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Mahoney Tables plus a tool for sketch design recommendations for a building
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Mahoney Tables plus a tool for sketch design recommendations for a building
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MAHONEY TABLES PLUS A TOOL LOR SKETCH DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A BUILDING by Sarada Chidambareswaran A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF BUILDING SCIENCE August 2005 Copyright 2005 Sarada Chidambareswaran Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1430383 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 1430383 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I take great pleasure in thanking all the people who contributed invaluably towards my thesis. Firstly I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Prof. Doug Noble. 1 could not have imagined having a better advisor or mentor for my thesis, and without his enthusiastic supervision, knowledge, patience and cracking-of-the-whip, I would never have finished. Prof. Murray Milne for his for the technical discussions on the programming part and also for his invaluable suggestions during my thesis. He has guided me throughout and tried to make my thesis better in all possible ways. No words of thanks will be enough for Prof Ralph Knowles, for helping to supervise me, providing resources and subjects, and offering direction and suggestions. Partho, the person closest to me, for urging me on by way of untiring support, help and seemingly unlimited belief in me. Thank you Partho. -Sarada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS in Acknowledgements List of Tables List of Figures Abstract Introduction Hypothesis Chapter 1. BACKGROUND RESEARCH OF THE MAHONEY TABLES 1.1 Carl Mahoney 1.2 The Basis of the Tables 1.3 Reason to Computerize the Tables 1.4 Climatic Data 1.5 Idea behind creating the Mahoney Tables. Chapter 2. THE MAHONEY TABLES EXPLAINED 2.1 The Composition of the Tables 2 . 1.1 2 . 1.2 The Title Block 2.1.3 2.1.4 VI vm 1 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 7 7 TABLE I 9 2.1.2.1 Table I (Part I Temperature) 9 2.1.2.2 Table I (Part II Relative Humidity) 10 2.1.2.3 Humidity Group Chart 12 2.1.2.4 Table I (Part III Rain and Wind) 12 TABLE II 13 2.1.3.1 Comfort Limit Chart 13 2.1.3.2 Table II (Part I Diagnosis) 14 2.1.3.3 Table II (Part II Humidity Indicators) 16 2.1.3.3.1 Indicator Derivation Chart 17 2.1.3.3.2 Indicator Totals 18 TABLE III 19 2.1.4.1 Building Layout 20 2.1.4.2 Building Spacing 21 2.1.4.3 Air Movement 22 2.1.4.4 Percentage of Openings 23 2.1.4.5 Type and Thickness of Walls 24 2.1.4.6 Type of Roofs 25 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. IV 2.1.4.7 Outdoor Sleeping 26 2.1.4.8 Rain Protection 27 2.1.5 TABLE IV 27 2.1.5.1 Size of the openings 28 2.1.5.2 Position of Openings 30 2.1.5.3 Protection of Openings 31 2.1.5.4 Walls and Floors 32 2.1.5.5 Roofs 33 2.1.5.6 External Features 33 2.1.6 Summary 34 Chapter 3. THE MT+ PROGRAM 36 3.1 Mahoney Tables PLUS - Addition of Internet Data Acquisition 37 3.2 Weather Data Format Definition 38 Chapter 4. INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON TRADITIONAL HOUSE DESIGN- A STUDY OF HOT-HUMID CLIMATES 40 China 41 4.1.1 Climate and Environment 41 4.1.2 Layout of the House 43 4.1.3 Spacing within the Building 43 4.1.4 Air Movement 44 4.1.5 Openings 44 4.1.6 Materials 45 4.1.7 Roofs 45 Malaysia 46 4.2.1 Malaysian Climate and Environment 46 4.2.2 Layout of the Malaysian House 47 4.2.3 Spacing 49 4.2.4 Air Movement in the Building 50 4.2.5 Type of Openings in the House 51 4.2.6 Materials Used 51 4.2.7 Roofs 51 4.2.8 Culture 52 Indonesia 53 4.3.1 Indonesia Climate and Environment 53 4.3.2 The Layout of the Indonesian House 54 4.3.3 Spacing 55 4.3.4 Air Movement 56 4.3.5 Openings 56 4.3.6 Materials 56 4.3.7 Roofs 57 4.3.8 Culture 57 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V 4.4 South India - Kerala 59 4.4.1 Layout 60 4.4.2 Spacing 62 4.4.3 Air Movement 62 4.4.4 Openings 63 4.4.5 Roofs 63 4.4.6 Materials 64 Chapter 5. TYPE1: HOT HUMID EQUATORIAL TYPE OF CLIMATE 65 5.1 Mahoney Recommendations 65 5.2 Comparison Tables 67 5.2.1 South West China and Kerala (India) 68 5.2.2 Malaysia and Indonesia 75 Chapter 6. A TUTORIAL FOR THE MAHONEY TABLES PLUS APPLICATION 84 6.1 Filling Data Manually 88 6.2 Web Tools 89 6.3 Help Menu 95 Chapter 7. CONCLUSIONS 97 7.1 Reasons for Dissimilarity between Two Types of House Design When the Climate is Similar. 97 7.1.1 China and Kerala 98 7.1.2 Malaysia and Indonesia 98 Chapter 8. FUTURE WORK 99 8.1 Testing on Different Platforms 99 8.2 Additions to The Core Program 99 8.3 Program Interface and Distribution 100 BIBILIOGRAPHY 101 APPENDICES 103 1 Program Code 103 2 30 Years o f M ahoney Tables (Paper Presented in PLEA Conference by John Martin Evans) 154 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VI LIST OF TABLES 1. Title Block ............................................. 7 2. Temperature Table 10 3. Relative Humidity Table 1 1 4. Humidity Group Chart 12 5. Rain and Wind Table 13 6. Comfort Limit Chart 14 7. Thermal Stress Table 16 8. Indicator Derivation Chart 17 9. Aridity/Humidity Count Chart ............................................. 18 10. Indicator Totals Table 19 11. Layout Table 21 12. Spacing Table 22 13. Air Movement Table 23 14. Opening Table 24 15. Wall Type Table 25 16. Roof Table 26 17. Outdoor Sleeping Table 26 18. Rain Protection Table 27 19. Size of Opening Table 29 20. Position of Opening Table 31 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. vii 21. Opening Protection Table 31 22. Walls and Floors Table - 32 continued 23. Roof Table -continued 33 24. External Features Table 34 25. China and Kerala Comparison ............................................. 68 Table 26. Malaysia and Indonesia 75 Comparison Table Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. viii LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1: Map of Asia 41 Fig 2: Climate Graph, Haikou... 42 Fig 3: Vernacular Flousing 42 Fig 4: Map of Malaysia 46 Fig 5: Climate Graph, Penang 47 Fig 6: Traditional Malay Flouse 48 Fig 7: Climatic Design, Malay House .......................................... 49 Fig 8: Two Common Floor Plans 50 Fig 9: Typical Roof Form 52 Fig 10: Indonesia Map 53 Fig 11: Climatic Graph, Balikpapan 54 Fig 12: Rice store - Minangkabau 55 architecture Fig 13: Long House - Beforel920 57 Fig 14: Royal Palace Complex 58 Fig 15: Interior-1 58 Fig 16: Inside view of Indonesian House .......................................... 59 Fig 17: Map of South India 59 Fig 18: Kerala House Plan .......................................... 61 Fig 19: Kerala House Elevation 63 Fig 20: Mahoney Tables Plus 84 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ix Fig 21: Mahoney Tables Application .......................................... 86 Fig 22: Clickable U.S Map 87 Fig 23: Entering Data Manually 98 Fig 24: Pick Data From Web 99 Fig 25: HTML Web Page 90 Fig 26: Raw Data From Website 91 Fig 27: Report Page 1 92 Fig 28: Report Page 2 93 Fig 29: Detail Window Explained 94 Fig 30: Enlarged Image Explained 95 Fig 31: Help Menu 95 Fig 32: Help Menu Explained 96 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. X ABSTRACT The objective of this thesis is to develop a computer program to support the Mahoney Tables. The ‘Mahoney Tables’ is a program that takes into consideration the climatic data of a place and helps in calculating certain design characteristics of a building to save energy. The various climatological data inputs have to be found from the meteorological station data of that place and these need to be logically worked with to arrive at corresponding parameters, which then define the recommendation for a building in the place. The program also has the capability to extract the climatic data of a place from the internet and give recommendations based on that data. In the second part, I have compared the recommendations Mahoney gives for places in Hot and humid climates, to the vernacular houses existing that regions and have studied the reasons for design discrepancies Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 Introduction It is nothing new that our energy resources are depleting at a critical rate and the need for building energy efficient buildings has never been more profound before. With this has started an increased awareness to save energy in buildings. Increased attention is being paid to heating and cooling in buildings. In the past hand calculation methods were used to calculate the energy transfer process. Nowadays, computer simulations have been developed for all such building environments. The fact that computers can be used to create energy tools inspired me to create a computer program that would not only help architecture students but also give guidelines to professionals to help design energy-conscious buildings. The ‘Mahoney Tables’ is basically a set of tables that takes into consideration the climatic data of a place and helps in calculating certain design characteristics of a building to save energy, such as the percentage of openings, the kind of overhangs, etc. To find the optimum design specifications pertaining to a place, one has to collect complete climatic data including monthly mean maximum temperature, monthly mean minimum temperature, monthly mean maximum relative humidity (p.m), monthly mean minimum relative humidity (a.m), rainfall (mm), prevailing winds and secondary wind. The computer program provides exactly the same advice as the original tables. The input data can either be manually found from meteorological tables, entered into the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 program and saved into a database for future use or the data can be captured from the internet. In either case the program saves a lot of time and effort. While crafting the computer program, I realized that there seems to be a difference between the Mahoney recommendations and the actual built work of a region, so a set of comparative case-studies was carried out. By comparing four regions (using pairs with matching climates), it was demonstrated that there are additional, sometimes overriding design issues that cause built work to be different from the Mahoney recommendations and different from the built work in other places with similar climates. The software (a CD) and a tutorial (chapter 6) are included in the thesis. Hypothesis The objective of this thesis is to develop a computer program to support the Mahoney Tables. This program takes different climatic data of a place as input and provides the Mahoney recommendations for building a house for that place. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 1. BACKGROUND RESEARCH OF THE MAHONEY TABLES In this chapter I will discuss about the person who created the Mahoney Tables, the basis of the tables, reason for computerizing the same and how to fill in the Mahoney Tables manually and get the results. The chapter also talk about the various climatic data that has to be used to fill the tables and how to acquire them. 1.1 Carl Mahoney The Mahoney Tables were designed by Mr. Carl Mahoney, an English architect whose specialization is building design in the developing countries, with an emphasis on the tropics. He has experience working both in the field of architecture and in computers. He has a wide knowledge of economic development, climatology and statistics. He is very active in the area of Passive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA) and is best known for his work on the Mahoney Tables, (made for the United Nations) which considers the climatic factors of a place to give recommendations for design of more sustainable buildings. 1.2 The Basis of the Tables Back in the 1960s, there were no standard design guidelines for building sustainable houses using climatic data of a place. Carl Mahoney was interested in tropical houses and had done extensive research on the topic. He decided to make a design support Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. system which would logically give standard recommendations based on the climate of a place. The system he created, called the Mahoney Tables, focuses on tropical and temperate climates. The Mahoney Tables are widely used in India, especially by architecture students. The Tables are also used in Australia, Jordan, Netherlands, England and many other parts of the world. Many attempts have been made to computerize the Mahoney Tables, but none seems to have reached widespread adoption by the public. 1.3 Reason for Computerizing the Tables The Mahoney Tables currently have to be filled out manually. The 48 various climatological data inputs have to be found from the meteorological station data of that place. Then these need to be logically worked with to arrive at corresponding parameters, which then define the recommendation for a building in the place. This method has some problems. First of all, one has to find the required data, and then has to do all the given calculations. This can be very time consuming and lots of mistakes could occur while doing the calculations. The method is also very slow. In spite of all these difficulties, the Mahoney Tables are used very widely in India and many other parts of Asia. They are used both by architects and are also taught at schools. I first learned of them in my undergraduate course on climatology, during the Vth semester and later while doing the site analysis for our thesis in the 10th Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5 semester, in the Regional Engineering College, Bhopal. Both the times, we had to go through the process o f selecting a suitable location and gathering the climatic data of the place and analyzing it using the Mahoney Tables. 1.4 Climatic Data Meteorological stations publish a large amount of data. Observations by these stations are deliberately made in locations where readings are minimally affected by topographical features. Unless the magnitude, importance and timing of a specific building project permits the establishment of an on-site observatory (anything less than a year’s worth of data is not valuable) the designer must accept data from the nearest meteorological station as depicting the regional climate. Deviations of the specific site climate from the regional climate data are rarely large enough to affect the sketch design in the Mahoney system. Normal conditions can adequately be defined from the monthly mean minimums and the monthly mean maximum values for a place. Since the data for the Mahoney Tables are so specific, they cannot be found easily. However, the computer program that I have created for the Mahoney Tables has an option to log on to the internet and retrieve all the applicable data for a place. In the next chapter, I will discuss about the factors that were taken into consideration to design the Mahoney Tables and to coin the design recommendations. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1.5 Idea Behind Creating the Mahoney Tables The main idea behind creating the Mahoney Tables was that, a design solution was to be produced, to satisfy the social and functional as well as the physical needs of the occupants within the given topographic, climatic and economic constraints. The solution had to be structurally sound, constructionally suitable and had to fit into the broader planning concept. All these problems had to be considered simultaneously, to make the recommendations work. It was also necessary to present the information in a readily comprehensible form. It was not to be excessively detailed but had to still take into account all that was relevant. Taking all these factors into account, the Mahoney Tables was designed. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 7 2. THE MAHONEY TABLES EXPLAINED This chapter explains the scope of Mahoney Tables, i.e. the kind of climate that the tables cater to. When the climatic pattern emerging from the data clearly corresponds to warm-humid or hot-dry climate types, it is relatively easy to arrive at performance specifications. In composite climates, the seasonal requirements may be contradictory. A weighting system had to be used to assess the relative importance of the conflicting requirements. The system had to take into account the duration and severity of various climatic factors. The Mahoney Tables have been based on such a system. 2.1 The Composition of Tables This chapter discusses about the composition of the Mahoney Tables, and the process of filling the data and calculating the end results, manually. As we go through the process, it would be easy to understand the difficulty in filling up the tables by hand. For simplicity of explaining how to fill the tables, I have taken a sample location, Baghdad, which has a hot-dry type of climate. I would be filling all the tables with Baghdad’s climatic data and would be calculating the design recommendations for this place. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8 The Mahoney Tables are composed of a ‘Title Block’ and 4 main ‘Tables’. Table I is used to record the most essential climatic data, directing and defining the extent of data search. Table II facilitates the diagnosis of the climate and develops a series of climatic indicators. Table III translates these into performance specifications or sketch design recommendations. These tables have specially been developed for tropical climates. But they can be used for other types of climates as well. Table IV is an extension of Table III in which each recommendation is explained further, in detail. 2.1.1 The Title Block The title is block to identify the specific place for which we want the design recommendations (in this case it would be Baghdad). The title block could have the location, longitude, latitude and altitude of the place. 1. Title Block Location Baghdad, Iraq Longitude 44 24’ E Latitude 33 20’N Altitude 34 M Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 9 2.1.2 Table I The following four sections will describe how to fill out Table 1 of the Mahoney Tables. The first table constitutes three sub-tables. The first one deals with temperature, the second with relative humidity of the place and the third with the rainfall and wind data. The Mahoney Tables requires all of this data as inputs before the system can create the recommendations. 2.1.2.1 Table I (Part I Temperature) From the meteorological records, the monthly mean maximum air temperature and the monthly mean minimum air temperature for each month (in degree Celsius) are filled in the first two lines, corresponding to ‘monthly mean m ax’ and ‘monthly mean m in’ respectively. The monthly mean range for each month is found by subtracting the mean minimum temperature from the mean maximum temperature. Now, the highest monthly mean max temperature (in this case, 43 for the month of July and August) is called the highest maximum temperature. Similarly, the lowest of all the 12 monthly mean min temperature (in this case 4, for the month of January) is called the lowest minimum temperature. By adding the monthly mean maximum and the monthly mean minimum air temperature, and dividing the result by 2 the annual mean temperature (AMT) is found for each month. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 10 By finding the difference between these two values (deducting the lowest mean minimum from the highest mean maximum) the annual mean range is found. 2. Temperature Table Month J F M A M J J A S O N D monthly mean max (°C) 16 18.5 22 29 36 41 43 43 40 34 24.5 17.5 monthly mean min (°C) 4 5.5 9 14 20 23 25 24 21 16 10.5 5 monthly mean range (°C) 12 13 13 14 16 17.5 18 18 19 18 14 12.5 Highest maximum temp (°C) 43.5 Annual mean temp 23.5 Lowest minimum temp (°C) 4 Annual mean range 39.5 Finding out and filling up the temperature table is the first major step in using the Mahoney Tables. The values calculated in the temperature table will be subsequently used in other tables. The next step will be to fill out the second part of Table I, i.e. relative humidity. 2.1.2.2 Table I (Part II Relative Humidity) The second part of Table I, the relative humidity table is filled just like the temperature table that I discussed previously. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. From the meteorological records the monthly mean maxima (early morning readings) and minima (early afternoon readings) of relative humidity (RH), in percentage is filled in the first two lines, against ‘monthly mean max a.m (%)’ and ‘monthly mean max p.m (%)’ respectively. The average humidity for each month is found by adding the monthly maximum relative humidity (a.m) and monthly mean minimum relative humidity (p.m) and dividing by two. The averages are entered in the third line, against ‘average’ The humidity group for each month is found according to the humidity group chart. These are entered in the fourth line. 3. Relative Humidity Table Month J F M A M J J A S O N D monthly mean max a.m (%) 87 78 74 68 46 34 32 32 38 50 67 89 monthly mean min p.m (%) 50 41 35 27 18 13 12 13 15 21 39 51 average 68.5 59 54 47 32 23 22 22 26.5 35 53 70 humidity group 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12 2.1.2.3 Humidity Group Chart The relative humidity of a place determines the human comfort limits for that place. To set the comfort limits that would influence design changes accordingly; it becomes necessary to categorize the relative humidity values. Hence a simple humidity group chart was created. 4. Humidity Group Chart Humidity Group Average relative humidity 1 < 30% 2 30% - 50 % 3 50 % - 70 % 4 > 70% Thus, the relative humidity table is filled. After this comes the third most important elements, the rain and wind. 2.1.2.4 Table I (Part III Rain and Wind) From the meteorological tables, the monthly average rainfall values in millimeters for each month are added in the first row. The total rainfall is also found by adding all the twelve values. This value is entered in the last column, as shown for Baghdad. The prevailing wind direction is also noted as shown below. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 13 5. Rain & Wind Table Month J F M A M J J A s o N D Total Rainfall in mm 24 25 28 15 7 0 0 0 0 3 22 24 148 Prevailing wind direction North West All these three tables constitute Mahoney Tables I. This ends the description on how to fill Table I of the Mahoney Tables. Now we can move on to fill the Table II of Mahoney Tables. 2.1.3 TABLE II The Mahoney Table II has two parts. The first part is the diagnosis or identification of thermal stress and the second part is deriving the aridity/ humidity indicators. To fill the diagnosis table however, we will have to first consult the comfort limit chart, that quantifies the comfort limits of a place during day and night, according to the average mean temperature of the place. 2.1.3.1 Comfort Limit Chart This is a chart which Mr. Mahoney created by taking into consideration the human comfort limit according to the humidity groups and the annual temperature of a place. The chart below describes the comfort limit during the day and night, for various annual mean temperatures. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 6. Comfort Limit Chart 14 Humidity Group AMT over 20 °C AMT 15-20 °C AMT below 15 °C Comfort Limits Day temp °C Night temp °C Day temp °C Night temp °C Day temp °C Night temp °C 1 26-34 17-25 23-32 14-23 21-30 12-21 2 25-31 17-24 22-30 14-22 20-27 12-20 3 23-29 17-23 21-28 14-21 19-26 12-19 4 22-27 17-21 20-25 14-20 14-20 12-18 This comfort limit chart is used as a re "erence for the diagnosis tables. 2.1.3.2 Table II (Part I, Diagnosis) Table II o f the Mahoney Tables, is filled by taking into consideration Table I and also the comfort limit chart described previously. The monthly mean minimum temperature and the monthly mean maximum temperatures from Table I are entered in the table, corresponding to the lines named ‘monthly mean max’ and ‘monthly mean m in’ respectively. The upper and lower comfort limits for the day are found on the basis of the comfort charts. This data is entered in the table II, against the lines named ‘day comfort upper’ and ‘day comfort lower’ respectively. The upper and lower comfort limit for night is also found from the comfort limit chart .This is entered against ‘night comfort upper’ and 'night comfort lower' respectively. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 15 The comfort limits have to be compared to the monthly means to establish the nature of thermal stress to be filled in the last two rows. If the monthly mean maximum temperature is greater than the day comfort upper, then the thermal stress day is ‘H ’ meaning hot. If the monthly mean maximum temperature is lower than the day comfort lower, then the thermal stress day is ‘C’ meaning cold. If it lies between the day comfort upper and lower, the thermal stress is O’ meaning optimum or comfortable. Similarly, the thermal stress for night is established by comparing the monthly mean minimum with the night comfort limits. These vales are filled in the last two rows against ‘thermal stress day’ and ‘thermal stress night’ respectively. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 16 7. Thermal Stress Table Month J F M A M J J A S O N D Monthly mean max 16 18.5 22 29 36 41 43 43 40 34 24.5 17.5 Day Comfort upper 29 29 29 31 31 34 34 34 34 31 29 29 Day Comfort lower 23 23 23 25 25 26 26 26 26 25 23 23 Monthly mean min 4 5.5 9 14 20 23 25 24 21 16 10.5 5 Night Comfort upper 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 25 24 23 23 Night Comfort lower 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 Thermal Stress Day C C C 0 H H H H H C 0 C Thermal Stress Night C C C C 0 0 H 0 0 C C C To find out the design recommendations specific to a place, there are two more tables that have to be completed. The first one is the aridity/humidity indicator chart and the second is the indicator totals table. 2.1.3.3 Table II (Part II, Humidity Indicators) Certain groups of symptoms (nature of thermal stress, some climate characteristics and the duration of both) indicate the remedial action the designer could take. The Mahoney method developed uses six indicators (three humidity indicators: H I, H2, H3) and three aridity indicators (A l, A2, A3), to establish the climatic character of the place. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 17 2.1.3.3.1 Indicator Derivation Chart This chart, like the comfort limit chart was developed by Carl Mahoney, to establish the nature of indictors for the given place. He established a certain combination of climatic characteristics that the place must have, to fall into a particular indicator group. 8. Indicator Derivation Chart Meaning Indicator Thermal stress Rainfall Humidity group Monthly mean range Day Night Air movement essential HI H 4 H 2-3 <10°C Air movement desirable H2 0 4 Rain protection necessary H3 >200mm Thermal capacity necessary A1 1-3 >10°C Outdoor sleeping desirable A2 H 1-2 H 0 1-2 >10°C Protection from cold A3 C The process followed to ascertain the kind of indicators for a given place, is to check, for each month, the thermal stress indices (day and night) from the Thermal Stress Table, the humidity group from the Relative Humidity Table, the total rainfall from Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 18 the Rain and Wind Table and the monthly mean range of temperatures from the Temperature Table against the definition o f indicators given in the indicator derivation chart, and place a star in the Aridity/Humidity Count Chart, against the appropriate indicator where the month’s data corresponds to the definition. In the last column, the number o f months in which each indicator is applicable is filled by adding the number o f stars in each line. As one can see from the aridity humidity count below, Baghdad is a very hot and arid place. 9. Aridit/ Humidity Count Chart Month J F M A M J J A S o N D Totals Humid HI 0 H2 0 H3 0 Arid A1 * * * * * * * * * * * * 12 A2 * * * * * 5 A3 * * * * 4 2.1.3.3.2 Indicator Totals The totals from the Aridity/ Humidity chart are taken and the humidity count chart is filled as below. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 19 10. Indicator Totals Table H I H2 H3 A1 A2 A3 0 0 0 12 5 4 It is these indicator totals that decide the climate and hence the appropriate recommendations for a place. 2.1.4 Mahoney Tables III Table III gives the designer the specifications resulting from the above indicators. Recommended specifications are grouped under the eight headings: Layout Spacing Air Movement Openings Walls Roofs Out-door Sleeping Rain Protection The specification items are numbered and a brief description is given in Table III. The detailed explanations are also given separately from the tables. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 20 Now I am going to describe the 8 different categories and the recommendations Mahoney gives for each of them. These are the detailed explanations that I said is given along with the briefing in the tables. The category which would be applicable for a certain climatic region is found by entering the the indicator totals from the Indicator Totals Table, in the corresponding tables below. Where the indicator total falls between values given in table III place a star (*) against the specification item in the same line. There can only be one specification item recommended under each of the eight headings. It will be the first one arrived at when scanning from left to right. In some cases, the first coincidence will select two items. In this case, if one continues further right, the next indicator will make the final choice. 2.1.4.1 Building Layout There are two alternate building layouts, suggested by the Mahoney Tables. The optimal arrangement differs from climate to climate. So this table helps in deciding the right layout for the chosen place. 1. Buildings should be oriented on an east west axis, the long elevations facing north and south, to reduce exposure to the sun. 2. Buildings should be planned around small courtyards if thermal storage is required for most of the year, i.e. when hot-dry season is dominant. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 21 11. Layout Table 0-10 1 Orientation north and south (long axis east and west) 11, 12 5-12 * 2 Compact Courtyard Planning 11.12 0-4 2.1.4.2 Building Spacing Traditionally, the houses in hot-dry climates have less spacing between them, i.e. they are packed close together for gaining maximum shade. It is however the exact opposite for warm-humid type of climates, where maximum air movement is essential for comfort. Building spacing has at least three options, according to the Mahoney Tables. 3. Buildings should be broadly spaced for breeze penetration. As a rough guide: Space between long rows of buildings should not be less than five times the height. 4. If wind penetration is needed only for part of the year, the broad spacing should be followed, but provision must be made for protection from cold or dusty hot winds. 5. Compact planning is recommended if air movement required is insignificant. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 22 12. Spacing Table 11, 12 3 Open spacing for breeze penetration 2-10 * 4 As 3 but protection from hot and cold wind 0,1 5 Compact Layout of estates 2.1.4.3 Air Movement Air movement here refers to provision for ventilation within the building. Places with different climates have different internal planning for maximum comfort, either to block cold winds or sun or to let in cool breezes. According to the Mahoney Tables, air movement can be influenced by three broad planning arrangements. 6. Rooms should be single banked with windows in the north and south walls to ensure air movement by ample cross ventilation 7. Rooms may be double banked, but the plan should allow for temporary cross ventilation (e.g. large interconnecting doors). If wind is unreliable, or site limitation restricts planning for cross ventilation, ceiling mounted fans may be used. This would require a room height of not less than 2.3 m that would affect the basic built form. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 23 8. Air movement is never essential, and is desirable for not more than a month, rooms can be double banked and there is not much need for cross-ventilation. 13. Air Movement Table 3-12 6 Rooms single banked, permanent provision for air movement. 1,2 0-5 6-12 * 7 Double banked rooms, temporary provision for air movement. 0 2-12 0,1 8 No air movement requirement 2.1.4.4 Percentage of Openings Openings are very closely linked to planning for air movement within the building. Openings in the building walls can be classified into three categories: 9. 'Large', between 40 and 80% of the north and south walls. These need not be fully glazed, but should be protected from the sun, sky glare and rain, preferably by horizontal over hangs. 10. 'Very small', less than 20% of the wall 11. 'Medium', between 20 and 40% of the wall area. Openings in the east wall may be desirable when the cold season is long. In the west walls openings are acceptable Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 24 14. Opening Table 0,1 0 9 Large Openings, 40- 80% 11,12 0,1 * 10 Very Small Openings, 10-20% Any other conditions 11 Medium openings, 20-40% in moderate or cold climates but under no circumstances in the tropics. 2.1.4.5 Type and Thickness of Walls Walls, which make up most of the envelope of the building is a very important element that has to be carefully considered while designing. The thickness of walls and the material used will determine the amount of insulation provided. Like all other elements different climates favor different types o f wall. As per the Mahoney recommendations, there are two broad categories of walls. 12. External walls should be light with low thermal capacity. Within this category there are two sub-types: a) Internal walls should also be light where hot-dry conditions prevail for a short- time only. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 25 b) Internal walls should be heavy and massive where any occurrence of hot-dry conditions is combined with a large annual mean range of temperature (over 20C) 13. Both external and internal walls should be massive 15. Wall Type Table 0-2 12 Light walls, short time lag 3-12 * 13 Heavy external and internal walls. 2.1.4.6 Type of Roofs Roof is another important element in a building. Traditional houses have very light roofs if they are located in a tropical climate. The roofs here can ‘breathe’, in contrast to the roofs that are thick and well insulated, which are mostly used in places with extreme climates. The Mahoney recommendations distinguish two basic types of roofs. 14. A light but well insulated roof with low thermal capacity 15. A heavy roof with substantial thermal capacity, giving a time -lag o f at least 8 hours Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 26 16. R oof Type Table 0-5 14 Light insulated roofs 6-12 * 15 Heavy roofs, over 8 hrs time lag 2.1.4.7 Outdoor Sleeping Sleeping outdoors is a very common tradition in hot climates. So adequate provision has to be given to this aspect depending upon the climate of the chosen place. According to the Mahoney Tables, provision for outdoor sleeping is either required or not; if so: 16. It should be provided on roofs, balconies or in patios, so that sleepers are exposed to the coldest part of the night sky (the zenith) to increase heat loss by outgoing radiation 17. Outdoor Sleeping Table 2-12 * 16 Outdoor sleeping required Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 27 2.1.4.8 Rain Protection Houses in places experiencing abundant rainfall have to be sufficiently protected. So the rain protection table plays a very important part in the Mahoney Tables. The Mahoney Tables recommendation about rain protection is as follows. 17. Special protective measures are needed if rain is frequent and heavy- such as deep verandahs, wide overhangs and covered passages. 18. Rain Protection Table 3-12 17 Protection from heavy rain necessary The rain protection table concludes Mahoney Tables III. After this we move on to Mahoney Tables IV, which gives recommendations for the design of building elements. 2.1.5 Table IV Mahoney Tables IV is an extension of the Table III, in which each item is further expanded. Each category in Table IV is filled just like Table III. Where the indicator total falls between the values given below it, (in the same column) a star is placed against the item to the right, in the same line. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 8 Items relating to the same features are mutually exclusive - there can be only one item recommended under four of the six features (the exceptions being protection of openings and external features) Should there be any discrepancy between recommendations of Table III and IV; the latter should take precedence over t he former. Like Table III, Table IV is also filled according to the indicator total derived. E.g. If indicator HI is either 0 or 1 then the openings should be large. 2.1.5.1 Size of Openings This is an extension of the broad category ‘Openings’. Openings include doors, windows, open atria etc. There are 5 different sub categories for openings. 1. Those that are large, covering 40 to 80% of wall area. This is applicable when thermal storage is needed for not more than one month. (A l) and when there is no cold season. (A3) 2. Medium openings, covering about 20 to 40% of wall area. This is applicable when thermal storage is not neeeded for more than one month and there is a cool season. - Or when thermal storage is needed for 2-5 months. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 29 3. Small openings, covering about 15 -25% of wall area. This is applicable when thermal storage is needed for 6-10 months. 4. very small openings, i.e. 10-20% of wall area, applicable when thermal storage is needed all year round (11 -12 months) and the cool season is not more than 3 months. 5. Medium size openings are also recommended when thermal storage is required throughout the year and sun penetration is desirable during a cool season of more than 4 months. 19. Size o f Opening Table 0,1 0 1 Large: 40-80% 1-12 2 Medium: 25-40% 2-5 6-10 3 Small: 15-25% 11,12 0-3 4 Very small: 10-20% 4-12 * 5 0-15% From this table, it can be noted that for Baghdad, the optimum size of openings in the building should not exceed 15%. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 30 2.1.5.2 Position of Openings The placement or position o f openings in relation to the building should be carefully considered while designing a climate friendly house. We know that, in hot humid climates, it is optimal to have about 40-80 % openings. However if all the openings were placed against the in total disregard of the prevailing winds, comfort cannot be achieved, and the openings will be in vain. So care must be taken not only about the percentage of openings but also the position of the openings. There are two kinds of positions that openings can placed in, as per the Mahoney recommendations. 6. When air movement (HI) is essential for three months or more, or for a lesser period, but thermal storage is needed for less than half a year (A l) the openings should be positioned so as to direct the breeze at the occupants. First preference is north and south orientation, but in this case the wind direction may take precedence over the solar orientation. 7. When air movement is essential for 1 or two months only and thermal storage is needed for more than 6 months- or when air flow is not essential, only desirable for 2 months or more (H2), the rooms may be double banked, with the internal walls having adequate openings. In this case the optimum solar orientation (north and south) should take precedence over the orientation for wind. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 31 20. Position o f Opening Table 3-12 6 North and south walls at body height on windward side 1-2 0-5 6-12 * 7 As above, openings also in internal walls 0 2-12 2.1.5.3 Protection of Openings Openings, especially if plentiful, must be well protected against the harsh glare of the sun or the dusty wind or the pouring rain. The Mahoney Table recommends protections of openings in some climates. 14. Complete exclusion of solar radiation through out the year is recommended, when there is no cool season, or when it lasts not more than 2 months. If there is a longer cool season, shading should be done such that sun is admitted during this cool period. 15. Protection of openings from rain penetration will be necessary when a rainfall exeeding 200mm occurs in more than 1 month. (H3) 21. Opening Protection Table 0-2 14 Exclude direct sunlight 2-12 15 Provide protection from rain Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 32 2.1.5.4 Walls and Floors The climate of a place pretty much dictates the kind of walls and floors of a vernacular house. So it becomes important for the Mahoney Tables to classify the given place accurately so that it is easy to recommend the kind of wall and flooring for a house in that climate. According to the Mahoney Tables, there can be two kinds of walls and floor. One is light with low thermal capacity and the other is heavy with more than 8 hours lag. 10. When thermal storage (A l) is required for 2 months or less, a light weight fabric is recommended. This may be provided by hollow blocks or bricks, with more than 40% void, by a thin solid wall, e.g. 50mm dense concrete, or by sheeted walls enclosing a cavity (the latter may harbor insects and vermin). Outside surfaces must be reflective. 11. When thermal storage is required for more than 2 months, a heavy fabric is recommended. Solid bricks, Blocks, concrete or adobe of about 300mm thickness should satisfy the requirements. A lesser thickness, down to 100mm is satisfactory if it is insulated on the outside. 22. Walls and Floors table - continued 0-2 10 Light, low thermal capacity 3-12 * 11 Heavy, over 8 hr time lag Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 33 2.1.5.5 Roofs As per the Mahoney recommendations, there could be three types of roof. Light roof- type with reflective surface, light and well insulated roof and heavy roof-type with more than 8 hour time lag. With an air movement requirement (HI) for 10 to 12 months, if the thermal storage requirement is less than 2 months, a light roof must be used. Its time lag should never exceed 3 hours. It should have a reflective surface and good insulation. A cavity within the roof or a roof-ceiling combination is advantageous. The roof- ceiling overall U-Value must be in the region of !W/m2 deg C 23. R oof Table -continued 10- 12 0-2 12 Light reflective surface, cavity 3-12 13 Light, well insulated 0,9 0-5 6-12 * 14 Heavy, over 8 hr time lag 2.1.5.6 External Features The Mahoney Tables specify two external features. One is to provide space for outdoor sleeping, and the other is to provide adequate drainage for rainwater. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 34 When indicator A2 is one or more, space for out-door sleeping, has to be provided. More often this will be on the roof, in which case the roof finish should be selected to withstand foot traffic. With heavy rainfall (H3) occurring even in one month of the year, special provisions for roof drainage will be necessary. Stagnant pools must be avoided, (e.g. level gutters) as these will provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes. In low cost building spouts at roof level or eaves discharge is acceptable if foot of the wall is surrounded by concrete path or apron 0.5 m wide, sloping away from the building. 24. External Features Table 1-12 * 15 Space for outdoor sleeping 1-12 16 Adequate rainwater drainage 2.1.6 Summary The Mahoney Tables should be considered as an aid to sketch design, but not a mechanically used substitute for thinking. In Table I the dominant features of the climate and their duration have been recorded in a simplified form. In Table II the nature of the thermal stress has been diagnosed and the duration of the need for certain thermal controls has been expressed by the indicators. In Table III these indicators have been examined and correlated producing some recommendations. These could be taken as broad and basic design decisions or only as specifications of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 35 the required performance. In any case they are to be used as constraints (or aids, fixed points or starting points) together with many factors other than climatic, in formulating the sketch design. The method is quick, broad and sketchy. It contains compromises. There will be instances or periods when the design thus formulated will be less than perfect. This does not invalidate the method; it just means that climatic design does not end with the sketch design stage. There are also some potential problems with this system. That is the Tables do not take into consideration extremely cold climates. It is designed to consider tropical and temperate climatic zones. The Tables also do not take into consideration the influence of culture of a place on its house types. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 36 3. THE MT+ PROGRAM I created a program to simplify the process of acquiring the relevant climatic data of a place, and filling it all into the tables, calculating and interpreting the results. This is called the Mahoney Tables Program. A person using the program would only have to click on a place in the given map, and the design recommendations for that place would pop up. If any place is not on the map, one could go and collect the climatic data and manually fill the tables given in the program, which would save it in the database and then give the appropriate recommendations. The Mahoney Plus program is made in Visual Basic. I have chosen this language for a number of reasons. • The structure o f the Basic programming language is very simple, particularly as to the executable code. • Visual Basic is not only a language but primarily an integrated, interactive development environment. • The Visual Basic interactive development environment has been highly optimized to support rapid application development. It is particularly easy to develop graphical user interfaces and to connect them to handler functions provided by the application. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 37 • The graphical user interface of Visual Basic provides intuitively appealing views for the management of the program structure in the large and the various types of entities (classes, modules, procedures, forms ...). 3.1 Mahoney Tables PLUS - Addition of Internet Data Acquisition Instead of manually finding the weather data and filling it in the table, Prof.Milne came up with a suggestion that if the software could read the weather data off the World Wide Web it would be much easier for the user. So the program can read EPW (Energy Plus Weather data) files from the internet. If the place is not in the given map, then all one would have to do is to click the button saying “other places”, which would direct them to a web-site that has the climatic data o f most of the places in the world. One can then select the place they want, and the climatic information would be added in the database. Weather data for more than 550 locations are now available in EnergyPlus weather format — more than 275 locations in the USA, 55 locations in Canada, and 230 other locations throughout the world. This data is very reliable as all the energy programs use these data for their simulation. If the data is not available on the internet one could always fill up the data manually. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 38 3.2 Weather Data Format Definition Building energy simulation programs employ some means o f representing local climatic conditions relative to the building models. For most of the recent energy simulation programs, the need for more exhaustive weather data has resulted in the development a new generalized weather data format for use with two major simulation programs— ESP-r and Energy Plus (Crawley et al. 1999). All the data are in SI units. The format is simple, text-based with comma-separated data. It is based on the data available within the TMY2 weather format but has been rearranged to facilitate visual inspection of the data. “The TMY2 data are a strict, position-specific format— filling missing data with nines and zero values with zeroes. The new weather data format contains commas to facilitate data reading and analysis with spreadsheet programs.”- Weather Data Information The weather data for Energy Plus is a text-based format derived from the Typical Meteorological Year 2 (TMY) weather format. TMY is defined as a year, which sums up all the climatic information. The selection of typical weather conditions for a given location is very crucial in computer simulations for performance predictions and has led various investigators either to run long periods of observational data or to select a particular year, which appears to be typical from several years of data. This includes a whole lot of data that is irrelevant to the Tables. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 39 From these data, only the location, latitude, longitude, altitude, Dry Bulb Temperature, relative humidity and the precipitation, is extracted and added to the database. From this the mean maximum and minimum temperature, mean maximum relative humidity a.m and mean minimum relative humidity p.m, the total precipitation is calculated and added to the original database schema. Then the program calculates the design requirement. However the Mahoney Tables give the same recommendations for a particular type of climate, irrespective of it geographical location. So it does not take into consideration many other factors that could influence the type of building in that place. To study this, I have considered two distinct building types within the hot- humid climatic zone. One is the courtyard type of houses and the other is the house built on stilts. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 40 4. INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON TRADITIONAL HOUSE DESIGN- A STUDY OF HOT-HUMID CLIMATES I observed that there are many instances where traditional houses do not match the recommendations of the Mahoney Tables. I wanted to find out what causes this inconsistency. So with the help of Prof. Knowles, I set up a research program to study this. There are many places in the world which has similar type of climates. Mahoney recommendations for these places are very similar too. However the house forms in these places are very different from each other. This could be due to difference in culture of these places. One solid example is the courtyard type of house and the houses built on stilts both found in warm -hum id climatic zones. To study this further, four different regions were chosen; South-East China, Malaysia, Indonesia and South India. These places were chosen because all the four regions have very similar type of climate. When I input the climatic values for these four locations in the Mahoney Tables, the design recommendations or all the four places were same. However in reality, the types of houses in the locations are very different. China and Kerala have courtyard type of houses while Malaysia and Indonesia has houses built on stilts. Even within the courtyard types there were major differences in building design. Mahoney recommends only courtyard type of houses. The Mahoney Tables do not about houses built on stilts. The comparison Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 41 between all the four types of houses is given in a tabular form in the comparison tables, in chapter 5. 4.1 China Fig. 1. Map o f Asia1 M a . l t A*- w jiiig 600 M "iSoK m A sia AU9. [ | Tropical w a t I I Humid subtropical [ ' • ' Tropical w e t and d ry I \ Humid continental l"':' I S em iarld Subarctic* ) D e s e r t I . . ID Tundra | Subtropical d ry su m m er W M W \ Highland 4.1.1 Climate and Environment Mild winters, early spring and hot summers, and 8 to 12 months growing season. Abundant rainfall, ranging upwards from 800mm (30”) to more than 80” along the southeast coast is found, with a summer maximum because of monsoon circulation and regular typhoons. An example of a typical place is given below. 1 Asia Map: www.culture-asef.org/english/asia/ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 42 2 Fig. 2. Climate Graph, Haikou E E, c o o < D K12 Haikou 200+ 160 120 80 40 0 30 20 10 0 4- -10 J FMAMJ J ASOND Bars depict normal precipitation; line depicts normal temperatures D ( T > IQ “1 a > n > V ) O Fig. 3. Vernacular Housing, China3 The house forms in southern and South-Eastern part of China is very distinctly different from the Northern Chinese or the Eastern part of China. 2 Climate Graph, Haiko\i-http://www.usda.gov/oce/waob/jawf/profiles/graphs/clim ate/kl2.htm l 3 Vernacular Housing, China- www.billhocker.com/china5 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.1.2 Layout These houses are constructed, keeping in mind the hot-humid and rainy climate that is so typical of the region. The buildings or the building blocks are generally oriented on an east-west axis. Although the houses may have a courtyard or could have any shape that accommodates a common open space, the long axis generally faces north- south. The existence of a courtyard depends entirely upon the affluence of the family. Also unlike their northern counterparts, the courtyards are very small. They look like wells from the roof, hence rightly known as skywells rather than courtyards. Due to the narrow opening, hardly any sunlight enters the interior, keeping it cool. The main objective of the sky well is to flush-out the heat from the interior of the building, based on the fact that hot air rises up from the bottom of the courtyard, creating a low pressure zone. This sucks in air from the interiors, which in turn receive cool breezes from outside. Thus a constant air circulation is maintained. Deep eaves provide sunshade to the interiors. During the rainy season, the courtyards and the sloping roof help in collecting water. 4.1.3 Spacing within the Building The rooms are very widely spaced. This ensures a free flow of air inside. This is very typical of most traditional houses in the warm-humid climate. Most activities take place outside the rooms, in courtyards or other open spaces like verandahs. This keeps the human body cool. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 44 4.1.4 Air Movement Rooms are usually single banked. This ensures that there is minimum obstruction for the flow of air. 4.1.5 Openings Houses of northeastern Fujian have deep overhang of the eave, and exposed timber frame. These eaves provide shade from sunlight and wind driven rain. Verandahs are largely found in southern china. They serve as covered corridors and also as a buffer between interior living space and outside working space. They also screen interior pace from the sun and keep out the wind-blown rain from entering the living space. Detachable lattice windows give definition to space. These windows are also usually made of wood...and the lattice lets in cool air from the outside without letting the sunlight. One notable feature of the Chinese house is that the windows facing outside are very small. However the ones facing the courtyard are comparatively larger. This is because this part of China has had a history of wars. The women therefore usually stay inside the houses and don’t like to be seen from the outside. They are the people who utilize the courtyards to the maximum. This introverted nature has led to designing of smaller windows that face outside. The traditional courtyard developed from the Hakkas, where, the courtyard serves a larger community. In both types, a community is created in which people know each other. Hakka is found principally in the southwestern Fujian and adjacent areas of Guangdong and Jinagxi. The Hakka is a fort-like structure, where very large families lived. It had a single point entry that Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 45 made the building safe. The Hakka courtyard also served as public meeting place. In both cases, the geometry o f the courtyard creates a high level of security. It is thus difficult for strangers to enter the building, as their chances of being recognized are very high. 4.1.6 Materials Houses built along the arable coastal line are of timber frame construction with facades of brick or granite or a combination. These heavy materials are able to withstand the fury of typhoons that often strike the areas. 4.1.7 Roofs Black tile roof features turned up eaves in a swallow tail profile. Traditional style roofs are flush with gable end walls with no over hang to prevent uplift in the high winds of the monsoon season. Black is most definitely not the color that helps keep out heat...however the black alluvial soil of the place makes that tile indigenous to that culture. Thus the heavy roof and the heavy claddings of the wall, keeps the stmcture sturdy. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 46 4.2 Malaysia Fig. 4. Map o f Malaysia4 4.2.1 Malaysian Climate and Environment Malaysia also falls under the tropical zone, and so the climate is characterised by warm humid conditions. The average air temperature ranges from 70 to 90° F. The annual and diurnal temperature difference is also almost non-existent. Humidity levels reach more than 80%, especially during the hot season. Solar radiation is strong and often causes sky glare. The wind speed is generally low. They however become high during the monsoon season, during which there is more than 100 in. rainfall. 4 Malaysia Map - w w w .w m ich.edu/../im ages/m alaysia.map.jpg Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 47 Fig. 5. Climate Graph; Penang5 Penang v iltu* * > r m 75 72 Ja n Ffeb Ma? J lI^ Slept O i N 4.2.2 Layout of the Malayasian House The Malaysian house is designed to suit their warm-humid climate. These wooden houses are built on stilts. This indigenous houseform has been perfected over many years. The main reason for these houses to be built on stilts is that, plant cover creates a steeper wind gradient, as compared to open surfaces. Hence plants restrict air movement around them. If the houses are built on stilts, the windows and other openings would face open air and hence could get more flow of breeze. Their life style also blends in with the type of their houses. E.g. Using one space for many purposes. Like the Chinese houses, Malaysian houses also favor the addition system wherein the house can be extended to accommodate a growing family. There are lots 5 Climate Graph; Penang-www. travel-guide. com/.. ./English/ charts Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 48 of different types of traditional houses in Malaysia. Theses houses are classified mainly by their roof shapes. Fig. 6. Traditional Malay House6 The most common houseform is the one characterised by a long gable roof, and it is also the oldest in Malaysia. Many have survived for more than a century. Malaysian houses unlike the traditional Chinese and Indian houses, are oriented towards Mecca, for Religious reasons. The shape of the roof coupled with the plentiful windows, makes the house well-ventilated. 6 Traditional Malay House- www.malahouses.com Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. J Fig. 7. Climatic Design, Malay House 49 Diagram 2 Climatic Design <f the Malay House . • ' Altap roofing of low thermal capacity tjrves gwi! K i& ulaften v ssairsf irse -a i f:: » • • 'u < i ' m 'i 1 V ) In nr-<-.(tla S,1*< t V S • ,a '.c v , g - o 3 v t - ' i i t i o n * r t**t* hjM ’ * * 4.2.3 Spacing The traditional Malay house has an open interior, which is open and spacious. Since the spaces are not defined, they are multifunctional. For E.g. during summers, the open space is used as a bedroom for all the male members of the family, instead of the pre-defmed bedrooms. Or during family functions, the space is used as a Climatic Design, Malay House -http://tcdc.undp.org/tcdcweb/experiences/vol4/M alay% 20house.pdf Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 50 common space for get together, preparation of meals, like cutting vegetables etc. This openness, promotes good cross-ventilation, and adequate lighting. o Fig. 8. Common Floor Plans, Malay House T w o C o m m o n F l o o r P l a n s Bed room Front Porch 4.2.4 Air Movement in the building As was mentioned earlier, the rooms are single banked. The houses are also randomly spaced, without them being too near each other, to promote air flow. This is because if the houses are spaces evenly next to each other, those in the down-wind side would not get any breeze at all. The minimal interior partitions also help in promoting good ventilation. g Climatic Design, Malay House- academics.hamilton.edu/.../draybeck/Illustrations.html Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4.2.5 Type of Openings in the House Since the best way to keep the house well ventilated is to have plentiful doors and windows, it is taken care of in the traditional Malay houses. However these large openings also need to be protected against incoming sunlight, heat, and also glare. Shading of all vertical surfaces, even the walls have proved to be beneficial. This is the reason why the roof is so large and also extends well beyond the wall, as broad overhanging eaves, providing adequate shading to the walls and windows. This also considerably reduces the sunlight entering the house and thus reduces glare. 4.2.6 Materials Used The materials used are mainly the locally available bamboo and wood. The walls and roofs are made from thatched grass. These materials have very low thermal capacity. The thatch is made mainly of palm leaves. 4.2.7 Roofs The roof as mentioned earlier is the most important element of the house that controls the solar heat gain. The roof is triangular shaped and has space for ventilation. Thus the roof also is well cross ventilated. However one of the problems faced by the low overhang of the roofs is that since very little sunshine is let in the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 52 interiors remain a little dark. Most other roof forms are foreign influenced. One major similarity is the fact that all these roofs are easy to build. 4.2.8 Culture Culture most certainly influences the Malay houseforms. The east-west orientation is ensured by insisting that the house face Mecca. There is no rigid layout pattern between the houses inside a compound. This totally depends of the lifestyle of the people. The site, just like in India is selected by observation and rituals. The houses are spaced far apart from each other, not only for privacy but also for future expansion. This is one reason for the good flow of air in and around the building. Fig. 9. Traditional Malay R oof Form9 9 Traditional Malay R oof Form-www.badanwarisan.org. m y/projects/ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 53 4.3 Indonesia Fig. 10. Indonesia Map1 0 ^P h ilip p in es Nam , Jakarta p i i P l tr A ustralia 4.3.1 Indonesia Climate and Environment The third place I researched was Indonesia. Indonesia has a hot and humid climate in most of the regions. Some highland areas are cooler and drier. 10 Indonesia Map - wxvw.wmich.edu/.../im ages/ indonesia.map.jpg Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Fig. 11. Balikpapan Climate Graph1 1 54 Balikpapan, Kalimantan 7 n ;' Rainfall I I Huir.-dity m I J IT f e e M *f Apr M # j J u n e Jyl> Ai-sS vX t S ; v 'Jto \ ; Indonesia also lies in the tropical hot humid equatorial type o f climate. In fact Indonesia is one of the countries that the equator passes through. This obviously means very hot climate and very heavy rainfalls, heavy cloud cover and glare. Indonesian houses, like its Malaysian counterpart is also built on stilts. The houses are elongated and open. 4.3.2 The Typical layout of an Indonesian house Different tribes of Indonesia have different basic house forms, as per their tradition and culture. However the most predominant form is the Dayak long house. 1 1 Climate Graph- www.clim.indo/kalimantan.jpg Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 12 Fig. 12. Rice store - Minangkabau architecture 55 These houses are rectangular in shape with a long axis. These houses too are oriented east-west. These houses are very decorative, unlike Malaysian houses. The houses have a spacious interior and they can be used for various purposes. The Indonesian village is centered more around the society than the individual. This trend is however changing and more and more houses are built in the ground as opposed to being built on silts. 4.3.3 Spacing The traditional houses of Indonesia do not have any interior partitions. It is one large hall used for multiple purposes. These interiors are partitioned as and when 12 Rice store - M inangkabau architecture, Pagaruyung near Bukit Tinggi, Sumatra- http://members, tripod. com/Yves Vanderbeken Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 56 necessary using cloth. This is on of the best means of keeping the interiors well- ventilated and cool. 4.3.4 Air Movement Since there is only one single hall, the room or rooms are single banked, thus allowing ample ventilation. The walls are made of wooden panels and they have small spaces between them, through which air flows. There are carvings in the ceilings that accelerate the flow of air. The floors are also made of wooden panels with gaps. 4.3.5 Openings The openings are very small and insignificant as compared to Malaysian houses. Very small windows on all the sides admit light to the interior. This is to avoid incoming solar radiation. However this little light does not affect the occupants as they use the house mainly for sleeping at night only. Air movement is facilitated because o f the building materials. There are also special holes in the roofs that can serve as windows. 4.3.6 Materials The chief building materials are locally available wood, bamboo and timber. The roof and thatch is made o f the famous alang-alang grass, which is known to survive more than 50 years. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 57 4.3.7 Roofs The roofs are steeply inclined to ward off the copious rainwater during the monsoons. They are also decorated and carved intricately as per their culture and tradition. Different tribes have different symbols representing their roof form. Thus the roof forms are distinctly different from that of the Malaysians. 4.3.8 Culture The ornaments put onto the external walls of the house are meant to drive away evil influences. This is the main difference between the Malaysian and Indonesian houseforms. Also the openings in Malaysian houses are more copious. Fig. 13. Long House - before 1920, Central Borneo1 3 1 3 Batakshttp://artasia.www2.50megs.com/Indonesia/houses.htm Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 58 Fig. 14. Royal Palace complex. Simalungun Fig. 15. Interior-11 5 1 4 http://members. tripod. com/Yves Vanderbeken 15 www.bikebrats.com /indom al/ indo/wsuma/ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 59 Fig. 16. Interior-21 6 South India- Kerala Fig. 17. Map o f South India 1 7 f p w t m m r n r t f f h f& 16www.bikebrats.com/indomal/ indo/wsuma/ 1 7 http://www. indianredcross. org/images/south-india.jpg Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 60 Kerala was the fourth place I chose. It is a state in India with climatic characteristics very similar to that of the Fujian and the Guangdong provinces in China. Just like in China, the predomina nt houseform in this state is courtyard type of houses. Environment and climate: topography is dominated by mountain ranges Western and the Eastern Ghats. There is a narrow coastal strip on the west and a wider one on the east. The west coast experiences heavy rainfall in summer (up to 40”) and the east coast has a third o f this amount, but very high humidity and very hot summers. 4.4.1 Layout Topography in Kerala favors a linear and scattered housing pattern along backwaters and roads. The typical building layout in Kerala is determined by Tachhushastram, which are the traditional rules and regulations for building houses that has evolved over many years. The main architect decides if the plot is auspicious or not depending on its shape, orientation etc. After that the building is built. The houses are very light and the basic plan is rectangular. Houses on an average are one or two roomed with additional spaces like a verandah, courtyard, cooking and a storage shed, the plot area depending on land availability. Larger houses are occupied my higher income groups and joint families e.g. Nairs of Kerala present an overview of rural house types in Kerala. The rich use teak and redwood and other types of timber, while the poor use bamboo and matted coconut leaves, for their building. This provides maximum cross ventilation. The roof slopes towards the side and provides Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 61 shade to both the verandah and also the courtyards. The concept is courtyard is also more prevalent among the rich. Very large poor families also have courtyard type houses, wherein the place is used for family gatherings and other festivals. Tachhushastram also dictates that a house be oriented east-west and that the main entrance faces east. 1 8 Fig. 18. Kerala House Plan The central courtyard is the focal point of the house with the main room located in the west wing. Rooms in the northern side are used for cooking and southern for daily household activities. 1 8 Image from Encyclopedia o f Vernacular Architecture Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 62 Many people, who work on Kerala’s extensive back-waters, transporting goods or passengers, used to live in a traditional house boat. Most of the body is covered by a high rounded roof of woven coconut fronds. However these type of houses has now become obsolete, and now-a-days such boats are used for promoting tourism. 4.4.2 Spacing Rooms are widely spaced and have openings facing the courtyard for maximum ventilation. In houses where there are no courtyards, the windows open towards the verandah. There is adequate provision for cross ventilation. Many houses have wooden louvered windows to keep off the rain but to let in sunshine and the breeze. Courtyards are utilized both in summers and in the rains. In summers they are used to dry food items, fish etc, and while in rains they are used to collect rain water, either to water the plants or for sanitary purposes. 4.4.3 Air Movement Rooms are usually single banked. These are the best ventilated houses. However some new houses are double banked to accommodate more rooms. Mostly these are addendums made to the old single banked houses, to accommodate the growing needs of the family. Unlike the Malaysian or the Chinese houses, wherein there is already provision for expanding the house, the traditional Kerala house does not have such features. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 63 4.4.4 Openings Openings are large and plentiful. This is to let in cooling breeze from outside. Wooden windows guard the openings. Verandahs are deep and act as a buffer to the rooms in the building and also the courtyard at the center. One disadvantage the deep verandahs have is that it reduces the amount of sunlight entering the building. However, most of the people, work outside. There is no concept of staying indoors unless a person is sick. Both men and women work outside in the fields. 4.4.5 Roofs Typical houses have steep pyramidal roofs of thatch or tiles that deal with torrential downpour. They have a curved ridge from which rafters radiate at both end and gables projecting over a hipped section. The roofs slope in to a courtyard, protecting a verandah from rain and sun. This roof is supported at each, comer by a pillar. The external slope descends low over the outer walls covering another verandah at the front o f the building. Fig. 19. Kerala House Elevation1 9 1 9 Image from Encyclopedia of Vernacular Architecture Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 64 4.4.6 M aterials While traditional housing in rural areas used local materials like thatch mud and bamboo, urban areas, brick, stone and tiles are common. The most widespread building materials are laterite cut into ashlars blocks, timber, particularly teak, coconut and jackwood; and burnt bricks. Most roofs are made of tile or thatch, made from the plentiful coconut, palm leaf, paddy straw or grass. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 65 5. TYPE 1: HOT HUMID EQUATORIAL TYPE OF CLIMATE This chapter shows an overview of the Mahoney recommendation for a hot and humid climate, which is typical of the four places that were chosen before, namely, Kerala, South East China, Malaysia and Indonesia. 5.1 Mahoney Recommendations Layout: Buildings should be oriented on an east-west axis, the long elevation facing north and south to reduce exposure to the sun. Spacing: If wind penetration is needed for only a part of the year, item 3 is applicable; however adequate provision must be made for protection from cold and dusty winds. Air Movement: Rooms should be single banked with windows in the north and south walls to ensure air-movement by ample cross ventilation. Openings: Openings should be large, between 40-80% of the north and south walls. These need not be fully glazed, but should be protected from the sun, sky-glare and rain, preferably by horizontal overhang. Openings should be large, 40% to 80% of wall area. Applicable when thermal storage is needed for not more than 1 month, and where there is no cold season. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 66 When air movement is essential for 3 months or more, or for a lesser period, but thermal storage is needed for less than half a year, the openings should be positioned so as to direct the breeze at the occupants. First preference is north-south orientation, but in this case the wind direction may take precedence over solar orientation. Complete exclusion of solar radiation through-out the year is recommended, when there is no cool season or it lasts not more than 2 months. If there is longer cool season, the shading period should be determined. The sun should be admitted during the cool period. Walls: External walls should be light with low thermal capacity. a) Internal walls should also be light where hot-dry conditions prevail for a short time only. b) Internal walls should be heavy and massive where an occurrence of hot-dry conditions is combined with large annual mean range of temperature.(over 20deg C) When thermal storage is required for 2 months or less, a light-weight fabric is recommended. This may be provided by hollow blocks or bricks with more than 40% void, by a thin solid wall, e.g.50mm dense concrete or by sheeted walls enclosing a cavity (the latter may harbor insects and vermin). Outside surfaces should be reflective. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 67 Roof: Light but well insulated roof with low thermal capacityWith a similar air movement requirement, if the thermal storage requirement is more than 3 months- or with an air movement requirement for less than 9 months, and thermal storage is nee' 25. China ad India Comparison Table continued... ^ its insulation is even more important. An overall U-value not exceeding 0.8 W/m2 is recommended. This performance could be provided by an external sheet with a reflective surface, a cavity and a ceiling incorporating at least 25mm insulation and a reflective top. (Aluminum foil for instance) Out-Door Sleeping: Outdoor sleeping area is not recommended. Rain Protection: Protection from heavy rain is not required in this area. 5.2 Comparison Tables After reading the Mahoney recommendations, I have compared the recommendations with the two predominant houseforms in the hoot-humid type of climate. The chart also compares the differences between courtyard houses in different regions, and the differences between the houses on stilts in different regions. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 68 5.2.1 South-W est China and Kerala 25. China and Kerala Comparison Table China: Yunnan, Fujian, Hunan Provinces. India: Kerala Mahoney Recommend ations Comparison Reason for Differences Climate: Mild winters, early spring and hot summers, and 8 to 12 months growing season. Abundant rainfall, ranging upwards from 800mm (30”) to more than 80” along the southeast coast with a summer maximum because of monsoon circulation and regular typhoons. Climate: Situated in the tropical calm belt of the Indian monsoon system, Kerala has a tropical hot, humid climate. Southwest monsoon brings rain to western areas during may to august. Hot-Humid equatorial type of climate Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 69 25. China and India Comparison Table continued... Layout: Common building shape is rectangular with a three bay plan. Unlike north which has huge windows to let in sunlight.. .thes e have small windows. Hanging tobacco and other crops under the eaves, act as shading devices. If courtyards exist, they are small, called sky wells. These are basically to evacuate heat from interior of the building and to let in cool breezes from the outside. Also serves as a catchments area for rainwater, for domestic use. Layout: In Kerala, free standing self sufficient homesteads are preferred. High humidity and rainfall make a light and airy construction necessary. Walls made of bamboo mats and rice straw allow cross ventilation. Steep pyramidal roofs of thatch or tiles deal with torrential downpour. Plan is usually rectangular. The dwellings have an east orientation according to Tacchushastra m. Layout: Buildings should be oriented on an east-west axis, the long elevation facing north and south to reduce exposure to the sun. Layout Usually the main blocks of the house is oriented on an east-west axis. The two side blocks are oriented on a north-south axis. Layout Courtyard houses in Kerala developed because of economic reasons. First evolved a single rectangular block, When trade started increasing and the economic status changed, more rooms were needed. Houses in South East China evolved due to political reasons and history Invasions forced them to protect themselves by building closed-type houses with blank outer walls and courtyards inside to admit light and ventilation. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 70 25. China and India Comparison Table continued... Spacing: Spacing: Spacing: If Wind Kerala house Rooms are Rooms are wind penetration is have widely spaced widely spaced penetration is needed windows and have and have needed for through out facing both openings openings only a part of the year. towards the facing the facing the the year, it Hence the courtyard and courtyard for courtyard for must be used; rooms are facing maximum maximum however widely spaced outside. ventilation. ventilation. adequate to take There are not provision advantage of too many must be made the breezes. windows for protection facing from cold and towards dusty winds. outside in Chinese Air Air Air The houses houses, Movement: Movement: Movement: are built because they Rooms are Rooms are Rooms according to like to keep usually single usually single should be recommendat their privacy. banked. banked. single banked ions. There The inside of However with windows are not too a house is some new in the north many meant for houses are and south windows women and double walls to facing they like to banked to ensure air- towards avoid too accommodate movement by outside in many more rooms ample cross Chinese intrusions ventilation. houses, due to cultural reasons into the private area Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 71 25. China and India Comparison Table continued. Openings: Houses of northeastern Fujian are similar except the deep overhang of the eave, and exposed timber frame. Eaves provide shade from sunlight and wind driven rain. Verandahs are largely found in southern china. They serve as covered corridors and as a buffer between interior living space and outside working space. They also screen interior space from the sun and keep out the wind-& rain from the living space. Detachable lattice windows give definition to space._______ Openings: Openings are large and plentiful. This is to let in cooling breeze from outside. Verandahs are deep and are found as a buffer to the rooms in the building and the courtyard at the center. Openings: Openings should be large in the north and south walls. These need not be fully glazed, but should be protected from the sun, sky- glare and rain, preferably by horizontal overhang. Applicable when thermal storage is needed for not more than 1 month, and where there is no cold season. Openings should be positioned so as to direct the breeze at the occupants. First preference is north-south orientation, however the wind direction may take precedence over solar orientation. Mahoney recommendati ons correspond to the opening type, found in these places Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 72 25. China and India Comparison Table continued... Materials: Materials: Mahoney has While not traditional No recommended housing in recommendati materials rural areas ons given for probably used local materials because many materials like places with thatch mud the same type and bamboo, of climate urban areas, have different brick, stone locally and tiles are available common. The materials. So most he has widespread specified the building U-values that materials are the material laterite cut could have so into ashlars that people blocks timber, can use the particularly material teak, coconut available, but and that would jackwood; have the and burnt necessary bricks. Most thermal houses are properties. roofed in tile or thatch, made from the ubiquitous coconut palm leaf, paddy straw or grass. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 73 25. China and India Comparison Table continued... Roofs: Roofs are The shape of Light but well both made of the roofs insulated roof light-weight differs due to with low materials cultural thermal reasons. capacity Indonesian recommended roof form for If thermal example storage is shows a needed for less strong than 5 months- cultural the roofs influence, on should still be the light but its architectural insulation is style. The even more buffalo horns, important. An represents overall Li strength, due vable not to their exceeding 0.8 winning in a W/m2 is tribal fight. recommended. This performance could be provided by an external sheet with a reflective surface, a cavity and a ceiling incorporating at least 25mm insulation and a reflective top. Roofs: Black tile roof features turned up eaves in a swallow tail profile.(traditional style) Roofs are flush with gable end walls with no over hang to prevent uplift in the high winds of the monsoon season. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 74 25. China and India Comparison Table continued... Culture This most certainly influences the Malay houseforms. The east-west orientation is ensured by insisting that the house face Mecca. There is no rigid layout pattern between the houses inside a compound. This totally depends of the lifestyle of the people. The site, just like in India is selected by observation and rituals. The houses are spaced far apart from each other, not only for privacy but also for future expansion. This is one reason for the good flow of air in and around the building______ Culture: The ornaments put onto the external walls of the house are meant to drive away evil influences. These ornaments consist of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representations, carved decorative ornaments, and wall paintings. This explains the richly decorated walls. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 75 5.2.2 M alaysia and Indonesia 26. Malaysia and Indonesia Comprison Table Malaysia Indonesia Mahoney Recommend ations Mahoney Recommend ations Reasons for Differences Climate: Abundant rainfall each month of the year. Typically, annual rainfall totals exceed 80 inches, can be much higher. Very little seasonal change in mean monthly temperatures. In fact, more diurnal temperature change than seasonal Climate: Indonesia has a hot and humid climate in most of the regions. Some highland areas are cooler and drier. Hot-Humid equatorial type of climate Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 76 26. Malaysia and Indonesia Comparison Table continued... L ayout: Layout Layout: Buildings are The main The These houses Buildings oriented on an difference Malaysian are should be east-west axis between house is rectangular in oriented on an Malay and designed to shape with a east-west Indonesian suit their long axis. axis, the long houses, warm-humid These houses elevation despite the climate. too are facing north fact that they These wooden oriented east- and south to are both houses are west. These reduce built on stilts built on stilts. houses are exposure to is that Malay an indigenous very the sun. houses are house form decorative, more society perfected over unlike oriented. many years. Malaysian The The main houses. The community reason for houses have a is given these houses spacious preference to be built on interior and over the stilts is that, they can be individual. plant cover used for People stay creates a various mostly steeper wind purposes. outdoors, gradient, as This trend is than indoors. compared to however There is a lot open surfaces. changing and of space Hence plants more and between two restrict air more houses houses for movement are built in the addition around them. ground as purposes, If the houses opposed to however, are built on being built on this also help stilts, the silts in free flow windows and of breeze other from all openings directions. would face open air and hence could get more flow of breeze. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 77 26. Malaysia and Indonesia Comparison Table continued... Spacing: The Spacing: Spacing: If Large open Spacing in traditional Initially there wind spaces both the Malay house were no penetration is houses more has a rooms. There needed for or less spacious open was just one only a part of remains the interior, large interior the year, it same. promoting space that must be used; good cross used to be however ventilation partitioned adequate and lighting. when provision This allows necessary, by must be made the space to cloth. Hence for protection be used for they could be from cold and different used for dusty winds. purposes, different depending on purposes the season, Occasion or time of the day. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 26. Malaysia and Indonesia Comparison Table continued.. 78 Air Air Air Both the Movement: Movement: Movement: types of Rooms are Rooms are Rooms houses have usually single usually single should be single banked banked. The banked. single banked rooms house is There is with windows raised on ample cross in the north stilts to catch ventilation and south winds of a between the walls to higher rooms ensure air- velocity. The because of movement by elongated wooden ample cross structure of panels with ventilation. the traditional flow-through Malay house carvings with minimal placed just interior below the partitions, ceilings. allows easy passage of air. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 79 26. Malaysia and Indonesia Comparison Table continued... Openings: Openings: Openings: There is a The difference Windows are The openings Openings difference in is because plentiful. Full- are very small should be the openings traditionally length fully and large in the in both the Indonesians openable insignificant north and places. spent most of windows are as compared south walls. Indonesian the time used. Carved to Malaysian These need houses have outside their wooden houses. Very not be fully very small houses. One panels and small glazed, but openings as stayed inside wooden grilles windows on should be compared to only when one in the house all the sides protected from Malaysian was sick or are also admit light to the sun, sky- traditional had to sleep. effective the interior. glare and rain, houses. Hence ventilation This is to preferably by windows were devices.Glare, avoid horizontal not that which can be incoming overhang. important. a major source solar Applicable of stress in the radiation. when thermal Malaysian However this storage is climate, is little light needed for not effectively does not affect more than 1 controlled by the occupants month, and excluding as they use the where there is open skies and house mainly no cold bright areas for sleeping at season. from the night only. Air Openings visual field. movement is should be Windows are facilitated positioned so kept low and because of the as to direct the shaded by building breeze at the large roof materials. occupants. overhangs There are also First surrounding special holes preference is environment in the roofs north-south glare lessened that can serve orientation, by the less as windows. however the reflective wind direction vegetation may take ground cover, precedence trees and over solar houses orientation. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 80 26. M alaysia and Indonesia Comparison Table continued... Materials: Materials: Materials: Mahoney has The materials Ironwood The not used are chief building No recommended mainly the materials are recommendati materials locally locally ons given for probably available available materials. because many bamboo and wood, places with wood. The bamboo and the same type walls and timber. The of climate roofs are roof and have different made from thatch is made locally thatched of the famous available grass. These alang-alang materials. So materials have grass, which he has very low is known to specified the thermal survive more U-values that capacity. The than 50 years. the material thatch is made could have so mainly of that people palm leaves. can use the material available, but that would have the necessary thermal properties. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 81 26. M alaysia and Indonesia Comparison Table continued... Roofs: Roofs: Roofs: Roofs are The shape of Steep, gabled Traditional Light but well both made of the roofs roofs made of houses are insulated roof light-weight differs due to traditional attap renowned for with low materials cultural thatch. They also their thermal reasons. act as a horizontal dramatically capacity Indonesian sunshade for the inclined roofs, recommended roof form for windows. They which allow If thermal example minimize glare, the vast storage is shows a and provide amounts of needed for less strong protection against rainwater to than 5 months- cultural sun and rain. The run swiftly the roofs influence, on layered roof away, and the should still be the provides good overhanging light but its architectural cross-ventilation. eaves shade insulation is style. The the windows even more buffalo horns, and protect important. An represents them from the overall l i strength, due driving rain. vable not to their The exceeding 0.8 winning in a Minangkabau W/m2 is tribal fight. and Toraja recommended. tribes have This distinctive performance roofs, which could be look like provided by an buffalo horns. external sheet a symbol of with a status,courage, reflective strength and surface, a fighting spirit. cavity and a Batak-houses, ceiling have pointed incorporating roofs, but they at least 25mm have a insulation and different style a reflective of constr top. uction. The roofs bend towards the outside. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 82 26. M alaysia and Indonesia Comparison Table continued... Culture Culture most certainly influences the Malay houseforms. The east-west orientation is ensured by insisting that the house face Mecca. There is no rigid layout pattern between the houses inside a compound. This totally depends of the lifestyle of the people. The site, just like in India is selected by observation and rituals. The houses are spaced far apart from each other, not only for privacy but also for future expansion. This is one reason for the good flow of air in and around the building. Culture: The ornaments put onto the external walls of the house are meant to drive away evil influences. These ornaments consist of anthropomorphic and zoomorphic representations, carved decorative ornaments, and wall paintings. This explains the richly decorated walls.. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 83 This ends the comparison between the different types of house types in similar kind of climate. In the next chapter we will take a look at the actual computer program that will replace all the manual calculations Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 84 6. A TUTORIAL FOR THE MAHONEY TABLES PLUS APPLICATION This chapter gives an overview of the Mahoney PLUS software and how it works. First of all one has to log on to the internet and go to http://www-scf.usc.edu/~saradach/Thesis/ThesisSoftware.htm. One can download the software from this site. Once the program is downloaded, click on the MT+ .exe file. A splash screen would show up after which the application would start. Fig. 20. The Mahoney Tables Plus — i ■ ■ ■ ■ I ■ H H H I lilillliilillllli Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 85 After this screen automatically disappears, screen as in fig 21(a) will appear. This is the first page of the application. This page gives a brief description about the Mahoney Tables and then gives the options for cities in the US. Click on "For some places in the U.S" Continued... Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 86 Fig. 21. About Mahoney Tables A About M ahoney Tables Carl Mahoney, an Urban Planner and an Environmentalist* describes a methodology which enables housing designers, in developing countries, to obtain design recommendations, simply and directly, from climate information. This method became known as "The M ahoney Tables". These tables take into account the mean monthly maximum temperatures, the mean monthly minimum temperatures, the average temperature ranges, and the humidity levels to derive comfort indices which are higher during the daytime, or during "active" hours, and lower during nighttime, or "retired" hours. << For Som e P laces in US >> << For Other P laces Outside US >> Exit Application This would open a page like the one below Fig: 22. You could click on any o f the places in the map and a report for that place would be generated. The button at the bottom of the page, would take you back to the previous page as shown in fig: 21. Menu Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 87 Fig. 22. Click on any place on the map ^ ^ !Jl Js&i > - ■ * > ' < 1 ' , * tn '^"' . < m > •< -* •« •> « ; - ■ ’*«■■ '« . “ ■ '1 ' 1 V is a , ■ : \ ' m ,- ,r « . * " > -* '* » . , ‘■ o - i ’ W t f . ■ , + « * > - . . . ■ t ^ f idS;gs?:v: ; ,; ; • :::: * -gaSflCsPa^': ” ■ ................ ^ * m '* ' W i* * * * * * * " % - .' ,7 ': :: ::: .;v:<V''': ■ = ■ - : = - - ■ : 3 « c * W ?*?. ' t& m m & m ■ .:, CM f L n > c v : ^ » * > » & > » .k > r > - J y f c * * ~ .- < < fix* ,* w . «™. ■ A :; : ■ ■ : « - * ’ f V -4 > i n S # * * * p . v ■ ' J j U f-ixv^^is ' j : ; j : : ' r : : : ^ r: ^ ^ » T - . . ' • • '• ; , . > i r • * ► « ► . • ; . J ^ f ^ -1^ * V N .* < » • > * « < » * * * \ 4 , ., . . . -. **£*" ! If the city you want the recommendations for is not in the map, then you have to click on ‘For other places outside US’ button. A warning sign pops up saying that you should remember to have all the relevant data. And then the page is loaded, that would look like fig: 21(c). Once you reach here, there are two options. 1. You could collect the data and manually fill it in the data against temperature, relative humidity etc. This is explained in section 5.1 2. You could go to the button on top menu bar saying web tools and click on ‘pick data from the web’ button. This is explained in section 5.2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 88 6.1 Filling Data Manually For filling data manually, one should remember to have all the weather data of the place like the mean maximum temperature, mean minimum temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. Once this data is acquired, you can fill in the form as in fig: 23 Fig. 23. Fill in Data W fc T w fc K t f P L S M M i t s S ! * !» :* !» I" IT I I I r « b u « y spi i i i S 8iii:"S F ill L liiil j l p S f c g j l j M - a s . * 1 1 1 B ll « » i I F Ill r i i i i i p f i sin S e p l w t v O d o f w F F IPBsfa r IBs p F |? * ........ ^ W r t k i r i i l H I Ssi llln l i l l . ..S B ill F Ilp fll i n F r 1 1 P i I P T 1 n F r !|il F ill F F m F I W « a « t| w rj F F P F F r F F F F j p ~ f F M is j im | U t* * ? j F W w * Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 89 Once the form is filled, you can click on ‘Add’ to add the data t your database and then click on ‘update’. This would update your database with the new set o f data you just input. Once this is done, you can retrieve the data anytime you want. After this you can click on ‘Generate Report’ button at the lower right hand comer of the screen and the report is generated. The report generation pages are shown in fig: 27, fig: 28 and fig: 29 6.2 Web-Tools This is the second option that was mentioned you had, if a particular place is not in the map or is outside the US. You can go to Web-Tools, Pick Data from Web Fig. 24. Pick Data from the Internet Mahoney Tables'Applicai ,*ii iif e S i ii Tools D atab ase W eb Tools Help R elevant Informc This will take you to an HTML page, as in fig: 25 . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 90 Fig. 25. Energy Plus Website as directed by the program ou ?<■■■./»■.m bs. ....... v jb Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy G t E n & fg y fitu s W i M l t S S M & > 8 i - S V m k $ W eather D ata F zstm r d a ta to r t i w > $ % § h n sx w e w s fh iu s ^ d t b e r f s- r m s l - tr w & * h m V f4 b s y s t ^ y s sf> the- U S A , *-f j i^ y a S ^ n s in C d ^ d - d ^ , d f n l X 3 » 3 ? S S ^ g 'd S th r t^ h stsd ? . h d i f t ' v f f e l . £ k s y < b y E m t t t i * U S . M H - m U M S 9 , L l - & & $ & * & n £ W e alh ar D a t * * F u n n a !. O s ^ h tlls u o T h * a * ? * i V v m r ^ P U f i > $ . * u n - z u z t U n r M *h$ T y p i c a l v « 3 > ( ? m ? ; * K ty itw ' h - i r m a t . * D d t - x — < 3 4 m < > r ^ A i m « f t U s - e ? i n H *1 < • > v < N < * .« * * . * * " • ■ • ■ * b o u * ? M t c n s r ^ T ^ * A u s n iw r ■ ”- > ? & ^ o o v ^ - ' S is S n , - ■ y w i ' - F - h * ; w . m ; 4 t M m r C B iy O -S iS i) b d U j A v f c U J ^ a f c i .* I C * w You can browse within this link, and click on any EPW file and the program reads the data from the web. This page would look like fig: 26 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. % Pscfe daft* Irtxn W i 91 Fig. 26. Raw data from the Website ■ I M M I I i W M M M M M B H lB W I K " •& & £ ..' : . :. ' J £ J l ,tfcu<*4 :§fc*f«s C itrate feea-i^pt t e a IM i AMPM. ^dfrM**j&ATIIKr, M E IW 1 - ,& tI f r Z M i - t t « • ■ ! $ ■ § ■ £ & : K a * E a * ? 'rO ^ - 4 ,.’ E x £1.3., *& *§•»$ A g . 4 , , 6/ 4 passes ~ ^ - f r . e k *i<n, a : ii.^ 4 ,- * M * /. - “ 0 , * * , S M m m s § r a i % m % m u Ml M l M l M l Ml M 2 Ml Ml M '£ ? 6 l £ M X Ml M l M l M l Ml M il M l M X Ml M l M l Ml M l Ml. M l M l mi ni M l M X M X - ii. ■ * wfii&R ktTxcz-’ i m i s — m m s iM im % 4 tftra s K i trip p # m £b * 3 0 4 1 d*J:£wim f < * £ i 1 f 1 , I S - * 'I I & « :3 , m t -]k$kw&T * ® n »**# -4 * 4 * - d * 1 * 3 * 4 * 4 , * * « j4 § £ * 9 > # G * & . ? X3&7&7 * $ £ $ E 4 £ - $ 1 $ 1 4 1 - I 7 1 ~ X «? ,• U x®, m fAiMik7Ay9m ^ m % u im m s jk 7 k 7 h 7 m ik r m m ^ tJ t -xfx i A i i m * k iM * 7 k 7 * m M ^ $ i4 im si$ w k ik 7 k tk iw m rt& 7 £ 7 ,* $ .% ^ 1 4 } ^ i* i# , e i ^ m r a T * 8 > q*& i* % 2* m th y & m k r v n m & n m m m M W k tk m & im m k it? * -*« « $ , ~ n . i , t h ^ t k W M k M - $ m $ n n f % n t m w k W k w m m i W ? * ^ 4 , * u . * i . * au , it, a, -1 « , . 1*1 ~m* $ , ~X4« 7 * * * * 7, * j.$ . t -i-s, -i?* a 2* A?*mW-*0:?8^S?#^^f©^S4?lkWA7Jt?47r^miI.-3! < , ~i-5.6-# -17. S - z, -1 7, $ . 3 |2 S 7 f 9 E ^ 8 :3 : l % * * 2 * # * % $ *$*%* ,£A < 1- l ^ C s 6 J M * , 0 , 'j ) .- 4 # : i < " 4 * ,:§ , $ t 9 ..O j I ! I0 r 4 * , ^0,0, X # # * * * * im$mA a ra, 8 . rs, i# 0 ,,-« . * W ? < K J ( Q - > 0 ^ D „ D 2 -0 3 * ^- , U > /4 ., l& , ! } y f j t0,0 „ i * m w , ll$ y M i 2 4 7 ,^ , 3 T „ U * ? n $ , Z a ,-i0 i0 O 3 > m /i4i$*2?»il « - i 2 * > # 6 . < = x 2 ^,i.m susi< k > s* $ i:M 4 1 5 , t,-IO ia C ^ ..-W > I4 X S ,.2 :S 4 .r4 ^ ? „ $ X :3 i,-m , %'n t i*n%., £ A it - n 4 , 5Si„ i f 3,4 I Mf 7 1 , X C < s $ o * 3^,14, i^iij 2M '§*Q*®, 5«rIQ C tH ^ # C I 2 :3 3 S . , 0 tf0j n f ,0,0, s x - s ^ a , ia#w# § > « ,2 :3 i2 f« .,o ,» # fii,a-^; ^ 3 1 , a f 4 0 ^ft^ ,& ,,b # 0 i& , 3 1 $ 1 '8 ri8 0 : :»^,O„ ^a.0,33f « ? ^ 5 4 G 3 » G ,l> .r^ 2 .O 7 .# f3 M ^ ,O 1 ,G » 0 J& ,3 tl 1tr 1 0 W#r i O . , f t , , # 0 1 C s # 0 » • $ ,- $ , 8 O i ^ '3 3 # 3 3 r49«rO M > iS X M v 0 S'M ? . • * " « • - ' « * ' » * : < ( '^ 1' F T S B T G «1« One the data is read, you could click on ‘Add to database button’. The program would read the EPW format and filter out all the irrelevant data and add the required fields to the database. Then you should click ‘close’. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 92 This will have added the city mentioned to the database. Then you can click on "Generate Report" This will generate the Report Fig. 27. Mahoney Table Report Page-1 .= - * 1 . i j j p l l f i i i i p i s - y M . * * * * * e h iD s i^ e £ > D tt& w C e r^ d d e T h u i j i ^ i %t»u «• h i i l f ^ i *•»■ * H 1H 21 fcl^ * iikOiitUlv iin M ii i«i>i x \ n% - \ ili«< 1 2 l i m i i i l i s i p * . i » hilluw% -I II "" it « 14 T , 21 2- - I S 2 2 2n ‘>4 2: \ S I a 'i " ,<>4 I VlU lH ’l ltlUf* 111 tl**i;i‘M» i •‘lllljil .Mil1 *lllolltltEV Hit*.Ill UUJl! Ill »'l I h r 1 2 llinSltll'. ,ll •* ,\'i JiilloV. \ i i v - o ' \ - 4 i i ° * n i : « i* v , «»- \ 1 1 M r , . : : . 1 H tn m e ty * • * t f n i i t n h i v iii |n * j f »-ii1 ii!»*« w« i ii u i i ii r l i l \ h:*- i n m i \ iim ■ » % **i ili»* 11 h u m t h 't u i* .i% IhIIcjv. •; " 8 *" *ti. " 2. *4i. m'>, ?5 8i» 8" 8i» 82 8 1 1 ll'uruili^* 1 1 1 |icji ^iinj;o«al«i iiAi>irlilv m^-m irt i.\ 1 * 1 1 1 1 ovci rit*« 12 lutiiiMic . 1 1 0 .»« Inlioivc {,4 *4 4" *2 ‘ ".1 « 58 nil a s 1 ,^ K.iinf.tU i» mm in hi ilik* 1 2 iiinuilis -ii * * < % ■ tiillmi% n il *'4i. f S 4 2 * : .. « . “ a S14-.ii " J . S S *4 * 4 . “ 1 8 * “ J Close R ep* The first page of the report gives all the weather data manually inputted or extracted from the EPW files. Then you should click on ‘Next Page o f report’. This would take you to a page as in fig: 28 W itP is g s e h h e P e p e Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Fig. 28. Mahoney Table Report Page-2 , t l * . u I i l l ' i t i'i l o t i ' iiJ ’ * i i< u t ’ i| I lll l'H I 'U '. .l i l M l M l H • | | K | | t » i , 1 .1 | <|| ' I i f i ' ^ 1 , « , , | , i6 ** i f i ' i . i « ij'i'U i l « > lm % . j o i ‘ > |S l l » f l n t l j llM ’|» I I I II ’* S lo t (.1 l l l 'l V . 1 JK U * r , . . . ' I**I|II '* ■ I ' l l " I . . » . l JllM •* t l l t i l ” l » t jtm i l J l l I n | ♦ t[»| » »•' I n t II* . I n | | | . . , t | 1 4 * -»i ir * .. i | . . | f««»ii v »i i j i j i i 4 . H .1 * I ' l ' l l l l l . II «\ *»* ' ' l l ll | t I* l | I ■ tl ll ll '» ( i | J n 'l l l l l t P l l i | l . | 11* 11|| >111 | | t H I* * l* llJ l l i l l i l l . 1 * 1 ^ * III4* I ll.|i»* 4» IIJ I I I I ' • l l I 'I I I .* I ll I* ll ' l i ' t ’ • I 'I l k I ll* I £< '.!• I » * I I I ! I I I l l i l . l l , J I II « t ll » \ »li'ii iM n< > t'llio. i.n'inii' it I i.i* in i 1 1 > > 14* l<l*% I - < ! I |.|% f III i l l I K «|» III I' I M l II .1 * n i l * III l i l i l l‘ ' I l l l l . 2 '* II S III I t I l i . j l l l : II n '„■» l i . i l j . ll I *• »*■ ln> | in i |. i |. |» I . " l l 4 f t H - I I 4 ' , ” i i i l H . i 1 i ill ii i*.i 4 '^«< i i .i i j . .ii lit * ’ r i .T • ill I-* • it • -li i*-I« • i l.'-ji’ ■ ■ l< i I ii I-; l l . 11 f 11 *i ||L i j n ’l Il.J, i ll r < i ' t | i ! l M > ‘ li I i.ii l» i 1 « " i ■ ■ I 'I .i i i i t t ’ i i 'i i m . i l f i itii . . I l l * 1 i t n •*’ i n lli • *& n4i»« * . I t l l f l »'*, I I 'I I *1 I III I M l*t*| *| i t V ill* » f|l u 'l l l i t IM ‘ 1 I • l l x i a ' i i ij v .iH . % i||.< l • ! , '» «| f j | . M i n i • iji i. |l% *'l> M i'i i l li ii* ' 1 1 ^ i 'i % l M M M M ................ I.. > l l l l . l t l l *.|« 'l j l . l l ^ 11’ I M I ill I I * ■ » • I .!• Il» I t'l l k '|..li" l:n]| ll >I||| ,i I >|;s i* 1.111 |»’< | l U ’'it I'I You can click on the detail buttons to view details about different category. E.g. Details on Openings would look like fig: 29 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Fig. 29. Categories Explained O p s n m g s B e la te d O e ta fe C j ■ in::--:- ■ .! .'■■■ a.-,.:;!. 1 t - . . *•1 i ■ ■ : ; l . " v .' ;l! ■ ] I I- when thermal storage is needed for 6 to 10 m -wfe W h e n a ir m o v e m e n tis e s s e n tia l f o r 1 o r 2 m o n th s o n ly a n d th e rm a l s to r a g e is n e e d e d f o r m o r e th a n 6 m o n th s o r w h e n a ir tl -.v u i - c . - . I ' j - i - i r,;-•: i ■ ■' ii..? i n - " 1 -1 'i I' ' '! vvi-i. -ii" \ v . i l . - ,t .< ■ n -.l- r . ' n ‘li f - : n - t l r . ; t m r . i , ' n . ' - n ! a n d : . ’ -th= :1 -1 U lr t - l ■ - - .■ ■ i. f- ■ ; v.-.:i . m , . ‘I'.'.'S. O etoiseoO w w njs ■ \ 1115 .1 n u n - J.15 i l l 11 D c to lr o n R o o f You can also click on the image to enlarge it. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 95 Fig. 30. Images Enlarged ppl i l i i s & i __ ■ M M C * * w . . k i j I Milk'* ] i j . . . ll You can close the detail and the image boxes by clicking the ‘close button’. I have also provided a tutorial along with the program. Fig. 31. The Help Menu m«f * j 4 » * -b ? r '.* ? iik t« 4- ■ . r l a H M B i d b W w l i d M Jttu*x2i2aUl la£Mi&d»& :l x : l i M i .. . ~ * . . . . . . . . . . . Tools D atabase W eb Tools Help Relevant Information About Box Name of the place : Albany 6.3 Help Menu You can go to the top menu and click on ‘Help’, and then ‘Instructions to use various functionalities’ This would give a tutorial on how to use the program. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 96 Fig. 32. Help Menu Explained t M ^jWSMIMlIjjM A ddhw t 1 s , > ♦ . v * j A * o i * ' W s * « - s «W--i:}’« * r t o ^ lr > M $ fM lk w m d t h t $ K V 1 ii i % $ u > iv A iii lb ? s ; s % v ik m z % k U L a ? * ? k m u y } d & * f \ \ r \ f ^ u l l t o M # i r » i » k y Y .iJ tf a H H r H i '« < * M n * \ t h w P I * * * * ? v * & t '^ o K ^ U K ' # ■v -4^1 '£*•>’ £ ■ O H B M H *»«««» q The help page looks like fig: 20(1). On the left bar there are links to various functionalities of the program. With this I believe that this Mahoney Tables + Program will be very useful to both students and architects alike. In the next chapter I will conclude this thesis with a summary of what I have learnt and the future work that can be done to make this computer program better. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 97 7. CONCLUSIONS The computer version of the Mahoney Tables was tested by some MBS students and friends. The program can be very helpful to students because the meteorological data of a place can be downloaded from the internet. Even if the data is entered manually, it can be saved in the internal database for future use. Mahoney Plus program exactly reflects Mr. Mahoney’s recommendations for the given climate. According to the program, two places in a similar type of climate have the same recommendations. However in reality, two different places with the same kind of climate could have totally different building types. This issue is not addressed by Mr. Mahoney, and I have not addressed it in the program either. I have however studied the reasons for such an occurrence, by taking one particular climate as an example. I preferred studying warm-humid climate because I come from such an environment myself and a more familiar with this type of climate. 7.1 Reasons for Dissimilarity between two types of house design when the climate is similar. I have taken two examples from hot and humid regions of the world, and compared their house forms. One set is South East China and Kerala, with their courtyard type houses and the other set is Malaysia and Indonesia with their houses built on stilts. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 98 7.1.1 China and K erala Courtyard type houses in Kerala developed mainly due to economic reasons.. .the richer the family, the bigger the house and hence a courtyard. The windows are big and open towards the outside. However, the houses in China were developed due to political reasons. Here, the courtyard type of house is closed and with blank outer walls, it is very introvert, and seems to protect the inhabitants from the outside world. 7.1.2 M alaysia and Indonesia The main difference between Malay and Indonesian houses is that a Malay house is more society oriented. An Indonesian house is more personal. People stay indoors, after work. The orientation o f the Malay house is based on religion, which says that the house should be oriented in the direction of the Mecca. So the house is generally oriented in the east-west direction i.e. the long axis faces east-west. The houses are spaced far apart for future expansion which allows ample air circulation. Indonesian houses on the other hand has mixed religions and the houses are oriented towards mountains, rivers forest etc. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 99 8. FUTURE WORK Although the Mahoney plus software runs well, there are some drawbacks to the program. The program could be improved in various areas, like testing it in various platforms and making it compatible with them, the program interface and further additions to the features of the core program. 8.1 Testing on different platforms The program would be much better if it could run on Macintosh computers. Right now it is equipped to run only on Windows 2000/XP versions. I have also not tested the program using Netscape as the internet browser. It runs well when internet explorer is the default browser. The program could be made into an online tool where one would not have to download the program into the personal computer. It could be filled online and the results could be printed. 8.2 Additions to the Core Program The program also has only an option o f using temperature in degree Celsius. It would be great if it could give the recommendations when the temperature entered is in Fahrenheit, and the rainfall is in inches. The program should have an option of extracting EPW files from the host computer if someone has saved it there, and be able to use it to calculate the recommendations. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 100 Besides this it could be programmed to read not just EPW files but other formats as well like TMY. The EPW files are currently available mainly for only US cities and some other important places of the world. Modifying the program to accept other formats would ensure that many more places are covered. Right now the program best works for hot and humid climates and continental type of climates only. If one could incorporate the recommendations for very cold parts of the world, for e.g. add chill factor into account, it would be the best and would become a formidable tool. 8.3 Program Interface and Distribution The program could be distributed to countries where people use the Mahoney Tables. Later on versions could be made in different languages. Another option would be to make the user interface better. More pictures could be added. Sections and 3-D details of the recommendations would make the program clearer. Expanding on the point I just made, the program would be just grand if it could show a 3D model of how the basic built form would look like for a particular place that is input and also give a note on the traditional houses built in that type o f climate. The Mahoney tables are designed mainly for a houses/ residential buildings. It could be modified to suit schools, offices and other commercial spaces. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 101 9. BIBILIOGRAPHY Amos Rapoport., 1969, House Form and Culture, Prentice-Hall, Inc Barry Dawson., November 1994, The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia Thames & Hudson Balwant Singh Saini., c l980, Building in hot dry climates, Chichester [Eng.] ; New York : J. Wiley Blaser, Werner., 1924, c l995, Courtyard house in China : tradition and present B asel; Boston : Birkhauser Donald Watson., 1977, Designing and building a Solar House, Gardenway publishing Michell, G eorge., 1997, London : A & C Black ; New York : WW Norton Otto H. Koenigsberger., June 1974, Manual of Tropical Housing and Building Design, Longman Group United Kingdom Paul Oliver., 1997, Encyclopedia of the vernacular architecture of the world Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press Richard Hyde., 2000, Climate responsive design: a study of buildings in moderate and hot humid climates, London; New York: E & FN Spon. Schaewen, Deidi von, 1941, Indian style: landscapes, houses, interiors, details. Koln: London: Taschen, c2001. Encyclopedia o f Vernacular Architecture, Asia East and Central, pp. 893-894 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 102 Internet Addresses and websites Climate zone maps. [Online], Available at: http://www. ncdc. noaa.gov/samples/climaps.pdf Passive Cooling in Indonesian Houses [Online], Available at: http://www. hdm. Ith. se/TRAINING/Postgrad/AEE/papers/1998/07_AEE1998.pdf Annual data files for states [Online], Available at: http://cdo. ncdc. noaa.gov/plclimprod/plsql/poemain.poe Traditional Malay Houses [Online], Available at: http://tcdc. undp. org/bestprac/social/cases/06-malayahouse. htm Climatic Data for China [Online], Available at: http://www.fwcc. org/ Crawley et al. 1999, Weather Data: http://www. climate, org Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 103 10. APPENDICES 10.1 Program Code O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P u b l i c d i r e c t i o n A s I n t e g e r P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ m a i n _ e x i t _ C l i c k ( ) E x i t P r o g r a m E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ p l a c e s _ i n _ U S _ C l i c k ( ) d i r e c t i o n = 0 F r m _ p l a c e s _ U S . V i s i b l e = T r u e f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . V i s i b l e = F a l s e f r m m a i n . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S _ C l i c k ( ) d i r e c t i o n = 1 f r m m a i n . V i s i b l e = F a l s e M s g B o x " P l e a s e r e m e m b e r t o h a v e a l l t h e r e l e v a n t d a t a !" , v b l n f o r m a t i o n , " I m p o r t a n t I n f o r m a t i o n " f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . V i s i b l e = T r u e F r m _ p l a c e s _ U S . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b F o r m _ L o a d ( ) f r m _ m a i n . V i s i b l e = T r u e F r m _ p l a c e s _ U S . V i s i b l e = F a l s e f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ e x i t _ C l i c k ( ) E x i t P r o g r a m E n d S u b O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ b a c k _ C l i c k ( ) F r m _ p l a c e s _ U S . V i s i b l e = F a l s e f r m m a i n . V i s i b l e = T r u e f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b F o r m _ U n l o a d ( C a n c e l A s I n t e g e r ) E x i t P r o g r a m E n d S u b Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 104 P r i v a t e S u b I m a g e l _ M o u s e D o w n ( B u t t o n A s I n t e g e r , S h i f t A s I n t e g e r , X A s S i n g l e , Y A s S i n g l e ) D i m f i m c _ r e t u m A s B o o l e a n D i m c o u n t A s I n t e g e r D i m e n d _ o f _ d b A s I n t e g e r D i m r e c o r d _ p o s i t i o n A s I n t e g e r D i m h i t r e s u l t A s B o o l e a n h i t _ r e s u l t = F a l s e A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e L a s t e n d _ o f _ d b = A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n I f X > 5 4 0 A n d X < 9 6 0 A n d Y > 4 3 9 5 A n d Y < 4 7 1 0 T h e n I f M s g B o x ( " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n L o s A n g e l e s " , v b O K C a n c e l , " T i p B o x " ) = v b O K T h e n F r m _ p l a c e s _ U S . V i s i b l e = F a l s e f r m _ r e p o r t . C o m m a n d 3 . C a p t i o n = " G o b a c k t o U S m a p " f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . C o m m a n d 3 . C a p t i o n = " G o b a c k t o U S m a p " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " L o s A n g e l e s " , e n d _ o f _ d b E n d I f E n d I f I f X > 1 8 6 0 A n d X < 2 2 3 5 A n d Y > 2 0 5 5 A n d Y < 2 2 6 5 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n B o i s e " , v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " B o i s e " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 1 0 0 0 A n d X < 1 4 7 0 A n d Y > 5 1 0 0 A n d Y < 5 3 1 0 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n S a n D i e g o " , v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " S a n D i e g o " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 2 6 7 0 A n d X < 3 4 0 5 A n d Y > 2 9 1 0 A n d Y < 3 2 5 5 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n S a l t L a k e C i t y ", v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " S a l t L a k e C i t y " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 3 5 8 5 A n d X < 4 1 7 0 A n d Y > 1 8 0 0 A n d Y < 2 0 1 0 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n B i l l i n g s " , v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " B i l l i n g s " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 2 8 8 0 A n d X < 3 8 4 0 A n d Y > 7 5 0 A n d Y < 9 9 0 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n G r e a t F a l l s " , v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " G r e a t F a l l s " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 2 5 5 0 A n d X < 3 3 0 0 A n d Y > 1 1 8 5 A n d Y < 1 4 2 5 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n M i s s o u l a ", v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " M i s s o u l a " , e n d _ o f _ d b E n d I f I f X > 1 6 5 0 A n d X < 2 3 8 5 A n d Y > 8 1 0 A n d Y < 1 0 6 5 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n S p o k a n e " , v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " S p o k a n e " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 1 2 3 0 A n d X < 1 8 1 5 A n d Y > 4 0 5 A n d Y < 6 4 5 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n S e a t t l e " , v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 105 P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " S e a t t l e " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 3 8 8 5 A n d X < 4 3 5 0 A n d Y > 5 9 4 0 A n d Y < 6 1 8 0 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n E l P a s o ", v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " E l P a s o " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 2 9 2 5 A n d X < 4 0 9 5 A n d Y > 3 8 4 0 A n d Y < 4 1 1 0 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n G r a n d J u n c t i o n " , v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " G r a n d J u n c t i o n " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 2 2 2 0 A n d X < 2 8 8 0 A n d Y > 5 0 2 5 A n d Y < 5 3 2 5 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n P h o e n i x ", v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " P h o e n i x " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 1 4 8 5 A n d X < 2 2 6 5 A n d Y > 4 2 4 5 A n d Y < 4 5 1 5 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n L a s V e g a s ", v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " L a s V e g a s " , e n d _ o f _ d b E n d I f I f X > 3 8 4 0 A n d X < 4 7 2 5 A n d Y > 3 0 1 5 A n d Y < 3 1 9 5 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n C h e y e n n e ", v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " C h e y e n n e " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 4 0 5 0 A n d X < 4 8 1 5 A n d Y > 1 0 0 5 A n d Y < 1 2 6 0 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n G l a s g o w ", v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " G l a s g o w " , e n d _ o f _ d b E n d I f I f X > 4 0 9 5 A n d X < 4 6 9 5 A n d Y > 3 7 0 5 A n d Y < 3 9 0 0 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n D e n v e r ", v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " D e n v e r " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 4 7 7 0 A n d X < 5 4 9 0 A n d Y > 5 0 4 0 A n d Y < 5 2 5 0 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n A m a r i l l o ", v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " A m a r i l l o " , e n d o f d b E n d I f I f X > 5 7 1 5 A n d X < 6 6 7 5 A n d Y > 5 6 2 5 A n d Y < 5 8 0 5 T h e n M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e c l i c k e d o n F o r t W o r t h ", v b O K O n l y , " T i p B o x " P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e " F o r t W o r t h " , e n d o f d b E n d I f E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b I m a g e l _ M o u s e M o v e ( B u t t o n A s I n t e g e r , S h i f t A s I n t e g e r , X A s S i n g l e , Y A s S i n g l e ) L a b e l 1 . C a p t i o n = X L a b e l 4 . C a p t i o n = Y I f ( X > 5 4 0 A n d X < 9 6 0 A n d Y > 4 3 9 5 A n d Y < 4 7 1 0 ) O r _ ( X > 1 8 6 0 A n d X < 2 2 3 5 A n d Y > 2 0 5 5 A n d Y < 2 2 6 5 ) O r _ ( X > 2 6 7 0 A n d X < 3 4 0 5 A n d Y > 2 9 1 0 A n d Y < 3 2 5 5 ) O r _ ( X > 3 5 8 5 A n d X < 4 1 7 0 A n d Y > 1 8 0 0 A n d Y < 2 0 1 0 ) O r _ ( X > 2 8 8 0 A n d X < 3 8 4 0 A n d Y > 7 5 0 A n d Y < 9 9 0 ) O r _ ( X > 2 5 5 0 A n d X < 3 3 0 0 A n d Y > 1 1 8 5 A n d Y < 1 4 2 5 ) O r _ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 106 ( X > 1 6 5 0 A n d X < 2 3 8 5 A n d Y > 8 1 0 A n d Y < 1 0 6 5 ) O r ( X > 1 2 3 0 A n d X < 1 8 1 5 A n d Y > 4 0 5 A n d Y < 6 4 5 ) O r _ ( X > 3 8 8 5 A n d X < 4 3 5 0 A n d Y > 5 9 4 0 A n d Y < 6 1 8 0 ) O r ( X > 2 9 2 5 A n d X < 4 0 9 5 A n d Y > 3 8 4 0 A n d Y < 4 1 1 0 ) O r ( X > 2220 A n d X < 2 8 8 0 A n d Y > 5 0 2 5 A n d Y < 5 3 2 5 ) O r ( X > 1 4 8 5 A n d X < 2 2 6 5 A n d Y > 4 2 4 5 A n d Y < 4 5 1 5 ) O r ( X > 3 8 4 0 A n d X < 4 7 2 5 A n d Y > 3 0 1 5 A n d Y < 3 1 9 5 ) O r ( X > 4 0 5 0 A n d X < 4 8 1 5 A n d Y > 1 0 0 5 A n d Y < 1 2 6 0 ) O r ( X > 4 0 9 5 A n d X < 4 6 9 5 A n d Y > 3 7 0 5 A n d Y < 3 9 0 0 ) O r ( X > 4 7 7 0 A n d X < 5 4 9 0 A n d Y > 5 0 4 0 A n d Y < 5 2 5 0 ) O r ( X > 5 7 1 5 A n d X < 6 6 7 5 A n d Y > 5 6 2 5 A n d Y < 5 8 0 5 ) O r _ ( X > 1000 A n d X < 1 4 7 0 A n d Y > 5 1 0 0 A n d Y < 5 3 1 0 ) T h e n I m a g e l . M o u s e P o i n t e r = 2 E l s e I m a g e 1 . M o u s e P o i n t e r = 0 E n d I f E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ a b o u t _ b o x _ C l i c k ( I n d e x A s I n t e g e r ) M s g B o x " M a h o n e y T a b l e s A p p l i c a t i o n 1 .0 : S a r a d a C h i d a m b a r e s w a r a n " , v b O K O n l y , " A b o u t B o x " E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ e x i t _ C l i c k ( ) E x i t P r o g r a m E n d S u b N o t f r o m U S O p t i o n E x p l i c i t D i m l a s t _ i n d e x A s I n t e g e r P u b l i c f o r r e p o r t A s I n t e g e r P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ a d d _ C l i c k ( ) A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e L a s t O n E r r o r G o T o a d d e r r A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . A d d N e w T e x t 1 .T e x t = "" T e x t 2 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 . T e x t = " " T e x t6. T e x t = " " T e x t 7 . T e x t = " " T e x t8. T e x t = " " T e x t 9 . T e x t = " " T e x t l O . T e x t = "" T e x t l l . T e x t = " " T e x t l 2 . T e x t = " " T e x t l 3 . T e x t = " " T e x t 1 4 .T e x t = " " T e x t l 5 . T e x t = " " Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 107 T e x t l 6 . T e x t = " " T e x t l 7 . T e x t = " " T e x t l 8. T e x t = " " T e x t l 9 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 0 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 1 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 2 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 3 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 4 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 5 . T e x t = "" T e x t 2 6 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 7 . T e x t = T e x t 2 8 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 9 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 0 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 2 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 3 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 4 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 5 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 6 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 7 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 8 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 9 . T e x t = T e x t 4 0 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 1 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 2 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 3 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 4 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 5 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 6 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 7 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 8 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 9 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 0 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 1 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 2 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 3 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 4 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 5 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 6 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 7 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 8 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 9 . T e x t = "" T e x t 6 0 . T e x t = " " E x i t S u b a d d e r r : M s g B o x E r r . D e s c r i p t i o n E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ b a c k _ C l i c k ( ) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 108 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . V i s i b l e = F a l s e F r m _ p l a c e s _ U S . V i s i b l e = F a l s e f r m m a i n . V i s i b l e = T r u e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ c l o s e _ C l i c k ( ) E x i t P r o g r a m E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ f i n d _ C l i c k ( ) D i m u s e r f i n d i n p u t A s S t r i n g D i m c o u n t A s I n t e g e r D i m c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n A s I n t e g e r c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n = A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n u s e r f i n d i n p u t = I n p u t B o x ( " P l e a s e e n t e r t h e n a m e o f t h e p l a c e : " , " E n t e r n a m e o f t h e p l a c e " ) F o r c o u n t = 1 T o l a s t i n d e x S t e p 1 A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c o u n t I f T e x t 6 5 . T e x t = u s e r _ f i n d _ i n p u t T h e n c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n = c o u n t A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n E x i t S u b E n d I f N e x t c o u n t M s g B o x " S o r r y c o u l d n o t f i n d t h e p l a c e i n t h e d a t a b a s e " , v b O K O n l y A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ m o v e _ l e f t _ C l i c k ( ) I f A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n > 1 T h e n A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e P r e v i o u s E l s e M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e r e a c h e d t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e d a t a b a s e " , v b l n f o r m a t i o n E n d I f E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ m o v e _ r i g h t _ C l i c k ( ) I f A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n < l a s t i n d e x T h e n A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e N e x t E l s e M s g B o x " Y o u h a v e r e a c h e d t h e e n d o f t h e d a t a b a s e ! " , v b l n f o r m a t i o n E n d I f E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ n e x t _ C l i c k ( ) 'f o r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S _ f l a g _ = 1 D i m n a m e _ o f _ p l a c e A s S t r i n g D i m c o u n t A s I n t e g e r D i m e n d _ o f _ d b A s I n t e g e r D i m r e c o r d _ p o s i t i o n A s I n t e g e r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 109 D i m f u n c _ r e t u m A s B o o l e a n n a m e _ o f j p l a c e = T e x t 1 .T e x t 'r e l o a d t h e d a t a b a s e A d o d c 1 .R e f r e s h A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e L a s t e n d o f d b = A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e F i r s t F o r c o u n t = 1 T o e n d o f d b S t e p 1 A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c o u n t I f T e x t 1 .T e x t = n a m e _ o f _ p l a c e T h e n r e c o r d _ p o s i t i o n = c o u n t E n d I f N e x t c o u n t f u n c r e t u m = G e n e r a t e R e p o r t ( r e c o r d _ p o s i t i o n ) f r m _ r e p o r t . C o m m a n d 3 . C a p t i o n = " G o b a c k t o d a t a b a s e v i e w " f f m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . C o m m a n d 3 . C a p t i o n = " G o b a c k t o d a t a b a s e v ie w " f o r r e p o r t = r e c o r d _ p o s i t i o n f r m r e p o r t . V i s i b l e = T r u e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ r e f r e s h _ C l i c k ( ) A d o d c 1 .R e f r e s h E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ u p d a t e _ C l i c k ( ) O n E r r o r G o T o a d d e r r A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . U p d a t e E x i t S u b a d d e r r : M s g B o x E r r . D e s c r i p t i o n E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b F o r m _ L o a d ( ) A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e L a s t l a s t i n d e x = f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = 1 E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ a b o u t _ C l i c k ( I n d e x A s I n t e g e r ) M s g B o x " M a h o n e y T a b l e s A p p l i c a t i o n 1 .0 : S a r a d a C h i d a m b a r e s w a r a n " , v b O K O n l y , " A b o u t B o x " E n d S u b Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 110 P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ a d d _ C l i c k ( ) O n E r r o r G o T o a d d e r r A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . A d d N e w T e x t 1.T e x t = "" T e x t 2 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 . T e x t = " " T e x t6 . T e x t = " " T e x t 7 . T e x t = "" T e x t8. T e x t = " " T e x t 9 . T e x t = " " T e x t l O . T e x t = " " T e x t l l . T e x t = "" T e x t l 2 . T e x t = " " T e x t l 3 . T e x t = "" T e x t 1 4 .T e x t = "" T e x t l 5 . T e x t = " " T e x t l 6. T e x t = "" T e x t l 7 . T e x t = " " T e x t l 8. T e x t = " " T e x t l 9 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 0 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 1 . T e x t = " " T e x t22. T e x t = " " T e x t 2 3 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 4 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 5 . T e x t = "" T e x t 2 6 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 7 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 8 . T e x t = " " T e x t 2 9 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 0 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 2 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 3 . T e x t = T e x t 3 4 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 5 . T e x t = "" T e x t 3 6 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 7 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 8 . T e x t = " " T e x t 3 9 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 0 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 1 . T e x t = "" T e x t 4 2 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 3 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 4 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 5 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 6 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 7 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 8 . T e x t = " " T e x t 4 9 . T e x t = "" T e x t 5 0 . T e x t = " " Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I l l T e x t 5 1 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 2 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 3 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 4 . T e x t = T e x t 5 5 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 6 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 7 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 8 . T e x t = " " T e x t 5 9 . T e x t = " " T e x t 6 0 . T e x t = " " E x i t S u b a d d e r r : M s g B o x E r r . D e s c r i p t i o n E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ e x i t _ C l i c k ( ) E x i t P r o g r a m E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ f i n d _ C l i c k ( ) D i m u s e r _ f i n d _ i n p u t A s S t r i n g D i m c o u n t A s I n t e g e r D i m c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n A s I n t e g e r c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n = A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n u s e r _ f i n d _ i n p u t = I n p u t B o x ( " P l e a s e e n t e r t h e n a m e o f t h e p l a c e : " , " E n t e r n a m e o f t h e p l a c e " ) F o r c o u n t = 1 T o l a s t i n d e x S t e p 1 A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c o u n t I f T e x t 6 5 . T e x t = u s e r _ f i n d _ i n p u t T h e n c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n = c o u n t A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n E x i t S u b E n d I f N e x t c o u n t M s g B o x " S o r r y c o u l d n o t f i n d t h e p l a c e i n t h e d a t a b a s e " , v b O K O n l y A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ p r o p e r t i e s _ C l i c k ( ) D i m d b _ e n t r i e s A s S t r i n g D i m c u r r i n d e x A s I n t e g e r D i m c o u n t A s I n t e g e r c u r r i n d e x = A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n L o a d f r m j i b p r o p e r t i e s f r m d b p r o p e r t i e s . V i s i b l e = T r u e f r m _ d b p r o p e r t i e s . L a b e l 2 . C a p t i o n = " C : \ T h e s i s _ d a t a b a s e s a r a d a d b . m d b " f r m _ d b p r o p e r t i e s . L a b e l6. C a p t i o n = l a s t i n d e x d b _ e n t r i e s = " T h e f o l l o w i n g a r e t h e n a m e s o f t h e p l a c e s t h a t h a v e b e e n e n t e r e d : " & v b C r L f & " " Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 112 F o r c o u n t = 1 T o l a s t _ i n d e x S t e p 1 A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c o u n t d b _ e n t r i e s = d b _ e n t r i e s & c o u n t & " & T e x t l . T e x t & v b C r L f & " " N e x t c o u n t f r m _ d b p r o p e r t i e s . t x t b o x _ p l a c e s . T e x t = d b e n t r i e s A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c u r r i n d e x E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ u p d a t e _ C l i c k ( ) O n E r r o r G o T o a d d e r r A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . U p d a t e E x i t S u b a d d e r r : M s g B o x E r r . D e s c r i p t i o n E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ w e b t o o l s _ f r o m w e b _ C l i c k ( ) M s g B o x " Y o u a r e a b o u t t o b e g u i d e d t o w a r d s c e r t a i n k n o w n U R L s . N e e d b e , y o u c a n p u t y o u r o w n U R L s t o o . R E M E M B E R T H E E X T E N S I O N S C A N O N L Y B E * . e p w " , v b l n f o r m a t i o n f r m _ d a t a _ f f o m _ w e b . W e b B r o w s e r l . N a v i g a t e " h t t p : / / w w w . e r e n . d o e . g o v / b u i l d i n g s / e n e r g y _ t o o l s / e n e r g y p l u s / w e a t h e r d a t a . h t m l " f r m _ d a t a _ f r o m _ w e b . S h o w E n d S u b F o r m R e p o r t F o r m O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d l _ C l i c k ( ) f r m r e p o r t . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d 2 _ C l i c k ( ) f f m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . V i s i b l e = T r u e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d 3 _ C l i c k ( ) I f f r m m a i n . d i r e c t i o n = 0 T h e n f r m r e p o r t . V i s i b l e = F a l s e F r m _ p l a c e s _ U S . V i s i b l e = T r u e E l s e l f f r m m a i n . d i r e c t i o n = 1 T h e n f r m _ r e p o r t . V i s i b l e = F a l s e ' M a k e s u r e t h a t r i g h t p l a c e i n t h e d a t a b a s e is f o c u s s e d ' R i m t h e p r e v i o u s f i n d m o d u l e f r m _ p l a c e s n o t U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . f o r _ r e p o r t f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . V i s i b l e = T r u e E n d I f E n d S u b Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 113 P r i v a t e S u b F o r m _ L o a d ( ) 'D i m d b A s C o n n e c t i o n 'S e t d b = N e w C o n n e c t i o n ' L o a d t h e d a t a b a s e 'd b . O p e n " P R O V I D E R = M i c r o s o f t . J e t . O L E D B . 3 . 5 1 ; D a t a S o u r c e = C : \ T h e s i s _ d a t a b a s e _ s a r a d a \ d b . m d b " E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ b o x _ C l i c k ( I n d e x A s I n t e g e r ) M s g B o x " M a h o n e y T a b l e s A p p l i c a t i o n 1 .0 : S a r a d a C h i d a m b a r e s w a r a n " , v b O K O n l y , " A b o u t B o x It E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ p r i n t _ C l i c k ( I n d e x A s I n t e g e r ) O n E r r o r R e s u m e N e x t W i t h C o m m o n D i a l o g l . P r i n t e r D e f a u l t = T r u e . F l a g s = c d l P D D i s a b l e P r i n t T o F i l e O r c d l P D N o P a g e N u m s ' C h e c k f o r a n y s e l e c t i o n ' I f t h e r e a r e n o s e l e c t i o n s t h e n h i d e t h e s e l e c t i o n b u t t o n ' F o r n o w w e w i l l t a k e t h e d e f a u l t c o n d i t i o n a s - n o s e l e c t i o n m a d e . F l a g s = . F l a g s O r c d l P D N o S e l e c t i o n . C a n c e l E r r o r = T r u e . S h o w P r i n t e r I f E r r = 0 T h e n P r i n t e r . P r i n t t x t b o x _ t e m p . T e x t E n d I f E n d W i t h E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ s a v e _ C l i c k ( I n d e x A s I n t e g e r ) D i m F i l e n a m e A s S t r i n g I f S a v e T e x t C o n t r o l ( T e x t l , C o m m o n D i a l o g l , F i l e n a m e ) T h e n M s g B o x " T h e f i l e : " & F i l e n a m e & " h a s b e e n s a v e d a s a t e x t f il e . N o I m a g e s h a s b e e n a t t a c h e d to it" E n d I f E n d S u b P r i v a t e F u n c t i o n S a v e T e x t C o n t r o l ( T B A s C o n t r o l , C D A s C o m m o n D i a l o g , F i l e n a m e _ A s S t r i n g ) A s B o o l e a n D i m f i l e n u m A s I n t e g e r O n E r r o r G o T o E x i t N o w C D . F i l t e r = " T e x t f i l e s |* .t x t " C D . F i l t e r l n d e x = 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 114 C D . D e f a u l t E x t = " tx t" C D . F l a g s = c d l O F N H i d e R e a d O n l y O r c d l O F N P a t h M u s t E x i s t O r c d l O F N O v e r w r i t e P r o m p t O r c d l O F N N o R e a d O n l y R e t u m C D . D i a l o g T i t l e = " S e l e c t t h e d e s t i n a t i o n f il e " C D . F i l e n a m e = F i l e n a m e C D . C a n c e l E r r o r = T m e C D . S h o w S a v e F i l e n a m e = C D . F i l e n a m e f i l e n u m = F r e e F i l e ( ) O p e n F i l e n a m e F o r O u t p u t A s # f i l e n u m P r i n t # f i l e n u m , T B . T e x t C l o s e # f i l e n u m S a v e T e x t C o n t r o l = T m e E x i t N o w : E n d F u n c t i o n M a i n M o d u l e O p t i o n E x p l i c i t D i m m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ r a n g e ( 1 2 ) A s D o u b l e D i m m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( l 1 ) A s D o u b l e D i m m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( l 1 ) A s D o u b l e D i m m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( l 1 ) A s D o u b l e D i m m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( l 1 ) A s D o u b l e D i m m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( l 1 ) A s D o u b l e D i m H l _ c o u n t e r A s I n t e g e r D i m H 2 _ c o u n t e r A s I n t e g e r D i m H 3 _ c o u n t e r A s I n t e g e r D i m A l _ c o u n t e r A s I n t e g e r D i m A 2 _ c o u n t e r A s I n t e g e r D i m A 3 _ c o u n t e r A s I n t e g e r D i m r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 8) A s I n t e g e r D i m d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 7 ) A s I n t e g e r D i m p i c o b j e c t l a y o u t A s P i c t u r e D i m p i c o b j e c t _ s p a c i n g A s P i c t u r e D i m p i c o b j e c t a i r m o v e m e n t A s P i c t u r e D i m p i c o b j e c t _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n A s P i c t u r e D i m p i c o b j e c t o p e n i n g A s P i c t u r e F u n c t i o n P o p u l a t e F R M _ D E T A I L S _ O P E N I N G ( s i z e A s S t r i n g , p o s i t i o n A s S t r i n g , p r o t e c t i o n A s S t r i n g ) I h n _ d e t a i l s _ o p e n i n g . R i c h T e x t B o x l . T e x t = s iz e f r m _ d e t a i l s _ o p e n i n g . R i c h T e x t B o x 2 . T e x t = p o s i t i o n f r m _ d e t a i l s _ o p e n i n g . R i c h T e x t B o x 3 . T e x t = p r o t e c t i o n E n d F u n c t i o n F u n c t i o n P o p u l a t e F R M _ D E T A I L S _ W A L L S ( w a l l A s S t r i n g ) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 115 f r m _ d e t a i l s _ w a l l s . R i c h T e x t B o x l . T e x t = w a l l E n d F u n c t i o n F u n c t i o n P o p u l a t e F R M _ D E T A I L S _ R O O F S ( r o o f A s S t r i n g ) f r m _ d e t a i l s _ r o o f s . R i c h T e x t B o x l . T e x t = r o o f E n d F u n c t i o n F u n c t i o n P o p u l a t e F R M _ D E T A I L S _ O U T D O O R ( o u t d o o r A s S t r i n g ) f f m _ d e t a i l s _ o u t d o o r . R i c h T e x t B o x l . T e x t = o u t d o o r E n d F u n c t i o n F u n c t i o n P o p u l a t e F R M _ D E T A I L S _ R A I N P R O T E C T I O N ( p r o t e c t A s S t r i n g ) f r m _ d e t a i l s _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n . R i c h T e x t B o x l . T e x t = p r o t e c t E n d F u n c t i o n F u n c t i o n P l a c e s I n U S M o d u l e ( n a m e _ o f _ t h e _ U S _ p l a c e A s S t r i n g , e n d i n d e x A s I n t e g e r ) D i m h i t r e s u l t A s B o o l e a n D i m f u n c _ r e t u m A s B o o l e a n D i m c o u n t A s I n t e g e r D i m r e c o r d _ p o s i t i o n A s I n t e g e r h i t _ r e s u l t = F a l s e 'E v e r y t h i n g g e t s a d d e d h e r e F o r c o u n t = 1 T o e n d i n d e x S t e p 1 F r m _ p l a c e s _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c o u n t I f F r m _ p l a c e s _ U S . T e x t l . T e x t = n a m e _ o f _ t h e _ U S _ p l a c e T h e n r e c o r d _ p o s i t i o n = c o u n t h i t r e s u l t = T r u e E n d I f N e x t c o u n t I f h i t _ r e s u l t = T r u e T h e n f r m _ r e p o r t . V i s i b l e = T r u e f u n c _ r e t u r n = G e n e r a t e R e p o r t ( r e c o r d _ p o s i t i o n ) E l s e M s g B o x " D a t a U n a v a i l a b l e " , v b C r i t i c a l , " R e m i n d e r " E n d I f E n d F u n c t i o n F u n c t i o n G e n e r a t e R e p o r t ( r e c o r d s e t _ n u m A s I n t e g e r ) A s B o o l e a n ' A d d t h e g e n e r a t e r e p o r t c o d e h e r e f r m _ r e p o r t . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = r e c o r d s e t n u m D i m c o u n t A s I n t e g e r m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 0 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( l ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 2 ) = f r m r e p o r t . L a b e M . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 3 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 4 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l6.C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 5 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 7 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 6) = f f m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l8. C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 7 ) = f f m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 9 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 8) = f r m r e p o r t . L a b e l l O . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 9 ) = f r m j r e p o r t . L a b e l l 1. C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 1 0 ) = f i m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l l 2 . C a p t i o n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 116 m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( l 1 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l l 3 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 0 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l l 4 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( l ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l l 5 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 2 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l l 6.C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 3 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l l 7 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 4 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l l8. C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 5 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l l 9 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 6) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 0 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 7 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 1 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 8) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 2 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 9 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 3 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y m e a n m i n ( l O ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 4 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( l l ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 5 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y m e a n m a x a m ( O ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 6 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( l ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 7 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 2 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 8 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 3 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 9 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 4 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 0 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 5 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 1 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (6) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 2 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 7 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 3 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m (8) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 4 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 9 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 5 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 1 0 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 6 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( l 1 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 7 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 0 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 8 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( l ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 9 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 2 ) = f r m r e p o r t . L a b e W O . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 3 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 4 1 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 4 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 4 2 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 5 ) = f n n _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 4 3 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m (6) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 4 4 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 7 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 4 5 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m (8) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 4 6 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 9 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 4 7 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 1 0 ) = f h n _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 4 8 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( l 1 ) = f i r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 4 9 .C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 0 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 0 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( l ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 1 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 2 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 2 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 3 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 3 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 4 ) = f h n _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 4 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 5 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 5 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 6) = f n n _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 6 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 7 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 7 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 8) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 8 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 9 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 9 . C a p t i o n m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 1 0 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 6 0 . C a p t i o n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 117 m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( l 1 ) = f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 6 1 . C a p t i o n F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ r a n g e ( c o u n t ) = m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( c o u n t ) - m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( c o u n t ) N e x t c o u n t D i m s o r t _ a r r a y ( 1 2 ) A s D o u b l e D i m t e m p A s D o u b l e D i m i t e r a t i o n s A s I n t e g e r D i m m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ h i g h e s t A s D o u b l e D i m m o n t h l y m e a n m i n l o w e s t A s D o u b l e D i m a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p A s D o u b l e D i m a v e r a g e m e a n r a n g e A s D o u b l e ' C o p y t h e a r r a y t o b e s o r t e d i n t o t h e s o r t a r r a y F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 s o r t a r r a y ( c o u n t ) = m o n t h l y m e a n m a x ( c o u n t ) N e x t c o u n t ' S o r t t h e s o r t a r r a y ( r e m e m b e r : m a x h a s t h e i n d e x 11 a n d m i n h a s t h e i n d e x : 0 ) i t e r a t i o n s =11 F o r c o u n t = 1 T o i t e r a t i o n s S t e p 1 I f s o r t a r r a y ( c o u n t ) < s o r t _ a r r a y ( c o u n t - 1 ) T h e n s o r t _ a r r a y ( c o u n t ) = t e m p s o r t _ a r r a y ( c o u n t ) = s o r t _ a r r a y ( c o u n t - 1) s o r t _ a r r a y ( c o u n t - 1) = t e m p E n d I f i t e r a t i o n s = i t e r a t i o n s - 1 N e x t c o u n t m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ h i g h e s t = s o r t _ a r r a y ( l 1) 'f r m r e p o r t . L a b e l l . C a p t i o n = " m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ h i g h e s t : " + C S t r ( m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ h i g h e s t ) 'f r m r e p o r t . L a b e l l . V i s i b l e = T m e F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 s o r t _ a r r a y ( c o u n t ) = m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( c o u n t ) N e x t c o u n t ' S o r t t h e s o r t a r r a y ( r e m e m b e r : m a x h a s t h e i n d e x 11 a n d m i n h a s t h e i n d e x : 0 ) i t e r a t i o n s =11 F o r c o u n t = 1 T o i t e r a t i o n s S t e p 1 I f s o r t a r r a y ( c o u n t ) < s o r t _ a r r a y ( c o u n t - 1 ) T h e n s o r t _ a r r a y ( c o u n t ) = t e m p s o r t a r r a y ( c o u n t ) = s o r t _ a r r a y ( c o u n t - 1) s o r t _ a r r a y ( c o u n t - 1) = t e m p E n d I f i t e r a t i o n s = i t e r a t i o n s - 1 N e x t c o u n t m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n _ l o w e s t = s o r t _ a r r a y ( 0) 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 . C a p t i o n = " m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n _ l o w e s t : " + C S t r ( m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n _ l o w e s t ) 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 2 . V i s i b l e = T m e Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 118 a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p = ( m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ h i g h e s t + m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n _ l o w e s t ) / 2 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 . C a p t i o n = " a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p : " + C S t r ( a v e r a g e j m e a n t e m p ) 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 . V i s i b l e = T r u e 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l l . C a p t i o n = a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p ' f r m r e p o r t . L a b e l l . V i s i b l e = T m e a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ r a n g e = m o n t h l y m e a n m a x h i g h e s t - m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n _ l o w e s t 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 . C a p t i o n = " a v e r a g e m e a n r a n g e : " + C S t r ( a v e r a g e m e a n r a n g e ) 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 3 . V i s i b l e = T m e D i m a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y ( 1 2 ) A s D o u b l e D i m h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( 1 2 ) A s I n t e g e r F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 a v e r a g e r e l a t i v e h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) = ( m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( c o u n t ) + m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( c o u n t ) ) / 2 'S e l e c t C a s e a v e r a g e r e l a t i v e j h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) ' C a s e a v e r a g e r e l a t i v e h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) < 3 0 : ' h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 ' C a s e a v e r a g e r e l a t i v e h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) > = 3 0 A n d a v e r a g e r e l a t i v e h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) < 5 0 : ' h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 ' C a s e a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) > = 5 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) < 7 0 : ' h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 ' C a s e a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) > = 7 0 : 1 h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 'E n d S e l e c t I f a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) < 3 0 T h e n h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 E n d I f I f a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) > = 3 0 A n d a v e r a g e r e l a t i v e h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) < 5 0 T h e n h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 E n d I f I f a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) > = 5 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) < = 7 0 T h e n h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 E n d I f I f a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y ( c o u n t ) > 7 0 T h e n h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 E n d I f N e x t c o u n t 'f r m r e p o r t . L a b e M . C a p t i o n = " a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y f o r f e b : " + C S t r ( a v e r a g e _ r e l a t i v e _ h u m d i t y ( 1) ) 'f r m r e p o r t . L a b e M . V i s i b l e = T m e 'f f m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 . C a p t i o n = " h u m i d i t y g r o u p f o r f e b : " + C S t r ( h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( l ) ) 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 5 . V i s i b l e = T m e D i m m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( 1 2 ) A s I n t e g e r D i m m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( 1 2 ) A s I n t e g e r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 119 D i m m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( 1 2 ) A s I n t e g e r D i m m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( 1 2 ) A s I n t e g e r F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 1 M o n t h l y d a y c o m f o r t u p p e r I f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 3 4 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 3 1 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 9 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 7 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 3 2 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 3 0 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 8 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p ■ > 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 5 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 21 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 20 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 9 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 15 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 8 E n d I f ' M o n t h l y d a y c o m f o r t l o w e r I f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 6 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 5 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 3 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 22 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 3 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 22 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 120 15 Then m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 21 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 20 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 21 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 20 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 15 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 9 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 8 E n d I f ' M o n t h l y n i g h t c o m f o r t u p p e r I f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e j m e a n t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y n i g h t c o m f o r t u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 5 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 4 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 3 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 21 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 15 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 3 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 22 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) =21 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 20 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 21 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 20 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 9 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 8 E n d I f ' M o n t h l y n i g h t c o m f o r t l o w e r I f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 7 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 7 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 121 m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 7 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 2 0 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 7 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 4 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 4 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 4 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 2 0 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p > = 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 4 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 12 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 12 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 A n d a v e r a g e m e a n t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 12 E l s e l f h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 A n d a v e r a g e _ m e a n _ t e m p < 1 5 T h e n m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) = 12 E n d I f N e x t c o u n t 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l6. C a p t i o n = m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( l ) 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l6. V i s i b l e = T r u e 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 7 . C a p t i o n = m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( l ) 'f f m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 7 . V i s i b l e = T r u e 'f f m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l8. C a p t i o n = m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( l ) 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l8. V i s i b l e = T m e 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 9 . C a p t i o n = m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( l ) 'f r m _ r e p o r t . L a b e l 9 . V i s i b l e = T m e ' T h e r m a l s t r e s s D i m m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ d a y ( 1 2 ) A s S t r i n g D i m m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ n i g h t ( 1 2 ) A s S t r i n g F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 If monthly_mean_max(count) >= monthly_day_comfort_lower(count) And m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( c o u n t ) < = m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) T h e n m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t ) = " C o m f o r t a b l e " E l s e l f m o n t h l y m e a n m a x ( c o u n t ) < m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) T h e n m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t ) = " C o l d " E l s e l f m o n t h l y m e a n m a x ( c o u n t ) > m o n t h l y _ d a y _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) T h e n m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t ) = " H o t" E n d I f Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 122 I f m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( c o u n t ) > = m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) A n d m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( c o u n t ) < = m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) T h e n m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ n i g h t ( c o u n t ) = " C o m f o r t a b l e " E l s e l f m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( c o u n t ) < m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ l o w e r ( c o u n t ) T h e n m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ n i g h t ( c o u n t ) = " C o l d " E l s e l f m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( c o u n t ) > m o n t h l y _ n i g h t _ c o m f o r t _ u p p e r ( c o u n t ) T h e n m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ n i g h t ( c o u n t ) = " H o t" E n d I f N e x t c o u n t H I c o u n t e r = 0 H 2 _ c o u n t e r = 0 H 3 _ c o u n t e r = 0 A l _ c o u n t e r = 0 A 2 _ c o u n t e r = 0 A 3 _ c o u n t e r = 0 F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 I f ( m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t ) = " H o t " A n d h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 ) O r _ ( m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t ) = " H o t " A n d ( h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 O r h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 ) _ A n d m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ r a n g e ( c o u n t ) < 1 0 ) T h e n H l c o u n t e r = H l c o u n t e r + 1 E n d I f I f m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t ) = " C o m f o r t a b l e " A n d h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 4 T h e n H 2 _ c o u n t e r = H 2 _ c o u n t e r + 1 E n d I f I f m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( c o u n t ) > = 2 0 0 T h e n H 3 _ c o u n t e r = H 3 _ c o u n t e r + 1 E n d I f I f ( h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 O r h u m i d i t y _ g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 O r h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 3 ) A n d ( m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ r a n g e ( c o u n t ) > 1 0 ) T h e n A l c o u n t e r = A l _ c o u n t e r + 1 E n d I f I f ( m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ n i g h t ( c o u n t ) = " H o t " A n d ( h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 O r h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 2 ) ) O r _ ( m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t ) = " H o t " A n d m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ n i g h t ( c o u n t ) = " C o m f o r t a b l e " A n d _ ( h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o u n t ) = 1 O r h u m i d i t y g r o u p ( c o r m t ) = 2 ) A n d m o n t h l y m e a n r a n g e ( c o u n t ) > 1 0 ) T h e n A 2 _ c o i m t e r = A 2 _ c o u n t e r + 1 E n d I f I f m o n t h l y _ t h e r m a l _ s t r e s s _ d a y ( c o u n t ) = " C o l d " T h e n A3_counter = A3_counter + 1 E n d I f N e x t c o u n t ' M O D U L E # 1 L A Y O U T Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 123 I f A l c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 1 0 T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 0) = 1 E l s e l f ( A l _ c o u n t e r = 11 O r A l c o u n t e r = 1 2 ) A n d ( A 3 c o u n t e r > = 5 A n d A 3 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) T h e n r e p o r t n u m b e r ( O ) = 1 E l s e l f ( A l c o u n t e r = 11 O r A l _ c o u n t e r = 1 2 ) A n d ( A 3 _ c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A 3 _ c o u n t e r < = 4 ) T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 0) = 2 E n d I f ' M O D U L E # 2 S P A C I N G I f H I c o u n t e r = 11 O r H l _ c o u n t e r = 1 2 T h e n r e p o r t n u m b e r ( l ) = 3 E l s e l f H l c o u n t e r > = 2 A n d H l c o u n t e r < = 1 0 T h e n r e p o r t n u m b e r ( l ) = 4 E l s e l f H l c o u n t e r = 0 O r H l c o u n t e r = 1 T h e n r e p o r t n u m b e r ( l ) = 5 E n d I f 1 M O D U L E # 3 A I R M O V E M E N T I f H l c o u n t e r > = 3 A n d H l c o u n t e r < = 1 2 T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2) = 6 E l s e l f H I _ c o u n t e r = 1 O r H l _ c o u n t e r = 2 A n d ( A l _ c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A l _ c o u n t e r < = 5 ) T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2) = 6 E l s e l f H l c o u n t e r = 1 O r H l c o u n t e r = 2 A n d ( A l c o u n t e r > = 6 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2 ) = 7 E l s e l f H l _ c o u n t e r = 0 A n d ( H 2 _ c o u n t e r > = 2 A n d H 2 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) O r ( A l c o u n t e r > = 6 A n d A l _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2 ) = 7 E l s e l f H I c o u n t e r = 0 A n d ( H 2 _ c o u n t e r = 0 O r H 2 c o u n t e r = 1 ) T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2) = 8 E n d I f 1 M O D U L E # 4 O P E N I N G S I f A l c o u n t e r = 0 O r A l _ c o u n t e r = 1 A n d A 3 _ c o u n t e r = 0 T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 3 ) = 9 E l s e l f ( A l c o u n t e r = 11 O r A l _ c o u n t e r = 1 2 ) A n d ( A 3 ^ c o u n t e r = 0 O r A 3 _ c o u n t e r = 1 ) T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 3 ) = 1 0 E l s e l f ( H l c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d H l _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) O r ( H 2 _ c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d H 2 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) O r ( H 3 _ c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d H 3 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 3 ) = 11 E n d I f ' # M O D U L E O P E N I N G S D E T A I L S - S I Z E I f ( A l _ c o u n t e r = 0 O r A l c o u n t e r = 1 ) A n d A 3 _ c o u n t e r = 0 T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 0) = 1 E l s e l f ( A l _ c o u n t e r = 0 O r A l c o u n t e r = 1 ) A n d ( A 3 _ c o u n t e r > = 1 A n d A 3 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) T h e n detail_report_number(0) = 2 E l s e l f A l c o u n t e r > = 2 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 5 T h e n d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( O ) = 2 E l s e l f A l c o u n t e r > = 6 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 1 0 T h e n d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( O ) = 3 E l s e l f ( A l _ c o u n t e r = 11 O r A l c o u n t e r = 1 2 ) A n d ( A 3 _ c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A 3 _ c o u n t e r < = 3 ) T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 0 ) = 4 E l s e l f ( A l c o u n t e r = 11 O r A l _ c o u n t e r = 1 2 ) A n d ( A 3 _ c o u n t e r > = 4 A n d A 3 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 124 T h e n d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( O ) = 5 E n d I f ' # M O D U L E O P E N I N G S D E T A I L S - P O S I T I O N I f H l c o u n t e r > = 3 A n d H l _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 T h e n d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( l ) = 6 E l s e l f ( H l c o u n t e r = 1 O r H l c o u n t e r = 2 ) A n d ( A l _ c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 5 ) T h e n d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( l ) = 6 E l s e l f ( H l _ c o u n t e r = 1 O r H l c o u n t e r = 2 ) A n d ( A l c o u n t e r > = 6 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( l ) = 7 E l s e l f H I c o u n t e r = 0 A n d ( H 2 _ c o u n t e r > = 2 A n d H 2 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) T h e n d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( l ) = 7 E n d I f ' # M O D U L E O P E N I N G S D E T A I L S - P R O T E C T I O N I f A 3 _ c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A 3 _ c o u n t e r < = 2 T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2) = 8 E l s e l f H 3 _ c o u n t e r > = 2 A n d H 3 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2 ) = 9 E n d I f ' M O D U L E # 5 W A L L S I f A l c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A l _ c o u n t e r < = 2 T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 4 ) = 1 2 E l s e l f A l c o u n t e r > = 3 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 1 2 T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 4 ) = 13 E n d I f ' M O D U L E # W A L L S D E T A I L S I f A l _ c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A l _ c o u n t e r < = 2 T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 3 ) = 1 0 E l s e l f A l c o u n t e r > = 3 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 1 2 T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 3 ) = 1 1 E n d I f ' M O D U L E # 6 R O O F I f A l c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 5 T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 5 ) = 1 4 E l s e l f A l _ c o u n t e r > = 6 A n d A l _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 5 ) = 15 E n d I f ' M O D U L E # R O O F D E T A I L S I f ( H l _ c o u n t e r > = 1 0 A n d H l c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) A n d ( A l c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 2 ) T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 4 ) = 1 2 E l s e l f ( H l c o u n t e r > = 1 0 A n d H l c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) A n d ( A l _ c o u n t e r > = 3 A n d A l _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 4 ) = 1 3 E l s e l f ( H l _ c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d H l _ c o u n t e r < = 9 ) A n d ( A l c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d A l c o u n t e r < = 5 ) T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 4 ) = 1 3 E l s e l f ( H l c o u n t e r > = 0 A n d H l c o u n t e r < = 9 ) A n d ( A l c o u n t e r > = 6 A n d A l _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 ) T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 4 ) = 1 4 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 125 E n d I f ' M O D U L E # 7 O U T D O O R S L E E P I N G I f A 2 _ c o u n t e r > = 2 A n d A 2 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 6) = 1 6 E n d I f ' M O D U L E # O U T D O O R S L E E P I N G D E T A I L S I f A 2 _ c o u n t e r > = 1 A n d A 2 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 5 ) = 1 5 E n d I f ’ M O D U L E # 8 R A I N P R O T E C T I O N I f H 3 _ c o u n t e r > = 3 A n d H 3 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 T h e n r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 7 ) = 1 7 E n d I f ' M O D U L E # R A I N P R O T E C T I O N D E T A I L S I f H 3 _ c o u n t e r > = 1 A n d H 3 _ c o u n t e r < = 1 2 T h e n d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 6) = 1 6 E n d I f G e n e r a t e T e x t G e n e r a t e R e p o r t = T m e E n d F u n c t i o n F u n c t i o n E x i t P r o g r a m ( ) U n l o a d f r m _ d b p r o p e r t i e s U n l o a d f r m _ m a i n U n l o a d f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S U n l o a d F r m _ p l a c e s _ U S U n l o a d f r m _ r e p o r t U n l o a d f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l U n l o a d f r m i m a g e v i e w e r U n l o a d f r m _ d e t a i l s _ o p e n i n g U n l o a d f r m d e t a i l s o u t d o o r U n l o a d f r m d e t a i l s r a i n p r o t e c t i o n U n l o a d f r m d e t a i l s r o o f s U n l o a d I r m d e t a i l s w a l l s U n l o a d f r m _ d a t a _ f r o m _ w e b U n l o a d f r m S p l a s h E n d F u n c t i o n F u n c t i o n G e n e r a t e T e x t ( ) D i m r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ r w A s S t r i n g D i m c o u n t A s I n t e g e r ' P O P L U L A T E R E P O R T H E R E D i m r e p o r t l a y o u t l A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ l a y o u t 2 A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ s p a c i n g l A s S t r i n g Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 126 D i m r e p o r t _ s p a c i n g 2 A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ s p a c i n g 3 A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t a i r m o v e m e n t l A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ a i r m o v e m e n t 2 A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ a i r m o v e m e n t 3 A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s l A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s 2 A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s 3 A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t w a l l s l A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ w a l l s 2 A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t r o o f l A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ r o o f 2 A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ o u t d o o r l A s S t r i n g D i m r e p o r t _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n l A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e l A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 2 A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 3 A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 4 A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 5 A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p o s i t i o n l A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p o s i t i o n 2 A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t o p e n i n g s j p r o t e c t i o n l A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p r o t e c t i o n 2 A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ w a l l s l A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ w a l l s 2 A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t r o o f s l A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ r o o f s 2 A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ r o o f s 3 A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o u t d o o r l A s S t r i n g D i m d e t a i l r e p o r t r a i n p r o t e c t i o n l A s S t r i n g D i m p o p u l a t e s t r i n g o p e n i n g s s i z e A s S t r i n g D i m p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ o p e n i n g s _ p o s i t i o n A s S t r i n g D i m p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ o p e n i n g s _ p r o t e c t i o n A s S t r i n g D i m p o p u l a t e s t r i n g w a l l A s S t r i n g D i m p o p u l a t e s t r i n g r o o f A s S t r i n g D i m p o p u l a t e s t r i n g o u t d o o r A s S t r i n g D i m p o p u l a t e s t r i n g r a i n p r o t e c t i o n A s S t r i n g d e t a i l r e p o r t o p e n i n g s s i z e l = " O p e n i n g s s h o u l d b e la r g e , 4 0 % t o 8 0 % o f w a l l a r e a . A p p l i c a b l e w h e n t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is n e e d e d f o r n o t m o r e t h a n 1 m o n t h , a n d w h e r e t h e r e is n o c o l d s e a s o n ." d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 2 = " O p e n i n g s s h o u l d b e m e d i u m , 2 5 % t o 4 0 % o f w a l l a r e a . A p p l i c a b l e w h e n t h e r m a l s t o r a g e i s n e e d e d f o r n o t m o r e t h a n 1 m o n t h a n d t h e r e is c o o l s e a s o n . - O r i f t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is n e e d e d f o r 2 t o 5 m o n t h s " d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 3 = " O p e n i n g s s h o u l d b e s m a l l , 1 5 t o 2 5 % o f t h e w a l l a r e a . A p p l i c a b l e w h e n t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is n e e d e d f o r 6 t o 10 m o n t h s ." d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 4 = " O p e n i n g s s h o u l d b e v e r y s m a l l , 1 0 t o 2 0 % o f w a l l a r e a . A p p l i c a b l e w h e n t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is n e e d e d a l l y e a r a r o u n d ( 1 1 t o 1 2 m o n t h s ) a n d c o o l s e a s o n is n o t m o r e t h a n 3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 127 m o n t h s ." d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 5 = " M e d i u m s i z e o p e n i n g s a r e r e c o m m e n d e d a l s o w h e n t h e r m a l s t o r a g e i s r e q u i r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r a n d s u n p e n e t r a t i o n is d e s i r a b l e d u r i n g a c o o l s e a s o n o f m o r e t h a n f o u r m o n t h s ." d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p o s i t i o n l = " W h e n a i r m o v e m e n t i s e s s e n t i a l f o r 3 m o n t h s o r m o r e , o r f o r a l e s s e r p e r i o d , b u t t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is n e e d e d f o r l e s s t h a n h a l f a y e a r , t h e o p e n i n g s s h o u l d b e p o s i t i o n e d s o a s t o d i r e c t t h e b r e e z e a t t h e o c c u p a n t s . F i r s t p r e f e r e n c e is n o r t h - s o u t h o r i e n t a t i o n , b u t i n t h i s c a s e t h e w i n d d i r e c t i o n m a y t a k e p r e c e d e n c e o v e r s o l a r o r i e n t a t i o n . " d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p o s i t i o n 2 = " W h e n a i r m o v e m e n t is e s s e n t i a l f o r 1 o r 2 m o n t h s o n l y a n d t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is n e e d e d f o r m o r e t h a n 6 m o n t h s o r w h e n a i r f l o w is n o t e s s e n t i a l o n l y d e s i r a b l e f o r t w o m o n t h s o r m o r e - t h e r o o m s m a y b e d o u b l e b a n k e d w i t h i n t e r n a l w a l l s h a v i n g a d e q u a t e o p e n i n g s . I n t h i s c a s e t h e o p t i m u m s o l a r o r i e n t a t i o n ( n o r t h a n d s o u t h ) s h o u l d t a k e p r e c e d e n c e o v e r o r i e n t a t i o n f o r w i n d . " d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p r o t e c t i o n l = " C o m p l e t e e x c l u s i o n o f s o l a r r a d i a t i o n t h r o u g h - o u t t h e y e a r is r e c o m m e n d e d , w h e n t h e r e is n o c o o l s e a s o n o r i t l a s t s n o t m o r e t h a n 2 m o n t h s . I f t h e r e is l o n g e r c o o l s e a s o n , t h e s h a d i n g p e r i o d s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d . T h e s u n s h o u l d b e a d m i t t e d d u r i n g t h e c o o l p e r i o d . " d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p r o t e c t i o n 2 = " P r o t e c t i o n o f o p e n i n g s f r o m r a i n p e n e t r a t i o n w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y w h e n r a i n f a l l e x c e e d i n g 200m m o c c u r s i n m o r e t h a n 1 m o n t h . " d e t a i l r e p o r t w a l l s l = " W h e n t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is r e q u i r e d f o r 2 m o n t h s o r l e s s , a l i g h t - w e i g h t f a b r i c is r e c o m m e n d e d . T h i s m a y b e p r o v i d e d b y h o l l o w b l o c k s o r b r i c k s w i t h m o r e t h a n 4 0 % v o i d , b y a t h i n s o l i d w a l l , e . g . 5 0 m m d e n s e c o n c r e t e o r b y s h e e t e d w a l l s e n c l o s i n g a c a v i t y ( t h e l a t t e r m a y h a r b o r i n s e c t s a n d v e r m i n ) . O u t s i d e s u r f a c e s s h o u l d b e r e f l e c t i v e . " d e t a i l r e p o r t _ w a l l s 2 = " W h e n t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is r e q u i r e d f o r m o r e t h a n 2 m o n t h s , a h e a v y f a b r i c is r e c o m m e n d e d . S o l i d b r i c k s , b l o c k s , c o n c r e t e o r a d o b e o f a b o u t 3 0 0 m m t h i c k n e s s s h o u l d s a t i s f y th e r e q u i r e m e n t s . A l e s s e r t h i c k n e s s , d o w n t o 1 0 0 m m is s a t i s f a c t o r y , i f i t is i n s u l a t e d o n t h e o u t s i d e ." d e t a i l r e p o r t r o o f s 1 = " W i t h a n a i r m o v e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t f o r 1 0 to 1 2 m o n t h s , i f t h e t h e r m a l s t o r a g e r e q u i r e m e n t is l e s s t h a n 2 m o n t h s , a l i g h t r o o f s h o u l d b e u s e d . I t s t i m e l a g s h o u l d n e v e r e x c e e d 3 h r s . i t s h o u l d h a v e a r e f l e c t i v e s u r f a c e a n d g o o d i n s u l a t i o n . A c a v i t y w i t h i n t h e r o o f o r a r o o f - c e i l i n g c o m b i n a t i o n is a d v a n t a g e o u s . T h e r o o f - c e i l i n g o v e r a l l U - v a l u e s h o u l d b e i n t h e r e g i o n o f l W / m 2 d e g C " d e t a i l r e p o r t _ r o o f s 2 = " W i t h a s i m i l a r a i r m o v e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t , i f t h e t h e r m a l s t o r a g e r e q u i r e m e n t i s m o r e t h a n 3 m o n t h s - o r w i t h a n a i r m o v e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t f o r l e s s t h a n 9 m o n t h s , a n d t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is n e e d e d f o r l e s s t h a n 5 m o n t h s - t h e r o o f s s h o u l d s t i l l b e l i g h t b u t its i n s u l a t i o n is e v e n m o r e i m p o r t a n t . A n o v e r a l l U - v a l u e n o t e x c e e d i n g 0 . 8 W / m 2 is r e c o m m e n d e d . T h i s p e r f o r m a n c e c o u l d b e p r o v i d e d b y a n e x t e r n a l s h e e t w i t h a r e f l e c t i v e s u r f a c e , a c a v i t y a n d a c e i l i n g i n c o r p o r a t i n g a t l e a s t 2 5 m m i n s u l a t i o n a n d a r e f l e c t i v e t o p . ( a l u m i n u m f o i l f o r i n s t a n c e ) " d e t a i l r e p o r t _ r o o f s 3 = " I n a l l o t h e r c a s e s a m a s s i v e r o o f s h o u l d b e u s e d w i t h a t i m e l a g o f h o u r s o r m o r e . " d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o u t d o o r l = " W h e n t h e p l a c e is w a r m w i t h l e s s r a i n f a l l , s p a c e f o r o u t - d o o r s l e e p i n g h a s t o b e p r o v i d e d . M o r e o f t e n t h i s w i l l b e o n t h e r o o f i n w h i c h c a s e t h e r o o f f i n i s h s h o u l d b e s e l e c t e d to w i t h s t a n d f o o t - t r a f f i c . " r e p o r t _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n l = " W i t h h e a v y r a i n f a l l o c c u r r i n g e v e n i n o n e m o n t h o f t h e y e a r s p e c i a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r r o o f d r a i n a g e w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y . S t a g n a n t p o o l s m u s t b e a v o i d e d . ( E .g . l e v e l g u t t e r s ) a s t h e s e w i l l p r o v i d e b r e e d i n g g r o u n d s f o r m o s q u i t o e s . I n l o w c o s t b u i l d i n g s p o u t s a t r o o f l e v e l o r e a v e s d i s c h a r g e i s a c c e p t a b l e i f t h e f o o t o f t h e w a l l s is s u r r o u n d e d b y a c o n c r e t e p a t h o r a p r o n 0 .5m w id e , s l o p i n g a w a y f r o m t h e b u i l d i n g s " F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 6 S t e p 1 I f d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g o p e n i n g s s i z e = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 1 E l s e l f d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 2 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 2 E l s e l f d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 3 T h e n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 128 p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 3 E l s e l f d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 4 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g o p e n i n g s s i z e = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 4 E l s e l f d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 5 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g o p e n i n g s s i z e = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ s i z e 5 E l s e l f d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 6 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ o p e n i n g s _ p o s i t i o n = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p o s i t i o n l E l s e l f d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 7 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ o p e n i n g s _ p o s i t i o n = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p o s i t i o n 2 E l s e l f d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 8 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ o p e n i n g s _ p r o t e c t i o n = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p r o t e c t i o n 1 E l s e l f d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 9 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ o p e n i n g s _ p r o t e c t i o n = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s _ p r o t e c t i o n 2 E l s e l f d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 0 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g w a l l = d e t a i l r e p o r t w a l l s l E l s e l f d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 1 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g w a l l = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ w a l l s 2 E l s e l f d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 2 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g r o o f = d e t a i l r e p o r t r o o f s 1 E l s e l f d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 3 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ r o o f = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ r o o f s 2 E l s e l f d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 4 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ r o o f = d e t a i l r e p o r t _ r o o f s 3 E l s e l f d e t a i l _ r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 5 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ o u t d o o r = d e t a i l r e p o r t o u t d o o r l E l s e l f d e t a i l r e p o r t n u m b e r ( c o u n t ) = 1 6 T h e n p o p u l a t e s t r i n g r a i n p r o t e c t i o n = d e t a i l r e p o r t r a i n p r o t e c t i o n l E n d I f N e x t c o u n t P o p u l a t e F R M D E T A I L S O P E N I N G p o p u l a t e s t r i n g o p e n i n g s s i z e , p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ o p e n i n g s _ p o s i t i o n , _ p o p u l a t e s t r i n g _ o p e n i n g s _ p r o t e c t i o n P o p u l a t e F R M _ D E T A I L S _ W A L L S p o p u l a t e s t r i n g w a l l P o p u l a t e F R M D E T A I L S R O O F S p o p u l a t e s t r i n g r o o f P o p u l a t e F R M D E T A I L S O U T D O O R p o p u l a t e s t r i n g o u t d o o r P o p u l a t e F R M _ D E T A I L S _ R A I N P R O T E C T I O N p o p u l a t e s t r i n g r a i n p r o t e c t i o n f r m _ r e p o r t . l b l _ n a m e _ o f _ p l a c e = f r m r e p o r t . L a b e l l . C a p t i o n 'I f f o r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S _ f l a g = 1 T h e n ' f r m _ r e p o r t . l b l _ l a t . C a p t i o n = f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . T e x t 2 . T e x t ' f r m r e p o r t . l b l l o n g . C a p t i o n = f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . T e x t 3 . T e x t ' f r m _ r e p o r t . l b l _ a l t . C a p t i o n = f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . T e x t 4 . T e x t ’E n d I f ' R e s e t t h e f l a g 'f o r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S _ f l a g = 0 r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p = " T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e c e n t i g r a d e ( m o n t h l y m e a n m a x ) o v e r t h e 1 2 m o n t h s a r e a s f o l l o w s : " & v b C r L f & " " F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 129 I f c o u n t < 1 1 T h e n r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p & m o n t h l y m e a n m a x ( c o u n t ) & " , " E l s e r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p & m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( c o u n t ) E n d I f N e x t c o u n t r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p & v b C r L f & " T e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e c e n t i g r a d e ( m o n t h l y m e a n m i n ) o v e r t h e 1 2 m o n t h s a r e a s f o l l o w s : " & v b C r L f & " " F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 I f c o u n t < 1 1 T h e n r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p & m o n t h l y m e a n m i n ( c o u n t ) & " , " E l s e r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p & m o n t h l y m e a n m i n ( c o u n t ) E n d I f N e x t c o u n t f r m _ r e p o r t . t x t b o x _ t e m p . T e x t = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ t e m p r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m = " H u m i d i t y i n p e r c e n t a g e ( % ) ( m o n t h l y m e a n m a x a m ) o v e r t h e 1 2 m o n t h s a r e a s f o l l o w s : " & v b C r L f & " " F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 I f c o u n t < 1 1 T h e n r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m & m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( c o u n t ) & " , " E l s e r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m & m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( c o u n t ) E n d I f N e x t c o u n t r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m & v b C r L f & " H u m i d i t y i n p e r c e n t a g e ( % ) ( m o n t h l y m e a n m a x p m ) o v e r t h e 1 2 m o n t h s a r e a s f o l l o w s : " & v b C r L f & " " F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 I f c o u n t < 1 1 T h e n r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m & m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( c o u n t ) & " , " E l s e r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m & m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( c o u n t ) E n d I f N e x t c o u n t f r m r e p o r t . t x t b o x h u m . T e x t = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ h u m r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ r w = " R a i n f a l l i n m m o v e r t h e 1 2 m o n t h s a r e a s f o l l o w s : " & v b C r L f & " " F o r c o u n t = 0 T o 11 S t e p 1 I f c o u n t < 1 1 T h e n r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ r w = r e p o r t j p a g e l r w & m o n t h l y r a i n f a l l m m ( c o u n t ) & " , " E l s e r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ r w = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ r w & m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( c o u n t ) E n d I f N e x t c o u n t f r m _ r e p o r t . t x t b o x _ r w . T e x t = r e p o r t _ p a g e l _ r w ' P A G E 2 R E P O R T Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 130 r e p o r t _ l a y o u t l = " B u i l d i n g s s h o u l d b e o r i e n t e d o n a n e a s t - w e s t a x i s , t h e l o n g e l e v a t i o n f a c i n g n o r t h a n d s o u t h t o r e d u c e e x p o s u r e t o t h e s u n ." r e p o r t _ l a y o u t 2 = " B u i l d i n g s s h o u l d b e p l a n n e d a r o u n d s m a l l c o u r t y a r d s i f t h e r m a l s t o r a g e is r e q u i r e d f o r m o s t o f t h e y e a r , i.e . w h e n h o t - d r y s e a s o n is d o m i n a n t . " r e p o r t _ s p a c i n g l = " B u i l d i n g s s h o u l d b e b r o a d l y s p a c e d f o r b r e e z e p e n e t r a t i o n . A s a r o u g h g u i d e , s p a c e b e t w e e n l o n g r o w s o f b u i l d i n g s h o u l d n o t b e l e s s t h a n f i v e t i m e s t h e h e i g h t . " r e p o r t _ s p a c i n g 2 = " I f w i n d p e n e t r a t i o n is n e e d e d f o r o n l y a p a r t o f t h e y e a r , i t e m 3 is a p p l i c a b l e , h o w e v e r a d e q u a t e p r o v i s i o n m u s t b e m a d e f o r p r o t e c t i o n f r o m w c o l d a n d d u s t y w i n d s ." r e p o r t _ s p a c i n g 3 = " C o m p a c t p l a n n i n g is r e c o m m e n d e d i f a i r - m o v e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t is i n s i g n i f i c a n t . " r e p o r t a i r m o v e m e n t l = " R o o m s s h o u l d b e s i n g l e b a n k e d w i t h w i n d o w s i n t h e n o r t h a n d s o u t h w a l l s t o e n s u r e a i r - m o v e m e n t b y a m p l e c r o s s v e n t i l a t i o n . " r e p o r t _ a i r m o v e m e n t 2 = " R o o m s m a y b e d o u b l e b a n k e d b u t p l a n s h o u l d a l l o w f o r t e m p o r a r y c r o s s v e n t i l a t i o n ( e .g . l a r g e i n t e r - c o n n e c t i n g d o o r s ) . I f w i n d is u n r e l i a b l e , o r s i t e l i m i t a t i o n s r e s t r i c t p l a n n i n g , f o r c r o s s - v e n t i l a t i o n , c e i l i n g m o u n t e d f a n s m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d . T h i s w o u l d r e q u i r e a r o o m h e i g h t o f n o t l e s s t h a n 2 . 7 5 m , w h i c h m i g h t a f f e c t t h e b a s i c b u i l t f o r m ." r e p o r t _ a i r m o v e m e n t 3 = " I f a i r m o v e m e n t is n e v e r e s s e n t i a l , a n d is d e s i r a b l e f o r n o t m o r e t h a n a m o n t h , r o o m s c a n b e d o u b l e b a n k e d a n d t h e r e is n o t m u c h n e e d f o r c r o s s - v e n t i l a t i o n . " r e p o r t o p e n i n g s l = " O p e n i n g s s h o u l d b e l a r g e , b e t w e e n 4 0 - 8 0 % o f t h e n o r t h a n d s o u t h w a l l s . T h e s e n e e d n o t b e f u l l y g l a z e d , b u t s h o u l d b e p r o t e c t e d f r o m t h e s u n , s k y - g l a r e a n d r a i n , p r e f e r a b l y b y h o r i z o n t a l o v e r h a n g . " r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s 2 = " O p e n i n g s h a v e t o b e v e r y s m a l l , l e s s t h a n 2 0 % o f t h e w a l l ." r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s 3 = " O p e n i n g s h a v e t o b e m e d i u m , b e t w e e n 2 0 - 4 0 % o f t h e w a l l a r e a . O p e n i n g s i n t h e e a s t w a l l m a y b e d e s i r a b l e w h e r e c o l d s e a s o n is lo n g . I n w e s t w a l l o p e n i n g s a r e a c c e p t a b l e i n m o d e r a t e o r c o l d c l i m a t e s , b u t u n d e r n o c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n t h e t r o p i c s ." r e p o r t w a l l s l = " E x t e r n a l w a l l s s h o u l d b e l i g h t w i t h l o w t h e r m a l c a p a c i t y . " & v b C r L f & _ " a ) I n t e r n a l w a l l s s h o u l d a l s o b e l i g h t w h e r e h o t - d r y c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l f o r a s h o r t t i m e o n l y " & v b C r L f & _ " b ) I n t e r n a l w a l l s s h o u l d b e h e a v y a n d m a s s i v e w h e r e a n o c c u r r e n c e o f h o t - d r y c o n d i t i o n s is c o m b i n e d w i t h l a r g e a n n u a l m e a n r a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e . ( o v e r 2 0 d e g C ) " r e p o r t _ w a l l s 2 = " B o t h e x t e r n a l a n d i n t e r n a l w a l l s s h o u l d b e m a s s i v e " r e p o r t _ r o o f l = " L i g h t b u t w e l l i n s u l a t e d r o o f w i t h l o w t h e r m a l c a p a c i t y " r e p o r t _ r o o f 2 = " H e a v y r o o f w i t h s u b s t a n t i a l t h e r m a l c a p a c i t y g i v i n g a t i m e l a g o f a t l e a s t 8 h o u r s ." r e p o r t o u t d o o r l = " I t s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d o n r o o f s b a l c o n i e s o r i n p a t i o s , s o t h a t t h e s l e e p e r s a r e e x p o s e d t o t h e c o l d e s t p a r t o f t h e n i g h t s k y , ( t h e z e n i t h ) t o i n c r e a s e h e a t l o s s b y o u t g o i n g r a d i a t i o n . " r e p o r t r a i n p r o t e c t i o n l = " S p e c i a l p r o t e c t i v e m e a s u r e s a r e n e e d e d i f r a i n is f r e q u e n t a n d h e a v y - s u c h a s d e e p v e r a n d a h s , w i d e o v e r - h a n g s , c o v e r e d p a s s a g e s . " 'D i m p i c o b j e c t _ l a y o u t A s P i c t u r e ’D i m p i c o b j e c t s p a c i n g A s P i c t u r e 'D i m p i c o b j e c t _ a i r m o v e m n t A s P i c t u r e 'D i m p i c o b j e c t _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n A s P i c t u r e D i m i m a g e _ p a t h A s S t r i n g Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 131 D i m i m a g e _ l a y o u t A s S t r i n g D i m i m a g e s p a c i n g A s S t r i n g D i m i m a g e _ a i r m o v e m e n t A s S t r i n g D i m i m a g e r a i n p r o t e c t i o n A s S t r i n g D i m i m a g e o p e n i n g A s S t r i n g D i m f W i d t h A s D o u b l e , f H e i g h t A s D o u b l e ' S e t a l l t h e i m a g e n a m e s h e r e i m a g e j p a t h = A p p . P a t h & " \ T h e s i s _ i m a g e s \ " I f r e p o r t n u m b e r ( O ) = 1 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ l a y o u t . T e x t = r e p o r t l a y o u t l ’L o a d i m a g e i m a g e l a y o u t = i m a g e _ p a t h & " E A S T - W E S T A X I S . g i f 1 S e t p i c o b j e c t l a y o u t = L o a d P i c t u r e ( i m a g e _ l a y o u t ) S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 1 .P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t l a y o u t 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g 1 .P i c t u r e 1 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ l a y o u t . P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 1, 0 , 0 , f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y f f m _ r e p o r t _ p g 1 .P i c t u r e 1. V i s i b l e = F a l s e E l s e l f r e p o r t n u m b e r ( O ) = 2 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ l a y o u t . T e x t = r e p o r t _ l a y o u t 2 ' L o a d I m a g e i m a g e l a y o u t = i m a g e _ p a t h & " C O U R T Y A R D S . g i f 1 S e t p i c o b j e c t _ l a y o u t = L o a d P i c t u r e ( i m a g e l a y o u t ) S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 1 .P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t _ l a y o u t 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 1 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h fHeight = .ScaleHeight E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ l a y o u t . P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 1 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 132 f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 1. V i s i b l e = F a l s e E l s e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ l a y o u t . T e x t = " T h e r e a r e n o s u g g e s t i o n s ." E n d I f I f r e p o r t n u m b e r ( l ) = 3 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ s p a c i n g . T e x t = r e p o r t s p a c i n g l 'L o a d i m a g e i m a g e _ s p a c i n g = i m a g e _ p a t h & " W I D E S P A C I N G . g i f 1 S e t p i c o b j e c t s p a c i n g = L o a d P i c t u r e ( i m a g e _ s p a c i n g ) S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 . P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t _ s p a c i n g 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ s p a c i n g . P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E l s e l f r e p o r t n u m b e r ( l ) = 4 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ s p a c i n g . T e x t = r e p o r t _ s p a c i n g 2 ' L o a d I m a g e im a g e s p a c i n g = i m a g e _ p a t h & " W I N D P R O T E C T I O N . g i f ' S e t p i c o b j e c t _ s p a c i n g = L o a d P i c t u r e ( i m a g e _ s p a c i n g ) S e t f f m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 . P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t s p a c i n g 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ s p a c i n g . P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E l s e l f r e p o r t n u m b e r ( l ) = 5 T h e n f h n _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ s p a c i n g . T e x t = r e p o r t _ s p a c i n g 3 ' L o a d I m a g e i m a g e _ s p a c i n g = i m a g e _ p a t h & " N A R R O W S P A C I N G . g i f ' Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. S e t p i c o b j e c t s p a c i n g = L o a d P i c t u r e ( i m a g e s p a c i n g ) S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 . P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t s p a c i n g 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ s p a c i n g . P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m r e p o r t _ p g 1 . P i c t u r e 2 , 0 , 0 , _ f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d I f I f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2 ) = 6 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t f f m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ a i r m o v e m e n t . T e x t = r e p o r t _ a i r m o v e m e n t l 'L o a d i m a g e i m a g e a i r m o v e m e n t = i m a g e _ p a t h & " S I N G L E B A N K E D . g i f ' S e t p i c o b j e c t _ a i r m o v e m e n t = L o a d P i c t u r e ( i m a g e _ a i r m o v e m e n t ) S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 . P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t a i r m o v e m e n t 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ a i r m o v e m e n t . P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 , 0 , 0 , _ f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E l s e l f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2 ) = 7 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ a i r m o v e m e n t . T e x t = r e p o r t _ a i r m o v e m e n t 2 ' L o a d I m a g e i m a g e a i r m o v e m e n t = i m a g e _ p a t h & " D O U B L E B A N K E D C R O S S V E N T . g i f ' Set picobject airmovement = LoadPicture(image_airmovement) S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 . P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t a i r m o v e m e n t 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f f m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 134 E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ a i r m o v e m e n t . P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m r e p o r t p g 1 , P i c t u r e 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E l s e l f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 2 ) = 8 T h e n f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ a i r m o v e m e n t . T e x t = r e p o r t _ a i r m o v e m e n t 3 ' L o a d I m a g e im a g e a i r m o v e m e n t = i m a g e _ p a t h & " D O U B L E B A N K E D . g i f " S e t p i c o b j e c t a i r m o v e m e n t = L o a d P i c t u r e ( i m a g e _ a i r m o v e m e n t ) S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 . P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t a i r m o v e m e n t 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f t m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ a i r m o v e m e n t . P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E l s e f h n _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ a i r m o v e m e n t . T e x t = " N o s u g g e s t i o n s " E n d I f I f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 3 ) = 9 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ o p e n n i n g s . T e x t = r e p o r t o p e n i n g s l 'L o a d i m a g e i m a g e o p e n i n g = i m a g e _ p a t h & " M O S T O P E N I N G S . g i f ' S e t p i c o b j e c t o p e n i n g = L o a d P i c t u r e ( i m a g e o p e n i n g ) S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 . P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t o p e n i n g 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ o p e n i n g . P a i n t P i c t u r e f f m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 , 0 , 0 , _ Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 135 f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E l s e l f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 3 ) = 1 0 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ o p e n n i n g s . T e x t = r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s 2 ' L o a d I m a g e i m a g e _ o p e n i n g = i m a g e _ p a t h & " M O D E R A T E O P E N I N G S . g i f 1 S e t p i c o b j e c t o p e n i n g = L o a d P i c t u r e ( i m a g e o p e n i n g ) S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 . P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t _ o p e n i n g 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ o p e n i n g . P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 , 0 , 0 , _ f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E l s e l f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 3 ) = 11 T h e n f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ o p e n n i n g s . T e x t = r e p o r t _ o p e n i n g s 3 ' L o a d i m a g e i m a g e _ o p e n i n g = i m a g e _ p a t h & " L E A S T O P E N I N G S . g i f 1 S e t p i c o b j e c t o p e n i n g = L o a d P i c t u r e ( i m a g e o p e n i n g ) S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 . P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t o p e n i n g 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f f m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f f m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ o p e n i n g . P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 , 0 , 0 , _ f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E l s e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ o p e n n i n g s . T e x t = " N o s u g g e s t i o n s f o r o p e n i n g s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e d a t a t h a t y o u h a v e p r o v i d e d . " E n d I f I f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 4 ) = 1 2 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 136 f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ w a l l s . T e x t = r e p o r t w a l l s 1 'L o a d i m a g e E l s e l f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 4 ) = 1 3 T h e n 1 L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ w a l l s . T e x t = r e p o r t _ w a l l s 2 1 L o a d I m a g e E l s e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ w a l l s . T e x t = " N o s u g g e s t i o n s f o r w a l l s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e d a t a t h a t y o u h a v e p r o v i d e d . " E n d I f I f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 5 ) = 1 4 T h e n 1 L o a d t e x t f n n _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ r o o f . T e x t = r e p o r t r o o f l 'L o a d i m a g e E l s e l f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 5 ) = 1 5 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ r o o f . T e x t = r e p o r t _ r o o f 2 ' L o a d I m a g e E n d I f I f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 6) = 1 6 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ o u t e r s l e e p i n g . T e x t = r e p o r t o u t d o o r l 'L o a d i m a g e E l s e ' L o a d t e x t f h n _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ o u t e r s l e e p i n g . T e x t = " O u t d o o r s l e e p i n g a r e a is n o t r e c o m e n d e d . " ' L o a d I m a g e E n d I f I f r e p o r t _ n u m b e r ( 7 ) = 1 7 T h e n ' L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n . T e x t = r e p o r t _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n l 'L o a d i m a g e ' L o a d I m a g e i m a g e _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n = i m a g e _ p a t h & " R A I N P R O T E C T I O N . g i f ' S e t p i c o b j e c t _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n = L o a d P i c t u r e ( i m a g e r a i n p r o t e c t i o n ) S e t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 4 . P i c t u r e = p i c o b j e c t r a i n p r o t e c t i o n 'S t r e t c h t h e i m a g e W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 4 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . p i c _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n . P a i n t P i c t u r e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 4 , 0 , 0 , _ f W i d t h / 4 , f H e i g h t / 3 , 0 , 0 , f W i d t h , f H e i g h t , v b S r c C o p y Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 137 f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 4 . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E l s e ' L o a d t e x t f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . t x t b o x _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n . T e x t = " P r o t e c t i o n f r o m h e a v y r a i n is n o t r e q u i r e d i n t h is a r e a . " E n d I f E n d F u n c t i o n F u n c t i o n I m a g e V i e w F o r m R e s i z e ( ) D i m b a s e n u m A s I n t e g e r b a s e _ n u m = 120 f f m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . W i d t h = f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . W i d t h + ( b a s e n u m * 8) f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . H e i g h t = f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . H e i g h t + ( b a s e n u m * 2 0 ) f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . F r a m e l . W i d t h = f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . W i d t h + ( b a s e n u m * 4 ) f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . F r a m e l . H e i g h t = f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e 1 .H e i g h t + ( b a s e n u m * 6) f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . C o m m a n d l . T o p = f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . P i c t u r e 1 .H e i g h t + ( b a s e n u m * 1 0 ) f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . C o m m a n d l . W i d t h = f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . W i d t h - ( b a s e n u m * 4 ) E n d F u n c t i o n D B p r o p e r t i e s O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ c l o s e _ p r o p e r t i e s _ C l i c k ( ) U n l o a d M e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b F o r m _ L o a d ( ) ' a d d t h e p o p u l a t e c o d e h e r e E n d S u b r o p o r t p a g e -1 O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ d e t a i l s _ o p e n i n g s _ C l i c k ( ) f r m _ d e t a i l s _ o p e n i n g . V i s i b l e = T m e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ o u t _ d e t a i l s _ C l i c k ( ) f r m _ d e t a i l s _ o u t d o o r . V i s i b l e = T m e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n _ d e t a i l s _ C l i c k ( ) f r m _ d e t a i l s _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n . V i s i b l e = T m e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ r o o f _ d e t a i l s _ C l i c k ( ) f r m d e t a i l s r o o f s . V i s i b l e = T m e Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 138 E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ w a l l s _ d e t a i l _ C l i c k ( ) f r m _ d e t a i l s _ w a l l s . V i s i b l e = T r u e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d l _ C l i c k ( ) f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d 2 _ C l i c k ( ) E x i t P r o g r a m E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d 3 _ C l i c k ( ) I f f r m m a i n . d i r e c t i o n = 0 T h e n f r m r e p o r t . V i s i b l e = F a l s e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . V i s i b l e = F a l s e F r m _ p l a c e s _ U S . V i s i b l e = T m e E l s e l f f r m m a i n . d i r e c t i o n = 1 T h e n f r m _ r e p o r t . V i s i b l e = F a l s e f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . V i s i b l e = F a l s e f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d e l . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . f o r _ r e p o r t f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . V i s i b l e = T m e E n d I f E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ p r i n t _ C l i c k ( ) C o m m o n D i a l o g 1. S h o w P r i n t e r E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b m n u _ s a v e _ C l i c k ( ) C o m m o n D i a l o g l . S h o w S a v e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b p i c _ a i r m o v e m e n t _ C l i c k ( ) D i m f W i d t h A s D o u b l e , f H e i g h t A s D o u b l e f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . V i s i b l e = T m e f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . P i c t u r e = f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 3 . P i c t u r e W i t h f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e 1 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 139 E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . P i c t u r e 1 . W i d t h = f W i d t h f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . H e i g h t = f H e i g h t I m a g e V i e w F o r m R e s i z e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b p i c _ a i r m o v e m e n t _ M o u s e M o v e ( B u t t o n A s I n t e g e r , S h i f t A s I n t e g e r , X A s S i n g l e , Y A s S i n g l e ) p i c _ a i r m o v e m e n t . T o o l T i p T e x t = " C l i c k h e r e t o s e e t h e e n t i r e p i c t u r e " E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b p i c _ l a y o u t _ C l i c k ( ) D i m f W i d t h A s D o u b l e , f H e i g h t A s D o u b l e f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . V i s i b l e = T r u e f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . P i c t u r e = f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 1 .P i c t u r e W i t h f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e 1 I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = , S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . W i d t h = f W i d t h f t m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . H e i g h t = f H e i g h t I m a g e V i e w F o r m R e s i z e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b p i c _ l a y o u t _ M o u s e M o v e ( B u t t o n A s I n t e g e r , S h i f t A s I n t e g e r , X A s S i n g l e , Y A s S i n g l e ) 'p i c l a y o u t . M o u s e P o i n t e r = 1 0 p i c l a y o u t . T o o l T i p T e x t = " C l i c k h e r e t o s e e t h e e n t i r e p i c t u r e " E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b p i c _ o p e n i n g _ C l i c k ( ) D i m f W i d t h A s D o u b l e , f H e i g h t A s D o u b l e f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . V i s i b l e = T m e f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . P i c t u r e = f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 5 . P i c t u r e W i t h f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 140 f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . W i d t h = f W i d t h f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . H e i g h t = f H e i g h t I m a g e V i e w F o r m R e s i z e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b p i c _ o p e n i n g _ M o u s e M o v e ( B u t t o n A s I n t e g e r , S h i f t A s I n t e g e r , X A s S i n g l e , Y A s S i n g l e ) p i c o p e n i n g . T o o l T i p T e x t = " C l i c k h e r e t o s e e t h e e n t i r e p i c t u r e " E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b p i c _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n _ C l i c k ( ) D i m f W i d t h A s D o u b l e , f H e i g h t A s D o u b l e f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . V i s i b l e = T r u e f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . P i c t u r e = f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 4 . P i c t u r e W i t h f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t E l s e f W i d t h = , S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . W i d t h = f W i d t h f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . H e i g h t = f H e i g h t I m a g e V i e w F o r m R e s i z e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b p i c _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n _ M o u s e M o v e ( B u t t o n A s I n t e g e r , S h i f t A s I n t e g e r , X A s S i n g l e , Y A s S i n g l e ) p i c _ r a i n p r o t e c t i o n . T o o l T i p T e x t = " C l i c k h e r e t o s e e t h e e n t i r e p i c t u r e " E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b p i c _ s p a c i n g _ C l i c k ( ) D i m f W i d t h A s D o u b l e , f H e i g h t A s D o u b l e f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . V i s i b l e - T r u e f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . P i c t u r e = f r m _ r e p o r t _ p g l . P i c t u r e 2 . P i c t u r e W i t h f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l I f . A u t o S i z e T h e n f W i d t h = . S c a l e W i d t h f H e i g h t = . S c a l e H e i g h t Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 141 E l s e f W i d t h = . S c a l e X ( . P i c t u r e . H e i g h t , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) f H e i g h t = . S c a l e Y ( . P i c t u r e . W i d t h , v b H i m e t r i c , . S c a l e M o d e ) E n d I f E n d W i t h f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . P i c t u r e l . W i d t h = f W i d t h f r m _ i m a g e _ v i e w e r . P i c t u r e 1. H e i g h t = f H e i g h t I m a g e V i e w F o r m R e s i z e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b p i c _ s p a c i n g _ M o u s e M o v e ( B u t t o n A s I n t e g e r , S h i f t A s I n t e g e r , X A s S i n g l e , Y A s S i n g l e ) p i c _ s p a c i n g . T o o l T i p T e x t = " C l i c k h e r e t o s e e t h e e n t i r e p i c t u r e " E n d S u b I m a g e V i e w e r p a g e O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d l _ C l i c k ( ) f r m i m a g e v i e w e r . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d S u b O p e n i n g D e t a i l s O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d l _ C l i c k ( ) f r m _ d e t a i l s _ o p e n i n g . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d S u b W a l l D e t a i l s O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d l _ C l i c k ( ) f r m _ d e t a i l s _ w a l l s . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d S u b R o o f D e t a i l s O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d l _ C l i c k ( ) f r m _ d e t a i l s _ r o o f s . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d S u b O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d l _ C l i c k ( ) f r m d e t a i l s o u t d o o r . V i s i b l e = F a l s e Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 142 E n d S u b O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P r i v a t e S u b C o m m a n d l _ C l i c k ( ) f r m d e t a i l s r a i n p r o t e c t i o n . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E n d S u b D a t a F r o m W e b O p t i o n E x p l i c i t D i m a c c e s s F l a g A s I n t e g e r D i m i n t e r c e p t A s I n t e g e r ' L o c a t i o n s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n D i m c i t y A s S t r i n g D i m s t a t e A s S t r i n g D i m c o u n t r y A s S t r i n g D i m l a t i t u d e A s S t r i n g D i m l o n g i t u d e A s S t r i n g D i m a l t i t u d e A s S t r i n g ' D B T , m e a n m a x , m o n t h l y r a i n f a l l r e l a t e d i n f o r m a t i o D i m l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 1 2 ) A s D o u b l e D i m l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 1 2 ) A s D o u b l e D i m l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 1 2 ) A s D o u b l e D i m l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 1 2 ) A s D o u b l e D i m l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 1 2 ) A s D o u b l e P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ a d d _ t o _ d b _ C l i c k ( ) D i m s t r t x t U R L A s S t r i n g D i m s t r b u f f e r A s S t r i n g 'D i m d o n e A s B o o l e a n D i m l o c a t i o n d e m a r k c o u n t e r A s I n t e g e r D i m l o c a t i o n _ c o u n t e r A s I n t e g e r D i m m a r k l A s L o n g D i m m a r k 2 A s L o n g D i m a u x A s L o n g D i m a u x l A s L o n g D i m a u x 2 A s L o n g D i m s t a r t _ p o i n t A s L o n g D i m e n d _ p o i n t A s L o n g D i m f o r c e d l o o p c o n d i t i o n l A s I n t e g e r D i m f o r c e d l o o p c o n d i t i o n A s I n t e g e r D i m c o m m a _ c o u n t e r A s I n t e g e r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 143 D i m o l d _ m o n t h A s I n t e g e r D i m t h i s m o n t h A s S t r i n g D i m t h i s _ d a y A s S t r i n g D i m t h i s _ h o u r A s S t r i n g D i m t m p h o l d e r A s S t r i n g D i m n u m _ t h i s _ h o u r A s I n t e g e r D i m n u m t h i s d a y A s I n t e g e r D i m n u m t h i s m o n t h A s I n t e g e r D i m d b t _ h r A s D o u b l e D i m m i n _ m a x _ h r A s D o u b l e D i m p r c p t _ h r A s D o u b l e D i m d b t ( 2 4 ) A s D o u b l e D i m n u m A s D o u b l e D i m m i n _ m a x ( 2 4 ) A s D o u b l e D i m s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ a m A s D o u b l e D i m s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m A s D o u b l e D i m s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ a m _ a v g A s D o u b l e D i m s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g A s D o u b l e D i m s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n A s D o u b l e D i m s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g A s D o u b l e D i m s u m d b t m a x A s D o u b l e D i m s u m d b t m i n A s D o u b l e D i m e n t r i e s A s I n t e g e r D i m i A s I n t e g e r D i m j A s I n t e g e r I f M s g B o x ( " A d d i t i o n t o d a t a b a s e f r o m w e b u s u a l l y t a k e s s o m e t i m e , I f y o u a r e s u r e c o n t i n u e w i t h t h e o p e r a t i o n " , v b O K C a n c e l + v b l n f o r m a t i o n ) = v b C a n c e l T h e n E x i t S u b E n d I f i n t e r c e p t = 1 c m d _ a d d _ t o _ d b . E n a b l e d = F a l s e c m d g o t o . E n a b l e d = F a l s e c m d _ c l o s e . E n a b l e d = F a l s e P r o g r e s s B a r l . V i s i b l e = T m e s t r _ t x t _ U R L = t x t U R L . T e x t I f t x t _ U R L . T e x t = " " T h e n M s g B o x " E i t h e r c l i c k o n a U R L t h a t is s u p p l i e d i n t h e b r o w s e r w i n d o w o r i n s e r t y o u o w n U R L " , v b C r i t i c a l E x i t S u b E n d I f I f R i g h t $ ( s t r _ t x t _ U R L , 4 ) = " . e p w " O r R i g h t $ ( s t r _ t x t _ U R L , 4 ) = " . E P W " T h e n ' D o n o t h i n g E l s e M s g B o x " P l e a s e m a k e s u r e t h a t i t is a n U R L t h a t e n d s w i t h . E P W o r . e p w " , v b C r i t i c a l t x t U R L . S e t F o c u s E x i t S u b Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 144 E n d I f W e b B r o w s e r l . N a v i g a t e t x t _ U R L . T e x t ' O n l y i f t h e b r o w s e r is r e a c h a b l e I f a c c e s s F l a g = 0 T h e n M s g B o x " L o c a t i o n is u n r e a c h a b l e !", v b C r i t i c a l t x t _ U R L . S e t F o c u s E x i t S u b E n d I f ' M a i n c o d e h e r e s t r _ b u f f e r = I n e t l . O p e n U R L ( t x t _ U R L . T e x t ) ' p a r s e t h e m a s t e r s t r i n g m a r k l = 0 m a r k 2 = 0 l o c a t i o n _ d e m a r k _ c o u n t e r = 0 l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r = 0 a u x = 0 D o a u x = m a r k l m a r k l = I n S t r ( a u x + 1, s t r b u f f e r , I f m a r k l = 0 T h e n E x i t D o ' S a f e g u a r d E l s e l o c a t i o n _ d e m a r k _ c o u n t e r = l o c a t i o n d e m a r k c o u n t e r + 1 E n d I f I f l o c a t i o n d e m a r k c o u n t e r = 3 T h e n s t a t e = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, ( m a r k l - ( a u x + 1 )) ) l o c a t i o n _ c o u n t e r = l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r + 1 E l s e l f l o c a t i o n _ d e m a r k _ c o u n t e r = 7 T h e n l a t i t u d e = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, ( m a r k l - ( a u x + 1 )) ) l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r = l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r + 1 E l s e l f l o c a t i o n _ d e m a r k _ c o u n t e r = 9 T h e n m a r k 2 = I n S t r ( a u x + 1, s t r _ b u f f e r , C h r ( 1 3 ) ) a l t i t u d e = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , m a r k l + 1, ( m a r k 2 - ( m a r k l + 1 )) ) E x i t D o E n d I f m a r k 2 = I n S t r ( m a r k l + 1, s t r _ b u f f e r , I f m a r k 2 = 0 T h e n E x i t D o ' S a f e g u a r d E l s e l o c a t i o n _ d e m a r k _ c o u n t e r = l o c a t i o n _ d e m a r k _ c o u n t e r + 1 E n d I f I f l o c a t i o n d e m a r k c o u n t e r = 2 T h e n c i t y = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , m a r k l + 1, ( m a r k 2 - ( m a r k l + 1 )) ) l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r = l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r + 1 E l s e l f l o c a t i o n d e m a r k c o u n t e r = 4 T h e n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 145 c o u n t r y = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , m a r k l + 1, ( m a r k 2 - ( m a r k l + 1 )) ) l o c a t i o n _ c o u n t e r = l o c a t i o n _ c o u n t e r + 1 E l s e l f l o c a t i o n _ d e m a r k _ c o u n t e r = 8 T h e n l o n g i t u d e = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , m a r k l + 1, ( m a r k 2 - ( m a r k l + 1 )) ) l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r = l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r + 1 E n d I f m a r k l = m a r k 2 L o o p U n t i l l o c a t i o n c o u n t e r > 5 'M s g B o x " S t a t e c o d e is : " & s t a t e , v b O K O n l y 'M s g B o x " C o u n t r y : " & c o u n t r y , v b O K O n l y 'M s g B o x " C i t y : " & c i t y , v b O K O n l y 'M s g B o x " L a t i t u d e : " & l a t i t u d e , v b O K O n l y 'M s g B o x " L o n g i t u d e : " & l o n g i t u d e , v b O K O n l y 'M s g B o x " A l t i t u d e : " & a l t i t u d e , v b O K O n l y P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 2 0 ' M a k e s u r e t h a t t h e u s e r is n o t r e - e n t e r i n g t h e s a m e p l a c e f r m j p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t M o v e F i r s t D o U n t i l f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . E O F I f c i t y = f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " N a m e _ o f _ t h e _ p l a c e " ) . V a l u e T h e n M s g B o x " Y O U H A V E A L R E A D Y E N T E R E D " & c i t y & " I N T H E D A T A B A S E !" _ & C h r ( 1 3 ) & " P l e a s e S e l e c t a n o t h e r p l a c e f r o m t h e w e b ..." , v b C r i t i c a l c m d _ a d d _ t o _ d b . E n a b l e d = T r u e c m d _ g o t o . E n a b l e d = T r u e c m d c l o s e . E n a b l e d = T m e P r o g r e s s B a r l . V i s i b l e = F a l s e E x i t S u b E n d I f f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e N e x t L o o p P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 3 0 a u x = I n S t r ( m a r k 2 , s t r _ b u f f e r , " D A T A P E R I O D S " , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) a u x = I n S t r ( a u x , s t r _ b u f f e r , C h r ( 1 3 ) , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) s t a r t _ p o i n t = a u x + 2 e n d _ p o i n t = I n S t r ( s t a r t _ p o i n t , s t r _ b u f f e r , C h r ( 1 3 ) , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) a u x = I n S t r ( s t a r t _ p o i n t , s t r _ b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) o l d m o n t h = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1 , 1 ) c o m m a c o u n t e r = 0 f o r c e d l o o p c o n d i t i o n l = 1 f o r c e d l o o p c o n d i t i o n = 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 146 t h i s m o n t h = 1 t h i s _ d a y = 1 t h i s _ h o u r = 1 s u m d b t m a x = 0 s u m d b t m i n = 0 s u m m i n m a x a m = 0 s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m = 0 s u m m i n m a x a m a v g = 0 s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = 0 s u m _ _ p r e c i p ia ti o n = 0 s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g = 0 D o a u x = s t a r t _ p o i n t e n d _ p o i n t = I n S t r ( s t a r t _ p o i n t , s t r _ b u f f e r , C h r ( 1 3 ) , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) c o m m a c o u n t e r = 0 D o a u x = I n S t r ( a u x + 1, s t r _ b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) c o m m a c o u n t e r = c o m m a _ c o u n t e r + 1 'I f t h i s m o n t h = 1 2 A n d t h i s _ d a y = 3 1 A n d t h i s h o u r = 2 3 T h e n ' M s g B o x " Y a H o o " , v b O K O n l y 'E n d I f I f c o m m a c o u n t e r = 1 T h e n ' t h i s m o n t h a u x l = I n S t r ( a u x + 1 , s t r _ b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) t h i s m o n t h = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) ) n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h = C l n t ( t h i s m o n t h ) E l s e l f c o m m a c o u n t e r = 2 T h e n ' t h i s _ d a y a u x l = I n S t r ( a u x + 1, s t r _ b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) t h i s _ d a y = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) ) n u m _ t h i s _ d a y = C l n t ( t h i s d a y ) E l s e l f c o m m a _ c o u n t e r = 3 T h e n ' t h i s h o u r a u x l = I n S t r ( a u x + 1 , s t r b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) t h i s h o u r = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) ) n u m t h i s h o u r = C l n t ( t h i s h o u r ) ' P i c k o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n h e r e ' d b t E l s e l f c o m m a _ c o u n t e r = 6 T h e n a u x l = I n S t r ( a u x + 1, s t r _ b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) t m p h o l d e r = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) ) d b t _ h r = C D b l ( t m p h o l d e r ) ' m e a n _ m a x _ a m / p m E l s e l f c o m m a c o u n t e r = 8 T h e n a u x l = I n S t r ( a u x + 1, s t r b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) t m p h o l d e r = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) ) m i n _ m a x _ h r = C D b l ( t m p h o l d e r ) ' m o n t h l y r a i n f a l l Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. E l s e l f c o m m a c o u n t e r = 2 8 T h e n a u x l = I n S t r ( a u x + 1, s t r b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) t m p h o l d e r = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , a u x + 1, a u x l - ( a u x + 1 ) ) p r c p t h r = C D b l ( t m p _ h o l d e r ) E x i t D o E n d I f L o o p U n t i l f o r c e d l o o p c o n d i t i o n l = 0 ' L o o k a h e a d o l d m o n t h c a l c u l a t i o n c o m m a c o u n t e r = 0 s t a r t _ p o i n t = e n d _ p o i n t + 2 D o a u x 2 = I n S t r ( s t a r t _ p o i n t + 1, s t r b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) c o m m a c o u n t e r = c o m m a _ c o u n t e r + 1 'I f t h i s m o n t h = 1 2 A n d t h i s d a y = 3 1 A n d t h i s _ h o u r = 2 3 T h e n 1 M s g B o x " Y a H o o " , v b O K O n l y 'E n d I f I f n u m t h i s m o n t h = 1 2 A n d n u m t h is d a y = 3 1 A n d n u m t h i s h o u r = 2 4 T h e n o l d _ m o n t h = 12 E x i t D o E l s e I f c o m m a _ c o u n t e r = 1 T h e n ' o l d m o n t h a u x l = I n S t r ( a u x 2 + 1, s t r _ b u f f e r , v b B i n a r y C o m p a r e ) t m p _ h o l d e r = M i d ( s t r _ b u f f e r , a u x 2 + 1, a u x l - ( a u x 2 + 1 )) o l d m o n t h = C I n t ( t m p _ h o l d e r ) E x i t D o E n d I f E n d I f L o o p U n t i l f o r c e d l o o p c o n d i t i o n l = 0 ' S e t c o n d i t i o n s I f n u m _ t h i s _ h o u r = 2 4 T h e n I f o l d _ m o n t h = n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h T h e n ' F I N D D B T E N T R I E S d b t ( n u m _ t h i s _ h o u r - 1) = d b t h r e n t r i e s = 2 3 ' s o r t 2 4 e n t r i e s ' f i n d t h e m a x i m u m a n d m i n i m u m F o r i = 0 T o 2 3 F o r j = 0 T o e n t r i e s - 1 I f d b t ( j ) > d b t ( j + 1 ) T h e n n u m = d b t ( j ) d b t ( j ) = d b t ( j + 1) d b t ( j + 1) = n u m E n d I f N e x t e n t r i e s = e n t r i e s -1 N e x t n u m = d b t ( 2 3 ) Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 148 s u m _ d b t _ m a x = s u m _ d b t _ m a x + n u m n u m = d b t( O ) s u m _ d b t _ m i n = s u m d b t m i n + n u m ' F I N D M I N M A X E N T R I E S m i n _ m a x ( n u m _ t h i s _ h o u r - 1) = m i n _ m a x _ h r F o r i = 0 T o 2 3 I f i < 1 2 T h e n s u m m i n m a x a m = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ a m + m i n m a x ( i ) E l s e s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m + m i n m a x ( i ) E n d I f N e x t i n u m = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ a m /1 2 s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ a m _ a v g = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ a m _ a v g + n u m s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ a m = 0 n u m = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m / 12 s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g + n u m s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m = 0 ' P R E C I P I T A T I O N E N T R I E S s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n = s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n + p r c p t _ h r s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n = s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n / 2 4 s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g = s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g + s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n = 0 I f n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h = 1 2 A n d n u m t h i s d a y = 3 1 A n d n u m _ t h i s _ h o u r = 2 4 T h e n s u m _ d b t _ m a x = s x u n _ d b t _ m a x / n u m t h i s d a y l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h - 1) = s u m d b t m a x s u m _ d b t _ m a x = 0 s u m d b t m i n = s u m _ d b t _ m i n / n u m _ t h i s _ d a y l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h - 1) = s u m d b t m i n s u m _ d b t _ m i n = 0 s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ a m _ a v g = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ a m _ a v g / n u m t h i s d a y l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h - 1) = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ a m _ a v g s u m m i n m a x a m a v g = 0 s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g / n u m _ t h i s _ d a y l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h - 1) = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = 0 s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g = s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g / n u m t h i s d a y l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h - 1) = s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g = 0 E n d I f E l s e l f o l d _ m o n t h < > n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h T h e n s u m _ d b t _ m a x = s u m _ d b t _ m a x / n u m _ t h i s _ d a y l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h - 1) = s u m d b t m a x s u m d b t m a x = 0 s u m _ d b t _ m i n = s u m _ d b t _ m i n / n u m t h i s d a y l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h - 1) = s u m _ d b t _ m i n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 149 s u m d b t m i n = 0 s u m m i n m a x a m a v g = s u m m i n m a x a m a v g / n u m t h i s d a y l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h - 1) = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ a m _ a v g s u m m i n m a x a m a v g = 0 s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g / n u m t h i s d a y l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h - 1) = s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g s u m _ m i n _ m a x _ p m _ a v g = 0 s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g = s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g / n u m _ t h i s _ d a y l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( n u m _ t h i s _ m o n t h - 1) = s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n _ a v g = 0 E n d I f E l s e d b t ( n u m _ t h i s _ h o u r - 1) = d b t _ h r m i n _ m a x ( n u m _ t h i s _ h o u r - 1) = m i n m a x h r s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n = s u m _ p r e c i p i a t i o n + p r c p t h r E n d I f If n u m t h i s m o n t h = 1 2 A n d t h i s _ d a y = 3 1 A n d t h i s h o u r = 2 4 T h e n f o r c e d l o o p c o n d i t i o n = 0 E n d I f ' D E B U G S T A T E M E N T S M s g B o x " M o n t h : " & t h i s m o n t h & " : D a y : " & t h i s d a y & " : H o u r : " & t h i s h o u r _ & C h r ( 1 3 ) & " D B T : " & d b t h r & " m i n _ m a x _ h r : " & m i n _ m a x _ h r & " R a i n f a l l : " & p r c p t _ h r , v b O K O n l y L o o p U n t i l f o r c e d l o o p c o n d i t i o n = 0 P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 6 0 ’ c o n n e c t t o d a t a b a s e ’ T h e c o n n e c t i o n s t r i n g h a s a l r e a d y b e e n c r e a t e d i n t h e d e s i g n v i e w f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e L a s t 1 A d d t o d a t a b a s e o n l y i f t h e n a m e o f t h e p l a c e is n o t l i s t e d a s a n e n t r y i n t h e d a t a b a s e 1 p u t t h e m i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e f i e l d s f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . A d d N e w f r m _ _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " N a m e _ o f _ t h e j d a c e " ) = c i t y frm_places_not_US.Adodcl.Recordset.Fields("January mean max temp") = I o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 0) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " F e b r u a r y m e a n m a x t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 1) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 6 4 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " M a r c h m e a n m a x t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 2) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " A p r i l m e a n m a x t e m p " ) = Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 150 l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n j m a x ( 3 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 6 4 f f m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " M a y m e a n m a x t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 4 ) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J u n e m e a n m a x t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 5 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 6 4 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J u l y m e a n m a x t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 6) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " A u g u s t m e a n m a x t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 7 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 68 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " S e p t e m b e r m e a n m a x t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x (8) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " O c t o b e r m e a n m a x t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 9 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 68 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " N o v e m b e r m e a n m a x t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 10) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " D e c e m b e r m e a n m a x t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( 11) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 68 f f m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J a n u a r y m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = I o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n (0) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " F e b m a r y m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 1) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 7 2 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " M a r c h m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 2) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " A p r i l m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 3 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 7 2 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " M a y m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 4 ) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J u n e m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 5 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 7 2 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 .R e c o r d s e t . F i c l d s ( " J u l y m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 6) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " A u g u s t m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 7 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 7 6 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " S e p t e m b e r m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n (8) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " O c t o b e r m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 9 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 7 6 f r m p l a c e s ^ n o t U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " N o v e m b e r m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( 1 0 ) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " D e c e m b e r m e a n m i n t e m p " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( l 1) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 7 6 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J a n u a r y R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = I o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 0) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " F e b m a r y R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 151 l o c a l m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 1) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 8 0 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " M a r c h R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 2) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " A p r i l R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 3 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 8 0 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " M a y R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 4 ) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J u n e R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 5 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 8 0 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J u l y R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 6) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " A u g u s t R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 7 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 8 4 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " S e p t e m b e r R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 8) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ) " O c t o b e r R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 9 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 8 4 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " N o v e m b e r R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( 10) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " D e c e m b e r R H m e a n m a x a m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( l 1) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 8 4 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J a n u a r y R H m e a n m a x p m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 0) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " F e b r u a r y R H m e a n m a x p m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 1) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 88 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " M a r c h R H m e a n m a x p m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 2) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " A p r i l R H m e a n m a x p m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 3 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 88 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " M a y R H m e a n m a x p m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 4 ) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J u n e R H m e a n m a x p m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 5 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 88 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J u l y R H m e a n m a x p m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 6) frm_places_not_US.Adodcl.Recordset.Fields("August RH mean max pm") = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 7 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 9 2 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " S e p t e m b e r R H m e a n m a x p m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 8) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " O c t o b e r R H m e a n m a x p m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 9 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 9 2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 152 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " N o v e m b e r R H m e a n m a x p m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( 10) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " D e c e m b e r R H m e a n m a x p m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( l 1) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 9 2 f r m j p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J a n u a r y r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 0) f f m j p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " F e b r u a r y r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 1) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 9 2 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " M a r c h r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 2 ) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " A p r i l r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 3 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 9 4 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " M a y r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 4 ) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J u n e r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 5 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 9 4 f f m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " J u l y r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 6) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " A u g u s t r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 7 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 9 4 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " S e p t e m b e r r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 8) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " O c t o b e r r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 9 ) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 9 7 f f m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " N o v e m b e r r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( 10) f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " D e c e m b e r r a i n f a l l m m " ) = l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( l 1) P r o g r e s s B a r l . V a l u e = 1 0 0 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . U p d a t e P r o g r e s s B a r l . V i s i b l e = F a l s e M s g B o x " A d d i t i o n t o D a t a b a s e : C O M P L E T E !" , v b O K O n l y c m d a d d _ t o _ d b . E n a b l e d = T m e c m d _ g o t o . E n a b l e d = T m e c m d _ c l o s e . E n a b l e d = T m e i n t e r c e p t = 0 ' D E B U G S T A T E M E N T S 'F o r i = 0 T o 11 ' M s g B o x " D B T m a x : " & l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x ( i ) & " D B T m i n : " & l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m i n ( i ) & _ ' C h r ( 1 3 ) & " R H a m : " & l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ a m ( i ) & " R H p m : " & l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ m e a n _ m a x _ p m ( i ) & _ ' C h r ( 1 3 ) & " R a i n f a l l i n m m : " & l o c a l _ m o n t h l y _ r a i n f a l l _ m m ( i ) , v b O K O n l y 'N e x t i E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ c l o s e _ C l i c k ( ) D i m c o u n t A s I n t e g e r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 153 D i m c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n A s I n t e g e r D i m l a s t _ i n d e x A s I n t e g e r f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . S e t F o c u s f r m _ d a t a _ f r o m _ w e b . V i s i b l e = F a l s e f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e f r e s h ' G e t i t b a c k t o t h e s a m e n a m e o f t h e p l a c e c u r r e n t_ _ p o s itio n = f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e F i r s t f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e L a s t l a s t _ i n d e x = f f m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n f f m _ _ p la c e s _ n o t_ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . M o v e F i r s t F o r c o u n t = 1 T o l a s t i n d e x S t e p 1 f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c o u n t I f f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c l . R e c o r d s e t . F i e l d s ( " N a m e _ o f _ t h e _ p l a c e " ) . V a l u e = c i t y T h e n c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n = c o u n t 'f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . V i s i b l e = T r u e E n d I f N e x t c o u n t f r m _ p l a c e s _ n o t _ U S . A d o d c 1 . R e c o r d s e t . A b s o l u t e P o s i t i o n = c u r r e n t _ p o s i t i o n E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b c m d _ g o t o _ C l i c k ( ) W e b B r o w s e r l . N a v i g a t e t x t U R L . T e x t E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b F o r m _ L o a d ( ) ' a c c e s s F l a g = 0 i n t e r c e p t = 0 ' 1 - U R L c o n n e c t e d t o t h e r i g h t l o c a t i o n ' 0 - U R L is n o t c o n n e c t e d p r o p e r l y - e r r o r W e b B r o w s e r l . N a v i g a t e " h t t p : / / w w w . e r e n . d o e . g o v / b u i l d i n g s / e n e r g y _ t o o l s / e n e r g y p l u s / w e a t h e r d a t a . h t m l " E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b W e b B r o w s e r l D o c u m e n t C o m p l e t e ( B y V a l p D i s p A s O b j e c t , U R L A s V a r i a n t ) t x t _ U R L . T e x t = U R L I f i n t e r c e p t = 0 T h e n c m d _ a d d _ t o _ d b . E n a b l e d = T m e E n d I f E n d S u b Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 154 P r i v a t e S u b W e b B r o w s e r l _ D o w n l o a d B e g i n ( ) a c c e s s F l a g = 0 ' 1 - U R L c o n n e c t e d t o t h e r i g h t l o c a t i o n 1 0 - U R L is n o t c o n n e c t e d p r o p e r l y - e r r o r I f i n t e r c e p t = 0 T h e n c m d _ a d d _ t o _ d b . E n a b l e d = F a l s e E n d I f E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b W e b B r o w s e r l _ D o w n l o a d C o m p l e t e ( ) a c c e s s F l a g = 1 1 1 - U R L c o n n e c t e d t o t h e r i g h t l o c a t i o n ' 0 - U R L is n o t c o n n e c t e d p r o p e r l y - e r r o r E n d S u b S p l a s h S c r e e n O p t i o n E x p l i c i t P r i v a t e S u b F o r m _ K e y P r e s s ( K e y A s c i i A s I n t e g e r ) U n l o a d M e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b F o r m _ L o a d ( ) T i m e r l . E n a b l e d = T r u e T i m e r l . I n t e r v a l = 2 0 0 0 'l b l V e r s i o n . C a p t i o n = " V e r s i o n " & A p p . M a j o r & & A p p . M i n o r & & A p p . R e v i s i o n 'l b l P r o d u c t N a m e . C a p t i o n = A p p . T i t l e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b F r a m e l _ C l i c k ( ) U n l o a d M e E n d S u b P r i v a t e S u b T i m e r l _ T i m e r ( ) f r m S p l a s h . V i s i b l e = F a l s e f r m _ m a i n . V i s i b l e = T r u e U n l o a d M e E n d S u b 10.2 From M eteorological D ata to Bioclim atic Design30 years o f the M ahoney Tables J o h n M a r t i n E v a n s R e s e a r c h C e n t r e H a b i t a t & E n e r g y , F a c u l t y o f A r c h i t e c t u r e , D e s i g n & U r b a n i s m , U n i v e r s i t y o f B u e n o s A i r e s C C 1 7 6 5 , C o r r e o C e n t r a l , ( 1 0 0 0 ) C a p i t a l F e d e r a l , A r g e n t i n a e - m a i l : e v a n s @ f a d u . u b a . a r Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 155 A b s t r a c t T h i s p a p e r p r e s e n t s t h e g e n e s i s , c o n c e p t s a n d a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e M a h o n e y T a b l e s , d e v e l o p e d b y D r O t t o K o e n i g s b e r g e r , C a r l M a h o n e y a n d t h e a u t h o r , f i r s t p u b l i s h e d in U n i t e d N a t i o n s m o n o g r a p h in 1 9 7 1 . T h e T a b l e s p r o v i d e a m e t h o d o f c l i m a t i c a n a l y s i s u s i n g s i m p l e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l d a t a to g e n e r a t e d e s i g n g u i d e l i n e s f o r w a r m - h u m i d , h o t - d r y , c o m p o s i t e a n d c o o l c l i m a t e s . T h e y c o v e r a f o u r - s t a g e p r o c e s s o f a n a l y s i s : c l i m a t i c d a ta , c o m f o r t e v a l u a t i o n , i n d i c a t o r s o f b i o c l i m a t i c s t r e s s a n d d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e T a b l e s is e x p l a i n e d , t o g e t h e r w i t h a n e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e i r p o s i t i v e a s p e c t s , v a l i d i t y a n d l i m i t a t i o n s . T h e p a p e r a l s o i d e n t i f i e s a s e r i e s o f l e s s o n s f o r t h e f u t u r e . 1. Introduction T h e s t r a t e g i e s o f b i o c l i m a t i c a r c h i t e c t u r e a r e i n t e n d e d t o a c h i e v e a f a v o r a b l e m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e e x t e r n a l c l i m a t e t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f d e s i g n v a r i a b l e s s u c h a s b u i l d i n g f o r m , s o l a r p r o t e c t i o n , f a v o r a b l e o r i e n t a t i o n , t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n , c r o s s v e n t i l a t i o n a n d t h e r m a l i n e r t i a . T h e p r o b l e m t h a t t h e a r c h i t e c t f a c e s i s t h e c h o i c e o f a p p r o p r i a t e d e s i g n s t r a t e g i e s , a c c o r d i n g t o b o t h t h e r e g i o n a l o r l o c a l c l i m a t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s w e l l a s t h e s p e c i f i c p r o j e c t r e q u i r e m e n t s . D u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s , t h e a r c h i t e c t c a n n o t a f f o r d v a l u a b l e t i m e t o u n d e r t a k e a d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n o f c l i m a t i c d a t a . T h e d e s i g n e r n e e d s s i m p l e g u i d e l i n e s t o o r i e n t a t e t h e i n i t i a l d e c i s i o n s . T h i s n e e d w a s c l e a r l y u n d e r s t o o d b y D r K o e n i g s b e r g e r w h o u s e d t h e p h r a s e 'f o r w a r d a n a l y s i s ' t o d e s c r i b e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f b i o c l i m a t i c g u i d e l i n e s a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s ( K o e n i g s b e r g e r e t a l. 1 9 7 1 ) . T h i s is i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e 'b a c k w a r d a n a l y s i s ' w h e n t h e f i n a l p r o j e c t is e v a l u a t e d t o s e e i f i t p r o v i d e s t h e r e q u i r e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t t h e e n d o f t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s . A t t h i s s t a g e , i t i s o f t e n t o o l a t e t o r e v i s e t h e d e s i g n i f r a d i c a l c h a n g e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o p r o d u c e a n e f f e c t i v e l o w e n e r g y a n d l o w i m p a c t s o l u t i o n . M a n y p o w e r f u l c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s a r e i d e a l l y s u i t e d t o b a c k w a r d a n a l y s i s , b u t l e s s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r 'f o r w a r d a n a l y s i s ' a t t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s w h e n d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n i s s t i l l l a c k i n g . A n o t h e r r e q u i r e m e n t f o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a b i o c l i m a t i c d e s i g n m e t h o d o l o g y is t h e n e e d t o u s e l i m i t e d a n d w i d e l y a v a i l a b l e c l i m a t i c d a t a . T h e d e s i g n e r c a n u s u a l l y o b t a i n m o n t h l y a v e r a g e s o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n , m a x i m u m a n d m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e a n d h u m i d i t y , a t l e a s t f o r t h e p r i n c i p a l u r b a n c e n t e r s o r l o c a l a i r p o r t s . D e t a i l e d d a t a , f o r t h e p r e c i s e d e f i n i t i o n o f th e l o c a l m i c r o c l i m a t e , a r e u s u a l l y n o t a v a i l a b l e o r n e e d e d a t t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s . F i n a l l y , t h e d e s i g n e r n e e d s a m e t h o d t h a t is d i d a c t i c , t r a n s p a r e n t a n d e x p l i c i t , e x p l a i n i n g n o t o n l y w h i c h d e s i g n r e q u i r e m e n t is a p p r o p r i a t e b u t a l s o w h y . A 'b l a c k b o x ' m e t h o d s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d a s th e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n i n i t i a l c l i m a t i c d a t a a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g d e s i g n g u i d e l i n e s is 'h i d d e n '. P L E A ’9 9 C o n f e r e n c e 2 O rigins o f the M ahoney Tables T h e c o n c e p t o f t h e M a h o n e y T a b l e s w a s i n i t i a l l y d e v e l o p e d i n 1 9 6 9 . T h e c o n s u l t a n t a r c h i t e c t s R o b e r t M a t h e w - J o h n s o n M a r s h a l l w e r e d e v e l o p i n g s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r N i g e r i a i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f a W o r l d B a n k P r o j e c t . C a r l M a h o n e y , f r o m t h e T r o p i c a l A d v i s o r y S e r v i c e o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f T r o p i c a l S t u d i e s , A r c h i t e c t u r a l A s s o c i a t i o n S c h o o l , L o n d o n , w a s s e c o n d e d t o t h e p r o j e c t t e a m a n d w a s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c l i m a t i c s t u d i e s . T h e c l i m a t e s o f N i g e r i a s h o w a g r a d u a l t r a n s i t i o n f r o m t h e w a r m h u m i d e q u a t o r i a l r e g i o n o f t h e s o u t h e r n c o a s t a l s t r i p t o t h e h o t d r y d e s e r t a n d c o n t i n e n t a l r e g i o n s o f t h e n o r t h . A t o n e e x t r e m e , t h e w a r m h u m i d c l i m a t e s o f t h e s o u t h r e q u i r e l i g h t w e i g h t c o n s t r u c t i o n o p e n t o c o o l i n g b r e e z e s , p r o t e c t e d f r o m t h e o v e r h e a d s u n a n d i n t e n s e r a i n s . I n t h e n o r t h , h o w e v e r , t h e l a r g e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e ( b o t h d i u r n a l a n d a n n u a l ) , t h e i n t e n s e r a d i a t i o n , t h e h o t d r y d u s t y w i n d s a n d t h e h i g h l e v e l s o f l i g h t r e f l e c t e d f r o m t h e g r o u n d r e q u i r e h e a v y - w e i g h t c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h h i g h t h e r m a l i n e r t i a , s e l e c t i v e v e n t i l a t i o n a n d c o n t r o l l e d h i g h l e v e l o p e n i n g s . T h e s e m i n a l t e x t 'D e s i g n w i t h C l i m a t e ' b y V i c t o r O l g y a y ( 1 9 6 3 ) d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l s o l u t i o n s t o t h e s e c l i m a t i c i m p a c t s . H o w e v e r , i n t h i s c a s e , t h e m a i n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 156 p r o b l e m is n o t t h e e x t r e m e s w h i c h h a v e a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c l i m a t e a n d c l e a r d e s i g n s t r a t e g i e s , b u t r a t h e r t h e t r a n s i t i o n a l r e g i o n s . T h e s c h o o l d e s i g n e r s n e e d e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t w o q u e s t i o n s : • D e s i g n G u i d e l i n e s : H o w s h o u l d t h e a r c h i t e c t u r e c h a n g e i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e c l i m a t i c v a r i a t i o n s ? • B i o c l i m a t i c Z o n i n g : W h e r e a r e t h e s e d e s i g n v a r i a t i o n s r e q u i r e d a n d w h a t w a s t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l r e g i o n f o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f e a c h d i s t i n c t s e t o f g u i d e l i n e s ? • T h e c o n c e p t s o f t h e M a h o n e y T a b l e s w e r e o r i g i n a l l y d e v e l o p e d i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s . 3 Developm ent T h e m e t h o d w a s d e v e l o p e d u s i n g a n i n f o r m a l s u r v e y t o o b t a i n b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e i m p a c t o f c l i m a t e o n c o m f o r t a n d d e s i g n d u r i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t m o n t h s o f t h e y e a r : M o n t h s c o n s i d e r e d c o l d , c o o l , c o m f o r t a b l e , w a r m o r h o t . M o n t h s w h e n c e r t a i n c o o l i n g o r h e a t i n g s t r a t e g i e s w e r e u s e d . T h e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e c o m f o r t s u r v e y s h o w e d a c l e a r v a r i a t i o n o f t h e ‘c o m f o r t z o n e ’ a c c o r d i n g t o t h e a n n u a l m e a n t e m p e r a t u r e , A M T . B e d f o r d ( 1 9 6 1 ) h a d p r e v i o u s l y s h o w n t h a t t h e c o m f o r t z o n e v a r i e s w i t h t h e a v e r a g e m o n t h l y o u t d o o r t e m p e r a t u r e . H u m p h r e y s a n d N i c h o l ( 1 9 9 8 ) c o n t i n u e t o s t u d y t h e p o t e n t i a l a n d l i m i t s o f ‘a d a p t i v e c o m f o r t ’, c h a l l e n g i n g t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g m e t h o d s , w h i c h a t t e m p t t o c r e a t e a n u n v a r y i n g i n d o o r c l i m a t e t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r . T h e b i o c l i m a t i c d e s i g n a p p r o a c h n e e d s t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e n a t u r a l a d a p t a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g o c c u p a n t s , b a s e d o n c u l t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s s u c h a s c l o t h i n g a n d t h e d a i l y r h y t h m o f a c t i v i t i e s . T o s i m p l i f y t h e c o m f o r t a n a l y s i s , t h r e e r a n g e s o f t h e A M T w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d : o v e r 2 0 ° , b e t w e e n 1 5 ° a n d 2 0 ° , a n d b e l o w 1 5 ° C . F o r t h e s a m e r e a s o n , t h e a v e r a g e r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y w a s c l a s s i f i e d i n f o u r h u m i d i t y g r o u p s ( H G ) : H G 1 , 0 - 3 0 % , H G 2 , 3 0 - 5 0 % , H G 3 , 5 0 - 7 0 % a n d H G 4 , 7 0 - 1 0 0 % . T h e c o m f o r t r a n g e s w e r e a n a l y z e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r d a y t i m e a n d n i g h t t i m e , a s t h e r e a r e c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n s i n b o t h c l o t h i n g a n d a c t i v i t y l e v e l s . T h e a v e r a g e d a y a n d n i g h t t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e c o m p a r e d w i t h th e c o m f o r t r a n g e s t o o b t a i n a n i n i t i a l t h r e e - s t e p d i a g n o s i s o f t h e r m a l s t r e s s : h o t w h e n a b o v e t h e c o m f o r t l i m i t s , c o m f o r t w h e n w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s a n d c o l d w h e n b e l o w t h e li m i t s . - P L E A ’9 9 C o n f e r e n c e T h e d a t a o n t h e r m a l s t r e s s , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l c l i m a t e i n f o r m a t i o n , d e f i n e t h e b i o c l i m a t i c d e s i g n ‘i n d i c a t o r s ’. F o r e x a m p l e , h o t c o n d i t i o n s , w h i c h c o i n c i d e w i t h h i g h h u m i d i t i e s a n d a l o w d i u r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e , i n d i c a t e t h e n e e d f o r a i r m o v e m e n t ( I n d i c a t o r H I ) . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , h o t c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g t h e d a y , c o m b i n e d w i t h h i g h d i u r n a l r a n g e a n d l o w o r m o d e r a t e h u m i d i t i e s i n d i c a t e t h e n e e d f o r t h e r m a l m a s s t o m o d e r a t e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s w i n g ( I n d i c a t o r A l ) . T h e s e r e s u l t s w e r e v e r i f i e d u s i n g t h e s u r v e y f i n d i n g s . S i x i n d i c a t o r s w e r e d e f i n e d ; t h e f i r s t t h r e e r e l a t e d t o h u m i d c o n d i t i o n s s u c h a s a i r m o v e m e n t a n d r a i n p r o t e c t i o n a n d t h e s e c o n d t h r e e r e l a t e d t o a r i d c o n d i t i o n s s u c h a s t h e r m a l m a s s , o u t d o o r s l e e p i n g a n d n e e d f o r h e a t i n g . H o w e v e r , t h e r e s u l t i n g i n d i c a t o r s d o n o t l e a d d i r e c t l y t o b i o c l i m a t i c d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e r m a l m a s s a n d a i r m o v e m e n t a r e m u t u a l l y e x c l u s i v e c o o l i n g s t r a t e g i e s . A t a n y o n e t i m e , o n e o r t h e o t h e r c a n b e u s e d , b u t n o t b o t h a t t h e s a m e t i m e . T h e t w o d i v e r g e n t s t r a t e g i e s a r e a l s o d i f f i c u l t t o i n c o r p o r a t e i n t h e s a m e b u i l d i n g d e s i g n , i f r e q u i r e d i n d i f f e r e n t s e a s o n s o f t h e y e a r . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h e ‘d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s ’ d e p e n d o n a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e n u m b e r o f m o n t h s i n w h i c h e a c h i n d i c a t o r is a p p l i c a b l e . A n o t h e r a s p e c t o f t h e r e s u l t i n g d e s i g n g u i d e l i n e s is t h a t t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s h a v e a c l e a r r e l a t i o n a n d r e s p o n s e t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s a t e a c h s t a g e o f t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s . F i r s t l y , s k e t c h d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e d e v e l o p e d , p r o v i d i n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d e d a t t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f t h e d e s i g n : f o r m , o r i e n t a t i o n , a n d s p a c i n g b e t w e e n b u i l d i n g s . A t a s e c o n d s t a g e , e l e m e n t d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d : s i z e a n d p o s i t i o n o f o p e n i n g s , t h e r m a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f w a l l s a n d r o o f s , e tc . Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 157 4 Extending the application o f the Tables T h e M a h o n e y T a b l e c o n c e p t w a s o r i g i n a l l y d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e t r a n s i t i o n b e t w e e n t h e w a r m h u m i d e q u a t o r i a l c l i m a t e a n d t h e h o t d r y t r o p i c a l c l i m a t e o f t h e S a h a r a . H o w e v e r , t h e a u t h o r f o u n d t h a t th e m e t h o d a l s o p r o v i d e d u s e f u l r e s u l t s f o r t h e M o n s o o n c l i m a t e s o f I n d i a , w h e r e a c o o l o r c o l d s e a s o n is a l s o p r e s e n t , a s w e l l a s t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n c l i m a t e s w h e r e a h o t d r y s u m m e r is f o l l o w e d b y a c o o l o r c o l d w e t w i n t e r . T h e T a b l e s w e r e t h e r e f o r e t e s t e d w i t h t h e s t u d e n t s o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f T r o p i c a l S t u d i e s a t t h e A r c h i t e c t u r a l A s s o c i a t i o n u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e a u t h o r a n d f u r t h e r i n f o r m a l u s e r r e s p o n s e s w e r e o b t a i n e d i n o r d e r t o c a r r y o u t t h e f i n a l 'c a l i b r a t i o n ' o f t h e T a b l e s . I n a ll, t h e T a b l e s w e r e t e s t e d i n o v e r 5 0 d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t i c r e g i o n s . A s a r e s u l t o f t h i s a d j u s t m e n t p r o c e s s , t h e f i r s t p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e M a h o n e y T a b l e s i n c l u d e d e x a m p l e s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s i n s i x d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t e s o f S o u t h A m e r i c a , A f r i c a , A s i a a n d t h e I n d i a n S u b c o n t i n e n t . T w o a d d i t i o n a l s e c t i o n s w e r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e U N M o n o g r a p h ; a n a n a l y s i s o f d i f f e r e n t h o u s i n g t y p o l o g i e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r r e s p o n s e t o l o c a l c l i m a t i c r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r th e d e s i g n o f o u t d o o r s p a c e . T h i s r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f o u t d o o r l i v i n g i n h o t c l i m a t e s s t r e s s e d t h e n e e d t o a n a l y z e l i v i n g p a t t e r n s a n d c l i m a t e v a r i a t i o n s a t d i f f e r e n t h o u r s o f t h e d a y a n d s e a s o n s o f t h e y e a r . B i o c l i m a t i c r e s o u r c e s s u c h a s s h a d e , b r e e z e , a n d p r o t e c t i o n f r o m d u s t y w i n d s , h u m i d i f i c a t i o n o r d i r e c t s u n c a n b e u s e d t o m o d i f y t h e o u t d o o r m i c r o c l i m a t e a s w e l l a s i n d o o r s p a c e s . 5 Use o f the Tables T h e t r a n s l a t i o n o f 'C l i m a t e a n d H o u s e D e s i g n ' i n t o F r e n c h a n d S p a n i s h a l l o w e d a w i d e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e T a b l e s , t h o u g h t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s p u b l i c a t i o n w a s m a i n l y c i r c u l a t e d t o g o v e r n m e n t h o u s i n g o f f i c e s a n d o f f i c i a l a r c h i t e c t s . T h e p u b l i c a t i o n h a d a r a t h e r m o r e l i m i t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n i n a c a d e m i c a n d r e s e a r c h c i r c l e s . T h e w i d e s p r e a d a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e T a b l e s d u r i n g t h e 7 0 's a n d 8 0 's w a s d u e t o t h e i r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e M a n u a l o f T r o p i c a l H o u s i n g ( K o e n i g s b e r g e r e t a l. 1 9 7 4 ) . T h i s w a s a l s o p u b l i s h e d i n s e v e r a l l a n g u a g e s a n d d i s t r i b u t e d b y a n i m p o r t a n t t e x t b o o k p u b l i s h e r . - P L E A ’9 9 C o n f e r e n c e T w o t o t a l l y d i f f e r e n t f o r m a t s o f t h e T a b l e s w e r e a l s o p r o d u c e d . I n i t i a l l y , a p o s t e r v e r s i o n w a s p r e p a r e d , s h o w i n g a l l t h e s t e p s i n o n e A l p a g e . A r r o w s w i t h e x p l a n a t i o n s t o s h o w t h e s t e p s o f th e p r o c e s s , f r o m t h e a n a l y s i s o f c l i m a t i c d a t a t o f i n a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , l i n k e d e a c h p a r t o f t h e T a b l e . A n o t h e r f o r m a t w a s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e M a h o n e y T a b l e s i n c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s . V a r i o u s v e r s i o n s h a v e b e e n p r o d u c e d a n d w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d , i n c l u d i n g A r c h i t r o p ( B r a z i l ) a n d A r c h i p a k ( A u s t r a l i a ) . T h e s e p r o g r a m m e s h a v e t h e a d v a n t a g e o f i n c l u d i n g s p e c i a l l y p r e p a r e d c l i m a t e d a t a f i l e s a n d a v o i d i n g e r r o r s o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o r d a t a m a n i p u l a t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e y o f t e n h a v e t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e o f t h e b l a c k b o x w h i c h h i d e s t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e s t a g e s o f t h e a n a l y s i s . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t a t t h e t i m e o f th e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e T a b l e s i n 1 9 6 9 - 7 0 t h e r e w a s l i t t l e u s e o f t h e c o m p u t e r f o r t h e r m a l s i m u l a t i o n s . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e T a b l e s b e f o r e t h e w i d e s p r e a d u s e o f c o m p u t e r s h a d t w o c o n s e q u e n c e s : f i r s t l y , t h e m e t h o d w a s d e v e l o p e d w i t h a v e r y l i m i t e d u s e o f s i m p l e s i m u l a t i o n s , s e c o n d l y , t h e p o w e r o f t h e c o m p u t e r w a s n o t u s e d i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e T a b l e s . P r o g r a m m e s f o r a n a l y z i n g p e r i o d i c h e a t f l o w a n d p a s s i v e c o o l i n g t e c h n i q u e s i n b u i l d i n g s w i t h o u t h e a t i n g o r a i r - c o n d i t i o n i n g w e r e s c a r c e a n d c o m p l e x . H o w e v e r , s o m e l i m i t e d e v a l u a t i o n o f d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t m a n u a l l y u s i n g t h e a d m i t t a n c e m e t h o d ( L o u d o n 1 9 6 8 ) , d e v e l o p e d b y t h e B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h S t a t i o n f o r a n a l y z i n g o v e r h e a t i n g i n o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s . 6 Conclusions T h e M a h o n e y T a b l e s a r e n o w l i t t l e u s e d , a l t h o u g h e x a m p l e s o f a p p l i c a t i o n s o c c a s i o n a l l y a p p e a r i n c o n g r e s s p a p e r s a n d s o m e p o s t g r a d u a t e c o u r s e s s t i l l i n c l u d e t h i s t e c h n i q u e . T h o s e w h o d o u s e t h e M a h o n e y T a b l e s s h o u l d t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e o r i g i n s , o b j e c t i v e s a n d l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h i s m e t h o d to o b t a i n d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , s u c h a s : Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 158 T h e y w e r e d e v e l o p e d p r i n c i p a l l y f o r e q u a t o r i a l a n d t r o p i c a l c l i m a t e s , a s c a n b e s e e n f r o m t h e i n d i c a t o r s , w h i c h a r e r e l a t e d t o h o t c o n d i t i o n s . F u r t h e r i n d i c a t o r s a r e n e e d e d f o r a p p r o p r i a t e a p p l i c a t i o n s i n c o l d c l i m a t e s . T h e y w e r e i n t e n d e d t o p r o v i d e i n i t i a l d e s i g n g u i d a n c e f o r b u s y p r a c t i t i o n e r s , o f t e n u n f a m i l i a r w i t h d i s t a n t r e g i o n s o f l a r g e c o u n t r i e s . I t w a s n o t i n t e n d e d a s a r e s e a r c h t o o l o r f o r t h e f i n e - t u n i n g o f b i o c l i m a t i c a r c h i t e c t u r e . T h e y w e r e o r i g i n a l l y d e v e l o p e d f o r s c h o o l b u i l d i n g s , b u t t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e a d a p t e d f o r l o w - c o s t h o u s i n g . A p p l i c a t i o n s i n o t h e r b u i l d i n g t y p e s s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d w i t h c a u t i o n . T h e y a r e p r e p a r e d f o r u s e i n n o n - a i r - c o n d i t i o n e d b u i l d i n g s w h i c h m a x i m i z e p a s s i v e c o o l i n g a n d h e a t i n g . D e s p i t e t h e s e f e a t u r e s , t h e M a h o n e y T a b l e s p r o v i d e a n u m b e r o f d i d a c t i c a d v a n t a g e s , r e q u i r e d f r o m a n y b i o c l i m a t i c d e s i g n to o l : C l a r i t y : A n e x p l i c i t p r o c e s s l i n k i n g c l i m a t i c d a t a , a n a l y s i s o f c o m f o r t s t r e s s , a n d i n d i c a t o r s o f b i o c l i m a t i c s t r a t e g i e s t o d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . S p e e d : T h e T a b l e s c a n b e c o m p l e t e d q u i c k l y , a v o i d i n g i n t e r r u p t i o n s t o t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s . S i m p l e i n p u t : O n l y l i m i t e d a n d w i d e l y a v a i l a b l e c l i m a t i c d a t a is r e q u i r e d t o o b t a i n t h e d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . O u t p u t f o r d e s i g n : R e l a t e d t o t h e s t a g e s o f t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s , p r o v i d i n g s i m p l e i n f o r m a t i o n a t a p p r o p r i a t e s t a g e s o f p r o j e c t d e v e l o p m e n t . E l e m e n t a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s : R e l a t e d t o d e s i g n e l e m e n t s , f r o m o u t d o o r s p a c e , b u i l d i n g f o r m t h r o u g h t o r o o f s , w a l l s a n d o p e n i n g s . PLE A ’99 Conference T h e s e a r c h c o n t i n u e s f o r a p p r o p r i a t e d e s i g n t o o l s , m e t h o d s t o i d e n t i f y d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a n d b i o c l i m a t i c e v a l u a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s . M a n y p a p e r s o n t h e s e t o p i c s c a n b e f o u n d i n t h e p r o c e e d i n g s o f P L E A C o n f e r e n c e s . A d v a n c e s i n c o m p u t e r t e c h n o l o g y h a v e c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s e t o o l s a n d p r o g r a m s . S o m e p r o g r a m s s u c h a s E n e r g y 1 0 ( B a l c o m b 1 9 9 8 ) a r e p r i n c i p a l l y a p p l i c a b l e to a r t i f i c i a l l y c o n d i t i o n e d b u i l d i n g s , w h i l e o t h e r s s u c h a s Q u i c k ( V a n H e e r d e n & M a t t h e w s 1 9 9 6 ) s i m u l a t e t h e i n t e r n a l c o n d i t i o n s i n p a s s i v e b u i l d i n g s , t h o u g h d e s i g n e r s h a v e t o d i s c o v e r th e a p p r o p r i a t e d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s a n d o p t i m i z e b i o c l i m a t i c r e s o u r c e s f o r t h e m s e l v e s . D e s i g n t o o l s s u c h a s t h e L T M e t h o d ( B a k e r 1 9 9 1 ) n o t o n l y s h o w e n e r g y u s e a t t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f d e s i g n , b u t a l s o s h o w g r a p h i c a l l y t h e e f f e c t o f b a s i c d e s i g n v a r i a b l e s , t h o u g h t h e m e t h o d h a s n o t y e t b e e n a p p l i e d t o p a s s i v e b u i l d i n g s i n h o t c l i m a t e s . A s t h e n a m e s u g g e s t s , C a r l M a h o n e y d e v e l o p e d t h e i n i t i a l c o n c e p t o f t h e M a h o n e y T a b l e s . H o w e v e r , i t w a s D r O t t o K o e n i g s b e r g e r w h o h a d t h e v i s i o n t o s e e t h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e m e t h o d , t o m o t i v a t e a g r o u p o f c o l l a b o r a t o r s a n d t o a c h i e v e a w i d e d i f f u s i o n o f t h e T a b l e s t h r o u g h t w o i m p o r t a n t a n d i n f l u e n t i a l p u b l i c a t i o n s . D r K o e n i g s b e r g e r , w h o d i e d e a r l i e r t h i s y e a r , s a w t h e T a b l e s a s a s y n t h e s i s o f t h e b i o c l i m a t i c d e s i g n p r o c e s s d e v e l o p e d i n t h e p o s t g r a d u a t e c o u r s e o n t r o p i c a l a r c h i t e c t u r e a t th e A r c h i t e c t u r a l A s s o c i a t i o n , L o n d o n . H e a l s o s a w i t a s a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e l a r g e r p r o b l e m o f i m p r o v i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e o f t h e e x p a n d i n g p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d . 7 R eferences B a k e r , N ., ( 1 9 9 1 ) : S t r a t e g i c D e s i g n T o o l s f o r N o n - d o m e s t i c B u i l d i n g s , A r c h i t e c t u r e a n d U r b a n S p a c e , P r o c e e d i n g s P L E A '9 1 , 4 3 1 - 4 3 9 , K l u w e r A c a d e m i c P u b l i s h e r s , D o r d r e c h t B a l c o m b , D ., ( 1 9 9 8 ) : T h e c o m i n g r e v o l u t i o n in b u i l d i n g d e s i g n , i n E n v i r o n m e n t a l l y F r i e n d l y C itie s , P r o c e e d i n g s o f P L E A '9 8 , L i s b o n , J u n e 1 9 9 8 ,p p 3 3 - 3 7 , J a m e s a n d J a m e s S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r s , L o n d o n B e d f o r d , T . , ( 1 9 6 1 ) : R e s e a r c h e s o n T h e r m a l C o m f o r t , E r g o n o m i c s , 4 , ( 4 ) , 2 8 0 - 3 1 0 H u m p h r e y s , M . A , a n d N i c h o l , J .F ., ( 1 9 9 8 ) : U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e A d a p t i v e A p p r o a c h to T h e r m a l C o m f o r t , A S H R A E T e c h n i c a l D a t a B u l l e t i n , V o l 1 4 , N o 1, 1 - 1 4 , A S H R A E , A t l a n t a K o e n i g s b e r g e r , O , M a h o n e y , C & E v a n s , M , ( 1 9 7 1 ) : C l i m a t e a n d H o u s e D e s i g n : D e s i g n o f L o w - c o s t H o u s i n g a n d C o m m u n i t y F a c i l i t i e s , V o l u m e 1 , U n i t e d N a t i o n s , N e w Y o r k Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 159 K o e n i g s b e r g e r , O .H . , I n g e r s o l l , T . G ., M a y h e w , A . a n d S z o k o l a y , S .V ., ( 1 9 7 4 ) : M a n u a l o f T r o p i c a l H o u s i n g a n d b u i l d i n g , P a r t 1 : C l i m a t i c D e s i g n , L o n g m a n s , L o n d o n L o u d o n , A . G ., ( 1 9 6 8 ) : S u m m e r t i m e t e m p e r a t u r e s i n b u i l d i n g s , B u i l d i n g R e s e a r c h C u r r e n t p a p e r 4 7 / 6 8 O l g y a y , V . ( 1 9 6 3 ) : D e s i g n w i t h C l i m a t e , P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , P r i n c e t o n , N .J . V a n H e e r d e n , E . , a n d M a t t h e w s , E . H ., ( 1 9 9 6 ) : A n e w s i m u l a t i o n m o d e l f o r p a s s i v e a n d l o w e n e r g y a r c h i t e c t u r e , i n P r o c e e d i n g s , P L E A '9 6 , B u i l d i n g a n d u r b a n r e n e w a l , L o u v a i n l a N e u v e . ■xxx- Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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A method for glare analysis
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Creator
Chidambareswaran, Sarada
(author)
Core Title
Mahoney Tables plus a tool for sketch design recommendations for a building
Degree
Master of Building Science / Master in Biomedical Sciences
Degree Program
Building Science
Publisher
University of Southern California
(original),
University of Southern California. Libraries
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Architecture,Computer Science,OAI-PMH Harvest
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English
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https://doi.org/10.25549/usctheses-c16-45199
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UC11338126
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1430383.pdf
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45199
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Chidambareswaran, Sarada
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texts
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University of Southern California
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University of Southern California Dissertations and Theses
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The author retains rights to his/her dissertation, thesis or other graduate work according to U.S. copyright law. Electronic access is being provided by the USC Libraries in agreement with the au...
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