3 1 2 1 2 1 10 T hyroid 1 1 C o n d itio n U lc e r s 1 1 2 V e n e r e a l 1 2 2 1 1 , 1 8 D i s e a s e W eakness 2 1 2 1 6 T o t a ls 3 27 30 2 5 l i 1*7 l l 16*7 No C o m p la in ts 1 1 1 1 4 TABLE XXIT MOST F B sq u m r c o m p la in t s b y a g e g r o u p s 72 Age Group C om p lain t 2 5 - 29 SC S I 3 5 - 39 4 0 - 44 4 5 - 49 5 0 - 54 5 5 - 59 6 0 - 64 T o t a l B ackache 4 3 5 12 H e a r t 1 3 1 2 2 2 11 H igh ^ lo o d P r e s s u r e 2 1 1 3 3 1 11 N e r v o u s n e s s 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 11 T e e th 3 1 2 1 2 1 10 A r t h r i t i s 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 9 V e n e r e a l D i s e a s e 1 2 2 1 1 1 8 T o ta l 2 9 1 5 13 7 14 a 4 72 7 3 A lth o u g h th e o ld e r women, b etw een th e a g e s o f s i x t y to s i x t y - fo u r d id n ot c o m p la in v e r y much a s to d e f i n i t e a i lm e n t s , i t m ust n o t be f o r g o t t e n th a t advanced age i s i n i t s e l f a p h y s i c a l d i s a b i l i t y f o r t h i s group o f women in t h e i r e f f o r t s t o become r e h a b i l i t a t e d i n p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y . The age group from f i f t y - f i v e to f i f t y - n i n e y e a r s had th e l a r g e s t number o f c o m p la in ts p er p e r so n ( 5 .7 ) . The e a r l y t h i r t i e s group had 4^5 c o m p la in ts p er p e r s o n , w h ile th e l a t e f o r t i e s had 4 . 2 -per p e r s o n . The y o u n g e s t group had few er h e a l t h problem s p e r p e r so n th an any o f th e o th e r g r o u p s . The mean c o m p la in t p er p e r so n f o r th e e n t i r e f i f t y p e r s o n s was 3 . 5 . T able XXV, on page 7 4 , i s a summary o f c o m p la in t d i s t r i b u t i o n b y a g e g r o u p s . In a d d i t io n t o th e s e c o m p la in t s , two o f th e women w ere p a r t i a l l y in c a p a c it a t e d b e c a u s e o f o b e s i t y , tw en ty by p o o r v i s i o n , two by d e a f n e s s , one by im pairm ent i n s p e e c h , and one b y p a r t i a l f a c i a l p a r a l y s i s . A l l t h e s e f a c t o r s had a d e f i n i t e b e a r in g upon the e m p lo y a b ilit y o f t h e s e women w h ic h com p rised 54 p er c e n t o f th e e n t i r e g r o u p . There were a l s o two p e r s o n s who app eared to be e m o t io n a lly u n s t a b le , one o f whom was v e r y f o r g e t f u l , and th e o th e r who can be term ed a r e l i g e o u s f a n a t i c . I r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e s e v a r io u s p h y s i c a l d i s a b i l i t i e s , a l l f i f t y women were c o n s id e r e d em p loya b le a c c o r d in g t o th e 74 TABLE XXV SUMMARY OF COMPLAINT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE GROUPS Age G rouping Number o f C o m p la in ts Number o f P e r so n s w it h C o m p lain ts Number o f C o m p lain ts p e r C om plainant 2 5 -2 9 3 2 1 .5 3 0 -3 4 2 7 6 4 .5 3 5 -3 9 30 9 3 .3 4 0 -4 4 25 9 2 .8 4 5 -4 9 17 4 4 . 2 5 0 -5 4 27 10 2 .7 5 5 -5 9 17 3 5 .7 6 0 -6 4 11 3 3 .7 157 4 6 3 .5 7 5 sta n d a r d s o f th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n .^ In c a s e s w here th e h e a l t h w as q u e s t io n a b l e , a p h y s i c a l e x a m in a tio n w as g i v e n a s a f i n a l d é t e r m in e n t a s t o t h e i r e m p l o y a b i l i t y . T h ir ty -o n e p e r s o n s (6 1 p er c e n t ) w ere c o n s id e r e d e m p lo y a b le f o r l i g h t work o n l y . E le v e n (2 2 p er c e n t) were p h y s i c a l l y a b le t o d o any k in d o f w o rk . E ig h t women were em p loyab le f o r any k in d o f work e x c e p t employment w h ich n e c e s s i t a t e s th e h a n d lin g o f f o o d . We have J u s t co m p leted an en u m era tio n a s to th e e m p l o y a b i li t y o f t h e s e women a c c o r d in g to th e a g e n c y ’ s r e c o r d s * W e have a s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t s t o r y when we l i s t e n t o th e c l i e n t s ’ own o p in io n a s to t h e i r a b i l i t y to w o rk . H ere we have f o u r t e e n p e r s o n s who s a id t h a t th e y were a b le to d o a n y k in d o f w ork i f th e y w ould o n ly be g iv e n a J o b . Three p e o p le co n ten d ed t h a t th e y were t o t a l l y u n em p loyab le and c o u ld n o t e v e n p erfo rm th e l i g h t e s t work even s i x h o u rs p e r d a y . F our women s t a t e d th e y cou ld do l i g h t s e d e n ta r y , w ork o n l y , su ch a s s e w in g . They c la im ed t h a t t h e y c o u ld n o t w a lk or sta n d f o r a p e r io d e x c e e d in g a few m in u te s . T w en ty- n in e o f th e group (58 p e r c e n t) m a in ta in e d t h a t th e y w ere em p lo y a b le f o r any k in d o f l i g h t work w it h s t ip u la ,ted h o u r s o f e mpl oym en t. Thus we have ov er t w o - t h ir d s o f th e e n t i r e group ^ S ee d e f i n i t i o n o f em p lo y a b le on p . 6 76 s t u d ie d who have t o ’’p iclsf t h e i r j o b s a c c o r d in g to t h e i r p h y s i c a l w ork in g a b i l i t y . The la c k o f v o c a t i o n a l t r a in in g makes t h i s p rob lem a s e r i o n s o n e . EMFLOYMSNT N egro women w o r k e r s a c c o r d in g to th e 1930 c e n su s com p rised one s i x t h o f th e t o t a l women w orkers i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s . Long h o u r s , lo w w ages and poor w orking c o n d i t i o n s h a v e b e e n the h a r d s h ip s w h ich th e N egro women have endured more th an a n y o th e r group o f women. F or th e sa k e o f a l i v l i h o o d , how ever m eager i t m ig h t b e , she sto o d th e s t r a i n o f t h e s e h a r d s h ip s o n ly t o f i n d t h a t when th e d e p r e s s io n a r r iv e d e v en d o m e s t ic j o b s were d e p r iv e d h er by em ploym ent d i s p l a c e m e n t s . E s p e c i a l l y tr u e was t h i s o f th e u n a tta c h e d N egro woman. The f i e l d s o f en d eav or o f th e women i n t h i s stu d y w ere somewhat s c a t t e r e d w it h th e e x c e p t io n o f th e h e a v i e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f d o m e s tic work w h ich c o n s t i t u t e d th e u s u a l o c c u p a tio n o f over o n e - h a l f (5 2 p e r c e n t) o f th e g r o u p . Seven p e r s o n s p r o f e s s e d t h a t t h e i r v o c a t i o n i s t h a t o f a t e a c h e r , s i x o f whom had ta u g h t f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s in the S o u th . When th e y came to C a l i f o r n i a th e y w ere u n a b le to c o n t in u e t h i s p r o f e s s i o n b e c a u se in th e S ou th ern s t a t e s th e e d u c a t io n a l r e q u ir e m e n ts to t e a c h w ere c o n s id e r a b ly low er th a n t h e C a l i f o r n i a t e a c h in g r e q u ir e m e n t s . Four p e r s o n s had b e e n l a u n d r e s s e s . The 77 r em a in in g 26 p e r c e n t w ere c l a s s i f i e d b y o n e ’ s and tw o ’ s o v er th e f o l lo w in g o c c u p a t io n s : b e a u ty o p e r a to r , c h ir o p r a c t o r , c o o k , f a c t o r y w o r k e r , p r i n t e r , room ing h o u se m anager, s a l e s woman, seam s Lx'eas, s e c r e t a r y , s i n g e r , and w a i t r e s s * The f o l l o w i n g t a b le i l l u s t r a t e s t h i s o c c u p a t io n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n * TABLE XXVI USUAL OCCUPAT ION O ccu p a tio n F r e q u en cy B e a u ty O p erator 2 C h ir o p r a c to r 1 Cook 1 D o m e stic 26 F a c t o r y Worker 1 L a u n d ress 4 P r i n t e r 1 Rooming House Manager 1 Saleswom an 1 S e a m s tr e s s 2 S e c r e t a r y 1 S in g e r 1 T ea ch er 7 W a itr e s s 1 T o ta l 50 A f t e r th e d e p r e s s i o n , many o f th e women found th e m s e lv e s c o m p e lle d to s e e k em ploym ent i n o th e r f i e l d s th an t h e i r c h o se n v o c a t i o n . Three t e a c h e r s a c c e p te d d o m e stic work w h ile a n o th e r se c u r e d work i n a tom ato f a c t o r y . The c o o k , who had a t one 78 tim e earn ed # 1 0 0 .0 0 p e r month, p lu s m a in ten a n ce a t t h i s ty p e o f w ork, was l a t e r f o r c e d to work a s a d o m e s t i c . The s a l e s woman who a t one tim e had owned h er own fo o d b u s i n e s s , a f t e r i t s f a i l u r e , a ttem p ted to e a r n h er l i v i n g by s o l i c i t i n g from d oor to d o o r home-made m a y o n n a ise . M ost o f th e women n o t c la im in g d o m e s tic s e r v i c e a s t h e i r u s u a l t r a d e , had a t one tim e a t l e a s t a tte m p te d t o do t h i s type o f work su b seq u en t to th e b e g in n in g o f th e d e p r e s s i o n p e r i o d . The u s u a l o c c u p a t io n s o f t h i s g rou p were l a r g e l y in the u n s k i l l e d and s e m i - s k i l l e d t r a d e s . S in c e t h e i r l a s t r e l i e f a p p l i c a t i o n , none o f th e women had a tte m p te d to se c u r e d o m e stic employment to rem ain on th e p r e m is e s . The l e n g t h o f tim e a N egro woman i s em ployed d u r in g h er l i f e t i m e i s much lo n g e r th an th e w h ite woman. T h is i s l a r g e l y due to th e lo w s c a l e o f e a r n in g s o f Negro men and c o n se q u e n t low f a m i ly in c o m e s . T a b le XXVXI, on p age 7 9 , g i v e s us th e e x p e c te d d e c l i n e a s t o y e a r s o f em ploym ent. The o ld e r women had th e l o n g e s t em ploym ent h i s t o r y . There i s a g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e i n th e y e a r s o f em ploym ent o f t h e s e women w it h th e i n c r e a s e i n t h e i r a g e . The y o u n g e s t group had th e l e a s t amount o f employm ent w it h an a v e r a g e o f 5 .1 y e a r s . The mean employment f o r th e e a r l y s i x t i e s was 2 1 .2 y e a r s . The a v e r a g e em ploym ent f o r th e t o t a l group w as 1 5 .5 y e a r s . 79 M E H 1*3 p l-p«ft ft o o ft "p a © î> > ft ft o â> ft ft ■ft ft ^ a ft ft 4 C 0 + 5 H ^ C c8 « c6 < D +3 o o a ,4 > 5 ^ -P O C O f t g o g a Q ) ( Q ft 0 ) O * H Q > ft ^ > * M « H <{ O © W -P ft ft c 6 © (D ft e g O *H «HI © H ft ft ^ Aft ft e g a nj ^ ft © a © m + 3 ft ft c6 © o ft © S 4^ b O e g O f t « H lîti ft 4 o ft • f t bO f t ft C D f t «H ft ft ft ft ft ft i> > > f t < 4 a ft §" jpg to i H to to C D £ > to O i O i to * . « # « l O 0 3 T j t C O 0 3 o r 4 to i H H H H O i c a i H O " to 0 3 to i . 0 0 t o to to # • • • H to to to t o t o o - to J N 0 3 o to to t o t o I N to * • . • . H r 4 to to o - O i to to H H D - O i t o o - O i to to O C O ' # * # * ' O Î to to o to H r 4 O 0 5 o - to to to O t o C O « * 0 0 o * o - 0 5 to to C O i H i H Oi Oi r 4 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 i H oi to to to to to t t 1 1 1 1 1 1 P to Q to Q to o t o O O C Q « to " 4 * to to to E H 80 The N egro woman i n t h i s s tu d y w as g a i n f u l l y em p loyed a lm o s t o n e - h a l f o f h e r m a r r ie d l i f e , t h a t i s , an a v e r a g e o f 5 . 5 y e a r s o u t o f 1 2 .8 y e a r s o f m arried l i f e ( t h e a v e r a g e m a r r ia g e d u r a t io n f o r th e t o t a l g rou p was 1 2 .8 y e a r s ) . . The y o u n g e s t g ro u p w orked th e l e a s t d u r in g t h e i r m a r r ie d l i f e . The o l d e s t g ro u p ( e a r l y s i x t i e s ) r e p o r te d no em ploym ent p r io r t o t h e i r m a r r ia g e s . T h is c a n he e x p la in e d h y th e f a c t t h a t t h e s e women m a rr ied a t a v e r y e a r l y a g e . The mean d u r a t io n o f em ploym ent f o r t h e e n t i r e g rou p s i n c e t h e i r l a s t m a r it a l b r e a k w as 5 .3 y e a r s . In a d d i t io n t o t h e ir em ploym ent i n p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , many o f t h e s e women had b e e n em p loyed a t one tim e o r a n o th e r on w ork r e l i e f p r o j e c t s . TABLE X X V III EMPLOYMENT FREQUENCY ON W ORK RELIEF PROJECTS Work R e l i e f P r o j e c t Number o f Women C ou n ty 2 C i v i l Works A d m in is t r a t io n 3 S t a t e E m ergen cy R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n 10 Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n 26 More th a n o n e - h a l f o f th e g r o u p ( 52 p e r c e n t ) had w orked u n d er th e W orks P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n . Ten p e r s o n s had b e e n em p loyed on w ork p r o j e c t s o f th e S t a t e E m ergency 81 R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n . T h ree p e o p le who w ere on r e l i e f p r i o r t o Ju n e 1 9 3 4 w orked on th e C i v i l Works A d m in is t r a t io n , w h ile two w ere p la c e d on C o u n ty work o r d e r s . Many p e r s o n s w orked on more th an one w ork r e l i e f program d u r in g t h e i r r e l i e f h i s t o r y . T h ir t y - f o u r p e r c e n t o f th e women had w orked o n ly on th e W orks P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n . F our p e r c e n t had o n ly w orked on a w ork p r o j e c t o f th e S t a t e E m ergen cy R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n • T w elve p e r c e n t w orked on b o t h o f th e fo rm er w ork p r o j e c t s . One p e r so n w orked on Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is tr a t i o n and th e C i v i l W orks A d m in is tr â t io n î one p e r s o n on a C ou nty w ork o r d e r , on th e C i v i l Works A d m in is t r a t io n and on th e W orks P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n ; and s t i l l a n o th e r had w orked on a l l f o u r t y p e s o f w ork r e l i e f p r o g r a m s . A lth o u g h a c c u r a t e f i g u r e s a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e , th e s e women w orked e i t h e r a s s e a m s t r e s s e s or m aid s on t h e s e work p r o j e c t s . F o r ty -tw o p e r c e n t o f th e women n e v e r had a r e l i e f work o r d e r o f any k i n d , due t o a d m i n is t r a t i v e l i m i t a t i o n s . S in c e t h e s e women w ere r e c i p i e n t s o f a id fro m th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n , w h ic h a g e n c y h a s d i r e c t s u p e r v i s i o n o f th e c e r t i f i c a t i o n o f r e l i e f c l i e n t s t o th e W orks P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n , and s i n c e th e d u r a t io n s o f b o th p rogram s h a v e p r a c t i c a l l y p a r a l l e l e d e a c h o t h e r , i t w i l l be i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te i n f u r t h e r d e t a i l th e p la c e m e n t o f t h e s e women on th e W orks P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n a c c o r d in g t o t h e i r 8 2 a g e g r o u p in g s and a v e r a g e l e n g t h o f tim e t h e y had p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h i s w ork r e l i e f . TABLE XXIX DURATION OF W ORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION EMELOYMENT BY AGE GROUPS . Number o f Women A v era g e M onths on Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n 2 5 -2 9 1 1 5 .0 3 0 -3 4 2 2 3 .0 3 5 -3 9 4 1 7 .3 4 0 - 4 4 6 1 0 .7 4 5 - 4 9 3 3 0 .3 5 0 - 5 4 7 2 2 .3 5 5 -5 9 1 9 .0 6 0 - 6 4 2 1 3 .0 T o t a l s 2 6 1 7 .6 The mean d u r a t io n o f W orks P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n em p loym en t f o r th e t w e n t y - s i x i n d i v i d u a l s who w ere th u s em p loyed w as 1 7 .6 m o n th s. The g r o u p i n th e l a t e r f o r t i e s s e c u r e d th e l o n g e s t p e r io d o f w ork on t h i s p rogram , n a m ely an a v e r a g e o f 3 0 .3 m o n th s, w h ile th e grou p b e tw e e n f i f t y - f i v e and f i f t y - n i n e y e a r s r e c e i v e d th e l e a s t am ount o f work w it h an a v e r a g e o f n in e m onths f o r t h i s g r o u p . More p e o p le i n th e g ro u p fro m f i f t y to f i f t y - f o u f y e a r s (n a m ely se v e n ) w orked on th e program th an a n y o th e r a g e g r o u p . The e a r l y 83 f o r t i e s f o llo w e d a c l o s e se c o n d w it h s i x i n d i v i d u a l s h a v in g w orked on th e Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n . O f th e t w e n t y - s i x women who h a v e b e e n em p loyed on Works P r o g r e s s A d m in ia tr a tio n p r o j e c t s , tw e n ty ^ o n e w ere d is m is s e d b e c a u s e o f *^quota r e d u c t io n ’ ’ , two b e c a u s e o f un s a t i s f a c t o r y w o rk , and th e r e m a in in g th r e e b e c a u s e th e y w ere i n go o d h e a l t h and d o m e s t ic s b y u s u a l o c c u p a t io n s , and t h e r e w as a p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e i r o b t a in in g work i n t h i s f i e l d . RESOURCES We f i n d t h i s grou p o f u n a tta c h e d women w ith v e r y fe w and l i m i t e d eco n o m ic a s s e t s . T h is can r e a d i l y be a t t r i b u t e d to th e f a c t t h a t t h e s e women h a v e b e e n , i n l a r g e , lo w w age e a r n e r s i n t h e p a s t w h ile o t h e r s had s o ld t h e i r p o s s e s s i o n s i n a n e f f o r t t o b e s e l f s u p p o r tin g p r io r t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n f o r r e l i e f . T h ere r e m a in s among t h e s e women, o th e r th a n t h e i r p e r s o n a l b e l o n g i n g s , th e f o l l o w i n g ite m s w h ic h m ig h t b e term ed p o s s e s s i o n s , v a r y in g a s to t h e i r d e g r e e o f c a s h v a lu e : TABLE XXX FINANCIAL ASSETS C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Number o f Women F u r n it u r e 2 6 Incom e from ro o m ers 8 I n s u r a n c e 10 P r o p e r ty 2 R a d io 25 84 F i f t y - t w o p e r c e n t o f th e women owned t h e i r own f u r n i t u r e c o n s i s t i n g i n som e c a s e s o f o n ly a t a b l e , c h a ir and b e d . Y et t h i s i s th e v e r y e x c u s e sh e h a s f o r n o t a c c e p t in g d o m e s t ic w ork w h ic h r e q u ir e s h e r to r em a in on th e p r e m i s e s . The c h a n c e s a r e ev en a s t o w h e th e r o r n o t t h e s e women owned t h e i r own r a d i o . T w enty p e r c e n t c a r r ie d l i f e in s u r a n c e i n s m a ll am ounts p r im a r ily to c o v e r b u r i a l e x p e n s e s . One p e r s o n was p u r c h a s in g h e r hom e, w h ile a n o th e r i n d i v i d u a l p o s s e s s e d t h r e e unim proved l o t s in T e x a s . E ig h t women r e c e i v e d in com e from r o o m e r s w h ic h i s a r e s o u r c e u s u a l l y u sed t o m eet e x c e s s r e n t a l s . A n o th er in com e w h ich i s u s u a l l y v e r y d i f f i c u l t to d e te r m in e a c c u r a t e l y w as d e r iv e d from odd j o b s d o in g d o m e s tic d a y w o r k . T h is w as u sed t o su p p lem en t in a d e q u a te r e l i e f a l l o w a n c e s . INBEBTFDNESa In g e n e r a l th e u n a tta c h e d N eg ro woman i s n o t p r o n e to in c u r b i l l s . She i s s a t i s f i e d to l i v e fro m d ay t o d a y , m aking p u r c h a s e s in p r o p o r t io n t o th e m oney sh e h a s on h a n d . Many o f th e it e m s o f in d e b t e d n e s s l i s t e d i n T a b le XXXI w ere in c u r r e d w h ile th e women w e re em p loyed on th e Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n . I t w as t h e i r m is f o r t u n e to be d is m is s e d fro m t h e i r w ork p r o j e c t p r io r t o th e tim e t h e y had c o m p le te d t h e i r p a y m e n ts . T h ese women are now m aking s e v e r e s a c r i f i c e s , e s p e c i a l l y fro m t h e i r r e l i e f fo o d b u d g e t ,i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t 85 TABLE XXXI INDEBTEBNEBS C ia s s i f l e a t i o n Number o f Women C lo t h in g 1 F r I d g I d a i r e 1 F u r n it u r e 5 G la s s e s 1 L oan 1 M e d ic a l S e r v i c e s ( P r i v a t e ) 2 R a d io 5 R e n t 2 Rug 1 8 6 th e r e p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e s e much c h e r is h e d a r t i c l e s . One p e r s o n was p u r c h a s in g a f r i d g i d a i r e on w h ic h sh e s t i l l owed # 4 4 .0 0 . F iv e p e o p le w ere in th e p r o c e s s o f b u y in g t h e i r f u r n i t u r e , a n o th e r f i v e w ere b u y in g r a d i o s , w h ile one p e r so n w as t r y in g t o m eet p aym en ts on a r u g . One woman owed # 3 3 .0 0 f o r c l o t h i n g . Two women owed b i l l s f o r p a s t p r i v a t e m e d ic a l s e r v i c e s f o r w h ic h t h e y had made a r r a n g e m e n ts t o pay when t h e y s e c u r e d em p lo y m en t. One p e r s o n s t i l l owed f o r a lo a n w h ic h sh e had r e c e iv e d fro m a lo a n com pany t o p a y h e r r e n t p r i o r t o h e r r e l i e f a p p l i c a t i o n . One woman owed an o p t o m e t r is t # 8 .0 0 f o r a p a ir o f g l a s s e s , w h ile o n ly tw o women o f th e grou p w ere in d e b te d f o r b a ck r e n t . RELIGION F o r th e u n a tta c h e d woman w it h h e r many p r o b le m s r e l i g i o n i s a tem p o ra r y e s c a p e from r e a l i t y , and i n a d d it io n i s a r e c r e a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t . A t o t a l v a r i e t y o f n in e r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s i s l i s t e d i n th e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e , number X X X II, f o r th e e n t i r e g ro u p o f wom en. The l a r g e s t p r o p o r t io n o f th e grou p (6 8 p e r c e n t ) w ere members o f t h e B a p t i s t and M e th o d is t C h u rch es w i t h e ig h t e e n B a p t i s t s and s i x t e e n M e t h o d i s t s . F o u r b e lo n g e d t o th e S e v e n th B ay A d v e n t is t C h u rch . The r e m a in in g r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s w ere c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d in g to th e f o l l o w i n g d e n o m in a tio n s s C a t h o l i c , E p s i e o p a l, I n d e p e n d e n t, S a n c t i f i c a t i o n , S c i e n t i s t , TABLE XXXIX RELIGIOUS BELIEFS 87 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Number o f Women B a p t i s t 18 C a t h o lic 2 E p is c o p a l io n 3 In d e p e n d e n t 2 M e th o d is t 16 S a n e t i f i c a t io n 1 S c i e n t i s t 1 S e v e n th L ay A d v e n t is t 4 U ni t y 3 T o t a l 50 8 8 and U n i t y . X t i s a n i n t e r e s t i n g f a c t t h a t e a c h woman o f th e g ro u p p r o f e s s e d some r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f . S i x t y - s i x p e r c e n t o f th e g ro u p w ere mem bers o f a c h u r c h , w h ile 34 p e r c e n t Were n o t . S i x t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f th e women a tte n d e d c h u r c h r e g u l a r l y ; 1 8 p e r c e n t a tte n d e d o c c a s i o n a l l y ; and 14 p e r c e n t n e v e r w en t t o c h u r c h . The l a c k o f r e g u la r c h u r c h a tt e n d a n c e i n some i n s t a n c e s w as d u e t o in a d e q u a te c l o t h i n g , w h ile o t h e r s f a i l e d to a t t e n d due t o s h e e r i n d i f f e r e n c e * RELATIVES I n fo r m a tio n i n s o c i a l c a s e r e c o r d s r e g a r d in g th e r e l a t i v e s o f u n a tta c h e d women i s f r e q u e n t l y v e r y vagu e and q u e s t i o n a b l e . U n a tta c h e d women l o s e t r a c k o f t h e i r s p o u s e s w it h m arked r a p i d i t y . A f r e q u e n t e x p r e s s io n in r e c o r d s s t a t e , •Ih r. X *s w h e r e a b o u ts i s unknow n,* a n d , *M rs. X h a s h o t h e a r d fro m M r. X s in c e c o u p l e ’ s m a r it a l s e p a r a t i o n * . So i t w as w it h e a c h o f th e e x -m a r r ie d women i n t h i s group o f f i f t y — n on e know s th e p r e s e n t w h e r e a b o u ts o f h e r h u sb a n d . T h ese women r e p o r t e d r e l a t i v e l y fe w b r o t h e r s or s i s t e r s , and an o c c a s i o n a l l i v i n g p a r e n t . H o w ev er, se ld o m w as a r e l a t i v e l i v i n g in L os A n g e l e s . T h ey u s u a l l y l i v e d i n T e x a s, O klahom a, or A r k a n sa s when l a s t h ea rd fr o m . T h e ir p r e s e n t w h e r e a b o u ts w as unknow n. The c l o s e s t r e l a t i v e c o n t a c t s w ere w it h h e r c h i l d r e n , i f sh e had a n y . S even o f th e g ro u p r e p o r te d no l i v i n g r e l a t i v e s . 89 T h ir t y - f o u r women n e v e r had an y c h i l d r e n . Two women had two c h i l d r e n e a c h . T h ese c h ild r e n d ie d d u r in g c h ild h o o d . One woman’ s o n ly c h i l d d ie d d u r in g i n f a n c y . The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e , number X X X tll, on p age 90, w i l l g i v e th e a v e r a g e number o f l i v i n g p a r e n t s , s i b l i n g s and c h ild r e n a c c o r d in g to a g e g r o u p s . The y o u n g e s t a g e g ro u p w as v e r y l i k e l y t o h a v e th e m oth er l i v i n g and one o u t o f e v e r y t h r e e , th e f a t h e r l i v i n g . The o l d e s t age group ( t h e e a r l y s i x t i e s ) had th e l a r g e s t a v e r a g e number o f s i b l i n g s l i v i n g w h ile th e l a t e f i f t i e s had th e l a r g e s t number o f c h ild r e n * The mean number o f c h i ld r e n f o r th e e n t i r e g ro u p w as .6 c h i l d p e r p e r s o n o f whom .4 c h i l d p e r p e r s o n w as l i v i n g . T h is i n d i c a t e s a h ig h c h i l d d e a t h r a t e and lo w b i r t h r a t e . The g ro u p a v e r a g e d .8 b r o t h e r s and 1 . 2 s i s t e r s e a c h i n d i v i d u a l . RELIEF HISTORY U nem ploym ent d u r in g th e d e p r e s s i o n s t r u c k m o st im m e d ia te ly and s e v e r e l y a t h o u s e h o ld s e r v i c e and k in d r e d o c c u p a t io n s w it h th e l a r g e s t p o r t io n o f u n a tta c h e d N egro women i n su ch o c c u p a t io n s who so o n fo u n d t h e m s e lv e s i n d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y l a r g e num bers among th e f i r s t u n em p loyed and p e n n i l e s s . Em ploym ent d is p la c e m e n t had ta k e n t h e i r j o b s away from them and c a u se d no new j o b s i n s i g h t . T h e ir f i n a l r e s o r t w as to a p p ly f o r r e l i e f . W ith th e e n tr a n c e o f th e F e d e r a l G overnm ent i n t o t h e r e l i e f p i c t u r e , r a c e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n 90 n I C Q C Q I 0 1 5 3 4 « W ft o ft " ft ft ft -p ft ft o ,o ft O ft ft .Q 6 ft o ft ft ta O ft G •H 4 ^ î> •H r H to « ft ft O ft ft ft ft bOft G ^ î> + 3 1-1 ft O .Q © •H .ft t> + 3 •H ft « ft ft o to ^ W ft ft ft ft ft f t f t . f t . f t f t .Û > - P é IH i ft fl I o lO to Oi O C D o t o • • • 0 3 o 0 3 • f t o to o - 0 - • • • f t 0 3 ' S t * • f t o O o- to 0 3 * » • ♦ • • • H • f t • f t • f t • f t • f t • f t H o 0 0 • f t t o lO Oi o J N C O • • « # * • • f t •ft •ft to to H o o o o o • f t • « o 0 3 0 3 0 3 to • f t o o 03 • $ •ft m Ci Oi Oi Oi H 0 5 to to - S t * to to to C D 1 1 I 1 t 1 1 1 43 s o lO o lO o to o O C Q to to ■ S t * to to t o E H 91 f o r th e n e e d y w as g r e a t l y r e d u c e d and r e l i e f m ore a d e q u a t e ly p r o v id e d . In 1 9 3 5 , 2 5 .5 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l N egro p o p u l a t i o n w as on r e l i e f w it h g r e a t e s t num bers in urban a r e a s . So we f i n d th e u n a tta c h e d N egro woman on r e l i e f f o r v a r io u s d u r a t io n s o f t i m e . Some had r e c e iv e d r e l i e f fro m th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n s i n c e i t s i n c e p t io n i n May, 1 9 3 4 , and had b e e n a id e d c o n t in u o u s ly t o d a t e . O th e rs w ere more r e c e n t a p p l i c a n t s h a v in g a p p lie d o n ly one m onth p r i o r to t h i s s t u d y . The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e g i v e s a c r o s s s e c t i o n o f th e l e n g t h o f tim e on r e l i e f o f t h e s e women b y m onth s from May 1934 to Be G embe r 1 9 3 8 . TABLE XXXIV RELIEF HISTORY BY MONTHS AND AGE GROUPS M onths A ge G roups on 2 5 — 3 0 — 3 5 - 4 0 - 4 5 - 5 0 - 5 5 - 6 0 - R e l i e f 29 3 4 39 4 4 4 9 54 59 6 4 T o t a ls 1 - 4 1 1 1 3 5 - 8 1 1 1 2 1 6 9 -1 2 0 1 3 -1 6 1 1 1 1 4 1 7 - 2 0 3 2 1 1 7 2 1 - 2 4 1 1 1 4 7 2 5 - 2 8 3 2 3 1 9 2 9 - 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 3 - 3 6 1 1 1 1 4 3 7 -4 0 0 4 1 - 4 4 1 1 2 4 5 - 4 8 1 1 4 9 - 5 2 0 5 3 -5 6 1 1 2 T o t a ls 3 6 9 10 4 11 3 4 50 Mean 5 .7 2 5 .0 1 9 .4 2 1 .1 2 1 .3 2 3 .5 2 3 .7 4 3 .5 92 The mean, d u r a t io n o f r e l i e f f o r th e w h o le g rou p w as 2 3 » 6 m on th s or a lm o s t two y e a r s * The l a r g e s t number o f th e women (1 8 p e r c e n t ) had b e e n on d i r e c t r e l i e f b e tw e e n tw e n ty - f i v e and t w e n t y - e ig h t m onth s* Two women had b e e n on r e l i e f f o r f i f t y - f i v e m o n th s. The e j e c t e d in c r e a s e o f d u r a t io n o f r e l i e f w it h th e in c r e a s e i n a g e o f th e i n d i v i d u a l s i s e v id e n t fro m th e f o r e g o i n g t a b l e . The y o u n g e s t g rou p had r e c e iv e d r e l i e f th e s h o r t e s t l e n g t h o f tim e w it h a mean r e l i e f d u r a t io n o f 5 .7 m o n th s . The s i x t i e s had a v e r a g e d 4 3 .5 m onths a s s i s t a n c e . I f we add th e a v e r a g e d u r a t io n o f d i r e c t r e l i e f t o th e a v e r a g e d u r a t io n o f w ork r e l i e f f o r th e e n t i r e g rou p ( 9 .1 m o n th s) we f i n d t h a t t h e mean d u r a t io n o f d i r e c t and work r e l i e f f o r t h e s e f i f t y women w as 3 2 .7 m o n th s. The r e l i e f e x te n d e d to t h e s e women u s u a l l y h a s n o t b e e n c o n t in u o u s . TABLE XXXV FEEqUEHCY OF CASE CLOSINGS No C l o s i n g s 8 One 2 3 Two 13 3 h r e e 3 F our 2 F iv e 1 T o t a l 50 93 Tlxe r a n g e waa fr o m e i g h t c a s e a w it h no c l o s i n g a t o one c a s e w it h a s h ig h as f i v e c l o s i n g s . A lm o st h a l f o f th e c a s e s (4 6 p e r c e n t) had b e e n c lo s e d o n ly o n c e . T h i r t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f th e women had t h e i r o a s e s c lo s e d two tim e s or more^ th e l a r g e s t p r o p o r t io n h a v in g had t h e i r c a s e s op en ed tw o o r t h r e e tim e s .^ ^ The r e a s o n s f o r t h i s t o t a l o f s e v e n t y - o n e c l o s i n g s w ere v a r ie d and n in e i n number a s i M i e a t e d i n T a b le XXXTI, on p a g e 9 4 . S i x t y - f o u r p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l c l o s i n g s w ere f o r em ploym ent on th e W orks P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n . The n e x t l a r g e s t r e a s o n w as * * U n a b le to L o c a te * w h ic h c o m p r ise d 26 p e r c e n t o f th e c a u s e s f o r d is c o n t in u a n c e o f a i d . C a se s w ere c l o s e d e i g h t tim e s f o r r e f e r r a l o f th e women a s u n em p lo y a b le t o t h e B u reau o f I n d ig e n t R e l i e f . T h ese c a s e s w ere a t a l a t e r d a t e r e f e r r e d b a c k t o t h e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n w it h m e d ic a l r e p o r t s a d v i s in g t h a t th e h e a l t h o f th e s e women had im p roved and th a t th e y w ere a g a in e m p lo y a b le . S e v e n c l o s i n g s w ere due to th e s e c u r in g o f p r iv a t e e m p lo y m en t. The r e m a in in g e l e v e n c l o s i n g s w ere s c a t t e r e d b y o n e S s , tw o^ s and t h r e e * s f o r th e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s î m a r r ia g e (w h ic h l a s t e d o n ly fo u r m o n th s ), r e c e i p t o f unem ploym ent c o m p e n sa tio n b e n e f i t s . A l l o f th e c a s e s s t u d ie d w ere a c t i v e i n th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n f i l e s a t th e tim e o f th e s t u d y , D ecem b er, 1 9 3 8 . 94 m y 43 Ô < D % D lÔ < T i L O 1 0 O l O l O i I < D H lO 0 5 L O 05 03 03 g #4 m o 7 } U O <w § cs C Q f c O rH 05 03 H lO to tO 03 03 a 0 •H - P c6 + 3 C Q •H f l *H -§ 0 > - P % (0 E Q 0 Q) 0 à 0 0 +3 Ai C D C Q H ¥ rÛ c 6 0 Ü £d 00 È O tO 03 tO 03 03 tO 03 03 (H 60 r H r H r H 44 < D C D •H 0 H C Q 0 C D P C D Cî P n d 4 4 P + 3 C D C Q G 0 0 ) < D 0 ) Aï b O m 0 0 G 2 0 w H a p C D > 5 C D p 4 4 0 O Q 0 ( 3 5 0 r H C D 0 C Q 0 B > C D 0 P 0 •P S •H n d C D câ 0 M p •H A 0 Q) < D 0 î> G 0 S < D r H M 0 m 0 0 • P Q 0 a p m 0 ( 3 5 A: î>> 0 1 — ! > U P 0 a ; 0 B * •H C D 0 0 0 - p C 3 0 1 — ! P C D M 0 M A i ;□ 0 S p P P C D C D C D C D T ) co T d bO 0 p n d P 4 " P C D 0 o â a r H cô C D U 0 3 C Q 0 0 p 0 4 0 C Q î> 0 04 P 0 S u* 0 44 vH 4 4 O Q 0 0 C D C D 4 4 C D g i C D 0 0 n d C D A 3 Ai Ai Ai ü g 0 ) < Ai # (O fH 10 05 H H H O 10 m " 3 -p £ 95 adeq^aate incom e (fr o m a lim o n y ) , c o n t r a d i c t o r y e v id e n c e , r e s p o n s i b l e r e l a t i v e s , r e f u s a l t o a c c e p t p r i v a t e em ploym ent o f f e r e d , and r e f u s a l t o r e tu r n t o p la c e o f l e g a l r e s i d e n c e a f t e r a u t h o r i z a t i o n had b e e n r e c e i v e d b y th e a g e n c y . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te t h a t o f th e t o t a l c l o s i n g s o n ly t h r e e w e re d u e t o t h e r e f u s a l o f th e women to a c c e p t a v a i l a b l e p r i v a t e em p lo y m en t. T h is f i g u r e i s n o t a t a l l r e l i a b l e b e c a u s e m ost u n a tta c h e d N egro women a r e o f f e r e d a v a i l a b l e w ork b e f o r e t h e i r c a s e s a r e a c t u a l l y o p e n e d . I f th e jo b i s r e f u s e d b y th e c l i e n t , a c a s e i s n o t op en ed and c o n s e q .u e n tly t h e r e i s no p erm an en t r e c o r d o f t h i s r e f u s a l . The maximum b u d g e t , e x c l u s i v e o f e x c e s s a llo w a n c e s a u t h o r iz e d b y s p e c i a l c o n s e n t , o f th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n f o r an u n a tta c h e d woman, r e g a r d l e s s o f r a c e , l i v i n g a lo n e i s # 2 0 .5 3 m o n th ly . T h is in c lu d e s # 9 .0 3 f o r f o o d , # 1 0 .0 0 f o r r e n t , and # 1 .5 0 f o r u t i l i t i e s . The a c t u a l b u d g e t a u t h o r iz e d f o r e a c h c a s e o f t e n f l u c t u a t e s a c c o r d in g to th e i n d i v i d u a l c ir c u m s t a n c e s . I n th e g r o u p o f women u sed i n t h i s s t u d y th e f l u c t u a t i o n o f t h e i r b u d g e ts fro m th e s o - c a l l e d maximum was i n v e r y s m a ll a m o u n ts. A woman m ig h t b e p a y in g # 1 0 .0 0 p e r m onth f o r r e n t w h ic h i n c lu d e s a l l u t i l i t i e s . The u t i l i t y a llo w a n c e o f $ 1 .5 0 p e r m onth i s c o n s e q u e n t ly d e d u c te d from h e r b u d g e t . One woman i n t h e g r o u p r e c e i v e d an e x c e s s a llo w a n c e o f f i f t y c e n t s f o r c a r f a r e t o th e c l i n i c . A n o th e r woman w as a llo w e d $ 3 .0 0 f o r an o b e s i t y d i e t , w h ile s t i l l a n o th e r w as g iv e n $ 4 .0 2 f o r a 96 h y p e r t e n s io n d i e t . The p e r s o n who w as b u y in g h e r home w as a llo w e d $ 2 .0 0 p e r m onth f o r u p k eep o f h e r p r o p e r ty in a d d i t io n t o i n t e r e s t p aym en ts m aking a t o t a l o f $ 7 . 0 0 . One p e r s o n w h ose la n d lo r d d o e s n o t p ay h e r w a te r b i l l w aa a llo w e d one d o l l a r f o r t h i s it e m . The a c t u a l m ean t o t a l m o n th ly b u d g e t f o r th e e n t i r e g ro u p w as $ 2 0 .1 6 . The a c t u a l mean fo o d a l l o w a n c e w as $ 8 . 9 9 , r e n t a llo w a n c e $ 1 0 .0 1 , and u t i l i t y a llo w a n c e w a s # 1 . 0 2 . L o s A n g e le s S o c i a l S e r v ic e E xch an ge In a d d i t i o n to b e in g known to th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n many o f Jbhese women had r e c e i v e d f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e and s e r v i c e s fr o m o th e r a g e n c ie s in L o s A n g e le s C o u n ty . One woman w as known to a t o t a l o f s i x a g e n c i e s . T h ir t e e n women had n e v e r b e e n known t o a n y w e lf a r e s e r v i c e o t h e r th a n th e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n . The e n t i r e gro u p had b e e n known t o a t o t a l o f f o u r t e e n o th e r a g e n c ie s v a r y in g a s to th e n a tu r e o f t h e i r s e r v i c e s . T a b le XXX\FII i n d i c a t e s th e f r e q u e n c y t h a t t h i s group d f women w ere known t o th e s p e c i f i c o r g a n i z a t i o n s . S i x t y - s i x p e r c e n t o f th e women had b e e n known a t some tim e t o t h e B u rea u o f I n d ig e n t R e l i e f . The n e x t m ost f r e q u e n t l i s t i n g w as th e L o s A n g e le s G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l . From t h i s s t u d y th e r e a p p e a r s t o b e n o c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n th e a g e o f t h e s e women and th e number o f a g e n c ie s t o w h ich th e y h a v e b e e n 97 TABLE XXXO :i LOB ANGELES SOCIAL SSRTICE EXCHANGE LISTINGS A g en cy Number o f Women A lham bra H e a lt h C e n te r 1 A l l N a t io n * s C l i n i c 1 B u reau o f I n d ig e n t R e l i e f 33 C a t h o lic W e lfa r e A s s o c i a t i o n 1 C h ild r e n * s H o s p it a l S o c i e t y 1 C h ild r e n * s P r o t e c t i v e A s s o c i a t i o n 2 F a m ily W e lfa r e A s s o c i a t i o n 3 L os A n g e le s G e n e r a l H o s p it a l 7 O u ts id e M e d ic a l R e l i e f 1 P r o b a t io n B e p a r tm e n t: A d u lt 1 P r o b a t io n D ep a rtm en t t J u v e n ile 1 S a l v a t i o n Army: R e l i e f 2 T r a n s ie n t S e r v ic e I W h ite M em orial C l i n i c 4 N o t Known 13 98 known. A l l th e in f o r m a tio n f o r p u r p o se s o f t h i s c h a p te r w as o b ta in e d from c a s e h i s t o r i é s . I t was b e l i e v e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h i s s tu d y w o u ld n o t be c o m p le te and v a l i d w ith o u t a p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w w it h e a c h o f th e women in o r d e r t o p r e s e n t a r e a l i s t i c a p p r o a c h to th e p r o b le m i n v o l v e d . The f o l l o w i n g c h a p te r i s d e v o te d t o th e r e s u l t s d e r iv e d from t h e s e p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s . CHAPTER IT ANALYSIS OF FIFTY H O M E INTERVIEWS The home i n t e r v i e w s w it h t h i s g ro u p o f f i f t y womeu w ere c o n d u c te d f o r th e p rim a ry p u r p o se o f s e c u r in g t h e i r a t t i t u d e s r e g a r d in g t h e i r com m u n ity, r e l i e f , em p lo y m en t, e d u c a t io n , eco n o m ic s i t u a t i o n , r e l a t i v e s and f r i e n d s , t h e i r g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t s and p la n f o r t h e f u t u r e , w h ic h i s o f t e n la c k in g i n s o c i a l c a s e h i s t o r i e s and a d d i t i o n a l f a c t u a l m a t e r ia l n o t fo u n d i n th e c a s e r e c o r d s . The a t t i t u d e s o f t h e s e women b y t h e v e r y n a tu r e o f t h e i r u n a tta c h e d s t a t u s and r a c e m em b ersh ip a r e e x c e e d in g ly im p o r ta n t i n t h e i r l i v e s and f o r th e p o s s i b i l i t i e s tow ard f u t u r e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n b o th s o c i a l l y and e c o n o m i c a ll y . T h is c h a p te r i s d e v o te d to an a n a l y s i s o f t h e s e f i n d i n g s . A lth o u g h i t w as made c l e a r t o t h e s e women a t th e o u t s e t o f th e in t e r v i e w w hat th e p u r p o se and r e a s o n f o r th e s t u d y w a s , t h a t th e in t e r v ie w e r had come i n t o th e home a s a s t u d e n t o f th e u n i v e r s i t y and t h a t th e g i v i n g o f in f o r m a tio n w as e n t i r e l y v o lu n t a r y on t h e i r p a r t , i t a p p ea red t h a t some o f th e p e o p le c o n s id e r e d th e i n t e r v i e w e r a s a s p e c i a l i n v e s t i g a t o r from th e r e l i e f a g e n c y and f o r t h i s r e a s o n p e r m itte d th e in t e r v i e w to ta k e p l a c e . One woman w en t so f a r a s t o s u g g e s t t h a t i f th e w o rk er w as n o t a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f th e a g e n c y an d was u s in g th e in f o r m a tio n o b ta in e d f o r h e r own s t u d y , t h a t sh e p a y f o r in f o r m a tio n 1 0 0 s e c u r e d i n t h i s m anner* T h is woman r e f u s e d to c o m p le te th e i n t e r v i e w , h o w e v e r , i n th e c o u r s e o f th e p a r t i a l i n t e r v i e w s u f f i c i e n t in f o r m a tio n r e g a r d in g h e r a t t i t u d e s had b e e n r e c e i v e d so t h a t h e r c a s e h a s b e e n u sed i n t h i s stu d y * B e c a u s e o f t h i s q u e s t io n i n t h e i r m in d s, r e g a r d l e s s o f a l l e x p la n a t io n s made a s t o t h e a c t u a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e i n t e r v i e w e r , i t may b e assum ed t h a t t h e i r r e p l i e s w ere on a * * r e lie f p r o te c tio n * * b a s i s . I n th e m a in , t h e s e women w ere v e r y c o r d ia l and a n sw ered a l l q u e s t i o n s f r e e l y . One woman w as v e r y p le a s a n t u n t i l th e i n t e r v i e w p r o g r e s s e d t o t h e p o i n t o f h e r s o c i a l i n t e r e s t s and h o u s in g a r r a n g e m e n ts . H er r e m a in in g a n sw e r s w ere i n m o n o s y l1 a b l e s . Com m unity A s h a s b e e n p r e v i o u s l y c i t e d , th e com m unity i n # i i c h t h e s e women l i v e d i s a c i t y i n i t s e l f , c o n t a in in g a h ig h p e r c e n t a g e o f N eg ro p o p u la t io n in t e r m in g le d w it h w h it e f o l k s . F o r t y - f i v e o f th e women (9 0 p e r c e n t ) l i k e d th e n e ig h b o r h o o d i n w h ic h t h e y w e re l i v i n g and p r e f e r r e d t o l i v e h e r e r a t h e r th a n in any o t h e r s e c t i o n o f L o s A n g e l e s . T h e ir r e a s o n s f o r t h e i r e n v ir o n m e n ta l c o n te n tm e n t a r e g ro u p ed i n T a b le X X X T ÎII. The fr e q u e n c y i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e i n d i c a t e s many d u p l i c a t i o n s . F o r e x a m p le , t h r e e women g a v e a l l t h r e e r e a s o n s . E ig h t p e o p le l i k e d t h e i r com m unity b o th b e c a u s e o f 1 0 1 TABLE X X X n iI EEASONB GIVEN FOR NEXGHBQRHOOB AFFINITY R e a so n Number o f Women S a t i s f a c t o r y N e ig h b o r ly R e l a t i o n s 3 2 Q ,u iet 2 3 C o n v e n ie n c e I S 1 0 2 t h e c o ïiv e n ie a G e I t o f f e r e d i n sh o p p in g and t r an sp o r t a t i on f a c i l i t i e s , and t h e i r s a t i s f a c t o r y r e l a t i o n s w it h t h e i r n e ig h b o r s , w h il e e l e v e n women c o n te n d e d t h a t t h e n e ig h b o r s w e re f r i e n d l y and th e d i s t r i c t w as q u ie t # One woman s a i d t h a t th e n e ig h b o r h o o d w as b o th c o n v e n ie n t and q u ie t # Ten a s s e r t e d o n ly th e f a c t t h a t th e n e ig h b o r h o o d w a s q u i e t î t e n i n d i v i d u a l s s a i d t h a t t h e y had s a t i s f a c t o r y n e ig h b o r ly r e l a t i o n s j and f o u r p e o p le r e p o r te d t h a t t h e y l i k e d t h e i r p r e s e n t e n v ir o n m e n t s o l e y b e c a u s e o f i t s c o n v e n ie n c e # Thus we h a v e a t o t a l f o r t h i r t y - t w o women (6 4 p e r c e n t ) who g i v e th e r e a s o n f o r t h e i r com m u nity s a t i s f a c t i o n a s th e f a c t t h a t t h e y h ad s a t i s f a c t o r y n e ig h b o r ly r e l a t i o n s # In t h i s group w ere s i x p e o p le who l i k e d th e f a c t t h a t t h e i r n e ig h b o r s k e e p t o t h e m s e lv e s ! e ig h t e e n who s a i d t h a t t h e y had f r i e n d l y and r e s p e c t a b l e n e ig h b o r s and th e r e m a in in g e i g h t who had t h e i r f r i e n d s l i v i n g i n t h e i r com m unity# T w e n ty -th r e e p e o p le r e p o r t ed t h a t t h e i r d i s t r i c t w a s q u i e t î w h ile a t o t a l o f s i x t e e n l i k e d t h e c o n v e n ie n c e s t h a t th e a r e a p r o v id e d su c h a s s h o p p in g and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s # A l l t h e s e women had e a s y a c c e s s t o th e s t r e e t c a r # None in th e g ro u p had an a u to m o b ile th u s t h e y e i t h e r w a lk e d o r u se d th e s t r e e t c a r w hen f r i e n d s w i t h c a r s w ere n o t a v a i l a b l e # I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to n o te t h a t n o n e o f th e women e x p r e s s e d h e r n e ig h b o r h o o d s a t i s f a c t i o n a s d u e to t h e f a c t t h a t s h e w a s among h e r own r a c i a l g r o u p , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e f a c t t h a t s i x t y - f o u r p e r c e n t o f t h e s e 1 0 3 women p r e f e r r e d t o a s s o c i a t e w it h th e N egro g rou p s o c i a l l y # T h ir t y - f o u r p e r c e n t e x p r e s s e d no p r e f e r e n c e on t h i s m a tte r # O n ly one s a id t h a t sh e p r e f e r r e d t o a s s o c i a t e w it h w h it e p e o p le s o c i a l l y b e c a u s e sh e had b e e n r e a r e d among w h ite f o l k s and had a lw a y s w orked i n t h e i r hom es# T h is p e r s o n w a s one o f th e f iv e who d i d n o t l i k e h e r n e ig h b o r h o o d g i v i n g h e r r e a s o n t h a t i t w as c o n g e s t e d and t h e r e w as n o th in g b e a u t i f u l a b o u t i t . She l i k e d hom es w it h la w n s and f l o w e r s w h ic h h e r d i s t r i c t s e v e r e l y l a c k e d . Of th e o th e r f o u r who d id n o t l i k e t h e i r com m u n ity, tw o s a i d i t was t o o n o i s y and th e r e w ere to o many ( d is t u r b in g c h i ld r e n î a n o th e r a l l e g e d t h a t sh e had d i s h o n e s t n e ig h b o r s ! w h ile a n o th e r c o n te n d e d t h a t h e r n e ig h b o r s w ere d i s h o n e s t and b r o k e i n t o h e r home when sh e w as away# S h e w as p la n n in g to m ove# The m a j o r it y o f t h e s e women had l i v e d th e g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e i r l i v e s i n a c o lo r e d d i s t r i c t and th u s p r e f e r r e d to a s s o c i a t e w it h t h e i r own r a c e # I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t a lth o u g h many N egro women w ork i n w h ite h om es and l i v e on th e p r e m is e s t h e y s t i l l m a in t a in a home f o r th e m s e lv e s w i t h i n t h e i r own r a c i a l g ro u p w h ere th e y come o n t h e i r one f r e e d a y a w eek# T h is i s t h e i r m eans o f m ain t a i n i n g t h e i r own i n d i v i d u a l s t a t u s f o r th e m s e lv e s and w i t h i n t h e i r own r a c i a l com m unity# I n e x p r e s s in g t h e i r s o c i a l r a c i a l p r e f e r e n c e many s t a t e d * * s o c ia lly b la c k i s s t i l l b la c k and w h ite i s s t i l l w h ite * # When a sk ed w h e th e r t h e y f a v o r e d a w h ite o r c o lo r e d 1 0 4 v i s i t o r s e v e n t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t in d ic a t e d no p r e f e r e n c e on th e b a s i s t h a t t h e y had a lw a y s b e e n t r e a t e d e q u a l l y w e l l b y m em bers o f b o th r a c e s # T w enty p e r c e n t p r e f e r r e d w h ite v i s i t o r s s t a t i n g th e y w ere more s y m p a th e tic and u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e N egro c l i e n t s * p r o b le m s# I t i s t r u e t h a t t h e N egro v i s i t o r u s u a l l y l i v e s i n t h e same com m unity w it h h e r c l i e n t s and e v e n a s s o c i a t e s s o c i a l l y w it h th e m . Thus t h e y a r e f a m i l i a r w it h t h e c ir c u m s t a n c e s o f t h e s e c l i e n t s # G o n s e q u e n tly th e l a t t e r p r e f e r t o h a v e a v i s i t o r who h a s n o t b e e n p r e v io u s l y known t o them and t o whom t h e y w i l l b e a b le to g i v e a m ore v i v i d and s y m p a th e tic p i c t u r e o f t h e i r c ir c u m s t a n c e s and b a ck g ro u n d # T h ree women s a i d , *The c o lo r e d w orker a lw a y s f e e l s t h a t we f o l k s ca n g e t j o b s i f we r e a l l y w an t th em . T h ey don* t c a r e how s i c k we are**# O nly on e in th e e n t i r e g r o u p p r e f e r r e d a c o lo r e d v i s i t o r b e c a u s e i t was th e o n ly k in d sh e e v e r had and sh e a lw a y s had b e e n t r e a t e d p r o p e r ly # T h ere i s a g e n e r a l f e e l i n g among th e N e g r o e s t h a t a l l mem bers o f t h e i r r a c e a r e o f e q u a l im p o r ta n c e . Thus t h e r e e x i s t s a p e r s o n a l r e s e n tm e n t t o ta k e o r d e r s from a member o f t h e i r own r a c e who a p p e a r s to g i v e an im p r e s s io n o f s u p e r i o r it y # T h is a t t i t u d e i s a f a c t o r w h ic h th e N egro w i l l h a v e t o overcom e i f th e r a c e i s t o p r o g r e s s . O ver t w o - t h ir d s (7 6 p e r c e n t ) o f th e group d e s ig n a t e d no p r e f e r e n c e a s to w h e th e r th e y w ould tr a d e i n w h ite o r c o lo r e d s t o r e s ; some s t a t i n g t h a t t h e y made t h e i r p u r c h a s e s 105 w h e r e v e r t h e y c o u ld g e t m ost f o r t h e i r m o n ey . B e c a u s e o f t h e i r s m a ll n e e d s o t h e r s b o u g h t in th e s t o r e in t h e i r im m edi a t e d i s t r i c t r e g a r d l e s s o f r a c i a l o w n e r s h ip . S i x women p r e f e r r e d t o b u y i n s t o r e s owned b y w h it e p e o p le b e c a u s e h e r e .t h e y w e r e c o n s id e r e d on th e same l e v e l a s w h ite c u s t o m e r s . ] h e N e g ro s t o r e s a r e n o t c l e a n l y k e p t and N egro p r o p r i e t o r s te n d t o c h a r g e c o lo r e d p a t r o n s a h ig h e r p r i c e f o r i n f e r i o r m e r c h a n d is e . S i x i n d i v i d u a l s in t h i s grou p w o u ld go o u t o f t h e i r way to p a t r o n iz e a N egro s t o r e owner s o t h e y m ig h t h e lp m em bers o f t h e i r own r a c e who w e re s t r u g g l i n g f o r eco n o m ic e x i s t e n c e # (fete woman s a i d * l t * s l i k e d o in g m is s io n a r y w o rk .* O n ly f i v e o f t h e f i f t y women w ere m em bers o f t h e W orkers* A l l i a n c e .^ T w enty o f th e women had n e v e r h e a r d o f t h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n . O n e -h a lf o f th e g r o u p (5 0 p e r c e n t ) w ere n o t s u f f e e i e n t l y i n t e r e s t e d and t h u s n o t aw are o f th e c o m p le te a c t i v i t i e s and p u r p o s e s o f th e o r g a n i z a t i o n , d f t h i s f i f t y p e r c e n t , s i x o f th e women p la n n e d to a t t e n d som e o f th e w e e k ly m e e t in g s o f th e g ro u p to becom e m ore f a m i l i a r w it h i t s e f f o r t s and a im s and th e n m ig h t join ;^ fo u r o f t h e women had n o t made e f f o r t s to becom e m ore f a m i l i a r w it h th e o r g a n - The W orkers* A l l i a n c e i s a n a t i o n a l o r g a n iz e d g r o u p o f r e l i e f r e c i p i e n t s and t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d in th e w e l f a r e o f r e l i e f r e c i p i e n t s who f u n c t i o n t o a r b i t r a t e on m a t t e r s a f f e c t i n g r e l i e f and f o r th e p u r p o se o f c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a in i n g . 106- i z a t t o n b e e au s e th e y w ere u n a b le to p a y th e minimum c o s t s i n v o l v e d . 35ie f i v e women in th e grou p who w e r e m em bers o f t h e W orkers* A l l i a n c e w e re a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a n t s and a tte n d e d w e e k ly m e e t in g s r e g u l a r l y . F o r t y - e i g h t p e r s o n s o f th e t o t a l g ro u p w ere r e g i s t e r e d v o t e r s in t h e i r com m u n ity. One p e r s o n r e c e n t l y m oved i n t o h e r p r e s e n t p r e c i n c t and h ad f a i l e d t o r e - r e g i s t e r . One woman w as i l l i t e r a t e and f o r t h i s r e a s o n w as n o t a r e g i s t e r e d v o t e r . A lth o u g h s o l a r g e a p r o p o r t io n o f th e g ro u p to o k a d v a n ta g e o f t h e i r v o t i n g p r i v i l e g e s o n ly tw o women p a r t i c i p a te d i n o t h e r p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s ^ One p e r s o n w as a member o f t h e U rban L e a g u e * s W om en's P o l i t i c a l G lub and w as a c t i v e i n i t s v a r io u s p r o g r a m s. A n o th e r woman w as c o n s t a n t l y a s s i s t in g in e l e c t i o n ca m p a ig n s and p e t i t i o n s . F e o p le u s u a l l y ch a n g e t h e i r fo rm e r p l a c e o f ab od e i n an e f f o r t to s e c u r e b e t t e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s e ls e w h e r e . Some s u c c e e d in f i n d in g t h e s e o p p o r t u n i t i e s w h ile o t h e r s d o n o t . 3 h i r t y - e i g h t o f th e women s t u d ie d w ere o f th e o p in io n t h a t C a l i f o r n i a h a s m ore o p p o r t u n i t i e s to o f f e r th e N egro th a n i n th e S o u th from w h ere m o st o f t h e s e women m ig r a te d * The v a r io u s r e a s o n s g iv e n a r e shown i n T a b le ZXKIX. S e v e n ty — e i g h t p e r c e n t o f th e grou p b e l i e v e d C a l i f o r n i a t o b e b e n e f i c i a l to th e N egro b e c a u s e o f th e b e t t e r w ork o p p o r t u n i t i e s w h ic h i t h a s t o o f f e r , w h il e 46 p e r c e n t w ere o f th e o p in io n t h a t one o f th e a d v a n ta g e s o f l i v i n g In 1 0 7 TABLE XXXIX REASONS GIVEN W H Y CALIFORNIA HAS M O RE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE NEGRO THAN THE SOUTHERN STATES R e a so n s Number o f Women B e t t e r Work O p p o r t u n it ie s 59 L e s s R ace D is c r im in a t io n 2 3 More J u s t i c e i n L e g a l M a tte r s 12 B e t t e r E d u c a tio n a l O p p o r t u n it ie s 9 C lim a t ic 5 More A d eq u ate R e l i e f 4 IQ S C a l i f o r n i a w as t h e f a c t o r o f l e s s r a c e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . T w elv e p e o p le c o n te n d e d t h a t t h e r e i s m ore j u s t i c e in l e g a l m a t t e r s in C a l i f o r n i a . In e x p l a in i n g t h i s p o i n t , on e woman fro m th e S o u th s t a t e d * In tdae S o u th th e w h ite man r u l e s . He m akes th e la w s and h e b r e a k s th e la w s .* N in e women m e n tio n e d th e f a c t t h a t C a l i f o r n i a h a s b e t t e r e d u c a t io n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r th e N e g r o . The S o u th h a v e s e p a r a t e s c h o o l s f o r th e w h it e and c o lo r e d c h i l d r e n . F ou r I n d i v i d u a ls s t a t e d t h a t th e r e l i e f in C a l i f o r n i a i s m ore a d e q u a te and i s d i s t r i b u t e d w it h o u t r a c e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . F iv e women r e p o r t e d t h a t in C a l i f o r n i a th e N eg ro w ork s u n d e r v e r y f a v o r a b le c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s w h ic h i s n o t t o b e fo u n d in th e S o u t h . One woman s t a t e d , * I f we h a v e t o w ork , we m ig h t a s w e l l w ork w h ere i t i s n ' t s c o r c h in g h o t . The N e g r o e s h a v e a s m uch r i g h t t o th e b e a u t i f u l p a r t s o f t h e U n ite d S t a t e s a s do th e w h it e f o l k s . * F o u r o f th e women i n th e g ro u p d id n o t b e l i e v e t h a t C a l i f o r n i a h a s m ore o p p o r t u n i t i e s th a n th e S o u th e r n s t a t e s c la im in g t h a t a p e r s o n ' s home i s w h ere h e m akes i t and work can b e fo u n d e v e r y w h e r e i f y o u w ant i t and a r e in good h e a l t h . One woman s t a t e d t h a t in h e r o p in io n t h e r e a r e more j o b s a v a i l a b l e i n th e S o u th , h o w ev er th e j o b s in C a l i f o r n i a a r e b e t t e r and p a y h ig h e r w a g e s . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t a l l f o u r ,o f t h e s e women d id n o t o r i g i n a l l y w an t t o come to th e W est c o a s t b u t came b e c a u s e t h e i r h u sb a n d s h ad w an ted t o com e o u t h e r e to lo o k f o r w o r k . E ig h t women w e r e n o t a b le 1 0 9 to make a s ta te m e n t a s to th e o p p o r t u n i t i e s in C a l i f o r n i a o v e r t h o s e in th e B outh h e c a u s e t h e y had e i t h e r n e v e r l i v e d i n th e S o u th e r n s t a t e s or th e y had m ig r a te d from th e Sou th d u r in g t h e i r e a r l y e h ild h o o d . Relief P e o p le i n g e n e r a l e x h a u s t a l l p o s s i b l e r e s o u r c e s b e f o r e t h e y a p p ly f o r p u b lic a s s i s t a n c e î so i t h a s b een w it h t h e s e u n a tta c h e d N egro women. Borne, h o w ev er, a p p lie d f o r r e l i e f im m e d ia te ly a f t e r l o s s o f p r i v a t e em p loym en t. The e f f o r t s w h ich t h e y made to s t a y away from r e l i e f a r e v a r i e d . TàMM XXXX EFFORTS MADE TO STAY AW AY FROM RELIEF E f f o r t Number o f Women M a in ta in ed s e l f on odd j o b s 13 Made c o n tin u o u s e f f o r t s to f i n d work 11 E x h a u ste d a l l s a v in g s 10 Made no e f f o r t 8 A s s i s t e d b y f r i e n d s and r e l a t i v e s 6 Cashed in s u r a n c e p o l i c i e s 1 K ept room ers 1 T o ta l 50 Over o n e - f o u r t h o f th e women (26 p e r c e n t) a tte m p te d 1 1 0 to su p p o r t th e m s e lv e s a t i r r e g u l a r daywork a f t e r t h e i r s t e a d y work had t e r m in a t e d . When t h i s daywork he came v e r y s c a r c e th e y so u g h t r e l i e f . IH ev en women, a f t e r c o n tin u o u s e f f o r t s t o s e c u r e em ploym ent, a p p lie d f o r a s s i s t a n c e . Ten p e o p le e x h a u s t e d a l l t h e i r s a v i n g s w h ile s i x i n d i v i d u a l s a c c e p te d h e l p from f r i e n d s and r e l a t i v e s b e f o r e a s k in g f o r p u b lic a i d . One woman k e p t room ers a s a l a s t r e s o r t to m a in ta in h e r s e l f . When t h e s e room ers l e f t and sh e was u n ab le t o g e t o t h e r s , sh e a l s o e n t e r e d th e g a t e s o f th e r e l i e f a g e n c y , (fete woman c a sh e d h e r in s u r a n c e p o l i c i e s in an e f f o r t t o s t a y away fro m r e l i e f . E i g h t women acknow ledged h a v in g made no e f f o r t s t o h e s e l f m a in t a in in g a f t e r t h e i r f i n a n c i a l r e v e r s e s took p l a c e . The tu r n in g p o i n t s i n th e l i v e s o f t h e s e women w h ich b e g a n t h e i r r e l i e f s t a t u s can be a t t r i b u t e d t o and grou p ed i n th e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n g r o u p s : TABLE XXXXX BEASONS FOR FIRST RELIEF APELICATION R eason Number o f Women I n a b i l i t y to f i n d work 25 H I h e a l t h 21 B a s e r te d b y husband 1 D e a th o f husband 1 M arriage o f b r o t h e r 1 To s e c u r e work on F e d e r a l T h ea tre P r o j e c t 1 Ill F i f t y p e r c e n t o f t h e grou p a p p lie d b e c a u se o f i n a b i l i t y t o s e c u r e p r i v a t e em ploym ent i n o r d e r t o m a in ta in t h e m s e lv e s . F o r ty - tw o p e r c e n t a p p lie d f o r r e l i e f b e c a u se o f i l l h e a l t h and p h y s i c a l i n a b i l i t y to w o rk . One woman p r i m a r ily a p p lie d f o r r e l i e f i n an a tte m p t to g e t work on th e F e d e r a l T h e a te r P r o j e c t r a th e r th a n to a c c e p t a j o b i n p r i v a t e in d u s t r y o u t s id e o f h e r r e g u la r p r o f e s s i o n a s a s i n g e r . One woman who was su p p o rte d b y a s i n g l e b r o th e r f o r a p e r io d o f f i v e y e a r s a p p lie d f o r r e l i e f when h e r b r o th e r m arried and h i s w i f e d id n o t w is h h i s s i s t e r to l i v e w it h them . One p e r s o n foun d h e r s e l f w ith o u t r e s o u r c e s or incom e a t th e d em ise o f h e r husband w h ile a n o th e r w as l e f t p e n n i l e s s when sh e was d e s e r t e d b y h e r s p o u s e . T here a re many i n d i v i d u a l s j u s t a s t h e s e women s t u d i e d , w h o, when th e tu r n in g p o i n t s i n t h e i r f i n a n c i a l a f f a i r s com e, ta k e th e e a s i e s t roa d t h a t l e a d s t o m a in te n a n c e , and t h a t i s o f t e n th e road to r e l i e f . T w e n t y -s ix women r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y a p p lie d f o r r e l i e f s o l e l y on t h e i r own i n i t i a t i v e when a l l o th e r r e s o u r c e s had b e e n e x h a u s t e d . They had read ab o u t r e l i e f i n l o c a l new s p a p e r s and had d i s c u s s e d t h e s u b j e c t i n g e n e r a l among f r i e n d s . N o n - r e l i e f f r i e n d s had s u g g e s t e d t o e l e v e n o f th e women t h a t t h e y a p p ly f o r r e l i e f w h ile s i x p e o p le w ere a d v is e d to do so b y f r i e n d s who w ere r e c e i v i n g r e l i e f th e m s e lv e s a t t h a t t im e . The L os A n g e le s G en era l H o s p it a l had r e f e r r e d f o u r o f th e women to th e r e l i e f a g e n c y w h ile la n d lo r d s o f th r e e p e o p le 1 1 2 had s u g g e s te d r e l i e f to them a s a p a r t i a l s o l u t i o n to t h e i r f i n a n c i a l p r e d ic a m e n t. A lth o u g h r e a s o n s fo r i n d i v i d u a l ’ s o r i g i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f t e n c o in c id e d ^ w it h th e c a u se o f t h e i r p r e s e n t n e e d , i t d id n o t n e c e s s a r i l y rem ain a s s u c h . F or e x a m p le , th e h e a l t h o f an i n d i v i d u a l may im prove and th e n sh e f i n d s t h a t sh e i s n o t a b le to f i n d a ,jo b e i t h e r b e c a u s e o f econ om ic r e a s o n s or p o s s i b l y b e c a u se o f advanced a g e . The f o l l o w i n g t a b le i n d i c a t e s th e c a u s e s o f th e g r o u p 's p r e s e n t n e e d s a c c o r d in g to th e s ta te m e n ts o f th e f i f t y women s t u d i e d . TABLE XXXXII CAUSES FOR PRESENT NEED OF RELIEF C au ses Number o f Women 111 h e a l t h 23 U n able to f i n d work 9 Age 9 Low w ages and u n s u it a b le j o b s 5 D e a th o f man 3 I n a b i l i t y to "buy* a jo b 1 T o t a l 50 T here i s c o n s id e r a b le d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t a b l e s XXXXj and XXXXII. In th e l a t t e r i t i s n o te d t h a t t h e r e a r e two more women who c la im ed i l l h e a l t h a s th e c a u se o f t h e i r p r e s e n t 11 3 d e s t i t u t i o n w h ile s i x t e e n fe w e r women ( 9 ) co n ten d ed t h a t t h e i r p r e s e n t need w as d u e t o i n a b i l i t y t o f i n d w ork . One woman s a i d t h a t sh e c o u ld g e t a Job i f sh e had th e money t o p a y f o r i t . N in e women b e l i e v e d / t h a t t h e i r cu ri'en t r e l i e f s t a t u s was due t o t h e i r a g e . F i v e c o u ld s e c u r e j o b s a s d o m e s t ic s w i t h lo w w ages b u t r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t su ch w o rk . To t h e s e women r e l i e f i s a h ig h e r incom e and i n v o l v e s l e s s w ork . T hree women s a i d t h a t t h e y w ere now on r e l i e f b e c a u se o f th e d e a t h s o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e s p o u s e s . Among t h e s e women i t w as s t i l l l a r g e l y i l l h e a l t h t h a t was k e e p in g them on r e l i e f r o l l s . Only fo u r women c o n s id e r e d r e l i e f a s a d e m o r a liz in g f a c t o r i n th e l i v e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s . S e v e n t h - s i x p er c e n t o f th e group b e l i e v e d r e l i e f t o be * a w o n d e rfu l th in g * w h ich r e l i e v e s a g r e a t d e a l o f s u f f e r i n g to t h o s e who a r e u n a b le to f i n d work and a r e i n n e e d . S i g h t p e r s o n s d id n o t f a v o r th e p r e s e n t r e l i e f s e t - u p s t a t i n g t h a t th e y want to work f o r what t h e y r e c e i v e and approved o n ly su ch a work program . Work N egro women have n o t o n ly had t h e h a n d ica p o f r a c e b u t a l s o o f s e x i n i n d u s t r i a l em p loym en t. They h av e c o n s e q u e n t ly a c c e p te d j o b s w h ich t h e y w ere r e l u c t a n t to p erfo rm and w h ich i n many i n s t a n c e s were d e t r im e n t a l to t h e i r h e a l t h . T hese jo b s w ere a l s o o f su c h a n a tu r e t h a t th e advanced a g e s o f t h e s e women made th e women som etim es t o t a l l y u n f i t f o r th e 1 1 4 ty p e o f work t h e y had b e e n a ccu stom ed to d o . The f o l l o w i n g t a b le g i v e s t h e s e c l i e n t s ’ own s t a te m e n t s a s t o what th e y c o n s id e r e d to b e th e m ain c a u se o f t h e i r p r e s e n t unem ploym ent. TABLE XXX3ŒI1 CAUSES FOR PRESENT UNEMPLOYMENT Cause Number o f Women 111 H e a lt h 25 I n a b i l i t y tÏ0 f i n d work 15 Age 7 Low w ages 2 D i f f e r e n c e i n S t a t e E d u c a tio n a l Q u a l i f i c a t i o n s 1 T o t a l - - , " « - - - - ' 50 O n e -h a lf o f th e t o a l group was unem ployed b e c a u s e o f i l l h e a l t h w h ic h p r e v e n te d them from f o l l o w i n g t h e i r norm al o c c u p a t io n . The n e x t l a r g e s t number c o m p r isin g t h i r t y p e r c e n t s t a t e d t h e y sim p ly c o u ld n o t f i n d a jo b i r r e s p e c t i v e o f a l l e f f o r t s m ade. They c o n s id e r e d t h e i r unemployment due to p r e s e n t econ om ic c o n d i t i o n s w ith i t s i n s u f f i c i e n t j o b s . In t h i s grou p we m ust c o n s id e r th o s e women who i n r e a l i t y m eant t h a t th e y c o u ld n o t f i n d th e jo b w h ich th e y w a n t. Two women r e f u s e d to a c c e p t d o m e s tic work to rem ain on th e p r e m is e s b e c a u s e th e y owned t h e i r own f u r n it u r e and w ish ed to m a in ta in t h e i r own h om es. Two women rem ained unemployed b e c a u s e w ages 1 1 5 a r e t o o lo w ( l e s s th a n r e l i e f ) and th e y r e f u s e d to w ork f o r *l i t e r a l l y n o t h in g * . S even women c o u ld n o t f i n d a jo b b e c a u se p r o s p e c t i v e e m p lo y e r s a lw a y s s a i d t h a t t h e y w ere to o o l d . One i n d i v i d u a l w as o u t o f work b e c a u se C a l i f o r n i a r e q u i r e s h ig h e r e d u c a t io n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r te a c h e r s th a n i n th e S ou th w here sh e had fo r m e r ly t a u g h t . Some o f t h e s e c a u s e s f o r the w om en's p r e s e n t unem ployment a re h o p e fu l w h ile o t h e r s a r e n o t . A change o f w ork a t t i t u d e s among some o f t h e s e women i s o f u tm o st im p o rta n ce i n r e s p e c t to t h e i r r e - e s t a b l i s h m e n t in i n d u s t r y under p r e s e n t d a y econ om ic c o n d i t i o n s . T hese N egro u n a tta c h e d women had v a r i o u s d e s i r e s a s to th e ty p e o f Job s th e y w ould l i k e to h ave a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T ab le XXXXIT. F i f t y p e r c e n t o f th e women would p r e f e r t o h ave Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n work o f w h ich t w e n t y -f o u r wanted em ploym ent on th e se w in g p r o j e c t s w h ile one w ish ed a work o r d e r on th e F e d e r a l T h ea te r p r o j e c t . F iv e women w ould l i k e s e w in g i n p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , t h r e e o f whom had s p le n d id p a s t em ploym ent r e c o r d s a s s e a m s t r e s s e s and a l t e r a t i o n w ork ers in le a d in g wom en's sh o p s and d ep a rtm en t s t o r e s i n th e c i t y . S i x p e o p le hoped t o se c u r e a jo b a s a h o t e l or o f f i c e m a id . A r e a s o n f o r t h i s c h o i c e i s th e s p e c i f i c h o u rs in v o lv e d on su c h a j o b . T w enty-tw o p e r c e n t s c a t t e r e d t h e i r p r e fe r r e d v o c a t i o n s b y o n e s , tw os and t h r e e s among th e f o l l o w i n g o c c u p a t io n s : any j o b w it h d e f i n i t e w orking h o u r s , b e a u ty o p e r a t o r , d o m e stic 1 1 6 TABLE XOXEY TYPES OF PREFERRED EMPLOYMENT C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Number o f Women S ew in g (Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a tio n ) 24 Maid Work ( H o t e l or O f f i c e ) 6 S ew in g ( P r iv a t e Em ploym ent) 5 None 3 D o m e stic work w ith o u t c o o k in g 3 O f f i c e c l e r k 3 B e a u ty O p erator 1 L ib r a r ia n 1 N u rsin g 1 Own Food B u s in e s s 1 S in g in g (Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n 1 T ea ch in g 1 T o t a l 50 1 1 7 w ork w it h o u t c o o k in g , l i b r a r i a n , n u r s in g , o f f i c e c l e r k , owner o f a m ayon aise b u s i n e s s , and t e a c h in g . Bach o f th e f i f t y women s t u d ie d r e p o r te d some e x p e r ie n c e i n th e g iv e n p r e fe r r e d o c c u p a t io n s and b e l i e v e d t h a t i f g iv e n th e o p p o r tu n ity t o p erfo rm s u c h work t h e y w ou ld be a b l e to do th e t a s k s a d e q u a t e ly . Three p e o p le gave no p r e f e r e n c e a s to ty p e o f t h e i r p r e fe r r e d em ploym ent s t a t i n g t h a t th e y w ere t o t a l l y p h y s i c a l l y unem ploy a b le . O nly tw e lv e o f th e f i f t y women r e p o r te d t h a t th e y had b e e n o f f e r e d jo b s d u r in g t h e i r d i r e c t r e l i e f h i s t o r y and a l l o f them r e f u s e d t h e s e employm ent o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r v a r io u s r e a s o n s : f i v e on t h e b a s i s o f i l l h e a l t h ; th r e e b e c a u s e the work r e q u ir e d on th e jo b was to o h e a v y j one b e c a u se sh e was u n a b le to c o o k and th e jo b r e q u ir e d p l a i n c o o k in g ; a n o th e r b e c a u s e o f lo w w a g e s; and two b e c a u s e th e y r e f u s e d t o a c c e p t em ploym ent w h ic h w ould r e q u ir e them t o rem ain on th e p r e m is e s . A l l tw e lv e o f t h e s e women had b e e n o f f e r e d d o m e s tic work a t s a l a r i e s fro m $ 2 0 .0 0 to $ 3 5 .0 0 p e r month p lu s room and b o a r d . B ig h t o f t h e s e j o b s were o f f e r e d b y t h e S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n , two b y p r i v a t e f r e e em ploym ent a g e n c i e s , one b y a f r i e n d , and one th ro u g h a new spaper a d . O nly f i v e o f th e tw e lv e ap p eared to h ave v a l i d r e a s o n s f o r t h e i r r e f u s a l s a f t e r t h i s p h a se o f th e s u b j e c t was d i s c u s s e d w ith them . In answ er t o th e q u e s t io n a s t o w h eth er th e y would r a th e r work f o r a w h ite or c o lo r e d e m p lo y e r , s i x t y - f o u r p er 1 1 8 c e n t r e p o r t e d no p r e fe r e n c e w h ile t h i r t y - s i x p e r c e n t in form ed t h a t th e y wottld r a t h e r work f o r a w h ite em p loyer* T h eir r e a s o n s f o r th e l a t t e r s ta te m e n t w as t h a t w h ite p e r s o n s a re more c o n s id e r a t e o f c o lo r e d h e lp » c o lo r e d e m p lo y e r s a ttem p t t o show t h e i r f u l l a u t h o r i t y ; and t h e y a re more c e r t a i n o f t h e i r p ay and more adeq^uate w a g es from w h ite em p lo y ers* T hese r e a s o n s c o in c id e d w it h th e r e a s o n s p r e v io u s l y g iv e n a s t o why a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e p o r t i o n o f th e s e c l i e n t s p r e f e r r e d t o have a w h ite v i s i t o r r a t h e r th a n a F eg ro * A l l th e i n d i v i d u a l s who i n d i c a t e d no r a c i a l p r e f e r e n c e a s to em p loyer r e p o r te d t h a t a jo b i s a jo b a s lo n g a s t h e y a r e a b le t o c o l l e c t t h e i r s a l a r i e s * None o f th e group i n d ic a t e d a p r e f e r e n c e to work f o r a c o lo r e d em p loyer* The m a j o r it y o f th e s e women had a lw a y s e i t h e r worked fo r th e m s e lv e s or f o r members o f th e w h ite r a c e and had n e v e r e x p e r ie n c e d em ploym ent f o r a N egro p e r s o n . I t i s a sto u n d in g to n o te t h a t over h a l f o f th e group (5 8 p e r c e n t) o p e n ly ack n ow led ged t h a t th e y had made no e f f o r t s w h a tso e v e r t o s e c u r e p r i v a t e em ploym ent s i n c e t h e i r l a s t a p p l i c a t i o n f o r r e l i e f . The e f f o r t s o f th e r e m a in in g f o r t y - two p er c e n t v a r i e d . S e v e n te e n women had a p p lie d a t r e t a i l s t o r e s , f a c t o r i e s , and em ploym ent a g e n c ie s ( u s u a l l y f r e e em ploym ent a g e n c i e s ) • E ig h t p e o p le t r i e d t o g e t work th ro u g h t h e i r f r i e n d s , w h ile s i x women had answ ered v a r io u s new spaper a d s and one had e v en a d v e r t i s e d in two l o c a l n ew sp ap ers f o r em p loym en t. lis The r e a s o n why f i f t y p e r c e n t o f t h i s g ro u p p r e fe r r e d Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n work t o p r i v a t e em ploym ent was b e c a u se th e form er i s e a s i e r , h a s s h o r te r h o u r s o f w ork, b e t t e r s a l a r y r e m u n e r a tio n , more a s s u r a n c e o f b e in g p a i d , and i t o f f e r s o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n a p e r s o n a s own p r o f e s s i o n su ch a s p la c e m e n ts on t h e a t r i c a l and t e a c h in g p r o j e c t s when t h e s e s p e c i f i c v o c a t i o n s a re n o t a v a i l a b l e to th e i n d i v i d u a l s i n p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y . The o t h e r f i f t y p e r c e n t w ould r a th e r have p r i v a t e em ploym ent b e c a u se i t a v o id s t h e *red t a p e ” c o n n e c te d w it h b o t h work and d i r e c t r e l i e f ; i t i s more s e c u r e ; and i t g iir e s an i n d i v i d u a l more o f an in d e p e n d e n t s t a t u s # E i g h t y - s i x p e r c e n t o f th e women d id n o t c o n s id e r Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n em ploym ent a s r e l i e f b e c a u s e t h e y w ould work f o r w hat t h e y g e t . F or t h e s e r e a s o n s so l a r g e a p o r t io n o f th e group s t u d i e d p r e fe r r e d t h i s ty p e o f w o rk . E d u c a tio n The e d u c a t io n a l i n e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e s e N egro women was l a r g e l y due to th e f u n c t i o n o f a poor e d u c a t io n a l sy stem and an i n f e r i o r s o c i a l b a c k g r o u n d . T w o -th ir d s o f t h i s group l e f t s c h o o l a g a i n s t t h e i r own w is h e s and have o f t e n r e g r e t t e d i t é In l a t e r y e a r s th e y w ere e i t h e r em ployed i n in d u s t r y , or o c c u p ie d in r a i s i n g a f a m i ly and c a r in g f o r h e r own hom e. F or t h e s e r e a s o n s t h e y had n e v e r co m p leted in many c a s e s even t h e i r grammar s c h o o l g r a d e s* 1 2 0 On th e w h o le , t h i s grou p o f women s t a t e d t h a t th ey w ould l i k e to a t t e n d a tr a d e s c h o o l i n t h e i r community r e g u l a r l y d u r in g th e d a y or a t n ig h t e i t h e r to im prove on t h e i r p r e s e n t o c c u p a t io n s ; to l e a r n new or r e l a t e d t r a d e s ’ , or t o f u r t h e r t h e i r e le m e n ta r y e d u c a t i o n . T h i r t y - e i g h t o f th e women w ere i n t e r e s t e d i n s u c h an e d u c a t io n a l program w h ile tw e lv e i n d i v i d u a l s w ere n o t . S even women w ould n o t a t t e n d s u c h c l a s s e s b e c a u se o f i l l h e a l t h w h ic h w ou ld n o t s ta n d th e s t r a i n ; two had c o m p leted t h e i r v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n in g and had a s p e c i f i c tr a d e from w h ic h t h e y d id n o t w ant t o ch a n g e; and one woman, aged s i x t y - t h r e e , s a id sh e was to o o ld to b e n e f i t by su ch t r a i n in g ; a n o th e r would n o t a v a i l h e r s e l f w it h su c h an o p p o r t u n it y b e c a u se sh e d id n o t g o o u t a t n i g h t s . She would a tt e n d c l a s s e s d u r in g th e d a y . Only s i x o f th e group w ere c u r r e n t l y e n r o l l e d in a l o c a l n ig h t h ig h s c h o o l . S e v e r a l o f th e group e x p r e s s e d th e f a c t th a t th e c o u r s e s a t th e l o c a l h ig h n ig h t s c h o o l s were to o g e n e r a l and d id n o t p r o v id e a d eq u a te i n d i v i d u a l i n s t r u c t i o n # The t h i r t y - e i g h t women who w ere d e s i r o u s o f f u r t h e r e d u c a t io n a l and v o c a t i o n a l g u id a n c e e x p r e s s e d t h e i r i n t e r e s t i n th e c o u r s e s i n d i c a t e d i n T ab le XXXXV# S ew ing h e a d s th e l i s t w it h tw e n ty -tw o p e o p le w is h in g t o e n r o l l i n s u c h a c l a s s . Many o f t h e s e women had t h e i r f i r s t se w in g e x p e r ie n c e on Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n se w in g p r o j e c t s , and l i k e d i t v e r y m uch. They a r e now d e s i r o u s o f im p ro vin g t h e i r se w in g a b i l i t y so t h a t th e y m ig h t TABEE XXXXff 1 2 1 SCHOOL COURSES IF WHICH IFTBRBSTBD Fame o f Course Fumb. er o f Women S ew ing 22 R ea d in g 12 T yp in g 11 Shorthand 8 F n r s in g 6 A r ith m e t ic 5 A rt 4 B e a u ty C u ltu r e 4 W r itin g 4 C ooking 2 D r a m a tic s 2 J a n i t r e s s Work 2 L ib r a r ia n 1 S o c i a l S e r v ic e 1 S p a n is h 1 E l e v a t o r O p erator 1 1 2 2 p u r su e i t i n f u t u r e y e a r s in an e f f o r t t o become s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g . S i x women o u t o f th e tw e n ty -tw o w ere s p e c i f i c a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n power m achine s e w in g . Tw elve women w anted to im prove t h e i r r e a d in g a b i l i t y w h ile e le v e n w ish ed to take up t y p i n g . H ow ever, o n ly e i g h t o f th e women who wanted t o ta k e up ty p in g w ere a l s o d e s i r o u s o f l e a r n i n g sh o r th a n d . The o th e r th r e e th o u g h t t h a t b e c a u se o f t h e i r age t h e y w ould f in d sh o rth a n d t o o d i f f i c u l t . S i x i n d i v i d u a l s w ish ed t o e n r o l l in a n u r s in g c o u r s e . F iv e w anted t o l e a r n e le m e n ta r y a r it h m e t ic w h ich th e y had f a i l e d t o c o m p le te d u r in g t h e i r c h ild h o o d . S e v e r a l o f th e women w ere w i l l i n g to a tt e n d more th a n one c o u r s e . One, two or f o u r p e o p le w ere i n t e r e s t e d in su ch c l a s s e s a s a r t {w h ich in c lu d e d s i n g in g and m u s ic ); b e a u ty c u l t u r e ; c o o k in g ; d r a m a t ic s ; e l e v a t o r o p e r a to r ; j a n i t r e s s work; l i b r a r i a n ; s o c i a l s e r v i c e ; S p a n is h ; and w r i t i n g . A lth o u g h t h e s e women showed a g r e a t d e a l o f e n th u sia sm a b o u t l e a r n in g , we m ust how ever r e a l i z e t h a t many o f t h e s e c o u r s e s a r e a v a i l a b le to t h e s e women a t v a r io u s n i g h t s c h o o l s now, y e t o n ly s i x i n d i v i d u a l s from t h i s group had a v a i l e d th e m s e lv e s o f the o p p o r t u n i t y . F o r t y - s i x o f th e women s t a t e d t h a t N egro y o u th to d a y sh o u ld make e v e r y e f f o r t p o s s i b l e to se c u r e as much e d u c a t io n a s p o s s i b l e and to c o m p le te a u n i v e r s i t y c u r r ic u lu m . They c o n ten d e d t h a t modern in d u s t r y r e q u i r e s e d u c a tio n more and more and u n le s s th e N egro f u l f i l l s t h i s r e q u ir e m e n t he w i l l 123 b e u n ab le t o com pete i n our modern c o m p e t it iv e w o r ld . As one Negro woman e x p r e s s e d h e r s e l f , ”T h is w orld i s g i v in g way t o ed u cation **. F our women s t a t e d t h a t a grammar s c h o o l e d u c a t io n i s a d e q u a te f o r th e N egro b eca u se i f he w is h e s to work and i s I n d u s t r io u s he can se c u r e a s good a wage a s a p r o f e s s i o n a l man. I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t th e fo u r women who d id n o t f a v o r a c o l l e g e e d u c a t i o n , have th e m s e lv e s had l i t t l e s c h o o l i n g b u t worked hard d u r in g th e g r e a t e r p o r t io n o f t h e i r l i v e s and a t tim es had earn ed v e r y good s a l a r i e s . Mode o f L iv in g and E conom ic At t i t u d e s I t h a s b e e n fou n d t h a t th e c h a n c e s a r e e v e n a s t o w h eth er t h e s e women l i v e a lo n e or l i v e w it h o t h e r s i n t h e i r h o u s e h o ld s . One woman r e f u s e d to answer any q u e s t io n s r e g a r d in g h e r l i v i n g a r r a n g e m e n ts. T h is woman’ s c a s e h i s t o r y r e v e a l ed t h a t sh e w as known to be a p r o s t i t u t e and was o p e r a t in g a h o u se o f i l l fam e a t h e r r e s id e n c e & The t w e n t y ? ! iv e women who p r e f e r r e d to l i v e a lo n e were used to th e arran gem en t and l i k e d th e q u i e t n e s s , p r i v a c y , and in d e p e n d e n t s t a t u s w h ic h i t o f f e r e d . Three o f t h e s e women l i k e d t o l i v e a lo n e b e c a u s e th e y w ere e x tr e m e ly n e r v o u s and were o f t e n m oody. The o th e r tw e n ty - fo u r women p r e f e r r e d t o l i v e w it h o t h e r s i n th e home b e c a u s e o f th e p r o t e c t i o n and com p an ion sh ip w h ich a re o f f e r e d ^ See p r e v io u s d i s c u s s i o n o f h o u sin g on pp. 6 4 - 6 5 . 1 2 4 b y aucb an a r r a n g e m e n t. S i x o f t h i s group were a f r a i d to l i v e a lo n e b e c a u s e o f t h e i r i l l h e a l t h . N in e - t e n t h s o f th e group b e l i e v e d in c a r r y in g l i f e i n s u r a n c e ,a t th e tim e o f th e s t u d y , h o w ev e r, o n ly s i x t e e n p er c e n t a c t u a l l y c a r r ie d l i f e in s u r a n c e . S i x t y p er c e n t b e l i e v e d in l i f e in s u r a n c e f o r b u r i a l p r o t e c t i o n , tw e n ty -tw o p e r c e n t f o r p r o t e c t i o n i n e a s e o f i l l n e s s , w h ile e i g h t p er c e n t c o n s id e r e d i t a s good s a v in g s and in v e s t m e n t . The f i v e women who d id n ot b e l i e v e i n l i f e in s u r a n c e s a i d th a t th e y w ere a lo n e i n th e w orld and had no r e l a t i v e s or f r i e n d s who w ould e v e n b e i n t e r e s t e d i n a r r a n g in g t h e i r b u r i a l so why sh o u ld th e y n o t u se a l l t h e i r money to l i v e t o d a y . These f i v e women were n o t c o n c er n e d a s to w hat w i l l happen to them a f t e r d e a th # T h is i s n o t th e u su a l a t t i t u d e o f the u n a tta c h e d N egro woman a s i s i n d ic a t e d by t h e la r g e p e r c e n ta g e who w ish ed to p r o v id e now f o r t h e i r b u r i a l — t h e i r f i n a l n e e d . As a w h o le , th e u n a tta c h e d Negro woman h a s a d e s i r e to s a v e and f o r a s p e c i f i c p u rp o se a s in d ic a t e d in T ab le XXXXFI. S e v e n t e e n women w is h e d t o save f o r t h e i r o ld a g e , tw e lv e f o r a hom e, se v e n i n c a s e o f fu tu r e i l l n e s s , fo u r f o r tim e s o f unem ploym ent and two f o r c l o t h e s , a b u s i n e s s , a t r i p , and t o a s s i s t poor r e l a t i v e s . Two women w ish ed to l i v e from d ay to d a y and e n j o y l i f e w h ile th e y c a n . They had no d e s i r e t o sa v e o th e r th an to m eet c u r r e n t n e e d s . 1 2 5 TABLE XXXXFI SPECIFIC SATING OBJECTIVES S a v in g O b j e c t iv e s Number o f Women Old Age 17 Home 12 I l l n e s s 7 Unempl oyment 4 C lo t h e s 2 F or a b u s i n e s s 2 To a s s i s t poor r e l a t i v e s 2 T rip 2 N o th in g 2 T o t a l 50 126 T h ir t y — fo u r women w ould sa v e i n a h a n k , th r e e w ould i n v e s t t h e i r money i f t h e y c o u ld sa v e e n o u g h , f i v e w ould sa v e i n th e p o s t o f f i c e , w h ile e i g h t women w ere s k e p t i c a l ab ou t h an k s and in v e s t m e n t s and p r e fe r r e d to k eep t h e i r s a v in g s a t home i The u n a tta c h e d N egro woman b e l i e v e s in m aking p u r c h a s e s a t th e tim e t h a t sh e h a s th e money and i s a b le to pay f o r i t r a t h e r th a n to ”bu y to d a y and pay tom orrow *. E i g h t y - s i x p er c e n t o f th e g r o u p d id n o t b e l i e v e in b u y in g on th e i n s t a l l m e n t p l a n . Of th e f o u r t e e n per c e n t who d i d , te n p er c e n t w ere c u r r e n t l y m aking su ch p u r c h a s e s a s f u r n i t u r e , r u g s and f r i g i d a i r e . R e l a t i v e s A lth o u g h th e e a s e h i s t o r i e s on th e s e women i n d ic a t e d t h a t t h e y had l i t t l e c o n t a c t w ith t h e i r r e l a t i v e s , th e home i n t e r v i e w s r e v e a le d t h a t f o u r - f i f t h s o f th e women who had l i v i n g r e l a t i v e s w h eth er i n Los A n g e le s or o th e r p a r t s o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s w ere in r e g u la r c o n t a c t w it h them e i t h e r i n p e r s o n or b y w r i t i n g . T hese women a tte m p te d to w ith h o ld r e l a t i v e in fo r m a tio n from r e l i e f a g e n c ie s i n o r d e r n o t to h ave t h e i r r e l a t i v e s c o n t a c t e d . Tw elve o f th e women r e p o r te d no l i v i n g r e l a t i v e s . F o u r te e n o f th e r e m a in in g t h i r t y - e i g h t w ould l i k e to l i v e w it h t h e i r r e l a t i v e s b u t w ere u n ab le t o b e c a u se t h e i r r e l a t i v e s 1 2 ? e i t h e r had t h e i r own f a m i l i e s and in a d e q u a te h o u s in g f a c i l i t i e s o t h e r w is e th e r e l a t i v e s l i v e d o u t o f town and th e women d id n o t w is h t o le a v e L os A n g e le s to j o i n them . The t w e n ty -fo u r who d id n o t w is h t o l i v e w it h t h e i r r e l a t i v e s gave su ch r e a s o n s a s I l i k e t o l i v e a lo n e " , " I t c a u s e s f r i c t i o n i n t h e i r f a m i l i e s " , "My r e l a t i v e s a r e p o o r" , and " I have b e e n away from my r e l a t i v e s to o many y e a r s " . O nly one woman d id n o t w is h to l i v e w it h r e l a t i v e s b e c a u se she c o u ld "never g e t a lo n g w it h them and a lw a y s f o u g h t w it h h er r e l a t i v e s when sh e was w ith them" » N in e t e e n women had r e l a t i v e s l i v i n g in L os A n g e le s and e a c h o f them v i s i t e d h e r r e l a t i v e s . Ten v i s i t e d them on an a v e r a g e o f once a w eek; s i x , once a month; and t h r e e , tw ic e a w e e k . These women w ould v i s i t t h e i r k in f o l k s more f r e q u e n t l y i f th e y had th e n e c e s s a r y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s . T h i r t y - s i x o f th e t h i r t y - e i g h t p e r s o n s c la im in g r e l a t i v e s had them l i v i n g o u t o f to w n . About t w o - t h ir d s o f them c o rr esp o n d ed r e g u l a r l y . Three p e r s o n s w ro te a s o f t e n a s once a week ; f o u r , sem i-m on th l y ; e l e v e n , once a m onth; fo u r p e r s o n s , b i- m o n t h ly ; and two p e o p l e , t w ic e a y e a r . T w elve women d id n o t c o r r e sp o n d w it h t h e i r o u t o f town r e l a t i v e s . Two o f th e tw e lv e women f a i l e d t o do s o b e c a u s e th e y d i d n o t l i k e to w r i t e ; two women h eard th e news from r e l a t i v e s l i v i n g i n Los A n g e le s who c o r r e sp o n d e d r e g u l a r l y ; one woman w as i l l i t e r a t e ; and s e v e n p e r s o n s d id n o t w r i t e b e c a u se th e r e l a t i v e s d id n o t answ er t h e i r l e t t e r s . 1 2 8 O nly t h r e e women o f th e f i f t y r e p o r t e d th e w h er e a b o u ts o f th ë r r e l a t i v e s to be unknown to th e m . Ten o f th e t o t a l grou p o f women s t u d ie d had l i v e d w it h a r e l a t i v e su b se q u e n t to t h e i r m a r it a l b r e a k . Three women l i v e d w it h a r e l a t i v e f o r two m on th s; two f o r f i v e y e a r s ; one f o r one y e a r ; two f o r fo u r y e a r s ; one f o r ten y e a r s ; and one f o r a s lo n g a s tw e n ty y e a r s . Of t h e s e te n women, one l e f t th e home o f h er r e l a t i v e b e c a u se o f an argu m en t; a n o th e r l e f t b e c a u s e o f c o n s t a n t d is a g r e e m e n t w it h h e r s t e p - f a t h e r ; one moved in o rd er t o q u a l i f y f o r r e l i e f and su b se q u e n t Works 3 P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n w ork ; one l e f t to come to C a l i f o r n i a ; two women a c c e p t e d j o b s w h ich r e q u ir e d them to l i v e on th e p r e m is e s ; w h ile a n o th e r had to move o u t when h e r b r o th e r m a r r ie d . Three o f th e t e n women had to move when t h e i r r e l a t i v e s g a v e up h o u s e k e e p in g to move i n w i t h t h e i r m arried c h i ld r e n where th e r e w as n o t a d e q u a te f a c i l i t i e s f o r th e woman Thus t h e s e u n a tta c h e d N egro women, l i v i n g a lo n e ( a p a r t from r e l a t i v e s ) , were in r e g u la r c o n t a c t w it h t h e i r r e l a t i v e s i f th e y had any l i v i n g . F r ie n d a N in e t y -t w o p er c e n t o f th e group o f women r e p o r te d T h is woman would n o t h ave b een e l i g i b l e f o r r e l i e f in th e home o f h e r r e l a t i v e s b e c a u s e o f a d eq u a te incom e in t h a t home w h ich was s u f f i c i e n t to p r o v id e f o r h e r a l s o . 1 2 9 t h a t th e y had g i r l f r i e n d s who f o l l o w th e f o l l o w i n g o c cu p a t i o n s t TABLE XXXXVn OCCUPATIONS . OF BEST BIRL FRIENDS O ccu p a tio n Number o f Women D o m e stic 18 H o u sew ife 11 On R e l i e f 6 Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n 4 S e c r e t a r y 2 N urse 1 S te n o g r a p h e r 1 T ea ch er 1 U nem ployed— S u p p orted by R e l a t i v e s 1 W a itr e s s 1 T o ta l 46 D o m e stic work a g a in le a d s th e l i s t w it h h o u se w iv e s s e c o n d . S i x o f th e f r i e n d s w ere on r e l i e f , w h ile f o u r w ere w ork in g on Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n . Two w ere s e c r e t a r i e s ; one was a n u r s e ; a n o th e r was a s te n o g r a p h e r ; one was a t e a c h e r ; one was unem ployed and was su p p o r te d by r e l a t i v e s ; and s t i l l a n o th e r was em ployed a s a w a i t r e s s . Four o f th e women in th e e n t i r e group r e p o r t e d no g i r l f r i e n d s . I t i s n o te d th a t th e m a j o r it y o f t h e s e women’ s g i r l f r i e n d s were em ployed i n un s k i l l e d o c c u p a t i o n s . 130 O nly s e v e n t e e n o f th e e n t i r e group r e p o r te d t h a t th e y had "boy f r i e n d s * . Of th e s e s e v e n t e e n , t h r e e con ten d ed t h a t th e y d o n o t h ave a " b est" b o y f r i e n d . Of th e f o u r t e e n t h a t h a d , e i g h t o f t h e s e s o - c a l l e d " b est" b oy f r i e n d s w ere Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n w o r k e r s; two worked a s w a i t e r s f o r a r a i l r o a d company; two w ere m u s ic ia n s ; one was a l a b o r e r ; and a n o th e r was a m e c h a n ic . I f th e women who had a " b est" boy f r i e n d w ould m arry h im , o v er h a l f o f them w ould s t i l l m a in ta in a r e l i e f s t a t u s . O nly n in e o f th e f i f t y women p la n n ed to m arry, y e t e a c h o f th e f i f t y b e l i e v e d i n m a r r ia g e , f i v e o f whom a l s o approved o f common -law r e l a t i o n s h i p s i f i t i s m u tu a l- l y a g reed upon by th e p a r t i e s c o n c e r n e d . I n t e r e s t s O ther th a n ch u rch and e d u c a t io n a l a c t i v i t i e s w h ich have b e e n d i s c u s s e d in th e c h a p te r on th e A n a ly s is o f th e Case H i s t o r i e s , ^ a s m a ll p e r c e n ta g e o f th e group (1 2 p e r c e n t) w ere members o f c lu b s and l o d g e s . Two women were members o f m is s io n a r y c lu b s ; one b e lo n g e d t o th e B u s in e s s and P r o f e s s i o n a l G i r l ’ s Club o f th e Young Women’ s C h r is t ia n A s s o c i a t i o n ; one p e r s o n to th e New N egro T h ea te r C lu b ; one was a member o f a r e c r e a t i o n c lu b ; and one woman b e lo n g e d to th e E a s t e r n S ta r l o d g e , h e r husband h a v in g b een a M ason. The m a j o r it y o f th e s e ^ Séé pci , 3 2 . 1 3 1 women hah n o t a f f i l i a t e d w it h c lu b s and lo d g e s b e c a u se o f th e e x p e n s e s in v o lv e d w h ic h th e y w ere un ab le to m eet and a l s o b e c a u s e o f l a c k o f a d e q u a te c l o t h i n g n e c e s s a r y f o r s o c i a l g a t h e r i n g s . P la n f o r th e F u tu r e I t i s human n a tu r e to d ay-d ream and a tte m p t to p la n f o r th e f u t u r e . So i t i s w it h th e u n a tta ch ed N egro woman who, a lth o u g h r a th e r d is c o u r a g e d w i t h p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s , i s s t i l l h o p e f u l as to what th e f u t u r e may h o ld f o r h e r . O nly e i g h t women i n th e group r e p o r t e d no p la n o th e r than to l i v e from d a y to d a y . T a b le XXXXFIII i n d i c a t e s th e p la n s f o r th e f u t u r e a s e x p r e s s e d b y th e r e m a in in g f o r t y - t w o women. The home i n t e r v i e w s th rou gh t h e i r a n a l y s i s o f th e i n s i g h t s and a t t i t u d e s o f th e i n d i v i d u a l s m a t e r i a l l y a s s i s t in i n t e r p r e t i n g th e f i n d i n g s r e s u l t i n g from a r e v ie w o f th e c a s e h i s t o r i e s . A c o m p le te u n d e r sta n d in g and i n t e r p r é t a t i o n o f th e r e l i e f s t a t u s o f t h e s e women can be had o n ly when t h e i r a t t i t u d e s toward th e a c c e p ta n c e o f r e l i e f a s w e l l a s toward th e o p p o r t u n i t i e s o f f e r e d them w h ic h w ould o b v ia t e th e n e c e s s i t y f o r r e l i e f t o g e t h e r w ith t h e i r r e a c t i o n s to t h e i r r e h a b i l i t a t i v e e n d e a v o r s a r e g iv e n c o n s i d e r a t i o n . To th e somewhat c o ld f a c t u a l c a s e h i s t o r y must be added th e warmth o f human m o t i v a t i o n , a s p i r a t i o n or a m b itio n a s w e l l as human d e j e c t i o n , d e s p e r a t i o n or f r u s t r a t i o n . One i l l u m i n a t e s th e 132 T&BUÎ XXXZFIXl PLANS AND HOPES FOR TES FUTURE P la n Number o f Women To s e c u r e p r i v a t e em ploym ent and b e s e l f 10 m a in ta in in g To g e t m a rried 6 To g e t Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n work and 6 "1i v e e omf or ta b ly * To bave a c a r e e r 2 To im prove i n h e a l t h , g e t p r i v a t e em ploym ent, and 2 be f i n a n c i a l l y a b le t o make a home f o r h e r c h i l d who i s now l i v i n g w ith r e l a t i v e s To t r y to l i v e a s lo n g a s p o s s i b l e 2 To k eep good h e a l t h 2 To c o n tin u e on r e l i e f due to poor h e a l t h 1 To own a home and have room ers 1 To become a p u b lic h e a l t h n u rse 1 To be a p r o f e s s i o n a l t a i l o r e s s 1 To s e c u r e a d eq u a te c l o t h i n g and a t t e n d ch u rch r e g u l a r l y 1 To g e t p r i v a t e em ploym ent w i t h a f a m ily who 1 t r a v e l s To do f u l l tim e m is s io n a r y work 1 To own h e r own m ayon n aise b u s i n e s s 1 To d i e 1 To l i v e lo n g enough t o g e t Old Age P e n s io n 1 To l i v e a b e t t e r l i f e 1 To l i v e r i g h t , t h i n k r i g h t , and n o t grow o ld 1 1 3 3 O ther t o c o m p lete th e p i c t u r e . To p a in t a s f a i t h f u l a r e p r o d u c t io n a s p o s s i b l e h a s b een the p u rp ose o f t h i s and th e p r e c e d in g c h a p t e r . GHABTEa T A GOMBAEATiœ STUDY OF THE UNATTACHED COLCBED W OM AN. ON RELIEF AND HER WHITE SISTER F o r c o m p a r a tiv e s t u d y , we s h a l l u se th e i n v e s t i g a t l a n s made b y t h e U n ite d S t a t e s Wamen^s B u reau on U n a tta e h e d Women o n R e l i e f i n C h ic a g o . 1 9 3 7 ;^ s s tu d y made b y th e Lo^ A n g e le s B ureau of" V o c a t io n a l S e r v i c e on K ee n in g Unem ployed Women E m p lo vab le î ^ and G er tru d e S t e e l — B r o o k e u n p u b l i s h e d m a s t e r ’ s t h e s i s ^ The ^ n g l e Woman on R e l i e f .^ The l a t t e r d e a l s w i t h women i n D os A n g e le s and c o n s id e r s o n l y t h e w h ite u n a tta c h e d woman. The f i r s t two s t u d i e s c o v e r b o t h th e w h it e and N egro u n a tta c h e d woman. The Women’ s B u reau s tu d y w a s made i n C h icago i n c o o p e r a t io n w i t h th e C h icago R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n and th e S c h o o l o f S o c i a l S e r v i c e A d m in is t r a t io n o f th e U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o . A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e grou p o f 604 women c o m p r is in g a p p r o x im a te ly 5 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l n o n -f a m ily women on r e l i e f in C h ica g o i n t h e f a l l o f 1 9 3 6 s e l e c t e d a lm o s t a t ^ H a r r ie t A . B y r n e , U n a tta ch ed Women on R e l i e f in C h ic a g o . 1 9 3 7 , (W ash in gton s U n ite d S t a t e s G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 3 8 } , 83: p p . ^ H egping Unem ployed Women Ih g p lo y a b le . a s tu d y made b y t h e B u reau o f V o c a t io n a l S e r v i c e , L o s A n g e l e s , J a n u a ry , 1 9 3 6 , 2 8 p p . ^ G ertru d e S teel-B ro o k e,^ The S i n g le Woman on R e l i e f , (U n p u b lish e d M a ste r s T h e s i s , L o s A n g e le s , U n iv e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a , A u g u s t, 1 9 3 6 } , 109 p p . 135 random i n f o u r t e e n r e l i e f d i s t r i c t s were in t e r v ie w e d i n t h e i r h o m es. K ee n in g Unemployed Women F m p lo y a h le ^ was a n a n a l y s i s made o f 3 ,5 8 2 women on th e Women’ s Unemployment B e l i e f Fund i n L os A n g e le s to s e c u r e g e n e r a l tr e n d s a s to the c h a r a c t e r - , i s t i c s o f t h e s e unem ployed women and the f a c t o r s w h ic h had c o n t r ib u t e d t o t h e i r unem ploym ent. The S i n g le Woman on R e l i e f a tt e m p t s a d e l i n e a t i o n o f th e u n a tta c h e d w h ite woman " w ith h e r a s s e t s and l i a b i l i t i e s th a t sh e may b e v ie w e d o b j e c t i v e l y , im p e r s o n a lly , and a p p r a i s i n g l y f o r what sh e i s w o r th t o th e s e e k in g world” It i s a s tu d y o f 260 w h ite women on unem ploy m ent r e l i e f known to th e C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is tr a t io n i n L os A n g e le s i n 1 9 3 6 . From th e f i n d i n g s o f th e p r e s e n t s t u d y , th e u n a tta c h e d Negro woman who i s on r e l i e f h a s t r a i t s , p rob lem s and a t t i t u d e s s i m i l a r to th o s e o f h e r w h ite s i s t e r i n a d d i t i o n t o p rob lem s w h ich are c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f h e r s e l f by th e mere f a c t o f h a v in g b e e n b o rn c o lo r e d and w i t h an i n f e r i o r s o c i a l b a ck g ro u n d . A c co r d in g to the c u r r e n t s t u d y , th e N egro woman a p p lie d f o r r e l i e f e a r l i e r i n l i f e th a n th e w h ite woman ( a t th e age o f 4 0 .8 y e a r s ) . The C h icago s t u d y i n d ic a t e d t h a t t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f the women s t u d i e d were a t l e a s t f o r t y y e a r s o f a g e . M iss S te e l-B r o o k e gave th e a v e r a g e a g e o f th e w h it e woman a s 4 8 .2 4 G ertru d e S t e e l - B r o o k e , The S in g le Woman on R e l i e f . (U n p u b lish e d M a ste r s T h e s i s , L o s A n g e le s , U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a , A u g u st, 1 9 3 6 ) , p . 4 . 136 y e a r s . T h is d i f f e r e n c e i s d u e t o th e f a c t t h a t th e N egro woman i s o f t e n r e p la c e d on h e r jo b by a w h ite woman and th e n f i n d s h e r s e l f w ith o u t o th e r w ork . The m a r it a l s t a t u s o f th e N egro woman v a r i e s a s much a s t h a t o f h e r w h it e s i s t e r . The l a r g e s t number o f t h i s group o f N egro women was fou n d t o be widowed (3 6 p e r c e n t) and th e seco n d l a r g e s t p r o p o r t io n to b e s e p a r a te d or d e s e r t e d ( 34 p er c e n t ) • T h is c o r r e s p o n d s w it h th e C h icago s tu d y w h ich fou n d t w o - f i f t h s o f i t s group t o b e widowed and a lm o st tw o- f i f t h s s e p a r a t e d . I f th e N egro woman had e v e r b e e n m a r r ie d , sh e p r o b a b ly l i v e d w it h h e r husband 1 2 .8 y e a r s . She u s u a l l y came fro m th e S o u th w h ile th e w h ite woman’ s home town was more v a r ie d o v er th e e n t i r e c o n t i n e n t . The f a c t t h a t th e N egro women came from th e S o u th i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a la r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f th e N e g ro e s i n L os A n g e l e s . The C h icago s t u d y r e v e a ls t h a t o v e r o n e - h a l f o f th e women had l i v e d i n I l l i n o i s tw e n ty y e a r s or l o n g e r , o n e - f o u r t h o f t h e s e a l l t h e i r l i v e s . A much l a r g e r p r o p o r t io n o f w h it e s than N eg ro es had r e s i d e d in th e s t a t e o f l o c a l r e s id e n c e f o r a lo n g t im e . A c c o r d in g to M iss S t e e l - B r o o k e ’ s s t u d y , th e u n a tta c h e d w h ite woman came to C a l i f o r n i a i n 1922 (a v e r a g e y e a r ) . The Negro woman had m ig ra te d to th e s t a t e a t a l a t e r d a te ( 1 9 2 5 .1 ) than h e r w h ite s i s t e r , b u t once h e r e , sh e rem ained c o n t in u o u s ly and made C a l i f o r n i a h e r perm anent hom e. She u s u a l l y came W est lo o k in g f o r im proved w ork in g and l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s . 137 The N egro woman h a s more l i m i t a t i o n s a s f a r a s h e r f a m i ly background and e d u c a t io n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n s a r e c o n c er n e d th a n th e w h ite woman. She i s more l i k e l y t o have come from a b ro k en home en v iro n m en t w i t h h e r m other f r e q u e n t l y em ployed o u t s id e o f th e home, w it h a minimum incom e, d e p r iv e d o f many n e c e s s i t i e s , o f t e n w ork in g d u r in g c h ild h o o d and a t t e n d in g s c h o o l i r r e g u l a r l y and o n ly f o r a s h o r t p e r io d o f tim e . She I s l i k e l y to a v e r a g e 7 .7 y e a r s o f s c h o o lin g w h ich d o e s n ot I n d i c a t e e v e n c o m p le tio n o f grammar s c h o o l . In th e U nem ploy m ent R e l i e f Fund s t u d y , 58 p er c e n t o f th e women had a tte n d e d h ig h s c h o o l and over 15 p e r c e n t had a tte n d e d c o l l e g e . M iss S t e e l - B r o o k e ' s stu d y g i v e s an a v e r a g e o f 9 .6 y e a r s o f p u b lic s c h o o l e d u c a t io n f o r th e grou p o f w h it e women. T h is la r g e d i f f e r e n c e i n e d u c a t io n was due p r im a r ily to th e r e s t r i c t e d e d u c a t io n a l f a c i l i t i e s and o p p o r t u n i t i e s a v a i l a b l e to th e s e N egro women d u r in g t h e i r c h ild h o o d i n th e S o u th . A l l th e s t u d i e s showed t h a t t h e y o u n g er women, w h eth er N egro or w h it e , had r e c e i v e d a h ig h e r maximum o f g e n e r a l e d u c a t io n than the o ld e r women. T h is f a c t i s n o t u n ex p ec ted b e c a u s e o f th e e x t e n s i o n o f e d u c a t io n a l f a c i l i t i e s i n th e l a s t d e c a d e s . I l l i t e r a c y i s g r e a t e r among th e N egro women. The e a r l y l i f e o f th e N egro woman w as an econ om ic s t r u g g l e . A c co r d in g to th e f i n d i n g s , she m arried a t an e a r l i e r ag e ( 1 9 . 2 y e a r s ) i n co m p a riso n t o th e w h ite woman o f M iss S t e e l - B rooke *s s tu d y who m arried a t t h e age o f 2 9 .7 y e a r s . The 1 38 m a j o r it y o f th e women, N egro o r w h i t e , w ere m arried o n ly o n c e . I t i s q u i t e c e r t a i n t h a t th e f a t h e r o f th e N egro woman was n o t a p r o f e s s i o n a l man h u t a farm er or la b o r e r and I f he was th e fo r m e r , th e e n t i r e f a m ily u s u a l l y were r e q u ir e d to h e lp w it h th e farm w o rk . She i s s i m i l a r to h e r w h ite s i s t e r i n t h a t sh e u s u a l l y l e f t h e r p a r e n t a l home e i t h e r to g e t m arried or to go to w o rk . The typ e o f h o u s in g f a c i l i t i e s o f th e women o f b o th r a c i a l g ro u p s and o f a l l th e s t u d i e s b e in g c o n s id e r e d i n t h i s c h a p te r c o rr esp o n d to a g r e a t d e g r e e , e x c e p t f o r th e f a c t t h a t th e N egro woman u s u a l l y l i v e s i n h e r own r a c i a l community and h e r home l i f e r e f l e c t s t o a la r g e e x t e n t h e r n eigh b orh ood e n v ir o n m e n t. In t h i s s tu d y t h e c h a n c e s are even a s t o w h eth er th e N egro woman i s l i v i n g a lo n e or w i t h f r i e n d s . In M iss S t e e l- B r o o k e * s s tu d y o n ly one o u t o f e v e r y f i v e women l i v e s w it h f r i e n d s . T h is l a r g e r p e r c e n ta g e o f Negro women l i v i n g w it h f r i e n d s i s due t o t h e i r more i n t e n s e d e s i r e f o r compan io n s h i p and t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y a r e more accu stom ed to l i v e i n l a r g e r f a m ily g ro u p s and crowded c o n d i t i o n s . The w h it e woman i s more d e s i r o u s o f h e r p r i v a c y . The g e n e r a l l i v i n g sta n d a r d s f o r b o t h r a c i a l g r o u p s o f u n a tta c h e d women a re s i m i l a r . The u n a tta c h e d woman, w h eth er c o lo r e d or w h ite d o e s n o t l i k e to m ove, b u t th e N egro woman h a s moved more f r e q u e n t l y (o n c e i n e v e r y 9 .2 m onths) th an h e r w h ite s i s t e r in M iss S te e l- B r o o k e * s 139 s tu d y who moved on th e a v e ra g e o f once In e le v e n m o n th s. The N egro woman l i k e s h e r p r e s e n t r e s i d e n c e p r im a r ily b e c a u s e o f h e r f r i e n d l y n e ig h b o r s and the q u i e t n e s s i n th e n e ig h b o r h o o d . Many h e a l t h p r o b le m s a r e foun d among th e u n a tta c h e d N egro woman b u t t h e y w i l l v a r y a s to ty p e s o f i l l n e s s e s from t h o s e w h ich a r e m ost f r e q u e n t l y fou n d among th e C a u c a sia n women. In t h i s p r e s e n t s tu d y th e m ost fr e q u e n t s i n g l e p h y s i c a l c o m p la in t was a b a c k a c h e , w h il e h e a r t a i l m e n t s , h ig h b lo o d p r e s s u r e and n e r v o u s n e s s were the n e x t m ost f r e q u en t c o m p la in t s . In th e C h icago s t u d y , a r t h r i t i s h an d icap p ed th e l a r g e s t number o f th e women f o llo w e d by poor e y e s i g h t and h e a r t a i l m e n t s . M iss S t e e l- B r o o k e * s stu d y i n d i c a t e s t h a t h er group o f women s u f f e r e d r a t h e r c o n s t a n t l y from n e r v o u s n e s s , p o o r t e e t h , and m en opau sal d i s c o m f o r t s . T h is d i f f e r e n c e in h e a l t h a i lm e n t s ca n e a s i l y be a c c o u n te d f o r by the N egro woman’ s p o o r e r s ta n d a r d s o f l i v i n g i n th e p a s t and p o s s i b l y s t i l l in th e p r e s e n t , b y the n a tu r e o f work she h a s p erform ed in ord er to e a r n h e r l i v e l i h o o d i n th e p a s t and by th e d i f f e r e n c e i n a g e s . There are c o n s id e r a b ly fe w e r m en tal c a s e s among th e N egro group w it h no d ia g n o se d m en ta l c a s e i n th e group o f women s t u d ie d * The l a r g e s t p r o p o r tio n o f t h e s e women on r e l i e f , r e g a r d l e s s o f r a c e can b e c l a s s i f i e d a s b e in g " r e s t r i e t e d l y e m p lo y a b le " , t h a t i s , n o t p h y s i c a l l y e m p lo y a b le f o r o r d in a r y w o rk . T h is f a c t o r i s i n d i c a t i v e o f a l l th e s t u d i e s . The p rob lem o f r e h a b i l i t a t i n g su ch a group o f women h a s lo n g b een 140 under s tu d y w ith o u t an y l a r g e d e g r e e o f s u c c e s s . L ik e the. w h ite woman, th e N egro h a s b e e n s e l f - s u p p o r t in g d u r in g th e g r e a t e r p a r t o f her a d u lt l i f e . The N egro woman h a s a l s o worked d u r in g a la r g e p a r t o f h e r a d o le s c e n t y e a r s a s r e v e a le d b y th e p r e s e n t s t u d y . The em ploym ent h i s t o r i e s o f th e u n a tta c h e d women, w h eth er w h ite or c o lo r e d , have th e l a r g e s t number o f t h e i r grou p i n d o m e s tic and p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e . A h ig h e r p e r c e n t a g e , h ow ever, w i l l be foun d among th e N egro w it h more than 50 p e r c e n t in th e p r e s e n t stu d y em ployed in su ch an o c c u p a t io n . In th e U nem ploy ment R e l i e f Fund s tu d y o n ly one— f i f t h o f th e group o f women s t u d ie d r e p o r te d t h a t t h e i r u s u a l o c c u p a tio n had b een t h a t o f a d o m e s tic i n p r i v a t e f a m i l i e s . The R e l i e f Fund S u rv ey r e v e a l s t h a t th e g r e a t e r p r o p o r t io n (47 p e r c e n t ) o f th e women had p u rsu ed some o c c u p a t io n in th e c l e r i c a l f i e l d a s a l s o d id M iss S t e e l - B r o o k e ’ s s t u d y . In th e C h icago s tu d y 3 8 .7 p e r c e n t o f th e women were en gaged i n d o m e stic and p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e in p r i v a t e h om es. O n e - t w e lf t h o f th e women had owned t h e i r own b u s i n e s s e s i n th e p a s t w h ile o n ly o n e - t w e n t y - f i f t h o f th e N egro women s t u d ie d had e v e r owned t h e i r own b u s i n e s s e n t e r p r i s e . Of th e N egro women who have n ot worked in d o m e stic s e r v i c e , t h e i r u s u a l o c c u p a t io n s w i l l more f r e q u e n t l y f a l l w it h in the u n s k i l l e d or s e m i - s k i l l e d tr a d e s than w i l l th e C a u c a s ia n . T h is h a s b e e n r e v e a le d b y a l l o f th e s t u d i e s now b e in g c o n s i d e r e d . The w h ite woman, l o s i n g h e r jo b i n h e r u s u a l o c c u p a tio n a s a 141 c l e r k or t y p i s t and u n a b le t o f i n d a n o th e r s i m i l a r p o s i t i o n r e s o r t e d to d o m e stic w ork . The N egro woman when sh e l o s t h e r r e g u la r jo b a s a d o m e stic h a v in g b e e n d i s p l a c e d by h e r w h it e s i s 1 e r , had no o th e r f i e l d o f employm ent to w h ich to t u r n . T h is n e c e s s i t a t e d h er e a r l i e r a p p l i c a t i o n f o r r e l i e f th an th e w h ite woman. The N egro woman had an em ploym ent h i s t o r y o f a d u r a t io n a lm o s t d o u b le t h a t o f h e r w h ite s i s t e r . The p r e s e n t stu d y i n d i c a t e s an a v e r a g e employm ent d u r a t io n o f 1 5 .5 y e a r s . M iss S t e e l- B r o o k e * s s t u d y g i v e s an 8 .1 y e a r s employment r e c o r d f o r th e w h ite woman w h ile o n e - f o u r t h o f th e women in th e C h icago s tu d y had worked l e s s th an t e n - y e a r s . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t one o u t o f e v e r y f i v e N egro u n a tta c h e d women had some v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g , th e d e g r e e o f w h ich i s u n c e r t a i n . T h is r a t i o o f one to f i v e i s a l s o tr u e o f th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f v o c a t i o n a l t r a in in g among th e w h it e women a c c o r d in g to M iss S t e e l- B r o o k e * s s t u d y . A lth o u g h th e Unemployment R e l i e f F u n d ’ s stu d y d id n o t su r v e y th e v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g o f th e women, th e m a tte r o f th e g e n e r a l e d u c a t io n o f t h e s e women was c o v e r e d and th e c o n c lu s io n r e a c h e d t h a t t h e women w ere n o t d e f i c i e n t in g e n e r a l e d u c a t i o n . More th a n one o u t o f e v e r y two Negro women on r e l i e f had a t one tim e or a n o th e r worked on th e Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n a v e r a g in g a d u r a tio n o f 1 7 .6 m onths on a sew in g p r o j e c t . I r r e s p e c t i v e o f r a c e when an u n a tta c h e d woman a p p l i e s f o r r e l i e f , sh e h a s l o s t h e r jo b or p o s s e s s e s i l l h e a l t h and 1 4 2 h a s u s u a l l y l e f t h er jo b f o r t h i s r e a s o n , e x h a u s te d h er s a v in g s and a s s i s t a n c e from' f r i e n d s and r e l a t i v e s and p o s s e s s e d s c a r c e l y any f i n a n c i a l a s s e t s o t h e r th an h e r m eager s u p p ly o f p e r s o n a l c l o t h i n g and o c c a s i o n a l f u r n i t u r e . One o u t o f e v e r y f i v e o f th e women s t u d ie d c a r r ie d a l i f e in s u r a n c e p o l i c y . None had an a u t o m o b ile . The s t r e e t ca r i s th e g e n e r a l means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r a l l u n a tta c h e d women on r e l i e f . The N egro woman p r e f e r s t o l i v e from d a y to day and d o e s n o t a d v o c a te p u r c h a s in g on t h e i n s t a l l m e n t p la n , b u t r a th e r a t the tim e sh e h a s th e money a v a i l a b l e . A lth o u g h th e p r e s e n t stu d y and t h a t o f M iss S t e e l- B r o o k e i n d i c a t e s unemployment a s th e c h i e f c a u se f o r the women t o s e e k r e l i e f , th e C h icago stu d y g i v e s th e main c a u se a s b e in g i l l h e a l t h , f o llo w e d by la c k o f t r a i n i n g and o ld a g e . The N egro woman once on r e l i e f s t a y s on th e r o l l s a lo n g w h ile u s u a l l y h a v in g h er c a s e c lo s e d o n ly f o r a ss ig n m e n t t o Works P r o g r e s s A d m in i s t r a t i o n . When th e l a t t e r te r m in a te s sh e im m e d ia te ly r e a p p l i e s f o r d i r e c t r e l i e f . She f r e q u e n t l y c o m p la in s a b o u t h e r b u d g et b u t i s u s u a l l y a b le to make up d e f i c i e n c i e s b y c o n t r i b u t i o n s from f r i e n d s or money o b ta in e d by d o in g odd j o b s . The C h icago s t u d y and M iss S t e e l- B r o o k e * s s t u d y r e v e a l s i m i l a r means o f s u p p lim e n tin g r e l i e f b u d g e t s . A com p arison w it h th e l a t t e r s tu d y i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e w h it e woman had made more a tte m p ts t o s e c u r e a id from v a r io u s r e l i e f a g e n c ie s i n an e f f o r t to s e c u r e p r o v i s i o n s fo r a l i v e l i h o o d than had th e N egro woman. 143 Ttie u n a tta c h e d Negro woman i s more s o c i a l l y r e ta r d e d th an h e r w h ite s i s t e r . Church m em bership r e p r e s e n t s the m ajor s o c i a l a c t i v i t y f o r th e c o lo r e d woman. Pew women b e lo n g to any c lu b s or s o c i e t i e s and a r e s a t i s f i e d to s t a y home, l i s t è n to th e r a d io * r e a d o c c a s i o n a l l y , sew , or ta k e lo n g w a lk s . E ach N egro woman i n th e group a d h e r e s t o some r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f . The w h it e woman i s a l s o an e n t h u s i a s t i c a d h eren t to some r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f Only one o u t o f t e n o f th e N egro women s t u d ie d i s a member o f th e Workers* A l l i a n c e , many h a v in g n e v e r h eard o f th e o r g a n i z a t i o n . The Negro woman s a y s she w an ts to work b u t make l i t t l e e f f o r t to s e c u r e employment i n p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y . One o u t o f two w ould p r e f e r Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is tr a t io n work b e c a u s e h e r h e a l t h i s poor and th e work i s e a s i e r , h a s s h o r t e r h o u r s a,nd p a y s m ore. She c o n s id e r s t h i s h er o n ly o u t l e t from h e r fb rm er ty p e o f w ork . She i s now r e l u c t a n t to a c c e p t d o m e s tic work and p r e f e r s s e w in g . One o u t o f e v e r y th r e e women w ould p r e f e r to work f o r a w h ite r a th e r th a n a c o lo r e d em ployer b e c a u s e th e form er i s more sy m p a th e tic and more r e l i a b l e a s f a r a s paym ent o f w ages i s c o n c e r n e d . The Negro woman s a y s t h a t she w ou ld l i k e to a t te n d s c h o o l to i n c r e a s e h e r g e n e r a l e d u c a t io n and tr a d e s k i l l b u t when t h i s o p p o r t u n it y i s a c t u a l l y a v a i l a b l e to h e r i n h e r own community she n e g l e c t s to u t i l i z e i t . She i s p r im a r ily c o n c er n e d ab ou t h e r o ld a g e and would l i k e to own a home above a n y th in g e l s e i f sh e had th e 1 4 4 m oney. The N egro woman h a s few r e l a t i v e s , and few c h i l d r e n , h u t w i t h th o s e who a r e l i v i n g she i s in r e g u la r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e and i s on f r i e n d l y te r m s . In c o m p a riso n , th e u n a tta c h e d w h ite woman i s a l s o found to have few r e l a t i v e s h u t r e p o r t s no co m m u n ication w it h h e r r e l a t i v e s f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s . The N egro woman p r e f e r s to l i v e f o r th e m ost p a r t away from h er r e l a t i v e s . She r e p o r t s t h a t th e y a re a l l in poor c ir c u m s ta n c e s and a r e u n a b le t o a s s i s t h e r . She h a s a few f r i e n d s in c lu d in g b o t h m a le s and f e m a le s who a r e f r e q u e n t l y to be fou n d e i t h e r b n r e l i e f . Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is t r a t io n w ork, or in u n s k i l l e d o c c u p a t i o n s . The N egro woman i s p r im a r ily i n t e r e s t e d in s e c u r in g p r i v a t e em ploym ent, p r o v id in g i t i s th e ty p e o f work and s a l a r y w h ich sh e l i k e s and w h ich w ould e n a b le h e r t o becom e s e l f - s u p p o r tin g j o t h e r w is e , she w ould p r e f e r work th ro u gh Works P r o g r e s s A d m in is tr a t io n or marry* She w ould a l s o l i k e to l i v e a s lo n g a s p o s s i b l e w it h th e m ost amount o f c o m f o r t . The u n a tta c h e d c o lo r e d woman who h a s had c o n tin u o u s h ard k n o ck s i n th e p a s t , now c h o o s e s th e e a s i e s t way o u t f o r th e f u t u r e , f a c i n g i t w it h an o p t i m i s t i c o u tlo o k in v ie w o f h e r p r e v io u s e x p e r i e n c e s . The w h ite woman i s more p e s s i m i s t i c o f h e r f u t u r e h a v in g b e e n accu stom ed to b e t t e r s ta n d a r d s in th e p a s t . CHAPTER TT CONCLUSIONS The s i t u a t i o n o f th e u n a tta c h e d N egro women c o n s t i t u t e s an im p o r ta n t p a r t o f th e r e l i e f p rob lem i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s * I t m ust be u n d e r sto o d t h a t th e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e s e women i s o f no l e s s im p o rta n ce to th e e n t i r e p o p u la t io n than i t i s to t h e s e women t h e m s e lv e s . The w e lfa r e o f e v e r y grou p i n a p o p u la t io n i s d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d b y th e s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n o f o th e r g r o u p s . The w h ite c i t i z e n s a r e and w i l l c o n t in u e to b e r e ta r d e d w here any p a r t o f th e N egro e le m en t i s r e ta r d e d * B o th e le m e n t s go i n t o th e c o m p o s itio n o f our s o c i e t y and w h a te v e r h in d e r s or d e la y s d e v e lo p m en t o f a p o r t i o n , h in d e r s and d e l a y s th e p r o g r e s s o f t h e w h o le . In any s t u d y o f a r a c i a l g r o u p , a t t i t u d e s and t r a d i t i o n s have a d i r e c t b e a r in g on the g r o u p 's p r e s e n t day c o n d i t i o n s and mode o f l i v i n g . The e x i s t in g a t t i t u d e s o f and toward the N egro p e o p le a r e p o s i t i v e f a c t o r s i n d e te r m in in g t h e i r p a s t and p r e s e n t s o c i a l s t a t u s * C o n se q u e n tly ^ th e p r o b le m h a s a n a t u r a l h i s t o r y in th e l i g h t o f w h ic h th e p r e v a i l i n g a t t i t u d e s m ust be p e r c e iv e d and i n t e r p r e te d * Thus th e econ om ic and s o c i a l s t a t u s and p rob lem s and m en ta l a t t i t u d e s o f th e u n a tta c h e d c o lo r e d woman may be un der sto o d o n ly i n th e l i g h t o f h e r h i s t o r y and s o c i a l b a c k g r o u n d . As th e movement f o r s o c i a l s e c u r i t y g o e s fo r w a r d , i t becom es i n c r e a s i n g l y im p o r ta n t t h a t m i n o r i t i e s sh a re i n the 1 4 6 b e n e f i t s made p o s s i b l e b y f e d e r a l and s t a t e l e g i s l a t i o n * The u n a tta c h e d N egro woman i s e n t i t l e d t o su c h b e n e f i t s b y r i g h t o f c i t i z e n s h i p , and sh e h a s shown h e r s e l f t o b e w o r t î y o f su ch b e n e f i t s by h e r aOhieVem ent In u s in g to a d v a n ta g e what lia s b e e n a v a i l a b l e to h e r . She h a s b een f a c i n g , e n d u r in g , and i n p a r t overcom in g many d i f f i c u l t i e s * The m a j o r it y o f Negro women a r e s t i l l em ployed i n d o m e stic and p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e due to t h e i r la c k o f e d u c a t io n and tr a d e s k i l l . A program o f v o c a t i o n a l g u id a n c e and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n i s o f u tm ost im p o r ta n c e . A p o s s i b l e p la n f o r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n f o r th e u n a tta c h e d N egro woman m igh t b e s o u g h t i n term s o f h e r econom ic and e d u c a t io n a l ad van cem en t, w it h e m p h a sis upon b e t t e r l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s , more r e g u la r and lo n g e r c o n tin u e d s c h o o l a t t e n d a n c e , b e t t e r h e a l t h , l e s s m o b i l i t y , em ploym ent s e c u r i t y , and o th e r c o n c r e te ite m s w h ic h c o n t r ib u t e to c r e a t e i n d iv i d u a l and r a c i a l r e s p e c t . E d u c a tio n m ust be c o n s id e r e d a s a means r a th e r th an an e n d . O u tsid e o f th e sc o p e o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n b u t o f im p o r ta n c e t o a c o m p le te u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e p ro b lem , a number o f s i t u a t i o n s have b e e n p r e s e n te d f o r f u r t h e r stu d y * The r e s e a r c h e r may f in d o f i n t e r e s t s t u d i e s r e g a r d in g th e need f o r and e f f e c t on th e s t a t u s o f t h e Negro woman o f : a d eq u acy o f r e l i e f , im proved h o u s in g f a c i l i t i e s , b e t t e r m e d ic a l c a r e , in s u r a n c e o f v a r io u s t y p e s , unemployment and w orkm an's com p e n s a t io n f o r d o m e s tic and u n s k i l l e d w o r k e r s , v o c a t i o n a l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n and g u id a n c e , and work p r o j e c t s Of a s o c i a l 147 t h e r a p e u t ic c h a r a c t e r . Of c o n s id e r a b le i n t e r e s t i s th e c o n c lu s io n a p p a r e n t a s th e r e s u l t o f t h i s s tu d y t h a t in g e n e r a l r e s p e c t and w it h b u t few e x c e p t i o n s o f m inor im p o rta n ce th e u n a tta ch ed Negro woman i s in v e r y much th e same p o s i t i o n a s th e w h ite u n a tta c h e d woman; i s fa c e d w it h s i m i l a r p rob lem s ; a id e d b y th e same ty p e o f h e l p ; and d e f e a t e d b y the same d i f f i c u l t i e s . The d i f f e r e n c e s found a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c due t o th e f a c t t h a t sh e had b e e n born c o lo r e d and w it h an i n f e r i o r s o c i a l background and a re n o t o f g r e a t s i g n i f i c a n c e under th e p r e s e n t r e l i e f program b u t do o f f e r a c h a lle n g e to th e s o c i a l w orker o f tom orrow . The u n a tta c h e d N egro woman d o e s p r e s e n t a p rob lem o f no s m a ll c o n c e r n , b u t a s f a r a s p r e s e n t r e l i e f i s c o n c e r n e d , i t i s in many r e s p e c t s a f a m i l i a r p r o b le m . When a t t e n t i o n can be g iv e n to th o s e f a c t o r s c r e a t i n g th e p a r t i c u l a r problem o f th e N eg ro , th en th e c o m p l e x i t i e s w i l l ta k e on c o n s id e r a b le more im p o rta n ce T h is s tu d y h a s b e e n l i m i t e d t o t h e p r e s e n t a t io n o f a s o c i a l p o r t r a i t , our s u b j e c t b e in g an u n a tta ch ed Negro woman; our c a n v a s , h e r c a s e h i s t o r y ; our o i l s , h er i n s i g h t and a t t i t u d e s ; our b r u s h , th e stu d y and in t e r v ie w ; our p a l e t t e , th e c o r r e l a t i o n and co m p a riso n w it h o th e r s u b j e c t s b o t h c o lo r e d and w h i t e . A r a c i a l p h ilo s o p h y m o d if ie s i t s e l f w it h c h a n g e s i n a t t i t u d e s grow in g ou t o f a p r a c t i c a l s i t u a t i o n . I t sh o u ld b e th e p a r t o f any e f f i c i e n t p u b lic p o l i c y to ad van ce th e s t a t u s o f t h e s e women and to p r o v id e f o r t h e i r 148 w e lf a r e i n th e l i g h t o f t h e i r s p e c i a l p r o b le m s . T h is program sh o u ld ta k e i n t o a c c o u n t c u r r e n t p r o f e s s i o n a l d e v e lo p m e n ts i n th e f i e l d o f s o c i a l work* more p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f c a s e work t e c h n iq u e s i n th e a d m in is t r a t io n o f a r e l i e f p rogram . I t sh o u ld a l s o b e d e v e lo p e d i n term s o f th e p ro m o tio n o f th e w e lfa r e o f a l l c i t i z e n s w h eth er N egro or whi t e • BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY A. BOOKS A l l e n , Jam es S te w a r t, N egro q u e s t io n i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s . New York: I n t e r n a t i o n a l P u b li s h e r s , 1 9 5 7 . 224 pp . B a k er , P a u l E . , The Sconom io S t a t u s o f N e g r o e s . New York: A s s o c i a t i o n P r e s s , 1 9 5 4 . 267 pp. B o g a rd u s, Emory S . , Im m ig ra tio n and Race A t t i t u d e s . B o sto n : D. C. H eath and Company, 1 9 2 8 . 268 pp. Bond, H orace Mann, The E d u c a tio n o f th e N egro i n th e Am erican S o c i a l O rder. New York: P r e n t i c e - H a l l , I n c . , 1 9 3 5 . 501 pp. B r a w ley , Benjam in G ., A S h o rt H is t o r y o f t h e A m erican N eg ro . New York: The M acm illan Company, 1 9 2 4 . 247 pp . N egro B u ild e r s and H e r o e s . C hapel H i l l : U n i v e r s i t y o f N orth C a r o lin a P r e s s , 1 9 5 7 . 515 pp. Brown, I n a C o r in n e , The S to r v o f th e A m erican N e g ro . New York: M is s io n a r y E d u c a tio n Movement F r ie n d s h ip P r e s s , 1 9 5 7 . 208 pp . C a lk in s , C lin c h , Some F o lk s W on't Work. New York; E a r c o u r t, B race and Company, 1 9 5 0 . 202 pp. B u tc h e r , Dean, The N egro i n th e Modern I n d u s t r i a l S o c i e t y . P e n n s y lv a n ia : S c ie n c e P r e s s P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 3 0 . 1 3 7 p p . E l l i o t t , G race, Women A f t e r F o r t y . New York: Henry H o lt and Company, 1 9 5 6 . 215 pp . Embree, Edwin R . , Brown A m erica . New York: The V ik in g P r e s s , 1 9 5 1 . 511 pp . E p p se, M erl R. , The N e g r o . T o o . i n . A m erican H i s t o r y . C h icago: N a t io n a l E d u c a tio n a l P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 5 8 . 5 4 4 pp. Funk, I s a a c K . , e d i t o r , New S tan d a rd D ic t io n a r y o f t h e E n g lis h L an gu age. New York: Funk and W agn alls Company, 1 9 3 8 . 2 8 1 4 pp. 151 H i l l , T. A . , The N egro and Econom ic R e c o n s t r u c t io n . Wash i n g t o n , D. 0 . : A s s o c i a t e s i n Negro F o lk E d u c a tio n , 1 9 3 7 . 78 p p . H olm es, Samuel J a c k so n , The N e g r o ' s S tr u g g le f o r S u r v i v a l : a. s tu d y i n human e c o l o g y . B e r k le y : U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , 1 9 5 7 . 296 pp. J o h n so n , C h a r le s S . , The Econom ic S t a tu s o f N e g r o e s . N a s h v i l le : F is k U n iv e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 3 3 , 53 pp. The N egro i n Am erican C i v i l i z a t i o n . New York: Henry H o lt and Company, 1 9 3 0 . 538 pp . J o h n so n , James W eldon, Negro A m e rica n s. What Now? New York: V ik in g P r e s s , I n c . , 1 9 3 4 , 111pp. K ennedy, L o u is e V e n a b le , The N egro P e a s a n t Turns C ity w a r d . New York: C olum bia U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 3 0 . 270 pp . K u r tz , R u s s e ll H ., e d i t o r . S o c i a l Work Y ear Book. New York: R u s s e l l Sage F o u n d a tio n , 1 9 3 9 . 730 pp . La F a r g e , John , I n t e r r a c i a l J u s t i c e . New York: A m erican P r e s s , 1 9 3 7 . 226 pp . P u c k e t t , N. N . , F o lk B e l i e f s o f t h e S o u th e rn N eg ro . Chapel H i l l : The U n i v e r s i t y o f N orth C a r o lin a P r e s s , 1 9 2 6 . 544 pp. R e u te r , Edward B vron. The A m erican Race P ro b lem . New York: C r o w e ll P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 3 8 . 430 pp . S o c i a l S e r v ic e D i v i s i o n M anual. S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a tio n o f C a l i f o r n i a . San F r a c is c o : S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is t r a t io n , 1 9 3 8 . 127 pp. Thomas, W illia m I . , The U n a d ju ste d G i r l . B o ston : L i t t l e , Brown and Company, 1 9 2 8 . 261 pp. W ea th erfo rd , W i l l i s Duke and J oh n son , C h a r le s S p u rgeon , Race R e l a t i o n s - B o sto n : D. C. H eath and Company, 1 9 3 5 . 590 pp. Woodson, C a r ter Godwin, Negro P r o f e s s i o n a l Man and th e Community. W ash in gton , D. C .: A s s o c i a t i o n f o r t h e Study o f Negro L i f e and H is t o r y , I n c . , 1 9 5 4 . 365 pp. 1 5 2 Work, M, H ,, e d i t o r , N egro Y ear Book. Alabama: N egro Year Book P u b lis h in g Company, 1 9 3 8 . 575 pp . B. PERIODICAL ARTICLES A le x a n d e r , S a d ie T. M ., "The N egro Women i n Our Econom ic L i f e , " O p p o r tu n ity . 8 :2 0 7 , J u l y , 1 9 3 0 . A le x a n d e r , W . W., "Negro a s a Human P er so n : Are W e Making P r o g r e s s i n B e t t e r Race R e la tio n sh ip s? ? " M is s io n a r y R eview o f th e W orld. 5 9 : 2 9 2 , J u n e, 1 9 3 6 . A t t w e l l , E. T ., " R e c r e a tio n f o r C o lo r ed C i t i z e n s i n t h e New D em ocracy," R e c r e a t i o n . 3 0 : 4 9 1 - 4 , J a n u a ry , 1 9 3 7 . B e n z ig e r , M. G ., "Am ericans i n B onds," C ath oL ic W orld. 1 4 7 : 4 1 3 - 1 8 , J u l y , 1 9 3 8 . B ro w n lee, F. L . , " E x p erien ce i n Work w ith N e g r o e s ," M is s io n a r y R eview o f th^e, W orld. 5 9 : 3 1 2 - 1 3 , J u n e, 1 9 3 6 . C a l i v e r , A ., " F ed era l A id and th e N e g ro ," S c h o o l L i f e . 21: 4 0 , O cto b er , 1 9 3 5 . C a lv e r t o n , V. F . , "Negro C u ltu r e : 1 9 3 8 ," C u rren t H i s t o r y . 4 8 : 4 6 - 7 , May, 1 9 3 8 . C la y to n , C r a n sto n , "A S t r a t e g y f o r N e g r o e s," W orld Tomorrow. X V II(Jan u ary 1 8 , 1 9 3 4 ) , 3 3 - 3 5 . Du B o i s , W . E . , and H a r r is , A, L * , " R e c o n s tr u c tio n and th e N e g r o ." New Rep u b l i c . 8 3 : 3 6 7 - 8 , A ugust 7, 1 9 3 5 . E ason , N. D . , " A t t it u d e s o f N egro F a m ilie s on R e l i e f : Toward Work, Toward Home, Toward L i f e , " O p p o r tu n ity . 1 3 : 3 6 7 - 6 9 , Decem ber, 1 9 3 5 . Edwards, T. J , , " A tt it u d e s o f N egro F a m ilie s on R e l i e f , " O p p o r tu n ity . 1 4 : 2 1 3 - 1 5 , J u l y , 1 9 3 6 . F r a z i e r , E, F r a n k lin , " O cc u p a tio n a l C l a s s e s Among N e g ro e s i n C i t i e s , " The Am erican J o u r n a l ^ S o c i o l o g y . XXXV (M arch, 1 9 3 0 ) , 7 1 8 -7 3 0 . G a n n e tt, L . , "We're A n o th e r," Su rvey G r a p h ic . 2 8 : 1 0 9 - 1 2 , F eb ru a ry , 1 9 3 9 . 1 5 3 G i l l a r d , J . T ., "Are There Any C o lo r ed S a in ts ? " C a t h o lic W orld. 1 4 4 : 7 8 - 8 4 , O cto b er , 1 9 3 6 . C offm an, K ., "B lack P r id e ." A t l a n t i c M o n th ly . 1 6 3 : 2 3 5 - 4 1 , F eb ru a ry , 1 9 3 9 . H aynes, G . E . , " N e g r o 's Econom ic S e c u r i t y . " C h r i s t i a n Century. 5 2 : 7 5 7 - 9 , Jun e 5 , 1 9 3 5 . H im es, J . S . , " N egroes: W orking and J o b l e s s , " J u n io r S u r v e y . 7 2 : 2 3 6 - 7 , A u g u st, 1 9 3 6 . H o ls e y , A lbon , "What i s N egro P r o g r e ss? " O p p o r tu n ity . 9 : 1 6 , J a n u a ry , 1 9 3 1 . Hubbard, D ., "Methods o f I n c r e a s i n g R e c r e a t io n O p p o r t u n it ie s f o r C o lo r ed G roups," R e c r e a t io n . 2 9 : 3 9 4 - 6 , Novem ber, 1 9 3 5 . J o h n so n , C, S . , " I n c id e n c e o f Unemployment Upon th e N e g r o e s," A m erican J o u r n a l o f S o c io lo R y . 4 0 : 7 3 7 - 4 5 , May, 1 9 3 5 . J o h n so n , G. B . , "Negro R a c ia l Movements and L e a d e r s h ip i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s , A m erican J o u r n a l o f S o c i o l o g y . 43: 5 7 - 7 1 , J u l y , 1 9 3 7 . K ru eg e r, E. T , , "Negro R e l i g i o u s E x p r e s s io n ," The A m erican J o u r n a l o f S o c i o l o g y . XXXVIII ( J u ly , 1 9 3 2 ) , 2 2 - 3 1 . La F a r g e , J . , " N e g r o 's S o c i a l P rob lem ," C a t h o lic W orld. 1 4 5 : 4 8 3 - 4 , J u l y , 1 9 3 7 . Ray, V . , " C r is is Among N e g r o e s ," M is s io n a r y R eview ü f t h e W orld . 6 1 :5 1 8 , November, 1 9 3 8 . R u t le d g e , A ., " I n s ig h t : The N e g r o 's Power o f P e r c e p t io n ," A t l a n t i c M o n th ly . 1 6 2 : 3 6 6 - 7 3 , Septem ber, 1 9 3 8 . S tew a rd , A ., "The B la ck G ir l P a s s e s ," The J o u r n a l ^ S o c i a l F o r c e s . V I( S ep tem b er, 1 9 2 7 ) , 9 8. Thompson, 0 . H ,, " E d u cation o f th e N egro i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s ," S c h o o l and S o c i e t y . 4 2 : 6 2 5 - 3 3 , November 9 , 1 9 3 5 . W illia m s , P a u l, "I Am A N e g ro ," Am erican M ap:azine. 1 2 4 : 5 9 , J u l y , 1 9 3 7 . W e sle y , C, H ., "Beacon L i g h t s o f N egro P r o g r e s s ," M is s io n a r y R eview o f th e W orld. 5 9 : 2 7 9 - 8 3 , J u n e , 1 9 3 6 . 1 5 4 C. PUBLICATIONS Brown, J e a n C o l l i e r , "The N egro Woman W orker," B u l l e t i n o f ( U .S .) Woman's Bureau No. 1 6 5 , W ash in gton , B .C .: U n ite d S t a t e s Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 3 8 . 17 pp . B yrn e, H a r r ie t A .,a n d H i l l y e r , C e c i l e , " U n attach ed Women on R e l i e f i n C h ic a g o ," B u l l e t i n o f ( U .S .) Woman's B ureau No. 1 5 8 , W ash ington, D .C .; U n ite d S t a t e s Govern ment P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 3 7 . 84 pp . H oover, G lenn E . , and Mann, G eorge 0 . , "The N o teb o o k ," C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e D epartm ent o f E d u c a tio n , L os A n g e le s : S t a t e D epartm ent o f E d u c a tio n , J u n e, 1 9 3 7 . 12 p p . J o h n so n , B o r g h ild E le a n o r , "H ousehold Employment i n C h ic a g o ," B u l l e t i n o f ( U .S .) Woman's Bureau No. 1 0 6 , W ash ington, D .C .; U n ite d S t a t e s Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 3 3 . 62 pp . "K eeping Unem ployed Women E m p lo y a b le," A S tu d y from t h e R ecord s o f t h e Women's Unemployment R e l i e f Fund, Los A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a , J a n u a ry , 1 9 3 6 . N a t io n a l Urban L eague f o r S o c i a l S e r v ic e Among N e g r o e s , "The N a t io n a l W orking P o p u la tio n and N a t io n a l R e c o v e r y ," New York; N a t io n a l Urban L eagu e, J a n u a ry 4 , 1 9 3 7 . 21 pp. N e ls o n , E le a n o r , "Women a t W ork," B u l l e t i n o f ( U .S .) Woman's B ureau, W ash in gton , D .C .: U n ite d S t a t e s Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 3 4 . 66 pp . P a lm er, G lad ys L . , " Is th e A verage Unem ployed Worker Employ a b le ? " P h ila d e lp h ia ; U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y lv a n ia , 1 9 3 4 . 1 0 pp . P id g e o n , Mary E l i z a b e t h , "The Em ployed Woman Homemaker i n th e U n ite d S t a t e s ; Her R e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r F am ily S u p p ort," B u l l e t i n o f ( U .S .) Woman *s Bureau No. 1 4 8 , W ash in gton , D .C .: U n ite d S t a t e s Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 3 7 . 22 p p . _________ , "Trends i n th e Employment o f Women: 1 9 2 8 -1 9 3 6 ," B u l l e t i n o f ( U .S .) Woman's Bureau No; 1 5 9 , W ash in gton , D .C .: U n ite d S t a t e s Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 3 7 . 48 pp. 1 5 5 D. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS Bond, J . Max, "The N egro in L os A n g e le s ." U n p u b lish e d D o c t o r 's d i s s e r t a t i o n . U n i v e r s i t y o f S ou th ern C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 3 2 . 365 p p . - Brown, J u l i a E s t e l l e , " S o c ia l D is ta n c e B etw een W h ites and N e g r o e s i n t h e U n ite d S t a t e s Today." U n p u b lish e d M a s te r 's t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 3 6 . 139 p p . S t e e l - B r o o k e , G e r tr u d e , "The S i n g le Woman on R e l i e f . " Un p u b lis h e d M a s t e r 's t h e s i s , U n iv e r s i t y o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a , L os A n g e le s , C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 3 6 . 109 pp. E. NEWSPAPER Los A n g e le a Tim ea. June 1 8 , 1 9 3 3 . APPENDEX A. â p e e n d ix a . RESEARCH SCHEDULE HAM E ADDRESS C ASE # BIRTH-BATE BIRTH PLACE FAMILY BACKGROUND L anguage sp o k en a t home _ M a r it a l S t a t u s o f parents^ When O ccured L o c a t io n o f p a r e n t a l home O cc u p a tio n o f f a t h e r jUommunity_ "County_ Of m other A verage M on th ly incom e i n p a r e n t a l home. Were p a r e n t s on r e l i e f ? D id p a r e n t s own home? - _____ ________ ______ Age l e f t home R ea so n .. .________ How lo n g ? RELIEF HISTORY D a te e v en ed R e a so n D a te C lo se d R ea so n D ate Opened R ea so n D a te C lo se d R eason D ate R eopened R eason D a te C lo se d R eason D ate R eopened . R e a so n D a te C lo se d R eason D ate R eopened R eason B a te C lo se d Reasoa__ D a te R eopened R eason D a te C lo se d R eason T o t a l M o n th ly B u d get ^ Food S p e c i a l D i e t R ent U t i l i t i e s LOS ANGELES SOCIAL SERVICE EXCHANGE Name o f Agency, Name o f A gency JDate R e g is t e r ed_ J3ate R e g is t e r ed_ "bate R e g is t e r e d , Name o f A gency D ate R e g is t e r e d Name o f A gency D ate R eg i s t o r e d MARITAL STATUS S i n g le P a s t i r r e g u l a r a l l i a n c e D a te R eason D u r a tio n S e p a r a te d D a te R eason D u r a tio n D e s e r t e d D a te R eason D u r a tio n D iv o r c e d D a te R eason D u r a tio n Widowed D a te D u r a tio n o f U n ion 158 M a r ita l h i s t o r y o f man _ M a r ita l h i s t o r y o f woman HOUSING A partm ent F l a t House Rm. in P r iv a t e Home Rooming House, M ixed W hite Type o f n e ig h b o r hood, i C o lo red ___ ___________ Rooming h o u se d i s t r i c t R e s i d e n t i a l S e m i - r e s i d e n t i a l B u s i n e s s Number o f rooms O w nership I n d e b te d n e ss R e n ta l Amount O th ers i n home Means o f t r a n s p o r t a t io n , EKETIOUS ADDRESæa A d d ress No • o f Type o f h o u se 'r o o m s D ate R eason f o r to d a t e R en t m oving r ' ■ ts ’ ■i “ — — ------ ----------- f --------- » r ■ " I » r I S t t t ' ■ " t t r # t- r t t t- t RESIDENCE D a te A r r iv e d i n C a l i f o r n i a . In Los m g e l e s S t a t e o f form er r e s id e n c e R ea so n f o r com ing to C a l i f o r n i a L e g a l r e s i d e n t T ech ; n o n -r e s id e n t_ S t a t e H om eless __C o u n ty n o n - r e s id e n t HEALTH P r e s e n t e m p l o y a b i li t y a c c o r d in g t o c l i e n t P r e s e n t c o m p la in ts ' _______ _ I l l n e s s Dantes o f ♦ tr e a tm e n ts Where t R e s u l t s t ♦ H o s p ita l- ♦ i z a t i o n t Where D a te t t » t t t t t t t t » f f r r * t f i & ' t t f f r t t t t I 1 t t t f I t 1 E m ployab le f o r o r d in a r y work. E m p loyab le f o r l i g h t work_ 159 P h y s i c a l h a n d ica p s. M en tal h a n d ic a p s JWork t e s t d i a g n o s i s . Da t e D i s t r i c t 3RA d ia g n o sis_ D a te _ D is p u te d M ed ic a l C om m ittee rep o rt^ JDate P r iv a t e P h y s ic ia n JTork t e s t d ia g n o s is . p a t e _ " D is t r i c t SIA d ia g n o sis_ D a te _ D is p u te d M ed ica l Com m ittee r e p o r t D a te ^ D ia g n o sis D i a g n o s i s EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING A p p lia n c e used “ b a t e G en era l E d u c a tio n S c h o o l a tte n d e d D a t e s Grade co m p leted D a te l e f t s c h o o l R ea so n L an gu ages sp oken V o c a t io n a l T r a in in g : Type o f P la c e D a te s C om pleted C ou rse N ot C om pleted U se made o f T r a in in g t t ■ t t I . t t t t » r t: e r t r t r t t PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT HISTORY R e g u la r O c c u p a tio n : " " " " D a te T o t a l . to . tim e How Type o f R eason r » T ---------------- t' r ------1— — ,------------------------------- t • t r » • r r r r r t t t h t r t t t ■ '"tf t t t t i t ' '# " " t r t t f i ' T'" " t t * t i O ccu p a tio n O cc u p a tio n s O ccu p a tio n p r io r to m a rria g e N o. o f y e a r s d u r in g m a rr ia g e N o. o f y e a r s su b s e q u e n t to m a r it a l break N o. o f v e a r s EMPLOYMENT HISTORY ON W ORK RELIEF PROJECT Name o f work Proaram L o c a t io n o f P roject o f work to D a te S a la r y 160 R eason f o r D is m is s a l r 1 ? » % r t r r ► t t t r # t t f t t t RESOURCES (PRESENT) Bank A ccou n t Amount D u r a tio n o f A ccou n t Car K ind Y ear In su r a n c e Amount Premium Type R a d io F u r n itu r e In h er i ta n c e s T r u st Fund P e n s io n C om p en sation INDEBTEDNESS F o r What D a te In cu rr ed Amo un t Amo un t p a id . due Ar rangernents CITIZENSHIP By B irth . By P a r e n ts By M arriage ^ By N a t u r a liz a t io n ^ D ate RECREATION R e l i g i o n M ember o f Church. At t e n d s Church, A f f i l i a t i o n s - - ( C l u b s , L o d g e s, U n io n s , e t c * ) - _________ FRIENDS MALE Fem ale J ie n g th o f a c q u a in ta n c e , b e n g t h o f a c q u a in ta n c e. 1 6 1 RELATIVES (L iv in g ) A s s o c i a t i o n A id R e c e iv e d o f R e l a t i o n A d d r ess L e t t e r V i s i t I n d i r e c t D a te K ind Am* t Income F a th e r / --------r------ — — f----- r ---------- ;---- F * .... . M other ' t » t t i t r F -in -L a w * t t » t t t t M -in-Law ' t f t f t t r S i s t e r * t t t t 1 t t B i s t e r ♦ f t t f t f t S i s t e r t t » t t t t t S i s t e r * t t t t t t t B r o th e r t t t t t I % r B r o th e r « t r t t I t t Bro th e r * t » t t t t t Bro th e r t » t f t r r » Husband i t t » t r % t S t a t u s » t t t t t t t Son « t r t t t t f Son t t r 1 t I t t r Son r t % I f t t t Son Î r % t t f t r D au gh ter t t f { t f t t D a u g h te rt t f f t t » t D aughter» t t t t t t t D au gh ter * f t t t t t t O th ers » I f r t t t t P e r s o n a l A t t i t u d e s Toward A gen cy : C o n g e n ia l___ B e l l i g e r e n t I n t e r e s t s C om placent P a s s iv e R eticen t__ D e s i r e to w ork: As e x p r e s s e d b y c lie n t ^ As o b se r v e d b y w orkers- A t t i t u d e toward P r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n s O p t im is t ic , U naî^juèâé^ P e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s P la n f o r th e f u t u r e _____________ J le c o n c ila t o r y , D esp on d en t JVdJusted, APPENDIX B APPENDIX B* QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOM E INTERVIEWS COMMUNITY What was you r home town?__________________ __ Why d id you come t o Los A n g eles? , Do you l i k e t h e n eig h b o rh o o d i n w h ich y ou a r e l i v i n g ? _ Why?____________________ _________ ______________________ _______________ Do you a s s o c i a t e w ith w h it e o r c o lo r e d p e o p le s o c i a l l y ? . . _________ W h y?_________________________________________________ Do you p r e f e r a member o f th e Negro o r o f t h e w h ite r a c e t o do s o c i a l work among y o u r r a c e ? __________ Why?_____________ Do you tr a d e i n s t o r e s owned and o p e r a te d by c o lo r e d or w h it e p e o p le ? ______________________Whv? _________ ______________ I n y ou r e x p e r ie n c e do b e l i e v e t h a t C a l i f o r n i a h a s more o p p o r tu n ity f o r t h e c o lo r e d p e o p le th a n th e s t a t e s from w h ich t h e y a r e m ig r a tin g ? ( i . e * T e x a s, L o u is ia n a , e tc * )________ Why?___________ _ _________________________ _______ _ Are yo u a r e g i s t e r e d v o te r ? . Do you p a r t i c i p a t e i n p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s ? _________ Of what n a tu r e ? __________________ ^ __________________________ Do you b e lo n g t o any p o l i t i c a l o r g a n iz a t io n ? Which o n e s? ______________ _________________________ __________ Are you a member o f th e Workers* A llia n c e ? Why? ■ ____________ ___________________ RELIEF What do you c o n s id e r th e m ain c a u se o f y o u r p r e s e n t n eed ?________ Time when i t o c c u r r e d ? .. Who f i r s t s u g g e s t e d t h a t you a p p ly f o r r e l i e f ? . What e f f o r t s have you made t o s t a y away from r e l i e f ? . 1 6 4 Why d id you f i r s t a p p ly f o r r e l i e f ? __________ When?_________ How do you f e e l ab ou t r e l i e f ? ____________ ______________________ What a r e you r m onthly e x p e n d itu r e s ? . Are you a b le t o manage on y o u r p r e s e n t r e l i e f b u dget?. How do you su p p lim e n t y o u r r e l i e f incom e?________________ Are you s a t i s f i e d t o rem a in on d i r e c t r e l i e f ? . Why?___________ W ork r e l i e f ? ________ _W hy?_____ Do you f e e l t h a t The S t a t e R e l i e f A d m in is tr a t io n h a s r a c i a l p r e j u d i c e s ? _________ ( I f t h e answ er i s y e s ) On w hat b a s i s do you a r r i v e a t t h i s c o n c l u s i o n ? _________________________ W O RK What k in d o f a ,'jo b w ould you l i k e t o h ave?__________________ What k in d o f j o b s have b een o f f e r e d you? _________ By whom? _________________ .D id you a c c e p t them?________________ ( I f n o t )Whv? : _________________ Do you p r e f e r t o work f o r a w h ite em p loyer?_______ For a c o lo r e d em p loyer? whv? _ ________________ What o c c u p a t io n s have you f o llo w e d i n t h e p a s t and f o r how many y e a r s ? ___________________________________________________ I f p r o p e r t r a i n i n g i s made a v a i l a b l e t o you in you r com m unity, w ou ld you be w i l l i n g t o a t t e n d c l a s s e s r e g u l a r l y a t n i g h t s t o l e a r n a b e t t e r t r a d e ?______ Why?_____ What e f f o r t s a r e you m aking t o s e c u r e p r i v a t e employment? Are you r e g i s t e r e d i n any employment o f f i c e s ? ^ _____________ Which o n es?_____________________ ■ .______________ Would you p r e f e r t o h a v e W .P.A. (Works P r o g r e s s A d m in istra t i o n ) work o r p r i v a t e em ploym ent?_________Why?_______________ EDUCATION Were you s o r r y t o s t o p sc h o o l? . D id you l i k e s c h o o l? — Why?. Î 6 5 Why d id you s t o p s c h o o l ~ _____________________ Would you l i k e t o a t t e n d s c h o o l now?_________At n i g h t ?______ D u rin g th e dav? W h a t s u b j e c t s w ould you be i n t e r e s t e d in takingTZZZZZZH ~ _ Do you t h in k t h a t c o lo r e d p e o p le sh o u ld make f u r t h e r e f f o r t s t o s e c u r e a c o l l e g e e d u c a tio n o r do you t h in k t h a t c o m p le tio n o f h ig h s c h o o l i s a d e q u a te? _________________ Why? ____________________ : _________________ ECONOMICS What a r e y ou r l i v i n g arran gem en ts?. Do you l i k e t o l i v e a lo n e ? L iv e w it h o t h e r s in th e home? Why? ___________________________ Do you b e l i e v e in c a r r y in g l i f e in su r a n c e? . Why?__________ Do you c a r r y any? _ For what w ou ld you l i k e t o save?. I f you had s a v in g s w ou ld you p u t i t i n a bank?. Would you i n v e s t i t ? How?_________________ . Do you buy on t h e i n s t a l l m e n t p lan ? What?___ RELATIVES Would you l i k e t o l i v e w it h a r e l a t i v e ? Why?. Do you v i s i t y o u r r e l a t i v e s who l i v e i n Los A n g eles? . How o f t e n ? ____________( I f n o t ) Why?_________________________ ^ Do you c o r r e sp o n d w ith y o u r r e l a t i v e s who l i v e o u t o f tow n?_____________How o f t e n ? ( I f n o t) Why?_____ Are you on f r i e n d l y term s w it h your r e l a t i v e s ? . ( I f n o t) Why?______________ What was th e c a u se ?___ _ Have you e v e r l i v e d w ith y o u r r e l a t i v e s s i n c e you r m a r it a l b r e a k ( o r s i n c e you o r i g i n a l l y l e f t t h e i r home)?__________ How lo n g ? ______________ Why d id you move?________________________ FRIENDS What i s th e o c c u p a t io n o f y o u r best "G ir l F r ie n d " ?. D oes sh e l i v e i n your n eig h b o rh o o d ? 9 W i t h you? Do you have "Boy F rien d s" ?, y o u r b e s t "Boy F riend"? m arry him?,____________ ' Do you b e l i e v e i n m arriage?, la w r e l a t i o n s h i p ? ................... ... INTERESTS 1 6 6 ,What i s t h e o c c u p a tio n o f __________ Do you p la n t o . .Do you p r e f e r a comraon- Are you a r e g u la r ch u rch g o e r ? _______ b e l i e f ? Of what ch u rch a r e you a member?. What i s you r r e l i g i o u s Do you b e lo n g t o any c h u rch s o c ie t y ? . Do you b e lo n g t o any l o d g e s ? _______ To any c lu b s ? Which ones?__ Which one? Which ones? What i s y o u r p la n f o r y o u r fu tu r e ? .
Abstract (if available)
Abstract
This inquiry has a four fold purpose: To present an objective picture of the unattached Negro woman on relief as revealed in a sampling of the case load of the State Relief Administration in the Compton district office of Los Angeles County
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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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Asset Metadata
Creator
Kaiser, Evelyn
(author)
Core Title
The unattached Negro woman on relief: A study of fifty unattached Negro women on relief in the Compton district office of the State Relief Administration of California in Los Angeles
School
School of Social Work
Degree
Master of Science
Degree Program
Social Work
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
(digital)
Tag
OAI-PMH Harvest,Social Sciences
Place Name
California
(states),
Compton
(city or populated place),
Los Angeles
(counties),
USA
(countries)
Format
application/pdf
(imt),
vi, 166 leaves ; 29 cm.
(aacr2)
Language
English
Contributor
Digitized by ProQuest
(provenance)
Advisor
McClenahan, Bessie A. (
committee chair
), Mangold, George B. (
committee member
), McCreery, Eleanor B. (
committee member
)
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-m38
Unique identifier
UC11314576
Identifier
EP66104.pdf (filename),usctheses-m40 (legacy collection record id),usctheses-c39-460729 (legacy record id),usctheses-m38 (legacy record id)
Legacy Identifier
EP66104.pdf
Dmrecord
460729
Document Type
Thesis
Format
application/pdf (imt),vi, 166 leaves ; 29 cm. (aacr2)
Rights
Kaiser, Evelyn
Type
texts
Source
University of Southern California
(contributing entity),
University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
(collection)
Access Conditions
The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...
Repository Name
University of Southern California Digital Library
Repository Location
USC Digital Library, University of Southern California, University Park Campus, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA